diff --git "a/test.json" "b/test.json" --- "a/test.json" +++ "b/test.json" @@ -1,701 +1,701 @@ [ { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity represent critical modifiable determinants in the prevention of cardiometabolic disease (CMD). However, the long-term impact of prior overweight/obesity on the risk of CMD in later life remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the association between longitudinal transition of body mass index (BMI) status and incident CMD.METHODS AND RESULTS: This prospective cohort study included 57493 CMD-free Chinese adults from the Kailuan Study. BMI change patterns were categorized according to the BMI measurements obtained during the 2006 and 2012 surveys. The primary end point was a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. Cox regression models were used to evaluate the associations of transitions in BMI with overall CMD events and subtypes, with covariates selected on the basis of the directed acyclic graph. During a median follow-up of 7.62years, 8412 participants developed CMD. After considering potential confounders, weight gain pattern (hazard ratio [HR], 1.34 [95% CI, 1.23-1.46]), stable overweight/obesity (HR, 2.12 [95% CI, 2.00-2.24]), and past overweight/obesity (HR, 1.73 [95% CI, 1.59-1.89]) were associated with the incidence of CMD. Similar results were observed in cardiometabolic multimorbidity, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. Additionally, triglyceride and systolic blood pressure explained 8.05% (95% CI, 5.87-10.22) and 12.10% (95% CI, 9.19-15.02) of the association between past overweight/obesity and incident CMD, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: A history of overweight/obesity was associated with an increased risk of CMD, even in the absence of current BMI abnormalities. These findings emphasize the necessity for future public health guidelines to include preventive interventions for CMD in individuals with past overweight/obesity.", + "input": "Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Human papillomavirus (HPV) presents a potential threat to the onset of carcinogenesis in the cervix, anogenital regions, and oropharynx. HPV encompasses over 200 types, with at least 12 having the potential to cause cancer, impacting the majority of sexually active individuals. In this current research, we explore the occurrence and spread of HPV genotypes.MATERIAL AND METHODS: During this cross-sectional study conducted in Sanandaj, Iran from Feb 2022 to Aug 2023, diverse samples including oral, vaginal, and genital were collected from individuals referred to private laboratories in Sanandaj, Iran. After sample collection and DNA extraction (FAVORGEN, Taiwan), they were subjected to PCR and genotyping (MehrViru, Iran). The subsequent statistical analysis unveiled infection rates across different demographics and age groups. STATA (version 17) were used for statistical analysis. We examined infection rates across demographics using t-tests and Odds Ratio.RESULTS: Overall, 26% (249) out of 950 cases tested positive for HPV, with 69% of these classified as high-risk. Among the examined population, 98% (933) were female, and 2% (17) were male. Females aged 31-40 exhibited the highest percentage of HPV prevalence (115/460) in the study with the majority of positive cases belonging to HR genotypes. The overall most frequent genotypes identified were 6, 16, 52, 53, 51, 58, and 56. HPV-16 exhibited the highest frequency among HR genotypes, accounting for 42 (17%) occurrences, followed by HPV-52 with a frequency of 32 (13%).CONCLUSION: Our findings emphasize the significant prevalence of HPV among females, particularly in the 21-30 age group. The identification of high-risk genotypes, underscores the importance of targeted interventions for specific age cohorts. The age-stratified analysis highlights a consistent predominance of high-risk HPV across age groups, indicating the need for age-specific preventive measures. These results contribute valuable information for designing effective screening and vaccination strategies, to alleviate the impact of diseases associated with HPV.", "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In his massive two-volume monograph Reincarnation and Biology, Ian Stevenson included 75 cases with birthmarks and birth defects affecting the head and neck region of the human body. The present paper provides details of these 75 cases and compares them to 19 similar cases Laura Borges Kirschnick and colleagues found in a systematic review of journal publications. The reports in Stevenson's book are shown to be considerably longer (with a mean of 9 pages vs. 2.1 pages) and more detailed than those considered by Kirschnick etal. Moreover, the cases reported in journals were found not to be representative of those reported in Reincarnation and Biology on several variables. Reincarnation research is unusual among scientific disciplines in its use of book publications and Stevenson's books remain essential resources for the field. Literature reviews in this domain would therefore do well to take into account scholarly books as well as journals. A trustworthiness scale for reincarnation case studies is proposed as an assist to researchers in the construction of study samples.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: What is the connection between the cultural evolution of a language and the rapid processing response to that language in the brains of individual learners? In an iterated communication study that was conducted previously, participants were asked to communicate temporal concepts such as tomorrow, day after, year, and past using vertical movements recorded on a touch screen. Over time, participants developed simple artificial 'languages' that used space metaphorically to communicate in nuanced ways about time. Some conventions appeared rapidly and universally (e.g., using larger vertical movements to convey greater temporal durations). Other conventions required extensive social interaction and exhibited idiosyncratic variation (e.g., using vertical location to convey past or future). Here we investigate whether the brain's response during acquisition of such a language reflects the process by which the language's conventions originally evolved. We recorded participants' EEG as they learned one of these artificial space-time languages. Overall, the brain response to this artificial communication system was language-like, with, for instance, violations to the system's conventions eliciting an N400-like component. Over the course of learning, participants' brain responses developed in ways that paralleled the process by which the language had originally evolved, with early neural sensitivity to violations of a rapidly-evolving universal convention, and slowly developing neural sensitivity to an idiosyncratic convention that required slow social negotiation to emerge. This study opens up exciting avenues of future work to disentangle how neural biases influence learning and transmission in the emergence of structure in language.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Triethylammonium phosphate wastewater, resulting from the absorption of triethylamine (TEA) exhaust gas by phosphoric acid, poses challenges in environmental protection. In this study, a novel combined process of bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) and resin adsorption (RA) was proposed. Under the optimal conditions of 50 mA/cm2 and 5 cm/s, more than 96 % of the triethylammonium phosphate in real wastewater was converted into TEA and phosphoric acid during the BMED processes. Its current efficiency of 47 % and an energy consumption rate of 4.26 kWh/kg TEA. Furthermore, the low-concentration wastewater from BMED could be effectively treated through D001 resin at pH 2. Desorption of TEA loaded on D001 resin could be achieved using a 6 wt% phosphoric acid produced from the BMED process, and the concentrated desorption solution could be reprocessed through BMED process. The effluent of RA process could undergo chemical precipitation, thereby contained 18 mg/L COD, 0.43 mg/L TP and less than 3 mg/L TEA, meeting the first-class A standard of the Chinese GB18918-2002 Discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plant. This novel strategy offered an innovative and environmentally friendly method for recycling this type of wastewater within ecological industries.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: We analyzed hospital discharge records of patients with coccidioidomycosis-related codes from the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, Clinical Modification, to estimate the prevalence of hospital visits associated with the disease in Texas, USA. Using Texas Health Care Information Collection data for 2016-2021, we investigated the demographic characteristics and geographic distribution of the affected population, assessed prevalence of hospital visits for coccidioidomycosis, and examined how prevalence varied by demographic and geographic factors. In Texas, 709 coccidioidomycosis-related inpatient and outpatient hospital visits occurred in 2021; prevalence was 3.17 cases per 100,000 total hospital visits in 2020. Geographic location, patient sex, and race/ethnicity were associated with increases in coccidioidomycosis-related hospital visits; male, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic patients had the highest prevalence of coccidioidomycosis compared with other groups. Increased surveillance and healthcare provider education and outreach are needed to ensure timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment of coccidioidomycosis in Texas and elsewhere.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In forensic science, glyphosate (GLYP) and glufosinate (GLUF), a class of non-selective broad-spectrum herbicides, have been frequently encountered in many fatal poisoning and suicide cases due to their widespread availability. Therefore, it is essential to develop an effective method for detecting these compounds. Some conventional methods, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), have been reported to detect these compounds. However, these methods are not ideal for their time-consuming and non-sensitive feature. Herein, probe electrospray ionization (PESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), a fast and sensitive technique, was applied for the determination of GLYP and GLUF in human blood, which can obtain analytical results within 0.5 min without derivatization and chromatographic separation. After protein precipitation of blood samples, the supernatant was mixed with isopropanol and ultra-pure water (1:1 v/v). Then, 8 muL of the mixture was introduced into the plastic sample plate for PESI-MS/MS analysis. The limits of detection (LODs) of the method were 0.50 mug/mL and 0.25 mug/mL for two analytes, and the limits of quantitation (LOQs) were both 1.00 mug/mL, which are higher than the concentration of reported poisoning and fatal cases. In the linear range of 1-500 mug/mL, the regression coefficients (r2) for GLYP and GLUF were over 0.99. The matrix effects ranged from 94.8 % to 119.5 %, and the biases were below 4.3 %. The recoveries ranged between 84.8 % and 107.4 %, and the biases were below 7.6 %. Meanwhile, the method was effectively utilized to detect and quantify the blood, urine, and other samples. Consequently, the results suggest that PESI-MS/MS is a straightforward, fast, and sensitive method for detecting GLUF and GLYP in forensics. In the future, PESI-MS/MS will become an indispensable technique for polar substances in grassroots units of public security where rapid detection is essential.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: The structure and age of remains of two ancient walls located in the city of Nan, a former part of the Lanna Kingdom in modern northern Thailand, were investigated. The remains differ in appearance with a well-preserved brick wall present at Mahawong Road (MHW), while an earthwork with a brick reinforcement core is found at Phaya Wat Temple (PWT). We employed an electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey and optically stimulated luminescence dating (OSL) to determine the buried structure of the earthwork at the PWT site and the production age of bricks from both locations. The ERT results reveal lateral heterogeneous resistivity domains cross-cutting the wall, which presumably relates to the construction of a dam. According to OSL dating, the PWT wall was likely built during the time of the war with Burma that ultimately resulted in a foreign occupation of Nan in the sixteenth century. This structure played a role in both flood mitigation and military defence of the city. The structure at MHW represents a city wall that was built at the end of the nineteenth century after Nan was relocated to its present position and rather reflects representative and social needs.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Scientific evidence is important to evidence-based practice. Hence, the application of evidence-based practice requires relevant skills and an understanding of science, which therefore need to be learned and trained during the undergraduate program in physiotherapy. The aim of this study was to investigate attitudes, perceived competence, and conditions for a scientific approach among physiotherapy students in Sweden, and to compare attitudes and perceived competence between students in different program years.METHODS: Physiotherapy students from six universities (n=1499) were invited to respond to a digital survey. The survey contained questions regarding attitudes toward science, perceived competence in research interpretations and open comments regarding requirements for a strengthened scientific approach during education. Comparisons between education years were performed with ANOVA/Kruskal\u2012Wallis test (scale outcomes) and logistic regression (binary outcomes).RESULTS: A total of 466 students responded to the survey. In total, 57% (n=266) of the students had a high interest in science. No significant difference in interest in science was found between students in the three program years, but 75% (n=347) reported increased interest during the program. A perceived high ability to understand the structure and performance of scientific studies was reported by 31% (n=144), to evaluate the methodology by 16% (n=72) and to interpret statistical results from scientific studies by 12% (n=55). The lowest perceived competence was reported among students in their second year (p<0.05). A majority of the students (88%; n=410) reported a perceived personal need for strengthened conditions for a scientific approach, with suggested prerequisites during education via increased theoretical and applied understanding of the research.CONCLUSION: Even though this study does not fully cover physiotherapy students at all undergraduate programmes in Sweden, the results support that a scientific approach and training should be strengthened during education to enable physiotherapists to understand and interpret science and to fully apply an evidence-based approach in upcoming clinical practice. Both theoretical and applied knowledge and understanding are needed.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: The global trading system has reached an inflection point. The future of the liberalized, rules-based global world order is in doubt as countries that have for decades preached and practiced policies, which can loosely be defined as embodying the 'Washington Consensus', have started to backtrack. Free and fair trade is no longer the mantra as governments embrace industrial policy, protectionism, national security, risk management, and managed trade. Perhaps the most surprising adherent of the reversal is the US, whose embrace of what has been termed a 'modern American industrial strategy' runs counter to traditional American views and norms. While David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage still holds true, it has certainly fallen out of fashion. Where it leads remains unknown - caveat emptor. This article analyses President Joe Biden's industrial policy and its implications as well as shifts that have occurred as a result of the pandemic, geopolitical competition, and other recent global events.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Interactions with the Roman Empire presumably enhanced social differentiation and caused the emergence of an elite class among Gothic communities in present-day northern Poland (Pomerania) in the first centuries AD. Arguably, the process is documented archaeologically by the presence of exceptional burials, richly furnished with imported artefacts. Such features were discovered at the Wielbark culture cemetery in Czarnowko, however, due to poor preservation neither their infills nor the interred human remains have previously been fully examined. We studied (by means of osteological, Sr isotope, anthracological and soil analyses) a newly-found, well-preserved cremation grave in order to assess (1) the biological profile, geographical origin and mobility of the buried individual, (2) details of the multi-stage funerary practice, and (3) the formation of the grave-pit infill. Most probably, the grave belonged to a senilis woman who was born and spent her final years in Pomerania, seemingly living in good health. Except for outstanding grave goods, her funeral reassembled other Wielbark culture cremation interments: the body was burned shortly after death on a birch-wood pyre, together with single artefacts, at high temperatures, with good oxygen supply, until the calcination of bones. The burned remains were separated from the pyre debris and randomly deposited in the urn. The vessel was placed at the bottom of a pit and covered with sand containing charcoals. Subsequently, the grave was re-opened and backfilled once again. This singular cremation burial reflects the idea of eliteness in the local Gothic community - Roman-influenced but rooted in Wielbark culture traditions. However, to address the issue of social stratification comprehensively, similar research focused on graves of common people is required.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: Importance Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) compose a competency-based education (CBE) assessment framework that has been increasingly adopted across medical specialties as a workplace-based assessment tool. EPAs focus on directly observed behaviors to determine the level of entrustment a trainee has for a given activity of that specialty. In this narrative review, we highlight the rationale for EPAs in general surgery, describe current evidence supporting their use, and outline some of the practical considerations for EPAs among residency programs, faculty, and trainees. Observations An expanding evidence base for EPAs in general surgery has provided moderate validity evidence for their use as well as practical recommendations for implementation across residency programs. Challenges to EPA use include garnering buy-in from individual faculty and residents to complete EPA microassessments and engage in timely, specific feedback after a case or clinical encounter. When successfully integrated into a program's workflow, EPAs can provide a more accurate picture of residents' competence for a fundamental surgical task or activity compared with other assessment methods. Conclusions and Relevance EPAs represent the next significant shift in the evaluation of general surgery residents as part of the overarching progression toward CBE among all US residency programs. While pragmatic challenges to the implementation of EPAs remain, the best practices from EPA and other CBE assessment literature summarized in this review may assist individuals and programs in implementing EPAs. As EPAs become more widely used in general surgery resident training, further analysis of barriers and facilitators to successful and sustainable EPA implementation will be needed to continue to optimize and advance this new assessment framework.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Inefficient education is a cause of anxiety and low self-efficacy among caregivers, especially for those caring for patients with tracheostomy. This randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the outcomes of tracheostomy care education by mannequin-based simulation and smartphone application. The participants were 126 primary caregivers of tracheostomy patients being discharged home from hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The control group received routine care. Caregiver self-efficacy was assessed using the Caregiver Inventory and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale prior to the education and 1 month after. There were significant differences among the three groups regarding the mean scores of self-efficacy and anxiety. There was a significant increase in self-efficacy (P \u2264 .0001) and a significant decrease in anxiety (P \u2264 .0001) scores after the intervention. The intergroup comparison showed a significant difference between the intervention groups and the control group in terms of changes in the anxiety and self-efficacy scores of caregivers (P < .001).", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: Australopiths are a group of early human ancestors that lived approximately 4 to 2 million years ago and are considered a key transitional form between apes and humans. Studying australopiths can help to understand the evolutionary processes that led to the emergence of humans and gain insights into the unique adaptations and characteristics that set humans apart from other primates. A bibliometric-based review of publications on australopiths contained in the Scopus database was conducted, analyzing approximately 2000 of them. The main authors, institutions, and countries researching this subject were identified, as well as their future development. The connections between authors, countries, and research topics were also analyzed through the detection of communities. The more frequent keywords in this subject are hominid, animal, human, South Africa, and Australopithecus afarensis. Four main research clusters were identified in the field of australopiths: palaeobiology, cranial evolution, locomotion, and mandible evolution and morphometry. The most important countries in terms of collaboration networks are South Africa, the UK, France, and Germany. Research on australopiths is ongoing, and new research clusters are expected to emerge, such as those focused on pre-australopiths and the molecular evolution and taxonomy of australopiths. Overall, this work provides a comprehensive overview of the state of research on australopiths and offers insights into the current direction of the field.Les australopithes sont un groupe de premiers ancetres humains qui vivaient il y a environ 4 a 2 millions d'annees et sont consideres comme une forme de transition essentielle entre les singes et les humains. L'etude des australopithes peut aider a comprendre les processus evolutifs qui ont conduit a l'emergence de l'homme et a mieux comprendre les adaptations et les caracteristiques uniques qui distinguent l'homme des autres primates. Une etude bibliometrique des publications sur les australopithes contenues dans la base de donnees Scopus a ete realisee, analysant environ 2000 d'entre elles. Les principaux auteurs, institutions et pays menant des recherches sur ce sujet ont ete identifies, ainsi que leur evolution future. Les liens entre les auteurs, les pays et les sujets de recherche ont egalement ete analyses par la detection de communautes. Les mots-cles les plus frequents dans ce domaine sont hominid, animal, human, South Africa et Australopithecus afarensis. Quatre groupes de recherche principaux ont ete identifies dans le domaine des australopithes: paleobiologie, evolution cranienne, locomotion, et evolution et morphometrie de la mandibule. Les pays les plus importants en termes de reseaux de collaboration sont l'Afrique du Sud, le Royaume-Uni, la France et l'Allemagne. Les recherches sur les australopithes se poursuivent et de nouveaux groupes de recherche devraient voir le jour, comme ceux qui se concentrent sur les pre-australopithes et sur l'evolution moleculaire et la taxonomie des australopithes. Dans l'ensemble, ce travail fournit une vue d'ensemble de l'etat de la recherche sur les australopithes et donne un apercu de l'orientation actuelle.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: The relation of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) to lifestyle behaviors and factors linked with cardiovascular health remains unclear. We aimed to understand how the American Heart Association's Life's Essential 8 (LE8) score (and its changes over time) relate to CRF and complementary exercise measures in community-dwelling adults.METHODS AND RESULTS: Framingham Heart Study (FHS) participants underwent maximum effort cardiopulmonary exercise testing for direct quantification of peak oxygen uptake (VO2). A 100-point LE8 score was constructed as the average across 8 factors: diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep, body mass index, lipids, blood glucose, and blood pressure. We related total LE8 score, score components, and change in LE8 score over 8years with peak VO2 (log-transformed) and complementary CRF measures. In age- and sex-adjusted linear models (N=1838, age 54\u00b19years, 54% women, LE8 score 76\u00b112), a higher LE8 score was associated favorably with peak VO2, ventilatory efficiency, resting heart rate, and blood pressure response to exercise (all P<0.0001). A clinically meaningful 5-point higher LE8 score was associated with a 6.0% greater peak VO2 (1.4 mL/kg per minute at sample mean). All LE8 components were significantly associated with peak VO2 in models adjusted for age and sex, but blood lipids, diet, and sleep health were no longer statistically significant after adjustment for all LE8 components. Over an 8-year interval, a 5-unit increase in LE8 score was associated with a 3.7% higher peak VO2 (P<0.0001).CONCLUSIONS: Higher LE8 score and improvement in LE8 over time was associated with greater CRF, highlighting the importance of the LE8 factors in maintaining CRF.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: While political polarization in policy opinions, preferences, and observance is well established, little is known about whether and how such divisions evolve, and possibly attenuate, over time. Using the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil as the backdrop, we examine the longitudinal evolution of a highly relevant and polarizing policy: adherence to the COVID-19 vaccination.METHODS: Studies 1 (N=3346) and 2 (N=10,214) use nationwide surveys to document initial differences and subsequent changes in vaccination adherence between conservatives (Bolsonaristas) and non-conservatives (non-Bolsonaristas). Study 3 (N=742) uses an original dataset to investigate belief changes among conservatives and their association with asymmetric changes in vaccination adherence.RESULTS: Despite substantial differences at the early stages of rollout, the gap in vaccination adherence between conservatives and non-conservatives significantly decreased with the passage of time, driven essentially by a much faster uptake among the initially most skeptic-the conservatives. Study 3 demonstrates that the asymmetric changes in vaccination adherence were associated with meaningful belief changes among the conservatives, especially about the perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines and the expected adherence of peers to the vaccination campaign.CONCLUSIONS: Together, these studies show that, in a context where the superiority of the promoted policy becomes clear over time and individuals have the opportunity to revisit prior beliefs, even intense political polarization can be attenuated.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: As a corridor for population movement out of Africa, the southern Levant is a natural laboratory for research exploring the dynamics of the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition. Yet, the number of well-preserved sites dating to the initial millennia of the Early Upper Paleolithic (EUP; 45-30 ka) remains limited, restricting the resolution at which we can study the biocultural and techno-typological changes evidenced across the transition. With EUP deposits dating to 45-39 ka cal BP, Mughr el-Hamamah, Jordan, offers a key opportunity to expand our understanding of EUP lifeways in the southern Levant. Mughr el-Hamamah is particularly noteworthy for its large faunal assemblage, representing the first such assemblage from the Jordan Valley. In this paper, we present results from taxonomic and taphonomic analyses of the EUP fauna from Mughr el-Hamamah. Given broader debates about shifts in human subsistence across the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition, we also assess evidence for subsistence intensification, focusing especially on the exploitation of gazelle and the use of small game. Taphonomic data suggest that the fauna was primarily accumulated by human activity. Ungulates dominate the assemblage; gazelle (Gazella sp.) is the most common taxa, followed by fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica) and goat (Capra sp.). Among the gazelle, juveniles account for roughly one-third of the sample. While the focus on gazelle and the frequency of juveniles are consistent with broader regional trends, evidence for the regular exploitation of marrow from gazelle phalanges suggests that the EUP occupants of Mughr el-Hamamah processed gazelle carcasses quite intensively. Yet, the overall degree of dietary intensification appears low-small game is rare and evidence for human capture of this game is more equivocal. As a whole, our results support a growing body of data showing gradual shifts in animal exploitation strategies across the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition in the southern Levant.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: Regenerative medicine solutions for type 1 diabetes are a rapidly developing field of medical technology. To date, these solutions have been principally cell-based treatments and at present, in Europe, these therapies are regulated under European Union regulations for advanced therapy medicinal products. But now, new emerging technology combining cellular therapy with medical devices is under development. The potential of this novel hybrid model to create a bioartificial pancreas to treat type 1 diabetes is tantalizing. However, incorporating medical devices creates a further layer of regulatory complexity. This article seeks to expose the complexity of this legal and regulatory landscape and demonstrate how evolving technology could challenge the entire existing legal paradigm. We start by summarizing the status of the only established cell-based therapy-transplantation. We set out the regulation of cellular therapies, their classification, and the role of statutory bodies. We examine the bottleneck of therapies moving from bench to bedside, and we consider the additional challenges of products, which use a combination of cells and medical devices. Finally, we argue that for the potential of this rapidly growing area of technology to be realized a seismic shift in how we regulate frontier cellular therapies will be required.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Devolution and decentralisation policies involving health and other government sectors have been promoted with a view to improve efficiency and equity in local service provision. Evaluations of these reforms have focused on specific health or care measures, but little is known about their full impact on local health systems. We evaluated the impact of devolution in Greater Manchester (England) on multiple outcomes using a whole system approach. We estimated the impact of devolution until February 2020 on 98 measures of health system performance, using the generalised synthetic control method and adjusting for multiple hypothesis testing. We selected measures from existing monitoring frameworks to populate the WHO Health System Performance Assessment framework. The included measures captured information on health system functions, intermediatory objectives, final goals, and social determinants of health. We identified which indicators were targeted in response to devolution from an analysis of 170 health policy intervention documents. Life expectancy (0.233 years, S.E. 0.012) and healthy life expectancy (0.603 years, S.E. 0.391) increased more in GM than in the estimated synthetic control group following devolution. These increases were driven by improvements in public health, primary care, hospital, and adult social care services as well as factors associated with social determinants of health, including a reduction in alcohol-related admissions (-110.1 admission per 100,000, S.E. 9.07). In contrast, the impact on outpatient, mental health, maternity, and dental services was mixed. Devolution was associated with improved population health, driven by improvements in health services and wider social determinants of health. These changes occurred despite limited devolved powers over health service resources suggesting that other mechanisms played an important role, including the allocation of sustainability and transformation funding and the alignment of decision-making across health, social care, and wider public services in the region.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: Importance Accurate risk prediction of morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) may help clinicians risk stratify and inform care decisions. Objective To develop and validate a novel prediction model for clinical outcomes in patients with HFpEF using routinely collected variables and to compare it with a biomarker-driven approach. Design, Setting, and Participants Data were used from the Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure (DELIVER) trial to derive the prediction model, and data from the Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibition in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (PARAGON-HF) and the Irbesartan in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Study (I-PRESERVE) trials were used to validate it. The outcomes were the composite of HF hospitalization (HFH) or cardiovascular death, cardiovascular death, and all-cause death. A total of 30 baseline candidate variables were selected in a stepwise fashion using multivariable analyses to create the models. Data were analyzed from January 2023 to June 2023. Exposures Models to estimate the 1-year and 2-year risk of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure, cardiovascular death, and all-cause death. Results Data from 6263 individuals in the DELIVER trial were used to derive the prediction model and data from 4796 individuals in the PARAGON-HF trial and 4128 individuals in the I-PRESERVE trial were used to validate it. The final prediction model for the composite outcome included 11 variables: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level, HFH within the past 6 months, creatinine level, diabetes, geographic region, HF duration, treatment with a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, transient ischemic attack/stroke, any previous HFH, and heart rate. This model showed good discrimination (C statistic at 1 year, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.71-0.75) in both validation cohorts (C statistic at 1 year, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.69-0.74 in PARAGON-HF and 0.75; 95% CI, 0.73-0.78 in I-PRESERVE) and calibration. The model showed similar discrimination to a biomarker-driven model including high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T and significantly better discrimination than the Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic (MAGGIC) risk score (C statistic at 1 year, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.58-0.63; delta C statistic, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.10-0.15; P < .001) and NT-proBNP level alone (C statistic at 1 year, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.64-0.68; delta C statistic, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.05-0.08; P < .001). Models derived for the prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular death also performed well. An online calculator was created to allow calculation of an individual's risk. Conclusions and Relevance In this prognostic study, a robust prediction model for clinical outcomes in HFpEF was developed and validated using routinely collected variables. The model performed better than NT-proBNP level alone. The model may help clinicians to identify high-risk patients and guide treatment decisions in HFpEF.