[
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of integrated multidomain interventions and primary health care on intrinsic capacity (IC) and related biomarkers.DESIGN: An ancillary analysis from the Taiwan Integrated Geriatric Care (TIGER) study: a randomized controlled trial.SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 398 community-dwelling older adults aged \u226565years with \u22653 chronic conditions.METHODS: Participants were randomized into the 12-month pragmatic multidomain intervention or usual care groups. The primary outcome was the change in IC and its subdomains (locomotion, cognition, vitality, psychological, and sensory) at baseline and 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-ups. Generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate the multidomain intervention effects on these changes.RESULTS: The intervention arm had greater improvement in IC than the usual care arm (overall difference 1.5; 95% CI 0.5-2.5; P= .005), mainly from subdomains of locomotion (overall difference 1.4; 95% CI 0.5-2.4; P= .004) and cognition (2.9; 95% CI 2.1-3.7; P < .001). Changes in neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR -2.4; 95% CI -3.9 to -0.8, P= .003), serum levels of albumin (35.1; 95% CI 23.1-47.2; P < .001), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S 2.8; 95% CI 1.9-3.8; P < .001), free androgen index (FAI 1.5; 95% CI 1.1-1.9; P < .001), and vitamin D (4.0; 95% CI 2.0-6.1; P < .001) were associated with changes in IC over time.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The incorporation of multidomain interventions into primary health care significantly enhanced IC over the 12-month program. Changes in NLR, FAI, and serum levels of albumin, DHEA-S, vitamin D were associated with changes in IC over time.TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03528005.",
        "output": "Enhancing Intrinsic Capacity and Related Biomarkers in Community-Dwelling Multimorbid Older Adults Through Integrated Multidomain Interventions: Ancillary Findings From the Taiwan Integrated Geriatric (TIGER) Trial.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Traveling wave rotary ultrasonic motors (TRUSMs) have been applied in optical systems, robotics, biomedical and other fields. However, the disadvantages such as short working life, driving performance degradation, and low energy utilization significantly limit the long-term and stable operation of TRUSMs in advanced fields like aerospace mechanisms. To address the above issues, a novel rotary ultrasonic motor based on multiple Langevin transducers is proposed in this paper. First, the structural design, driving principle and general design criteria are described in detail. Then, the structural parameters are optimized by finite element simulation analysis. Second, a prototype is assembled controllably. Subsequently, the impedance test and vibration measurement are carried out. The results show that the traveling wave is successfully generated on the tooth-ring, and all the Langevin transducers are excited to the first-order longitudinal vibration modes, which strongly verify the correctness of design principle. Finally, the driving performance experiment is carried out. The experimental results show that the no-load speed is 62 r min-1 under the pre-pressure of 10 N. The stalling torque is 0.94 N m at the driving voltage of 500 Vp-p. The response characteristics show that the start/stop time are 4.6/5.5 ms, and the angular displacement resolution of clockwise/counterclockwise driving are 6.7/10.2 mu rad. The motor proposed in this paper not only exhibits relatively high output performance with excellent vibration characteristics, but also maintains compactness of the structure. The sandwiched structure design effectively avoids the problem that the bonded-type piezoceramic rings in conventional TRUSMs are prone to damage or fall-off when vibrating for a long time. Furthermore, the general design criteria provide a new approach to develop high performance rotary ultrasonic motors. The proposed novel ultrasonic motor is expected to meet the demand for long-term and stable operation in aerospace mechanisms.",
        "output": "A novel rotary ultrasonic motor based on multiple Langevin transducers: design, simulation, and experimental investigation",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Numerous companies embrace the incorporation of individual components and digital technology in the current era of Industry 4.0 by actively involving their employees and modernizing their operational procedures. This significantly influences both the individual elements and digital technology inside the company. This study aims to explore the dynamic relationship between digital technology and individual characteristics in the context of employee engagement. Research indicates that digital tools can enhance employee engagement by monitoring various aspects of individual factors and digital technology in real-time. This study is supported by social exchange theory, which states that interactions between mutually dependent parties establish employee engagement. In order to understand the interaction between elements within the pharmaceutical sector, this study explores the causal relationships between factors of digital technology and individual characteristics on employee engagement using the Grey-DEMATEL approach. The study used master journalist, web of Science, and Scopus databases to identify study variable-related factors; these variables were further narrowed down into 16 factors after academic and industry experts' suggestions. The results show that equal opportunity and fair treatment were chosen as the top criterion and the most critical cause for employee engagement. As an effect factor, performance appraisal was identified as the second-most important criterion. The third important effect factor is empowerment. Additionally, integration of the Internet of things (IoT) significantly affects transforming performance appraisal and communication processes. The empirical results presented in this study indicate that the implementation of equal opportunity and fair treatment positively impacts management and efficiency performance within the pharmaceutical business. HR professionals are increasingly leveraging digital tools and predictive analytics to develop performance appraisal systems. The presence of work satisfaction facilitates the maintenance of employee engagement, and workers are more invested in their work when their managers treat them fairly and give them a chance to grow professionally. Digital technology is crucial in facilitating pharmaceutical personnel's personal and professional growth.",
        "output": "Engaging the Modern Workforce: Bridging the Gap Between Technology and Individual Factors",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: The rise of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), poses a significant global health challenge, urging immediate action and continuous surveillance. With no available vaccines, monitoring pathogen presence is critical to identify at-risk areas promptly. A study was designed to assess the incidence of CCHF virus in goats and cattle using commercial ELISA IgG kits in tribal-dominated regions. Overall, 16% of the samples (n=63/393) were positive for CCHF virus-specific IgG antibodies, whereas sero-prevalence detected in cattle 11.6% [95% CI:7-17.7] and in goats 18.9% [95% CI: 13.76-24.01], respectively. Statistically, Animal gender and age didn't significantly affect prevalence (p-value >0.05). Our finding indicates unnoticed CCHF virus circulation. Notably, lack of public awareness about zoonotic diseases in the study region was recorded. To combat this emerging tick-borne disease effectively, it's crucial to screen individuals with hemorrhagic manifestations in healthcare settings and active surveillance of ticks to prevent unwarranted public health outbreaks and design preventive interventions.",
        "output": "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus prevalence in livestock of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, Central India and its implications for public health.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: The distribution of lateral earth pressure acting on underwater rock-socketed circular diaphragm walls was investigated using theoretical analyses. Emphasis was placed on the relationship between the motion modes associated with the magnitude of the radial deflection of the wall and the lateral earth pressure. A framework for determining the distribution of radial displacement-dependent earth pressure based on the horizontal differential element method was introduced. The applicability of the proposed theoretical method was then verified by comparison with results that considered earth pressure in limit state, and radial deflection of the wall and water level. The predicted earth pressure and its distribution were found to be in good agreement with the analytical solutions and observed data. Detailed parametric analyses were further performed to study the impact of soil properties, excavation radius, and water level on the distribution of radial displacement-dependent earth pressure under different radial wall movement modes of a circular retaining structure.",
        "output": "Analytical Solution for Radial Displacement-Dependent Earth Pressure Acting on Underwater Rock-Socketed Circular Diaphragm Walls",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Virtual Reality (VR) has vast potential for developing systematic, interdisciplinary studies to understand ephemeral behaviours in the archaeological record, such as the emergence and development of visual culture. Upper Palaeolithic cave art forms the most robust record for investigating this and the methods of its production, themes, and temporal and spatial changes have been researched extensively, but without consensus over its functions or meanings. More compelling arguments draw from visual psychology and posit that the immersive, dark conditions of caves elicited particular psychological responses, resulting in the perception-and depiction-of animals on suggestive features of cave walls. Our research developed and piloted a novel VR experiment that allowed participants to perceive 3D models of cave walls, with the Palaeolithic art digitally removed, from El Castillo cave (Cantabria, Spain). Results indicate that modern participants' visual attention corresponded to the same topographic features of cave walls utilised by Palaeolithic artists, and that they perceived such features as resembling animals. Although preliminary, our results support the hypothesis that pareidolia-a product of our cognitive evolution-was a key mechanism in Palaeolithic art making, and demonstrates the potential of interdisciplinary VR research for understanding the evolution of art, and demonstrate the potential efficacy of the methodology.",
        "output": "The deep past in the virtual present: developing an interdisciplinary approach towards understanding the psychological foundations of palaeolithic cave art",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: This article investigates the hitherto under-examined relations between affirmative action, paternalism, and respect. We provide three main arguments. First, we argue that affirmative action initiatives are typically paternalistic and thus disrespectful towards intended beneficiaries who oppose them. Second, we argue that not introducing affirmative action can be disrespectful towards these potential beneficiaries because such inaction involves a failure to recognize their moral worth adequately. Third, we argue that the paternalistic disrespect involved in affirmative action is alleviated when the potential beneficiaries' preferences against such initiatives are adaptive. We conclude that, although there is a relevant sense in which paternalistic affirmative action is disrespectful, it may be more disrespectful not to pursue such policies.",
        "output": "Affirmative Action, Paternalism, and Respect",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: PURPOSE: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in unprecedented changes to the medical education learning environment. The graduating class of 2021 was particularly affected. To better understand how students were affected, the authors explored positive and negative experiences described by graduating U.S. medical students.METHOD: Using the conceptual framework of affordances, the authors examined narrative responses to 2 new open-ended questions on the Association of American Medical Colleges 2021 Graduation Questionnaire in which graduating students described the pandemic's positive and negative effects on their medical school experiences and career preparation. Conventional content analysis was used to identify affordances and themes in responses.RESULTS: Of 16,611 Graduation Questionnaire respondents, 8,926 (54%) provided narrative responses. Of these 8,926 respondents, responses from 2,408 students (27%) were analyzed. Students described positive and negative perceptions of affordances, centering around virtual learning, social connection, and transition to residency. Fewer in-person and increased virtual clinical rotations offered students flexible scheduling, allowing them greater opportunity to explore academic and professional interests. Additionally, students' sense of isolation from their medical school was alleviated when schools exercised intentional open communication and student involvement in decision making. Although many described a diminished sense of preparedness for residency due to limited access to in-person clinical experiences and to assessing residencies largely through virtual away rotations and interviews, the sense of community, adaptability, and resiliency gained through varied activities reinforced students' professional identity and commitment to medicine during a time of much uncertainty.CONCLUSIONS: This national exploration of students' pandemic experiences highlights what students value as fundamental elements of medical education and student support and describes how innovation can improve long-standing practices. These findings, guided by students' insights, can help inform the work of educational leaders as they consider which innovations should remain to continue enhancing student learning, engagement, and well-being.",
        "output": "Graduating Medical Students' Perceptions of the COVID-19 Pandemic's Impact on Their Medical School Experiences and Preparation for Careers as Physicians: A National Study.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Despite increasing interest in studying arguments from deontic authority of the general form (1) delta\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\delta$$\\end{document} is a deontic authority in institution omega\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\varOmega$$\\end{document}; (2) according to delta\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\delta$$\\end{document}, I should do alpha\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\alpha$$\\end{document}, C: therefore, (3) I should do alpha\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\alpha$$\\end{document}, the state of the art models are not capable of grasping their complexity. The existing sets of critical questions assigned to this argumentation scheme seem to conflate two problems: whether a person is subject to an authority of an institution in the first place and whether the command issued within the context of a particular institution is eventually binding. For this reason, we introduce (1) a set of Basic Critical Questions to scrutinize the former issue, and (2) a set of more detailed questions related to specific features, also referred to as parameters, of institutional environments (Intra-Institutional Critical Questions). We identify major elements of institutional environments in which authoritative utterances are made and the crucial parameters of arguments from deontic authority. The selected evidence from the decisions of the Polish Supreme Administrative Court helps us show how these parameters may be used to reconstruct subtypes of this argument scheme, with their associated sets of critical questions. In specific institutional contexts, such detailed schemes are capable of grasping the complexity of appeals to deontic authority and thus should be used rather than general schemes. The reconstruction of argumentation schemes with critical questions shows how particular arguments may successfully be attacked.",
        "output": "The Structure of Arguments from Deontic Authority and How to Successfully Attack Them",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Bunocotylid trematodes represent a group of 149 species with a rather complex taxonomic history. The current concept of the subfamily only includes three genera, Bunocotyle, Saturnius, and Robinia. Specimens of a bunocotylid were collected from the silver mullet, M. curema, from a coastal lagoon of Yucatan and identified as belonging to Saturnius. Further detailed morphological study revealed they corresponded to S. maurepasi, a species previously reported from the stripped mullet, Mugil cephalus in Mississippi, USA. Specimens were sequenced for the LSU of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (28S) to test their phylogenetic position. We discovered that they do not belong in Saturnius since they nest as an independent lineage which is the sister taxa of a clade formed by Robinia, and Saturnius + Bunocotyle; additionally, the new genus exhibits high genetic divergence (10-12%) with respect to species allocated in the other bunocotylid genera. The species S. maurepasi was then transferred to the new genus as Parasaturnius maurepasin. gen., n. comb. that was created to accommodate it, and was redescribed based on newly sampled specimens.",
        "output": "Parasaturnius maurepasi n. gen. et n. comb. (Digena: Bunocotylidae) from the stomach of the silver mullet, Mugil curema (Perciformes: Mugilidae) in coastal lagoons of northern Yucatan, Mexico",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: The cultural heritage sector has increasingly explored the use of micro-CT (mu CT) across numerous projects seeking to better understand past cultures and the materials they have left behind. As such, the role of micro-CT (mu CT) is still being developed and projects continue to show novel ways that the technology can be adapted to. The Gjellestad ship, located in Halden (ostfold in Viken), Norway, is dated to the Viking Age and was found in a poor state of preservation. Both organic and metallic materials were deteriorated to the degree that standard excavation methods would have resulted in further damage to, or even the destruction of, these elements. A new approach was needed, and this presented an opportunity to explore the use for mu CT as a documentative tool for field archaeology and conservation. As the remaining rivets were too fragile to handle directly, they were removed together with the surrounding matrix as soil blocks. To retain important stratigraphic and position information, a georeferencing system was developed that would be visible to mu CT and included within each soil block. This enabled the spatial (re)positioning of the soil blocks by use of 3D GIS and in alongside with other spatial documentation gathered at the time of excavation. The quantity of soil blocks will give us a large dataset to work with and, although we continue to document the soil blocks with mu CT, we now can discuss our preliminary results pertaining to the positive impact that mu CT has for the documentation, conservation, and reconstruction of cultural heritage.(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR).",
        "output": "A new and 'riveting' method: Micro-CT scanning for the documentation, conservation, and reconstruction of the Gjellestad ship",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Objective The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of radiotherapy on the surface microhardness and roughness of different bioactive restorative materials. Materials and methods A total of 60-disc specimens (5 mm x 2 mm) were performed in four groups (n = 15 each) from Equia Forte HT, Cention N, Activa Bioactive Restorative, and Beautifil II. Following the polishing procedure (600, 1000, 1200 grit silicon carbide papers), all specimens were irradiated at 2 Gy per fraction, five times a week for a total dose of 70 Gy in 30 fractions over 7 weeks. Before and after the irradiation, the specimens were analyzed regarding the surface roughness and microhardness. Surface morphology was also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon test, and paired sample t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results Significant differences were found after radiation with increased mean roughness of both Cention N (p = 0.001) and Beautifil II (p < 0.001) groups. In terms of microhardness, only the Beautifil II group showed significant differences with decreased values after radiation. There were statistically significant differences among the groups' roughness and microhardness data before and after radiotherapy (p < 0.05). Conclusion The effect of radiotherapy might differ according to the type of the restorative material. Although results may differ for other tested materials, giomer tends to exhibit worse behaviour in terms of both surface roughness and microhardness. Clinical relevance In patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy, it should be taken into consideration that the treatment process may also have negative effects on the surface properties of anti-caries restorative materials.",