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The state-of-the-art literature indicates an increasing need for co-design education as it is imperative to equip future designers with the co-designing mindset. This derives from the significance of involving 'people with lived experience' in co-design processes to better meet their needs. However, the traditional design education system seems to include mostly individual designing skills, causing a lack of skills in design students to facilitate the active participation of people in co-design. This paper reports on a case study carried out in a third-year Bachelor industrial design engineering course with design students (n = 32) and design educators (n = 4) to find an effective and efficient way of preparing future designers for their role in co-design and to gain insights into design students' experience with learning about co-design. As an instructional method, a co-design workshop including the game-play, game-modding and game-design approaches is introduced. The obstacles and confusion of the design students regarding co-design and co-design education, which they have documented throughout the year on their personalised logbooks, are explained to eliminate them in the future for smoother incorporation of co-design education into design education curricula. Lastly, for future designers' mindfulness of co-design and their role as facilitators suggestions are provided such as accreditation of curriculum activities regarding co-design education.", + "input": "Abstract: PurposeCo-creation, characterised by artists and patients creating a joint work of art, may support patients with the integration of life events, such as living with cancer, into their life story. In the process of co-creation, resonance relationships between patients, artists and material may evolve that support such integration. Using the framework of resonance theory, we aim to investigate if and how patients move through the three phases of resonance during a process of co-creation and explore the role of uncontrollability in this process.MethodsTen patients who received cancer treatment with palliative intent completed co-creation processes, which were audio recorded. These recordings were imported in Atlas-Ti and analysed by applying content analysis. We searched for the three phases of resonance, Being affected, touched and moved; Self-efficacy and responding; Adaptive transformation. We additionally searched for signs of uncontrollability.ResultsPatients used 4-8 sessions (median 5 sessions) with a duration 90-240 min per session (median duration 120 min). We found that patients move through the three phases of resonance during co-creation processes. Uncontrollability both presents a challenge and an invitation to integrate experiences of contingency into one's life narrative. Patients express self-recognition and the experience of contingency in their work of art.ConclusionsIntegration of experiences of contingency into a life narrative can be supported by the process of co-creation of art, which invites patients to relate to their illness, their environment and themselves. The phases of resonance in combination with uncontrollability as a continuously present factor, provide a means to both study and support the integration of experiences of contingency into the life narrative.In the process of co-creation, resonance relationships between patients, artists and material may evolve that support integration of experiences of contingency. In the current study we aim to investigate, if and how, palliative cancer patients move through the three phases of resonance during a process of co-creation and explore the role of uncontrollability in this process.image", "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVES: In middle-income countries, poor physician-patient communication remains a recognized barrier to enhancing healthcare quality and patient satisfaction. This study investigates the influence of provider-patient communication skills on healthcare quality and patient satisfaction in the rural primary healthcare setting in China.METHODS: Data were collected from 504 interactions across 348 rural primary healthcare facilities spanning 21 counties in three provinces. Using the Standardized Patient method, this study measured physician-patient communication behaviors, healthcare quality, and patient satisfaction. Communication skills were assessed using the SEGUE questionnaire framework. Multivariate linear regression models and multivariate logistic regression models, accounting for fixed effects, were employed to evaluate the impact of physicians' communication skills on healthcare quality and patient satisfaction.RESULTS: The findings indicated generally low provider-patient communication skills, with an average total score of 12.2\u00b12.8 (out of 24). Multivariate regression models, which accounted for physicians' knowledge and other factors, demonstrated positive associations between physicians' communication skills and healthcare quality, as well as patient satisfaction (P<0.05). Heterogeneity analysis revealed stronger correlations among primary physicians with lower levels of clinical knowledge or more frequent training.CONCLUSION: This study emphasizes the importance of prioritizing provider-patient communication skills to enhance healthcare quality and patient satisfaction in rural Chinese primary care settings. It recommends that the Chinese government prioritize the enhancement of provider-patient communication skills to improve healthcare quality and patient satisfaction.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: If elected, Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo would bring an extensive background in science and engineering to Mexico's presidency. But many researchers are anxious about how she would govern.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: We detected Mayaro virus (MAYV) in 3.4% (28/822) of febrile patients tested during 2018-2021 from Roraima State, Brazil. We also isolated MAYV strains and confirmed that these cases were caused by genotype D. Improved surveillance is needed to better determine the burden of MAYV in the Amazon Region.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: In deserts, water has been singled out as the most important factor for choosing where to settle, but trees were likely an important part of the landscape for hunter-gatherers beyond merely constituting an economic resource. Yet, this critical aspect has not been considered archaeologically. Here, we present the results of mapping and radiocarbon dating of a truly unique archaeological record. Over 150 preserved stumps around five Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene archaeological campsites (12,800 to 11,200 cal BP) show that trees were key features in the creation of everyday habitats for the first inhabitants of the Atacama Desert. At two of these sites, QM12 and QM35, the spatial and chronological correlation between trees and hearths reveals that people located their homes under the tree canopy. At residential site QM35, artifact distribution coincides with a grove dated to ~11,600 to 11,200 cal BP. A third residential area (QM32) occurred along the grove margins ~12,000 to 11,200 cal BP. Based on the distinct cultural material of these two camps, we propose that two different groups intermittently shared this rich wetland-grove environment. The tree taxa suggest a preference for the native Schinus molle, a tree scarcely present on the landscape today, over the endemic, nitrogen-fixing Strombocarpa tamarugo, both for toolmaking and firewood and even though the S. tamarugo was locally more abundant. Together with the spatial and chronological coincidence of campsites, hearths, and trees, we propose that people spared the most abundant and resilient species to create their homes, in turn promoting fertility oases amid the Atacama's hyperaridity.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: As we theorize about philosophy of language that bears on social and political issues, it is worth revisiting the methodological question of how we as theorists rely on our philosophical and linguistic intuitions, and what assumptions underlie our justification of such a reliance. Two threads in the philosophical literature are relevant to this question: the discussion of situatedness in feminist epistemology and the debate about philosophical expertise and philosophical intuitions. I argue that philosophers examining social and political philosophy of language should be careful-perhaps more careful than we have been-when we rely on our intuitions to draw conclusions about socially significant language, such as racist, sexist, homophobic, and other derogatory speech. I don't claim we should give up relying on our intuitions. Instead, I argue that we should be more explicit that our intuitions are limited, and open to the possibility that they might not align with the intuitions of those who have more experience with the kinds of speech we are analyzing. As a result, we might find that the conclusions we draw from our intuitions have to be revised or qualified.", + "input": "Abstract: According to the extended cognition thesis, an agent's cognitive system can sometimes include extracerebral components amongst its physical constituents. Here, we show that such a view of cognition has an unjustifiably anthropocentric focus, for it tends to depict cognitive extensions as a human-only affair. In contrast, we will argue that if human cognition extends, then the cognition of many non-human animals extends too, for many non-human animals rely on the same cognition-extending strategies humans rely on. To substantiate this claim, we will proceed as follows. First (Sect. 1), we will introduce the extended cognition thesis, exposing its anthropocentric bias. Then, we will show that humans and many non-human animals rely on the same cognition-extending strategies. To do so, we will discuss a variety of case studies, including intrabodily cognitive extensions such as the spinal cord (Sect. 2), the widespread reliance on epistemic actions to solve cognitive tasks (Sect. 3) and cases of animal cognitive offloading (Sect. 4). We'll then allay some worries our claim might raise (Sect. 5) to then conclude the paper (Sect. 6).", "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Despite mounting attention in recent years, health threats posed by antimicrobial resistance are not new. Antimicrobial resistance has dogged infectious disease treatment processes since the first modern antimicrobials were discovered.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: Most existing learning-based deraining methods are supervisedly trained on synthetic rainy-clean pairs. The domain gap between the synthetic and real rain makes them less generalized to complex real rainy scenes. Moreover, the existing methods mainly utilize the property of the image or rain layers independently, while few of them have considered their mutually exclusive relationship. To solve above dilemma, we explore the intrinsic intra-similarity within each layer and inter-exclusiveness between two layers and propose an unsupervised non-local contrastive learning (NLCL) deraining method. The non-local self-similarity image patches as the positives are tightly pulled together and rain patches as the negatives are remarkably pushed away, and vice versa. On one hand, the intrinsic self-similarity knowledge within positive/negative samples of each layer benefits us to discover more compact representation; on the other hand, the mutually exclusive property between the two layers enriches the discriminative decomposition. Thus, the internal self-similarity within each layer (similarity) and the external exclusive relationship of the two layers (dissimilarity) serving as a generic image prior jointly facilitate us to unsupervisedly differentiate the rain from clean image. We further discover that the intrinsic dimension of the non-local image patches is generally higher than that of the rain patches. This insight motivates us to design an asymmetric contrastive loss that precisely models the compactness discrepancy of the two layers, thereby improving the discriminative decomposition. In addition, recognizing the limited quality of existing real rain datasets, which are often small-scale or obtained from the internet, we collect a large-scale real dataset under various rainy weathers that contains high-resolution rainy images. Extensive experiments conducted on different real rainy datasets demonstrate that the proposed method obtains state-of-the-art performance in real deraining.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The emergence of Homo sapiens in Eastern Asia is a topic of significant research interest. However, well-preserved human fossils in secure, dateable contexts in this region are extremely rare, and often the subject of intense debate owing to stratigraphic and geochronological problems. Tongtianyan cave, in Liujiang District of Liuzhou City, southern China is one of the most important fossils finds of H. sapiens, though its age has been debated, with chronometric dates ranging from the late Middle Pleistocene to the early Late Pleistocene. Here we provide new age estimates and revised provenience information for the Liujiang human fossils, which represent one of the most complete fossil skeletons of H. sapiens in China. U-series dating on the human fossils and radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating on the fossil-bearing sediments provided ages ranging from ~33,000 to 23,000 years ago (ka). The revised age estimates correspond with the dates of other human fossils in northern China, at Tianyuan Cave (~40.8-38.1 ka) and Zhoukoudian Upper Cave (39.0-36.3 ka), indicating the geographically widespread presence of H. sapiens across Eastern Asia in the Late Pleistocene, which is significant for better understanding human dispersals and adaptations in the region.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: Little is known about SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in African countries with high levels of infection-driven immunity and low vaccine coverage. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 349 participants from 52 households in The Gambia between March 2021 and June 2022, with routine weekly SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and 6-monthly SARS-CoV-2 serology. Attack rates of 45% and 57% were seen during Delta and Omicron BA.1 waves respectively. Eighty-four percent of RT-PCR-positive infections were asymptomatic. Children under 5-years had a lower incidence of infection than 18-49-year-olds. One prior SARS-CoV-2 infection reduced infection risk during the Delta wave only, with immunity from \u22652 prior infections required to reduce the risk of infection with early Omicron lineage viruses. In an African population with high levels of infection-driven immunity and low vaccine coverage, we find high attack rates during SARS-CoV-2 waves, with a high proportion of asymptomatic infections and young children remaining relatively protected from infection.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: According to the German Physiotherapy Education and Qualification Regulations, teaching of anatomical structures is one of the fundamental subjects of physiotherapy education. Besides exhibits and models, anatomy atlases are usually used as teaching and learning tools. These are available in both analog form such as printed books or in digital form as a mobile application. Furthermore, the use of digital teaching and learning tools is steadily increasing within the education of health professionals.AIM: To assess the efficacy of a digital educational tool in contrast to an analog anatomical atlas in acquiring knowledge about anatomical structures.MATERIAL AND METHOD: The data collection took place in the context of an anatomy tutorial for students of the bachelor's degree program in physiotherapy. In a cross-over design, the students completed two learning assignments, each, with different learning materials provided, either with an anatomy app on a tablet or with an anatomy atlas as a book. The tests to assess the newly acquired knowledge immediately after the task, consisted of questions about the anatomical structures of the knee as well as the shoulder. In addition, the students' satisfaction with the learning materials provided was surveyed using a questionnaire. The survey assessed their satisfaction, their assessment of learning success, and their affinity to digital learning materials. This was done using a 5-point Likert scale and a free-text field. The data was analyzed descriptively, and group differences were calculated using a t-tests.RESULTS: Thirty students participated. The group comparison showed a significantly better outcome for the group that prepared with the analog anatomy atlas for the questions on the knee than the comparison group that used the anatomy app (t(28)=2.6; p=0.007). For the questions concerning the shoulder, there was no significant difference between the digital and analog groups (t(28)=1.14; p=0.26). The questionnaire revealed that satisfaction with the analog anatomy atlas was significantly higher than with the anatomy app. A total of 93.34% rated their experience with the analog learning tool at least somewhat satisfied. In contrast, 72.67% of students partially or fully agreed that they enjoyed learning with digital learning tools.DISCUSSION: Learning anatomical structures with the Human Anatomy Atlas 2023+app did not show a clear advantage when compared to an anatomy book in these two cohorts of physiotherapy students. The results of the questionnaire also showed greater satisfaction with the analog anatomy atlas than with the anatomy app, whereas most students stated that they frequently use digital learning tools, including some for anatomical structures. Satisfaction with the learning tool seems to play a central role in their effectiveness. In addition, sufficient time must be provided for users to familiarize themselves with the user interface of digital applications to use them effectively.REGISTRATION: Diese klinische Studie wurde nicht in einem Studienregister registriert.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: In 2020-2021 Brazil simultaneously experienced the far -right presidency of Jair Bolsonaro and the world's largest health crisis in a century. The Covid-19 pandemic struck the country deeply, killing about 690 thousand people by late 2022. They were also years of increased pressure by capital on peasants and indigenous people, targets of the violence with which capital, ever since its dawn, has wielded to advance over spaces that serve the subsistence of immediate producers. In this period, the Brazilian state continued to comply with decades-old demands from neoliberal ideology for privatizations and the dismantling of protections for workers and the poor in general. These phenomena, when articulated by theory inspired by the Marxian concept of primitive accumulation, suggest that the Bolsonaro administration and its class allies used the pandemic as a political opportunity for dispossessing policies. The article discusses this based on concepts that distinguish dispossessions that serve capital expansion from those that do not. The first group includes processes that lead to proletarianization of immediate producers in addition to the capitalization or commodification of hitherto means of subsistence. Among dispossessions that do not expand capital are those that involve the simple redistribution of surpluses or means of production. The paper contributes to the literature on dispossession by analyzing concrete manifestations of it, drawing on a conceptual framework that distinguishes dispossession types that have been conflated in much current research.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This paper is about the concept of semantically closed languages. Roughly speaking, those are languages which can name their own sentences and apply to them semantic predicates, such as the truth or satisfaction predicates. Hence, they are self-referential languages, in the sense that they are capable of producing sentences about themselves or other sentences in the same language. In section one, we introduce the concept informally; in section two, we provide the formal definition of first-order semantically closed languages, which is the Tarskian definition with some technical modifications. Then, we construct a semantic for this kind of language, and prove that the language is indeed semantically closed (according to Definition 1). Finally, we discuss whether the logic underlying the construction is classical, and future goals of this research.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Throughout history, many innovations have contributed to the development of modern urological surgery, improving patient outcomes and expanding the range of treatment options available to patients. This article explores five key historical innovations that have shaped modern urological surgery: External shockwave lithotripsy, transurethral resection of prostate, cystoscope, perioperative prostate-specific antigen and robotic surgery. The selection of innovations for inclusion in this article was meticulously determined through expert consensus and an extensive literature review. We will review the development, impact and significance of each innovation, highlighting their contributions to the field of urological surgery and their ongoing relevance in contemporary and perioperative practice.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: A vast amount of location information exists in unstructured texts, such as social media posts, news stories, scientific articles, web pages, travel blogs, and historical archives. Geoparsing refers to recognizing location references from texts and identifying their geospatial representations. While geoparsing can benefit many domains, a summary of its specific applications is still missing. Further, there is a lack of a comprehensive review and comparison of existing approaches for location reference recognition, which is the first and core step of geoparsing. To fill these research gaps, this review first summarizes seven typical application domains of geoparsing: geographic information retrieval, disaster management, disease surveillance, traffic management, spatial humanities, tourism management, and crime management. We then review existing approaches for location reference recognition by categorizing these approaches into four groups based on their underlying functional principle: rule-based, gazetteer matching-based, statistical learning-based, and hybrid approaches. Next, we thoroughly evaluate the correctness and computational efficiency of the 27 most widely used approaches for location reference recognition based on 26 public datasets with different types of texts (e.g., social media posts and news stories) containing 39,736 location references worldwide. Results from this thorough evaluation can help inform future methodological developments and can help guide the selection of proper approaches based on application needs.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: This Arts and Medicine feature coauthored by a patient and her hospital clinicians describes the use of hand-drawn window art in hospital rooms as a way to bring color and creativity into inpatient settings and build community among hospital staff and patients.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The additive log-ratio (alr) transformation is recommended as one of the most robust data transformations for multivariate analysis of archaeometric compositional data. However, alr and other transformations are not mutually exclusive and can be combined to assess different aspects of an archaeometric data set, such as the addition of temper, post-depositional effects in pottery and associated archaeological implications. This study presents a comparative analysis of a multi-element data set of pottery from Lago Grande and Osvaldo archaeological sites in the Central Amazon, which are considered a microcosm of the region. The concentrations of nine chemical elements (La, Lu, Yb, Ce, Cr, Eu, Fe, Sc, and Th) measured by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) were subjected to alr transformation, prior to chemical fingerprinting by cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The results were compared to a previous work using the log10 transformation. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was employed to test for statistical differences between the chemical groups, and self-organizing maps (SOMs), a type of artificial neural network, were used for comparison due to their advantage of not depending on any specific data distribution assumption. In general, the results suggest the existence of socio-cultural interactions between Lago Grande and Osvaldo, which could have occurred through trade, exogamic marriage and territory sharing. In a broader perspective, the exchange networks corroborated by the results favor theories that minimize the role of ecological constraints in the emergence of social complexity and sedentary occupations in the Amazon region.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: We conducted a large surveillance study among members of an integrated healthcare delivery system in Pacific Northwest of the United States to estimate medical costs attributable to medically attended acute gastroenteritis (MAAGE) on the day care was sought and during 30-day follow-up. We used multivariable regression to compare costs of MAAGE and non-MAAGE cases matched on age, gender, and index time. Differences accounted for confounders, including race, ethnicity, and history of chronic underlying conditions. Analyses included 73,140 MAAGE episodes from adults and 18,617 from children who were Kaiser Permanente Northwest members during 2014-2016. Total costs were higher for MAAGE cases relative to non-MAAGE comparators as were costs on the day care was sought and costs during follow-up. Costs of MAAGE are substantial relative to the cost of usual-care medical services, and much of the burden accrues during short-term follow-up.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Climate change is a major threat to global heritage and many sites are already experiencing impacts from climate change and related hazards. Recent studies have indicated that this challenge is especially acute in the African continent. Climate vulnerability assessment is increasingly a key tool in periodic reporting and ongoing site management and an essential first step in climate adaptation planning. This paper presents results from climate vulnerability assessments undertaken at two UNESCO World Heritage (WH) properties: The Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara in Tanzania; and the Sukur Cultural Landscape in Nigeria. These assessments each applied a version of the Climate Vulnerability Index (CVI), a values-based, science-driven and community-focused technique. A values mapping exercise identified key heritage and socioeconomic values, including key attributes associated with the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the WH property. Downscaled climate projections were used to identify key hazards over selected emissions scenarios and timeframes, before weighing potential impacts against local adaptive capacities. Based on the timeframes and emissions scenarios, the project found OUV Vulnerability was Moderate at the Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara and Low at the Sukur Cultural Landscape, whilst the Community Vulnerability was Low for both properties. The paper will conclude with some wider observations on the application of climate vulnerability assessments in an African context and a focus on lessons learned. (c) 2024 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Despite the significance of grit and motivational regulation strategies (MRS) to language learning, limited research has been conducted on their longitudinal interplay. The present study explores the relationship between these two constructs in an English as a second language (L2) learning context through a longitudinal design. This study utilizes repeated measures of L2 grit and MRS at two time points (T1 and T2) to investigate the direction of influence between them and proposes and evaluates four models: an autoregressive model, two unidirectional models, and a bidirectional model. Using questionnaire data from 205 Chinese university students to evaluate the models, results from model assessment revealed that L2 grit at T1 positively predicted L2 grit at T2 and that MRS at T1 positively predicted MRS at T2. While L2 grit showed stability, MRS developed over time. The unidirectional model with L2 grit at T1 as a predictor of MRS at T2 was identified as the model of best fit, indicating that L2 grit at an earlier time unidirectionally influenced MRS at a later time. Based on these findings, we conclude that there is a unidirectional influence between L2 grit and MRS: the former plays an influential role in shaping MRS in L2 learning over time. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics between the two constructs, which in turn impacts language learning persistence and success, offering valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and researchers striving to optimize language learning environments and interventions.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Anthropogenic pollution impacts human and environmental health, climate change, and air quality. Karabuk, an industrial area from the Black Sea Region in northern Turkiye, is vulnerable to environmental pollution, particularly soil and air. In this research on methodological aspects, we analyzed the concentrations of six potential toxic metals in the atmospheric deposition of the city using the passive method of moss biomonitoring. The ground-growing terrestrial moss, Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw., was collected during the dry season of August 2023 at 20 urban points. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Co were determined in mosses by the ICP-MS method. Descriptive statistical analysis was employed to evaluate the status and variance in the spatial distribution of the studied metals, and multivariate analysis, Pearson correlation, and cluster analysis were used to investigate the associations of elements and discuss the most probable sources of these elements in the study area. Cd and Co showed positive and significant inter-element correlations (r>0.938), representing an anthropogenic association mostly present in the air particles emitted from several metal plants. The results showed substantial impacts from local industry, manufactured activity, and soil dust emissions. Steel and iron smelter plants and cement factories are the biggest emitters of trace metals in the Karabuk area and the primary sources of Cr, Cd, Ni, and Co deposition.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: The nonrandom association between landscape characteristics and the dominant life history strategies observed in species pools is a typical pattern in nature. Here, we argue that these associations determine predictable changes in the relative importance of assembly mechanisms along broadscale geographic gradients (i.e., the geographic context of metacommunity dynamics). To demonstrate that, we employed simulation models in which groups of species with the same initial distribution of niche breadths and dispersal abilities interacted across a wide range of landscapes with contrasting characteristics. By assessing the traits of dominant species in the species pool in each landscape type, we determined how different landscape characteristics select for different life history strategies at the metacommunity level. We analyzed the simulated data using the same analytical approaches used in the study of empirical metacommunities to derive predictions about the causal relationships between landscape characteristics and dominant life histories in species pools, as well as their reciprocal influence on empirical inferences regarding the assembly process. We provide empirical support for these predictions by contrasting the assembly of moth metacommunities in a tropical versus a temperate mountainous landscape. Together, our model framework and empirical analyses demonstrate how the geographic context of metacommunities influences our understanding of community assembly across broadscale ecological gradients.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The mangrove forest in Macajalar Bay is regarded as an important coastal ecosystem since it provides numerous ecosystem services. Despite their importance, the clearing of mangroves has been rampant and has reached critical rates. Addressing this problem and further advancing its conservation require accurate mangrove mapping. However, current spatial information related to mangroves is sparse and insufficient to understand the historical change dynamics. In this study, the synergy of 1950 vegetation maps and Landsat images was explored to provide multidecadal monitoring of mangrove forest change dynamics in Macajalar Bay, Philippines. Vegetation maps containing the 1950 mangrove extent and Landsat images were used as input data to monitor the rates of loss over 70years. In 2020, the mangrove forest cover was estimated to be 201.73ha, equivalent to only 61.99% of the 325.43ha that was estimated in 1950. Between 1950 and 2020, net mangrove loss in Macajalar Bay totaled 324.29ha. The highest clearing rates occurred between 1950 and 1990 when it recorded a total of 258.51ha, averaging 6.46ha/year. The original mangrove forest that existed in 1950 only represents 8.56% of the 2020 extent, suggesting that much of the old-growth mangrove had been cleared before 2000 and the existing mangrove forest is mainly composed of secondary mangrove forest stands. Across Macajalar Bay, intensified clearing that happened between 1950 and 1990 has been driven by large-scale aquaculture developments. Mangrove gains on the other hand were evident and have increased the total extent by 79.84ha since 2000 as a result of several afforestation programs. However, approximately half of these gains that were observed since 2010 exhibited low canopy cover. As of writing, approximately 85% of the 2020 mangrove forest stands fall outside the 1950 original mangrove extent. Examining the viability of the original mangrove forest for mangrove reforestation together with promoting site-species matching, and biophysical assessment are necessary undertakings to advance current mangrove conservation initiatives in Macajalar Bay.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: The development of digital technology and the sharing economy has extended corporations' innovative activities beyond the corporation's boundaries, so it has become more urgent to govern the lack of social responsibility and alienation of platform corporations from the perspective of social agents. First, the platform's CSR classification and social responsibility governance's main content are analyzed in this research. Then, this study uses government agencies, platform corporations, users, and the public as governance subjects and compares governance decisions with and without public and user oversight. Finally, the optimal balance strategy for each governing subject, the optimal trajectory of governance volume, and the trajectory of total revenue are obtained. The study found that: 1) Public and user supervision can improve the governance volume while encourage the governance motivation of government agencies and platform corporations. 2) The level of user supervision effort has a greater impact on the total governance revenue than public supervision. 3) The revenue of the system and the governance volume are greater in a centralized decision-making process, indicating that those involved should co-operate in governance based on the principle of mutual benefit. 4) The platform corporation has an incompatible but unified relationship between its social duty and financial success.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Turbine blades recovered from the Apollo Saturn V rocket F-1 engines were examined to determine an appropriate conservation protocol. Significant corrosion damage was observed in the turbine blades which appear to be made of a nickel based gamma-gamma ' superalloy. Pitting corrosion appears to have breached the surface of the turbine blades, and subsequently a form of dealloying corrosion preferentially attacked the gamma ' phase. This corrosion left behind a thin network of interconnected gamma phase, causing a severe loss of density of the blades and fragility of the blades. The particular alloy used for these turbine blades does not appear to be a known production alloy and may have been developed specifically for use in the F-1 rocket engines, with an increased concentration of refractory (Mo, Nb) elemental additions. The analytical results helped conservators determine a suitable treatment protocol for more than 400 blades and 100 fragments from four recovered turbines.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: We detected Mayaro virus (MAYV) in 3.4% (28/822) of febrile patients tested during 2018-2021 from Roraima State, Brazil. We also isolated MAYV strains and confirmed that these cases were caused by genotype D. Improved surveillance is needed to better determine the burden of MAYV in the Amazon Region.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Due to rapid growth in tourism and other economic activities, several small cities and towns in the Indian Himalayan region are facing problems of unplanned construction and extended use of deteriorating old structures. Despite being in the most active zone of seismic activity, significant nonengineered construction is practiced in this region. Hence, it becomes essential to examine the existing engineered and nonengineered building typologies and assess their vulnerabilities against earthquake shaking. This study presents typical engineered and nonengineered construction practices observed through a survey of 1,009 buildings located within Mandi, a small town in the lap of the great Himalayas in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. An attempt is made to identify the typical building typologies, visible structural irregular features and their seismic vulnerability. A few building typologies predominantly prevail in the northern zone of the Indian Himalayan region are identified. Rapid visual screening (RVS) of the surveyed buildings is performed using different existing guidelines. It is observed that a substantial number of buildings with hybrid typology (stone masonry mixed with brick masonry or reinforced concrete) prevail in the study area. It is also observed that the seismic vulnerability, as per the adopted RVS guidelines, of the majority of the buildings is high, indicating urgent demand to safeguard the vulnerable built environment and develop the framework for a seismic resilient society. It is further concluded that use of region-specific vulnerability attributes can improve the segregation of buildings based on expected damage.The seismic assessment of large existing building stock through rapid visual screening (RVS) is important for preliminary evaluation. This study presents crucial insights into seismic vulnerability assessment and earthquake-resistant construction practices in the Indian Himalayan region. It identifies new building typologies, prevalent poor construction practices, and critical vulnerable attributes in the case study region. These findings hold significant practical implications for various stakeholders, including engineers, researchers, policymakers, and practitioners. By understanding the ground conditions of construction practices, building typologies, and vulnerability attributes, stakeholders can develop robust RVS methodologies which accurately assess their seismic vulnerability for planning effective seismic risk mitigation strategies and promote earthquake-resistant construction practices. Identifying new building typologies will encourage future research to quantify vulnerability through numerical studies, experimental investigation, and field data.