        "output": "Effect of radiotherapy on the surface roughness and microhardness of contemporary bioactive restorative materials",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Silk relics, as the typical representative of organic artifacts, are important historical materials for the study of Chinese and world culture. However, these relics are extremely vulnerable to burial or conservation environments which play a crucial role in its acceleration of deterioration. Light-induced color degradation is one of the most serious threats to textiles, resulting in regional fading of these objects. This special threat severely affected their artistic and historical values and produced irrevocable alteration. The evaluation of discoloration of dyed silk relics has been the hot spot of conservation science. Therefore, the regional lightfastness assessment of textile artifacts has been of significance for their color preservation. Recently, microfading spectrometry has been broadly applied for simulating accelerated photofading process and evaluating if the pigment or dye was susceptible to discoloration. With the goal of finely demonstrating color changes in multiple dimensions, the integrated data analytical method is of great necessity. In this work, a data analytical strategy has been developed for elaborately evaluating the fading behavior of dyestuff from the spectral, kinetic, and chromatic aspects with their color change trajectory also provided. Based on the strategy, 10 representative vegetable dyes have been studied. Furthermore, the potential fading behaviors of 3 groups of dyed silks unearthed from different places of Keyakekuduke beacon tower site, Xinjiang were evaluated, compared and predicted. From the results, it was demonstrated that archaeological silk objects unearthed from different places of one site may potentially fade to light in a different manner. Hence, precisely and in-depth monitoring the potential color degradation to light was of great necessity. Therefore, the developed strategy in this work represents a constructive tool and provides the methods for relevant research on other color artifacts. (c) 2024 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.",
        "output": "Evaluation of color degradation on unearthed silks: A data analytical strategy based on microfading spectrometry",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nurse educators are at high risk of experiencing burnout, resulting in high numbers of vacant faculty positions.PURPOSE: The aims of this integrative review were to review the prevalence of measurable dimensions of professional burnout and discuss the predictive and associated factors of burnout and intent to leave nursing academia.APPROACH: This review used the Whittemore and Knafl integrative review methodology to perform a structured search of 4 electronic databases (CINAHL, ERIC, EMBASE, and PubMed).OUTCOMES: Nine empirical research studies measured 5 identifiable features of burnout in nursing educators: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, lack of accomplishment, compassion satisfaction, and secondary traumatic stress. Five predictors of intent to leave nursing academia were identified: demographics, health status, salary, workload, and work-life imbalance.CONCLUSIONS: The highest contributing factor to burnout and intent to leave nursing academia is high workload levels and lack of work-life balance. Nursing faculty report moderate to high levels of all dimensions of professional burnout.",
        "output": "Predictive and Associated Factors of Burnout in Nursing Faculty: An Integrative Review.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Using the Flensburg Memorial Dispute of 1967 as a microstudy, this article explores how Germany's twentieth-century war dead have been represented within Protestant sacred space since 1945. It highlights the central role played by church spaces in the mourning and commemoration of Germany's war dead and the tremendous difficulties accompanying attempts to redesign these iconographies in the later twentieth century in the face of popular sentiment.",
        "output": "Sacred Space, Mourning and the War Dead in Protestant Germany, 1945-",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: In the paper, I argue that the notion of sensory representation that Pautz defines (via the Ramsey method) has incompatible features. The notion is defined in terms of its ability to explain both the phenomenal character of experience and its ability to give us cognitive access to perceptible properties, all while being existence-neutral. I argue that there is strong reason to conclude that no worldly relation could play all three roles simultaneously.",
        "output": "Defining sensory representation",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: As the well-known test -indicator for early prostate cancer (PCa), sarcosine (SA) is closely related to the differential pathological process, which makes its accurate determination increasingly significant. Herein, we for the first time expanded the peroxidase (POD) -like property of facile -synthesized Zn-TCPP(Fe) MOF to fluorescent substrates and exploited it to ratiometric fluorescent (RF) sensing. By harnessing the effective catalytic oxidation of MOF nanozyme toward two fluorescent substrates (Scopoletin, SC; Amplex Red, AR) with contrary changes, and target -responsive (SA + SOx)/MOF/(SC + AR) tandem catalytic reaction, we constructed the first MOF nanozyme-based RF sensor for the quantitative determination of SA. Superior to previous works, the operation of this RF sensor is under the guidance of AND-(AND<^>NAND) contrary logic circuit. The dual -channel binary output changes (from 1/0 to 0/1) not only enable the intelligent logical recognition of SA, bringing strengthened reliability and accuracy, but also manifest the proof -of -concept discrimination of PCa individuals and healthy ones. Through recording the fluorescence alterations of SC (F465) and AR (F585), two segments of linear relationships between ratiometric values (F585/F465) and varied contents of SA are realized successfully. The LOD for SA could reach to as low as 39.98 nM, which outperforms all nanozyme-originated SA sensors reported till now. Moreover, this sensor also demonstrates high selectivity and satisfactory performance in human serum samples. Furthermore, the portable sensing of SA is realized under the assistance of smartphone-based RGB analysis, demonstrating the potential of point -of -care diagnostics of PCa in the future.",
        "output": "An intelligent ratiometric fluorescent assay based on MOF nanozyme-mediated tandem catalysis that guided by contrary logic circuit for highly sensitive sarcosine detection and smartphone-based portable sensing application",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Today, populism is widely understood to entail an exclusionary conception of the people that threatens climate change action. While this threat is real, I argue that populism itself can be understood as a response to perceived exclusion and marginalization, making it possible to conceptualize a more heterogeneous conception of populism's people. Examining two approaches to climate change action rooted in contrasting conceptions of the people and the elite, I argue that climate justice organizing offers a promising effort to construct a heterogeneous people and offers a powerful critique of the elite representation of climate change action in which we are all in this together. Yet along with this promise, climate justice organizing must navigate tensions that are inescapable within any populist formation. One neglected thread of populist history and theory offers resources for doing so; in the final section of this paper, I explore its relevance to climate justice today.",
        "output": "The People and Climate Justice: Reconceptualizing Populism and Pluralism within Climate Politics",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Liver disease is an important contributor to the mortality gap between First Nations Peoples and non-Indigenous Australian adults. Despite a high burden of metabolic comorbidities among First Nations Peoples, data about the epidemiology of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in this population is scarce.METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all adults hospitalized with MASLD or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) with/without cirrhosis during 2007-2019 in the state of Queensland was performed. Patients were followed from the first admission with MASLD/MASH (identified based on validated algorithms) to decompensated cirrhosis and overall mortality. We explored differences according to Indigenous status using Multivariable Cox regression.FINDINGS: 439 First Nations Peoples and 7,547 non-Indigenous Australians were followed for a median of 4.6 years (interquartile range 2.7-7.2). Overall, women were overrepresented, but more so in the First Nations cohort (72.7% vs. 57.0%, p<0.001). First Nations patients were younger, a higher proportion lived in remote and socioeconomic disadvantaged areas, and had higher comorbidity compared to non-Indigenous Australians (all p<0.001). Diabetes, the most common comorbidity affecting both groups, was overrepresented in First Nations Peoples versus non-Indigenous Australians (43.5% vs. 30.8%, p<0.001, respectively). Nineteen (4.3%) First Nations Peoples and 332 (4.4%) of non-Indigenous patients progressed to cirrhosis decompensation (9.0% [95%CI 4.5-17.7] vs. 7.7% [95%CI 6.6-8.9; p=0.956] respectively within 10 years). In multivariable analysis, there was no association between Indigenous status and progression to decompensated cirrhosis (p=0.759) and survival (p=0.437).CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first population-based epidemiological data on MASLD in First Nations Australians. The high prevalence of diabetes (that is associated with advanced fibrosis and liver disease mortality) among young First Nations Peoples with MASLD raises concern about future risk of progressive liver disease in this patient population. These data highlight the importance of early identification of MASLD, and providing culturally appropriate intervention to reduce disease progression in parallel with the management of cardiometabolic comorbidities.",
        "output": "High prevalence of diabetes among young First Nations Peoples with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a population-based study in Australia.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: This paper empirically examines the effects of fiscal measures during COVID-19, using a novel database of daily fiscal policy announcements-classified by type of fiscal measure-and high-frequency economic indicators for 52 countries from January 1 to December 31, 2020. Results suggest that fiscal policy announcements have been effective in stimulating economic activity, boosting confidence, and reducing unemployment, but their effect varies by type of measure and country characteristics. Emergency lifeline measures are more effective when containment policies are stringent, providing cashflow support to most affected firms and households. Demand support measures are more effective when containment measures are relaxed.",
        "output": "The Effects of Fiscal Measures during COVID-19",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: A pumice-maghemite (P-maghemite) composite was developed using the chemical coprecipitation method with a 20% iron loading ratio by weight. The characterization of the composite using SEM and XRD indicated the effective loading and dispersion of nanoparticles on the surface of the developed base materials. Thereafter, in situ sequestration experiments were conducted in the laboratory for an arsenic-polluted aquifer system using two well-integrated permeable reactive barrier (PRB) modules filled with the developed composite. A vertical fixed-bed column setup was used for the columnar PRB, whereas a sand tank experimental setup was employed for the well-screen-integrated PRB; both PRB systems were fed by a synthetic solution representing the arsenic-contaminated groundwater. More than 99% arsenic removal was observed in the columnar PRB, with an average effluent concentration of 4 mu g/L at the end of the experiment, which is well below the acceptable limit of drinking water for arsenic (<10 mu g/L). Removal of arsenic by the 4-cm-wide well-screen-integrated PRB from 652 mu g/L to less than 20 mu g/L shows a great potential of the developed composite for arsenic remediation at slower groundwater flow rates. A maximum arsenic removal of 99% was attained at the start of the experiment, which decreased to 97% after 1 month of PRB operation. The effluent concentration of all other major ions also was reduced considerably in the PRB modules. The hydraulic conductivity of the developed media was reduced by 35% in the columnar PRB and by approximately 20% in the well-screen-integrated PRB. The high arsenic removal efficiency in continuous flow-through remediation systems indicates the applicability of the developed PRB system in in situ remediation of arsenic-contaminated groundwater.",
        "output": "In Situ Treatment of Arsenic-Contaminated Groundwater via Extraction Well-Integrated Permeable Reactive Barriers",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: In the era of digital information, metadata, and ontology technology have increasingly promoted the information management and utilization of museum collections. As one of the most important collection categories in Chinese and even the world's historical museums, the information management of ancient Chinese ceramics has made some progress, but there are still some shortcomings as well. Based on the current need for the information management and utilization of ancient Chinese ceramics, the article used the ceramics in the Nankai University Museum as research samples, constructing the Metadata of Ancient Chinese Ceramics through the comprehensive analysis, integration, and improvement of existing metadata. Moreover, based on that, the study reused and expanded the CIDOC CRM to establish the Ontology of Ancient Chinese Ceramics through Protege, with 20 pieces of ceramics in the Nankai University Museum being added as instances. Last but not least, the study took the Kang Xi Polychrome Cup with Winter Jasmine as an instance and presented its knowledge map through visualization to demonstrate the structure of the Ontology of Ancient Chinese Ceramics more clearly. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.",
        "output": "A conceptual model for ancient Chinese ceramics based on metadata and ontology: A case study of collections in the Nankai University Museum",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Through historical and anthropological inquiry, this paper addresses the issue of memory antagonisms involving cultural landscapes in the context of a former mining region: the Belgian Black Country. This region, which became increasingly industrialized in the 19th century through the massive development of coal mining and steel industry, subsequently experienced deindustrialization, and now finds itself mobilized in a process of 'post-industrial' mutation. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, it examines how the landscapes inherited from industry, and in particular the slag heaps of the coalfield, have over time become repositories of a working-class memory, through the living and working practices of the communities surrounding the mines. It also documents the various representations attached to these landscape objects, whose contradictions echo the oppositions between capital and labor that have marked the development of industrial capitalism. The second part of the paper, which focuses on the present situation, examines how these representations are remobilized in the valorization processes that are initiated by different actors, in the context of a 'post-industrial' urban transition strategy that seeks to produce a unified and pacified historical narrative. We'll be looking at how historical conflicts still permeate the representations of these landscapes, the question of their conservation, and their possible future.",
        "output": "Silent witnesses: the disputed landscapes of Belgium's black country",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: In modular structures, inaccuracies of the modules superimpose over the entire structure. Depending on the placement of the modules, these inaccuracies have (different) effects on stresses and total deformations. Especially for structures with many individual modules, it is favorable to place them according to their influence. To cover structural diversity, column-, beam-, and wall-like modular structures made from plane modules are investigated. In numerical simulation, geometric inaccuracies are applied via an equivalent temperature approach, which allows almost arbitrary nodal deviations of the modules. With the elementary effects method, the sensitivities of the modules' inaccuracies regarding their structural impact can be determined with minimal computational effort. On a predefined control node, the overall structural inaccuracies are examined in a simplified manner. Column-like structures experience higher deformations due to inclination than beam-like or wall-like structures. For column-like, the bottommost modules are decisive for the overall inaccuracy, as they contribute significantly to the inclination. By contrast, modules at the supports are identified as particularly sensitive for beam- and wall-like structures. Controlling module placement towards their mean absolute influence, the deformation at the control node is mathematically reduced by at least 43% compared to random placement. Thereby, even modules that do not comply with tolerance requirements for structural components can be used in areas of low influence for a sustainable and low-waste design.",
        "output": "Sensitivity-Based Permutation to Balance Geometric Inaccuracies in Modular Structures",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Drawing from publications by Swami Achutanand and the Adi-Hindu Mahasabha press between 1916 and 1940, this article examines the role of this north Indian Dalit organization in creating language and categories of liberalism in the Hindi vernacular. The Mahasabha poet-activists published numerous song-booklets in a variety of Hindi song genres to intervene in ongoing discussions on the subjects of representation and equality which they characterized as mulki-haq and unch-niche. Histories of liberties in late colonial India have typically examined its emergence within dominant Hindu and Muslim middle-class groups. This article uncovers the unique contributions of Dalit poet-activists who recognized the value of liberal ideas and institutions in challenging caste and abolishing Manu's Kanun (lawgiver Manu's Hindu law codes). It highlights the methodological importance of mohalla (neighborhood) sources usually located in Dalit activists' houses in untouchable quarters. The chapbooks found in mohalla collections have enabled the writing of a new history of the Mahasabha's activism and of the initiatives taken by poet-activists in founding a new Dalit politics in northern India. I explore the emergence of a Dalit literate public which sustained the activities of the Mahasabha and which responded with enthusiasm to its articulation of the new social identity of Achut (untouched) and a new political identity of Adi-Hindus-original inhabitants of Hindustan (India). Offering a new methodological approach in using mohalla sources and song-booklets composed in praise of liberal institutions, this essay makes a significant contribution to the recovery of a forgotten Dalit public sphere in early twentieth-century India.",
        "output": "Recovering the Dalit Public Sphere: Vernacular Liberalism in Late Colonial North India",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Background Worldwide, recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption are not met, which can cause chronic diseases. Especially adolescence is an important phase for the development of health behaviours. Therefore, in the Netherlands, the Healthy School program was established to aid schools in promoting healthy lifestyles among their students. We examined to what extent the variation between secondary schools regarding students' fruit and vegetable consumption could be explained by differences between schools regarding Healthy School certification, general school characteristics, and the school population. Additionally, we examined whether Healthy School certification was related to the outcomes, and whether the association differed for subgroups.Methods We performed a repeated cross-sectional multilevel study. We used data from multiple school years from the national Youth Health Monitor on secondary schools (grades 2 and 4, age ranged from approximately 12 to 18 years) of seven Public Health Services, and added data with regard to Healthy School certification, general school characteristics and school population characteristics. We included two outcomes: the number of days a student consumed fruit and vegetables per week. In total, we analysed data on 168,127 students from 256 secondary schools in the Netherlands.Results Results indicated that 2.87% of the variation in fruit consumption and 5.57% of the variation in vegetable consumption could be attributed to differences at the school-level. Characteristics related to high parental educational attainment, household income, and educational track of the students explained most of the variance between schools. Additionally, we found a small favourable association between Healthy School certification and the number of days secondary school students consumed fruit and vegetables.Conclusions School population characteristics explained more variation between schools than Healthy School certification and general school characteristics, especially indicators of parental socioeconomic status. Nevertheless, Healthy School certification seemed to be slightly related to fruit and vegetable consumption, and might contribute to healthier dietary intake. We found small differences for some subgroups, but future research should focus on the impact in different school contexts, since we were restricted in the characteristics that could be included in this study.",
        "output": "School health promotion and fruit and vegetable consumption in secondary schools: a repeated cross-sectional multilevel study",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Background: Preterm neonates are extensively monitored to require strict oxygen target attainment for optimal outcomes. In daily practice, detailed oxygenation data are hardly used and crucial patterns may be missed due to the snapshot presentations and subjective observations. This study aimed to develop a web-based dashboard with both detailed and summarized oxygenation data in real-time and to test its feasibility to support clinical decision making. Methods: Data from pulse oximeters and ventilators were synchronized and stored to enable real-time and retrospective trend visualizations in a web-based viewer. The dashboard was designed based on interviews with clinicians. A preliminary version was evaluated during daily clinical rounds. The routine evaluation of the respiratory condition of neonates (gestational age < 32 weeks) with respiratory support at the NICU was compared to an assessment with the assistance of the dashboard. Results: The web-based dashboard included data on the oxygen saturation (SpO(2)), fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO(2)), SpO(2)/FiO(2) ratio, and area < 80% and > 95% SpO(2) curve during time intervals that could be varied. The distribution of SpO(2) values was visualized as histograms. In 65% of the patient evaluations (n = 86) the level of hypoxia was assessed differently with the use of the dashboard. In 75% of the patients the dashboard was judged to provide added value for the clinicians in supporting clinical decisions. Conclusions: A web-based customized oxygenation dashboard for preterm neonates at the NICU was developed and found feasible during evaluation. More clear and objective information was found supportive for clinicians during the daily rounds in tailoring treatment strategies.",
        "output": "Development of a Web-Based Oxygenation Dashboard for Preterm Neonates: A Quality Improvement Initiative",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: A reliable estimate of the areal reduction factor (ARF), useful for implementing the upscaling procedure of point rainfall information, is of crucial relevance in many hydrological applications aimed at hydraulic structures design. Despite the availability of different methodologies in the literature, the choice of the best formulation to be applied for ARF assessment in a specific region remains an open problem. In fact, the transposition of ARF formulations to areas different from those where they were developed, even with similar geographical features, could lead to incorrect ARF estimates and relevant errors in design rainfalls, especially for short durations. In this paper, a new deterministic fixed-area approach is proposed; it relies upon an averaging procedure of the ratios between areal and local annual maximum rainfalls. The proposed approach was applied to the study area of Umbria region in central Italy, where a parametric relation expressing ARF in a wide range of rainfall duration (5-2,880 min) and areas (up to about 6,100 km2) was derived. A comparison of the proposed approach with the most widely used empirical methodologies was also performed. The methodology can be adopted in any other region where a network characterized by a minimum length of rainfall time series of 7 years and a proper spatial density of stations is available.",
        "output": "A New Empirical Formulation of the Areal Reduction Factor for Design Rainfalls Applied to the Umbria Region in Central Italy",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Parents of children with a disability experience elevated levels of stress compared to parents of typically developing children, which represents a risk for their couple relationship. Research on families where a child has a disability is principally based on mothers. More knowledge is needed about the paternal perspective. We conducted semi-structured interviews with seven fathers (aged 36-54 years) of children with a disability (primary school age to early twenties). We analyzed the material using qualitative conventional content analysis, focusing on participants' descriptions of couple relationships. We categorized the participants' descriptions in two main categories: Couplehood and Co-parenting. Throughout the material, partners were described as romantic partners, co-parents, and collaborators. Participants described that couple communication and emotional expression within couples were affected by parenting a child with a disability. Moreover, participants described influence by cultural masculinity norms on their involvement as partners and parents, and on the dynamic within their couple relationships. An uneven division of labor was described. A practice implication is that communication and emotional expression styles within the parental couple should be a key focus when working with families of children with a disability. The findings also suggest more active involvement of fathers in children's health care.",
        "output": "Parenting a child with a disability: Fathers' perceptions of the couple relationship",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: The processes through which northern townships, customarily governed by strong manorial institutions, came to embrace the structures and routines of vestry governance and supervision by county justices have long required further scholarly investigation. This paper presents a reassessment of the role played by the constables of the West Riding township of Sowerby, Halifax parish, in managing the highways function over the seventeenth century. This is feasible through the happy combination of contemporaneous paper records for the Wakefield court leet and of unusual and exceptionally revealing petty constables' accounts. Sowerby's constables creatively exploited mechanisms at the leet to enforce tenurial and township obligations for road repairs. While the appointment of surveyors is unattested before 1694 and statute duty arrangements are, at best, uncertain, a precocious policy of tax-funded maintenance became embedded in governance routines, as the township's propertied and clothier elite responded to the mid-century political crisis and pulses of assertiveness from the Justices' bench. Independency and improvisation are strongly supportive of change from below as the north's distinctive contribution to state formation in early modern England.",
        "output": "'MY CHARGES ABOUT THE HIGHWAYS':CONSTABLES AND INFRASTRUCTURE INSEVENTEENTH-CENTURY YORKSHIRE",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: PURPOSE: To quantify the cost-utility ratio of the ranibizumab Port Delivery System (PDS; SUSVIMO) versus intravitreal ranibizumab injections for treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) based upon Archway Phase 3 Trial data.DESIGN: Cost-utility analysis.SUBJECTS: Archway Phase 3 Clinical Trial nAMD participants previously responsive to anti-VEGF therapy were randomized 3:2. Two hundred forty received PDS refills q 24 weeks and 162 received ranibizumab injections.METHODS: Ophthalmic patient, time tradeoff utilities, direct medical and societal cost perspectives, 12-year, 1-year, and 5-year timelines, United States 2022 real dollars, and a 3% annual discount rate were employed. Utilities were adjusted for nAMD conversion in fellow eyes during the 12-year, mean participant life expectancy. Premature death associated with severe vision loss was integrated as per the population-based Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) accruals, costs, and incremental and average cost-utility ratios in $/QALY (dollars expended per QALY gained).RESULTS: Versus no therapy, the 1-year PDS QALY gain was 0.0156 (6.8%) versus 0.0063 (0.82%) for intravitreal injections (P < 0.001), whereas the respective 12-year QALY gains were 1.714 (28%) and 1.639 (26.8%) (P= 0.99). One-year direct PDS ophthalmic costs totaled $21 825 with 2 ranibizumab fills, whereas ranibizumab injection therapy totaled $18 405 with 11.8 injections. The 1-year incremental PDS $/QALY versus injections was cost effective at $75 497/QALY. Five-year PDS therapy was not incrementally cost effective at $304 108/QALY, nor was the 12-year therapy at $761 646/QALY. Average 12-year cost-utility ratios were $78773/QALY for the PDS and $47 917/QALY for injection therapy. Adding-$476 442 12-year offsetting societal costs netted $314 521 to society per PDS participant versus $370 958 per participant for injection therapy.CONCLUSIONS: Ranibizumab PDS therapy was not incrementally cost effective versus ranibizumab injection therapy at 12 or 5 years but was at 1 year. Injection therapy had a more favorable 12-year average cost-utility ratio. Vision gain was the major determinant of participant value gain and was the same for both interventions. Both interventions were highly cost effective utilizing average cost-utility analysis with the societal cost perspective.FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.",
        "output": "Cost-Utility Analysis of the Port Delivery System with Ranibizumab for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: The bone texture of Rhea americana was evaluated through the examination of a postnatal ontogenetic series. The hind limb bone surfaces of specimens of one, three and five months old, and adults were compared to characterize each stage according to the morphological features generated by their differential ossification. The results suggest a similar process of tissue maturation concerning neognathous birds, although with some differences. A spongy or striated surface with abundant pores in the femur and longitudinal grooves in the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus characterizes chicks. Vascularity decreases, and the bone texture gradually changes acquiring a more homogeneous surface, to eventually reach the smooth appearance of adult bones. The establishment of particular textures corresponding to different bones and ontogenetic stages permits the accurate interpretation of remains in ecological, archaeological and paleontological contexts in which bones are fragmented and/or incomplete.",
        "output": "Hindlimb bones texture through postnatal ages of Rhea americana (Aves: Palaeognathae)",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: This paper addresses the preservation approach chosen for a selected group of born-digital artworks connected to the web, here categorized under the term internet art. The three first cases that are part of the project Infrastructuur Duurzame Toegankelijkheid Digitale Kunst (Collaborative Infrastructure for Sustainable Access to Digital Art) researched by LIMA (a platform for media art based in Amsterdam) focused on how to analyse internet artworks. This case study-based research was conducted in collaboration with 16 collecting institutions based in The Netherlands. The growing number of internet artworks in collections has pushed the development of preservation initiatives that consider these works' fleeting nature, a consequence of their technical build and time-sensitive characteristics. The project aims to produce and share knowledge for these artworks' preservation and overall sustainability while making it available for other similar works. This paper addresses the research steps while assessing its rationale and utility. It starts by describing the case study and assesses how the methodology serves conservation standards. The paper documents an overall evaluation of methods and results, pointing out the applicability and practical relevance of this initiative, here evaluated with positive conclusions. This paper fits the project's mission concerning knowledge sharing and raising awareness for the preservation of internet artworks and is authored by a short-term PhD fellow at LIMA.",
        "output": "Collaborating for Sustainable Access to Digital Art: A Project Overview",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: This article presents the rationale for having a symposium on internationalisation of higher education (IHE) and introduces the collection of articles. It details examples of two universities from Central Europe to illustrate uneven development in internationalisation, including the achievements in and barriers of internationalisation. The paper sets these examples into the context of existing publications on IHE and suggests that teaching faculty members are key for enhancing internationalisation, in particular their teaching abilities and commitment to support internationalisation. It warns that IHE may divide Europe into two profoundly different parts, contrary to the expectation of policy makers and experts. It concludes by recommending academic development as an effective way to increase academic teachers' competences and willingness to advance internationalisation in higher education.",
        "output": "Uneven internationalisation of higher education in the European Union: a case study of two universities in Czechia and Slovakia",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Acoustic weighing is a promising contactless method for screening the mass of micro-nano objects as it avoids contact contamination and losses. Existing acoustic weighing methods determine the mass of an object by detecting its oscillation trajectory with a laser sensor. However, this method suffers from several limitations, such as short measurement distance, poor accuracy in measuring transparent objects, and inducing damage to photosensitive samples. To solve these issues, this work proposes a contactless weighing method based on location-aware neural network (LANet) and acoustic levitation. The proposed LANet is a deep learning-based image processing method that detects object bit oscillation trajectories completely contactless, regardless of the color, shape, and oscillation distance of the levitated object. We employ a cross-stage aggregation module and cross-mixed feature pyramid strategy to build LANet network depth for enhanced feature extraction. In addition, to create a contactless environment, we built an acoustic levitation system, which drives the oscillation of objects. Finally, we verified the accuracy and effectiveness of the method. The results show that the proposed network can accurately detect the oscillation trajectories of various objects with high detection performance, even for small objects in low-contrast backgrounds. Meanwhile, the proposed method can accurately measure the mass of objects with a percentage error of no more than 7.83%.",
        "output": "Contactless weighing method based on deep learning and acoustic levitation",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: In what ways might poets or poems of the North encounter the South? Are such encounters necessarily exploitative? These are broad questions, having to do with the nature of poetry's material, and with modes of its appropriation. In this essay, I tackle them by looking at a two-year period in the life and career of the poet Denise Levertov, who moved from the USA to Mexico in 1956, before returning to New York in the winter of 1958. Whilst in Mexico, Levertov composed a number of poems in which she responded to the places and people she encountered, to the land and landscapes, and to local arts and other cultural artefacts. I look closely at three of these poems - considered in light of Levertov's correspondence with William Carlos Williams and Robert Duncan, her relations with other of her American peers, including Allen Ginsberg, and her engagement with Spanish-language poets such as Pedro Salinas and Federico Garcia Lorca - and track the ways in which Levertov's practice was affected by her Mexican sojourn. In so doing, I test certain ideas and presumptions about the nature of literary materials and their portability and acquisition.",
        "output": "Denise Levertov's Mexican Sojourn: Poets of the North, Materials of the South",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: PURPOSE/BACKGROUND: The hypothesis that slower personalized titration may prevent clozapine-associated myocarditis and decrease the disproportion incidence of 3% found in Australia was not described in a recent Australian article in this journal.METHODS: Six countries in addition to Australia have published information suggesting a similar incidence of clozapine-associated myocarditis. On September 19, 2023, PubMed searches were updated for articles from the United States, Korea, Japan, Canada, New Zealand, and Turkey.FINDINGS/RESULTS: An incidence of 3.5% (4/76) was found in a US hospital, but US experts were the first to propose that clozapine-associated myocarditis may be a hypersensitivity reaction associated with rapid titration and possibly preventable. Koreans and Japanese are of Asian ancestry and need lower minimum therapeutic doses for clozapine than patients of European ancestry. A 0.1% (2/1408) incidence of myocarditis during clozapine titration was found in a Korean hospital, but pneumonia incidence was 3.7% (52/1408). In 7 Japanese hospitals, 34% (37/110) of cases of clozapine-associated inflammation were found during faster titrations (based on the official Japanese titration) versus 13% (17/131) during slower titrations (based on the international titration guideline for average Asian patients). Recent limited studies from Canada, New Zealand, and Turkey suggest that slower personalized titration considering ancestry may help prevent clozapine-associated myocarditis.IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Other countries have very limited published data on clozapine-associated myocarditis. Based on a recent Australian case series and these non-Australian studies, the author proposes that Australia (and other countries) should use slow personalized titration for clozapine based on ancestry and c-reactive protein monitoring.",
        "output": "Can Slow Personalized Titration Using C-Reactive Protein Monitoring Decrease the High Rates and Mortality of Clozapine-Associated Myocarditis Seen in Some Countries? A Call for Research.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: San Leucio was an interesting experiment for the territorial development of Southern Italy before the Unification of the country. At that time, Southern Italy was a developing region. San Leucio was an experiment which, given its peculiar and unique features, may very well be an alternative model of development compared with what has been featured in the industrialization of modern Europe. Our reconstruction of the events in San Leucio shows us a complex reality, which may hardly be put under the lens of the canonical interpretation models of historiography, and that should be placed into an area rich with nuances and contradictions. Such a reality was doomed to clash with the structural critical issues of the Kingdom, but nevertheless represents an alternative experiment which is worth rediscovering within an epoch when the economic paradigms are questioned. This research shows how the workers (the artieri) fully grasped the initiative of the king, who advocated a policy of modernization from the top, while the bourgeoisie of the Kingdom was incapable of grasping the innovative instances, as it was too tied to maintaining its own rents.",