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: Participation in arts, culture, and entertainment (PACE) activities may promote adolescent wellbeing. However, little is known about how such activities cluster together, and previous research has used small samples, cross-sectional designs, focused on single activities, and/or has not considered the influence of socio-demographic factors on participation. Using latent class analysis, the aims of this study were to establish: (i) classes of adolescent PACE activities; (ii) associations between socio-demographic characteristics and PACE classification; and, (iii) whether PACE classification predicts later wellbeing. Longitudinal data from the #BeeWell study (N = 18,224 adolescents; mean age at T1 = 12 years 7 months (+/- 3.56 months); 50.54% female) were analyzed. Four latent classes were established: the 'Dynamic Doers' (high, wide-ranging participation; 11.87%); the 'Mind and Body Crew' (reading, arts, videogames, sports/exercise; 39.81%); the 'Game and Gain Squad' (videogames and sports/exercise; 29.05%); and the 'Activity Free Adolescents' (uniformly low participation; 19.27%). Associations between socio-demographic characteristics and PACE classification were observed (e.g., socio-economic disadvantage increased the likelihood of Activity Free Adolescents classification, compared to Game and Gain Squad classification). Finally, PACE classification predicted later wellbeing (e.g., Dynamic Doers reported significantly higher wellbeing than Activity Free Adolescents). These findings are discussed in relation to the need to improve accessibility and appeal of arts, culture, and entertainment provision for adolescents as a means to optimize their wellbeing.Pre-registration The analysis plan for this study was pre-registered on the Open Science Framework and can be found here: https://osf.io/2jtpd", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Archaeological evidence supports sporadic seafaring visits to the Eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus by Epipaleolithic hunter-gatherers over 12,000 years ago, followed by permanent settlements during the early Neolithic. The geographical origins of these early seafarers have so far remained elusive. By systematically analysing all available genomes from the late Pleistocene to early Holocene Near East (c. 14,000-7000 cal BCE), we provide a comprehensive overview of the genetic landscape of the early Neolithic Fertile Crescent and Anatolia and infer the likely origins of three recently published genomes from Kissonerga-Mylouthkia (Cypriot Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, c. 7600-6800 cal BCE). These appear to derive roughly 80% of their ancestry from Aceramic Neolithic Central Anatolians residing in or near the Konya plain, and the remainder from a genetically basal Levantine population. Based on genome-wide weighted ancestry covariance analysis, we infer that this admixture event took place roughly between 14,000 and 10,000 BCE, coinciding with the transition from the Cypriot late Epipaleolithic to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA). Additionally, we identify strong genetic affinities between the examined Cypro-LPPNB individuals and later northwestern Anatolians and the earliest European Neolithic farmers. Our results inform archaeological evidence on prehistoric demographic processes in the Eastern Mediterranean, providing important insights into early seafaring, maritime connections, and insular settlement.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: In contemporary society, the reverse osmosis (RO) process is important for water treatment and reuse industry. However, membrane fouling remains a challenging issue during operation. To date, RO system operation mainly relies on the operator's knowledge, and the maintenance is carried out based on schedule or pre-defined criteria due to our limited understanding of RO fouling in real applications. To better understand the process and enable system optimization, an integrated data-driven coupled with adsorption model has been proposed in this study. The data-driven model calibrates the mechanistic model and predicts future values, while the adsorption model provides predictions on transmembrane pressure (TMP). By integrating these two models, an accurate prediction with high robustness and an insight into the detailed fouling mechanisms in real plants were achieved. In addition to the model itself, multiple regression analysis (MRA) had also been applied to identify the dominant fouling mechanisms. This analysis confirms that it is highly possible that membrane fouling is developed from an intermediate pore blockage to cake filtration.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: PURPOSE: To determine older adults' metaphorical perceptions of the concept of aging.METHOD: Participants in this qualitative study comprised 57 older adults as determined using convenience and criterion sampling methods. Data were obtained using a personal data form and the metaphor form and analyzed with descriptive and content analysis techniques.RESULTS: Fifty-seven metaphors were identified within three themes: 24 within Mental Aspect, 18 within Physical Aspect, and 15 within Psychosocial Aspect.CONCLUSION: The fact that most metaphors appeared within the Mental Aspect theme was interpreted as an indication that participants felt the effects of aging more in the mental dimension. Results of the research show that aging is perceived as experience and accumulation mentally, as inadequacy physically, and as the end or loneliness psychosocially. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 50(5), 27-34.].", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: ABSTRACT: Beato, M, Youngs, A, and Costin, AJ. The analysis of physical performance during official competitions in professional English football: Do positions, game locations, and results influence players' game demands? J Strength Cond Res 38(5): e226-e234, 2024-This study aimed, first, to verify if physical parameters were different between players' positions during official matches in English professional football, and second, if the game location (H and A) or results (W, L, D) affected players' physical performance. Twenty-five male professional football players of the same team were included in this data analysis (age = 27 \u00b1 9 years) during the 2022-23 season. Players were divided into positions: center backs, wide backs, center midfielders, attacking midfielders, and strikers. The external load parameters were distance covered, high-speed running (HSR), sprinting distance, accelerations, decelerations, and high metabolic load distance (HMLD, meters > 25.5 w\u00b7kg -1 ) that were monitored using global navigation satellite systems Apex (STATSports). Linear mixed models' analysis for positions reported a significant difference in total distance ( p = 0.011), HSR ( p < 0.001), sprinting distance ( p < 0.001), accelerations ( p = 0.003), decelerations ( p = 0.002), and HMLD ( p < 0.001). Centre backs showed the lowest physical performance in the metrics analyzed, whereas players in the other positions frequently displayed a similar physical performance. Regarding locations and results, differences were only found between locations for decelerations ( p = 0.041) and between results for HMLD ( p = 0.010). In conclusion, physical performance was influenced by players' positions, whereas game location or results seem to not affect physical performance during official competitions. Consequently, practitioners can physically prepare their players independently from the location of the match or of the possible game results, whereas specific positional training is requested to optimally prepare their players.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Jasbir K. Puar and Dima Srouji build upon their respective work in architecture, visual art and decolonial theory to produce a collaborative examination of colonial pathologies for Sharjah Art Biennial 15, 2023. Srouji's architecture and art practice encompass a variety of mediums that allow her to explore notions of heritage and public space in Palestine and the region. Puar is a writer and scholar whose current work focuses on settler colonial violence, disability and debility in Palestine. Their collaborative installations integrate understandings of space and planning with the contemporary politics of resistance in the context of Palestine and the surrounding region.At Sharjah Art Biennial 15, Puar and Srouji present 'Revolutionary Enclosures (Until the Apricots)' (2023), a series of household items that respond to the material conditions of lockdown, interweaving the artists' experiences of COVID-19 quarantine in Palestine and their memories of the Second Intifada (2000-2005), a major Palestinian uprising against Israel. The project reframes everyday objects emblematic of the trauma of enclosure for Palestinians as transformative matter and reservoirs of affective practices of resilience, community and caregiving: hoarded cans of tuna form the constituent parts of a radiator signifying warmth; resin apricots evoke the exchange of sustenance among neighbours; shrapnel becomes decorative wallpaper motifs; a stairwell used as shelter from air raids transforms into a communal reading space. Exploring the collective rhythms and materialities of these conditions, Srouji and Puar conjure the everyday making and remaking of the commons through and against the constraints of siege and containment.The conversation published here took place between March and September 2023, and thus predates the latest phase in the catastrophic violence that has historically defined Israel's relationship to Palestine and the Palestinians. Triggered by an unprecedented and shocking attack by Hamas on 7 October, Israel's genocidal military campaign in Gaza is not an anomaly, but in line with and part and parcel of the systematic ethnic cleansing of the Palestinians and the Apartheid system that the settler colonial state of Israel has relied on for its sustenance since 1948. The questions asked here by Maasri and Toukan, as well as the artworks discussed by Jasbir and Srouji, probe aspects of this very condition that has brought us to the unabashed genocidal violence we are now all witness to today.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Depression during pregnancy is a significant health concern that can lead to a variety of short and long-term complications for mothers. Unfortunately, there is a lack of information available on the prevalence and predictors of prenatal depression in rural eastern Ethiopia. This study assessed prenatal depression and associated factors among pregnant women attending public health facilities in the Babile district, Eastern Ethiopia.METHOD: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 329 pregnant women attending Babile District Public Health Facilities from November 1 to December 30, 2021. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with prenatal depression. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval was used to report the association, and the significance was declared at a p-value<0.05.RESULTS: The prevalence of prenatal depression was 33.1% (95% CI=28.0%, 38.2%). A lower income (AOR=3.85, 95% CI=2.08, 7.13), contraceptive use (AOR=0.53, 95% CI=0.28, 0.98), unintended pregnancy (AOR=2.24, 95% CI=1.27, 3.98), history of depression (AOR=5.09, 95% CI=2.77, 9.35), poor social support (AOR=5.08, 95% CI=2.15, 11.99), and dissatisfied marriage (AOR=2.37, 95% CI=1.30, 4.33) were the factors associated with increased prenatal depression among pregnant women.CONCLUSIONS: One in every three pregnant women in rural eastern Ethiopia had prenatal depression. Monthly income, contraceptive use, pregnancy intention, history of depression, social support, and marriage satisfaction status were the determinants of prenatal depression. Preventing unintended pregnancies by encouraging women to utilize modern contraceptive methods is essential for mitigating and controlling the risks and burdens of prenatal depression and its negative consequences.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic raised not only overwhelming practical challenges but also deep ethical dilemmas for educators. There have been few efforts to connect these challenges to either ethical dilemmas teachers faced in pre-pandemic times or to philosophical analyses of complex normative terrain of teachers' work. We facilitated eleven discussion groups with 101 educators from seven countries on the dilemmas they faced due to COVID-19. Analysis of these sessions reveals how the pandemic amplified, exacerbated and augmented pre-pandemic educational dilemmas in ways that recalibrated teachers' core values and beliefs, and highlights the importance of engaging teachers in ethical dialogue.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: The current applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine continue to attract the attention of medical students. This study aimed to identify undergraduate medical students' attitudes toward AI in medicine, explore present AI-related training opportunities, investigate the need for AI inclusion in medical curricula, and determine preferred methods for teaching AI curricula.METHODS: This study uses a mixed-method cross-sectional design, including a quantitative study and a qualitative study, targeting Palestinian undergraduate medical students in the academic year 2022-2023. In the quantitative part, we recruited a convenience sample of undergraduate medical students from universities in Palestine from June 15, 2022, to May 30, 2023. We collected data by using an online, well-structured, and self-administered questionnaire with 49 items. In the qualitative part, 15 undergraduate medical students were interviewed by trained researchers. Descriptive statistics and an inductive content analysis approach were used to analyze quantitative and qualitative data, respectively.RESULTS: From a total of 371 invitations sent, 362 responses were received (response rate=97.5%), and 349 were included in the analysis. The mean age of participants was 20.38\u00b11.97, with 40.11% (140) in their second year of medical school. Most participants (268, 76.79%) did not receive formal education on AI before or during medical study. About two-thirds of students strongly agreed or agreed that AI would become common in the future (67.9%, 237) and would revolutionize medical fields (68.7%, 240). Participants stated that they had not previously acquired training in the use of AI in medicine during formal medical education (260, 74.5%), confirming a dire need to include AI training in medical curricula (247, 70.8%). Most participants (264, 75.7%) think that learning opportunities for AI in medicine have not been adequate; therefore, it is very important to study more about employing AI in medicine (228, 65.3%). Male students (3.15\u00b10.87) had higher perception scores than female students (2.81\u00b10.86) (p<0.001). The main themes that resulted from the qualitative analysis of the interview questions were an absence of AI learning opportunities, the necessity of including AI in medical curricula, optimism towards the future of AI in medicine, and expected challenges related to AI in medical fields.CONCLUSION: Medical students lack access to educational opportunities for AI in medicine; therefore, AI should be included in formal medical curricula in Palestine.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The parameter-free part PA2 & lowast;\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\textbf{PA}_2<^>*$$\\end{document} of PA2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\textbf{PA}_2$$\\end{document}, second order Peano arithmetic, is considered. We make use of a product/iterated Sacks forcing to define an omega\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\omega $$\\end{document}-model of PA2 & lowast;+CA(Sigma 21)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\textbf{PA}_2<^>*+ \\textbf{CA}(\\Sigma <^>1_2)$$\\end{document}, in which an example of the full Comprehension schema CA\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\textbf{CA}$$\\end{document} fails. Using Cohen's forcing, we also define an omega\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\omega $$\\end{document}-model of PA2 & lowast;\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\textbf{PA}_2<^>*$$\\end{document}, in which not every set has its complement, and hence the full CA\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\textbf{CA}$$\\end{document} fails in a rather elementary way.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Wooden shipwrecks submerged in underwater environments are susceptible to physical and biological corrosion. This study investigates the microscopic morphology and structural composition of barnacles and the wooden surface of the Yangtze Estuary II shipwreck. Analytical techniques, including optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEMEDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier infrared transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), were employed to analyze the corrosion processes. The findings have unveiled a distinct pattern of black corrosion, prominently concentrated within the interface region where barnacles attach to the wooden shipwreck. This corrosion primarily consists of FeS, FeS2 and Fe3 S4 and exhibits a notable tendency to expand along the wooden surface to interior region. Additionally, a striking ultraviolet fluorescence phenomenon emanates from the barnacle cement within the adhesion region of barnacles and the wooden surface. This observation has led to the hypothesis that the origin of this black corrosion is intricately linked to the barnacle cement, its role in biological corrosion, and subsequent biomineralization processes. To conclude, this study provides an intricate account of the microbial corrosion process influenced by barnacle cement in the context of the wooden shipwreck. The research findings offer valuable insights that can serve as a point of reference in identifying the sources of disease and implementing protective measures for waterlogged wooden cultural relics. (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: AIM: Armed conflict remains a tragic feature of the modern world and so it is necessary to continue to study its health impacts. Even the study of historical conflicts is relevant given that certain health impacts are common to most wars e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).METHODS: This study built on a previous quantitative analysis of a randomly selected group of 200 New Zealand veterans from the First World War (WWI). From this sample we selected 10 cases that illustrated particular themes around morbidity impacts.RESULTS: The theme of severity of impacts was illustrated with a case who was severely wounded and died from suicide when back in New Zealand, and another case with severe PTSD. The theme of the high frequency of non-fatal conditions was revealed with cases illustrating new diagnoses (a case with n=8 diagnoses), hospitalisations for new conditions (n=6), non-fatal injury events (n=3) and for sexually transmitted infections (n=3). The theme of chronic debility as a consequence of various conditions was illustrated with cases who had suffered from being gassed or having gastroenteritis, malaria or pandemic influenza.CONCLUSION: These 10 selected cases reiterate how severe and extensive the morbidity burden for military personnel in WWI could be. Also illustrated is how the morbidity could contribute to adverse impacts on some of their lives after returning to New Zealand.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: Leadership models that uphold feminist qualities of mutuality, collaboration, and distribution of power can foster organizational and community success. Utilizing a systems perspective grounded in land-based analogies can assist with understanding the diversity and strength that come from entire ecosystems around wicked social issues. While Indigenous leadership models have supported such perspectives since time immemorial, current and ongoing acts of colonialism driven by patriarchal systems and violent gender-based policies and procedures have eroded matriarchal leadership models that sustained what is now known as Canada for generations. Reflections of two evolving Indigenous women in leadership note the opportunities to reawaken matriarchal values in organizational and community leadership as a powerful act of reconciliation.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the health and economic outcomes of a PCV13 or PCV15 age-based (65years-and-above) vaccination program in Switzerland.INTERVENTIONS: The three vaccination strategies examined were:Target population: All adults aged 65years-and-above. Perspective(s): Switzerland health care payer.TIME HORIZON: 35years. Discount rate: 3.0%. Costing year: 2023 Swiss Francs (CHF).STUDY DESIGN: A static Markov state-transition model.DATA SOURCES: Published literature and publicly available databases or reports.OUTCOME MEASURES: Pneumococcal diseases (PD) i.e., invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) and non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia (NBPP); total quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), total costs and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (CHF/QALY gained).RESULTS: Using an assumed coverage of 60%, the PCV15 strategy prevented a substantially higher number of cases/deaths than the PCV13 strategy when compared to the No vaccination strategy (1,078 IPD; 21,155 NBPP; 493 deaths). The overall total QALYs were 10,364,620 (PCV15), 10,364,070 (PCV13), and 10,362,490 (no vaccination). The associated overall total costs were CHF 741,949,814 (PCV15), CHF 756,051,954 (PCV13) and CHF 698,329,579 (no vaccination). Thus, the PCV13 strategy was strongly dominated by the PCV15 strategy. The ICER of the PCV15 strategy (vs. no vaccination) was CHF 20,479/QALY gained. In two scenario analyses where the vaccine effectiveness for serotype 3 were reduced (75% to 39.3% for IPD; 45% to 23.6% for NBPP) and NBPP incidence was increased (from 1,346 to 1,636/100,000), the resulting ICERs were CHF 29,432 and CHF 13,700/QALY gained, respectively. The deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses demonstrated the robustness of the qualitative results-the estimated ICERs for the PCV15 strategy (vs. No vaccination) were all below CHF 30,000/QALYs gained.CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that using PCV15 among adults aged 65years-and-above can prevent a substantial number of PD cases and deaths while remaining cost-effective over a range of inputs and scenarios.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Thibaut Brunet is a group leader at the Institut Pasteur in Paris, France, where he works on choanoflagellates (known as 'choanos' for short). These unicellular organisms are close relatives of animals that have the potential to form multicellular assemblies under certain conditions, and Thibaut's lab are leveraging them to gain insights into how animal morphogenesis evolved. We met with Thibaut over Zoom to discuss his career path so far, and learnt how an early interest in dinosaurs contributed to his life-long fascination with evolutionary biology.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Industrial cities are hotspots for many hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), which are detrimental to human health. We devised an identification method to determine priority HAP monitoring areas using a comprehensive approach involving monitoring, modeling, and demographics. The methodology to identify the priority HAP monitoring area consists of two parts: (1) mapping the spatial distribution of selected categories relevant to the target pollutant and (2) integrating the distribution maps of various categories and subsequent scoring. The identification method was applied in Ulsan, the largest industrial city in South Korea, to identify priority HAP monitoring areas. Four categories related to HAPs were used in the method: (1) concentrations of HAPs, (2) amount of HAP emissions, (3) the contribution of industrial activities, and (4) population density in the city. This method can be used to select priority HAP monitoring areas for intensive monitoring campaigns, cohort studies, and epidemiological studies.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Understanding the rainfall-triggering mechanisms influencing loess landslides and developing targeted prevention and control strategies are critical challenges in engineering. This study focused on a representative landslide-prone area in Huxian County, Xi'an, China, and field experiments involving artificial rainfall simulations were conducted. Utilizing the annual rainfall statistics for Huxian County, three distinct rainfall scenarios-light, moderate, and heavy-were established. The aim was to explore the correlation between internal pore water pressure and temporal and depth-related changes during the postrainfall stage. At the same time, reflective patches were placed on the slope and total stations were used to monitor the impact of different rainfall intensities on slope displacement. Based on the field data, a three-dimensional simulation validation was executed using Surfer software. Our findings suggest that increasing rainfall intensity directly correlates with higher internal pore water pressure. As the rainfall persisted, the daily amplitude of pore water pressure initially surged before moderating, ultimately exhibiting a logarithmic trend with depth. The effective influence depths of the daily amplitude of pore water pressure during light, moderate, and heavy rainfall stages were found to be 1.6, 2.2, and 5.0 m, respectively. Following cessation of the rainfall, the surface pore water pressure underwent substantial change, and the daily amplitude rapidly declined before stabilizing. Slope displacement consistently increased from the summit to the base throughout the rainfall stages, with the base being most susceptible to sliding instability. The maximum displacement at the foot of the slope was in Columns 3-5, with a maximum displacement value of 1,158 mm. Proximity to the slope's base correlated with greater gravitational and downward forces. Specific maximum displacement values were recorded at different locations along the slope, revealing the most significant changes along the slope's centerline. This work will contribute to the effective management and landslide prevention of loess slopes.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In this research work, a novel fuzzy data transformation technique has been proposed and applied to the hormonal imbalance dataset. Hormonal imbalance is ubiquitously found principally in females of reproductive age which ultimately leads to numerous related medical conditions. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of them. Treatment along with adopting a healthy lifestyle is advised to mitigate its consequences on the quality of life. The biological dataset of hormonal imbalance PCOS provides limited results that is whether the syndrome is present or not. Also, there are input variables that contain binary responses only, to deal with this conundrum, a novel fuzzy data transformation technique has been developed and applied to them thus leading to their fuzzy transformation which provides a broader spectrum to diagnose PCOS. Due to this, the output variable has also been transformed. Hence, a novel fuzzy transformation technique has been employed due to the limitation of the dataset leading to the transition of binary classification output into three classes. An adaptive fuzzy machine learning logic model is developed in which the inference of the transformed biological dataset is performed by the machine learning techniques that provide the fuzzy output. Machine learning techniques have also been applied to the untransformed biological dataset. Both implementations have been compared by computation of the relevant metrics. Machine learning employment on untransformed biological dataset provides limited results whether the syndrome is present or absent however machine learning on fuzzy transformed biological dataset provides a broader spectrum of diagnosis consisting of a third class depicting that PCOS might be present which would ultimately alert a patient to take preventive measures to minimize the chances of syndrome development in future.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients show age-related decreases in the ability to perform activities of daily living and the decline in these activities is related to the severity of neurobiological deterioration underlying the disease. The 5xFAD mouse model of AD shows age-related impairments in sensory- motor and cognitive function, but little is known about changes in species-typical behaviours that may model activities of daily living in AD patients. Therefore, we examined species-typical behaviours used as indices of exploration (rearing) and compulsivity (grooming) across six tests of anxiety-like behaviour or motor function in female 5xFAD mice from 3 to 16 months of age. Robust decreases in rearing were found in 5xFAD mice across all tests after 9 months of age, although few differences were observed in grooming. A fine-scale analysis of grooming, however, revealed a previously unresolved and spatially restricted pattern of grooming in 5xFAD mice at 13-16 months of age. We then examined changes in species-typical behaviours in the home-cage, and show impaired nest building in 5xFAD mice at all ages tested. Lastly, we examined the relationship between reduced species typical behaviours in 5xFAD mice and the presentation of freezing behaviour, a commonly used measure of memory for conditioned fear. These results showed that along with cognitive and sensory-motor behaviour, 5xFAD mice have robust age-related impairments in species-typical behaviours. Therefore, species typical behaviours in 5xFAD mice may help to model the decline in activities of daily living observed in AD patients, and may provide useful behavioural phenotypes for evaluating the pre-clinical efficacy of novel therapeutics for AD.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Mohs Micrographic Surgery (MMS) is effective for treating common cutaneous malignancies, but complex repairs may often present challenges for reconstruction. This paper explores the potential of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting in MMS, offering superior outcomes compared to traditional methods. 3D printing technologies show promise in advancing skin regeneration and refining surgical techniques in dermatologic surgery. A PubMed search was conducted using the following keywords: Three-dimensional bioprinting OR 3-D printing AND Mohs OR Mohs surgery OR Surgery. Peer-reviewed English articles discussing medical applications of 3D bioprinting were included, while non-peer-reviewed and non-English articles were excluded. Patients using 3D MMS models had lower anxiety scores (3.00 to 1.7, p<0.0001) and higher knowledge assessment scores (5.59 or 93.25% correct responses), indicating better understanding of their procedure. Surgical residents using 3D models demonstrated improved proficiency in flap reconstructions (p=0.002) and knowledge assessment (p=0.001). Additionally, 3D printing offers personalized patient care through tailored surgical guides and anatomical models, reducing intraoperative time while enhancing surgical. Concurrently, efforts in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are being explored as potential alternatives to address organ donor shortages, eliminating autografting needs. However, challenges like limited training and technological constraints persist. Integrating optical coherence tomography with 3D bioprinting may expedite grafting, but challenges remain in pre-printing grafts for complex cases. Regulatory and ethical considerations are paramount for patient safety, and further research is needed to understand long-term effects and cost-effectiveness. While promising, significant advancements are necessary for full utilization in MMS.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: Soil is a complex material that exhibits both spatial variability and anisotropy. For simplicity, the traditional approach for analyzing slope stability often assumes that soil is homogeneous or isotropic, which can lead to an overestimation of slope stability and reliability. To address this issue, a novel approach is proposed in this study that uses an anisotropic yield criterion based on the random finite-element method to evaluate the influence of strength anisotropy on slope stability, while accounting for the influence of spatial variability on reliability. The proposed approach is applied to a typical case of slope reliability analysis. It is shown that the results of the proposed approach are consistent with those of previous studies and OPTUM G2 outcomes. The assessment involves determining the safety factors for both homogeneous and anisotropic conditions, while also taking into account the probability of failure in the presence of spatial variability. It is found that strength anisotropy significantly affects slope stability and reliability, as the factor of safety decreases from 1.255 to 1.037 and the probability of failure increases from 3.5% to 52.1% when considering strength anisotropy (n=0.707, xi=11.25 degrees). In addition, a sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the influence of slope geometric parameters, strength anisotropic parameters, and spatial variability parameters on slope stability and reliability.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In European painting, a transition took place where artists started to consciously introduce blurred or soft contours in their works. There may have been several reasons for this. One suggestion in art historical literature is that this may have been done to create a stronger sense of volume in the depicted figuresor objects. Here we describe four experiments in which we tried to test whether soft or blurred contours do indeed enhance a sense volume or depth. In the first three experiments, we found that, for both paintings and abstract shapes, three dimensionality was actually decreased instead of increased for blurred (and line) contours, in comparison with sharp contours. In the last experiment, we controlled for the position of the blur (on the lit or dark side) and found that blur on the lit side evoked a stronger impression of three dimensionality. Overall, the experiments robustly show that an art historical conjecture that a blurred contour increases three dimensionality is not granted. Because the blurred contours can be found in many established art works such as from Leonardo and Vermeer, there must be other rationales behind this use than the creation of a stronger sense of volume or depth.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: PurposeElucidating on the concrete outline of conservation of resource theory, this study aims to explore the links between work-family conflict and workplace thriving. In particular, this study has integrated depersonalization as a mediator and tested the moderated mediation effects of intrinsic motivation in work-family conflict and depersonalization relationships.Design/methodology/approachData were collected using a sample of 357 doctors working across various public hospitals in India over two waves (T1 and T2) and was tested using AMOS and Process Macros.FindingsExploration reveals that work-family conflict is negatively associated with workplace thriving. The mediating role of depersonalization in between work-family conflict and workplace thriving was established. Moreover, the moderating role of intrinsic motivation in work-family conflict and workplace thriving via depersonalization was also established.Originality/valueThe present study makes a theoretical addition to the literature by investigating nuances through which work-family conflict relationships and thriving at the workplace can be affected. To date, such a relationship has not been established. The study also extends the role of depersonalization as an underlying mechanism between work-family conflict and workplace thriving, making an imperative contribution. This study also tested the moderating role of intrinsic motivation. Overall, these relationships are novel and have been seldom reported.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Importance National data on the development of competence during training have been reported using the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Milestones system. It is now possible to consider longitudinal analyses that link Milestone ratings during training to patient outcomes data of recent graduates. Objective To evaluate the association of in-training ACGME Milestone ratings in a surgical specialty with subsequent complication rates following a commonly performed operation, endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). Design, Setting, and Participants This study of patient outcomes followed EVAR in the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) registry (4213 admissions from 208 hospitals treated by 327 surgeons). All surgeons included in this study graduated from ACGME-accredited training programs from 2015 through 2019 and had Milestone ratings 6 months prior to graduation. Data were analyzed from December 1, 2021, through September 15, 2023. Because Milestone ratings can vary with program, they were corrected for program effect using a deviation score from the program mean. Exposure Milestone ratings assigned to individual trainees 6 months prior to graduation, based on judgments of surgical competence. Main Outcomes and Measures Surgical complications following EVAR for patients treated by recent graduates during the index hospitalization, obtained using the nationwide Society for Vascular Surgery Patient Safety Organization's VQI registry, which includes 929 participating centers in 49 US states. Results The study included outcomes for 4213 patients (mean [SD] age, 73.25 [8.74] years; 3379 male participants [80.2%]). Postoperative complications included 9.5% major (400 of 4213 cases) and 30.2% minor (1274 of 4213 cases) complications. After adjusting for patient risk factors and site of training, a significant association was identified between individual Milestone ratings of surgical trainees and major complications in early surgical practice in programs with lower mean Milestone ratings (odds ratio, 0.50; 95% CI; 0.27-0.95). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, Milestone assessments of surgical trainees were associated with subsequent clinical outcomes in their early career. Although these findings represent one surgical specialty, they suggest Milestone ratings can be used in any specialty to identify trainees at risk for future adverse patient outcomes when applying the same theory and methodology. Milestones data should inform data-driven educational interventions and trainee remediation to optimize future patient outcomes.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVES: In middle-income countries, poor physician-patient communication remains a recognized barrier to enhancing healthcare quality and patient satisfaction. This study investigates the influence of provider-patient communication skills on healthcare quality and patient satisfaction in the rural primary healthcare setting in China.METHODS: Data were collected from 504 interactions across 348 rural primary healthcare facilities spanning 21 counties in three provinces. Using the Standardized Patient method, this study measured physician-patient communication behaviors, healthcare quality, and patient satisfaction. Communication skills were assessed using the SEGUE questionnaire framework. Multivariate linear regression models and multivariate logistic regression models, accounting for fixed effects, were employed to evaluate the impact of physicians' communication skills on healthcare quality and patient satisfaction.RESULTS: The findings indicated generally low provider-patient communication skills, with an average total score of 12.2\u00b12.8 (out of 24). Multivariate regression models, which accounted for physicians' knowledge and other factors, demonstrated positive associations between physicians' communication skills and healthcare quality, as well as patient satisfaction (P<0.05). Heterogeneity analysis revealed stronger correlations among primary physicians with lower levels of clinical knowledge or more frequent training.CONCLUSION: This study emphasizes the importance of prioritizing provider-patient communication skills to enhance healthcare quality and patient satisfaction in rural Chinese primary care settings. It recommends that the Chinese government prioritize the enhancement of provider-patient communication skills to improve healthcare quality and patient satisfaction.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Straw returning can enhance crop yield, promote soil organic carbon sequestration, and support sustainable crop production. However, straw management techniques, such as straw mulching (SR-M) and straw incorporation (SR-I), can significantly elevate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This meta-analysis synthesizes data from 217 studies to explore the effects of different straw management approaches on mitigating GHG emissions in agricultural settings. The analysis reveals that SR-I (129.39 %) had a more pronounced impact on CH4 emissions than SR-M (14.86 %), but SR-M (18.47 %) had a more significant impact on N2O emissions than SR-I (7.76 %). Notably, SR-I had a greater impact on soil carbon content than SR-M. The effect of straw returning on CH4 and N2O emissions varied under different climatic conditions, management practices, and initial soil properties. Specifically, under conditions characterized by a mean annual temperature (MAT) <= 14 degrees C, mean annual precipitation (MAP) > 800 mm, initial soil organic carbon (SOCi) <= 14 g kg(-1), initial soil total nitrogen (TNi) <= 1.2 g kg(-1), and soil pH > 6, with straw returning amounts (SRA) <= 6000 kg ha(-1), nitrogen application rate (NAR) > 200 kg ha(-1), straw returning duration > 3 years, and maize, rice, wheat-maize, or wheat-rice as the cultivated crop, SR-M had a lesser impact on CH4 and N2O emissions than conditions under other environmental and management measures. Under conditions characterized by MAT <= 14 degrees C, MAP <= 800 mm, SOCi > 14 g kg(-1), TNi > 1.2 g kg(-1), and soil pH > 8, with SRA > 6000 kg ha(-1), straw returning duration > 3 years, and wheat as the cultivated crop, SR-I had a lesser impact on CH4 and N2O emissions than conditions under other environmental and management measures. Furthermore, deep straw incorporation (SR-I-deep, straw mixed with 20-40 cm deep soil) did not significantly affect CH4 and N2O emissions, suggesting its potential for widespread adoption. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing straw management practices and reducing GHG emissions in farmland ecosystems.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: In European painting, a transition took place where artists started to consciously introduce blurred or soft contours in their works. There may have been several reasons for this. One suggestion in art historical literature is that this may have been done to create a stronger sense of volume in the depicted figuresor objects. Here we describe four experiments in which we tried to test whether soft or blurred contours do indeed enhance a sense volume or depth. In the first three experiments, we found that, for both paintings and abstract shapes, three dimensionality was actually decreased instead of increased for blurred (and line) contours, in comparison with sharp contours. In the last experiment, we controlled for the position of the blur (on the lit or dark side) and found that blur on the lit side evoked a stronger impression of three dimensionality. Overall, the experiments robustly show that an art historical conjecture that a blurred contour increases three dimensionality is not granted. Because the blurred contours can be found in many established art works such as from Leonardo and Vermeer, there must be other rationales behind this use than the creation of a stronger sense of volume or depth.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The ever-increasing demand for data traffic in recent decades has pushed network operators to give importance to the aspect of infrastructure control to facilitate its scalability and maximize its capacity. A generic lightpath (LP) is deployed starting from a traffic request between a given pair of nodes in a network. LPs are operated in the network based on an estimate of the quality of transmission (QoT), which is derived from the physical layer characteristics of a selected route. Regardless of the model used to estimate QoT, it is necessary to calibrate the model to maximize its accuracy and define minimum design margins. The model calibration process depends significantly on the type of data that can be collected in the field (i.e., type of metric, resolution) and therefore on the available monitoring devices. In this work, a systematic evaluation of the QoT estimation is carried out on a multi-span erbium-doped-fiber-amplified optical line system (OLS) using in the first case only total power monitors and in the second experimentally emulating optical channel monitors (OCMs). Given the type of monitoring devices available, three different physical models are calibrated, and six optimization methods are used to define the optimal configuration of the target gain and tilt parameters of the optical amplifiers, jointly optimizing the working point of all amplifiers (global approach) or proceeding span by span (local approach). Subsequently, the OLS was set in each configuration obtained, and the generalized signal-to-noise ratio (GSNR) profile was measured at the end. (c) 2024 Optica Publishing Group", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: Zooarchaeological research all over Europe has suggested a generalised pattern of livestock size decrease during the transition between the Roman times and the Early Middle Ages. Different reasons have been proposed to explain this pattern, including a change in management and feeding practices, in the context of a shift of animal husbandry from large to small scale production. This paper is based on faunal material from Roman and early medieval Augusta Raurica, north-western Switzerland, and provides a first attempt to test this hypothesis, by combining zooarchaeological information (taxonomic frequencies and biometrical analysis) and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data from bone collagen of cattle and pig. The results suggest important changes in livestock management, such as a shift towards pig husbandry, and evidence for increased use of pannage and forest pastures has been found.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is prevalent among veterans, and excessive alcohol use is associated with significant mental and physical health consequences. Currently, the largest cohort of veterans seeking services at the VA are those from the 1990s Gulf War Era. This cohort of veterans is unique due to the nature of their deployment resulting in a myriad of unexplained symptoms collectively known as Gulf War Illness and higher rates of mental health problems. The present study sought to examine the association between probable AUD and mental health treatment utilization in a sample of 1126 (882 male) Gulf War-era veterans.METHODS: Veterans completed a self-report survey including the AUDIT-C, questions about mental health treatment engagement, and demographic questions.RESULTS: Results demonstrated that approximately 20% of the sample screened positive for probable AUD, determined by standard AUDIT-C cutoff scores. Among those screening positive for AUD, 25% reported engaging in mental health treatment in the past year. Veterans with probable AUD who use VA care had 3.8 times the odds of receiving mental health services than veterans not using VA care. Use of mental health services was associated with mental health comorbidity and identifying as Black/African American.CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study highlight a significant unmet need for mental health treatment among Gulf War-era veterans with AUD.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to explore the change in physicians' hypertension treatment behavior before and after the reform of the capitation in county medical community.METHODS: Spanning from January 2014 to December 2019, monthly data of outpatient and inpatient were gathered before and after the implementation of the reform in April 2015. We employed interrupted time series analysis method to scrutinize the instantaneous level and slope changes in the indicators associated with physicians' behavior.RESULTS: Several indicators related to physicians' behavior demonstrated enhancement. After the reform, medical cost per visit for inpatient exhibited a reverse trajectory (-53.545, 95%CI: -78.620 to -28.470, p<0.01). The rate of change in outpatient drug combination decelerated (0.320, 95%CI: 0.149 to 0.491, p<0.01). The ratio of infusion declined for both outpatient and inpatient cases (-0.107, 95%CI: -0.209 to -0.004, p<0.1; -0.843, 95%CI: -1.154 to -0.532, p<0.01). However, the results revealed that overall medical cost per visit and drug proportion for outpatient care continued their initial upward trend. After the reform, the decline of drug proportion for outpatient care was less pronounced compared to the period prior to the reform, and length of stay also had a similar trend.CONCLUSION: To some extent, capitation under the county medical community encourages physicians to control the cost and adopt a more standardized diagnosis and treatment behavior. This study provides evidence to consider the impact of policy changes on physicians' behavior when designing payment methods and healthcare systems aimed at promoting PHC.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Leadership models that uphold feminist qualities of mutuality, collaboration, and distribution of power can foster organizational and community success. Utilizing a systems perspective grounded in land-based analogies can assist with understanding the diversity and strength that come from entire ecosystems around wicked social issues. While Indigenous leadership models have supported such perspectives since time immemorial, current and ongoing acts of colonialism driven by patriarchal systems and violent gender-based policies and procedures have eroded matriarchal leadership models that sustained what is now known as Canada for generations. Reflections of two evolving Indigenous women in leadership note the opportunities to reawaken matriarchal values in organizational and community leadership as a powerful act of reconciliation.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: Increasingly, research demonstrates economic benefits of tobacco cessation in cancer care, as seen in a new study by Kypriotakis and colleagues of the MD Anderson cessation program, demonstrating median health care cost savings of $1,095 per patient over 3 months. While the cost-effectiveness of tobacco cessation programs from a hospital perspective is important, implementation decisions in a predominantly fee-for-service system, such as in the United States, too often insufficiently value this outcome. Economic barriers, stakeholder disincentives, and payment models all impact program implementation. Combining economic evaluation with implementation research, including assessment of return-on-investment, may enhance sustainability and inform decision-making in cancer care settings. See related article by Kypriotakis et al., p. 217.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Certain people occupy topological positions within social networks that enhance their effectiveness at inducing spillovers. We mapped face-to-face networks among 24,702 people in 176 isolated villages in Honduras and randomly assigned villages to targeting methods, varying the fraction of households receiving a 22-month health education package and the method by which households were chosen (randomly versus using the friendship-nomination algorithm). We assessed 117 diverse knowledge, attitude, and practice outcomes. Friendship-nomination targeting reduced the number of households needed to attain specified levels of village-wide uptake. Knowledge spread more readily than behavior, and spillovers extended to two degrees of separation. Outcomes that were intrinsically easier to adopt also manifested greater spillovers. Network targeting using friendship nomination effectively promotes population-wide improvements in welfare through social contagion.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: Between the sixth and fifteenth c. CE, a vast expanse of central and southern Sudan belonged to the kingdom of Alwa, ruled from the urban metropolis of Soba. Renewed investigation of the city unearthed a small cemetery in the northern part of the site. The heterogeneity of burial practices raised some questions as to the cultural and religious affinities of the deceased and suggested potential multiculturalism of the local urban population. We applied isotopic analyses to investigate the origins of the people buried at Cemetery OS and their concomitant ways of life. Non-concordance of 87Sr/86Sr and delta 18O values with local hydro-geological background speaks to the mixing of water sources as a result of residential mobility. The concordance of human and faunal strontium and oxygen results, combined with elevated delta 13C values corresponding to almost exclusive reliance on C4 produce, points to the possibility of seasonal movement of people with their herds between the Nile valley and the adjacent grasslands. Despite the turn of the medieval Nubian economy towards settled agriculture, by revealing the granular specificities of human adaptation in challenging ecosystems, our results produce the first insight into the enduring diversification of economic production, even in urbanized settings, and persisting participation of local peoples in agro-pastoral symbiosis.Entre le VIe et le XVe s. CE, une vaste etendue du centre et du sud du Soudan appartenait au royaume d'Alwa, gouverne depuis la metropole urbaine de Soba. Une nouvelle enquete sur la ville a mis au jour un petit cimetiere dans la partie nord du site. L'heterogeneite des pratiques funeraires a souleve certaines questions quant aux affinites culturelles et religieuses des defunts et a suggere un potentiel multiculturalisme de la population urbaine locale. Nous avons applique des analyses isotopiques pour etudier les origines des personnes enterrees au cimetiere OS et leurs modes de vie concomitants. La non-concordance des valeurs de 87Sr/86Sr et delta 18O avec le contexte hydrogeologique local temoigne d'un melange de sources d'eau resultant de la mobilite residentielle. La concordance des resultats humains et fauniques en strontium et en oxygene, combinee aux valeurs elevees de delta 13C correspondant a une dependance presque exclusive aux produits C4, indique la possibilite de mouvements saisonniers de personnes et de leurs troupeaux entre la vallee du Nil et les prairies adjacentes. Malgre le tournant de l'economie nubienne medievale vers une agriculture sedentaire, en revelant les specificites granulaires de l'adaptation humaine dans des ecosystemes difficiles, nos resultats donnent le premier apercu de la diversification durable de la production economique, meme dans les contextes urbanises, et de la participation persistante des populations locales a l'agriculture. symbiose agro-pastorale.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: V & amacr;dany & amacr;ya is one of the representative works of Dharmak & imacr;rti. It is concerned with debate logic and deals with win-or-lose reasoning rules in the broad sense of logic. In this paper, we will concentrate our discussion on Dharmak & imacr;rti's theory of nigrahasth & amacr;na (fault) in his debate logic, a key issue in V & amacr;dany & amacr;ya. First, we point out that the justification of three logical reasons as proof conditions of debate constitutes the rational point of departure for Dharmak & imacr;rti's debate logic. Second, we analyze the differences between Dharmak & imacr;rti's and the Naiy & amacr;yika's notion of debate and point out that Dharmak & imacr;rti's 'debate' involves two parties (the disputant and the opponent) attempting to rationally refute the other's opinion to persuade the other to change their wrong ideas. Last, based on the discussion of Dharmak & imacr;rti's concept of debate logic, we identify seven types of nigrahasth & amacr;na in V & amacr;dany & amacr;ya with regard to the two parties of a debate (the disputant and the opponent).", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: The potential scale of industrial outputs in the ancient world is often underestimated in current archaeological studies due to the lack of surviving artifacts for validation of the production scale. However, production traces left on extant artifacts can help us reconstruct production methods, and thus reveal the potential scale of production outputs of certain industries, even although there may not be a sufficient number of existing artifacts to demonstrate such volumes. The bronze bell casting industry operating in around 500 BCE in Xinzheng in Henan province, China, can be used as an example to demonstrate the then use by bell casters of the pattern-block method to efficiently create multiple bells sharing identical components. With their strong focus on efficiency, production speed, and low production costs, these casters intelligently designed assembly lines and assembled identical components replicated from models to prepare molds for casting. Knowledge of their production methods and currently preserved bells can provide evidence that the bell casting industry produced industrial outputs on a massive scale that was rare in the ancient world. This article also shows how innovative methods such as 3D model superimposition can be used to validate these hypotheses.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This paper is concerned with a kind of Bobwhite quail population model x n + 1 = A + B x n + x n x n - 1 x n - 2 , n = 0 , 1 , \u22ef , where the parameters and initial values are positive parabolic fuzzy numbers. According to g-division of fuzzy sets and based on the symmetrical parabolic fuzzy numbers, the conditional stability of this model is proved. Besides the existence, boundedness and persistence of its unique positive fuzzy solution. When some fuzzy stability conditions are satisfied, the model evolution exhibits oscillations with return to a fixed fuzzy equilibrium no matter what the initial value is. This phenomena provided a vivid counterexample to Allee effect in density-dependent populations of organisms. As a supplement, two numerical examples with data-table are interspersed to illustrate the effectiveness. Our findings have been verified precise with collected northern bobwhite data in Texas, and will help to form some efficient density estimates for wildlife populations of universal applications.", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: In this study, we examined the ethical implications of Egypt's new clinical trial law, employing the ethical framework proposed by Emanuel et al. and comparing it to various national and supranational laws. This analysis is crucial as Egypt, considered a high-growth pharmaceutical market, has become an attractive location for clinical trials, offering insights into the ethical implementation of bioethical regulations in a large population country with a robust healthcare infrastructure and predominantly treatment-naive patients.METHODS: We conducted a comparative analysis of Egyptian law with regulations from Sweden and France, including the EU Clinical Trials Regulation, considering ethical human subject research criteria, and used a directed approach to qualitative content analysis to examine the laws and regulations. This study involved extensive peer scrutiny, frequent debriefing sessions, and collaboration with legal experts with relevant international legal expertise to ensure rigorous analysis and interpretation of the laws.RESULTS: On the rating of the seven different principles (social and scientific values, scientific validity, fair selection of participants, risk-benefit ratio, independent review, informed consent and respect for participants) Egypt, France, and EU regulations had comparable scores. Specific principles (Social Value, Scientific Value, and Fair selection of participants) were challenging to directly identify due to certain regulations embodying 'implicit' principles more than explicitly stated ones.CONCLUSION: The analysis underscores Egypt's alignment with internationally recognized ethical principles, as outlined by Emanuel et al., through its comparison with French, Swedish, and EU regulations, emphasizing the critical need for Egypt to continuously refine its ethical regulations to safeguard participant protection and research integrity. Key issues identified include the necessity to clarify and standardize the concept of social value in research, alongside concerns regarding the expertise and impartiality of ethical review boards, pointing towards a broader agenda for enhancing research ethics in Egypt and beyond.", "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This essay contrasts and explores the complementarity between routinizing modes of valuation (relating money tokens to monetary value) that predominate in the contemporary global north with scrutinizing modes found in the past and on the periphery of more familiar forms. The former treat the relationship between pecuniary media and money value as independent from the physical condition of specific money tokens which are held to be universally fungible. By contrast, the latter foreground the characteristics of notes and coins as singularized objects that exist within and are potentially reconfigured semiotically by the workings of time upon their physical surfaces. Scrutinizing modes may in turn be divided between systems that seek pristine money tokens that elide their own historicity and those that treat wear and tear as indexical of previous instances of successful valuation. Ultimately the essay identifies three provisional ideal typical modes for practices of money's valuation. Two of these, the systems of routinization in the contemporary global north and of circulation-focal scrutinization, might be taken to be antithetical. By contrast, the third, the hybrid routinizing-scrutinizing model(s) we encounter on the peripheries of the contemporary state-money system or anywhere confidence about money's value starts to break down highlights the potential coexistence and complementarity of different monies within a single disjunctive system. Such complementarity often takes the form of routinized low value and scrutinized high value currencies, yet local, historically sedimented practices are foremost in the formation of such hybrid forms. Examples are drawn from nineteenth century America and China and from contemporary Southeast Asia.", + "input": "Abstract: The article focuses on the stratigraphy of the late Byzantine pavement of the Southwest Church, Umm el-Jimal, Jordan and the production technology of their mortars by applying thin section petrography, x-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS). Investigations revealed the similarity between the studied pavement and standard Roman mosaic pavements. The pavement consists of four layers (statumen, rudus, nucleus and bedding), but lacks the tessellatum layer. The statumen was constructed using large stones and then leveled by soil and pebbles, while the other three layers are composed of lime-based mortars formed by two different recipes. The white-beige non-hydraulic mortar of the bedding layer consists of a lime binder and aggregates of scoria and organic fibers, and a Binder:Aggregate (B:A) ratio of 1:2. The grey hydraulic mortars of the rudus and nucleus are mixtures of lime and silica-rich silt/clay, fine sand, volcanic rocks, ceramics, and charcoal; and B:A ratios of 1:4. The rudus and nucleus mortars have high values of hydraulic and cementation indices, reflecting their hydraulic properties, which most probably originated from the reaction between lime, ceramic and volcanic inclusions. In contrast, lack of ceramic and absence of the reactions between lime and scoria of the bedding layer probably produced a mortar with low values of hydraulic and cementation indices, but durable and resistant to weight load.", "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The years 1838-1924 in colonial India saw the first organized exodus of around 1.5 million. These emigrants were employed as indentured laborers in the various plantations owned by the Empire. Along with the people, what migrated were objects like clothes and jewelry. While some of these items were provided by the plantation regimes, others were brought by the emigrants. Though there have been studies about the lives on the plantations, the marine lives of the travelers and their personal belongings have been neglected. Objects such as clothes and jewelry not only have cultural significance but also form part of the emigrants' memory. This article critically analyses the usage of cultural artifacts as floating signifiers and how these artifacts are altered with a change of setting. Building on the ideas of Bhabha, Skinner, and others, this article aims to understand the role of material possessions in the lives of the plantation workers. The narratives discussed allow readers to witness changes in the role of materials like clothes and jewelry accompanying the emigrants on their voyage to the plantations.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: We submitted a joint response to the Competition and Markets Authority's (CMA) consultation on its proposed market investigation into the UK veterinary services market for pets in April, following the initial review, which outlined a number of concerns.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Attentional reorienting is dysfunctional not only in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but also in infants who will develop ASD, thus constituting a potential causal factor of future social interaction and communication abilities. Following the research domain criteria framework, we hypothesized that the presence of subclinical autistic traits in parents should lead to atypical infants' attentional reorienting, which in turn should impact on their future socio-communication behavior in toddlerhood. During an attentional cueing task, we measured the saccadic latencies in a large sample (total enrolled n=89; final sample n=71) of 8-month-old infants from the general population as a proxy for their stimulus-driven attention. Infants were grouped in a high parental traits (HPT; n=23) or in a low parental traits (LPT; n=48) group, according to the degree of autistic traits self-reported by their parents. Infants (n=33) were then longitudinally followed to test their socio-communicative behaviors at 21months. Results show a sluggish reorienting system, which was a longitudinal predictor of future socio-communicative skills at 21months. Our combined transgenerational and longitudinal findings suggest that the early functionality of the stimulus-driven attentional network-redirecting attention from one event to another-could be directly connected to future social and communication development.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: Working-class first-generation (FG) college students are underrepresented in higher education and STEM. Using a longitudinal quasi-experiment, we tested the impacts of a living learning community (LLC) in the biological sciences on FG students in their first year of college (Semester 1: N=243; Semester 2: N=199), across three cohorts (2018-2019, 2019-2020 and 2020-2021). Participation in the LLC enhanced FG students' belonging, confidence, motivation, grades, knowledge of the social relevance of biology, and reduced STEM anxiety compared to a control group of FG students not in an LLC. LLC participation also increased retention in biological science majors one-year post-intervention compared to the control FG group. Moreover, LLC participation closed the academic gap between FG students in the LLC and honors students from college-educated families in a separate honors LLC. Benefits of the LLC intervention remained stable despite the COVID-19 pandemic, when living together became impossible, producing positive effects across cohorts from pre-pandemic to in-pandemic. Our results suggest that affinity-based learning communities-with or without shared housing-in the transition to college enhance academic thriving, persistence, and reduce social class driven achievement gaps in STEM.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, has been witnessed as a rapidly escalating worldwide health crisis. China currently had 140.9 million diabetic population in 2021, which was the largest globally. DM has witnessed a significant surge in the past few decades, leading to an alarming rise in the overall burden caused by this disease. To monitor the near real-time DM prevalence and the consumption of first-line anti-diabetic drugs, a wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach based on the back-calculation of metformin concentration was implemented in 237 cities in China. The quantitative analysis of metformin in wastewater was conducted by LC-MS/MS with satisfactory results of method validation. The average concentration of metformin in wastewater was 14.07\u00b113.16mug/L, and the per capita consumption was 5.16\u00b12.08mg/day/inh, ranging from 0.90 to 10.36\u00b14.63mg/day/inh. The calculated metformin prevalence was found to be 0.52%\u00b10.28%, and the final estimated DM prevalence was 11.33%\u00b14.99%, which was nearly consistent with the result of the International Diabetes Federation survey of 9.98%. The results suggested that metformin might be one of the suitable WBE biomarkers in DM monitoring and WBE strategy could potentially enable the estimation of DM prevalence in most of Chinese cities after reasonable correction of associated parameters.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: Industrial cities are hotspots for many hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), which are detrimental to human health. We devised an identification method to determine priority HAP monitoring areas using a comprehensive approach involving monitoring, modeling, and demographics. The methodology to identify the priority HAP monitoring area consists of two parts: (1) mapping the spatial distribution of selected categories relevant to the target pollutant and (2) integrating the distribution maps of various categories and subsequent scoring. The identification method was applied in Ulsan, the largest industrial city in South Korea, to identify priority HAP monitoring areas. Four categories related to HAPs were used in the method: (1) concentrations of HAPs, (2) amount of HAP emissions, (3) the contribution of industrial activities, and (4) population density in the city. This method can be used to select priority HAP monitoring areas for intensive monitoring campaigns, cohort studies, and epidemiological studies.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Contemporary estimates of diabetes mellitus (DM) rates in pregnancy are lacking in Canada. Accordingly, this study examined trends in the rates of type 1 (T1DM), type 2 (T2DM) and gestational (GDM) DM in Canada over a 15-year period, and selected adverse pregnancy outcomes.METHODS: This study used repeated cross-sectional data from the Canadian Institute of Health Information (CIHI) hospitalization discharge abstract database (DAD). Maternal delivery records were linked to their respective birth records from 2006 to 2019. The prevalence of T1DM, T2DM and GDM were calculated, including relative changes over time, assessed by a Cochrane-Armitage test. Also assessed were differences between provinces and territories in the prevalence of DM.RESULTS: Over the 15-year study period, comprising 4,320,778 hospital deliveries in Canada, there was a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of GDM and T1DM and T2DM. Compared to pregnancies without DM, all pregnancies with any form of DM had higher rates of hypertension and Caesarian delivery, and also adverse infant outcomes, including major congenital anomalies, preterm birth and large-for-gestational age birthweight.CONCLUSION: Among 4.3million pregnancies in Canada, there has been a rise in the prevalence of DM. T2DM and GDM are expected to increase further as more overweight women conceive in Canada.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: Coastal seas are important pools of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) discharged from land. Considering the complex conditions in coastal seas and various biochemical features of POPs, special temporal-spatial variations in POPs have been reported. To understand these variations, we developed a three-dimensional hydrodynamic-ecosystem-POP coupled model and applied it to the Yellow Sea. We selected two POP species (polychlorinated biphenyl congener 153 (PCB-153) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209)), which have different biochemical properties, as target materials. The dissolved PCB-153 simulated concentration was high in late spring and low in autumn, whereas that of BDE-209 was high in summer and low in winter. Both PCB-153 and BDE-209 showed high particle-bound concentrations in early spring. In summer, dissolved PCB-153 accumulated at the sea bottom, whereas dissolved BDE-209 accumulated at the sea surface. Seasonal and spatial variation differences in the two POPs are likely caused by greater Henry's Law Constant (H') and bioconcentration factor (BCF) of PCB-153 than that of BDE-209, which leads to higher volatilization and stronger absorption by the particles for PCB-153 than BDE-209. As a component of such differences, the biological pump of PCB-153 in the central Yellow Sea is more apparent than that of BDE-209.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This study aims to comprehend and test the mediating effect of Green Process Innovation (GPI) and the moderating effect of Green Dynamic Capabilities (GDC) on Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled Green Business Strategies (GBS) and Environmental Performance (EP) relationship. 252 manufacturing sector employees in North India participated in the data collection. The study used Structural equation modelling and Process Macro for investigating the hypothesized model. The results supported the hypothesized association between AIenabled GBS and EP. The study found that GPI mediate the constructive association between AI -enabled GBS and EP. GDC emerged as significant moderators for AI -enabled GBS and EP relationship. The article offers some helpful inputs for the Indian manufacturing industry to understand the importance of AI -enabled GBS in enhancing EP to move towards Carbon neutrality. The results suggest some practical implications for organizations wherein firms can maintain their focus on GPI at the organizational level by having AI -backed GBS, which will help the business achieve better EP. There is a scope to dig deep on comprehending the moderating impact of GDC in this context. The study recommends that GDC can further boost GPI, which will ultimately impact the firm's goal of carbon neutrality by shaping EP.