        "output": "San Leucio, the utopian social labor experiment in the pre-unification Southern Italy",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Biophysical conditions played a fundamental role in early human colonization of insular territories, particularly in food-producing societies dealing with limited resources and the challenges of maintaining a sustainable carrying capacity. Studies on past human colonization of small oceanic islands thus offer insights into economic plasticity, ecological impacts, and adaptation of early food-producing groups. On the coast of southern Chile, early evidence is dated to 950 cal BP of island colonization by coastal populations with mainland subsistence systems based on the exploitation of marine resources, along with gathering, managing, and cultivating plants and hunting terrestrial animals. Strikingly, the extent to which these mixed economies contributed to insular colonization efforts is largely unknown. Here we used organic residue analysis of ceramic artifacts to shed light on the subsistence of populations on Mocha Island in southern Chile. We extracted and analyzed lipids from 51 pottery sherds associated with the El Vergel cultural complex that flourished in southern Chile between 950 and 400 cal BP. Chemical and stable isotope analysis of the extracts identified a range of food products, including C3 and C4 plants and marine organisms. The results reveal the central role of mixed subsistence systems in fueling the colonization of Mocha Island.Las condiciones biofisicas desempenaron un papel fundamental en la temprana colonizacion humana de territorios insulares, sobre todo en sociedades productoras de alimentos que se enfrentaban a recursos limitados y a los desafios de mantener una capacidad de carga sostenible. Los estudios sobre la colonizacion humana de pequenas islas oceanicas en el pasado ofrecen, por lo tanto, informacion sobre la plasticidad economica, los impactos ecologicos y la adaptacion de los primeros grupos productores de alimentos. En la costa del sur de Chile, los primeros indicios de colonizacion de islas datan de hace 950 anos cal aP por parte de poblaciones costeras con sistemas de subsistencia en tierra firme basados en la explotacion de los recursos marinos, ademas de la recoleccion, manejo y cultivo de plantas, y la caza de animales terrestres. Sorprendentemente, se desconoce en que medida estas economias mixtas contribuyeron a los esfuerzos de colonizacion insular. En este trabajo, empleamos el analisis de residuos organicos de artefactos ceramicos para elucidar la subsistencia de las poblaciones de la isla Mocha, en el sur de Chile. Extrajimos y analizamos lipidos de 51 fragmentos ceramicos asociados al complejo cultural El Vergel, que se desarrollo en el sur de Chile entre 950 y 400 anos cal aP. El analisis quimico y de isotopos estables de los extractos identifico una serie de productos alimenticios, incluyendo plantas C3 y C4, asi como organismos marinos. Los resultados revelan el papel central de los sistemas mixtos de subsistencia en el impulso de la colonizacion de la isla Mocha.",
        "output": "Unraveling Island Economies through Organic Residue Analysis: The Case of Mocha Island (Southern Chile)",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: For populist leaders, naming is an important political tool, helping them to consolidate their leadership while harming the legitimacy of their opponents. The article offers a theoretical framework explaining populist tactical uses of naming; how they name and misname their opponents. The explanation locates the naming tactics within the overall populist framework as a thin-centered ideology. The following three naming tactics are described and analyzed: (1) coining ridiculing nicknames, (2) appropriating existing nicknames, and (3) avoiding the opponent's name.To substantiate the theoretical arguments, we discursively analyze these three tactics, as were employed by the former US president, Donald Trump, the prime minister of Israel, Binyamin Netanyahu, and the president of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin.",
        "output": "The Populist Name Game: About Populism and Naming",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Political science has seen a welcome increase in guidance on conducting field research, which recognizes the need for adaptability. But while disciplinary conversations on iterating in the field have advanced, strategies for adapting to the breakdown of one's case selection-an all-too-frequent problem faced by field researchers-remain underspecified. I synthesize the sources of case selection collapse and puts forward four strategies to help scholars iterate when things fall apart: 1) rethinking what constitutes a case when fieldwork upends one's understanding of the population to which the original case(s) belong; 2) reorienting the object of analysis from outcomes to processes when new insights question the values of the outcome variable within one's original case(s); 3) returning to dominant theoretical models as a source of comparison when unanticipated changes cut off data or field site access; and 4) dropping case(s) that become extraneous amid fieldwork-induced changes in the project's comparative logic. By embracing these moments of seeming crisis, we can more productively train field researchers to make the most of the inductive discoveries and new theoretical insights that often emerge when one's original plans fall apart.",
        "output": "Embracing the Crisis of Research Design: How the Collapse of Case Selection in the Field Can Uncover New Discoveries",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: As learning places for sustainable development, UNESCO biosphere reserves are specifically dedicated to sustainability. The Lima Action Plan of 2016 resolved to position the biosphere reserves more prominently as model regions in order to fulfill UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, the question remains how and to what extent this resolution has been implemented and the ideal of sustainability filled with life at the local level. Based on surveys of municipal actors and fifteen in-depth interviews with political decision-makers, this article compares three adjacent Western European biosphere reserves, the Palatinate Forest, Northern Vosges, and Bliesgau, with regard to local initiatives aimed at fulfilling the overall task of sustainable development. The results show-besides generalized statements on the relevance of sustainability-that municipal politics is only, to a limited extent, guided by the requirements of concrete SDGs. Nevertheless, many of the measures implemented do ultimately reflect these goals. Along with specific ecological and climatic projects, these comprise future-oriented settlement policies and educational activities undertaken by the biosphere reserves and their municipalities. In this context, improved communication with local councils and residents might well lead to more effectively structured implementation of SDGs.",
        "output": "Between Global Expectations for Sustainability and Local Feasibility-A Comparative Analysis of Three Biosphere Reserves in Germany and France",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Construction waste is unavoidable in the process of urban development, causing serious environmental pollution. Accurate assessment of municipal construction waste generation requires building construction waste identification models using deep learning technology. However, this process requires high-quality public datasets for model training and validation. This study utilizes Google Earth and GF-2 images as the data source to construct a specific dataset of construction waste landfills in the Changping and Daxing districts of Beijing, China. This dataset contains 3,653 samples of the original image areas and provides mask-labeled images in the semantic segmentation domains. Each pixel within a construction waste landfill is classified into 4 categories of the image areas, including background area, vacant landfillable area, engineering facility area, and waste dumping area. The dataset contains 237,115,531 pixels of construction waste and 49,724,513 pixels of engineering facilities. The pixel-level semantic segmentation labels are provided to quantify the construction waste yield, which can serve as the basic data for construction waste extraction and yield estimation both for academic and industrial research.",
        "output": "A construction waste landfill dataset of two districts in Beijing, China from high resolution satellite images",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: This paper investigates the influence of hotel employee's thriving at work (including learning and vitality) on their service performance, and explores how leader-member exchange (LMX) moderates this influence. The sampling object of the questionnaire is the employees of 5-star hotels in the north, central, and south of Taiwan who are willing to answer the questionnaires. Purposive sampling is employed. In total, 900 surveys were disseminated throughout Taiwan., including 300 each in the north, central, and south. Out of these, 657 acceptable surveys were collected, resulting in a 73% response rate. The research findings show that: (1) learning positively affect service performance; (2) vitality positively affect service performance; (3) LMX negatively moderates the influence of learning on service performance; (4) LMX negatively moderates the influence of vitality on service performance. At last, the paper proposes managerial implications and subsequent recommendations derived from the research findings.",
        "output": "Investigating the influence of thriving at work on hotel employees' service performance with the moderating effect of leader-member exchange",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Delirium is a common symptom of acute illness which is potentially avoidable with early recognition and intervention. Despite being a growing concern globally, delirium remains underdiagnosed and poorly reported, with limited understanding of effective delirium education for undergraduate health profession students. Digital resources could be an effective approach to improving professional knowledge of delirium, but studies utilising these with more than one profession are limited, and no evidence-based, interdisciplinary, digital delirium education resources are reported. This study aims to co-design and evaluate a digital resource for undergraduate health profession students across the island of Ireland to improve their ability to prevent, recognise, and manage delirium alongside interdisciplinary colleagues.METHODS: Utilising a logic model, three workstreams have been identified. Workstream 1 will comprise three phases: (1) a systematic review identifying the format, methods, and content of existing digital delirium education interventions for health profession students, and their effect on knowledge, self-efficacy, and behavioural change; (2) focus groups with health profession students to determine awareness and experiences of delirium care; and (3) a Delphi survey informed by findings from the systematic review, focus groups, and input from the research team and expert reference group to identify resource priorities. Workstream 2 will involve the co-design of the digital resource through workshops (n=4) with key stakeholders, including health profession students, professionals, and individuals with lived experience of delirium. Lastly, Workstream 3 will involve a mixed methods evaluation of the digital resource. Outcomes include changes to delirium knowledge and self-efficacy towards delirium care, and health profession students experience of using the resource.DISCUSSION: Given the dearth of interdisciplinary educational resources on delirium for health profession students, a co-designed, interprofessional, digital education resource will be well-positioned to shape undergraduate delirium education. This research may enhance delirium education and the self-efficacy of future health professionals in providing delirium care, thereby improving practice and patients' experiences and outcomes.TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.",
        "output": "Co-design and mixed methods evaluation of an interdisciplinary digital resource for undergraduate health profession students to improve the prevention, recognition, and management of delirium in Ireland: a study protocol.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: The devastating impact of youth mental health concerns is increasingly evident on a global scale. This crisis calls for innovative solutions that are sufficiently accessible, scalable, and cost-effective to support diverse communities around the world. One such solution involves engagement in the arts: incorporating and building upon existing local resources and cultural practices to bolster youth mental health. In this article, we describe the global youth mental health crisis and note major gaps in the knowledge and resources needed to address it. We then discuss the potential for arts- and culture-based strategies to help meet this challenge, review the mounting evidence regarding art's ability to support mental health, and call for action to undertake critical research and its translation into accessible community practices. Four steps are suggested: (1) elevate and prioritize youth voice, (2) develop core outcome measures, (3) identify and analyze successful models around the globe, and (4) generate clear funding pathways for research and translational efforts. Worldwide implementation of arts- and culture-based strategies to address youth mental health will provide critical resources to support the health, wellbeing and flourishing of countless youth across the globe.",
        "output": "Supporting youth mental health with arts-based strategies: a global perspective",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Pure biogenic new particle formation (NPF) induced by highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) could be an important mechanism for pre-industrial aerosol formation. However, it has not been unambiguously confirmed in the ambient due to the scarcity of truly pristine continental locations in the present-day atmosphere or the lack of chemical characterization of NPF precursors. Here, we report ambient observations of pure biogenic HOM-driven NPF over a peatland in southern Finland. Meteorological decoupling processes formed an air pocket (i.e., a very shallow surface layer) at night and favored NPF initiated entirely by biogenic HOM from this peatland, whose atmospheric environment closely resembles that of the pre-industrial era. Our study sheds light on pre-industrial aerosol formation, which represents the baseline for estimating the impact of present and future aerosol on climate, as well as on future NPF, the features of which may revert toward pre-industrial-like conditions due to air pollution mitigation.",
        "output": "Potential pre-industrial-like new particle formation induced by pure biogenic organic vapors in Finnish peatland",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: In March 2020, governments worldwide implemented various social restriction measures, including lockdowns, to mitigate the spread of the COVID19 virus. This led to a profound shift in travel behavior, accompanied by a notable reduction in congestion. This paper investigates travel demand on Express Lanes during two time periods: before the pandemic (from January 2020 to mid -March 2020) and during the pandemic (from mid -March 2020 to the end of May 2020). A large data set of trips observed on Express Lanes derived from transponders is combined with vehicle probe measures of travel times and used to estimate the willingness to pay to travel on Express Lanes. The analysis reveals that not all Express Lane assets are equal, with the longer Express Lane demonstrating better performance than the shorter one. Peak hours experienced a more significant impact than off-peak hours, reflecting the heightened flexibility in travelers' schedules during the pandemic. The proposed econometric model quantifies the increase in willingness to pay for Express Lanes, which went up to $36 and $34 per hour on the two assets from the values of $26 and $28 per hour estimated before the pandemic, which can be justified by the observed lower market shares during the pandemic.",
        "output": "An analysis of travel behavior and willingness to pay on Express Lanes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: There is increased interest in deviant behavior in the workplace. However, research is lacking on the moral economy of such behavior. Moral economy is particularly important in contexts where syncretic forces impinge on deviant behavior. Consequently, we use moral economy reasoning to examine the relationship between ethnic obligation and deviant behavior in the African context. In Study 1, data (N = 27, 148) show an inverted U-shape effect of meta-agency and deviant behavior. In Study 2, difference-in-difference (DID) analysis of data (N = 25,387 in 2005 and N = 51,587 in 2013) shows significant DID effect of meta-agency. Primary data from Study 3 (N = 229) shows a U-shaped effect of agency and deviant behavior. In Study 4 (N = 333), a replication shows support for the U-shape effect in Study 3. The four studies thus show complex patterns that reflect U-shape and inverted U-shape relationships between ethnic obligation and deviant behavior as indicated by bribery, corruption, and unethicality. Robustness checks support the curvilinear relationships suggesting that the effects are not due to chance. We discuss implications for research and practice.",
        "output": "Ethnic Obligation and Deviant Behavior: A Dynamic Moral Economy Perspective",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: In the immediate aftermath of the devastation and frustration of the Second World war, several architects and planners in Europe and North America took on the task of expanding their disciplinary boundaries and providing accounts of 'others'. As they investigated various understandings of human life and the social dimension of the built environment, the interest shifted from the paradigms of modern design to the complexity of distant cultures and the variety beyond the Western tradition. Among those who challenged narrow perspectives was Erwin Anton Gutkind, a planner, architect, and theorist of German origin. Examining his unpublished manuscript, entitled The Human Settlement, and its long chapter on Africa, this article demonstrates how Gutkind pushed the theoretical and geographical limits of the historical research on architecture of his time to develop a project that offered a strong critique of modernist attitudes, internationalist models, and nation-state narratives. The essay also reflects on both Gutkind's exposure of colonial and neocolonial strategies of modernization and westernization on the continent and his problematic representation of local and non-colonial architecture in Africa. The manuscript's merits and limits reveal the significant friction that arose between Gutkind's strategies for including underrepresented voices and his reliance on biased perspectives.",
        "output": "The Human Settlement: Erwin Anton Gutkind's fascination with Africa and critique of modern design",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: This article delves into the concept of valorisation of space, a prominent notion in Marxist geographical literature in Brazil. We critically examine this concept-stemming from a theoretical approach introduced in the 1980s during the critical renewal of Brazilian geography-by juxtaposing it with contributions from the Marxist value-form tradition. This comparison reveals certain operational limits in the concept of valorisation of space. Nevertheless, these limitations can be overcome by more precisely defining it as a subset of practices within the broader context of space production: it can be conceptualised as a specific type of space production, occurring when space itself becomes the subject of valorisation. Furthermore, we explore the potentialities of the concept, showcasing its operationalisation through concrete examples of dynamics within the Brazilian territory.O presente artigo trata sobre o conceito de valorizacao do espaco, bastante disseminado na literatura geografica marxista no Brasil. Analisamos criticamente este conceito-elaborado de maneira original na decada de 1980 no ambito da renovacao critica da geografia brasileira-atraves de seu confronto com contribuicoes da tradicao marxista que enfatiza o valor como forma social. Este confronto de duas abordagens revela certos limites operacionais da concepcao de valorizacao do espaco. Nao obstante, julgamos que estas limitacoes podem ser superadas atraves de sua definicao mais precisa como um subconjunto de praticas componentes do que se entende por producao do espaco. Assim, pode ser entendido como um tipo especifico de producao do espaco, que ocorre quanto o espaco, ele mesmo, torna-se o objeto do processo de valorizacao. Dentro deste quadro, exploramos algumas das potencialidades deste conceito, ilustrando sua possivel operacionalizacao atraves de exemplos concretos de dinamicas do territorio brasileiro.",