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Individuals strive to maintain their sexual and reproductive health (SRH) by being exposed to correct information, having access to contraceptives, and promoting safe sex practices. Adolescent SRH promotion efforts should consider the influence of role models. This review explored the availability and nature of strategies and programmes on adolescents' SRH role modelling and described them using a scoping review.METHODS: Studies were retrieved from four databases and grey literature through a search of 223 studies. The databases included EBSCO-host, Medline, Sabinet, and Pubmed. Data extraction was guided by a data-extraction tool adapted from the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. The characteristics of the selected studies were recorded in a Microsoft spreadsheet. Eleven studies published between 2014 and 2022 were included for the final review and analysed using thematic analysis.RESULTS: Selected articles focused on adolescents' SRH; however, only two studies focused particularly on role modelling. Nonetheless, some aspects of the findings and recommendations presented could be extrapolated to adolescents' SRH role modelling. This includes adolescent-parent communication on SRH, community engagement, mentoring, positive role modelling, and information sharing through media campaigns.CONCLUSION: There is a lack of literature on SRH role modelling because most studies did not focus on role modelling as an aspect of SRH. Therefore, research needs to be conducted on strategies and programmes focusing on SRH modelling.Contribution:The findings of this scoping review may encourage the development and implementation of strategies and programmes targeting adolescents' SRH throughout diverse communities to promote adolescent SRH.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: In Thailand, the national health care system and nationwide standard treatment protocols have evolved over time, potentially influencing the trends in the incidence and survival rates of childhood cancers. However, further investigations are required to comprehensively study these trends in Khon Kaen, Thailand.METHODS: Childhood cancer patients aged 0-14years (n=541) who were diagnosed with one of the five most common cancers between 2000 and 2019 from the population-based Khon Kaen Cancer Registry were enrolled. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the demographic data, which are presented as numbers, percentages, means, and standard deviations. The trends in incidence between 2000 and 2019, including age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) and annual percent changes (APCs), were analysed using the Joinpoint regression model. Survival analysis was performed for 5-year relative survival rates (RSRs) according to the Pohar Perme estimator and Kaplan-Meier survival curves.RESULTS: The ASRs of the overall top 5 childhood cancer groups were 67.96 and 106.12 per million person-years in 2000 and 2019, respectively. Overall, the APC significantly increased by 2.37% each year for both sexes. The overall 5-year RSRs were 60.5% for both sexes, 58.2% for males, and 63.9% for females. The highest 5-year RSR was for germ cell tumours (84.3%), whereas the lowest 5-year RSR was for neuroblastoma (29.1%).CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and survival rates of childhood cancers in Khon Kaen, Thailand, varied according to sex. The incidence trends increased over time, meanwhile, the relative survival rates rose to satisfactory levels and were comparable to those of other nations with similar financial status. The implementation of national health policies and adherence to national treatment guidelines have improved cancer diagnosis and treatment outcomes.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: Hippocrates, an influential figure in ancient Greek medicine, is best known for his lasting contribution, the Hippocratic Oath, which includes a significant message about obstetrics and gynecology. Given the Oath's status as a widely regarded ethical code for medical practice, it requires critical evaluation. The message of the Oath, as it related to obstetrics and gynecology, is expressed in ancient Greek by the phrase omicron\u1f50delta\u1f72 gammaupsilonnualphaiotakappa\u1f76 piepsilonsigmasigma\u1f78nu phitheta\u03ccrhoiotaomicronnu delta\u03cesigmaomega which translates directly to I will not give to any woman a harming pessary. The words fetus and abortion were not present in the original Greek text of the Oath. Yet, this message of the Hippocratic Oath has been interpreted often as a prohibition against abortion. In this article, we present a critical linguistic and historical analysis and argue against the notion that the Hippocratic Oath was prohibiting abortion. We provide evidence that the words foetum (fetus) and abortu (abortion) were inserted in the Latin translations of the Oath, which then carried on in subsequent English versions. The addition of the words fetus and abortion in the Latin translations significantly altered the Oath's original meaning. Unfortunately, these alterations in the translation of the Hippocratic Oath have been accepted over the years because of cultural, religious, and social reasons. We assert that because the original Hippocratic Oath did not contain language related to abortion, it should not be construed as prohibiting it. The interpretation of the Oath should be based on precise andrigorous translation and speculative interpretations should be avoided.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The objective of this study is to provide an analysis of the processes involved in the construction of the perception of a cross-border sustainable tourism destination image in peripheral regions. The research presented was conducted using an empirical approach that merges qualitative and quantitative techniques. The main results of this study include the identification of the key components that contribute to the formation of the image of a sustainable cross-border tourist destination in the region encompassing Alcoutim (Portugal) and Sanlucar de Guadiana (Spain).", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: Recent 3D registration methods are mostly learning-based that either find correspondences in feature space and match them, or directly estimate the registration transformation from the given point cloud features. Therefore, these feature-based methods have difficulties with generalizing onto point clouds that differ substantially from their training data. This issue is not so apparent because of the problematic benchmark definitions that cannot provide any in-depth analysis and contain a bias toward similar data. Therefore, we propose a methodology to create a 3D registration benchmark, given a point cloud dataset, that provides a more informative evaluation of a method w.r.t. other benchmarks. Using this methodology, we create a novel FAUST-partial (FP) benchmark, based on the FAUST dataset, with several difficulty levels. The FP benchmark addresses the limitations of the current benchmarks: lack of data and parameter range variability, and allows to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a 3D registration method w.r.t. a single registration parameter. Using the new FP benchmark, we provide a thorough analysis of the current state-of-the-art methods and observe that the current method still struggle to generalize onto severely different out-of-sample data. Therefore, we propose a simple featureless traditional 3D registration baseline method based on the weighted cross-correlation between two given point clouds. Our method achieves strong results on current benchmarking datasets, outperforming most deep learning methods. Our source code is available on github.com/DavidBoja/exhaustive-grid-search.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: We report a cluster of serogroup B invasive meningococcal disease identified via genomic surveillance in older adults in England and describe the public health responses. Genomic surveillance is critical for supporting public health investigations and detecting the growing threat of serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis infections in older adults.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: As climate change and geopolitical conflicts intensify, understanding how geopolitical risks affect companies prioritizing Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices is crucial. This study investigates the dynamic relationship between global geopolitical risks and the performance of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) and non-ESG companies, particularly their influence on green markets. Utilizing a robust methodological framework, including the dynamic time-varying parameters vector autoregression (TVP-VAR) model, and causal impact modeling, we analyze daily financial data from 2021 to 2024. The results reveal a substantial negative impact of geopolitical risks on non-ESG companies, contrasting with the resilience of ESG-committed counterparts. This suggests that ESG-committed companies demonstrate better resilience against geopolitical risks, emphasizing the protective role of ESG practices amid uncertainties. Additionally, the inclusion of ESG companies in green markets diminishes the severity of the negative impact of geopolitical risks, underlining the transformative role of ESG commitment in shaping investor behavior towards sustainable investments. Our findings offer insights for policymakers and investors navigating geopolitical risks and ESG performance, with a focus on environmental management, and provide guidance for effective risk mitigation and investment policies to enhance environmental sustainability.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to evaluate illumination properties in an in-vitro kidney calyx model in saline.DESIGN AND METHODS: We evaluated a series of contemporary flexible ureteroscopes including the Storz Flex-Xc and Flex-X2s, Olympus V3 and P7, Pusen 7.5F and 9.2F, as well as OTU WiScope using a 3D-printed closed pink kidney calyx model, submerged in saline. A spectrometer was used for illuminance and color temperature measurements at different openings located at center (direct light), 45\u00b0 (direct and indirect light) and 90\u00b0(indirect light) to the axis of the scope.RESULTS: Maximum illuminance was at the center opening for all scopes (range: 284 to 12,058lx at 50% brightness and 454 to 11,871lx at 100% brightness settings). The scope with the highest center illuminance (Flex-Xc) was 26 times superior to the scope with the lowest illuminance (Pusen 7.5Fr) at 100% brightness setting. For each scope, there was a peripheral illuminance drop ranging from -43 to -92% at 50% brightness and -43% to -88% at 100% brightness settings, respectively (all p<0.01). Highest drop was for the P7 and the Pusen 9.2F. All scopes had illuminance skew, except the V3. All scopes had a warm color temperature.CONCLUSION: Illumination properties vary between ureteroscopes in an enclosed cavity in saline, and differs at center vs 45\u00b0 and 90\u00b0 positions within scopes. Peripheral illuminance drop can be as high as -92%, which is undesirable. This may affect the choice of ureteroscope and light brightness settings used in surgery by urologists.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Evidence relating maternal birth experience to a range of maternal and neonatal outcomes is increasingly compelling. Consequently valid and reliable self-report of birth experience from the mothers perspective is critical.AIM: The current study sought to translate and validate a Hungarian-language version of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R).METHOD: Following forward and backwards translation into Hungarian, the Hungarian BSS-R (HU-BSS-R) was administered to women in a major Transylvanian hospital maternity unit within 72 h postpartum. Key psychometric characteristics were then examined in relation to factor structure, divergent and convergent validity, internal consistency, and known-groups discriminant validity.RESULTS: Two-hundred and thirty-two women completed the HU-BSS-R. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed the HU-BSS-R to offer an excellent fit to data for the established tri-dimensional measurement model. The HU-BSS-R was also found to offer excellent convergent and divergent validity and known-groups discriminant validity. No significant differences were observed between internal consistency observations between the current study and the original UK validation study.CONCLUSIONS: The HU-BSS-R is a valid and reliable translation of the original BSS-R, it has proved itself to have excellent psychometric properties and is suitable for use in the Hungarian maternity context.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Seasonal influenza epidemics have a substantial public health and economic burden, which can be alleviated through vaccination. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a 75% vaccination coverage rate (VCR) in: older adults (aged\u226565years), individuals with chronic conditions, pregnant women, children aged 6-24months and healthcare workers. However, no European country achieves this target in all risk groups. In this study, potential public health and economic benefits achieved by reaching 75% influenza VCR was estimated in risk groups across four European countries: France, Italy, Spain, and the UK.METHODS: A static epidemiological model was used to estimate the averted public health and economic burden of increasing the 2021/2022 season VCR to 75%, using the efficacy data of standard-dose quadrivalent influenza vaccine. For each country and risk group, the most recent data on population size, VCR, pre-pandemic influenza epidemiology, direct medical costs and absenteeism were identified through a systematic literature review, supplemented by manual searching. Outcomes were: averted influenza cases, general practitioner (GP) visits, hospitalisations, case fatalities, number of days of work lost, direct medical costs and absenteeism-related costs.RESULTS: As of the 2021/2022 season, the UK achieved the highest weighted VCR across risk groups (65%), followed by Spain (47%), France (44%) and Italy (44%). Based on modelling, the 2021/2022 VCR prevented an estimated 1.9 million influenza cases, avoiding 375,200 GP visits, 73,200 hospitalisations and 38,400 deaths. To achieve the WHO 75% VCR target, an additional 24 million at-risk individuals would need to be vaccinated, most of which being older adults and patients with chronic conditions. It was estimated that this could avoid a further 918,200 influenza cases, 332,000 GP visits, 16,300 hospitalisations and 6,300 deaths across the four countries, with older adults accounting for 52% of hospitalisations and 80% of deaths. An additional 84 million in direct medical costs and 79 million in absenteeism costs would be saved in total, with most economic benefits delivered in France.CONCLUSIONS: Older adults represent most vaccine-preventable influenza cases and deaths, followed by individuals with chronic conditions. Health authorities should prioritise vaccinating these populations for maximum public health and economic benefits.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), a workhorse of the semiconductor industry, has progressed rapidly in the last few decades in the development of novel materials. Recent developments in condensed matter and materials physics have seen the rise of many novel quantum materials that require ultra-clean and high-quality samples for fundamental studies and applications. Novel oxide-based quantum materials synthesized using MBE have advanced the development of the field and materials. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in new MBE techniques that have enabled synthesis of complex oxides that exhibit 'quantum' phenomena, including superconductivity and topological electronic states. We show how these techniques have produced breakthroughs in the synthesis of 4d and 5d oxide films and heterostructures that are of particular interest as quantum materials. These new techniques in MBE offer a bright future for the synthesis of ultra-high quality oxide quantum materials.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Understanding changes to student wellbeing on design modules in a distance higher education setting is difficult. Previous research suggested that environmental, study and skills-related barriers impact the wellbeing of learners at a distance. This study sought to understand the experiences of barriers and what enabled distance design students' wellbeing. It identifies avenues to balance tensions between conflicting experiences of studying design and maintaining wellbeing that our participants disclosed in a longitudinal, qualitative study using repeat interviews, experience sampling and a diary study. The findings provide insights from the learners' perspectives. Students reported strategies on how to deal with open-ended design projects and how to cope with feedback. They revealed how they currently seek and receive support for design work and wellbeing. We uncovered how learners keep to deadlines and how they approach social learning. The study also exposed enabling study rhythms to facilitate creative flow and how creative environments are set up in the learners' homes. Our findings suggest that educators and designers of hybrid and distance design education should pay attention to three key aspects: dealing with uncertainty, learning satisficing and managing creative flow, to enable design students' wellbeing.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Effective skills and training for physicians are essential for communicating difficult or distressing information, also known as breaking bad news (BBN). This study aimed to assess both the capacity and the practices of clinicians in Pakistan regarding BBN.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 151 clinicians. Quantitative component used a structured questionnaire, while qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 13 medical educationists. The responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.RESULTS: While most clinicians acknowledged their responsibility of delivering difficult news, only a small percentage had received formal training in BBN. Areas for improvement include time and interruption management, rapport building, and understanding the patients' point of view. Prognosis and treatment options were not consistently discussed. Limited importance is given to BBN in medical education.DISCUSSION: Training in BBN will lead to improved patient and attendants' satisfaction, and empathetic support during difficult times.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This paper analyses the formation of high Sr2+ concentration in strong alkaline (pH=9.5-12.5) groundwater using data of the 27 years of observations around the destroyed Chernobyl NPP Unit 4. It appears that the formation of strong alkaline groundwater in different monitoring wells is consistent with the distribution of 90Sr, pH and main ions. The reason for the increase in 90Sr concentrations is the process of its migration from the sources of contamination - leaks of highly active water localized in certain premises inside the Shelterobject. These computational experiments showed that for the groundwater in pH range 9.5-12.4, the concentration of strontium in the form of SrOH+increases and in the form of Sr2+ - decreases. In addition, the fraction of 90Sr in the form of a soluble neutral complex compound SrCO30, which is not sorbed, reaches 14-35%. Increased fractions of 90Sr in forms of SrOH+ and SrCO3 are factors which reduce the isotope ability to be sorbed by soils and therefore increase its migration ability. In strongly alkaline groundwater a sharp increase in 90Sr volumetric activity may also be caused by ionic strength (IS) increase above 5mmol/L. Thus, the factors that influence the increase in 90Sr volumetric activity in strongly alkaline groundwater are the formation of its complex compounds and an increase in ionic strength (IS), which reduces the thickness of the double electric layer and, as a result, reduces the sorption capacity of soils.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: The steam generators (SGs) of CANadian Deuterium Uranium nuclear reactors require periodic inspections to ensure their safe operation. Eddy current (EC) testing is the primary method by which the SG tubes are inspected. Many conditions in the SG tubes affect the EC response, such as fretting, pitting, cracking, as well as tube expansion, and the presence of tubesheet and support structures. When two or more of these parameters overlap, the EC signals from degradation induced wall losses are frequently difficult to interpret because these wall loss signals are often distorted due to interference with background signal variations. In this paper, a novel analytical model that describes the impedance of a bobbin coil with a plate encircling an arbitrary number of cylindrical conductors is developed. The model is validated against finite element method modelling and experiment. This model can be used to simulate the main probe response, while inspecting SG tubes near the tubesheet and support structures and thereby, provides the potential to separate out smaller flaw responses.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Making health science students aware of the importance of basic science knowledge for professional practice is a major educational challenge, especially during the early years of preclinical courses. Here, using an integrated curricular approach, we analyze whether Work Station Learning Activities (WSLA), which combine active learning methodologies for teaching basic science in clinical scenarios, can help to develop deeper learning and student engagement. In order to increase student motivation, we evaluated the effectiveness of WSLA using statistical analyses and an observation tool based on the ICAP (Interactive, Constructive, Active, and Passive) framework, which categorizes learning tasks based on the nature of student engagement. Statistical analyses revealed positive correlations between the different summative evaluations along the development of the activities, indicating the learning process inherent to WSLA progression and affirming the positive influence of WSLA on academic outcomes. Comparing the pre- and post-tests, students scored significantly higher on the post-test (statistically significant p<0.001). WSLA promotes both constructivist and interactive learning, as validated by its alignment with the ICAP model. The study examines student engagement through systematic observation, revealing a relationship between student engagement and final grades. Students who exhibit constructive learning consistently earn higher grades, emphasizing the positive impact of active engagement. Thus, passive behavior profiles show a significant proportion of fails (40%), while constructive profiles stand out as the sole recipients of the coveted excellent rating. Ultimately, this study contributes to our understanding of the effectiveness of WSLA in promoting active learning and enhancing student engagement within integrated health education curricula. It highlights the importance of active learning behaviors for academic success and suggests avenues for further research to optimize integrated teaching methodologies in medical education.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: This study assessed the staffing allocations and associated costs incurred by Ohio local health departments (LHDs) in response to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were extracted from the annual financial reports of Ohio LHDs for 2020 and 2021, encompassing a sample of 38 LHDs in 2020 and 60 LHDs in 2021. Descriptive analysis showed that Ohio LHDs committed substantial resources to responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although there was considerable variability across LHDs, median staffing and compensation collectively constituted 22% of total staffing and compensation. Multivariate regression analysis found minimal associations between the examined agency and community-level variables and the differences in staffing allocations and associated costs incurred by LHDs in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. After decades of underfunding and understaffing, securing sustainable funding will be crucial to equip LHDs across the country with the necessary resources to deliver comprehensive public health services in their communities.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. However, bleeding and thrombosis are common complications. We aimed to describe the incidence and predictors of bleeding and thrombosis and their association with in-hospital mortality.METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive patients presenting with refractory ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest between December 2015 and March 2022 who met the criteria for extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation initiation at our center were included. Major bleeding was defined by the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization's criteria. Adjusted analyses were done to seek out risk factors for bleeding and thrombosis and evaluate their association with mortality. Major bleeding occurred in 135 of 200 patients (67.5%), with traumatic bleeding from cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 73 (36.5%). Baseline demographics and arrest characteristics were similar between groups. In multivariable analysis, decreasing levels of fibrinogen were independently associated with bleeding (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.98 per every 10mg/dL rise [95% CI, 0.96-0.99]). Patients who died had a higher rate of bleeds per day (0.21 versus 0.03, P<0.001) though bleeding was not significantly associated with in-hospital death (aHR, 0.81 [95% CI. 0.55-1.19]). A thrombotic event occurred in 23.5% (47/200) of patients. Venous thromboembolism occurred in 11% (22/200) and arterial thrombi in 15.5% (31/200). Clinical characteristics were comparable between groups. In adjusted analyses, no risk factors for thrombosis were identified. Thrombosis was not associated with in-hospital death (aHR, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.42-1.03]).CONCLUSIONS: Bleeding is a frequent complication of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation that is associated with decreased fibrinogen levels on admission whereas thrombosis is less common. Neither bleeding nor thrombosis was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: This article describes an investment case methodology for tobacco control that was applied in 36 countries between 2017 and 2022.METHODS: The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) investment cases compared two scenarios: a base case that calculated the tobacco-attributable mortality, morbidity and economic costs with status quo tobacco control, and an intervention scenario that described changes in those same outcomes from fully implementing and enforcing a variety of proven, evidence-based tobacco control policies and interventions. Health consequences included the tobacco-attributable share of mortality and morbidity from 38 diseases. The healthcare expenditures and the socioeconomic costs from the prevalence of those conditions were combined to calculate the total losses due to tobacco. The monetised benefits of improvements in health resulting from tobacco control implementation were compared with costs of expanding tobacco control to assess returns on investment in each country. An institutional and context analysis assessed the political and economic dimensions of tobacco control in each context.RESULTS: We applied a rigorous yet flexible methodology in 36 countries over 5 years. The replicable model and framework may be used to inform development of tobacco control cases in countries worldwide.CONCLUSION: Investment cases constitute a tool that development partners and advocates have demanded in even greater numbers. The economic argument for tobacco control provided by this set of country-contextualised analyses can be a strong tool for policy change.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Contamination of oilfield chemicals (OFCs) by benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is increasingly becoming a severe environmental security issue. There is an urgent need to develop a rapid and accurate method for B[a]P detection in OFCs. In this study, B[a]P hapten was designed using computer aided molecular design. A high-affinity, specific, and matrix-insensitive monoclonal antibody (mAb) with IC50 values of 6.77ng/mL was obtained. Based on this mAb, we developed a rapid gold nanoparticle-based immunochromatographic strip assay (GICA) with double T-line mode for on-site detection of B[a]P in OFCs samples. The GICA exhibited excellent detection performance in OFCs samples with strong acidity, strong alkalinity, and deep color. Under optimal conditions, the proposed method detected B[a]P in OFCs at 0.42-300mg/kg, and limit of detection was 0.23-1.07mg/kg. The recovery rate was 88-106% with a coefficient of variation of 1.46-6.35%. Confirmed by natural positive OFCs samples and high-performance liquid chromatography, this GICA is accurate and reliable, with great potential for rapid and cost-effective on-site detection.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: This study investigates how tourists' Green Environmental Knowledge, Green Hotel Knowledge, and environment concern impact pro-environmental (PE) attitudes. Using mixed methods, it examines how PE attitudes influence the intention to stay at eco-friendly hotels, based on the theory of planned behavior. The study further explores the moderating role of the Greta Effect in connecting PE attitudes and hotel choice. This study utilizes a mixed-methods approach to enhance the comprehension of quantitative findings, on exploring the moderating impact of the Greta Effect. The findings highlight the important role of environmental activism in inspiring action for green hotel choice.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Many Veterans who served in Iraq and Afghanistan struggle with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the effects of traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Some people with a history of TBI report a constellation of somatic, cognitive, and emotional complaints that are often referred to as postconcussive symptoms (PCS). Research suggests these symptoms may not be specific to TBI. This study examined the impact of PTSD treatment on PCS in combat Veterans seeking treatment for PTSD. As part of a larger randomized control trial, 198 Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation New Dawn (OIF/OEF/OND) Veterans with PTSD received Prolonged Exposure Therapy, sertraline, or the combination. Potential deployment related TBI, PCS, PTSD and depression symptoms were assessed throughout treatment. Linear mixed models were used to predict PCS change over time across the full sample and treatment arms, and the association of change in PTSD and depression symptoms on PCS was also examined. Patterns of change for the full sample and the subsample of those who reported a head injury were examined. Results showed that PCS decreased with treatment. There were no significant differences across treatments. No significant differences were found in the pattern of symptom change based on TBI screening status. Shifts in PCS were predicted by change PTSD and depression. Results suggest that PCS reduced with PTSD treatment in this population and are related to shift in depression and PTSD severity, further supporting that reported PCS symptoms may be better understood as non-specific symptoms.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: Drawing on recently published correspondence as well as on a survey of Polish and international philosophical activity published in 1937 and details concerning the publisher and bookseller Aleksander Mazzucato, I provide evidence that, contrary to some recent assertions (but in line with older bibliographical entries), Tarski's 'Der Wahrheitsbegriff in den formalisierten Sprachen' was not published in journal form until 1936, although preprints, lacking two corrections and a small addendum, were likely available in the late months of 1935.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Europe and North America are the 2largest recipients of international migrants from low-resource regions in the world. Here, large differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and death exist between migrants and the host populations. This review discusses the CVD burden and its most important contributors among the largest migrant groups in Europe and North America as well as the consequences of migration to high-income countries on CVD diagnosis and therapy. The available evidence indicates that migrants in Europe and North America generally have a higher CVD risk compared with the host populations. Cardiometabolic, behavioral, and psychosocial factors are important contributors to their increased CVD risk. However, despite these common denominators, there are important ethnic differences in the propensity to develop CVD that relate to pre- and postmigration factors, such as socioeconomic status, cultural factors, lifestyle, psychosocial stress, access to health care and health care usage. Some of these pre- and postmigration environmental factors may interact with genetic (epigenetics) and microbial factors, which further influence their CVD risk. The limited number of prospective cohorts and clinical trials in migrant populations remains an important culprit for better understanding pathophysiological mechanism driving health differences and for developing ethnic-specific CVD risk prediction and care. Only by improved understanding of the complex interaction among human biology, migration-related factors, and sociocultural determinants of health influencing CVD risk will we be able to mitigate these differences and truly make inclusive personalized treatment possible.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted a rapid shift to online teaching, placing unprecedented demands on educators' physical and mental well-being. However, the relationship between English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers' physical activity, emotion regulation, and competence for online teaching remains underexplored.OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the interplay between EFL teachers' physical activity, emotion regulation strategies, and competence for online teaching.RESULTS: Structural equation modeling revealed significant direct and indirect effects, indicating that physical activity positively influences emotion regulation, which, in turn, enhances teachers' competence for online instruction. Furthermore, emotion regulation was found to mediate the relationship between physical activity and online teaching competence.CONCLUSIONS: These findings underscore the importance of promoting physical activity among EFL teachers as a means to enhance their emotion regulation skills and competence for online teaching, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.IMPLICATIONS: The study highlights the need for targeted interventions aimed at supporting EFL teachers' well-being and professional development, with implications for educational policies, teacher training programs, and institutional support structures in the digital learning landscape.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: ABSTRACT: Beato, M, Youngs, A, and Costin, AJ. The analysis of physical performance during official competitions in professional English football: Do positions, game locations, and results influence players' game demands? J Strength Cond Res 38(5): e226-e234, 2024-This study aimed, first, to verify if physical parameters were different between players' positions during official matches in English professional football, and second, if the game location (H and A) or results (W, L, D) affected players' physical performance. Twenty-five male professional football players of the same team were included in this data analysis (age = 27 \u00b1 9 years) during the 2022-23 season. Players were divided into positions: center backs, wide backs, center midfielders, attacking midfielders, and strikers. The external load parameters were distance covered, high-speed running (HSR), sprinting distance, accelerations, decelerations, and high metabolic load distance (HMLD, meters > 25.5 w\u00b7kg -1 ) that were monitored using global navigation satellite systems Apex (STATSports). Linear mixed models' analysis for positions reported a significant difference in total distance ( p = 0.011), HSR ( p < 0.001), sprinting distance ( p < 0.001), accelerations ( p = 0.003), decelerations ( p = 0.002), and HMLD ( p < 0.001). Centre backs showed the lowest physical performance in the metrics analyzed, whereas players in the other positions frequently displayed a similar physical performance. Regarding locations and results, differences were only found between locations for decelerations ( p = 0.041) and between results for HMLD ( p = 0.010). In conclusion, physical performance was influenced by players' positions, whereas game location or results seem to not affect physical performance during official competitions. Consequently, practitioners can physically prepare their players independently from the location of the match or of the possible game results, whereas specific positional training is requested to optimally prepare their players.