        "output": "Value and Valorisation of Space: Notes for a Debate on Critical Geography",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: The concept of the circular economy is becoming an increasingly important issue within the economic and political sphere. The aim of the study is to check the opinions of representatives of organizations on the need to act in accordance with the principles of the circular economy concept in organizations and to indicate the differences in these opinions, taking into account the following aspects: the number of implemented management systems and the FSMS implementation. The survey method was used in the study. The surveyed organizations were divided into groups according to two criteria: having implemented food safety management systems and the total number of implemented management systems. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze differences between groups. The conducted research showed that the organizations with more than three MSSs perceive a greater need to act in accordance with the principles of the CE than other companies. There was no sufficient proof to support the hypothesis concerning the higher engagement of food sector organizations in circular economy activities. The size of the organization is a factor that is also irrelevant in this context.",
        "output": "The Importance of the Circular Economy Concept among Organizations within the Food Sector and a Management Systems Perspective",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: The urban planning evolution of Jaffa has been significantly shaped by political dynamics and conflict. Before 1948, Jaffa exhibited a diverse population and a distinctive urban layout reflective of its unique character. The British and Arab vision of the time aimed to expand and modernize Jaffa's urban fabric; however, the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 led to a reevaluation of urban plans to accommodate a growing Jewish population and their vision for a modern city. Focusing on specific neighbourhoods, this article delves into the intricate interplay of social, political, and economic forces that have shaped Jaffa's urban structure, planning strategies, and development outcomes. Through this examination, valuable insights emerge, shedding light on the role of planning in shaping the social fabric of cities navigating significant historical and geopolitical transitions. The article emphasizes the delicate balance between modernization imperatives and the preservation of cultural heritage, underscoring the significance of fostering social inclusion and pursuing equitable development.",
        "output": "The urban planning transformation of Jaffa: pre and post-1948 perspectives",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Sexuality education (SE) can be acquired through different sources. In a cross-sectional online study with Spanish and Portuguese participants (N = 595), we examined differences between formal traditional sources (i.e., mandatory SE received in schools), formal modern sources (e.g., SE received in courses), informal traditional sources (e.g., talks with friends and family), and informal modern sources (e.g., pornography and online content) and their contribution to sexual health and well-being outcomes. Results showed that sexual and reproductive health were among the most addressed topics across all sources. Nearly all participants received SE from informal sources, whereas more than two-thirds received SE from formal traditional sources. Results of a linear regression model showed that participants who perceived more influence from formal traditional sources reported using condoms more often, were more focused on disease prevention, and enacted more sexual health communication, but were also less sex-positive. Participants who perceived more influence from both types of informal sources attributed more importance to SE topics but reported having condomless sex more frequently and were more focused on pleasure promotion. Still, participants who perceived more influence from informal traditional sources also endorsed more internal/external consent, were more sexually satisfied, were more sex-positive, and enacted more sexual health practices. Lastly, participants who perceived more influence from informal modern sources were also more likely to have been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection. Only a small proportion of participants received SE from formal modern sources and had to be excluded from this analysis. Some differences between Spain and Portugal are discussed. Taken together, our findings highlight the need to consider different sources for a more comprehensive and inclusive SE, in articulation with sociocultural and political contexts.",
        "output": "Do different sources of sexuality education contribute differently to sexual health and well-being outcomes? Examining sexuality education in Spain and Portugal",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Aim of this work is the development of a new kind of corrosion sensors, based on low-cost flexible sub-strates, specifically designed to detect Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) producing significant degrada-tion of artifacts in museum display cases. Sensors have been fabricated and tested in relevant environ-ment with three of the most relevant VOCs (acetic acid, formic acid and formaldehyde) to the artifacts preservation. Sensitivity has been measured to be lower than 1 ppm, which is several times better than what reported in the literature on corrosion sensors for the same VOCs. In addition, different sensors, arranged with different active materials, have been implemented for the first time into a so-called multi -sensor architecture, aimed at demonstrating VOC specificity: in particular, we report here on a prelimi-nary test in which the multi-sensor has been able to be selective between acetic acid and formaldehyde.(c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.",
        "output": "Selective flexible sensor for monitoring volatile organic compounds in museum display cases",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: The public choice literature has long considered the political economy of environmental regulation and has examined a variety of national and subnational governments' environmental policies aimed at adaption to climate change. However, there has been little attention paid to the determinants of environmental adaptive actions taken by indigenous governments. Given many indigenous peoples' heightened vulnerability to issues caused by climate change, it is important to understand when and why they take action to adapt to climate change and what obstacles may stand in the way. I argue that natural resource abundance, informational resource access, population vulnerability, and reliance on natural resources will impact whether indigenous governments enact policies to respond to climate change. Using an original dataset of tribal actions addressing climate change for 574 federally recognized tribal governments, I find that the amount of land, educational attainment, broadband access, and proportion of tribal members working in the natural resource industries are positively associated with the tribal government's responses to climate change.",
        "output": "The political economy of climate action in Indian Country",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: When predicting welding deformation of the laser-manufactured vehicles and aerospaces, analytical solutions or empirical formulas are not usually accessible in complex problems. Based on the inherent deformation method, a machine learning (ML) approach for predicting welding deformation of welded structures is proposed based on an artificial neural network (ANN). This method is a promising substitute for analytical, empirical, and finite element (FE) solutions due to its accuracy, easy-to-use, efficiency, and universality. First, the outputs of the ANN are determined via dimensionless analysis and comparison of numerical results, which are dimensionally independent. Then, based on the inherent deformation method, the training and validation sets of the ANN are generated through an elastic finite element analysis. At last, the structure of the ANN is determined by analyzing the ANN prediction accuracy with different hidden layers, numbers of neurons, and activation functions. The results show that the ML solutions are in good agreement with the FE results, verifying the effectiveness and generalization ability of the proposed method.",
        "output": "Prediction of laser-welded deformation using artificial neural networks",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Introduction Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is mostly diagnosed among young people. Despite the evidence that T1DM is disruptive, and affects individuals' health and cognitive ability, there is dearth of knowledge on the impact of T1DM on schooling in LMICs including Ghana. In this research, we explored the impact of T1DM on the schooling of young people living with the disease, and discussed the results within health selection, social support, and artefactual perspectives of inequality.Methods Data were extracted from a qualitative project on T1DM lived experiences in southern Ghana. The study participants were young persons living with T1DM (n = 28) and their caregivers (n = 12). They were purposively recruited to participate in the study using maximum variation and snowball sampling techniques and interviewed in their support group centres, homes, or healthcare facilities using semi-structured interview guides. A computer-assisted qualitative data analysis was performed using QSR NVivo 14 software, and the results were categorised into themes.Results Three themes were identified from the transcripts. These themes were school and classroom attendance, choice of school, and school/academic performance. T1DM was a major reason for patients' limited contact hours with teachers, school drop-out, preference for day schools rather than boarding, opting for vocational training instead of continuation of formal education, limited concentration at school, and delayed educational progression.Conclusion T1DM impacted the schooling of young people living with the disease. The mechanisms of these impacts, and young peoples lived experiences are not artefactual, but rather support discourses on health selection and inadequate social support for young people living with the disease. The results call for the need to develop educational and social interventions to address these barriers. The full implementation of the Inclusive Education Policy (IEP) may contribute to reducing educational and social inequalities caused by ill-health.",
        "output": "Living with type 1 diabetes and schooling among young people in Ghana: a truism of health selection, inadequate support, or artefactual explanation of educational inequalities?",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Reports from different parts of the world suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic and the resultant lockdown and social distancing measures have heralded unprecedented mental health challenges among children and adolescents. To date, there is a dearth of studies emerging from the Arabian Gulf, where the majority of its population are children and adolescents. The study aims to examine the prevalence of anxiety-related symptoms and their covariates among children and adolescents in an Arabian Gulf country, Oman. This is a cross-sectional analytic study carried out over two weeks (1st to 15th of August 2020) during the COVID-19 pandemic across Oman. Parents were asked to complete the online survey, which consisted of the parent version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) instrument and questions regarding basic socio-demographic information. Logistic regression was used to identify the contributing variables associated with anxiety-related symptoms. A total of 790 valid responses were received. Among the 790 children, 33.3% (n=263) were diagnosed with anxiety-related symptoms by the SCARED instrument. Logistic regression analysis suggested that anxiety-related symptoms in children and adolescents were significantly associated with three demographic variables. The model shows that children with divorced or separated parents were 1.9 times more likely to have anxiety-related symptoms than children of married couples (OR=1.93, p=0.035). Children living in families with an income below USD 1000/month, were 1.8 times more likely to have anxiety-related symptoms than a family with an income of USD 4000/month (OR=1.833, p=0.018). Children in grades 3-6 were 1.8 times more likely to have anxiety-related symptoms than those in grades 1-2 (OR=1.79, p=0.024). Anxiety-related symptoms are common among Omani children and adolescents. They are more likely to be reported in middle scholastic grade levels and children from families with marital discord and low socioeconomic status. It is not clear whether the presently observed rates of anxiety exceed the prevalence that would have been observed prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. More studies are therefore warranted using children and adolescents' self-reported scales.",
        "output": "Factors associated with anxiety-related symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19 in Oman: a cross-sectional study.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Background Primary healthcare in South Africa aims to transform the national health system by emphasising community-based care and preventive strategies. However, rehabilitation services, particularly for individuals with disabilities and chronic non-communicable diseases, are often overlooked in primary healthcare. This study aimed to investigate the provision of primary healthcare rehabilitation services in the Johannesburg Metropolitan District by exploring client sociodemographics and variations in services provided by rehabilitation professionals. Methods A retrospective review of clinic rehabilitation records from 2011 to 2020 was conducted at nine provincially funded community health centres (CHCs) offering rehabilitation services. Stratified sampling facilitated record selection based on rehabilitation service type and year. A specifically designed data extraction tool captured demographics, disabilities, rehabilitation received, and referral sources. Descriptive analysis used means, standard deviations, and frequencies. Results The findings show a diverse client population with a wide age range, with a significant proportion falling into the < 5 years and 30-49 years age groups. Neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related disabilities were most prevalent, affecting approximately two-thirds of clients. Referral sources were often undocumented, and inconsistent discharge information with no record of patient follow up, highlighted the need for improved documentation practices. Clinic visits were the primary service delivery mode, followed by limited home visits and outreach services. Occupational therapy and physiotherapy were the most used services. Speech and language therapy services were underused, and some CHCs lacked audiology services. There were variations in the number of individual and group sessions provided by the different rehabilitation services, and there were age- and disability-specific differences in service use. Conclusion This study offers insights into rehabilitation service provision in the Johannesburg Metropolitan District and enhances our understanding of rehabilitation services in primary healthcare settings. It underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team to address diverse rehabilitation needs, improving documentation and discharge practices, expanding service delivery models, and reducing disparities in service use. The findings inform strategies for optimising service delivery, workforce, resource allocation, and intersectoral collaboration to ultimately enhance the quality and accessibility of integrated rehabilitation services.",
        "output": "Let the records speak: an exploration of rehabilitation services offered in primary healthcare, Johannesburg metropolitan district",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Many Palaeolithic archaeological sites have been excavated in the Cantabrian region of northern Spain, between the Cantabrian mountain range and the coast of the Bay of Biscay. The analyses of the materials thus recovered in sites such as El Castillo, Morin, Pendo, Covalejos, Esquilleu, El Miron, Hornos de la Pena, El Cuco, El Ruso, Lezetxiki, Axlor, Arrillor, Amalda, Abauntz, and Gatzarria, among others, have contributed greatly to the understanding of Neanderthal animal-based subsistence in the area. However, most of the sites studied are in the eastern part of this area, and we know little on the western part, from just a handful of sites (El Sidron, Llonin, La Vina, and La Guelga in Asturias; Cova Eiros in Galicia) and the zooarchaeological information has been limited, but is currently growing. El Sidron has many cannibalized Neanderthal bones but few faunal remains, the Llonin cave shows short Neanderthal occupations, the Mousterian of La Vina yielded few faunal remains, and the three Mousterian levels of Cova Eiros were also short occupations. In this work, we present the zooarchaeological and taphonomical analyses from the Mousterian Level XV of Sopena (Onis, Asturias), very rich in faunal remains, aiming to shed light on the Neanderthal subsistence on the western part of northern Spain. Faunal remains from Sopena Level XV appear very modified by neanderthal actions. They did exploit a variety of ungulates from diverse ecosystems, both high mountains and river valleys, displaying the great versatility and adaptability in their subsistence strategies.",
        "output": "Neanderthal subsistence strategies: new evidence from the Mousterian Level XV of the Sope\u00f1a rock shelter (Asturias, northern Spain)",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Biomineralization of calcium carbonate by living organisms, including bacteria, has been studied for its potential use in conservation and restoration applications in Cultural Heritage. This study reports the carbonatogenic properties of three bacterial strains (Lysinibacillus fusiformis 3.20, Psychrobacillus psychrodurans 7Mo and Lederbergia lenta Vetro1) isolated from Il Giovane di Mozia sculpture (Mozia), the Etruscan mural paintings of the Tomba degli Scudi (Tarquinia), and a microbial community isolated from the Sant'Eustachio statue (Matera). The crystals precipitated have been investigated through a multi-analytical approach: Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analyses showed the formation of stable vaterite by the bacterial cultures, while the microbial community induced calcite precipitation. This approach aims to support the conservation-restoration efforts, taking into the account the requests of the conservation-restorers and the unique characteristics of each Cultural Heritage artwork.(c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.",
        "output": "Isolation of carbonatogenic bacteria for biorestoration",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Doro-e refers to a genre of Japanese folk paintings: it is a group of works, likely to be produced from the mid-eighteenth to the nineteenth century, that emerged during a time when some of the techniques of European paintings, such as vanishing point, perspective, and mirror image were being incorporated into traditional Japanese paintings. Indeed, doro-e paintings played an important role in familiarising the Japanese public with these new techniques. However, the process of painting doro-e including materials and painting techniques used has not been interpreted, and the definition of doro-e remains elusive. This article begins by exploring Kamigata doro-e, particularly megane-e (vue d'optique), which was painted in the initial period of doro-e works. Materials analysis indicates the use of smalt, which is not often found in traditional Japanese paintings. Indigo was also used to depict landscapes, indicating that traditional blue dye was still the preferred colour for European-influenced paintings during the Edo period (1603-1868). This study also discusses the application of gold-coloured outlines identified as brass. A diversity of colourants and techniques was used in doro-e, a fact that is not reflected in the current definition regarding doro-e, and is discussed in this article.",
        "output": "The Use of Smalt in the Japanese Folk Paintings, Doro-e and Megane-e (Vue d'Optique)",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: It is important to explore the ways that the working lives of persons provides meaning in personal, professional, and organizational ways. In this paper, the author utilized the processes of Parse's (2021a) humanbecoming hermeneutic sciencing (discoursing with penetrating engaging, interpreting with quiescent beholding, and understanding with inspiring envisaging) and the leading-following model to further understanding of the meaning of working through Stephen Schwarz's Broadway show, Working, the Musical (Browning & Schwartz, 1982/2002). Although not a formal sciencing project, this interpretive reflection provided a way to see how work is lived out uniquely.",