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which a gamete (ovum or sperm) develops without being fertilized. Tomer Jordi Chaffer uses parthenogenesis to challenge Don Marquis' future-like-ours (FLO) argument against abortion. According to Marquis, (1) what makes it morally wrong to kill us is that it would deprive us of a possible future that we might come to value-a future like ours (FLO) and (2) human fetuses are numerically identical to any adult human organism they may develop into, and thus have a FLO. Chaffer contends that if human ova are capable of parthenogenesis, then they would have a FLO, which contraception may deprive them of, but contends this is absurd. Bruce P. Blackshaw challenges Chaffer, contending sexually fertilized embryos are not identical to unfertilized ovum, but this would yield a more absurd implication, that fertilization deprives an ovum of a FLO! Here I show Marquis' account of identity rules out both Chaffer's and Blackshaw's accounts.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Objective: To investigate sickness benefits following delivery in mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and mothers without SLE. Method: SLE and non-SLE mothers, matched by age and month of delivery, with a singleton liveborn (2004-2008), were identified from the Swedish Lupus Linkage cohort. Work loss (sum of sick leave and disability pension) was studied from 1 year prenatally to 3 years postpartum. Adjusted logistic regression models of covariates associated with > 30 days of work loss in the first and second years postpartum were estimated in SLE mothers. Results: Among 130 SLE mothers and 440 non-SLE mothers, SLE mothers were more likely to have work loss from the prenatal year (42% vs 16%) to 3 years postpartum (49% vs 15%). In SLE mothers, work loss was on average 61 +/- 112 days (mean +/- sd) in the prenatal year and 38 +/- 83 days in the first year postpartum, which increased to 71 +/- 114 days in the third year postpartum. Having > 30 days of sick leave in the year of delivery [odds ratio (OR) 4.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-12.9] and <= 12 years of education (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-6.0) were associated with work loss in the first year postpartum. No covariates were associated with work loss in the second year postpartum. Conclusion: SLE mothers more often had work loss in the prenatal year to 3 years postpartum compared to non-SLE mothers. Lower education and sick leave in the year of delivery were associated with a higher odds of work loss in the first year postpartum in SLE.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: This Viewpoint describes the use of large language model chatbots in social, educational, and therapeutic settings and the need to assess when children are developmentally ready to engage with them.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Robot-assisted surgery (RAS) in gynaecology has undergone exponential growth in recent decades, with utility in treating both benign and malignant gynaecological conditions. The technological complexities and amended theatre dynamics that RAS demands mean that effective non-technical skills (NTS) are vitally important to overcome these unique challenges. However, NTS have been neglected in RAS-training programmes with focus placed instead on the exclusive acquisition of technical skills (TS). NTS include teamwork, communication, leadership, situational awareness, decision-making and stress management. Communication is the most frequently cited NTS impacted during RAS, as the physical limitations imposed by the robotic hardware make communication exchange difficult. The full immersion that RAS enables can contribute to situational awareness deficits. However, RAS can complement communication and teamwork when multidisciplinary (MDT) surgeries (such as complex endometriosis excisions) are undertaken; dual-console capabilities facilitate the involvement of specialties such as general surgery and urology. The development of NTS in RAS cannot be achieved with in-situ experience alone, and current training is poorly standardised. RAS-training programmes and curricula for gynaecology do exist, however the integration of NTS remain limited. Simulation is a viable tool to facilitate enhanced-NTS integration, yet cost implications form a barrier to its wider implementation. However, given that RAS will continue to occupy a greater proportion of the gynaecological caseload, integration of NTS within gynaecological RAS training curricula is necessary. Patients undergoing gynaecological RAS would benefit from the improved safety standards and enhanced surgical outcomes that would result.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to evaluate illumination properties in an in-vitro kidney calyx model in saline.DESIGN AND METHODS: We evaluated a series of contemporary flexible ureteroscopes including the Storz Flex-Xc and Flex-X2s, Olympus V3 and P7, Pusen 7.5F and 9.2F, as well as OTU WiScope using a 3D-printed closed pink kidney calyx model, submerged in saline. A spectrometer was used for illuminance and color temperature measurements at different openings located at center (direct light), 45\u00b0 (direct and indirect light) and 90\u00b0(indirect light) to the axis of the scope.RESULTS: Maximum illuminance was at the center opening for all scopes (range: 284 to 12,058lx at 50% brightness and 454 to 11,871lx at 100% brightness settings). The scope with the highest center illuminance (Flex-Xc) was 26 times superior to the scope with the lowest illuminance (Pusen 7.5Fr) at 100% brightness setting. For each scope, there was a peripheral illuminance drop ranging from -43 to -92% at 50% brightness and -43% to -88% at 100% brightness settings, respectively (all p<0.01). Highest drop was for the P7 and the Pusen 9.2F. All scopes had illuminance skew, except the V3. All scopes had a warm color temperature.CONCLUSION: Illumination properties vary between ureteroscopes in an enclosed cavity in saline, and differs at center vs 45\u00b0 and 90\u00b0 positions within scopes. Peripheral illuminance drop can be as high as -92%, which is undesirable. This may affect the choice of ureteroscope and light brightness settings used in surgery by urologists.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The bivalve mollusk Iphigenia brasiliensis, locally known as tarioba, is an important fishing resource exploited along the coast of Maranha similar to o. Despite its socioeconomic relevance to numerous shellfish communities on the Amazon coast, little information is available on this species. This study aimed to evaluate the socioeconomic profiles and traditional local knowledge of I. brasiliensis fishermen working on Maranha similar to o Island. For this purpose, 106 guided interviews were conducted with workers selected using the snowball method in the four municipalities of the region: Sa similar to o Luis, Raposa, Paco do Lumiar, and Sa similar to o Jose ' de Ribamar. The results showed that shellfish gatherers are predominantly young men with reasonable education and low income who start practicing the activity early, are influenced by family and friends, and have traditional knowledge verticalized between generations. In the region, three methods of capturing mollusks were identified: diving, using hands and feet, and with the support of a stick, with subsistence being the main demand for the activity. Dozens of mollusks are marketed in natura, with prices varying between municipalities, and processing is conducted only by the final consumer.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: The study aimed to determine the accuracy of diagnosing periodontal conditions using the developed web-based PocketPerio application and evaluate the user's perspective on the use of PocketPerio. First, 22 third-year dental students (DS3) diagnosed ten cases without PocketPerio (control) and with PocketPerio (test) during a mock examination. Then, 105 DS3, 13 fourth-year dental students (DS4), and 32 senior second-year International Standing Program students (ISP2) used PocketPerio chairside. Statistical analysis was performed using a non-parametric paired two-tailed test of significance with the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. The null hypothesis that PocketPerio did not increase the accuracy of periodontal diagnoses was rejected at alpha<0.01. Periodontal diagnoses made using PocketPerio correlated with those made by periodontics faculty (gold standard) in all cases. During the mock examination, PocketPerio significantly increased the accuracy of periodontal diagnoses compared to the control (52.73 vs. 13.18%, respectively). Chairside, PocketPerio significantly increased the accuracy of primary (100 vs. 40.0%) and secondary (100 vs. 14.25%) periodontal diagnoses compared to the respective controls. Students regardless of their training year felt more confident in diagnosing periodontal conditions using PocketPerio than their current tools, provided positive feedback on its features, and suggested avenues for its further development.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Pelvic exenteration (PE) is a technically challenging surgical procedure. More recently, quality of life and survivorship following PEs are being increasingly acknowledged as important patient outcomes. This includes evaluating major long-term complications such as hernias, defined as the protrusion of internal organs through a facial defect (The PelvEx Collaborative in Br J Surg109:1251-1263, 2022), for which there is currently limited literature. The aim of this paper is to ascertain the incidence and risk factors for postoperative hernia formation among our PE cohort managed at a quaternary centre.METHOD: A retrospective cohort study examining hernia formation following PE for locally advanced rectal carcinoma and locally recurrent rectal carcinoma between June 2010 and August 2022 at a quaternary cancer centre was performed. Baseline data evaluating patient characteristics, surgical techniques and outcomes was collated among a PE cohort of 243 patients. Postoperative hernia incidence was evaluated via independent radiological screening and clinical examination.RESULTS: A total of 79 patients (32.5%) were identified as having developed a hernia. Expectantly, those undergoing flap reconstruction had a lower incidence of postoperative hernias. Of the 79 patients who developed postoperative hernias, 16.5% reported symptoms with the most common symptom reported being pain. Reintervention was required in 18 patients (23%), all of which were operative.CONCLUSION: This study found over one-third of PE patients developed a hernia postoperatively. This paper highlights the importance of careful perioperative planning and optimization of patients to minimize morbidity.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: Previous studies on attrition from MD-PhD programs have shown that students who self-identify as Black are more likely to withdraw before graduating than Hispanic students and students not from groups underrepresented in medicine (non-UIM). Here, we analyzed data collected for the National MD-PhD Program Outcomes Study, a national effort to track the careers of over 10,000 individuals who have graduated from MD-PhD programs over the past 60 years. On average, Black trainees took slightly longer to graduate, were less likely to choose careers in academia, and were more likely to enter nonacademic clinical practice; although, none of these differences were large. Black graduates were also more likely to choose careers in surgery or internal medicine, or entirely forego residency, and less likely to choose pediatrics, pathology, or neurology. Among those in academia, average research effort rates self-reported by Black, Hispanic, and non-UIM alumni were indistinguishable, as were rates of obtaining research grants and mentored training awards. However, the proportion of Black and Hispanic alumni who reported having NIH research grants was lower than that of non-UIM alumni, and the NIH career development to research project grant (K-to-R) conversion rate was lower for Black alumni. We propose that the reasons for these differences reflect experiences before, during, and after training and, therefore, conclude with action items that address each of these stages.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This work studies the challenges associated with capturing the movement of dance performers wearing traditional African masquerade garments, specifically focusing on the Eyo masquerade dance, a cultural heritage creation from Lagos, Nigeria, and discusses the crucial role the costume has in enhancing the overall performance. The work particularly investigates the capabilities and limitations of current motion capture technology in effectively capturing the movements of both the dancer and the costume, especially when the performer wears what we refer to as extreme clothing, such as full body costumes or heavy garments. To overcome these challenges, we employ a combination of motion capture technologies to precisely capture the movements of the performer both with and without the costume, while assessing their respective advantages and limitations. Furthermore, we analyze the disparities in motion quality between these two scenarios to comprehend the influence of the costume on the overall performance. This research has led to the development of an efficient pipeline for digitizing and visualizing folk dances featuring intricate and bulky costumes. The findings of this study offer invaluable insights into the application of motion capture technology for acquiring the movements of performers, including the deformation of their costumes, in cultural heritage dances. As a final outcome of this work, we present a visually captivating animation showcasing an Eyo masquerade dance performance, underscoring the potential of motion capture technology as a tool for preserving and promoting cultural heritage dances.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: AIM: Armed conflict remains a tragic feature of the modern world and so it is necessary to continue to study its health impacts. Even the study of historical conflicts is relevant given that certain health impacts are common to most wars e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).METHODS: This study built on a previous quantitative analysis of a randomly selected group of 200 New Zealand veterans from the First World War (WWI). From this sample we selected 10 cases that illustrated particular themes around morbidity impacts.RESULTS: The theme of severity of impacts was illustrated with a case who was severely wounded and died from suicide when back in New Zealand, and another case with severe PTSD. The theme of the high frequency of non-fatal conditions was revealed with cases illustrating new diagnoses (a case with n=8 diagnoses), hospitalisations for new conditions (n=6), non-fatal injury events (n=3) and for sexually transmitted infections (n=3). The theme of chronic debility as a consequence of various conditions was illustrated with cases who had suffered from being gassed or having gastroenteritis, malaria or pandemic influenza.CONCLUSION: These 10 selected cases reiterate how severe and extensive the morbidity burden for military personnel in WWI could be. Also illustrated is how the morbidity could contribute to adverse impacts on some of their lives after returning to New Zealand.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Analyzing urban pattern dynamics based on construction projects, we classify them into three types - infilling, fringe, and leapfrogging, and focus on the role of leapfrogging projects as seeds for new developments, leading to uncontrolled urban sprawl. To study the leapfrogging phenomenon, we investigate the sprawl of three Israeli cities - Netanya, Haifa, and Safed over 54 years from 1964 to 2018 and conduct a country-wide analysis of the urban sprawl of all 66 Israeli municipalities between 2013 and 2018. Our analysis is based on a country-wide GIS database of roads, buildings, other infrastructure elements, and development plans, as well as high-resolution aerial photos covering the investigated areas and periods. We uncover and characterize a positive feedback mechanism of rapid leapfrogging developments that attract further developments in their proximity and emphasize the potential of leapfrogging development to force divergence from statutory development plans.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: Objective The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of radiotherapy on the surface microhardness and roughness of different bioactive restorative materials. Materials and methods A total of 60-disc specimens (5 mm x 2 mm) were performed in four groups (n = 15 each) from Equia Forte HT, Cention N, Activa Bioactive Restorative, and Beautifil II. Following the polishing procedure (600, 1000, 1200 grit silicon carbide papers), all specimens were irradiated at 2 Gy per fraction, five times a week for a total dose of 70 Gy in 30 fractions over 7 weeks. Before and after the irradiation, the specimens were analyzed regarding the surface roughness and microhardness. Surface morphology was also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon test, and paired sample t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results Significant differences were found after radiation with increased mean roughness of both Cention N (p = 0.001) and Beautifil II (p < 0.001) groups. In terms of microhardness, only the Beautifil II group showed significant differences with decreased values after radiation. There were statistically significant differences among the groups' roughness and microhardness data before and after radiotherapy (p < 0.05). Conclusion The effect of radiotherapy might differ according to the type of the restorative material. Although results may differ for other tested materials, giomer tends to exhibit worse behaviour in terms of both surface roughness and microhardness. Clinical relevance In patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy, it should be taken into consideration that the treatment process may also have negative effects on the surface properties of anti-caries restorative materials.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Studies of the determinants of emigration from Europe from 1850 to 1913 include the gains to migrants but often neglect the costs. One component of those costs is earnings forgone on the voyage. In this paper, I present new data on the voyage times for emigrants from the UK traveling to the United States and to Australia. Between 1853-7 and 1909-13 the voyage time from Liverpool to New York fell from 38 days to just 8 days (or 79 per cent). Over the same years, the emigrant voyage to Sydney fell by more in absolute terms, from 105 days to 46, but by less in relative terms (56 per cent). Differences in profiles of travel times are explained with a focus on the transition from sailing to steam ships and (for Australia) the use of the Suez Canal. Data series for fare prices and foregone wage costs during transit are combined to create new series on the 'total' cost of emigrant voyages. Econometric analysis of the determinants of UK emigration to the United States, Canada, and Australia supports the view that time costs mattered.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To characterize the phases of a new admission interaction between collaborating pediatric residents and fellows; to explore trainee perspectives on motivating and demotivating qualities of that interaction; and to identify behaviors that lead to an optimal new admission interaction.METHODS: The authors used modified grounded theory with experiential learning theory and self-determination theory as sensitizing concepts to conduct 6 focus groups and journey mapping at Stanford Children's Health from January to March 2021. The sessions were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Two authors independently coded the transcripts and developed categories and themes using constant comparison, while a third author reviewed these findings. The qualitative data were triangulated with surveys and journey mapping dataand conceptualized into a model of trainee motivation during the new admission interaction. They outlined an optimal new admission interaction using behaviors consistently described by participants as motivating.RESULTS: Developing inter-trainee trust and educational buy-in is essential for both residents and fellows to feel intrinsically motivated and engaged during a new admission. Residents need to feel autonomous, competent, and related to the team in order to develop trust and buy-in. Fellows require assurance of patient safety to develop trustand a sense of self-efficacy in fostering resident growth to develop buy-in. Lack of trust or buy-in from either party leads to a cycle of trainee disengagement.CONCLUSIONS: Trainee motivation and engagement with patient care can be impacted by discreet, modifiable behavior by their fellow or resident counterpart, which may help improve the quality of care delivered.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most prevalent congenital malformation worldwide, and the association between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) exposure and CHD in population has only received limited study. Therefore, we conducted a multicenter case-control study to explore the associations between prenatal exposure to individual PFASs, and also a PFAS mixture, and CHD risk, including 185 CHDs and 247 controls in China from 2016 to 2021. Thirteen PFASs in maternal plasma were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Logistic regression and two multipollutant models (Bayesian kernel machine regression [BKMR] and quantile g-computation [qgcomp]) were used to assess the potential associations between any individual PFAS, and also a PFAS mixture, and CHD risk. After adjusting for potential confounders, logistic regression indicated significant associations between elevated levels of perfluorononanoic acid (odds ratio [OR]= 1.30, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.07-1.58), perfluorodecanoic acid (OR=2.07, 95%CI: 1.32-3.26), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (OR=2.86, 95%CI:1.45-5.65) and CHD risk. The BKMR model and qgcomp approach identified that a significant positive association between the PFAS mixture and risk for CHD. These findings provide essential evidence that there is indeed a health crisis associated with PFASs and that it is linked to CHD.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) represent the global ambition to accelerate sustainable development. Several SDGs are directly related to climate change and policies aiming to mitigate it. This includes, among others, the set of SDGs that directly influence the climate, land, energy, and water (CLEW) nexus (SDGs 2, 6, 7, 13, 15). This study aims at understanding the synergies and trade-offs between climate policy and the SDGs agenda: how does near-term action on SDGs influence long-term climate goals? Based on a multi-model comparison, we evaluate three scenarios: (i) reference; (ii) climate mitigation; and (iii) a CLEW nexus SDGs scenario. We find clear positive effects of combining the climate and the sustainable development agendas. Notably, healthier diets, with reduced meat consumption, have strong co-benefits for climate, with positive effects across multiple SDGs: improvements in food security, reductions in air pollution and water stress, and improvements in biodiversity conservation. Such positive outcomes are prominent in the Global South, where regions typically at higher risk of food and energy insecurity and other environmental stresses (e.g. Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America) benefit from a shorter term agenda focusing not only on the climate but also on the other sustainable development dimensions. However, trade-offs are also observed (e.g. increases in the prices of food and electricity), especially in the dynamics of land and the food systems, highlighting the importance of exploring policy synergies: if individually applied, some measures can negatively impact other sustainability goals, while taking into consideration the nexus interactions can reduce trade-offs and increase co-benefits. Finally, near-term action on SDGs can help speed up the transition towards the long-term climate goals, reducing the reliance on negative emissions options. In 2100, the SDG scenario in significantly less reliant on carbon dioxide removals both from AFOLU and the energy system.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Aflatoxins from the fungus Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) that contaminate stored peanuts is a major hazard to human health worldwide. Reducing A. flavus in soil can decrease the risk of aflatoxins in stored peanuts. In this experiment, we determined whether peanuts grown on soil fumigated with dazomet (DZ), metham sodium (MS), allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), chloropicrin (PIC) or dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) would reduce of the quantity of A. flavus and its toxin's presence. The results of bioassays and field tests showed that PIC was the most effective fumigant for preventing and controlling A. flavus, followed by MS. PIC and MS applied to the soil for 14 d resulted in LD50 values against A. flavus of 3.558 and 4.893mgkg-1, respectively, leading to almost 100% and 98.82% effectiveness of A. flavus, respectively. Peanuts harvested from fumigated soil and then stored for 60 d resulted in undetectable levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) compared to unfumigated soil that contained 0.64ugkg-1 of AFB1, which suggested that soil fumigation can reduce the probability of aflatoxin contamination during peanut storage and showed the potential to increase the safety of peanuts consumed by humans. Further research is planned to determine the practical value of our research in commercial practice.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Contemporary estimates of diabetes mellitus (DM) rates in pregnancy are lacking in Canada. Accordingly, this study examined trends in the rates of type 1 (T1DM), type 2 (T2DM) and gestational (GDM) DM in Canada over a 15-year period, and selected adverse pregnancy outcomes.METHODS: This study used repeated cross-sectional data from the Canadian Institute of Health Information (CIHI) hospitalization discharge abstract database (DAD). Maternal delivery records were linked to their respective birth records from 2006 to 2019. The prevalence of T1DM, T2DM and GDM were calculated, including relative changes over time, assessed by a Cochrane-Armitage test. Also assessed were differences between provinces and territories in the prevalence of DM.RESULTS: Over the 15-year study period, comprising 4,320,778 hospital deliveries in Canada, there was a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of GDM and T1DM and T2DM. Compared to pregnancies without DM, all pregnancies with any form of DM had higher rates of hypertension and Caesarian delivery, and also adverse infant outcomes, including major congenital anomalies, preterm birth and large-for-gestational age birthweight.CONCLUSION: Among 4.3million pregnancies in Canada, there has been a rise in the prevalence of DM. T2DM and GDM are expected to increase further as more overweight women conceive in Canada.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: As the sustainable fashion movement gains momentum, there is a growing need to introduce such concepts to the next generation of fashion designer. One approach to produce sustainable designs is upcycling, defined as the salvage and reuse of discarded or found items into new products. This study examines a pedagogical approach for engaging 2nd year undergraduate textile and fashion design students in sustainable fashion design practice. Working in groups, students are challenged to upcycle old clothing into a little black dress, using a keyword as direction for concept, design development, and garment construction techniques. To elevate value in post-consumer textile waste, it is necessary to develop high-quality contemporary design outcomes. This teaching approach aims to encourage the revaluation of recyclable resources, the exploration of the creative potential of fabric manipulation techniques, experimental design development, and professional production techniques. This is achieved through the implementation of a design brief that establishes original approaches to upcycling, contrary to the arbitrary processes that are typically used.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Robot-assisted surgery (RAS) in gynaecology has undergone exponential growth in recent decades, with utility in treating both benign and malignant gynaecological conditions. The technological complexities and amended theatre dynamics that RAS demands mean that effective non-technical skills (NTS) are vitally important to overcome these unique challenges. However, NTS have been neglected in RAS-training programmes with focus placed instead on the exclusive acquisition of technical skills (TS). NTS include teamwork, communication, leadership, situational awareness, decision-making and stress management. Communication is the most frequently cited NTS impacted during RAS, as the physical limitations imposed by the robotic hardware make communication exchange difficult. The full immersion that RAS enables can contribute to situational awareness deficits. However, RAS can complement communication and teamwork when multidisciplinary (MDT) surgeries (such as complex endometriosis excisions) are undertaken; dual-console capabilities facilitate the involvement of specialties such as general surgery and urology. The development of NTS in RAS cannot be achieved with in-situ experience alone, and current training is poorly standardised. RAS-training programmes and curricula for gynaecology do exist, however the integration of NTS remain limited. Simulation is a viable tool to facilitate enhanced-NTS integration, yet cost implications form a barrier to its wider implementation. However, given that RAS will continue to occupy a greater proportion of the gynaecological caseload, integration of NTS within gynaecological RAS training curricula is necessary. Patients undergoing gynaecological RAS would benefit from the improved safety standards and enhanced surgical outcomes that would result.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The article focuses on the stratigraphy of the late Byzantine pavement of the Southwest Church, Umm el-Jimal, Jordan and the production technology of their mortars by applying thin section petrography, x-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS). Investigations revealed the similarity between the studied pavement and standard Roman mosaic pavements. The pavement consists of four layers (statumen, rudus, nucleus and bedding), but lacks the tessellatum layer. The statumen was constructed using large stones and then leveled by soil and pebbles, while the other three layers are composed of lime-based mortars formed by two different recipes. The white-beige non-hydraulic mortar of the bedding layer consists of a lime binder and aggregates of scoria and organic fibers, and a Binder:Aggregate (B:A) ratio of 1:2. The grey hydraulic mortars of the rudus and nucleus are mixtures of lime and silica-rich silt/clay, fine sand, volcanic rocks, ceramics, and charcoal; and B:A ratios of 1:4. The rudus and nucleus mortars have high values of hydraulic and cementation indices, reflecting their hydraulic properties, which most probably originated from the reaction between lime, ceramic and volcanic inclusions. In contrast, lack of ceramic and absence of the reactions between lime and scoria of the bedding layer probably produced a mortar with low values of hydraulic and cementation indices, but durable and resistant to weight load.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: ABSTRACT: Donnelly, S, Collins, K, Burns, C, O'Neill, C, and Mangan, S. A comparison of elite and sub-elite match-play running performance of Gaelic football players. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 912-923, 2024-This research aimed to examine differences in match-play running performance between elite and sub-elite Gaelic football players. Global Positioning System devices were used to record the match-play running performance of sub-elite and elite players during the 2018 and 2019 seasons, respectively. In total, 783 samples were collected from 31 sub-elite and 30 elite players, from 1 elite and 1 sub-elite team. Comparisons were made on a team and positional level. Statistical significance was accepted at p \u2264 0.05. Significant positional differences were present between all positions with varying effect sizes (ESs) and p-values. Effect size was used to determine the magnitude of statistical difference. On a team level, the elite covered significantly more relative distance (p = 0.021, ES = 0.007) and elicited significantly higher average speed (p = 0.023, ES = 0.007) in quarters 2, 3, and 4 than the sub-elite. The elite covered significantly more relative distance high-intensity running (17-21.9 km\u00b7h-1; p = 0.002, ES = 0.012) in quarter 3 and performed significantly more power events per minute (p = 0.006, ES = 0.009) in quarter 4. In quarter 1, the sub-elite performed significantly more power events per minute (p = 0.006, ES = 0.009), relative high-speed running (\u226517 km\u00b7h-1; p = 0.011, ES = 0.009), and relative distance high-intensity running (17-21.9 km\u00b7h-1; p = 0.002, ES = 0.012). Power events were defined as the estimation of the number of events that depend on anaerobic processes. The present study indicates that elite players possess superior conditioning, ability to read match-play, pacing, and anaerobic capacity. Sub-elite teams may use the present study to inform their training to potentially improve conditioning, pacing, and anaerobic capacity.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Urban green spaces offer various health benefits, yet the impact of comprehensive green exposure criteria on multidimensional health remains unclear. The 3-30-300 green space rule represents the green exposure indicators with specific thresholds. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate urban green exposure in cities and can support investigation of its relationship with human health.METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study based on 902 investigated individuals in 261 residential locations aged 11-95years from Xiamen City, China. 3-30-300 green exposure was calculated using field surveys, GIS, and Baidu Maps Application Programming Interface (API). Physical health data was based on Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI)-2. Mental health was from the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Social health was from a self-constructed evaluation questionnaire. Statistical analyses were conducted using Geographically Weighted Regression and Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression for global and local effects on green exposure and multidimensional health.RESULT: Among the investigated individuals, only 3.55% (32/902) fully meet the 3-30-300 rule in Xiamen. Global results show that individuals achieved at least 30% vegetation coverage (Yes) is associated with better physical (beta: 0.76, p<0.01) and social (beta: 0.5, p<0.01) health. GWLR global results indicate that individuals can see at least 3 trees from home meeting one (OR=0.46, 95%CI: 0.25-0.86, p<0.05) or two (OR=0.41, 95%CI: 0.22,0.78, p<0.01; OR=0.24, 95%CI: 0.07-0.77, p<0.05) 3-30-300 rule components are significantly associated with reduced medical visits and hospitalizations refer to not met these criterias. In the GWR local analysis, achieved 30% vegetation cover is significantly related to improved social health at all locations. Meeting any two indicators also contribute to improved social health (n=511, beta: 0.46-0.51, P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Green exposure indicators based on the 3-30-300 rule guiding healthy urban green space development. We observed multidimensional health benefits when 1/3 or 2/3 of the indicators were met.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Low admission rates at Polish medical universities led many students to study abroad. Ukraine provided an appealing option for years. The purpose of the study is to investigate the most important factors that motived Polish students enrolled at I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University in Ukraine to pursue medical and dentistry studies in lower middle-income countries, just before the outbreak of the war. It has become incredibly important to determine crucial economic and non-economic factors.METHODS: The paper draws on a quantitative survey (N=94) conducted among medical and dental students from Poland who had studied at I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University in Ukraine using a semi-structured questionnaire. To test whether there was a relationship between the importance of the motives, Pearson's chi-square independence test was employed.RESULTS: The study found the key economic and non-economic factors for pursuing Ukrainian studies were rejection from Polish tuition-free programs, lower Ukrainian tuition and living costs compared to Poland and to other European Union countries. Determining reasons for choosing Ternopil University were recruiter and friend recommendations and its prestige among Ukrainian medical schools. Gender influenced the ranking of motives.CONCLUSION: The article examines the unique pre-war educational migration from Poland to Ukraine - occurring counter to typical flows from lower to higher a lower income country. The study showed that universities should strengthen recruiting efforts and highlight competitive tuition and living costs to attract international students, especially from relatively more developed nations.