        "output": "Leading-Following Interpretations: Living Quality and Working, the Musical",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Realistic images became available for the first time. The first major figure was Berengario da Carpi (1460-1530). He made contributions to knowledge. He stated the dura was attached all over the interior of the cranium not just at the sutures. He also noted that deterioration following traumatic hematomas was speedier the deeper within the brain the bleed had occurred and he noticed that post-traumatic neurological deficits were contralateral. Moreover, he introduced new instruments of a practical design. Specifically, he launched trepanation using a brace and bit handle. This instrument required two hands and rotated the trepan in the same direction all the time. In addition, he illustrated a crown trepan in which the bits could be interchanged. He also developed an improved elevator. He also provided the first drawing of a lenticular. The next illustrations came from Vidus Vidius (1509-1569). The illustrations in his text were elegant and realistic but some of them were impractical or unusable. Ambroise Pare (1510-1590) was a major surgeon. He designed an improved brace and bit trepan with a collar to control penetration. He also introduced instruments for expanding a cranial opening by biting up the bone and for depressing the dura to enable material to escape more easily.",
        "output": "Renaissance-Europe-16th century.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Engaging workers with their work is fundamental for employee wellbeing and performance. Perceived age discrimination in the workplace is a factor that may influence workers' engagement. The present study aimed to analyze the moderating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between perceived age discrimination and work engagement. Survey data were collected from a sample of 453 Portuguese workers of various age groups, between 18 and 65 years-old. Four instruments were used in this study: (a) a sociodemographic questionnaire; (b) the Workplace Age Discrimination Scale (WADS); (c) the Emotion Regulation Scale and (d) the reduced version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9). Results show that perceived workplace age discrimination negatively impacts work engagement. Further, results suggest that emotional regulation exacerbates the negative relationship between perceived age discrimination and work engagement. The progressively aging workforce is creating challenging issues to organizations, from a human resource management perspective. Age management strategies to address perceived age discrimination and work engagement are needed.",
        "output": "Perspectives on perceived workplace age discrimination and engagement: The moderating role of emotion regulation",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: This research study investigates the effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on employee performance, with a specific focus on the moderating role of employees' work experience. This investigation utilizes a proposed framework, focusing on higher educational institutions in West Bengal, India. It contributes to the human resource management field by comparing teacher performance in private and government academic institutions based on their motivation levels. The study employs a quantitative approach, collecting data from 250 teachers in West Bengal, India, using a structured questionnaire. The dataset underwent analysis employing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) due to its inherent capacity to accommodate smaller sample sizes while delivering precise and insightful outcomes. The results indicate a strong positive relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and teacher performance in both types of institutions. Work experience moderates the connection between intrinsic motivation and performance in both sectors but has no significant impact on the relationship between extrinsic motivation and performance in private academic institutions. This study links a gap in the literature by empirically exploring the impact of teacher motivation on their performance and provides valuable insights into the complex interplay among motivation, work experience, and performance. Practically, it emphasizes the importance of employee motivation and accumulated work experience in enhancing performance. This study attempts to underscore the role of work experience as a moderating variable, thereby contributing to the novel discourse in the educational landscape of the post-pandemic era. The findings demand to identification of diverse organizational developmental drivers as work experience does not exhibit a strong mediation effect. However, limitations such as potential response bias should be considered in future research in this area.",
        "output": "Motivation, work experience, and teacher performance: A comparative study.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: The white potato worm (Premnotrypes Vorax (Hustache)) is one of the pests that causes the greatest damage to the potato crop and the greatest economic losses to the grower; therefore, knowing its life cycle and estimating its intrinsic growth rate is crucial for selecting an appropriate chemical control method, in order to reduce the environmental impact and ensure a profitable production suitable for consumption. In this article, we present a fuzzy Malthusian model describing the evolution of the white potato worm in the crop, considering that the intrinsic growth rate and the reported initial data on the problem are of fuzzy nature. The main contributions and novelty of this paper are summarized in the following two aspects: first, the estimation of the intrinsic growth rate of the white potato worm, in function of the temperature, by using a Takagi-Sugeno-Kang type fuzzy rule -based model; and second, since in practice the initial white potato worm population in a crop is subjective, imprecise and vague, knowing the intrinsic growth rate, we propose and solve a fuzzy initial value problem to determine the evolution in time of the white potato worm population. In conclusion, given a weekly average temperature, it is possible to know the white potato worm population per unit area oscillating in an interval whose length depends on the degree of inaccuracy of the initial population and the intrinsic growth rate. This study can be relevant for grower decision making in terms of the type and frequency of pest control on his crop.",
        "output": "Intrinsic growth rate and evolution of the Premnotrypes Vorax population using fuzzy information",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Background Research on health resource allocation trends in ethnic minority and impoverished areas in China is limited since the 2009 Medical Reform. This study aimed to investigate the variations and inequalities in health resource distribution among ethnic minority, poverty-stricken, and non-minority regions in Sichuan Province, a multi-ethnic province in Southwest China, from 2009 to 2019.Methods The numbers of beds, doctors and nurses were retrospectively sourced from the Sichuan Health Statistics Yearbook between 2009 and 2019. All the 181 counties in Sichuan Province were categorized into five groups: Yi, Zang, other ethnic minority, poverty-stricken, and non-minority county. The Theil index, adjusted for population size, was used to evaluate health resource allocation inequalities.Results From 2009 to 2019, the number of beds (Bedp1000), doctors (Docp1000), and nurses (Nurp1000) per 1000 individuals in ethnic minority and poverty-stricken counties consistently remained lower than non-minority counties. The growth rates of Bedp1000 in Yi (140%) and other ethnic minority counties (127%) were higher than in non-minority counties (121%), while the growth rates of Docp1000 in Yi (20%) and Zang (11%) counties were lower than non-minority counties (61%). Docp1000 in 33% and 50% of Yi and Zang ethnic counties decreased, respectively. Nurp1000 in Yi (240%) and other ethnic minority (316%) counties increased faster than non-minority counties (198%). The Theil index for beds and nurses declined, while the index for doctors increased. Key factors driving increases in bed allocation include preferential policies and economic development levels, while health practitioner income, economic development levels and geographical environment significantly influence doctor and nurse allocation.Conclusions Preferential policies have been successful in increasing the number of beds in health facilities, but not healthcare workers, in ethnic minority regions. The ethnic disparities in doctor allocation increased in Sichuan Province. To increase the number of doctors and nurses in ethnic minority and poverty-stricken regions, particularly in Yi counties, more preferential policies and resources should be introduced.",
        "output": "Ethnic disparities and temporal trends in health resource allocation: a retrospective decadal analysis in Sichuan, a multi-ethnic Province of Southwest China (2009-2019)",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: This case study investigates the reading processes of two bilingual teachers who speak English as a second language and use different first languages-Mandarin Chinese and Korean. The two participants read researcher-selected digital texts in English and in their respective first language, retold the texts, and answered comprehension questions about the texts. Their reading aloud and eye movements were recorded for miscue and eye movement analysis. Using Eye Movement Miscue Analysis, the findings showcase the distinctive characteristics of their first-language and second-language reading processes. The cross-linguistic comparison between bilingual reading processes further shows the bilingual participants' similarities and differences in terms of the use of language systems, eye movements, language variations, and image use. This study supports the understanding of non-Roman alphabetical language speakers' reading process, adds to our understanding of the bilingual reading process, and provides teaching and research implications for bilingual teachers and educators.",
        "output": "Reading alphabetic and nonalphabetic writing systems: A case study of bilingual teachers' reading processes through eye movement miscue analysis",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: The reputational perspective on agencies has sparked fruitful research. We argue that this perspective can also be applied to private actors in regulatory governance. As they are incorporated into governance because of their expertise, we hypothesise that a technical reputation dominates private actors ' regulatory talk. Furthermore, we test whether agencies have a more multi-dimensional reputational strategy than private actors. We analyse documents of private actors, national regulatory agencies (NRAs) and a European agency (ACER) in energy market regulation. We code rule drafts and agency decisions, and show that private actors not only use technical, but also legal and performative arguments. However, NRAs and ACER have a more balanced reputational strategy. They balance the reputational mix of the private actors when approving rule drafts, adding to the reputational dimensions that private actors neglect. Thus, our article shows how private actors and agencies differ in their regulatory talk within one rulemaking process.",
        "output": "Balancing reputational strategies in the European administrative space: how private actors and agencies talk about regulation",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requires residency programs to complete competency-based assessments of medical trainees based on nationally established Milestones. Previous research demonstrates a strong correlation between CCC and resident scores on the Milestones in surgery, but little is known if this is true between specialties. In this study, we investigated a variety of specialties and sought to determine what factors affect self-assessment of milestones. In addition, a post-hoc analysis was completed on the COVID-19 pandemic effects on self-evaluation.METHODS: This is an IRB approved observational study on prospectively collected self-evaluation milestone data that is used within each ACGME program's Clinical Competency Committees. Medical trainees within the San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium were approached for possible participation in this study with permission from program directors.RESULTS: There was no significant difference between self-assessments and CCC-assessments based on self-identified gender or residency type (surgical versus nonsurgical) for any milestone domain. Within the postgraduate year (PGY) groups, the PGY5 and PGY6 tended to rate themselves higher than CCC. Chiefs (Internal Medicine PGY2/3, and General Surgery PGY5/6) tended to be more accurate in scoring themselves than the interns (PGY1) within the milestone of Interpersonal Skills and Communication (chiefs 0.5 vs. interns 0.62, p\u202f=\u202f0.03). On post hoc analysis of self-rating, during the first wave of the COVID 19 pandemic, Post-Covid residents were more likely to underrate themselves in Systems-Based Practice compared to the Pre-Covid cohort (-0.49 vs 0.10; p\u202f=\u202f0.007) and more likely to rate themselves higher in Professionalism (-0.54 vs. -0.10, p\u202f=\u202f0.012).CONCLUSION: Unique to this study and our institution, there was no gender difference found in self vs CCC evaluations. With the change in learning environment from COVID, there was also a change in ability for some learners to self-assess accurately. As medical educators, we should understand the importance of both encouraging learners to practice self-assessment as well as give feedback to trainees on their progress. We also need to educate our faculty on the use of milestones for assessment to create a true gold standard in the CCC.",
        "output": "Do You See What I See? A Comparison of CCC and Self-Assigned Milestones Across Military Medical Specialties.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Subretinal injection is an effective method for direct delivery of therapeutic agents to treat prevalent subretinal diseases. Among the challenges for surgeons are physiological hand tremor, difficulty resolving single-micron scale depth perception, and lack of tactile feedback. The recent introduction of intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography (iOCT) enables precise depth information during subretinal surgery. However, even when relying on iOCT, achieving the required micron-scale precision remains a significant surgical challenge. This work presents a robot-assisted workflow for high-precision autonomous needle navigation for subretinal injection. The workflow includes online registration between robot and iOCT coordinates; tool-tip localization in iOCT coordinates using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN); and tool-tip planning and tracking system using real-time Model Predictive Control (MPC). The proposed workflow is validated using a silicone eye phantom and ex vivo porcine eyes. The experimental results demonstrate that the mean error to reach the user-defined target and the mean procedure duration are within an acceptable precision range. The proposed workflow achieves a 100% success rate for subretinal injection, while maintaining scleral forces at the scleral insertion point below 15 mN throughout the navigation procedures.",
        "output": "Autonomous Needle Navigation in Subretinal Injections via iOCT",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Pre-eruptive intramural resorption (PEIR) is defined as an abnormal, well-circumscribed radiolucency within the coronal dentin of the tooth, which is often overlooked in plain radiographs. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PEIR and its related factors using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).METHODS: CBCT images of 590 unerupted teeth were evaluated for the presence of PEIR, location of PEIR, number of lesions in the affected tooth, PEIR score, tooth angulation, tooth position, and pericoronal space. Binary logistic tests were used to analyze the association between the characteristics of PEIR and the patient's demographic data and related factors.RESULTS: The tooth prevalence of PEIR was 13.6% among unerupted teeth. However, it was noteworthy that 19.2% of the unerupted teeth with PEIR were planned to be kept. PEIR was significantly associated with transverse (p=0.020), inverted-angulated (p=0.035), and centrally-positioned teeth (p=0.043). The severity of PEIR was more pronounced in teeth with distal (p=0.019), lingual (p=0.023), or inverted-angulated (p=0.040) positions, and in the absence of pericoronal space (p=0.036).CONCLUSION: PEIR should be suspected in transverse, inverted-angulated, centrally positioned unerupted teeth, particularly in molars, with no pericoronal space. Further monitoring through CBCT is recommended in such cases.CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The management of unerupted teeth does not always involve surgical removal. Instead, they could be utilized for artificial eruption or tooth transplantation. The present study emphasizes the significance of early detection of PEIR. Clinical recommendations for screening PEIR in unerupted teeth are also proposed, which can be applied to routine plain radiographs.",
        "output": "Pre-eruptive intramural resorption in unerupted teeth: a cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of prevalence and related factors.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: To investigate the potential spreading of leaded dust over Paris and its inhabitants, following the fire of Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral in April 2019, we developed a dedicated protocol to identify the geochemical fingerprint of the emitted particles. This method could be transposed to a contemporary monument to Notre-Dame de Paris which had not burnt and which had to undergo a major restoration phase: Sainte-Chapelle de Paris. Thus, a new study was performed on the indoor dust collected in this monument, to which the protocol developed for the dusts of Notre-Dame was applied. The comparison of the geochemical fingerprint of both monuments highlights the complexity of establishing the chemical signatures of such buildings. The homogeneity of the isotopic and elemental results obtained on the samples from Notre-Dame de Paris compared to those from Sainte-Chapelle de Paris reveals the homogenizing role of the fire, which simplifies the geochemical signature determination. Moreover, this study does not show any significant impact of anthropogenic pollution (road traffic, industry, incinerators) on the indoor environment of monuments, which are nevertheless rich in construction lead. The notion of polluterpolluted monument could be problematic in the event of an accident during restoration phase. These new results obtained on dust samples from a building that has not experienced any recent major deterioration underlines the multiple sources of lead present in these monuments and the importance of identifying univocally their signature. However, the concentrations of metal and metalloid in the indoor dust do not show any major pollution inside Sainte-Chapelle de Paris that could be a threat to human health. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.",
        "output": "Historical monuments and lead pollution: Lessons from the case of Notre-Dame de Paris and Sainte-Chapelle",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Seeking to add a comparative element to the study of patron-client relations, this article introduces a multidimensional measurement tool for analysing de facto-patron state relations. The tool is used to measure military, political, societal and cultural resource exchange sustaining de facto state patron-client relationships, focusing on the client side of this dyadic relationship as this is where the defining features of patron-client relationships are most evident due to the asymmetry of resources. The study uses original data on Abkhazia, Kosovo, Nagorno-Karabakh, Northern Cyprus, Taiwan, Transnistria and their respective patron states. Comparing their degrees of dependence and differences based on the type of patronage, the article also discusses the merits and shortcomings of the tool, inviting further development.",
        "output": "From Nagorno-Karabakh to Taiwan: measuring patron-client relations of de facto states",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: This article uses a feminist intellectual history methodology to analyse debates around 'peace' within the Federation of South African Women in the 1950s. While many scholars have produced insightful analyses of the Federation's work, this article is the first to examine specific debates around the idea of peace within the organisation. Through a close reading of these discussions as they played out in Federation meetings, this article argues that Federation leadership was eager to link with global left-wing peace politics in the 1950s. The membership, however, was more sceptical of the connection: while drawing inspiration from global women's struggles, many members suggested that peaceful methods were no longer meaningful in their own political context. This study yields new insights into grassroots women's analyses of apartheid and the strategies they advocated. It argues that intellectual historical approaches offer an important supplement to social historical analyses of women's politics.",
        "output": "South African Women and the Politics of Peace in the 1950s",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: This paper investigates core reduction intensity in the early Protoaurignacian lithic assemblage from Fumane Cave in northeastern Italy. Reduction intensity serves as a key tool to characterize blank selection strategies, raw material management, and the variability of knapping strategies throughout the reduction sequence by reconstructing the operatory field of core assemblages. Finally, it also aids in addressing the relationship between blades and bladelets, providing valuable insights into the behavioral and chrono-cultural significance of laminar productions within the Aurignacian technocomplex. To achieve these research goals, experimental work employing 3D scanning technology was conducted. This facilitated the comparison of different methods and variables for measuring reduction intensity, including the percentage of non-cortical surface, the Scar Density Index (SDI), and a novel adaptation of the Volumetric Reconstruction Method (VRM). Results demonstrate the effectiveness and potential of adapting the VRM for the study of reduction intensity in Upper Paleolithic laminar cores, and the provided R scripts and datasets will enable this method to be applied to other contexts with minimal need for modification to the workflow. Analysis of reduction intensity measures applied to the Protoaurignacian assemblage from Fumane Cave reveals slight variations based on factors such as the abundance and proximity of selected raw materials for blank production. Notably, the most prevalent raw material variety, the Maiolica, yields a higher number of less reduced cores, while reduction levels across all cores discarded at the site remain relatively high. The observed variability in the operatory field and the interrelation between blade and bladelet productions underscore the complexity and flexibility of Protoaurignacian behavior. This inherent complexity challenges any definitive separation between the operatory fields of blade and bladelet productions. These findings are particularly important to emphasize the importance of considering reduction intensity when examining technological variability and human behavior in Aurignacian studies. The proposed adaptation of the VRM and the effective combination with other measures of reduction, promises to allow future research to incorporate reduction intensity as a vital temporal component within studies on stone tool production. This integration offers a pathway to enhancing our understanding of the adaptive behaviors exhibited by Homo sapiens across diverse ecological settings and provides a clearer framework for better framing the development of the Upper Paleolithic.",
        "output": "Unravelling technological behaviors through core reduction intensity. The case of the early Protoaurignacian assemblage from Fumane Cave",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: This article deals with anxiety about and the shaming of modern urban mothers and wives on the mines of the late colonial Central African Copperbelt. Women's various labours and public presence lead to ambivalent depictions, such as the 'careless mother', that were part of a broader array of anxieties about women's autonomy on the mines. However, urban women rejected such labelling and resisted the isolation of modern motherhood. Instead, they created networks of mutual support and solidarity, they publicly shamed their failing breadwinners, supported one another financially, emotionally and through expressing solidarity in the press, thus seeking economic independence where possible.",
        "output": "Shameful or shameless? Anxieties about mothers and women's autonomy on the Central African Copperbelt, 1956-1964",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Background: Electrocardiography (ECG) interpretation is a fundamental skill for medical students and practicing medical professionals. Recognizing ECG pathologies promptly allows for quick intervention, especially in acute settings where urgent care is needed. However, many medical students find ECG interpretation and understanding of the underlying pathology challenging, with teaching methods varying greatly.Objective: This study involved the development of novel animations demonstrating the passage of electrical activity for well-described cardiac pathologies and showcased them alongside the corresponding live ECG traces during a web-based tutorial for final-year medical students. We aimed to assess whether the animations improved medical students' confidence in visualizing cardiac electrical activity and ECG interpretation, compared to standard ECG teaching methods.Methods: Final-year medical students at Imperial College London attended a web-based tutorial demonstrating the 7 animations depicting cardiac electrical activity and the corresponding ECG trace. Another tutorial without the animations was held to act as a control. Students completed a questionnaire assessing their confidence in interpreting ECGs and visualizing cardiovascular electrical transmission before and after the tutorial. Intervention-arm participants were also invited to a web-based focus group to explore their experiences of past ECG teaching and the tutorial, particularly on aspects they found helpful and what could be further improved in the tutorial and animations. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to assess the statistical significance of any changes in confidence. Focus group transcripts were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.Results: Overall, 19 students attended the intervention arm, with 15 (79%) completing both the pre- and posttutorial questionnaires and 15 (79%) participating in focus groups, whereas 14 students attended the control arm, with 13 (93%) completing both questionnaires. Median confidence in interpreting ECGs in the intervention arm increased after the tutorial (2, IQR 1.5-3.0 vs 3, IQR 3-4.5; P<.001). Improvement was seen in both confidence in reviewing or diagnosing cardiac rhythms and the visualization of cardiac electrical activity. However, there was no significant difference between the intervention and control arms, for all pathologies (all P>.05). The main themes from the thematic analysis were that ECGs are a complex topic and past ECG teaching has focused on memorizing traces; the visualizations enabled deeper understanding of cardiac pathology; and ECG learning requires repetition, and clinical links remain essential.Conclusions: This study highlights the value of providing concise explanations of the meaning and pathophysiology behind ECG traces, both visually and verbally. ECG teaching that incorporates relevant pathophysiology, alongside vignettes with discussions regarding investigations and management options, is likely more helpful to students than practices based solely on pattern recognition. Although the animations supported student learning, the key element was the tutor's explanations. These animations may be more helpful as a supplement to teaching, for instance, as open-access videos.",
        "output": "The Use of Animations Depicting Cardiac Electrical Activity to Improve Confidence in Understanding of Cardiac Pathology and Electrocardiography Traces Among Final-Year Medical Students: Nonrandomized Controlled Trial.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Liver disease poses a substantial burden in Latin America. This burden is primarily attributed to a high level of alcohol consumption and the increasing prevalence of risk factors associated with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), such as sedentary lifestyles, easy access to ultra-processed foods, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These epidemiological trends are cause for concern, especially considering that there are significant challenges in addressing them due to disparities in access to liver disease screening and care. In this article, we aim to provide an overview of the current situation regarding liver disease in Latin America. We also discuss recent multinational proposals designed to address the growing MASLD burden via its integration into existing non-communicable diseases policies, at both local and global levels. Additionally, we emphasize the urgent need to establish effective public health policies that target both MASLD risk factors and excessive alcohol consumption. Furthermore, we discuss the development of liver transplantation programs, areas for improvement in medical education and research capabilities, and how the fostering of extensive collaboration among all stakeholders is crucial for addressing liver disease in the region.",
        "output": "The burden of liver disease in Latin America.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: The construction sector has long been underrepresented in business historical studies and debates. While an application of the historical alternatives to mass production approach has provided a valuable conceptual framework, this paper offers a still-needed quantitative basis to assess actual long-term changes and continuities in the forms of business organization and entrepreneurship in construction. A database of c. 16,700 construction enterprises in Brussels between 1830 and 1970, drawn from trade directories and fiscal registers, uncovers evolutions in sectoral and subsectoral numbers of enterprises, firm sizes, and rates of company formation. Thus, the growing divergence at the core of the construction industry becomes clear. Industrialization and urbanization led to market concentration, firm growth, and incorporation with some capital-intensive enterprises, whereas the variability of the work on the construction site resulted, with many others, in the persistence of labor-intensive processes, and small-scale, flexible, and informal forms of business organization.",
        "output": "The business of city-building. Long-term change and continuity in the construction sector (Brussels, 1830-1970)",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Living organisms switch their intrinsic biological states to survive environmental turbulence, in which temperature changes are prevalent in nature. Most artificial temperature-responsive DNA nanosystems work as switch modules that transit between ON-OFF states, making it difficult to construct nanosystems with diverse functions. In this study, we present a general strategy to build multimode nanosystems based on a temperature-responsive DNA strand displacement reaction. The temperature-responsive DNA strand displacement was controlled by tuning the sequence of the substrate hairpin strands and the invading strands. The nanosystems were demonstrated as logic gates that performed a set of Boolean logical functions at specific temperatures. In addition, an adaptive logic gate was fabricated that could exhibit different logic functions when placed in different temperatures. Specifically, upon the same input strands, the logic gate worked as an XOR gate at 10 degrees C, an OR gate at 35 degrees C, an AND gate at 46 degrees C, and was reset at 55 degrees C. The design and fabrication of the multifunctional nanosystems would help construct advanced temperature-responsive systems that may be used for temperature-controlled multi-stage drug delivery and thermally-controlled multi-step assembly of nanostructures.A temperature-responsive three-state switching DNA nanosystem that performs holding, reacting, and resetting at three different temperatures.",
        "output": "Multimode adaptive logic gates based on temperature-responsive DNA strand displacement",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: To mitigate the ravages of COVID-19, governments across the world imposed limitations on human movement from early 2020 onwards. Such limitations were framed as aiming to achieve a balance between saving lives and livelihoods. One way to test the impact on livelihoods is to look at socio-economic metrics, and their spatial patterns over time. We draw on data from the UJ-HSRC national COVID-19 Democracy Survey, a nationally representative sample (n = 38 785), collected from April 2020 to July 2021. Changes in socio-economic and psycho-social conditions experienced by the adult population in South Africa are assessed. Whereas infection rates during this peak period of the pandemic reached about 5% of the population, with provincial variation between 2% and 7%, the experience of hunger and/or fear affected more than one-third. Feelings of fear were dominant in those areas where livelihoods were most affected by the pandemic. In terms of economic distress, results in successive survey rounds indicated decreases in the large metropolitan areas, but increases in other parts of the country. We claim that heavy-handed government-mandated prohibitions could have been mitigated by nuanced, differential mitigatory regulations that factored in the diverse socio-economic conditions in a country such as South Africa.",
        "output": "Making ends meet: spatial and socio-economic variations during the 2020-2021 COVID-19 lockdown in South Africa",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Background: The occurrence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with oxidative stress. Oxidation Balance Score (OBS) can evaluate the oxidation and antioxidant status of the body. However, we found no studies that examined the association between the two. Objective: To assess the association between OBS and COPD prevalence, and to explore dietary and lifestyle patterns aimed at preventing and delay COPD in adults. Method: We included 13,909 participants using data from the NHANES. Weighted logistic regression model and weighted restricted cubic spline curve were used to explore the relationship between OBS and COPD. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were used to determine the stability of results. Mediation analysis was employed to assess the effect of inflammatory factors. Result: In logistic regression model, compared with the lowest quartile of OBS, the highest quartile of OBS, diet OBS, lifestyle OBS and COPD had odd ratios OR(95%CI)=0.67 (0.51, 0.89), OR (95% CI) = 0.71 (0.55, 0.93), and OR (95% CI) = 0.39 (0.26, 0.58) respectively. The restricted cubic spline curve reveals that OBS and dietary OBS exhibit an L-shaped curve in relation to COPD prevalence, while lifestyle OBS shows a negative correlation curve with COPD prevalence. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis proved the robustness of the association. Mediation analysis demonstrated that inflammatory factors mediate the association of OBS on the prevalence of COPD. Conclusion: The increase of OBS, dietary OBS, and lifestyle OBS was associated with a decrease in the prevalence of COPD, but excessive OBS and dietary OBS were associated with an inapparent decrease or even increased risk of COPD.",
        "output": "Association of the oxidation balance score with the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the NHANES 2007-2012: A large-scale cross-sectional study",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: We report recent observations using a synchrotron X-ray micro-beam to retrieve images from tarnished 19th century daguerreotypes. We confirm that high quality image can always be retrieved from tarnished plates using Hg L alpha XRF as long as the bulk of the image particles and their distribution remains intact. We also report results from using tunable tender X-rays (2 - 7 keV) to conduct imaging in high vacuum at energy above the Ag L-edge and the Hg M-edge, extracting images using Ag L alpha and Hg M alpha, respectively among others (e.g., S to track corrosion). Images obtained with the surface sensitive total electron yield (TEY) and the bulk sensitive fluorescence yield (FLY) as well as corresponding micro-XANES are reported. Flux tolerance to high intensity X-beam is also explored. These results and their implications for cultural heritage research are discussed. (c) 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )",
        "output": "Retrieving images from tarnished daguerreotypes using X-ray fluorescence imaging with an X-ray micro beam with tunable energy",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: The construction of cathedral Notre -Dame de Paris sheds new light on the use of iron and lead in the building. It encourages one to question the evolution of practices related to these metals over the centuries. On the one hand, the restoration work has brought to light various armatures, chains and series of iron staples that were previously unknown, the study of which makes it possible to specify their role in the structure of the building, their chronology, but also their quality and origin. Research is also being carried out into the various uses of lead (roofing, decoration, sealing, etc.) and the practices of craftsmen at different times. The identification of the lead sources is carried out by means of elemental and isotopic analyses, making it possible to highlight recycling practices, as well as to trace the lead possible contribution to the pollution of the environment. An interdisciplinary research group on metal bringing together archaeologists, archaeometers, chemists, art historians and heritage specialists has been set up within Notre -Dame scientific research program to jointly address all these issues. (c) 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.",
        "output": "Iron and lead in Notre-Dame de Paris: An interdisciplinary perspective",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Sometimes, vegetable-tanned leathers in museums, excavations, libraries, and storehouses deteriorate due to unsuitable environmental conditions that affect their properties. Accordingly, leather becomes weak. This study evaluates some mechanical, chemical, and physical characteristics of vegetable-tanned leather treated with polyamide 6 (PA6). The authors prepared new vegetable-tanned leather samples. PA6 at different concentrations was applied to the aged leather samples. The accelerated heat aging was applied on the new sample (reference before aging) and treated samples (aged untreated sample after treatment with PA6). Analytical techniques used were: test of the mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation), attenuated total reflectance/Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR/FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) measurement, contact angle, and pH measurement. The results proved that the accelerated heat aging affected the properties studied, as it reduced in the mechanical properties, pH value, and contact angle. Treating aged leather samples with PA6 improved all the properties studied. The mechanical properties, pH value, and contact angle of the treated and aged treated samples increased compared to the aged- untreated- sample. FTIR and DSC analysis proved the stability of the treated and aged treated samples compared to the aged untreated sample. The concentration of 2 % of PA6 gave the best concentrations used, and it is recommended to treat fragile vegetable-tanned leather. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.",
        "output": "A comprehensive overview of the performance of polyamide 6 in the consolidation of vegetable-tanned leathers",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The study's objective was to explore Filipino physical therapists' views on social responsibility and the competencies it entails.METHODS: This study employed a constructivism-based qualitative design to inquire into the perspectives of physical therapist leaders and practitioners in the Philippines on Filipino physical therapists' social responsibility. Leaders were invited for their macro perspectives and influence on the profession; practitioners were invited to provide more practical viewpoints. Participants were interviewed one-on-one online. Interviews were transcribed, translated to English, and subjected to thematic analysis.RESULTS: Sixteen participants agreed to share their perspectives. Six themes were generated. Participants viewed the social responsibility of physical therapists in the Philippines as a professional duty that requires altruistic and social justice motivations. Socially responsible actions should address pressing issues affecting Filipino people's access to physical therapy and experience of health.CONCLUSION: The social responsibility of physical therapists in the Philippines entails engaging in roles aside from clinical practice to contribute to Filipino people's attainment of health. This calls for the expansion of their ethical and practice frameworks to include addressing not only client issues, but also the wider societal barriers to equitable access to physical therapy and better experiences of health.IMPACT: This study contributes to professional discourse on the increasing importance of social responsibility in the physical therapist profession amidst increasing rehabilitation needs and growing concerns on health inequity locally and globally, especially as worsened by the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. It informs the development of a societal practice framework for physical therapists in the Philippines and the desired changes in physical therapist policies and education to facilitate fulfillment of their societal obligations.",