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: The psychology of vaccination behaviour explains how thoughts and feelings influence people's willingness to receive vaccines. Understanding vaccination behaviour is crucial to successfully managing vaccination campaigns.AIM: Investigating factors associated with immunisation stress among students at Mohammed First University.SETTING: This study was conducted on students at Mohammed First University institutions.METHODS: This study is a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study. It was conducted on 305 students at Mohammed First University institutions using a 90-item questionnaire.RESULTS: Three hundred and five participants have been included in this survey. Overall, 65.5% of the students in our sample had a positive perception towards COVID-19 vaccines. Nevertheless, 34.5% had a negative opinion regarding immunisation. According to the analysis of perceived stress scale, 40% (n = 122) of students expressed moderate to high stress regarding vaccination. Students with a negative perception of vaccine showed a higher level of stress than those with a positive one. Stressed students tended to be older than others, coming from other institutions, other than the medical faculty, and were renting alone. Vaccine accessibility was the less significant reason associated with stress regarding vaccination. Moreover, participants with high levels of confidence in social media, exhibited higher stress. Nevertheless, those who believed in scientific journals were significantly less stressed.CONCLUSION: These results reflect a positive perception and acceptance of vaccines, with a considerable level of stress regarding vaccination.Contribution: This study suggests emphasising the mental health of Moroccan young adults, to better sensitise and inform them about immunisation.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: The exponential growth of data across various medical domains has generated a substantial demand for techniques to analyze multimodal big data. This demand is particularly pronounced in fields such as computational pathology due to the diverse nature of the tissue. Cross-modal retrieval aims to identify a common latent space where different modalities, such as image-text pairs, exhibit close alignment. The primary challenge, however, often lies in the representation of tissue features. While language models can be trained relatively easily, visual models frequently struggle due to the scarcity of labeled data. To address this issue, the innovative concept of harmonization has been introduced, extending the learning scheme distillation without supervision, known as DINO. The harmonization of scale refines the DINO paradigm through a novel patching approach, overcoming the complexities posed by gigapixel whole slide images in digital pathology. Experiments conducted on diverse datasets have demonstrated that the proposed approach significantly enhances cross-modal retrieval in tissue imaging. Moreover, it exhibits vast potential for other fields that rely on gigapixel imaging.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Obsihir-5 holds some of the earliest evidence for the utilization of livestock in the mountainous regions of Central Asia. However, direct evidence of herding is lacking at the site. Geoarchaeological investigations, including textural, geochemical, mineralogical and micromorphological methods, have focused on the reconstruction of site formation and the search for direct evidence of herding activities. The sedimentary sequence at Obishir-5 has been divided into three facies: (1) SU0-SU1 (Bronze Age and Middle Ages), (2) SU2-SU3 (Obishirian), and (3) SU4-SU5 (Mesolithic/Epipaleolithic). SU1 formed through colluvial processes and was reworked by human and human-related activities. It is likely that these activities included herding and burning. Given the presence of herbivore dung and trampling in the sedimentary record, SU1 could include fumier-style accumulation. SU2-SU3 formed from the accumulation of coarse debris and fine particles originating from colluvial processes, physical weathering, aeolian processes and anthropogenic activity, such as burning. The archaeological material, including bones, charcoal and herbivore dung is intermixed with geogenic sediments and shows evidence of reworking. SU4-SU5 formed from colluvial and aeolian processes with low sedimentation rate. Human activity here was of low intensity and sporadic. The study of the sedimentary record has shown evidence of the use of dung and wood as fuel during the Obishirian period. However, it is not clear whether the sediments represent fumier deposits and therefore herding, as they have been heavily reworked. Nevertheless, the study opens up perspectives for the presence of livestock at the site during the Obishirian occupation. The methodology employed has allowed the reconstruction of the site formation history.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Armed conflict and insecurity have been linked to deteriorations in reproductive health and rights globally. In Nigeria, armed violence has taken a significant toll on women's and girls' health and safety. However, knowledge is limited about how conflict shapes attitudes surrounding their ability to make autonomous decisions on relationships and childbearing. Drawing on a socioecological framework and terror management theory, we aimed to investigate the association between conflict, insecurity, and attitudes toward women's and girls' reproductive autonomy in Nigeria.METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from two sources: the World Values Survey (WVS) and the Uppsala Conflict Data Program-Georeferenced Event Dataset (UCDP-GED). Nationally representative data on attitudes of 559 men and 534 women was collected by WVS in 2017-2018. Linear probability models estimated the association between attitudes toward five dimensions of women and girl's reproductive autonomy (contraception, safe abortion, marital decision-making, delayed childbearing, early marriage), respondents' perceptions of neighborhood insecurity using WVS data, and geospatial measures of conflict exposure drawn from UCDP-GED.RESULTS: Exposure to armed conflict and perceived neighborhood insecurity were associated with more supportive attitudes toward access to safe abortion among both men and women. Among women, conflict exposure was associated with higher support for contraception and the perception that early marriage can provide girls with security. Conflict-affected men were more likely to support a delay in girls' childbearing.CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that conflict and insecurity pose a threat to, but also facilitate opportunities for, women's and girls' reproductive autonomy. Contraception, abortion, early marriage, and postponement or childbearing may be perceived as risk-aversion strategies in response to mortality threats, livelihood losses, and conflict-driven sexual violence. Our findings foreshadow changes in fertility and relationship patterns in conflict-affected Nigeria and highlight the need for health programming to ensure access to contraception and safe abortion services.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Extremism and terrorism are thought to go hand in hand in civil wars. Yet do they? Are rebel groups with more extreme goals more likely than moderate ones to use terrorism, as commonly assumed? Arguments linking extremism to terrorism are often circular: groups are tagged as extremist because they do extreme things. Our article addresses this problem by articulating a novel conceptualization of extremism as the distance of group goals from the status quo. Understanding the relationship between what groups want and how they try to achieve it has obvious theoretical and policy implications. We theorize mechanisms that might connect extremist goals to terrorism and use new data on rebel group aims in civil wars from 1970 to 2013 to examine the empirical relationship between extremism and terrorism in a nontautological way. The results show that some extremist goals are associated with terrorism but not others. Groups with goals that involve changing the political ideology of the state or transforming political power across identity groups are more likely to use terrorism or to use more of it. Secessionist groups, however, are no more likely to produce terrorism than are those with less extreme territorial aims such as autonomy.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: The use of soil microarthropods as indicators of soil pollution in home gardens of an industrial area has been covered in this study. Soil samples were collected from 25 home gardens in three zones in Eloor during summer and North East monsoon from 2014 to 2018, for the study of soil microarthropods, soil properties, soil nutrients, and trace elements. The relationships among QBS-ar, microarthropod abundance, soil properties, and soil nutrients, were used to estimate the pollution hazard of the industrial area. The microarthropods present in the study area were Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diplopoda, and Araneae. A prominent study area feature was the absence of Collembola and Acari. The QBS-ar index score in these regions showed that the home gardens located adjacent to the industrial area showed low soil quality, with soil quality class values ranging from 1 to 2 throughout the study period. Discriminant analysis of soil nutrients with soil properties and microarthropod abundance showed that in Zone 1 and Zone 2, the data in 2018 was very well discriminated compared to other years. The hazard assessment in the Eloor region showed various levels of hazard zonation: Zone 1 with high-hazard and medium-hazard areas, Zone 2 with medium-hazard areas, and Zone 3 with low- and medium-hazard areas. The study is one of the first kinds that have used QBS-ar scores and soil properties along with soil nutrients and trace elements for estimating the level of hazard in home garden agroecosystems and thus points to an easy, simple, and practical approach in the monitoring and management of soil ecosystems.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The collapse of a state during crises, such as large-scale wars, demands effective preventive measures. The 2014 military aggression by Russia in Ukraine triggered profound changes and emphasised the importance of strategic responses. So, the cutoff of Russian aggression was facilitated by the coordinated interaction of state authorities and local government and the increased autonomy of local government at the grassroots level, as a result of the successful decentralisation reform in Ukraine. After the full-scale Russian invasion in February 2022, the local government played a vital role in sustaining Ukrainian cities and villages. This paper examines local government operations in active conflict zones and during occupation, assessing their preparedness for military actions. It delves into the unique challenges faced and necessary post-war adjustments. Through in-depth interviews in the war-affected Kharkiv region and secondary sources, we illuminate crisis management within local government during wartime in Ukraine. Therefore, this study highlights the crucial role of local government bodies in addressing the issues of local residents during a wartime crisis.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: In the era of Gavi's 5.0 vision of leaving no one behind with immunization, childhood routine vaccination in missed communities is considered as a priority concern. Despite having a success story at the national level, low uptake of immunization is still persistent in selected pocket areas of Bangladesh. However, prevalence and the associated factors of zero-dose (ZD) and under-immunization (UI) are still unknown at those geo-pockets of Bangladesh. Thus, the study aims to report and identify the factors associated with ZD and UI in selected geographical locations.METHODS: This study used data from a Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) survey where 504 households from 18 clusters of four hard to reach (HTR) and one urban slum were included. Caregivers of children aged 4.5 to 23months were interviewed. Three outcome variables- ZD, UI and ZD/UI were considered and several related attributes were considered as independent variables. Data were analyzed through bivariate analysis, binary logistic regression and dominance analysis.RESULTS: Overall, 32% of the children were either ZD (8%) or UI (26%) in the selected areas. The adjusted odds of ZD/UI for urban slum and haor (wetlands) areas were 5.62 and 3.61 respectively considering coastal areas as reference. However, distance of nearest EPI center, availability of EPI card, age of caregivers, education and occupation of mother and number of earning members in household were influential factors for ZD/UI. According to dominance analysis, availability of EPI card can explain the most of the variation of ZD/UI in this study.CONCLUSION: The study findings highlight the high prevalence ZD/UI in certain geo-pockets of the country. It provided a powerful insight of current situation and associated factors in regards to ZD/UI in the country which will help policy-makers and programme managers in designing programmes to reduce missed communities in Bangladesh.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This study investigated the Chinese millennials' perspectives of tourism sustainability using Hofstede's five-dimensional model. It examined the relationship between their environmental attitudes and hedonic/utilitarian values. According to the findings, collectivism had a positive impact on their pro-environmental attitude, evident in both their preferences and behaviors. Large power distance as well as high tolerance for uncertainty, conversely, resulted in a less pro-environmental attitude. Simultaneously, their masculinity, as expressed in their tendency to obtain more profit in advance, was harmful. This research adds to a greater understanding of cultural and individual values and suggests marketing strategies to advocate for environmentally conscious behaviors.", + "input": "Abstract: The green use of urban land has become a key for the sustainable transformation of resource-based cities. This paper selects 116 Chinese resource-based cities to construct an evaluation system for urban green land use and measure its efficiency. Secondly, it identifies driving factors affecting urban green land use efficiency (UGLUE) and comprehensively analyze the heterogeneity of these factors. The important findings of this paper include: (1) The UGLUE of resource-based cities in China has experienced a trend of first fluctuating and then improving. However, there are obvious regional differences. The UGLUE in the eastern and western regions are higher than those in the central and northeastern regions. (2) Industrial upgrading, financial development and technological innovation are key factors affecting UGLUE in resource-based cities. (3) There is significant heterogeneity in the impact of different factors in different city types, different regions and different time periods. The land use in resource-based cities should transform from blind expansion in pursuit of short -term economic benefits to a green development that pursues the coordination of economic, social, and ecological benefits based on the local conditions.", "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: As our understanding of the world's ocean and their history deepens, research on Marine Cultural Heritage (MCH) is increasingly vital for the preservation and maintenance of our shared cultural legacy. This paper conducts a bibliometric analysis of global MCH literature from January 1, 2000, to November 2, 2023, using Web of Science and VOSviewer. The results reveal three particularly interesting trends. Firstly, a significant increase in the volume of publications related to MCH research since 2018. Researchers in this field primarily hail from the Global North, particularly European countries, with their affiliated institutions displaying an international and diverse research profile in the MCH domain. Secondly, MCH research spans various disciplinary fields, including oceanography, environmental studies, ecology, and anthropology, forming the foundation for comprehensive MCH research. It encompasses a spectrum from traditional ecological knowledge to the impacts of climate change, extending to the influence of international law and policies. Thirdly, research hotspots in the MCH field include cultural heritage and climate change, coastal resilience and management, underwater cultural heritage, heritage conservation, and sustainable tourism, as well as Geoheritage and Geotourism. Building upon the bibliometric analysis, we provide suggestions for future research endeavors, emphasizing potential areas for further exploration and investigation.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: The Homa Peninsula, in southwestern Kenya, continues to yield insights into Oldowan hominin landscape behaviors. The Late Pliocene locality of Nyayanga (3-2.6Ma) preserves some of the oldest Oldowan tools. At the Early Pleistocene locality of Kanjera South (2Ma) toolmakers procured a diversity of raw materials from over 10km away and strategically reduced them in a grassland-dominated ecosystem. Here, we report findings from Sare-Abururu, a younger (1.7Ma) Oldowan locality approximately 12km southeast of Kanjera South and 18km east of Nyayanga. Sare-Abururu has yielded 1754 artifacts in relatively undisturbed low-energy silts and sands. Stable isotopic analysis of pedogenic carbonates suggests that hominin activities were carried out in a grassland-dominated setting with similar vegetation structure as documented at Kanjera South. The composition of a nearby paleo-conglomerate indicates that high-quality stone raw materials were locally abundant. Toolmakers at Sare-Abururu produced angular fragments from quartz pebbles, representing a considerable contrast to the strategies used to reduce high quality raw materials at Kanjera South. Although lithic reduction at Sare-Abururu was technologically simple, toolmakers proficiently produced cutting edges, made few mistakes and exhibited a mastery of platform management, demonstrating that expedient technical strategies do not necessarily indicate a lack of skill or suitable raw materials. Lithic procurement and reduction patterns on the Homa Peninsula appear to reflect variation in local resource contexts rather than large-scale evolutionary changes in mobility, energy budget, or toolmaker cognition.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In recent years, micro/nanoplastics have garnered widespread attention due to their ecological risks. In this study, we investigated the effects of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) of different sizes on the growth and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. The results demonstrated that exposure to certain concentrations of PS-NPs significantly promoted bacterial biofilm formation. Meanwhile, we comprehensively revealed its mechanism whereby PS-NPs induced oxidative stress and altered bacterial membrane permeability by contacting or penetrating bacterial membranes. To counteract the stimulation by PS-NPs and reduce their toxicity, bacteria enhanced biofilm formation by upregulating the expression of biofilm-related genes, increasing EPS and virulence factors secretion, and enhancing bacterial motility through the participation of the quorum sensing (QS) system. Additionally, we also found that exposure to PS-NPs enhanced bacterial antibiotic resistance, posing a challenge to antimicrobial therapy. Our study reveals the toxic effects of nanoplastics and the defense mechanisms of bacteria, which has important implications for the risk assessment and management of environmental nanoplastics.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Survival of children with cancer has markedly improved over recent decades, largely due to intensified treatment regimes. The intensive treatment may, however, result in fatal complications. In this retrospective cohort study, we assessed temporal variation in the incidence of treatment-related death and associated risk factors among children diagnosed with cancer in Denmark during 2001-2021.METHOD: Among all children diagnosed with first incident cancer before age 15 years recorded in the Danish Childhood Cancer Register (n = 3,255), we estimated cumulative incidence of treatment-related death (death in the absence of progressive cancer) within 5 years from diagnosis using Aalen-Johansen estimators and assessed associated risk factors using Cox regression.RESULTS: Among all 3,255 children with cancer, 93 (20% of all 459 deaths) died from treatment. Of these treatment-related deaths, 39 (42%) occurred within 3 months of diagnosis. The 5-year cumulative incidences of treatment-related death were 3.3% during 2001-2010 and 2.5% during 2011-2021 (p = 0.20). During 2011-2021, treatment-related deaths accounted for more than half of all deaths among children with haematological cancers. Risk factors varied according to cancer group and included female sex, age below 1 year at diagnosis, disease relapse, stem cell transplantation, central nervous system involvement, and metastasis at diagnosis.INTERPRETATION: Despite increasing treatment intensities, the incidence of treatment-related death has remained stable during the past 20 years in Denmark. Still, clinical attention is warranted to prevent treatment-related deaths, particularly among children with haematological cancers. Patient characteristics associated with increased treatment-related death risk support patient-specific treatment approaches to avoid these fatalities.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The adoption of AI-powered systems in healthcare has revolutionized the field by introducing autonomous diagnostics and predictions, though it remains a source of debate due to its disruptive nature. This research utilizes the holistic model of stress to empirically examine the effects of six techno-stressors on both techno-eustress and techno-distress among users in the healthcare sector. Data for this research was collected from 224 participants through an e-survey distributed across diverse sources. The findings reveal intriguing insights, highlighting the emergence of techno-unpredictability as a potential new techno-stressor within the context of AI-powered systems in healthcare. With this newfound understanding, healthcare specialists and organizations can stay one step ahead, better equipped to address and navigate the complexities of emerging stressors for enhanced well-being, patient care and safety.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) is a major upgrade to the existing Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, aimed at increasing the integrated luminosity of the collider by a factor of ten [1]. A key component of the HL-LHC are the superconducting Nb3Sn quadrupole magnets, known as MQXF, whose purpose is to focus the particle beam [3]. In order to ensure the proper operation and structural reliability of the MQXF quadrupoles, it is essential to qualify the welds of their cold mass, used as a He container of the magnets. This paper describes the process of qualification of the welds involved in the closure of the cold mass, including the testing and inspection methods used to evaluate their strength and soundness. The results of the qualification process are used to ensure that the MQXF quadrupoles cold masses can withstand the high-stress operating conditions of the HL-LHC and operate as expected at cryogenic temperature. The qualification process has been used to implement a novel approach for quality control of the production parts using Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT). This advanced testing method uses phased array ultrasonic probes to scan the welds and generate a detail 3D image of their internal structure. This allows for a more accurate and efficient inspection of the welds, compared to traditional ultrasonic testing methods. Overall, the welding qualification process for the cold mass of the MQXF quadrupoles is a crucial step in ensuring the safe and reliable operation of the HL-LHC.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Our image of the Roman landscape of Istria is characterised by large-scale centuriation and architectural remains of Roman villae. Detection and mapping of other, less dramatic landscape features require systematic large-scale prospection, but this faces significant difficulties in the Mediterranean environment. However, the developments in the field of airborne laser scanning offer the possibility to create archaeologically usable digital terrain models under water and under very dense and low maquis vegetation. This paper reports on the use of terrain models created using a green laser and a sophisticated archaeologically driven ground point filtering strategy. Combined with archaeological aerial photo interpretation, this provides the means for landscape mapping and interpretation that has revealed a wealth of archaeological structures hinting at Roman agricultural practices and landscape. Our case study is based on a laser scan of about 24 km2 of land and underwater terrain in Medulin Bay. Processed, visualised and interpreted for archaeological purposes, the data reveal not only features ranging from prehistoric hilltop settlements to modern military installations but also features a complex picture of the Roman land use. Of particular interest is the large number of planting pits, which extend over a total length of 4 km. They were laid on a regular grid of approximately 35 x 35 m, sometimes combined in contiguous parcels. They can be interpreted as remains of orchards or tree nurseries of Roman date, and the paper examines also the question of whether they can be linked to the associated Roman estates. The case study area presented here shows that the potential of remote sensing methods goes far beyond the mere finding of traditional sites but can open up new landscape-scale perspectives on regions that have been archaeologically little explored.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: This paper addresses the preservation approach chosen for a selected group of born-digital artworks connected to the web, here categorized under the term internet art. The three first cases that are part of the project Infrastructuur Duurzame Toegankelijkheid Digitale Kunst (Collaborative Infrastructure for Sustainable Access to Digital Art) researched by LIMA (a platform for media art based in Amsterdam) focused on how to analyse internet artworks. This case study-based research was conducted in collaboration with 16 collecting institutions based in The Netherlands. The growing number of internet artworks in collections has pushed the development of preservation initiatives that consider these works' fleeting nature, a consequence of their technical build and time-sensitive characteristics. The project aims to produce and share knowledge for these artworks' preservation and overall sustainability while making it available for other similar works. This paper addresses the research steps while assessing its rationale and utility. It starts by describing the case study and assesses how the methodology serves conservation standards. The paper documents an overall evaluation of methods and results, pointing out the applicability and practical relevance of this initiative, here evaluated with positive conclusions. This paper fits the project's mission concerning knowledge sharing and raising awareness for the preservation of internet artworks and is authored by a short-term PhD fellow at LIMA.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: The pursuit of medical and dental education is challenging and can affect the overall quality of life of medical students. Assessing the quality of life of medical students is the first step in the preparation of efficient future health care professionals. This study used the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) to evaluate the quality of life of medical and dental students in Karachi, Pakistan.OBJECTIVES: The study objectives include: assessing the QoL of medical and dental students and their general health satisfaction and self-satisfaction.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 344 medical and dental students from different medical and dental schools in Karachi, Pakistan. The World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire was used to assess QOL, which included 26 items covering four domains: physical, psychological, social, and environmental. All scores for the domains ranged from 4 to 20. Scoring was done according to the WHOQOL-BREF procedure manual. The questionnaire was disseminated to medical students using Google Forms. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Cronbach's alpha and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test were used to evaluate the reliability and sampling adequacy of the data for factor analysis. Descriptive statistics were computed for each variable and QoL domain, including frequencies, percentages, averages, and standard deviations. Domain scores were compared using a t-test and one-way ANOVA, with p-values less than 0.05, indicating statistical significance.RESULTS: Among the 344 medical students, 56.7% (n=195) were female and 43.3% (n=149) were male. The WHOQOL-BREF demonstrated excellent reliability, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.918. Most medical students rated their overall QOL (62.2%) and health satisfaction (46.8%) as good, and were able to get around well (71.3%). No significant sex differences were found across the various QOL domains. Marital status significantly affected QOL scores (p<0.005). Single students had significantly higher QOL scores than married/separated/divorced students did. Overall, the environmental domain had the highest mean score (26.81\u00b16.17), while social relationships had the lowest mean score (9.68\u00b12.93).CONCLUSION: The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the QoL of medical and dental students. Most participants reported moderate satisfaction with their physical health and lower satisfaction with the psychological, social, and environmental components of QoL. Marital status was found to significantly impact the QoL as compared to single students with greater QoL. These findings can help form targeted interventions to enhance medical students' quality of life and prepare efficient future healthcare professionals.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: Clusters of Neolithic cursus monuments are attested in several parts of Britain but have so far not been recorded in Ireland, where only isolated or pairs of monuments are known. A recent lidar survey of the Baltinglass landscape of County Wicklow, Ireland, has now identified a cluster of up to five cursus monuments. Here, the author explores this group of monuments and their significance within the wider setting of Neolithic Ireland and Britain. Their unique morphology, location and orientation offer insights into the ritual and ceremonial aspects of the farming communities that inhabited the Baltinglass landscape and hint at the variability in the form and possible functions of these monuments for early farming communities.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Drawing on findings from an ethnographic study, the paper at hand provides an example of a pronounced way of working with montage as a means of mobilizing knowledge in the architectural design process. With reference to a specific design project, the paper follows architecture students systematically exploring and structuring the problem's space of possibilities by applying montage. Highlighting the methodological rigor and logical coherence their procedure involves, the paper elaborates on montage as an effective method and traceable exploratory process. Presenting and discussing this empirical data, the paper aims at showing how montage allows for apprehending a problem in a holistic manner while at the same time facilitating its analysis into separate parts. In this way, montage engenders the mobilization of knowledge, which can be implicated to the case at hand.", + "input": "Abstract: St Agnes Museum, Cornwall, currently holds in its collections a paint box with a metal plaque reading 'John Opie 1806', containing pigments and other artists' materials. John Opie produced hundreds of oil paintings until his untimely death in 1807 and was a well-known and successful painter of portraits and historical scenes. However, his work has been little studied, in comparison to his contemporaries such as Joshua Reynolds. This paper discusses the identification of the pigments in the paint box using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Seven pigments have been identified as ultramarine, lead white, fustic and carmine lakes, carbon black (likely ivory), hematite, and burnt sienna, consistent with the bottle labels where present. The identification has been further confirmed using historical literature, which has shown that the pigments are likely to be contemporary with the stated date of 1806. This information adds to the body of knowledge about the artist specifically, and the artists pigments generally available at the time.", "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Biomedical terminologies play a vital role in managing biomedical data. Missing IS-A relations in a biomedical terminology could be detrimental to its downstream usages. In this paper, we investigate an approach combining logical definitions and lexical features to discover missing IS-A relations in two biomedical terminologies: SNOMED CT and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) thesaurus. The method is applied to unrelated concept-pairs within non-lattice subgraphs: graph fragments within a terminology likely to contain various inconsistencies. Our approach first compares whether the logical definition of a concept is more general than that ofthe other concept. Then, we check whether the lexical features of the concept are contained in those ofthe other concept. If both constraints are satisfied, we suggest a potentially missing IS-A relation between the two concepts. The method identified 982 potential missing IS-A relations for SNOMED CT and 100 for NCI thesaurus. In order to assess the efficacy of our approach, a random sample of results belonging to the Clinical Findings and Procedure subhierarchies of SNOMED CT and results belonging to the Drug, Food, Chemical or Biomedical Material subhierarchy of the NCI thesaurus were evaluated by domain experts. The evaluation results revealed that 118 out of 150 suggestions are valid for SNOMED CT and 17 out of 20 are valid for NCI thesaurus.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Passenger vehicles have significant environmental concerns, accounting for approximately 52% of total CO2 emissions in the transportation sector over well to wheel period. Understanding its historical emission trends and drivers is crucial for future carbon reduction interventions. Here, an integrated analytical framework is developed, consisting of the vehicle fleet-based fuel cycle carbon emissions accounting model, Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index method (LMDI) and scenario-based prediction method. The obtained results of case study in China show that: i) The annual CO2 emissions from passenger vehicles consistently increased from 228.4 Mt in 2012 to 459.9 Mt in 2022, primarily driven by income per capita and passenger vehicle ownership. ii) The reduction in vehicle fuel intensity and changes in market structure contributed to decreases in emissions of 41.6 Mt and 1.8 Mt, respectively. Moreover, the emission coefficient effect has more significant impacts in new energy vehicles (NEVs), leading to a reduction of 1.0 Mt. iii) By optimizing the market structure, 3425.8 Mt CO2 emissions could be mitigated by 2060, yielding the lowest aggregate emissions among all emission reduction strategies. iv) The adoption of advanced power technology will continue to contribute to carbon reduction till 2045. The effectiveness of the emission coefficient reduction strategy will be strengthened after 2045, leading to the lowest annual CO2 emissions of 26.0 Mt by 2060. Long-term emission curtailment will necessitate technological innovation and widespread adoption of new energy vehicles and clean electricity.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Exposure to cigarette smoke introduces a large amount of nicotine into the bloodstream through the lungs. So, smoking can be a risk factor for many diseases. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of active and passive cigarette smoke on the blood lipid profile and dyslipidemia.METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 5052 individuals who participated in the recruitment phase of the Shahedieh cohort study. A logistic regression model was used to investigate the relationship between smoking exposure status and lipid profiles.RESULTS: The prevalence of abnormal low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), abnormal HDL-C, abnormal total cholesterol (TC), abnormal triglyceride (TG), and dyslipidemia were 254 (5.00%), 562 (11.10%), 470 (9.30%), 1008 (20.00%), and 1527 (30.20%), respectively. Adjusting for confounders, it was observed that current smokers had higher odds of having abnormal HDL-C [OR (95% CI), 2.90 (2.28-3.69)], abnormal TG [OR (95% CI), 1.71 (1.38-2.13)] and dyslipidemia [OR (95% CI), 1.86 (1.53-2.25)]. Ex-smokers also had greater odds of abnormal HDL-C [OR (95% CI), 1.51 (1.06-2.16)] compared to non-smokers who were not exposed to cigarette smoke.CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated that current smokers had higher TG and lower HDL. So, necessary measures should be taken to reduce smoking. The findings also showed that the prevalence of abnormal TG and HDL in ex-smokers was lower than in current smokers. Therefore, the existence of incentive policies to quit smoking seems necessary.