        "output": "Physical Therapists' Social Responsibility in the Philippines Entails Adopting a Societal Practice Framework: A Qualitative Study.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Concerns exist about prolonged breastfeeding increasing dental caries risk, but evidence is mixed. This 2-year cohort study followed 486 toddlers, to examine the association between breastfeeding duration and caries at age 3. Caregivers reported feeding practices and potential confounders every 6months. Full breastfeeding was defined as feeding breastmilk without formula milk regardless of other foods/liquids, whereas any breastfeeding was feeding breastmilk with/without formula milk. A calibrated dentist performed dental examinations. We used multivariable log-binomial and negative binomial regressions to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for caries prevalence and severity, adjusted for confounders. At 3-year-old, 60.3% of children exhibited caries (mean decayed-and-filled-teeth, dft: 3.3). Notably, full breastfeeding for 6-17months reduced caries prevalence (RR=0.84, 95%CI 0.73-0.98 for 6-11months; RR=0.78, 95%CI 0.63-0.96 for 12-17months). Conversely, any breastfeeding\u226518months significantly increased caries risk (RR=1.45, 95%CI 1.31-1.60). Full breastfeeding\u22656months or any breastfeeding 6-17months was associated with lower dft scores in children. Our findings suggest a complex relationship between breastfeeding duration and caries. Full breastfeeding for moderate durations (6-17months) offers protective benefits, while any breastfeeding\u226518months increases risk in this population.",
        "output": "A longitudinal study on the impact of breastfeeding with or without formula milk on dental caries.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: The increasing trend of technological advancement has led to significant changes in how customers purchase goods. Currently, buying products can be done most effectively from the comfort of one's home through online shopping. Customers send and receive thousands of shipments daily, contributing to many materials and packaging that go to waste. While environmental sustainability is becoming increasingly important in all industries, little is known about the factors that drive e-commerce enterprises to adopt green logistical practices. The current study aims to identify the factors that have the most significance in creating sustainable e-commerce in the future of logistics and marketing. This study performed a statewide online seller survey in the Philippines to acquire data on product characteristics, including how internal processes and external partnerships are used and perceived to minimize the carbon footprint connected with order fulfillment and delivery. It encompassed a sample of 286 online sellers nationwide and employed structural equation modeling to identify the factors influencing green logistics practices within the e-commerce industry. The findings underscore that technology has a positive relationship in fostering sustainability. The results also establish significant positive correlations between sustainable e-commerce practices, government laws, seller behavior, and reverse logistics. Notably, this research sheds light on the intricate dynamics of drivers promoting green logistics within the Philippine e-commerce landscape.",
        "output": "Assessing the E-Commerce Sustainability Readiness: A Green Logistics Study on Online Sellers",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: With the increasing prominence of climate and energy issues, enterprises, as the micro-subjects of economic activities, need to pay attention to environmental responsibility to promote sustainable and high-quality economic development. However, one of the crucial controversies is whether enterprises will sacrifice efficiency to fulfill their environmental responsibilities. To try our best to answer the controversy, this paper explores the impact of ESG on total factor productivity and its mechanism. The research conclusion shows that Chinese enterprises fulfilling ESG responsibilities can improve staff efficiency, reduce financing costs, ease financing constraints, and increase innovation investment, thus effectively improving total factor productivity. Compared to non-state-owned enterprises, this effect is more significant in state-owned enterprises. In addition, the promotion of ESG construction on the total factor productivity of enterprises also presents specific acceleration characteristics. This shows that in the socialist market economy environment, there is an obvious social responsibility dividend in the implementation of the ESG concept by Chinese enterprises, which is helpful to enhance their long-term value and realize a win-win of social value and commercial value. The conclusions of this study help deal correctly with the relationship between business value and social value of enterprises and provide inspiration for promoting healthy and sustainable economic development.",
        "output": "Corporate ESG and total factor productivity: Will the fulfillment of social responsibility sacrifice productivity?",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: A multi-analytical investigation and ad hoc sampling method designed to support the conservation treatment of a 16th-century panel painting are described in this work.The painting, titled Madonna of the Tent and owned by the Musei Reali Torino (Turin, Italy), had been historically attributed to Raffaello Sanzio and subsequently identified as a copy after the Master - the original version of which is displayed at the Alte Pinakothek in Munich (Germany). The conservation treatment was recently carried out at Centro per la Conservazione ed il Restauro dei Beni Culturali La Venaria Reale (CCR), located in Venaria Reale (Turin, Italy). The work was particularly opaque and yellowed, suggesting the presence of different overlaying varnishes and, likely, overpainting.The scientific study of this work had two main aims: knowing the exact number and composition of the overlaying varnishes to select the best cleaning solution, and detecting the possible presence of overpainting, over the original stratigraphy.Coupling macro X-ray fluorescence scanning (MA-XRF), hypercolorimetric multispectral imaging (HMI), and UV-vis-NIR fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) allowed for general mapping and characterization of color paints and pigments. Observing and analyzing some cross sections with an optical microscope under Vis and UV light and SEM/EDS was essential for understanding the stratigraphy. An ad hoc sampling method and further micro-invasive analyses were required for an accurate study of the chemical composition of the varnishes and their position in the stratigraphy. Especially the image of a cross section under UV light was a guide to selectively remove the scrapings for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analyses; based on perceptible differences in UV-induced luminescence (UVL) of the layers, sampling of the varnishes was carried out, layer by layer, under a UV lamp.This work describes the complex process necessary to answer crucial questions in the conservation field. The adopted protocol exploited the full ability and complementarity of each imaging and spot technique used. The outcomes and methodological approach enabled us to trace the history of the past treatments and support the recent conservation treatment of the painting.(c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.",
        "output": "Tracing the history of past treatments: A multi-analytical study of a 16th-century panel painting copy after Raphael",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Ever since Ernst Haas' ground-breaking work on European integration, scholars have been theoretically divided over who or what are the drivers of European integration, mainly between supranationalism or intergovernmentalism. Cutting across the substantive divides have also been differences in analytic frameworks, including rationalist/rational choice institutionalism, historical institutionalism, and constructivist/discursive institutionalism. These cross-cutting methodological cleavages have played out in successive phases of substantive scholarly theorisation, even as alternative developments in theory and practice involving deepening integration and increasing politicisation have complicated such theorizations. While the first phase (late 1950s-1970s) was methodologically pluralist as it divided between neofunctionalist supranationalism and realist intergovernmentalism, subsequent phases were clearly divided also by methodological approach. The second phase (beginning in the 1990s) mainly divided between historical institutionalist supranationalists and rational choice institutionalist liberal intergovernmentalists. The third phase (beginning in the 2010s) divided between 'new' constructivist/discursive institutionalist supranationalists and 'new' constructivist/discursive institutionalist intergovernmentalists. The fourth phase (in the mid to late 2010s) takes greater stock of increasing politicisation while dividing between rationalist/historical institutionalist post-functionalists and constructivist/discursive institutionalist post-functionalists. The conclusion asks how these divides could be more fully bridged in order to achieve more substantive and methodological pluralism.",
        "output": "Theorising European integration: the four phases since Ernst Haas' original contribution",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Background: The pinking of alcohol products and marketing (i.e. the (over) use of the colour pink as a feminine aesthetic) is a form of gendered marketing that is used by the industry to target and appeal to the female market, and encourage sales and alcohol consumption. However, little is known about how women relate to and view such marketing, and how such products feature in their performance of femininities through drinking practice. Methods: Semi-structured individual (N = 39) and group (N = 79) interviews with 117 women who drank alcohol and participated in the night time economy in the city of Liverpool in North West of England were conducted to gain insight into their attitudes towards the use of pink in alcohol product design and marketing content, and how this relates to their feminine identity making in intersectional ways. Interviews with individuals (N = 23) working in alcohol brand marketing locally, nationally and globally were also conducted to explore the use of pink marketing. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings: The pinking of products and marketing was considered the most obvious form of female targeted marketing by both women and marketers. Discussion of pink drinks generated in depth discussions of the femininities and connotations attached to the colour. Reflecting a conventional and normative femininity, women conformed to, and/or rejected pink products and marketing, within their feminine identity making. Four themes are presented that draw attention to the similarities and differences between marketers and women's perspectives on pink marketing, and how women's relationship with pink marketing and products were nuanced, varied in relation to their feminist identities, and intersected with other social positions such as sexuality and class. Conclusion: The article makes an original and significant contribution to the field on gendered drinking practices and identity making and the influence of alcohol marketing on these processes, and is novel in addressing the usual omission of industry voice in discussions of marketing. It concludes that in the current context of contemporary feminism, in which (young) women are endorsing feminist identities, women's relationship with feminism influences their attitudes to marketing such as pinking, and their likelihood of consuming such products.",
        "output": "'Just a colour?': Exploring women's relationship with pink alcohol brand marketing within their feminine identity making",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: The use of anticoagulation therapy (ACT) in trauma patients during the postinjury period presents a challenge given the increased risk of hemorrhage. Guidelines regarding whether and when to initiate ACT are lacking, and as a result, practice patterns vary widely. The purpose of this study is to describe the incidence of hemorrhagic complications in patients who received ACT during their hospitalization, identify risk factors, and characterize the required interventions.METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, all trauma admissions at two Level I trauma centers between January 2015 and December 2020 were reviewed. Patients with preexisting ACT use or those who developed a new indication for ACT were included for analysis. Demographic and outcome data were collected for those who received ACT during their admission. Comparisons were then made between the complications and no complications groups. A subgroup analysis was performed for all patients started on ACT within 14 days of injury.RESULTS: A total of 812 patients were identified as having an indication for ACT, and 442 patients received ACT during the postinjury period. The overall incidence of hemorrhagic complications was 12.7%. Of those who sustained hemorrhagic complications, 18 required procedural intervention. On regression analysis, male sex, severe injuries, and the need for hemorrhage control surgery on arrival were all found to be associated with hemorrhagic complications after the initiation of ACT. Waiting 7 days to 14 days from the time of injury to initiate ACT reduced the odds of complications by 46% and 71%, respectively.CONCLUSION: The use of ACT in trauma during the postinjury period is not without risk. Waiting 7 days to 14 days postinjury might greatly reduce the risk of hemorrhagic complications.LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/Care Management Study; Level IV.",
        "output": "The risk of hemorrhagic complications after anticoagulation therapy in trauma patients: A multicenter evaluation.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: This study examines for the first time whether trade policy uncertainty emanating from the United States significantly predicts Nigeria's participation in global value chains. It further examines the kind of global value chain participation in Nigeria (forward or backward linkages) that is most predictable by the United States trade policy uncertainty. To achieve the study objective, frequency domain causality, wavelet coherence analysis, and time-varying causality are employed in analyzing annual data sets over the period 1990-2019. The summary of the study findings is as follows; first, trade policy uncertainty emanating from the United States significantly predicts Nigeria's overall integration into global value chains. Second, there is a positive association between Nigeria's integration into global value chains and the United States trade policy uncertainty. Third, Nigeria's overall integration into global value chains is highly correlated with the United States trade policy uncertainty in periods around the global economic crisis of 2007/08 and Nigeria's recession of the late 2010s. Fourth, most of the predictability noticed in the relations between trade policy uncertainty generated by the United States and the overall global value chain participation is caused by the relations between the United States trade policy uncertainty and Nigeria's forward linkage into global value chain participation.",
        "output": "US Trade Policy Uncertainty and Nigeria's Participation in Global Value Chains: Evidence from Frequency Domain Causality, Wavelet Coherence Analysis, and Time-Varying Causality",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: Parents who have experienced cumulative childhood interpersonal trauma (CCIT, i.e., an accumulation of different types of abuse) tend to experience higher parental stress following the birth of a child. As CCIT is associated with lower levels of partner support, which is linked to increased parental stress, partner support could explain the link between CCIT and parental stress. Yet, these variables have never been studied using a dyadic approach. This study examined the role of received and provided partner support in the association between CCIT and parental stress. A randomly selected sample of 1119 couples with infants completed online questionnaires assessing CCIT, partner support, and parental stress. An actor-partner interdependence model path analysis showed that both parents' CCIT were associated with increased paternal stress through fathers' lower received and provided support, and with increased maternal stress through mothers' received and provided support. Overall, the findings highlight the significance of examining the interdependence between both parents' experience and the role of partner support as a key factor explaining the link between CCIT and parental stress, thereby emphasizing its importance as an intervention target.",
        "output": "Cumulative childhood interpersonal trauma and parental stress: The role of partner support",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: The Stanford Biodesign needs-centric framework can guide healthcare innovators to successfully adopt the 'Identify, Invent and Implement' framework and develop new healthcare innovations products to address patients' needs. This scoping review explored the application of the Stanford Biodesign framework for healthcare innovation training and the development of novel healthcare innovative products. Seven electronic databases were searched from their respective inception dates till April 2023: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest Dissertations, and Theses Global. This review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews and was guided by the Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review framework. Findings were analyzed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis framework. Three themes and eight subthemes were identified from the 26 included articles. The main themes are: (1) Making a mark on healthcare innovation, (2) Secrets behind success, and (3) The next steps. The Stanford Biodesign framework guided healthcare innovation teams to develop new medical products and achieve better patient health outcomes through the induction of training programs and the development of novel products. Training programs adopting the Stanford Biodesign approach were found to be successful in improving trainees' entrepreneurship, innovation, and leadership skills and should continue to be promoted. To aid innovators in commercializing their newly developed medical products, additional support such as securing funds for early start-up companies, involving clinicians and users in product testing and validation, and establishing new guidelines and protocols for the new healthcare products would be needed.",
        "output": "Application of the Stanford Biodesign Framework in Healthcare Innovation Training and Commercialization of Market Appropriate Products: A Scoping Review",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Based on the text of the abstract in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, give the most likely title, and output only the title and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Abstract: This article analyses Ukraine's language policies from 2002 to 2022 within a framework of liberalism, while avoiding making normative judgements or recommendations, updating the discussion raised in Kymlicka and Opalski's Can Liberal Pluralism be Exported? The analysis takes into consideration Ukraine's present and historic position, including the challenge that postcolonial nation building can pose for achieving liberalism and linguistic justice. The paper focuses on three main areas of language policy: education, businesses and media, and assesses if they can be described as liberal orthodox, pluralist or illiberal. The article begins by defining liberalism and illiberalism, discussing the context of Ukraine's linguistic diversity and postcolonial context, before outlining the language situation until EuroMaidan. Then, the main issue of language policy in the areas of education, business and media is analysed, before considering whether Ukrainian language laws might be considered liberal or illiberal. Finally, potential future trajectories are outlined.",
        "output": "Ukraine, language policies and liberalism: a mixed second act",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    }
]