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: During the fire in April 2019, part of the central vaulting of the nave of Notre-Dame de Paris collapsed beneath the impact of the fallen spire. The blocks composing the transverse arch were decontaminated, then subjected to archeological examination prior to attempting to dry-mount them (i.e., without mortar) on the ground. The purpose was to collect as much information as possible about the arch itself (its state of conservation, geometry, fashioning of the blocks, assembly, etc.), to consider the possibility of putting the fallen stones back in their original places, and more broadly to improve knowledge about mediaeval cathedral vaulting. This article describes the method used during this mounting, which took place in winter 2020/21. Five criteria of differing kind and importance guided decisions on where to place the voussoirs, which way round to position them, and which to associate with which. Three were taken into consideration from the outset, with the interpretation of two of these changing over time: the non-standardized dimension of the voussoirs (their thickness), the presence of a cross mark on one of the joint faces, and the presence of rectangular notches on the extrados of the blocks for housing the end of a centering system for constructing the vault compartments. Two other criteria were incorporated as work progressed, pertaining to the order in which the blocks were collected after the fire, and the geological facies of the stones, thus introducing the idea of degree of confidence. By the end of this operation, only four blocks had been placed with certainty. Nevertheless, the criteria thereby defined and their weighting have been used as a starting point for other investigation methods. In terms of archaeology, the observations carried out on this arch in these exceptional conditions suggest we should reconsider the dating of the nave vaulting, while throwing light more broadly on the relative chronology of building works on this landmark monument of Gothic architecture. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: [This corrects the article DOI: 10.14423/SMJ.0000000000001652.].", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Urban green spaces offer various health benefits, yet the impact of comprehensive green exposure criteria on multidimensional health remains unclear. The 3-30-300 green space rule represents the green exposure indicators with specific thresholds. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate urban green exposure in cities and can support investigation of its relationship with human health.METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study based on 902 investigated individuals in 261 residential locations aged 11-95years from Xiamen City, China. 3-30-300 green exposure was calculated using field surveys, GIS, and Baidu Maps Application Programming Interface (API). Physical health data was based on Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI)-2. Mental health was from the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Social health was from a self-constructed evaluation questionnaire. Statistical analyses were conducted using Geographically Weighted Regression and Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression for global and local effects on green exposure and multidimensional health.RESULT: Among the investigated individuals, only 3.55% (32/902) fully meet the 3-30-300 rule in Xiamen. Global results show that individuals achieved at least 30% vegetation coverage (Yes) is associated with better physical (beta: 0.76, p<0.01) and social (beta: 0.5, p<0.01) health. GWLR global results indicate that individuals can see at least 3 trees from home meeting one (OR=0.46, 95%CI: 0.25-0.86, p<0.05) or two (OR=0.41, 95%CI: 0.22,0.78, p<0.01; OR=0.24, 95%CI: 0.07-0.77, p<0.05) 3-30-300 rule components are significantly associated with reduced medical visits and hospitalizations refer to not met these criterias. In the GWR local analysis, achieved 30% vegetation cover is significantly related to improved social health at all locations. Meeting any two indicators also contribute to improved social health (n=511, beta: 0.46-0.51, P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Green exposure indicators based on the 3-30-300 rule guiding healthy urban green space development. We observed multidimensional health benefits when 1/3 or 2/3 of the indicators were met.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: We report recent observations using a synchrotron X-ray micro-beam to retrieve images from tarnished 19th century daguerreotypes. We confirm that high quality image can always be retrieved from tarnished plates using Hg L alpha XRF as long as the bulk of the image particles and their distribution remains intact. We also report results from using tunable tender X-rays (2 - 7 keV) to conduct imaging in high vacuum at energy above the Ag L-edge and the Hg M-edge, extracting images using Ag L alpha and Hg M alpha, respectively among others (e.g., S to track corrosion). Images obtained with the surface sensitive total electron yield (TEY) and the bulk sensitive fluorescence yield (FLY) as well as corresponding micro-XANES are reported. Flux tolerance to high intensity X-beam is also explored. These results and their implications for cultural heritage research are discussed. (c) 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Both the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, as a surrogate marker of insulin resistance, and systemic inflammation are predictors of cardiovascular diseases; however, little is known about the coexposures and relative contributions of TyG index and inflammation to cardiovascular diseases. Using the nationally representative data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), we conducted longitudinal analyses to evaluate the joint and mutual associations of the TyG index and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) with cardiovascular events in middle-aged and older Chinese population.METHODS: This study comprised 8 658 participants aged at least 45years from the CHARLS 2011 who are free of cardiovascular diseases at baseline. The TyG index was calculated as Ln [fasting triglyceride (mg/dL)*fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. Cardiovascular events were defined as the presence of physician-diagnosed heart disease and/or stroke followed until 2018.We performed adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression and mediation analyses.RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 58.6\u00b19.0years, and 3988 (46.1%) were females. During a maximum follow-up of 7.0years, 2606 (30.1%) people developed cardiovascular diseases, including 2012 (23.2%) cases of heart diseases and 848 (9.8%) cases of stroke. Compared with people with a lower TyG index (<8.6 [median level]) and hsCRP<1mg/L, those concurrently with a higher TyG and hsCRP had the highest risk of overall cardiovascular disease (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.300; 95% CI 1.155-1.462), coronary heart disease (aHR, 1.294; 95% CI 1.130-1.481) and stroke (aHR, 1.333; 95% CI 1.093-1.628), which were predominant among those aged 70years or below. High hsCRP significantly mediated 13.4% of the association between the TyG index and cardiovascular disease, while TyG simultaneously mediated 7.9% of the association between hsCRP and cardiovascular risk.CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the coexposure effects and mutual mediation between the TyG index and hsCRP on cardiovascular diseases. Joint assessments of the TyG index and hsCRP should be underlined for the residual risk stratification and primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, especially for middle-aged adults.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This article presents a causal inference analysis of vaccine hesitancy for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines based on socio-demographic data obtained via questionnaires applied to a sample of the Brazilian population. This data includes the respondents' political preferences, age group, education, salary range, country region, sex, believing fake news, vaccine confidence, and intention to get the COVID-19 vaccine. The research created a causal graph using these variables, seeking to answer questions about the probability of people getting vaccinated. The results of this research corroborate findings observed in the literature, also presenting unique findings: (i) The perception that the vaccine is safe is positively affected by age group and negatively by religion; (ii) The older the person, the greater the probability of considering the vaccine safe and, consequently, of getting vaccinated; (iii) The religion variable showed great importance in the model since it has a simultaneous causal effect on political preferences and the perception of vaccine safety; (iv) The data reveal that the probability of a person accepting the vaccination against COVID-19 is reduced given the fact that they believe fake news related to the vaccine. The methodology applied in this research can be replicated for populations from other countries so that it is possible to generate customized models. General causal models can be helpful for agencies dealing with vaccine hesitancy to decide which variables should be addressed to reduce this phenomenon.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: Stable isotopic compositions of carbon and nitrogen (delta C-13, delta N-15) of archaeological grains/seeds recovered from different cultural layers of an Indus (Harappan) archaeological site 4MSR (29 degrees 12'87.2N; 73 degrees 9'421E; Binjor, western Rajasthan, India) provide insights into the Harappan agriculture between similar to 2900 to similar to 1800 BCE. The delta C-13 values were used to retrieve hydrological status, while delta N-15 values were used to gauge agricultural intensification. Isotopic data of grains/seeds were generated representing three Indus phases (i) Early phase (similar to 2900-2600 BCE), (ii) Transitional phase (similar to 2600-2500 BCE), and (iii) Mature phase (similar to 2500-1800 BCE). We find delta C-13 values of barley grains (winter crop) varied in overlapping ranges for all the three phases -21.34 parts per thousand +/- 1.9; -22.55 parts per thousand +/- 1.6 and -22.75 parts per thousand +/- 1.7 respectively (n=10 for each phase) indicating insignificant changes in hydrology for winter crops. For summer crops like cotton, average delta C-13 values for Transitional phase -23.44 parts per thousand +/- 1.8 were not significantly different from those of Mature phase -22.55 parts per thousand +/- 2.5. The delta N-15(barley) values varied in wider range, however, intra-phase variability appears to have overlapping values but showing overall increase from Early (7.72 parts per thousand +/- 1.8) to Mature phase (11.17 parts per thousand +/- 7.2) indicating a plausible agricultural intensification. We also measured delta C-13 of host soil organic matter (SOM) and sediment delta N-15 to assess regional environmental conditions. In contrast to the trends observed for archaeological grains/seeds, delta C-13(SOM) values showed a statistically significant enriching trend from Early (-23.54 parts per thousand +/- 1.4) to Mature phase (-20.40 parts per thousand +/- 1.9) hinting a growing aridity in the region. We surmise that Harappan farmers of western Rajasthan region might be managing arable hydrological conditions in their fields through agricultural interventions to continue agriculture practices despite growing aridity in the vicinity. The high proportion of water-demanding crop cotton during the Mature phase despite of changing environmental conditions, also corroborate our interpretation, possibly grown for the trade purposes.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Low admission rates at Polish medical universities led many students to study abroad. Ukraine provided an appealing option for years. The purpose of the study is to investigate the most important factors that motived Polish students enrolled at I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University in Ukraine to pursue medical and dentistry studies in lower middle-income countries, just before the outbreak of the war. It has become incredibly important to determine crucial economic and non-economic factors.METHODS: The paper draws on a quantitative survey (N=94) conducted among medical and dental students from Poland who had studied at I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University in Ukraine using a semi-structured questionnaire. To test whether there was a relationship between the importance of the motives, Pearson's chi-square independence test was employed.RESULTS: The study found the key economic and non-economic factors for pursuing Ukrainian studies were rejection from Polish tuition-free programs, lower Ukrainian tuition and living costs compared to Poland and to other European Union countries. Determining reasons for choosing Ternopil University were recruiter and friend recommendations and its prestige among Ukrainian medical schools. Gender influenced the ranking of motives.CONCLUSION: The article examines the unique pre-war educational migration from Poland to Ukraine - occurring counter to typical flows from lower to higher a lower income country. The study showed that universities should strengthen recruiting efforts and highlight competitive tuition and living costs to attract international students, especially from relatively more developed nations.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Inappropriate medication utilization among older adults is a pressing concern in the United States, owing to its high prevalence and the consequential detrimental impact it engenders. The adverse effects stemming from the inappropriate use of medication may be unequally borne by racial/ethnic minority populations, calling for greater efforts towards promoting equity in healthcare. The study objective was to assess the cost-effectiveness of Medication Therapy Management (MTM) services among Medicare beneficiaries and across racial/ethnic groups.METHODS: Medicare administrative data from 2016 to 2017 linked to Area Health Resources Files were used to analyze Medicare fee-for-service patients aged 65 or above with continuous Parts A/B/D coverage. The intervention group included new MTM enrollees in 2017; the control group referred to patients who met the general MTM eligible criteria but did not enroll in 2016 or 2017. The 2 groups were matched using a propensity score method. Effectiveness was evaluated as the proportion of appropriate medication utilization based on performance measures developed by the Pharmacy Quality Alliance. Costs were computed as total healthcare costs from Medicare perspective. A multivariable net benefit regressions with a classic linear model and Bayesian analysis were utilized. Net benefit was calculated based on willingness-to-pay thresholds at various multiples of the gross domestic product in 2017. Three-way interaction terms among dummy variables for MTM enrollment, 2017, and racial/ethnic minority groups were incorporated in a difference-in-differences study design.RESULTS: After adjusting for patient characteristics, the findings indicate that MTM receipt was associated with incremental net benefit among each race and ethnicity. For instance, the net benefit of MTM among the non-Hispanic White patients was $2498 (95% confidence interval\u2005=\u2005$1609, $3386) at a willingness-to-pay value of $59,908. The study found no significant difference in net benefits for MTM services between minority and White patients.CONCLUSION: The study provides evidence that MTM is a cost-effective tool for managing medication utilization among the Medicare population. However, MTM may not be cost-effective in reducing racial/ethnic disparities in medication utilization in the short term. Further research is needed to understand the long-term cost-effectiveness of MTM on racial/ethnic disparities.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Recent work finds that nonviolent resistance by ethnic minorities is perceived as more violent and requiring more policing than identical resistance by ethnic majorities, reducing its impact and effectiveness. We ask whether allies-advantaged group participants in disadvantaged group movements-can mitigate these barriers. On the one hand, allies can counter negative stereotypes and defuse threat perceptions among advantaged group members, while raising expectations of success and lowering expected risks among disadvantaged group members. On the other hand, allies can entail significant costs, carrying risks of cooptation, replication of power hierarchies, and marginalization of core constituencies. To shed light on this question we draw on the case of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement, which, in 2020, attracted unprecedented White participation. Employing a national survey experiment, we find that sizeable White presence at racial justice protests increases protest approval, reduces perceptions of violence, and raises the likelihood of participation among White audiences, while not causing significant backlash among Black audiences. Black respondents mostly see White presence as useful for advancing the movement's goals, and predominant White presence reduces expectations that protests will be forcefully repressed. We complement these results with analysis of tens of thousands of images shared on social media during the 2020 BLM protests, finding a significant association between the presence of Whites in the images and user engagement and amplification. The findings suggest that allyship can be a powerful tool for promoting sociopolitical change amid deep structural inequality.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has recently been considered one of archaeology's most preferred analytical techniques because of its simplicity; it does not need sample preparation, is fast, is a quasi-nondestructive analytical technique, and is cost-effective. Besides, LIBS can perform stratigraphic measurements, which are of significant interest in cultural heritage samples. Such pros facilitate utilizing LIBS in situ, e.g., in museums and excavation sites. In the present work, LIBS has been used to analyze black resin remains and gold fragments used in mummification and collected from the Ptahemwia tomb in the vicinity of Djoser's Step Pyramid at Sakkara. The IR (1064 nm) and the UV (355 nm) laser wavelengths have been used in the LIBS measurements. The results revealed both samples' emission line intensity dependence on the laser wavelength. In this regard, elements such as Na, Ca, Mo, and CN (molecular band) for black resin and Au, Ag, and Cu for gold samples were detected as significant elements. It has been found that the detection sensitivity achieved by the LIBS technique was higher when using the UV laser. This is crucial in detecting rare earth elements REE (Y, La) and/or minor elements (Nb, Zr) in the samples under study. Furthermore, the energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis has been used to validate the LIBS results for the same samples. In agreement with what is reported in the literature, the LIBS and the EDX spectroscopic results showed that the black resin investigated in the present study is bitumen in its composition. (c) 2024 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Political conflicts or geopolitical tensions can create uncertainty in addressing climate change and environmental management in the Arctic. Dissecting how actors interact with each other and form networks is important for understanding ecological and environmental management challenges during geopolitical tensions, as well as promoting better governance. We construct transboundary networks for Arctic climate change governance (ACCG) from 2013 to 2021 based on the Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone (GDELT). Further, we used network descriptive statistical analysis and Temporal Exponential Random Graph Models (TERGM) to explore the structure of ACCG networks and the key factors influencing cooperation formation. The findings suggest that the overall cooperation density of the ACCG is low, and the dominant position of core actors is continuously strengthening. Non-state actors are less likely to be seen as partners and their participation depends largely on cooperation with states. The results also show that actors with similar stances and problem exposure are more likely to cooperate, but those exposed to high latitudes often choose not to cooperate; first-comers are more likely to perceive as cooperating yet they are inclined to establish internal cooperation. Additionally, two geographically proximate actors are more likely to cooperate. This indicates that under geopolitical tensions, the ACCG faces challenges not only due to the limited capacity of non-state actors to perform transboundary functions but also because the cooperation mechanisms are influenced by regional political logic. Accordingly, we further suggest policy recommendations from developing binding international frameworks to guide transboundary cooperation, enhancing cooperation among non-state actors, and ensuring the representativeness and fairness of non-Arctic actors' participation. This research provides insights into transboundary environmental management under political tensions, while also offering new pathways for analysing large-scale environmental governance structures.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: Blair articulates a concept of argument that suggests, as he puts it, that argument is a normative concept (Blair, Informal Logic 24:137-151, 2004, p. 190). Put roughly, the idea is that a collection of propositions doesn't constitute an argument unless some taken together constitute a reason for the remaining proposition and thereby support it enough to provide at least prima facie justification for it (Blair, in: Blair, Johnson, Hansen, Tindale (eds) Informal Logic at 25, Proceedings of the 25th anniversary conference, Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation, 2003, p.173). My primary task in this paper is to advance an understanding of the illative unit of argument and the reasons associated with it that provides an intuition pump for a normative concept of argument. My aim is to advance a positive consideration in favor of a normative concept of argument that motivates its further development. I take the normative concept of argument I defend here to be in the same ballpark as the one Blair characterizes.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The collapse of a state during crises, such as large-scale wars, demands effective preventive measures. The 2014 military aggression by Russia in Ukraine triggered profound changes and emphasised the importance of strategic responses. So, the cutoff of Russian aggression was facilitated by the coordinated interaction of state authorities and local government and the increased autonomy of local government at the grassroots level, as a result of the successful decentralisation reform in Ukraine. After the full-scale Russian invasion in February 2022, the local government played a vital role in sustaining Ukrainian cities and villages. This paper examines local government operations in active conflict zones and during occupation, assessing their preparedness for military actions. It delves into the unique challenges faced and necessary post-war adjustments. Through in-depth interviews in the war-affected Kharkiv region and secondary sources, we illuminate crisis management within local government during wartime in Ukraine. Therefore, this study highlights the crucial role of local government bodies in addressing the issues of local residents during a wartime crisis.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: In this paper we study 500 years of African economic history using traveller accounts. We systematically collected 2464 unique documents, of which 855 pass language and rigorous data quality requirements. Our final corpus of texts contains more than 230 000 pages. Analysing such a corpus is an insurmountable task for traditional historians and would probably take a lifetime's work. Applying modern day computational linguistic techniques such as a structural topic model approach (STM) in combination with domain knowledge of African economic history, we analyse how first-hand accounts (topics) evolve across space and time. Apart from obvious accounts of climate, geography, and zoology, we find topics around imperialism, diplomacy, conflict, trade/commerce, health/medicine, evangelization, and many more topics of interest to scholarship. We illustrate how this novel database and text analysis can be employed in three applications (1) What views are introduced by travellers as a result of their occupational background? (2) Did the adoption of quinine as treatment and prophylaxis against malaria facilitate European expansion into Africa? (3) When and how did the diffusion of New World crops alter the African economic landscape?", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The global trading system has reached an inflection point. The future of the liberalized, rules-based global world order is in doubt as countries that have for decades preached and practiced policies, which can loosely be defined as embodying the 'Washington Consensus', have started to backtrack. Free and fair trade is no longer the mantra as governments embrace industrial policy, protectionism, national security, risk management, and managed trade. Perhaps the most surprising adherent of the reversal is the US, whose embrace of what has been termed a 'modern American industrial strategy' runs counter to traditional American views and norms. While David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage still holds true, it has certainly fallen out of fashion. Where it leads remains unknown - caveat emptor. This article analyses President Joe Biden's industrial policy and its implications as well as shifts that have occurred as a result of the pandemic, geopolitical competition, and other recent global events.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: The extensive use of antidiabetic drugs (ADDs) and their detection in high concentrations in the environment have been extensively documented. However, the mechanism of ADDs dissipation in aquatic environments is still not well understood. This study thoroughly investigates the dissipation behavior of ADDs and the underlying mechanisms in the aerobic activated sludge system. The results indicate that the removal efficiencies of ADDs range from 3.98% to 100% within 48h, largely due to the biodegradation process. Additionally, the gene expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is shown to be significantly upregulated in most ADDs-polluted samples (P<0.05), indicating the vital role of CYP450 enzymes in the biodegradation of ADDs. Enzyme inhibition experiments validated this hypothesis. Moreover, molecular docking and simulation results indicate that a strong correlation between the biodegradation of ADDs and the interactions between ADDs and CYP450 (Ebinding). The differences in dissipation behavior among the tested ADDs are possibly due to their electrophilic characteristics. Overall, this study makes the initial contribution to a more profound comprehension of the crucial function of CYP450 enzymes in the dissipation behavior of ADDs in a typical aquatic environment.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This article examines Middle and Late Preclassic period ritual activity and caches discovered in the Central E Group complex at the ancient Maya site of Cival, which is located in northeastern Peten, Guatemala. It focuses on a series of excavations conducted in 2013 and 2014 at Structure 9, the E Group's western radial pyramid and uses theories of social memory and sacred place to provide insight into the recently discovered caches, termination rituals, and the deliberate destruction of architectural features found there. It also draws on previous ritual activity conducted in the Central E Group plaza and the site's broader history to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the role of this complex as a sacred place and hub of memory at Cival for more than 1,000 years.Este articulo examina la actividad ritual del periodo Preclasico Medio y Tardio de los escondites descubiertos en el complejo del Grupo Tipo-E Central en el antiguo sitio Maya de Cival, que se encuentra en el noreste de Peten, Guatemala. Haciendo enfasis en una serie de excavaciones realizadas entre los anos 2013 y 2014 en la Estructura 9, que es la Piramide radial al oeste del Grupo. Las teorias de la memoria social y el lugar sagrado son aplicadas para dar una idea de los hallazgos mencionados recientemente, los rituales de terminacion y la destruccion deliberada de las caracteristicas arquitectonicas que se encuentran en dicha estructura. Tambien se basa en la actividad ritual realizada anteriormente en la plaza del mismo complejo para obtener una comprension mas amplia y completa de su historia y del papel de este grupo como lugar sagrado y centro de la memoria en Cival durante mas de 1000 anos.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Remote monitoring technologies show potential to help health professionals deliver preventative interventions which can avoid hospital admissions and allow patients to remain in a home setting.AIMS: To assess whether an Internet of Things (IoT) driven remote monitoring technology, used in the care pathway of community dementia patients in North Warwickshire improved access to care for patients and cost effectiveness.METHOD: Patient level changes to anonymised retrospective healthcare utilisation data were analysed alongside costs.RESULTS: Urgent care decreased following use of an IoT driven remote monitoring technology; one preventative intervention avoided an average of three urgent interventions. A Chi-Square test showing this change as significant. Estimates show annualised service activity avoidance of 201,583 for the cohort; 8764 per patient.CONCLUSIONS: IoT driven remote monitoring had a positive impact on health utilisation and cost avoidance. Future expansion of the cohort will allow for validation of the results and consider the impact of the technology on patient health outcomes and staff workflows.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This paper highlights the need for intelligent analysis of students' behavioral states in physical education tasks. The hand-ring inertial data is used to identify students' motion sequence states. First, statistical feature extraction is performed based on the acceleration and angular velocity data collected from the bracelet. After completing the filtering and noise reduction of the data, we perform feature extraction by Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) and use the sliding window method for analysis. Finally, the classification capability of the model sequence is enhanced by the Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The experimental results indicate that the classification accuracy of student action sequences in physical education exceeds 96% after optimization by the HMM method. This provides intelligent means and new ideas for future student state recognition in physical education and teaching reform.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: The corrosion inhibition effect, reinforcement effect and penetration effect of rusted bronze before and after the compounding of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) with B72 (Paraloid B72) were investigated using surface analysis and electrochemical techniques. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and quantum chemical computing techniques were used to explore the mechanism of corrosion mitigation further. In addition, an electronic universal testing machine was used to test the ability of the material to reinforce different rust compositions before and after compounding. The dynamic potential polarization method was used to determine the composite scheme's optimal corrosion inhibition ratio and study the corrosion inhibition effect. The experimental results showed that the best corrosion inhibition effect was achieved at the ratio of MBI/B72 ratio 3:7, and the corrosion inhibition efficiency was 97.84 % under these conditions. Most of the MBI molecules used by us presented prominent permeation adsorption behavior. They formed uneven films of Cu(I)-MBI and Cu(II)-MBI coordination compounds on the surface of the rust layer. Finally, B72 combines with MBI molecules through hydrogen bonding to form a compact and smooth film, which helps improve corrosion inhibition efficiency and plays a certain role in reinforcement. (c) 2024 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR).", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Objectives: Studies suggest that melatonin may promote cardiovascular protection. Previous trials have primarily been performed on co -morbid patients. Little information exist on the effect in postmenopausal women with general good health. Design, participants and intervention: In a double -blinded placebo-controlled study, we randomized 41 postmenopausal women to either 10 mg melatonin per day or placebo for 3 months. Outcome measures: Outcomes of the trial was changes in blood pressure, pulse wave velocity (PWV), and quality of sleep evaluated by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: Thirty-nine women completed the study. Mean age was 63 years (range 55-75 years). Over the 3 months of the trial, PWV did not differ between groups: Placebo 1.1% (IQR -2.1;9.9) vs. melatonin 0.0% (IQR-9.8;4.1), p = 0.43). The were no significant differences in blood pressure bewteen melatonin and placebo group. Both groups had a pour quality of sleep at baseline (placebo: PSQI 6.0 (IQR 3.3; 8.8) vs. melatonin PSQI 6.0 (IQR 3.0; 10.0), p = 0.94), which did not change in response to treatment. Conclusion: In healthy postmenopausal women, supplementation with 10 mg melatonin was well-tolerated, but we did not observe any significant improvements in pulse wave velocity, blood pressure or quality of sleep compared with placebo.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: The effect of spatial variability on the liquefaction prediction and liquefaction-induced ground failure of a soil profile with thinly interbedded layer of sand and clay was examined using simplified procedures and fully coupled two-dimensional (2D) nonlinear dynamic analysis (NDA). The Palinurus Road site in Christchurch, New Zealand, subjected to the 2010 Darfield and 2011 Christchurch events, was selected for the analyses. The liquefaction vulnerability of the site was estimated using one-dimensional (1D) liquefaction vulnerability indices (LVIs), and the results were compared with the results of NDAs and field observations. Spatially correlated random fields conditioned on corrected cone penetration tests (CPTs) were generated based on sand-like and claylike portions of the interbedded soil profile. CPT data were corrected for the thin-layer and transition zone effects. The generated random fields were assigned to the interbedded layer of the stochastic model to examine the effect of spatial variability on the system dynamic response, cross-interaction between layers, and liquefaction-induced diffusion during the evolution of liquefaction and postliquefaction. The potential of sediment ejecta manifestation using the artesian flow potential (AFP) and ejecta potential index (EPI) also was investigated for the stochastic models and compared with those of deterministic models. This study demonstrates the value of advanced 2D NDA modeling with realistic soil spatial variability for understanding inconsistent ejecta predictions from simplified tools. The approach can guide future refinements to assessment procedures and provide insights into key factors controlling manifestation in complex stratified sites.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Following recent work examining alcohol industry involvements in science, this is a case study that examines the ways in which the alcohol research community engages in boundary work--in which scientists define and defend the demarcation between their community of knowledge makers and others, justifying their claim to legitimacy and authority--in response to alcohol industry-sponsored interventions. The case here involves an economist who disputes the research consensus positions and policy recommendations of the field, having been funded by the key global alcohol industry political organization.METHOD: We examine the functional statements of both sides of this issue to show the ways in which the scientific and policy consensus of the field is disputed. Three examples of the responses of the alcohol research community, presenting different types of responses, are interrogated.RESULTS: In late career and retirement, this economist published extensively in alcohol and health economics journals within the peer-reviewed literature on two key topics in alcohol policy: pricing/taxation measures and advertising restrictions. These commentaries, reviews, and correspondence propose alternative policies favored by the alcohol industry, which are at odds with the alcohol public health evidence base. The three examples examined of boundary work performed by alcohol public health researchers illustrate the variety of ways in which the legitimacy of these interventions has been questioned: on technical grounds, on explicitly normative grounds, and as a body of work as a whole.CONCLUSIONS: Interventions in the scientific literature create important resources for alcohol industry actors to oppose alcohol policy measures globally. The alcohol research field may benefit from discussion about how to respond to these kinds of interventions.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: ABSTRACT: Walt Whitman is commonly known as a noted American poet of the 19th century, but he also had experience providing nursing care during the American Civil War. He wrote about his experiences and was an early proponent of holistic nursing care. This article reviews the life of Walt Whitman and his legacy related to nursing.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }