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Clinical NLP Lab 23

LitCovid300

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Laboratory preparedness for SARS-CoV-2 testing in India: Harnessing a network of Virus Research & Diagnostic Laboratories. Background & objectives: An outbreak of respiratory illness of unknown aetiology was reported from Hubei province of Wuhan, People's Republic of China, in December 2019. The outbreak was attributed to a novel coronavirus (CoV), named as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 and the disease as COVID-19. Within one month, cases were reported from 25 countries. In view of the novel viral strain with reported high morbidity, establishing early countrywide diagnosis to detect imported cases became critical. Here we describe the role of a countrywide network of VRDLs in early diagnosis of COVID-19. Methods: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune, established screening as well as confirmatory assays for SARS-CoV-2. A total of 13 VRDLs were provided with the E gene screening real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay. VRDLs were selected on the basis of their presence near an international airport/seaport and their past performance. The case definition for testing included all individuals with travel history to Wuhan and symptomatic individuals with travel history to other parts of China. This was later expanded to include symptomatic individuals returning from Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong, Thailand and South Korea. Results: Within a week of standardization of the test at NIV, all VRDLs could initiate testing for SARS-CoV-2. Till February 29, 2020, a total of 2,913 samples were tested. This included both 654 individuals quarantined in the two camps and others fitting within the case definition. The quarantined individuals were tested twice - at days 0 and 14. All tested negative on both occasions. Only three individuals belonging to different districts in Kerala were found to be positive. Interpretation & conclusions: Sudden emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and its potential to cause a pandemic posed an unsurmountable challenge to the public health system of India. However, concerted efforts of various arms of the Government of India resulted in a well-coordinated action at each level. India has successfully demonstrated its ability to establish quick diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 at NIV, Pune, and the testing VRDLs. OUTPUT:

Diagnosis

LitCovid301

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 risk management at the workplace, fear of infection and fear of transmission of infection among frontline employees. OBJECTIVES: We compared COVID-19 risk management, fear of infection and fear of transmission of infection among frontline employees working within eldercare, hospital/rehabilitation, psychiatry, childcare and ambulance service and explored if group differences in fear of infection and transmission could be explained by differences in risk management. We also investigated the association of risk management with fear of infection and fear of transmission of infection among eldercare personnel. METHODS: We used cross-sectional questionnaire data collected by the Danish labour union, FOA . Data were collected 5(1/2) weeks after the first case of COVID-19 was registered in Denmark. Data for the first aim included 2623 participants. Data for the second aim included 1680 participants. All independent variables were mutually adjusted and also adjusted for sex, age, job title and region. RESULTS: Fear of infection (49%) and fear of transmitting infection from work to the private sphere (68%) was most frequent in ambulance service. Fear of transmitting infection during work was most frequent in the eldercare (55%). Not all differences in fear of infection and transmission between the five areas of work were explained by differences in risk management. Among eldercare personnel, self-reported exposure to infection and lack of access to test was most consistently associated with fear of infection and fear of transmission, whereas lack of access to personal protective equipment was solely associated with fear of transmission. CONCLUSION: We have illustrated differences and similarities in COVID-19 risk management within five areas of work and provide new insights into factors associated with eldercare workers' fear of infection and fear of transmission of infection. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid302

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Potential Fast COVID-19 Containment With Trehalose. Countries worldwide have confirmed a staggering number of COVID-19 cases, and it is now clear that no country is immune to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Resource-poor countries with weaker health systems are struggling with epidemics of their own and are now in a more uncertain situation with this rapidly spreading infection. Frontline healthcare workers are succumbing to the infection in their efforts to save lives. There is an urgency to develop treatments for COVID-19, yet there is limited clinical data on the efficacy of potential drug treatments. Countries worldwide implemented a stay-at-home order to "flatten the curve" and relieve the pressure on the health system, but it is uncertain how this will unfold after the economy reopens. Trehalose, a natural glucose disaccharide, is known to impair viral function through the autophagy system. Here, we propose trehalose as a potential preventative treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Prevention

LitCovid303

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Hypofibrinolytic state and high thrombin generation may play a major role in SARS-COV2 associated thrombosis. BACKGROUND: Thirty percent of Covid-19 patients admitted to intensive care units present with thrombotic complications despite thromboprophylaxis. Bed rest, obesity, hypoxia, coagulopathy, and acute excessive inflammation are potential mechanisms reported by previous studies. Better understanding of the underlying mechanisms leading to thrombosis is crucial for developing more appropriate prophylaxis and treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess fibrinolytic activity and thrombin generation in 78 Covid-19 patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-eight patients admitted to the intensive care unit and 30 patients admitted to the internal medicine department were included in the study. All patients received thromboprophylaxis. We measured fibrinolytic parameters (tissue plasminogen activator, PAI-1, thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, alpha2 anti-plasmin, and tissue plasminogen activator-modified ROTEM device), thrombin generation, and other coagulation tests (D-dimer, fibrinogen, factor VIII, antithrombin). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We observed two key findings: a high thrombin generation capacity that remained within normal values despite heparin therapy and a hypofibrinolysis mainly associated with increased PAI-1 levels. A modified ROTEM is able to detect both hypercoagulability and hypofibrinolysis simultaneously in Covid-19 patients with thrombosis. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Diagnosis

LitCovid304

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Diabetes increases the mortality of patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis. AIMS: Nowadays, the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. Complications such as hypertension, diabetes, COPD, cardiovascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease are major risk factors for patients with COVID-19. METHODS: No meta-analysis has explored if or not diabetes related to mortality of patients with COVID-19. Therefore, this meta-analysis first aims to explore the possible clinical mortality between diabetes and COVID-19, analyze if diabetes patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 are exposed to the worst clinical prognostic risk, and to evaluate the reliability of the evidence. RESULTS: Our results showed a close relationship between diabetes and mortality of COVID-19, with a pooled OR of 1.75 (95% CI 1.31-2.36; P = 0.0002). The pooled data were calculated with the fixed effects model (FEM) as no heterogeneity appeared in the studies. Sensitivity analysis showed that after omitting any single study or converting a random effect model to FEM, the main results still held. CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis showed that diabetes increases the mortality of patients with COVID-19. These results indicated the disturbance of blood glucose in the COVID-19 patients. More importantly, this meta-analysis grades the reliability of evidence for further basic and clinical research into the diabetes dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. OUTPUT:

Treatment

LitCovid305

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Air filtration and SARS-CoV-2. Air filtration in various implementations has become a critical intervention in managing the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the proper deployment of air filtration has been hampered by an insufficient understanding of its principles. These misconceptions have led to uncertainty about the effectiveness of air filtration at arresting potentially infectious aerosol particles. A correct understanding of how air filtration works is critical for further decision-making regarding its use in managing the spread of COVID-19. The issue is significant because recent evidence has shown that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can remain airborne longer and travel farther than anticipated earlier in the COVID-19 pandemic, albeit with diminishing concentrations and viability. While SARS-CoV-2 virions are around 60-140 nm in diameter, larger respiratory droplets and air pollution particles (>1 microm) have been found to harbor the virions. Removing particles that could carry SARS-CoV-2 from the air is possible using air filtration, which relies on the natural or mechanical movement of air. Among various types of air filters, high-efficiency particle arrestance (HEPA) filters have been recommended. Other types of filters are less or more effective and, correspondingly, are easier or harder to move air through. The use of masks, respirators, air filtration modules, and other dedicated equipment is an essential intervention in the management of COVID-19 spread. It is critical to consider the mechanisms of air filtration and to understand how aerosol particles containing SARS-CoV-2 virions interact with filter materials to determine the best practices for the use of air filtration to reduce the spread of COVID-19. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid306

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is continuously and rapidly circulating at present. No effective antiviral treatment has been verified thus far. We report here the clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four patients with mild or severe 2019-nCoV pneumonia admitted to Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center. All the patients were given antiviral treatment including lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra((R))), arbidol, and Shufeng Jiedu Capsule (SFJDC, a traditional Chinese medicine) and other necessary support care. After treatment, three patients gained significant improvement in pneumonia associated symptoms, two of whom were confirmed 2019-nCoV negative and discharged, and one of whom was virus negative at the first test. The remaining patient with severe pneumonia had shown signs of improvement by the cutoff date for data collection. Results obtained in the current study may provide clues for treatment of 2019-nCoV pneumonia. The efficacy of antiviral treatment including lopinavir/ritonavir, arbidol, and SFJDC warrants further verification in future study. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Mechanism

LitCovid307

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Advances in point-of-care nucleic acid extraction technologies for rapid diagnosis of human and plant diseases. Global health and food security constantly face the challenge of emerging human and plant diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other pathogens. Disease outbreaks such as SARS, MERS, Swine Flu, Ebola, and COVID-19 (on-going) have caused suffering, death, and economic losses worldwide. To prevent the spread of disease and protect human populations, rapid point-of-care (POC) molecular diagnosis of human and plant diseases play an increasingly crucial role. Nucleic acid-based molecular diagnosis reveals valuable information at the genomic level about the identity of the disease-causing pathogens and their pathogenesis, which help researchers, healthcare professionals, and patients to detect the presence of pathogens, track the spread of disease, and guide treatment more efficiently. A typical nucleic acid-based diagnostic test consists of three major steps: nucleic acid extraction, amplification, and amplicon detection. Among these steps, nucleic acid extraction is the first step of sample preparation, which remains one of the main challenges when converting laboratory molecular assays into POC tests. Sample preparation from human and plant specimens is a time-consuming and multi-step process, which requires well-equipped laboratories and skilled lab personnel. To perform rapid molecular diagnosis in resource-limited settings, simpler and instrument-free nucleic acid extraction techniques are required to improve the speed of field detection with minimal human intervention. This review summarizes the recent advances in POC nucleic acid extraction technologies. In particular, this review focuses on novel devices or methods that have demonstrated applicability and robustness for the isolation of high-quality nucleic acid from complex raw samples, such as human blood, saliva, sputum, nasal swabs, urine, and plant tissues. The integration of these rapid nucleic acid preparation methods with miniaturized assay and sensor technologies would pave the road for the "sample-in-result-out" diagnosis of human and plant diseases, especially in remote or resource-limited settings. OUTPUT:

Diagnosis

LitCovid308

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 transgenic mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop severe and fatal respiratory disease. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has created an international health crisis, and small animal models mirroring SARS-CoV-2 human disease are essential for medical countermeasure (MCM) development. Mice are refractory to SARS-CoV-2 infection owing to low-affinity binding to the murine angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein. Here, we evaluated the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in male and female mice expressing the human ACE2 gene under the control of the keratin 18 promoter (K18). In contrast to nontransgenic mice, intranasal exposure of K18-hACE2 animals to 2 different doses of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in acute disease, including weight loss, lung injury, brain infection, and lethality. Vasculitis was the most prominent finding in the lungs of infected mice. Transcriptomic analysis from lungs of infected animals showed increases in transcripts involved in lung injury and inflammatory cytokines. In the low-dose challenge groups, there was a survival advantage in the female mice, with 60% surviving infection, whereas all male mice succumbed to disease. Male mice that succumbed to disease had higher levels of inflammatory transcripts compared with female mice. To our knowledge, this is the first highly lethal murine infection model for SARS-CoV-2 and should be valuable for the study of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and for the assessment of MCMs. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Mechanism

LitCovid309

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Neurological Complications of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Encephalopathy. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic. Neurological complications of COVID-19 have not been reported. Encephalopathy has not been described as a presenting symptom or complication of COVID-19. We report a case of a 74-year-old patient who traveled from Europe to the United States and presented with encephalopathy and COVID-19. OUTPUT:

Case Report

LitCovid310

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on nosocomial Clostridioides difficile infection. OBJECTIVES: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has induced a reinforcement of infection control measures in the hospital setting. Here, we assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of nosocomial Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). METHODS: We retrospectively compared the incidence density (cases per 10,000 patient days) of healthcare-facility-associated (HCFA) CDI in a tertiary-care hospital in Madrid, Spain, during the maximum incidence of COVID-19 (March 11 to May 11, 2020) with the same period of the previous year (control period). We also assessed the aggregate in-hospital antibiotic use (ie, defined daily doses [DDD] per 100 occupied bed days [BD]) and incidence density (ie, movements per 1,000 patient days) of patient mobility during both periods. RESULTS: In total, 2,337 patients with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-confirmed COVID-19 were admitted to the hospital during the COVID-19 period. Also, 12 HCFA CDI cases were reported at this time (incidence density, 2.68 per 10,000 patient days), whereas 34 HCFA CDI cases were identified during the control period (incidence density, 8.54 per 10,000 patient days) (P = .000257). Antibiotic consumption was slightly higher during the COVID-19 period (89.73 DDD per 100 BD) than during the control period (79.16 DDD per 100 BD). The incidence density of patient movements was 587.61 per 1,000 patient days during the control period and was significantly lower during the COVID-19 period (300.86 per 1,000 patient days) (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: The observed reduction of ~70% in the incidence density of HCFA CDI in a context of no reduction in antibiotic use supports the importance of reducing nosocomial transmission by healthcare workers and asymptomatic colonized patients, reinforcing cleaning procedures and reducing patient mobility in the epidemiological control of CDI. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid311

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: [Neuromuscular Manifestations and Pathogenesis of COVID-19]. A novel coronavirus infection, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is frequently associated with neuromuscular symptoms. It is characterized by taste and smell disturbances, and nonspecific symptoms such as headache and dizziness. Neuromuscular complications such as cerebrovascular disease, encephalopathy, meningoencephalitis, peripheral neuropathy, and myositis/myopathy have been reported to date. In daily clinical practice, it is important to consider COVID-19 as a differential diagnosis, because these symptoms may be the first warning signs. OUTPUT:

Diagnosis;Mechanism

LitCovid312

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: [Risk communication during the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons for lifestyle interventions in cardiovascular prevention]. Lifestyle is a cornerstone of cardiovascular prevention and the process of risk communication constitutes an important step to obtain favorable changes in daily habits. Nevertheless, there is no definite consensus on how health operators should provide information on cardiovascular risk, and several models have been proposed in different settings. The current COVID-19 pandemic - with related communication strategies to reduce the spread of the disease and morbidity - may offer an interesting opportunity to reconsider communication in cardiovascular prevention: even though cardiovascular conditions are not communicable diseases, both COVID-19 and cardiac illnesses force a huge segment of the population to major lifestyle changes. This narrative commentary describes similarities between these conditions, mainly focusing on modalities of risk communication, strategies to counteract fake news, actions to enhance the expertise of health operators, and finally on new skills that could derive as a lesson from COVID-19. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid313

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Description and comparison of demographic characteristics and comorbidities in SARI from COVID-19, SARI from influenza, and the Brazilian general population. The study aims to describe patients hospitalized for severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) due to COVID-19 (SARI-COVID) in Brazil according to demographic characteristics and comorbidities up to the 21st Epidemiological Week of 2020. The study aimed to compare these characteristics with those of patients hospitalized for SARI due to influenza in 2019/2020 (SARI-FLU) and with the Brazilian general population. The proportions of demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and pregnant and postpartum women among patients hospitalized for SARI-COVID and SARI-FLU were obtained from the SIVEP-Gripe database, and the estimates for the Brazilian population were obtained from the population projections performed by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, Information System on Live Birth data, and nationwide surveys. Compared to the Brazilian population, patients hospitalized for SARI-COVID showed a higher proportion of males, elderly individuals and those aged 40 to 59 years, comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung diseases), and pregnant/postpartum women. Compared to the general population, Brazilians hospitalized for SARI-FLU showed higher prevalence rates of ages 0 to 4 years or over 60 years, white race/color, comorbidities (diabetes, chronic kidney disease, asthma, and other chronic lung diseases), and pregnant/postpartum women. The data suggest that these groups are evolving to more serious forms of the disease, so that longitudinal studies are extremely relevant for investigating this hypothesis and supporting appropriate public health policies. OUTPUT:

Diagnosis;Prevention

LitCovid314

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Long term complications and rehabilitation of COVID-19 patients. With the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 having caught the world almost unaware millions of people across the globe are presently grappling to deal with its acute effects . Our previous experience with members of the same corona virus family (SARS and MERS) which have caused two major epidemics in the past albeit of much lower magnitude , has taught us that the harmful effect of such outbreaks are not limited to acute complications alone .Long term cardiopulmonary, glucometabolic and neuropsychiatric complications have been documented following these infections .In the given circumstance it is therefore imperative to keep in mind the possible complications that may occur after the acute phase of the disease subsides and to prepare the healthcare system for such challenges. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid315

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Wearable Sensing and Telehealth Technology with Potential Applications in the Coronavirus Pandemic. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a pandemic with serious clinical manifestations including death. A pandemic at the large-scale like COVID-19 places extraordinary demands on the world's health systems, dramatically devastates vulnerable populations, and critically threatens the global communities in an unprecedented way. While tremendous efforts at the frontline are placed on detecting the virus, providing treatments and developing vaccines, it is also critically important to examine the technologies and systems for tackling disease emergence, arresting its spread and especially the strategy for diseases prevention. The objective of this article is to review enabling technologies and systems with various application scenarios for handling the COVID-19 crisis. The article will focus specifically on 1) wearable devices suitable for monitoring the populations at risk and those in quarantine, both for evaluating the health status of caregivers and management personnel, and for facilitating triage processes for admission to hospitals; 2) unobtrusive sensing systems for detecting the disease and for monitoring patients with relatively mild symptoms whose clinical situation could suddenly worsen in improvised hospitals; and 3) telehealth technologies for the remote monitoring and diagnosis of COVID-19 and related diseases. Finally, further challenges and opportunities for future directions of development are highlighted. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid316

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 in India: transmission dynamics, epidemiological characteristics, testing, recovery and effect of weather. The spread of COVID-19 is recent in India, which has within 4 months caused over 190 000 infections, as of 1 June 2020, despite four stringent lockdowns. With the current rate of the disease transmission in India, which is home to over 1.35 billion people, the infection spread is predicted to be worse than the USA in the upcoming months. To date, there is a major lack of understanding of the transmission dynamics and epidemiological characteristics of the disease in India, inhibiting effective measures to control the pandemic. We collected all the available data of the individual patients, cases and a range of parameters such as population distribution, testing and healthcare facilities, and weather, across all Indian states till May 2020. Numerical analysis was conducted to determine the effect of each parameter on the COVID-19 situation in India. A significant amount of local transmission in India initiated with travellers returning from abroad. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Delhi are currently the top three infected states in India with doubling time of 14.5 days. The average recovery rate across Indian states is 42%, with a mortality rate below 3%. The rest 55% are currently active cases. In total, 88% of the patients experienced symptoms of high fever, 68% suffered from dry cough and 7.1% patients were asymptomatic. In total, 66.8% patients were males, 73% were in the age group of 20-59 years and over 83% recovered in 11-25 days. Approximately 3.4 million people were tested between 1 April and 25 May 2020, out of which 4% were detected COVID-19-positive. Given the current doubling time of infections, several states may face a major shortage of public beds and healthcare facilities soon. Weather has minimal effect on the infection spread in most Indian states. The study results will help policymakers to predict the trends of the disease spread in the upcoming months and devise better control measures. OUTPUT:

Prevention;Diagnosis;Transmission

LitCovid317

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: The Role of Virtual Consultations in Plastic Surgery During COVID-19 Lockdown. BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has led to government enforced 'lockdown' in the UK severely limiting face-to-face patient interaction. Virtual consultations present a means for continued patient access to health care. Our aim was to evaluate the use of virtual consultations (VCons) during lockdown and their possible role in the future. METHODS: An anonymous survey was disseminated to UK and European plastic surgeons via social media, email sharing and via the European Association of Societies of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery newsletter. Uptake of VCons, modality, effectiveness, safety and future utility were assessed. RESULTS: Forty-three senior plastic surgeons responded to the survey. The majority of the respondents (97.7%) reported using VCons during COVID-19 lockdown, of which 74.4% had no prior experience. Two-thirds of surgeons utilised commercial platforms such as Zoom, FaceTime and Skype, 38.1% of respondents did not know about or were unsure about adequate encryption for health care use, and just under a half (47.6%) reported they were unaware of or lacking GDPR compliance. Most (97.6%) say they are likely to use virtual consultations after lockdown. CONCLUSION: Virtual consultations have had a crucial role in patient care during UK lockdown. It is clear that they will serve as an adjunct to face-to-face consultation in the future. Further regulation is required to ensure platforms offer adequate safety and security measures and are compliant with relevant data protection laws. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 . OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid318

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Reducing potential aerosol generation in flexible nasolaryngoscopy: a novel method. BACKGROUND: Fibre-optic nasoendoscopy and fibre-optic laryngoscopy are high-risk procedures in the coronavirus disease 2019 era, as they are potential aerosol-generating procedures. Barrier protection remains key to preventing transmission. METHODS: A device was developed that patients can wear to reduce potential aerosol contamination of the surroundings. CONCLUSION: This device is simple, reproducible, easy to use, economical and well-tolerated. Full personal protection equipment should additionally be worn by the operator. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid319

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: An Examination on the Transmission of COVID-19 and the Effect of Response Strategies: A Comparative Analysis. The major purpose of this paper was to examine the transmission of COVID-19 and the associated factors that affect the transmission. A qualitative analysis was conducted by comparing the COVID-19 transmission of six countries: China, Korea, Japan, Italy, the USA, and Brazil. This paper attempted to examine the mitigation effectiveness for the transmission of COVID-19 and the pandemic severity. Time to reach the peak of daily new confirmed cases and the maximum drop rate were used to measure the mitigation effectiveness, while the proportion of confirmed cases to population and the mortality rate were employed to evaluate the pandemic severity. Based on the mitigation effectiveness, the pandemic severity, and the mortality rate, the six sample countries were categorized into four types: high mitigation effectiveness vs. low pandemic severity, middle mitigation effectiveness vs. low pandemic severity, high mitigation effectiveness vs. high pandemic severity, and low mitigation effectiveness vs. high pandemic severity. The results found that Korea and China had relatively higher mitigation effectiveness and lower pandemic severity, while the USA and Brazil had the opposite. This paper suggests that viral testing together with contacts tracing, strict implementation of lockdown, and public cooperation play important roles in achieving a reduction in COVID-19 transmission. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid320

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Peritoneal dialysis for treatment of acute kidney injury in a case of paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2. This short report describes the case discussion of 9-year-old patient with acute kidney injury due to paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with successful peritoneal dialysis via a peritoneal dialysis catheter inserted at the bedside in an intensive care setting. OUTPUT:

Case Report

LitCovid321

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: A deep learning approach to detect Covid-19 coronavirus with X-Ray images. Rapid and accurate detection of COVID-19 coronavirus is necessity of time to prevent and control of this pandemic by timely quarantine and medical treatment in absence of any vaccine. Daily increase in cases of COVID-19 patients worldwide and limited number of available detection kits pose difficulty in identifying the presence of disease. Therefore, at this point of time, necessity arises to look for other alternatives. Among already existing, widely available and low-cost resources, X-ray is frequently used imaging modality and on the other hand, deep learning techniques have achieved state-of-the-art performances in computer-aided medical diagnosis. Therefore, an alternative diagnostic tool to detect COVID-19 cases utilizing available resources and advanced deep learning techniques is proposed in this work. The proposed method is implemented in four phases, viz., data augmentation, preprocessing, stage-I and stage-II deep network model designing. This study is performed with online available resources of 1215 images and further strengthen by utilizing data augmentation techniques to provide better generalization of the model and to prevent the model overfitting by increasing the overall length of dataset to 1832 images. Deep network implementation in two stages is designed to differentiate COVID-19 induced pneumonia from healthy cases, bacterial and other virus induced pneumonia on X-ray images of chest. Comprehensive evaluations have been performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method with both (i) training-validation-testing and (ii) 5-fold cross validation procedures. High classification accuracy as 97.77%, recall as 97.14% and precision as 97.14% in case of COVID-19 detection shows the efficacy of proposed method in present need of time. Further, the deep network architecture showing averaged accuracy/sensitivity/specificity/precision/F1-score of 98.93/98.93/98.66/96.39/98.15 with 5-fold cross validation makes a promising outcome in COVID-19 detection using X-ray images. OUTPUT:

Diagnosis

LitCovid322

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: A possible application of hinokitiol as a natural zinc ionophore and anti-infective agent for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and viral infections. Zinc and the combination with zinc ionophore have been reported in basic research and several clinical investigations as a potentially viable and economical preventive and therapeutic options for COVID-19 treatment. Zinc is a vital microelement that actively supports respiratory epithelium barrier integrity, innate and adaptive immune functions, and inflammatory regulations. Moreover, zinc may also prevent viral entry, suppress viral replication, and mitigate the damages due to oxidative stress and hyperinflammatory reaction in patients with respiratory infections. Hinokitiol (beta-thujaplicin) is a natural monoterpenoid and is considered as a safe zinc ionophore to help zinc transport into cells. It has been widely used in skin and oral care, and therapeutic products for its potent antiviral, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer applications. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the significant morbidity and mortality exist in the high-risk group of patients associated with other respiratory infections such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and dengue fever. There is an urgent need for the development of inexpensive, safe, and effective therapeutics to prevent and treat these viral infections. Considering that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), the most studied zinc ionophore drug for COVID-19, is linked to potentially serious side effects, we propose the implementation of hinokitiol as a zinc ionophore and anti-infective agent for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and other viral infections. OUTPUT:

Treatment

LitCovid323

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Observer agreement and clinical significance of chest CT reporting in patients suspected of COVID-19. OBJECTIVES: To assess interobserver agreement and clinical significance of chest CT reporting in patients suspected of COVID-19. METHODS: From 16 to 24 March 2020, 241 consecutive patients addressed to hospital for COVID-19 suspicion had both chest CT and SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. Eight observers (2 thoracic and 2 general senior radiologists, 2 junior radiologists, and 2 emergency physicians) retrospectively categorized each CT into one out of 4 categories (evocative, compatible for COVID-19 pneumonia, not evocative, and normal). Observer agreement for categorization between all readers and pairs of readers with similar experience was evaluated with the Kappa coefficient. The results of a consensus categorization were correlated to RT-PCR. RESULTS: Observer agreement across the 4 categories was good between all readers (kappa value 0.61 95% CI 0.60-0.63) and moderate to good between pairs of readers (0.54-0.75). It was very good (kappa 0.81 95% CI 0.79-0.83), fair (kappa 0.32 95% CI 0.29-0.34), moderate (kappa 0.56 95% CI 0.54-0.58), and moderate (0.58 95% CI 0.56-0.61) for the categories evocative, compatible, not evocative, and normal, respectively. RT-PCR was positive in 97%, 50%, 31%, and 11% of cases in the respective categories. Observer agreement was lower (p < 0.001) and RT-PCR positive cases less frequently categorized evocative in the presence of an underlying pulmonary disease (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Interobserver agreement for chest CT reporting using categorization of findings is good in patients suspected of COVID-19. Among patients considered for hospitalization in an epidemic context, CT categorized evocative is highly predictive of COVID-19, whereas the predictive value of CT decreases between the categories compatible and not evocative. KEY POINTS: * In patients suspected of COVID-19, interobserver agreement for chest CT reporting into categories is good, and very good to categorize CT "evocative." * Chest CT can participate in estimating the likelihood of COVID-19 in patients presenting to hospital during the outbreak, CT categorized "evocative" being highly predictive of the disease whereas almost a third of patients with CT "not evocative" had a positive RT-PCR in our study. * Observer agreement is lower and CTs of positive RT-PCR cases less frequently "evocative" in presence of an underlying pulmonary disease. OUTPUT:

Diagnosis

LitCovid324

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: [Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19 and Work-up at the Emergency Room and the Intensive Care Unit]. The global pandemic due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has placed tremendous strain on healthcare services. This review provides guidance to neurologists on the appropriate management of neurological and neurocritical conditions and diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic in the emergency room and the intensive care unit. The guidance is based on official recommendations and manuals that were urgently produced by the international and domestic societies with the contributions of an expert panel including this author. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid325

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Severe rapidly progressive Guillain-Barre syndrome in the setting of acute COVID-19 disease. There is concern that the global burden of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection might yield an increased occurrence of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). It is currently unknown whether concomitant SARS-CoV-2 infection and GBS are pathophysiologically related, what biomarkers are useful for diagnosis, and what is the optimal treatment given the medical comorbidities, complications, and simultaneous infection. We report a patient who developed severe GBS following SARS-CoV-2 infection at the peak of the initial COVID-19 surge (April 2020) in New York City and discuss diagnostic and management issues and complications that may warrant special consideration in similar patients. OUTPUT:

Case Report

LitCovid326

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: [Left behind populations, COVID-19 and risks of health inequities : a guide of the local social-health network (Vaud, Switzerland)]. Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Confederation has referred to << vulnerable populations >> over the age of 65 and/or with co-morbidities as potentially at risk. This group should not overshadow other highly vulnerable populations such as forced migrants, people deprived of their liberty, and the homeless. In the context of the current pandemic, there is a risk of increasing inequities in care among these populations. In this practical article, we list the marginalized and disadvantaged left behind populations in the canton of Vaud and the issues of inequities in care in the context of the pandemic; we also present the implementation of procedures sometimes original, always inter-professional and interdisciplinary, specifying who the partners are and what the resources are for front-line caregivers. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid327

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Therapeutic dilemma in the repression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 proteome. Currently, the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has unprecedentedly captivated its human hosts by causing respiratory illnesses because of evolution of the genetic makeup of novel coronavirus (CoV) known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2). As much as the researchers are inundated for the quest of effective treatments from available drugs, the discovery and trials of new experimental drugs are also at a threshold for clinical trials. There has been much concern regarding the new and targeted drugs considering the comprehensive ambiguity regarding the mechanism and pathway of the drug action with respect to the new and unpredictable structural and nonstructural proteins (NSPs) of SARS CoV-2. This study was aimed to discuss functional pathways related to NSPs in CoVs with updated knowledge regarding SARS CoV-2, mechanisms of action of certain approved and investigational drugs for correct orientation regarding the treatment strategies, including nucleotide analog mechanism, receptor analog mechanism, and peptide-peptide interactions, along with the impact of COVID-19 on a global scale. Although there is a dire need for targeted drugs against SARS CoV-2, the practical achievement of its cure is possible by only using effective drugs with appropriate mechanisms to eliminate the disease. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Mechanism

LitCovid328

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Neonatal Late Onset Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. OBJECTIVE: To date, no information on late-onset infection in newborns to mother with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contracted in pregnancy are available. This study aimed to evaluate postdischarge SARS-CoV-2 status of newborns to mothers with COVID-19 in pregnancy that, at birth, were negative to SARS-CoV-2. STUDY DESIGN: This is an observational study of neonates born to mothers with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). RESULTS: Seven pregnant women with documented SARS-CoV-2 infection have been evaluated in our institution. One woman had a spontaneous abortion at 8 weeks of gestational age, four women recovered and are still in follow-up, and two women delivered. Two newborns were enrolled in the study. At birth and 3 days of life, newborns were negative to SARS-CoV-2. At 2-week follow-up, one newborn tested positive although asymptomatic. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the importance of follow-up of newborns to mothers with COVID-19 in pregnancy, since they remain at risk of contracting the infection in the early period of life and long-term consequences are still unknown. KEY POINTS: . Newborns to mothers with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in pregnancy can acquire the infection later after birth.. . Newborns to mothers with COVID-19 in pregnancy need a long-term follow-up, even if they tested negative at birth.. . Specific guidelines for the long-term follow-up of newborns to mothers with COVID-19 in pregnancy are needed.. OUTPUT:

Diagnosis;Prevention

LitCovid329

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Decreased mortality in COVID-19 patients treated with Tocilizumab: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BACKGROUND: We systematically reviewed the literature to answer the following research questions: 1) does IL-6 (receptor) antagonist therapy reduce mortality in COVID-19 patients compared to patients not treated with IL-6 (receptor) antagonists and 2) is there an increased risk of side effects in COVID-19 patients treated with IL-6 (receptor) antagonists compared to patients not treated with IL-6 (receptor) antagonists?. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, PMC PubMed Central, MEDLINE, WHO COVID-19 Database, Embase, Web-of-Science, COCHRANE LIBRARY, Emcare and Academic Search Premier (until June 30th2020). Random effects meta-analysis was used to pool the risk ratio and risk difference of individual studies. Risk of bias was appraised using the MINORS checklist. RESULTS: The search strategy retrieved 743 unique titles of which 10 studies (all on tocilizumab) comprising 1358 patients were included. Nine out of ten studies were considered to be of high quality. Meta-analysis showed that the tocilizumab group had lower mortality than the control group. The risk ratio (RR) was 0.27 95%CI 0.12 to 0.59 and the risk difference (RD) was 12% 95%CI 4.6% to 20% in favour of the tocilizumab group. With only a few studies available there were no differences observed regarding side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that mortality was 12% lower for COVID-19 patients treated with tocilizumab compared to COVID-19 patients who were not treated with tocilizumab. The number needed to treat was 11, suggesting that for every 11 (severe) COVID-19 patients treated with tocilizumab 1 death is prevented. These results require confirmation by randomized controlled trials. OUTPUT:

Treatment

LitCovid330

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development: An Overview and Perspectives. Coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19, is caused by a new strain of coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It started in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and by mid-March 2020, the disease had spread globally. As of July 17, 2020, this pandemic virus has infected 13.9 million people and claimed the life of approximately 593000 people globally, and the numbers continue to climb. An unprecedented effort is underway to develop therapeutic and prophylactic strategies against this disease. Various drugs and vaccines are undergoing rapid development, and some of these are already in phase III clinical trials. Although Russia was the first to release a vaccine by skipping phase III clinical trials, there is no evidence of large-scale clinical trials, and the safety and efficacy of the vaccine are still a concern. Nevertheless, critical lessons can be learned and data garnered for developing promising vaccines against this rapidly emerging virus or other similar pathogens in the future. In this overview, we cover the available information on the various vaccine development initiatives by different companies, the potential strategies adopted for vaccine design, and the challenges and clinical impact expected from these vaccines. We also briefly discuss the possible role of these vaccines and the specific concerns for their use in patients with pre-existing disease conditions such as cardiovascular, lung, kidney, and liver diseases, cancer patients who are receiving immunosuppressive medications, including anticancer chemotherapies, and many other sensitive populations, such as children and the elderly. OUTPUT:

Treatment

LitCovid331

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Chloroquine to fight COVID-19: A consideration of mechanisms and adverse effects? The COVID-19 outbreak emerged in December 2019 and has rapidly become a global pandemic. A great deal of effort has been made to find effective drugs against this disease. Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) were widely adopted in treating COVID-19, but the results were contradictive. CQ/HCQ have been used to prevent and treat malaria and are efficacious anti-inflammatory agents in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. These drugs have potential broad-spectrum antiviral properties, but the underlying mechanisms are speculative. In this review, we re-evaluated the treatment outcomes and current hypothesis for the working mechanisms of CQ/HCQ as COVID-19 therapy with a special focus on disruption of Ca(2+) signaling. In so doing, we attempt to show how the different hypotheses for CQ/HCQ action on coronavirus may interact and reinforce each other. The potential toxicity is also noted due to its action on Ca(2+) and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in cardiac myocytes and neuronal cells. We propose that intracellular calcium homeostasis is an alternative mechanism for CQ/HCQ pharmacology, which should be considered when evaluating the risks and benefits of therapy in these patients and other perspective applications. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Mechanism

LitCovid332

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Qualitative review of early experiences of off-site COVID-19 testing centers and associated considerations. Given the predicted need for continued SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing, as well as the evolving availability and types of diagnostic tests, off-site COVID-19 testing centers (OSCTC) leaders need timely guidance to ensure they are meeting the needs of their unique populations. This research discusses the challenges and offers considerations for healthcare organizations and others when setting up and running OSCTCs. It also provides a springboard to engage policy makers and leaders in the healthcare community in a discussion about emergency preparedness, and how to better respond to testing needs going forward. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid333

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Impact of COVID-19 related healthcare crisis on treatments for patients with lysosomal storage disorders, the first Italian experience. The direct and indirect effects of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, on Italian patients with lysosomal storage disorders receiving therapy, were analyzed by a phone questionnaire. No proved COVID-19 emerged among 102 interviewed. No problems were reported by patients receiving oral treatments. Forty-nine% of patients receiving enzyme replacement therapy in hospitals experienced disruptions, versus 6% of those home-treated. The main reasons of missed infusions were fear of infection (62.9%) and re-organization of the infusion centers (37%). OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid334

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Evaluation of safety, efficacy, tolerability, and treatment-related outcomes of type I interferons for human coronaviruses (HCoVs) infection in clinical practice: An updated critical systematic review and meta-analysis. BACKGROUND: There is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for HCoVs infection. The use of type I interferons for coronavirus is still under great debate in clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search of all relevant studies published on PubMed, Cochrane library, Web of Science database, Science Direct, Wanfang Data, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) until February 2020 was performed. RESULTS: Of the 1081 identified articles, only 15 studies were included in the final analysis. Comorbidities and delay in diagnosis were significantly associated with case mortality. Type I interferons seem to improve respiratory distress, relieve lung abnormalities, present better saturation, reduce needs for supplemental oxygen support. Type I interferons seem to be well tolerated, and don't increase life threating adverse effects. Data on IFNs in HCoVs are limited, heterogenous and mainly observational. CONCLUSIONS: Current data do not allow making regarding robust commendations for the use of IFNs in HCoVs in general or in specific subtype. But we still recommend type I interferons serving as first-line antivirals in HCoVs infections within local protocols, and interferons may be adopted to the treatments of the SARS-CoV-2 as well. Well-designed large-scale prospective randomized control trials are greatly needed to provide more robust evidence on this topic. OUTPUT:

Treatment

LitCovid335

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Survival rate in hypertensive patients with COVID-19. INTRODUCTION: A life-threatening respiratory disease, coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), has spread across the globe since December 2019. Many prognostic factors have already been put forward to predict the risk of death and other outcomes. The current study is evaluating the survival rate between hypertensive and non-hypertensive infected patients. METHODS: Patients who were included in this study were admitted between 20 February to 1 March 2020 in Fars (southwest of Iran) province hospitals. Data were collected from the electronic base registry which contained demographic information, medical symptoms, and signs, underlying diseases, CT scan results, and final outcome. RESULTS: Of all 1239 positive cases, 159 (12.83%) had known with hypertension ant this group was significantly older than non-hypertensive patients (66.1 years Vs 48.95 years, p < .001). According to Kaplan-Meier survival curve and log-rank test, it was seen hypertensive patients deteriorated more rapidly than non-hypertensive group (p = .032). Moreover, HIV, cardiovascular, and kidney disease were diagnosed as factors that increase the risk of death in hypertensive patients. CONCLUSION: The current study about the survival rate of COVID-19 patients had shown hypertensive patents are in danger of disease severity, although it may be related to their age. Moreover, the probability of other complications like diabetes, smoking, asthma, kidney, and cardiovascular diseases, and either some other infections such as HIV can make the condition complicated and need more consideration to prevent noxious outcomes. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Diagnosis

LitCovid336

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 observations and accompanying dataset of non-pharmaceutical interventions across U.S. universities, March 2020. BACKGROUND: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publishes COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) guidance for specific institutional audiences to limit community spread. Audiences include: business, clinical, public health, education, community, and state/local government. The swift, severe, and global nature of COVID-19 offers an opportunity to systematically obtain a national view of how larger institutions of higher education adopted NPI guidance at the onset of the pandemic. METHOD: An original database of COVID-19-related university NPI policy changes was compiled. Survey team members manually combed university websites and official statements capturing implementation decisions and dates for five NPI variables from 575 U.S. universities, across 50 states and the District of Columbia, during March of 2020. The universities included in this study were selected from the Department of Education Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), which provides a set of university explanatory variables. Using IPEDS as the basis for the organizational data allows consistent mapping to event-time and institutional characteristic variables including public health announcements, geospatial, census, and political affiliation. RESULTS: The dataset enables event-time analysis and offers a variety of variables to support institutional level study and identification of underlying biases like educational attainment. A descriptive analysis of the dataset reveals that there was substantial heterogeneity in the decisions that were made and the timing of these decisions as they temporally related to key state, national, and global emergency announcements. The WHO pandemic declaration coincided with the largest number of university decisions to implement NPIs. CONCLUSION: This study provides descriptive observations and produced an original dataset that will be useful for future research focused on drivers and trends of COVID-19 NPIs for U.S. Universities. This preliminary analysis suggests COVID-19 university decisions appeared to be made largely at the university level, leading to major variations in the nature and timing of the responses both between and within states, which requires further study. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid337

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Considerations for interactions of drugs used for the treatment of COVID-19 with anti-cancer treatments. SARS-CoV2 infection is an emerging issue worldwide. Cancer patient are at increased risk of infection compared to general population. On the other hand, these patients are at major risk of drug interactions caused by renal and hepatic impairment background. Because of the long-term use of chemotherapy drugs, drug interactions are important in these patients especially with SARS-CoV2 treatments now. This paper is review of reported drug interactions of current treatments for COVID-19 and anticancer agents. OUTPUT:

Treatment

LitCovid338

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Modeling the epidemic dynamics and control of COVID-19 outbreak in China. Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rapidly spreading in China and more than 30 countries over last two months. COVID-19 has multiple characteristics distinct from other infectious diseases, including high infectivity during incubation, time delay between real dynamics and daily observed number of confirmed cases, and the intervention effects of implemented quarantine and control measures. Methods: We develop a Susceptible, Un-quanrantined infected, Quarantined infected, Confirmed infected (SUQC) model to characterize the dynamics of COVID-19 and explicitly parameterize the intervention effects of control measures, which is more suitable for analysis than other existing epidemic models. Results: The SUQC model is applied to the daily released data of the confirmed infections to analyze the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, Hubei (excluding Wuhan), China (excluding Hubei) and four first-tier cities of China. We found that, before January 30, 2020, all these regions except Beijing had a reproductive number R > 1, and after January 30, all regions had a reproductive number R < 1, indicating that the quarantine and control measures are effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19. The confirmation rate of Wuhan estimated by our model is 0.0643, substantially lower than that of Hubei excluding Wuhan (0.1914), and that of China excluding Hubei (0.2189), but it jumps to 0.3229 after February 12 when clinical evidence was adopted in new diagnosis guidelines. The number of unquarantined infected cases in Wuhan on February 12, 2020 is estimated to be 3,509 and declines to 334 on February 21, 2020. After fitting the model with data as of February 21, 2020, we predict that the end time of COVID-19 in Wuhan and Hubei is around late March, around mid March for China excluding Hubei, and before early March 2020 for the four tier-one cities. A total of 80,511 individuals are estimated to be infected in China, among which 49,510 are from Wuhan, 17,679 from Hubei (excluding Wuhan), and the rest 13,322 from other regions of China (excluding Hubei). Note that the estimates are from a deterministic ODE model and should be interpreted with some uncertainty. Conclusions: We suggest that rigorous quarantine and control measures should be kept before early March in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, and before late March in Hubei. The model can also be useful to predict the trend of epidemic and provide quantitative guide for other countries at high risk of outbreak, such as South Korea, Japan, Italy and Iran. Supplementary Materials: The supplementary materials can be found online with this article at 10.1007/s40484-020-0199-0. OUTPUT:

Epidemic Forecasting;Prevention

LitCovid339

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: High COVID-19 Attack Rate Among Attendees at Events at a Church - Arkansas, March 2020. On March 16, 2020, the day that national social distancing guidelines were released (1), the Arkansas Department of Health (ADH) was notified of two cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from a rural county of approximately 25,000 persons; these cases were the first identified in this county. The two cases occurred in a husband and wife; the husband is the pastor at a local church (church A). The couple (the index cases) attended church-related events during March 6-8, and developed nonspecific respiratory symptoms and fever on March 10 (wife) and 11 (husband). Before his symptoms had developed, the husband attended a Bible study group on March 11. Including the index cases, 35 confirmed COVID-19 cases occurred among 92 (38%) persons who attended events held at church A during March 6-11; three patients died. The age-specific attack rates among persons aged </=18 years, 19-64 years, and >/=65 years were 6.3%, 59.4%, and 50.0%, respectively. During contact tracing, at least 26 additional persons with confirmed COVID-19 cases were identified among community members who reported contact with church A attendees and likely were infected by them; one of the additional persons was hospitalized and subsequently died. This outbreak highlights the potential for widespread transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, both at group gatherings during church events and within the broader community. These findings underscore the opportunity for faith-based organizations to prevent COVID-19 by following local authorities' guidance and the U.S. Government's Guidelines: Opening Up America Again (2) regarding modification of activities to prevent virus transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic. OUTPUT:

Transmission;Prevention

LitCovid340

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Clinical Features of 69 Cases With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. BACKGROUND: From December 2019 to February 2020, 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a serious outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Related clinical features are needed. METHODS: We reviewed 69 patients who were hospitalized in Union hospital in Wuhan between 16 January and 29 January 2020. All patients were confirmed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the final date of follow-up was 4 February 2020. RESULTS: The median age of 69 enrolled patients was 42.0 years (interquartile range 35.0-62.0), and 32 patients (46%) were men. The most common symptoms were fever (60 [87%]), cough (38 [55%]), and fatigue (29 [42%]). Most patients received antiviral therapy (66 [98.5%] of 67 patients) and antibiotic therapy (66 [98.5%] of 67 patients). As of 4 February 2020, 18 (26.9%) of 67 patients had been discharged, and 5 patients had died, with a mortality rate of 7.5%. According to the lowest SpO2 during admission, cases were divided into the SpO2 >/= 90% group (n = 55) and the SpO2 < 90% group (n = 14). All 5 deaths occurred in the SpO2 < 90% group. Compared with SpO2 >/= 90% group, patients of the SpO2 < 90% group were older and showed more comorbidities and higher plasma levels of interleukin (IL) 6, IL10, lactate dehydrogenase, and C reactive protein. Arbidol treatment showed tendency to improve the discharging rate and decrease the mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 appears to show frequent fever, dry cough, and increase of inflammatory cytokines, and induced a mortality rate of 7.5%. Older patients or those with underlying comorbidities are at higher risk of death. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Mechanism

LitCovid341

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Thrombocytopenia and its association with mortality in patients with COVID-19. BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is spreading rapidly around the world. Thrombocytopenia in patients with COVID-19 has not been fully studied. OBJECTIVE: To describe thrombocytopenia in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: For each of 1476 consecutive patients with COVID-19 from Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, China, nadir platelet count during hospitalization was retrospectively collected and categorized into (0, 50], (50, 100], (100-150], or (150-) groups after taking the unit (x10(9) /L) away from the report of nadir platelet count. Nadir platelet counts and in-hospital mortality were analyzed. RESULTS: Among all patients, 238 (16.1%) patients were deceased and 306 (20.7%) had thrombocytopenia. Compared with survivors, non-survivors were older, were more likely to have thrombocytopenia, and had lower nadir platelet counts. The in-hospital mortality was 92.1%, 61.2%, 17.5%, and 4.7% for (0, 50], (50, 100], (100-150], and (150-) groups, respectively. With (150-) as the reference, nadir platelet counts of (100-150], (50, 100], and (0, 50] groups had a relative risk of 3.42 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.36-4.96), 9.99 (95% CI 7.16-13.94), and 13.68 (95% CI 9.89-18.92), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Thrombocytopenia is common in patients with COVID-19, and it is associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality. The lower the platelet count, the higher the mortality becomes. OUTPUT:

Diagnosis

LitCovid342

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Potential Inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 and Functional Food Components as Nutritional Supplement for COVID-19: A Review. The severe acute respiratory syndrome is a viral respiratory infection and commonly called as COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It widely transmitted through direct or indirect contact. Currently, no specific treatment against SARS-CoV-2 are available; only prevention and supportive strategy are the preventive measures. The present review emphasizes the latest research related to COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as the current status of potential inhibitors identified. Recent interest in SARS-CoV-2 has focused on transmission, symptoms, structure, and its structural proteins that exhibit promising therapeutics targets for rapid identification of potential inhibitors. The quick identification of potential inhibitors and immune-boosting functional food ingredients are crucial to combat this pandemic disease. We also tried to give an overview of the functional food components as a nutritional supplement, which helps in boosting our immune system and could be useful in preventing the COVID-19 and/or to improve the outcome during therapy. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Mechanism

LitCovid343

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Lessons after the early management of the COVID-19 outbreak in a pediatric transplant and hemato-oncology center embedded within a COVID-19 dedicated hospital in Lombardia, Italy. Estote parati. Italy is the second exposed country worldwide, after China, and Lombardia is the most affected region in Italy, with more than half of the national cases, with 13% of whom being healthcare professionals. The Clinica Pediatrica Universita degli Studi di Milano Bicocca is a general pediatric and hematology oncology and transplant center embedded within the designated COVID-19 general Hospital San Gerardo in Monza, located in Lombardia, Italy. Preventive and control measures specifically undertaken to cope with the emergency within hemato-oncology, transplant, and outpatient unit in the pediatric department have been described. Preliminary COVID-19 experiences with the first Italian pediatric hemato-oncology patients are reported. The few available data regarding pediatrics and specifically hemato-oncological patients are discussed. The purpose of this report is to share pediatric hemato-oncology issues encountered in the first few weeks of the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy and to alert healthcare professionals worldwide to be prepared accordingly. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid344

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19: The impact of social distancing policies, cross-country analysis. At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic a large number of countries introduced a range of non-pharmaceutical interventions. Whereas the policies are similar across countries, country characteristics vary substantially. We examine the effectiveness of such policies using a cross-country variation in socio-economic, environmental and geographic, and health system dimensions. The effectiveness of policies that prescribe closures of schools and workplaces is declining with population density, country surface area, employment rate and proportion of elderly in the population; and increasing with GDP per capita and health expenditure. Cross-country human mobility data reinforce some of these results. We argue that the findings can be explained by behavioural response to risk perceptions and resource constraints. Voluntary practice of social distancing might be less prevalent in communities with lower perceived risk, associated with better access to health care and smaller proportion of elderly population. Higher population density, larger geographical area, and higher employment rate may require more resources to ensure compliance with lockdown policies. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid345

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Is it all in the heart? Myocardial injury as major predictor of mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infection caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, and has caused the most widespread global pandemic in over 100 years. Given the novelty of the disease, risk factors of mortality and adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients remain to be elucidated. We present the results of a retrospective cohort study including patients admitted to a large tertiary-care, academic university hospital with COVID-19. Patients were admitted with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 between 1 March and 15 April 2020. Baseline clinical characteristics and admission laboratory variables were retrospectively collected. Patients were grouped based on mortality, need for ICU care, and mechanical ventilation. Prevalence of clinical co-morbidities and laboratory abnormalities were compared between groups using descriptive statistics. Univariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of mortality, ICU care and mechanical ventilation. Predictors significant at P </= .10 were included in multivariate analysis. Five hundred and sixty patients were included in the analysis. Age and myocardial injury were only independent predictors of mortality, in patients with/without baseline co-morbidities. Body mass index, elevated ferritin, elevated d-dimer, and elevated procalcitonin predicted need for ICU care, and these along with vascular disease at baseline predicted need for mechanical ventilation. Hence, inflammatory markers (ferritin and d-dimer) predicted severe disease, but not death. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Diagnosis

LitCovid346

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 Testing: What New Mexico Did Right. Unlike many other states across America that struggled to get enough diagnostic tests for coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) this past spring, New Mexico was able to not only meet the demand for testing symptomatic patients, but was able to begin expanding its screening to asymptomatic individuals. How did this largely rural and relatively low-income state-among the bottom five states in population density [1] and median income per capita [2] -stay on top of testing when larger and wealthier states fell behind? The answer lies in both centralization and diversification. OUTPUT:

Diagnosis

LitCovid347

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: How the COVID-19 pandemic changed the Plastic Surgery activity in a regional referral center in Northern Italy. The Covid 19 epidemic has modified the way that plastic surgeons can treat their patients. At our hospital all elective surgery was canceled and only the more severe cases were admitted. The outpatient department activity has been reduced also. We present the number and diagnoses of patients, treated as in- and out-patients, during seven weeks from the onset of the epidemic, comparing our activity from the lockdown of elective surgery with the numbers and diagnoses observed during the same weeks of last year. Finally we underline the importance of using telemedicine and web-based tools to transmit images of lesions that need the surgeon's evaluation, and can be used by the patient to keep in touch with a doctor during the distressing time of delay of the expected procedure. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid348

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: [Nutritional support for critically ill patients suffering from SARS-CoV-2 infection]. Patients with severe cases of COVID-19 are at high nutritional risk during their ICU stay. Prolonged immobilization associated with an exacerbated systemic inflammatory response is a major provider of ICU-acquired muscle weakness. Early enteral nutrition is recommended to gradually reach the energy target of 25 kcal/kg/day and protein target of 1.3 g/kg/day around D4. The occurrence of a Refeeding syndrome should be closely monitored. In case of feeding intolerance refractory to a prokinetic treatment, complementary or total parenteral nutrition is advised, favouring new generation mixed lipid emulsions (containing fish oil) and regular monitoring of triglyceridemia. Nutrition care of critically ill patients should be carried out with limited procedures that may pose a risk of contamination for the healthcare staff. OUTPUT:

Treatment

LitCovid349

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Potential Therapeutic Targeting of Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein Priming. Processing of certain viral proteins and bacterial toxins by host serine proteases is a frequent and critical step in virulence. The coronavirus spike glycoprotein contains three (S1, S2, and S2') cleavage sites that are processed by human host proteases. The exact nature of these cleavage sites, and their respective processing proteases, can determine whether the virus can cross species and the level of pathogenicity. Recent comparisons of the genomes of the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV2 and MERS-CoV, with less pathogenic strains (e.g., Bat-RaTG13, the bat homologue of SARS-CoV2) identified possible mutations in the receptor binding domain and in the S1 and S2' cleavage sites of their spike glycoprotein. However, there remains some confusion on the relative roles of the possible serine proteases involved for priming. Using anthrax toxin as a model system, we show that in vivo inhibition of priming by pan-active serine protease inhibitors can be effective at suppressing toxicity. Hence, our studies should encourage further efforts in developing either pan-serine protease inhibitors or inhibitor cocktails to target SARS-CoV2 and potentially ward off future pandemics that could develop because of additional mutations in the S-protein priming sequence in coronaviruses. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Mechanism

LitCovid350

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Computation screening of narcissoside a glycosyloxyflavone for potential novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) inhibitor. Background: The present study demonstrates the potential of flavanoid narcissoside against the novel corona virus (COVID-19) complications using molecular docking studies. Methods: The computation molecular docking screening was performed using Molegro Virtual Docker software (MVD) with grid resolution of 30 A. Protein of COVID 19 virus was taken from protein data bank. Results: The standard inhibitor X77 (N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-N-[(1R)-2-(cyclohexylamino)-2-oxo-1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl]- 1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide) identified from the protein inhibitor complex 6W63 from protein data bank was docked with COVID 19 protein 6W63 which showed MolDock score of -156.913, rerank Sore -121.296 and H Bond -5.7369, while the flavanoid narcissoside had showed MolDock score -180.739, Rerank Sore -137.092 and H Bond -18.6771. The narcissoside showed potent inhibitory effect which is greater than standard X77. The result showed that narcissoside have high affinity towards 6W63 as it showed thirteen hydrogen bonds with nine amino acids (Arg 188, Glu 166, His 164, Cys 145 (2 bonds), Asn 14 (2 bonds), Cys 44 (2 bonds), His 41 (2 bonds), Gln 192, Thr 190) while X777 showed four hydrogen bonds with amino acids (Gly 143, Cys 145, Glu 166, Ser 144). Conclusion: From computation approach it was concluded that narcissoside is a potent inhibitor of viral COVID 19 protein 6W63. The narcissoside have high affinity and inhibition potential than standard inhibitor X77 (N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-N-[(1R)-2-(cyclohexylamino)-2-oxo-1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl]- 1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide). The narcissoside predicted as more potent inhibitor which can be further optimize, pharmacologically and clinically evaluated for the treatment of novel coronavirus COVID-19. OUTPUT:

Mechanism;Treatment

LitCovid351

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Efficacy and Use of Cloth Masks: A Scoping Review. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been a global shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE). In this setting, cloth masks may play an important role in limiting disease transmission; however, current literature on the use of cloth masks remains inconclusive. This review aims to integrate current studies and guidelines to determine the efficacy and use of cloth masks in healthcare settings and/or the community. Evidence-based suggestions on the most effective use of cloth masks during a pandemic are presented. Embase, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar were searched on March 31, 2020, and updated on April 6, 2020. Studies reporting on the efficacy, usability, and accessibility of cloth masks were included. Additionally, a search of guidelines and recommendations on cloth mask usage was conducted through published material by international and national public health agencies. Nine articles were included in this review after full-text screening. The clinical efficacy of a face mask is determined by the filtration efficacy of the material, fit of the mask, and compliance to wearing the mask. Household fabrics such as cotton T-shirts and towels have some filtration efficacy and therefore potential for droplet retention and protection against virus-containing particles. However, the percentage of penetration in cloth masks is higher than surgical masks or N95 respirators. Cloth masks have limited inward protection in healthcare settings where viral exposure is high but may be beneficial for outward protection in low-risk settings and use by the general public where no other alternatives to medical masks are available. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid352

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: [Characteristics of peripheral blood leukocyte differential counts in patients with COVID-19]. To investigate the early changes of peripheral blood leukocyte differential counts in patients with COVID-19. Ten patients with COVID-19 and 30 patients with other viral pneumonia (non-COVID-19) admitted to Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital and Jinshan Branch Hospital from January 22 to February 17, 2020 were enrolled in this study. The differential counts of white blood cells were analyzed. Patients in COVID-19 group showed relatively lower absolute white blood cell (WBC) count 4.95(3.90,6.03)x10(9)/L, lymphocyte absolute count 1.20(0.98,1.50)x10(9)/L and eosinophil absolute count 0.01(0.01,0.01)x10(9)/L. Leukopenia developed in two patients(2/10), lymphocytopenia also in two patients(2/10). Seven over ten patients presented with eosinophil cytopenia. In non-COVID-19 group, absolute WBC count was 8.20 (6.78,9.03) x10(9)/L (P<0.001), lymphocyte absolute count 1.75(1.20,2.53)x10(9)/L(P=0.036), eosinophil absolute count 0.02(0.01,0.03)x10(9)/L(P=0.05). Lymphocytopenia occurred in (16.7%) patients, eosinophil cytopenia in 16.7% patients too. In conclusion, leukopenia, lymphocytopenia and eosinophil cytopenia are more common in COVID-19 patients than those in non- COVID-19 patients. OUTPUT:

Mechanism

LitCovid353

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Igniting Change: Supporting the Well-Being of Academicians Who Practice and Teach Critical Care. Academicians who maintain a critical care clinical practice encounter numerous stressors, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, which can influence well-being. This article provides historical perspectives on the stressors inherent in working in the critical care environment as well as the stressors of working in the academic environment. It proposes the application of the synergy model as a framework to help improve the well-being of academicians who practice and teach critical care. The most valuable strategy to improve professional well-being is for organizations to take a systems approach. The article focuses on approaches that are potentially within each individual's control. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid354

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Risk of hydroxychloroquine alone and in combination with azithromycin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a multinational, retrospective study. Background: Hydroxychloroquine, a drug commonly used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, has received much negative publicity for adverse events associated with its authorisation for emergency use to treat patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. We studied the safety of hydroxychloroquine, alone and in combination with azithromycin, to determine the risk associated with its use in routine care in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: In this multinational, retrospective study, new user cohort studies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis aged 18 years or older and initiating hydroxychloroquine were compared with those initiating sulfasalazine and followed up over 30 days, with 16 severe adverse events studied. Self-controlled case series were done to further establish safety in wider populations, and included all users of hydroxychloroquine regardless of rheumatoid arthritis status or indication. Separately, severe adverse events associated with hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin (compared with hydroxychloroquine plus amoxicillin) were studied. Data comprised 14 sources of claims data or electronic medical records from Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Spain, the UK, and the USA. Propensity score stratification and calibration using negative control outcomes were used to address confounding. Cox models were fitted to estimate calibrated hazard ratios (HRs) according to drug use. Estimates were pooled where the I (2) value was less than 0.4. Findings: The study included 956 374 users of hydroxychloroquine, 310 350 users of sulfasalazine, 323 122 users of hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin, and 351 956 users of hydroxychloroquine plus amoxicillin. No excess risk of severe adverse events was identified when 30-day hydroxychloroquine and sulfasalazine use were compared. Self-controlled case series confirmed these findings. However, long-term use of hydroxychloroquine appeared to be associated with increased cardiovascular mortality (calibrated HR 1.65 [95% CI 1.12-2.44]). Addition of azithromycin appeared to be associated with an increased risk of 30-day cardiovascular mortality (calibrated HR 2.19 [95% CI 1.22-3.95]), chest pain or angina (1.15 [1.05-1.26]), and heart failure (1.22 [1.02-1.45]). Interpretation: Hydroxychloroquine treatment appears to have no increased risk in the short term among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but in the long term it appears to be associated with excess cardiovascular mortality. The addition of azithromycin increases the risk of heart failure and cardiovascular mortality even in the short term. We call for careful consideration of the benefit-risk trade-off when counselling those on hydroxychloroquine treatment. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR Senior Research Fellowship programme, US National Institutes of Health, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Janssen Research and Development, IQVIA, Korea Health Industry Development Institute through the Ministry of Health and Welfare Republic of Korea, Versus Arthritis, UK Medical Research Council Doctoral Training Partnership, Foundation Alfonso Martin Escudero, Innovation Fund Denmark, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Singapore Ministry of Health's National Medical Research Council Open Fund Large Collaborative Grant, VINCI, Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking, EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, and European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations. OUTPUT:

Treatment

LitCovid355

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Interpretable artificial intelligence framework for COVID-19 screening on chest X-rays. COVID-19 has led to an unprecedented healthcare crisis with millions of infected people across the globe often pushing infrastructures, healthcare workers and entire economies beyond their limits. The scarcity of testing kits, even in developed countries, has led to extensive research efforts towards alternative solutions with high sensitivity. Chest radiological imaging paired with artificial intelligence (AI) can offer significant advantages in diagnosis of novel coronavirus infected patients. To this end, transfer learning techniques are used for overcoming the limitations emanating from the lack of relevant big datasets, enabling specialized models to converge on limited data, as in the case of X-rays of COVID-19 patients. In this study, we present an interpretable AI framework assessed by expert radiologists on the basis on how well the attention maps focus on the diagnostically-relevant image regions. The proposed transfer learning methodology achieves an overall area under the curve of 1 for a binary classification problem across a 5-fold training/testing dataset. OUTPUT:

Diagnosis

LitCovid356

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Treatment of Brain Metastases during the COVID-19 Outbreak. INTRODUCTION: The WHO declared 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) a public health emergency of international concern. The National and Regional Health System has been reorganized, and many oncological patients died during this period or had to interrupt their therapies. This study summarizes a single-centre experience, during the COVID-19 period in Italy, in the treatment of brain metastases with Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery (GKRS). METHODS: We retrospectively analysed our series of patients with brain metastases who underwent GKRS at the Niguarda Hospital from February 24 to April 24, 2020. RESULTS: We treated 30 patients with 66 brain metastases. A total of 22 patients came from home and 8 patients were admitted to the emergency room for urgent neurological symptoms. Duration of stay was limited to 0-1 day in 17 patients. We chose to treat a cluster of 9 patients, whose greater lesion exceeded 10 cm3, with 2-stage modality GKRS to minimize tumour recurrence and radiation necrosis. CONCLUSION: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the whole world is at a critical crossroads about the use of health care resources. During the COVID-19 outbreak, the deferral of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and a work backlog in every medical specialty are the natural consequences of reservation of resources for COVID-19 patients. GKRS improved symptoms and reduced the need for open surgeries, allowing many patients to continue their therapeutic path and sparing beds in ICUs. Neurosurgeons have to take into account the availability of stereotactic radiosurgery to reduce hospital stay, conciliating safety for patients and operators with the request for health care coming from the oncological patients and their families. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid357

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Pharmacovigilance and assessment of drug safety reports during COVID 19. The speed and volume of clinical research to discover effective drug against novel corona virus has been remarkable. To address the unmet medical need, the regulations are made flexible and convenient without any relaxation in drug safety reporting. The pharmacovigilance activities, especially adverse event reporting regardless of clinical trials or clinical practice should continue as usual because patient safety is the priority. The exposure to experimental drugs with limited evidence of risk - benefit makes it more crucial to adapt robust safety monitoring, accuracy in adverse event reporting, and timely assessment. With the current restriction on physical contact, travel and free movements, isolation, quarantine, and huge clinical workload during pandemic, causality assessment will be more challenging. It may not be possible to capture details of all adverse events, thereby affecting completeness and quality of safety reports. A substantial number of COVID 19 patients will receive investigational drugs along with multiple other medications for clinical manifestations and drug therapy for lifestyle diseases. Causality assessment will be a challenge due to overlapping toxicities, multiple confounding, contributory factors, and insufficient data on safety and risk profile of combining drugs. Assessment will be unable to precisely determine the causality as certain or unlikely, although, it will be valuable in categorizing the causal association as "possible" adverse drug reactions and their scientific basis. Several of these detailed reports, when collated, can identify risk factors for possibilities of prevention or avoid harm. In the current situation of pandemic and uncertainty of experimental new and old repurposed drugs, causation needs to be viewed for the study drug with a public health perspective. After all, this is the best time tested approach to generate evidence and drug evaluation to prevent damage to prospective patients. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Prevention

LitCovid358

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Reactive arthritis after COVID-19 infection. Reactive arthritis (ReA) is typically preceded by sexually transmitted disease or gastrointestinal infection. An association has also been reported with bacterial and viral respiratory infections. Herein, we report the first case of ReA after the he severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This male patient is in his 50s who was admitted with COVID-19 pneumonia. On the second day of admission, SARS-CoV-2 PCR was positive from nasopharyngeal swab specimen. Despite starting standard dose of favipiravir, his respiratory condition deteriorated during hospitalisation. On the fourth hospital day, he developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and was intubated. On day 11, he was successfully extubated, subsequently completing a 14-day course of favipiravir. On day 21, 1 day after starting physical therapy, he developed acute bilateral arthritis in his ankles, with mild enthesitis in his right Achilles tendon, without rash, conjunctivitis, or preceding diarrhoea or urethritis. Arthrocentesis of his left ankle revealed mild inflammatory fluid without monosodium urate or calcium pyrophosphate crystals. Culture of synovial fluid was negative. Plain X-rays of his ankles and feet showed no erosive changes or enthesophytes. Tests for syphilis, HIV, anti-streptolysin O (ASO), Mycoplasma, Chlamydia pneumoniae, antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor, anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody and Human Leukocyte Antigen-B27 (HLA-B27) were negative. Gonococcal and Chlamydia trachomatis urine PCR were also negative. He was diagnosed with ReA. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID)s and intra-articular corticosteroid injection resulted in moderate improvement. OUTPUT:

Case Report

LitCovid359

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Guillain-Barre syndrome presenting with COVID-19 infection. A construction worker in his 30s presented three times in 4 days with progressive upper and then lower limb weakness. On the first two occasions he had no systemic symptoms, but on the third presentation he had fever and cough, starting from day 4 of weakness. Examination identified weakness in all four limbs and areflexia, suggesting a peripheral neuromuscular disorder. Investigations were consistent with Guillain-Barre syndrome and additional COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The patient improved after immunoglobulin treatment. At least four cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome have been reported in the literature with concurrent COVID-19 illness in whom respiratory signs appeared a few days after the onset of neurological signs. With the incubation period for COVID-19 respiratory symptoms believed to be up to 14 days, it is possible that neurological symptoms could develop before respiratory and other symptoms. During the current pandemic, presence of concurrent COVID-19 infection needs to be considered in patients presenting with Guillain-Barre syndrome. OUTPUT:

Case Report

LitCovid360

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in Hospitalized Asthmatic Patients Did Not Induce Severe Exacerbation. BACKGROUND: Viral infections are known to exacerbate asthma in adults. Previous studies have found few patients with asthma among severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia cases. However, the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe asthma exacerbation is not known. OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of asthma exacerbation in patients with asthma hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and compare symptoms and laboratory and radiological findings in patients with and without asthma with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. METHODS: We included 106 patients between March 4 and April 6, 2020, who were hospitalized in the Chest Diseases Department of Strasbourg University Hospital; 23 had asthma. To assess the patients' asthma status, 3 periods were defined: the last month before the onset of COVID-19 symptoms (p1), prehospitalization (p2), and during hospitalization (p3). Severe asthma exacerbations were defined according to Global INitiative for Asthma guidelines during p1 and p2. During p3, we defined severe asthma deterioration as the onset of breathlessness and wheezing requiring systemic corticosteroids and inhaled beta2 agonist. RESULTS: We found no significant difference between patients with and without asthma in terms of severity (length of stay, maximal oxygen flow needed, noninvasive ventilation requirement, and intensive care unit transfer); 52.2% of the patients with asthma had Global INitiative for Asthma step 1 asthma. One patient had a severe exacerbation during p1, 2 patients during p2, and 5 patients were treated with systemic corticosteroids and inhaled beta2 agonist during p3. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that patients with asthma appeared not to be at risk for severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia did not induce severe asthma exacerbation. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Diagnosis

LitCovid361

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: From the hospital scale to nationwide: observability and identification of models for the COVID-19 epidemic waves. Two mathematical models of the COVID-19 dynamics are considered as the health system in some country consists in a network of regional hospital centers. The first macroscopic model for the virus dynamics at the level of the general population of the country is derived from a standard SIR model. The second local model refers to a single node of the health system network, i.e. it models the flows of patients with a smaller granularity at the level of a regional hospital care center for COVID-19 infected patients. Daily (low cost) data are easily collected at this level, and are worked out for a fast evaluation of the local health status thanks to control systems methods. Precisely, the identifiability of the parameters of the hospital model is proven and thanks to the availability of clinical data, essential characteristics of the local health status are identified. Those parameters are meaningful not only to alert on some increase of the infection, but also to assess the efficiency of the therapy and health policy. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid362

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Broad host range of SARS-CoV-2 predicted by comparative and structural analysis of ACE2 in vertebrates. The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of COVID-19. The main receptor of SARS-CoV-2, angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), is now undergoing extensive scrutiny to understand the routes of transmission and sensitivity in different species. Here, we utilized a unique dataset of ACE2 sequences from 410 vertebrate species, including 252 mammals, to study the conservation of ACE2 and its potential to be used as a receptor by SARS-CoV-2. We designed a five-category binding score based on the conservation properties of 25 amino acids important for the binding between ACE2 and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Only mammals fell into the medium to very high categories and only catarrhine primates into the very high category, suggesting that they are at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. We employed a protein structural analysis to qualitatively assess whether amino acid changes at variable residues would be likely to disrupt ACE2/SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding and found the number of predicted unfavorable changes significantly correlated with the binding score. Extending this analysis to human population data, we found only rare (frequency <0.001) variants in 10/25 binding sites. In addition, we found significant signals of selection and accelerated evolution in the ACE2 coding sequence across all mammals, and specific to the bat lineage. Our results, if confirmed by additional experimental data, may lead to the identification of intermediate host species for SARS-CoV-2, guide the selection of animal models of COVID-19, and assist the conservation of animals both in native habitats and in human care. OUTPUT:

Mechanism;Transmission

LitCovid363

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Hyperinflammation and the utility of immunomodulatory medications in children with COVID-19. The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection globally coupled with the relatively high case-fatality rate has led to immediate need for therapeutic intervention to prevent and treat COVID-19 disease. There is accumulating evidence that morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 may be exacerbated by a dysregulated host immune response resulting in significant hyperinflammation and cytokine release. The aim of this review is to describe the basis for the immune dysregulation caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and to examine current investigations into immunomodulatory therapies aimed at targeting the excessive host immune response. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Mechanism

LitCovid364

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Advances in detection of infectious agents by aptamer-based technologies. Infectious diseases still remain one of the biggest challenges for human health. Accurate and early detection of infectious pathogens are crucial for transmission control, clinical diagnosis, and therapy. For a traditional reason, most immunological and microbiological laboratories are equipped with instruments designated for antibody-based assays in detection of infectious pathogens or clinical diagnosis. Emerging aptamer-based technologies have pushed a shift from antibody-based to aptamer-based assays due to equal specificity, even better sensitivity, lower manufacturing cost and more flexibility in amending for chemiluminescent, electrochemical or fluorescent detection in a multifaceted and high throughput fashion in comparison of aptamer-based to antibody-based assays. The nature of aptamer-based technologies is particularly suitable for point-of-care testing in remote areas at warm or hot atmosphere, and mass screening for potential infection in pandemic of emerging infectious agents, such as SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in an epicentre or other regions. This review intends to summarize currently available aptamer-based technologies in detection of bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens for research and clinical application. It is anticipated that potential technologies will be further optimized and validated for clinical translation in meeting increasing demands for prompt, precise, and reliable detection of specific pathogens in various atmospheric conditions. OUTPUT:

Diagnosis

LitCovid365

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Maintaining robust HIV and tuberculosis services in the COVID-19 era: A public health dilemma in Zimbabwe. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has challenged health systems worldwide. In Zimbabwe, the COVID-19 response has seen the diversion of human capital, equipment, and other resources that were meant for the HIV and tuberculosis (TB) programmes. In a country with one of the worst HIV and TB burdens globally, the authors discuss this public health dilemma of sustained HIV and TB services in the context of a new threat - COVID-19. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid366

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Structural basis for neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV by a potent therapeutic antibody. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in an unprecedented public health crisis. There are no approved vaccines or therapeutics for treating COVID-19. Here we report a humanized monoclonal antibody, H014, that efficiently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV pseudoviruses as well as authentic SARS-CoV-2 at nanomolar concentrations by engaging the spike (S) receptor binding domain (RBD). H014 administration reduced SARS-CoV-2 titers in infected lungs and prevented pulmonary pathology in a human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 mouse model. Cryo-electron microscopy characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 S trimer in complex with the H014 Fab fragment unveiled a previously uncharacterized conformational epitope, which was only accessible when the RBD was in an open conformation. Biochemical, cellular, virological, and structural studies demonstrated that H014 prevents attachment of SARS-CoV-2 to its host cell receptors. Epitope analysis of available neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 uncovered broad cross-protective epitopes. Our results highlight a key role for antibody-based therapeutic interventions in the treatment of COVID-19. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Mechanism

LitCovid367

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients suffering from musculoskeletal tumours. BACKGROUND: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on musculoskeletal tumor service by conducting an online survey of physicians. METHODS: The survey was conducted among the members of the ISOLS (International Society of Limb Salvage) and the EMSOS (European Musculo-Skeletal Oncology Society). The survey consisted of 20 questions (single, multiple-response, ranked): origin and surgical experience of the participant (four questions), potential disruption of healthcare (12 questions), and influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the particular physician (four questions). A matrix with four different response options was created for the particular surgical procedures). RESULTS: One hundred forty-nine physicians from five continents completed the survey. Of the respondents, 20.1% and 20.7% stated that surgery for life-threatening sarcomas were stopped or delayed, respectively. Even when the malignancy was expected to involve infiltration of a neurovascular bundle or fracture of a bone, still 13.8% and 14.7% of the respondents, respectively, stated that surgery was not performed. In cases of pending fractures of bone tumors, 37.5 to 46.2% of operations were canceled. CONCLUSION: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic caused a significant reduction in healthcare (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy) for malignancies of the musculoskeletal system. Delaying or stopping these treatments is life-threatening or can cause severe morbidity, pain, and loss of function. Although the coronavirus disease causes severe medical complications, serious collateral damage including death due to delayed or untreated sarcomas should be avoided. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid368

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors in the respiratory tract of healthy individuals, smokers and asthmatics. SARS-CoV-2 is causing a pandemic with currently > 29 million confirmed cases and > 900,000 deaths worldwide. The locations and mechanisms of virus entry into the human respiratory tract are incompletely characterized. We analyzed publicly available RNA microarray datasets for SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors and cofactors ACE2, TMPRSS2, BSG (CD147) and FURIN. We found that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are upregulated in the airways of smokers. In asthmatics, ACE2 tended to be downregulated in nasal epithelium, and TMPRSS2 was upregulated in the bronchi. Furthermore, respiratory epithelia were negative for ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 protein expression while positive for BSG and furin, suggesting a possible alternative entry route for SARS-CoV-2. OUTPUT:

Mechanism

LitCovid369

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Immunobiology and immunotherapy of COVID-19: A clinically updated overview. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new member of the coronavirus family that can cause coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-9 has become a global pandemic with severe health issues around the world. Identifying the accurate immunopathogenesis of the COVID-19 and the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is necessary for the development of therapeutic approaches and rational drug design. This paper aims to overview the updated clinical data on the immunopathogenesis of the COVID-19 and review the innate and adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Also, challenges of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 leading to dysfunctional immune response and their contribution to the progression of the disease have been discussed. To achieve a more efficient immune response, multiple methods could be applied, including regulation of the immune response, augmentation of the immune system against the virus, inhibition of the dysfunctional immune checkpoints, and inhibition of the viral replication/infection. Based on the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 and its dysfunction, we introduce potential immunotherapies as well as reviewing recruiting/completed clinical trials of COVID-19. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Mechanism

LitCovid370

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Analysis of a mathematical model for COVID-19 population dynamics in Lagos, Nigeria. This work examines the impact of various non-pharmaceutical control measures (government and personal) on the population dynamics of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Lagos, Nigeria, using an appropriately formulated mathematical model. Using the available data, since its first reported case on 16 March 2020, we seek to develop a predicative tool for the cumulative number of reported cases and the number of active cases in Lagos; we also estimate the basic reproduction number of the disease outbreak in the aforementioned State in Nigeria. Using numerical simulations, we show the effect of control measures, specifically the common social distancing, use of face mask and case detection (via contact tracing and subsequent testings) on the dynamics of COVID-19. We also provide forecasts for the cumulative number of reported cases and active cases for different levels of the control measures being implemented. Numerical simulations of the model show that if at least 55% of the population comply with the social distancing regulation with about 55% of the population effectively making use of face masks while in public, the disease will eventually die out in the population and that, if we can step up the case detection rate for symptomatic individuals to about 0.8 per day, with about 55% of the population complying with the social distancing regulations, it will lead to a great decrease in the incidence (and prevalence) of COVID-19. OUTPUT:

Prevention;Epidemic Forecasting

LitCovid371

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Re-Examining the Race to Send Ventilators to Low-Resource Settings. COVID-19 is devastating health systems globally and causing severe ventilator shortages. Since the beginning of the outbreak, the provision and use of ventilators has been a key focus of public discourse. Scientists and engineers from leading universities and companies have rushed to develop low-cost ventilators in hopes of supporting critically ill patients in developing countries. Philanthropists have invested millions in shipping ventilators to low-resource settings, and agencies such as the World Health Organization and the World Bank are prioritizing the purchase of ventilators. While we recognize the humanitarian nature of these efforts, merely shipping ventilators to low-resource environments may not improve outcomes of patients and could potentially cause harm. An ecosystem of considerable technological and human resources is required to support the usage of ventilators within intensive care settings. Medical-grade oxygen supplies, reliable electricity, bioengineering support, and consumables are all needed for ventilators to save lives. However, most ICUs in resource-poor settings do not have access to these resources. Patients on ventilators require continuous monitoring from physicians, nurses, and respiratory therapists skilled in critical care. Health care workers in many low-resource settings are already exceedingly overburdened, and pulling these essential human resources away from other critical patient needs could reduce the overall quality of patient care. When deploying medical devices, it is vital to align the technological intervention with the clinical reality. Low-income settings often will not benefit from resource-intensive equipment, but rather from contextually appropriate devices that meet the unique needs of their health systems. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid372

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Coronavirus disease 2019: International public health considerations. On December 31, 2019, the Chinese government announced an outbreak of a novel coronavirus, recently named COVID-19. During the following weeks the international medical community has witnessed with unprecedented coverage the public health response both domestically by the Chinese government, and on an international scale as cases have spread to dozens of countries. While much regarding the virus and the Chinese public health response is still unknown, national and public health institutions globally are preparing for a pandemic. As cases and spread of the virus grow, emergency and other front-line providers may become more anxious about the possibility of encountering a potential case. This review describes the tenets of a public health response to an infectious outbreak by using recent historical examples and also by characterizing what is known about the ongoing response to the COVID-19 outbreak. The intent of the review is to empower the practitioner to monitor and evaluate the local, national and global public health response to an emerging infectious disease. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid373

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: D-Dimer Concentrations and COVID-19 Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recently described infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since late 2019, COVID-19 has rapidly spread in virtually all countries, imposing the adoption of significant lockdown and social distancing measures. The activation of the coagulation cascade is a common feature of disseminated intravascular coagulation and adverse clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis aiming to investigate differences in serum D-dimer concentrations in patients with and without severe COVID-19 disease. An electronic search in Medline (PubMed), Scopus and Web of Science was performed with no language restrictions, and 13 articles were reporting on 1,807 patients (585, 32.4% with severe disease) were finally identified and included in the meta-analysis. The pooled results of all studies revealed that the D-dimer concentrations were significantly higher in patients with more severe COVID-19 (SMD: 0.91 mg/L; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.07 mg/L, p < 0.0001). The heterogeneity was moderate (I (2) = 46.5%; p = 0.033). Sensitivity analysis showed that the effect size was not modified when any single study was in turn removed (effect size range, 0.87 mg/L to 0.93 mg/L). The Begg's (p = 0.76) and Egger's tests (p = 0.38) showed no publication bias. In conclusion, our systematic review and meta-analysis showed that serum D-dimer concentrations in patients with severe COVID-19 are significantly higher when compared to those with non-severe forms. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Diagnosis

LitCovid374

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Rapid Detection of COVID-19 Causative Virus (SARS-CoV-2) in Human Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens Using Field-Effect Transistor-Based Biosensor. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerging human infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, previously called 2019-nCoV). Based on the rapid increase in the rate of human infection, the World Health Organization (WHO) has classified the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic. Because no specific drugs or vaccines for COVID-19 are yet available, early diagnosis and management are crucial for containing the outbreak. Here, we report a field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensing device for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. The sensor was produced by coating graphene sheets of the FET with a specific antibody against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The performance of the sensor was determined using antigen protein, cultured virus, and nasopharyngeal swab specimens from COVID-19 patients. Our FET device could detect the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein at concentrations of 1 fg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline and 100 fg/mL clinical transport medium. In addition, the FET sensor successfully detected SARS-CoV-2 in culture medium (limit of detection [LOD]: 1.6 x 10(1) pfu/mL) and clinical samples (LOD: 2.42 x 10(2) copies/mL). Thus, we have successfully fabricated a promising FET biosensor for SARS-CoV-2; our device is a highly sensitive immunological diagnostic method for COVID-19 that requires no sample pretreatment or labeling. OUTPUT:

Diagnosis

LitCovid375

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Dementia Caregiving During the "Stay-at-Home" Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic. OBJECTIVE: Assess family caregivers' primary appraisal of stressors related to COVID-19 stay-at-home orders, secondary appraisal of resources and support availability, and use of coping strategies as predictors of perceived role overload during the stay-at-home phase of the pandemic. METHOD: Telephone interviews with 53 family caregivers of persons with dementia from rural Virginia two weeks after enactment of the governor's stay-at-home order using structured and open-ended questions. RESULTS: Caregivers who were more concerned about the COVID-19 pandemic were at greater odds of experiencing high role overload than those who recognized positive aspects of the pandemic, as were those who received insufficient support from family and friends. DISCUSSION: Use of the transactional model of stress responses yielded important insights about families coping with dementia. Caregivers' perceptions of the pandemic's impact varied, with differential effects on their well-being. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid376

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Chronic disease management in the COVID-19 era. In the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era, clinical registries and innovative virtual care delivery tools should be leveraged to engage populations in effective chronic disease management. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid377

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: A dynamic COVID-19 immune signature includes associations with poor prognosis. Improved understanding and management of COVID-19, a potentially life-threatening disease, could greatly reduce the threat posed by its etiologic agent, SARS-CoV-2. Toward this end, we have identified a core peripheral blood immune signature across 63 hospital-treated patients with COVID-19 who were otherwise highly heterogeneous. The signature includes discrete changes in B and myelomonocytic cell composition, profoundly altered T cell phenotypes, selective cytokine/chemokine upregulation and SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. Some signature traits identify links with other settings of immunoprotection and immunopathology; others, including basophil and plasmacytoid dendritic cell depletion, correlate strongly with disease severity; while a third set of traits, including a triad of IP-10, interleukin-10 and interleukin-6, anticipate subsequent clinical progression. Hence, contingent upon independent validation in other COVID-19 cohorts, individual traits within this signature may collectively and individually guide treatment options; offer insights into COVID-19 pathogenesis; and aid early, risk-based patient stratification that is particularly beneficial in phasic diseases such as COVID-19. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Diagnosis

LitCovid378

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Two distinct immunopathological profiles in autopsy lungs of COVID-19. Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has grown to a worldwide pandemic with substantial mortality. Immune mediated damage has been proposed as a pathogenic factor, but immune responses in lungs of COVID-19 patients remain poorly characterized. Here we show transcriptomic, histologic and cellular profiles of post mortem COVID-19 (n = 34 tissues from 16 patients) and normal lung tissues (n = 9 tissues from 6 patients). Two distinct immunopathological reaction patterns of lethal COVID-19 are identified. One pattern shows high local expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISG(high)) and cytokines, high viral loads and limited pulmonary damage, the other pattern shows severely damaged lungs, low ISGs (ISG(low)), low viral loads and abundant infiltrating activated CD8(+) T cells and macrophages. ISG(high) patients die significantly earlier after hospitalization than ISG(low) patients. Our study may point to distinct stages of progression of COVID-19 lung disease and highlights the need for peripheral blood biomarkers that inform about patient lung status and guide treatment. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Diagnosis;Mechanism

LitCovid379

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Healthcare impact of COVID-19 epidemic in India: A stochastic mathematical model. Background: In India, the SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 epidemic has grown to 1251 cases and 32 deaths as on 30 Mar 2020. The healthcare impact of the epidemic in India was studied using a stochastic mathematical model. Methods: A compartmental SEIR model was developed, in which the flow of individuals through compartments is modeled using a set of differential equations. Different scenarios were modeled with 1000 runs of Monte Carlo simulation each using MATLAB. Hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) requirements, and deaths were modeled on SimVoi software. The impact of nonpharmacological interventions (NPIs) including social distancing and lockdown on checking the epidemic was estimated. Results: Uninterrupted epidemic in India would have resulted in more than 364 million cases and 1.56 million deaths with peak by mid-July. As per the model, at current growth rate of 1.15, India is likely to reach approximately 3 million cases by 25 May, implying 125,455 (+/-18,034) hospitalizations, 26,130 (+/-3298) ICU admissions, and 13,447 (+/-1819) deaths. This would overwhelm India's healthcare system. The model shows that with immediate institution of NPIs, the epidemic might still be checked by mid-April 2020. It would then result in 241,974 (+/-33,735) total infections, 10,214 (+/-1649) hospitalizations, 2121 (+/-334) ICU admissions, and 1081 (+/-169) deaths. Conclusion: At the current growth rate of epidemic, India's healthcare resources will be overwhelmed by the end of May. With the immediate institution of NPIs, total cases, hospitalizations, ICU requirements, and deaths can be reduced by almost 90%. OUTPUT:

Prevention;Epidemic Forecasting

LitCovid380

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Linking key intervention timings to rapid declining effective reproduction number to quantify lessons against COVID-19. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently under a global pandemic trend. The efficiency of containment measures and epidemic tendency of typical countries should be assessed. In this study, the efficiency of prevention and control measures in China, Italy, Iran, South Korea, and Japan was assessed, and the COVID-19 epidemic tendency among these countries was compared. Results showed that the effective reproduction number(Re) in Wuhan, China increased almost exponentially, reaching a maximum of 3.98 before a lockdown and rapidly decreased to below 1 due to containment and mitigation strategies of the Chinese government. The Re in Italy declined at a slower pace than that in China after the implementation of prevention and control measures. The Re in Iran showed a certain decline after the establishment of a national epidemic control command, and an evident stationary phase occurred because the best window period for the prevention and control of the epidemic was missed. The epidemic in Japan and South Korea reoccurred several times with the Re fluctuating greatly. The epidemic has hardly rebounded in China due to the implementation of prevention and control strategies and the effective enforcement of policies. Other countries suffering from the epidemic could learn from the Chinese experience in containing COVID-19. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid381

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Environmental contamination in the isolation rooms of COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation or high-flow oxygen therapy. BACKGROUND: Identifying the extent of environmental contamination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is essential for infection control and prevention. The extent of environmental contamination has not been fully investigated in the context of severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients. AIM: To investigate environmental SARS-CoV-2 contamination in the isolation rooms of severe COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation or high-flow oxygen therapy. METHODS: Environmental swab samples and air samples were collected from the isolation rooms of three COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia. Patients 1 and 2 received mechanical ventilation with a closed suction system, while patient 3 received high-flow oxygen therapy and non-invasive ventilation. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) was used to detect SARS-CoV-2; viral cultures were performed for samples not negative on rRT-PCR. FINDINGS: Of the 48 swab samples collected in the rooms of patients 1 and 2, only samples from the outside surfaces of the endotracheal tubes tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by rRT-PCR. However, in patient 3's room, 13 of the 28 environmental samples (fomites, fixed structures, and ventilation exit on the ceiling) showed positive results. Air samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2. Viable viruses were identified on the surface of the endotracheal tube of patient 1 and seven sites in patient 3's room. CONCLUSION: Environmental contamination of SARS-CoV-2 may be a route of viral transmission. However, it might be minimized when patients receive mechanical ventilation with a closed suction system. These findings can provide evidence for guidelines for the safe use of personal protective equipment. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid382

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Incidental COVID-19 Pneumonia on 18F-Fluorocholine PET/CT. We present the case of a patient who underwent F-fluorocholine PET/CT for biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer in which bilateral pneumonia was diagnosed. In the current state of COVID-19 pandemic, a high prevalence of incidental pneumonia may be expected, even with previous clinical triage, explained by a nondefined number of patients who were asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic for infectious process. Therefore, nuclear medicine physicians should be prepared to recognize and diagnose incidental COVID-19 pneumonia manifestation on F-fluorocholine PET/CT, due to the crucial epidemiological implications. OUTPUT:

Case Report

LitCovid383

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Individuals with Down syndrome hospitalized with COVID-19 have more severe disease. PURPOSE: Rare genetic conditions like Down syndrome (DS) are historically understudied. Infection is a leading cause of mortality in DS, along with cardiac anomalies. Currently, it is unknown how the COVID-19 pandemic affects individuals with DS. Herein, we report an analysis of individuals with DS who were hospitalized with COVID-19 in New York, New York, USA. METHODS: In this retrospective, dual-center study of 7246 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, we analyzed all patients with DS admitted in the Mount Sinai Health System and Columbia University Irving Medical Center. We assessed hospitalization rates, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. RESULTS: We identified 12 patients with DS. Hospitalized individuals with DS are on average ten years younger than patients without DS. Patients with DS have more severe disease than controls, particularly an increased incidence of sepsis and mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that individuals with DS who are hospitalized with COVID-19 are younger than their non-DS counterparts, and that they have more severe disease than age-matched controls. We conclude that particular care should be considered for both the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in these patients. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Diagnosis

LitCovid384

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: The Interplay Between Coagulation and Inflammation Pathways in COVID-19-Associated Respiratory Failure: A Narrative Review. The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused an unprecedented worldwide socio-economic and health impact. There is increasing evidence that a combination of inflammation and hypercoagulable state are the main mechanisms of respiratory failure in these patients. This narrative review aims to summarize currently available evidence on the complex interplay of immune dysregulation, hypercoagulability, and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of respiratory failure in COVID-19 disease. In addition, we will describe the experience of anticoagulation and anti-inflammatory strategies that have been tested. Profound suppression of the adaptive and hyperactivity of innate immune systems with macrophage activation appears to be a prominent feature in this infection. Immune dysregulation together with endotheliitis and severe hypercoagulability results in thromboinflammation and microvascular thrombosis in the pulmonary vasculature leading to severe respiratory distress. Currently, some guidelines recommend the use of prophylactic low molecular weight heparin in all hospitalized patients, with intermediate dose prophylaxis in those needing intensive care, and the use of therapeutic anticoagulation in patients with proven or suspected thrombosis. Strong recommendations cannot be made until this approach is validated by trial results. To target the inflammatory cascade, low-dose dexamethasone appears to be helpful in moderate to severe cases and trials with anti-interleukin agents (e.g., tocilizumab, anakinra, siltuximab) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are showing early promising results. Potential newer agents (e.g., Janus kinase inhibitor such as ruxolitinib, baricitinib, fedratinib) are likely to be investigated in clinical trials. Unfortunately, current trials are mostly examining these agents in isolation and there may be a significant delay before evidence-based practice can be implemented. It is plausible that a combination of anti-viral drugs together with anti-inflammatory and anti-coagulation medicines will be the most successful strategy in managing severely affected patients with COVID-19. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Mechanism

LitCovid385

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Lungs as target of COVID-19 infection: Protective common molecular mechanisms of vitamin D and melatonin as a new potential synergistic treatment. COVID-19 pandemic has a high mortality rate and is affecting practically the entire world population. The leading cause of death is severe acute respiratory syndrome as a consequence of exacerbated inflammatory response accompanied by uncontrolled oxidative stress as well as the inflammatory reaction at the lung level. Until now, there is not a specific and definitive treatment for this pathology that worries the world population, especially the older adults who constitute the main risk group. In this context, it results in a particular interest in the evaluation of the efficacy of existing pharmacological agents that may be used for overcoming or attenuating the severity of this pulmonary complication that has ended the lives of many people worldwide. Vitamin D and melatonin could be good options for achieving this aim, taking into account that they have many shared underlying mechanisms that are able to modulate and control the immune adequately and oxidative response against COVID-19 infection, possibly even through a synergistic interaction. The renin-angiotensin system exaltation with consequent inflammatory response has a leading role in the physiopathology of COVID-19 infection; and it may be down-regulated by vitamin D and melatonin in many organs. Therefore, it is also essential to analyze this potential therapeutic association and their relation with RAS as part of this new approach. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Mechanism

LitCovid386

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: [With regard to COVID-19 contingency. ECMO in adults. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation). To whom, how and when]. ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) is an extracorporeal life support system in catastrophic lung failure, shock and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, in different age groups, with multiple physiologic features. When the candidate to be submitted is too unstable to be transported to a hospital with ECMO, cannulation before transfer allows stabilization and subsequent transport. The aim of this article is to review the current concepts of extracorporeal support, its indications, national and international experience, and its possible role in the SARS-Cov2 pandemic. OUTPUT:

Treatment

LitCovid387

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review of Imaging Findings in 919 Patients. OBJECTIVE. Available information on CT features of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is scattered in different publications, and a cohesive literature review has yet to be compiled. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This article includes a systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase (Elsevier), Google Scholar, and the World Health Organization database. RESULTS. Known features of COVID-19 on initial CT include bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacification (GGO) with a peripheral or posterior distribution, mainly in the lower lobes and less frequently within the right middle lobe. Atypical initial imaging presentation of consolidative opacities superimposed on GGO may be found in a smaller number of cases, mainly in the elderly population. Septal thickening, bronchiectasis, pleural thickening, and subpleural involvement are some of the less common findings, mainly in the later stages of the disease. Pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, lymphadenopathy, cavitation, CT halo sign, and pneumothorax are uncommon but may be seen with disease progression. Follow-up CT in the intermediate stage of disease shows an increase in the number and size of GGOs and progressive transformation of GGO into multifocal consolidative opacities, septal thickening, and development of a crazy paving pattern, with the greatest severity of CT findings visible around day 10 after the symptom onset. Acute respiratory distress syndrome is the most common indication for transferring patients with COVID-19 to the ICU and the major cause of death in this patient population. Imaging patterns corresponding to clinical improvement usually occur after week 2 of the disease and include gradual resolution of consolidative opacities and decrease in the number of lesions and involved lobes. CONCLUSION. This systematic review of current literature on COVID-19 provides insight into the initial and follow-up CT characteristics of the disease. OUTPUT:

Mechanism

LitCovid388

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Modeling Palestinian COVID-19 Cumulative Confirmed Cases: A Comparative Study. COVID-19 is still a major pandemic threatening all the world. In Palestine, there were 26,764 COVID-19 cumulative confirmed cases as of 27th August 2020. In this paper, two statistical approaches, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and k-th moving averages - ARIMA models are used for modeling the COVID-19 cumulative confirmed cases in Palestine. The data was taken from World Health Organization (WHO) website for one hundred seventy-six (176) days, from March 5, 2020 through August 27, 2020. We identified the best models for the above mentioned approaches that are ARIMA (1,2,4) and 5-th Exponential Weighted Moving Average - ARIMA (2,2,3). Consequently, we recommended to use the 5-th Exponential Weighted Moving Average - ARIMA (2,2,3) model in order to forecast new values of the daily cumulative confirmed cases in Palestine. The forecast values are alarming, and giving the Palestinian government a good picture about the next number of COVID-19 cumulative confirmed cases to review her activities and interventions and to provide some robust structures and measures to avoid these challenges. OUTPUT:

Epidemic Forecasting;Prevention

LitCovid389

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Respiratory disease in rhesus macaques inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by a novel coronavirus (named SARS-CoV-2) and has a case fatality rate of approximately 2%, started in Wuhan (China) in December 2019(1,2). Following an unprecedented global spread(3), the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Although data on COVID-19 in humans are emerging at a steady pace, some aspects of the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 can be studied in detail only in animal models, in which repeated sampling and tissue collection is possible. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 causes a respiratory disease in rhesus macaques that lasts between 8 and 16 days. Pulmonary infiltrates, which are a hallmark of COVID-19 in humans, were visible in lung radiographs. We detected high viral loads in swabs from the nose and throat of all of the macaques, as well as in bronchoalveolar lavages; in one macaque, we observed prolonged rectal shedding. Together, the rhesus macaque recapitulates the moderate disease that has been observed in the majority of human cases of COVID-19. The establishment of the rhesus macaque as a model of COVID-19 will increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease, and aid in the development and testing of medical countermeasures. OUTPUT:

Mechanism

LitCovid390

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Zhejiang province, China. Since December 2019, an increasing number of cases associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019nCoV) have emerged in Wuhan, China, which has resulted in a rapid outbreak in China and worldwide. The present study aimed to describe the clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics of 2019nCoV pneumonia (NCP) in Zhejiang province, outside of Wuhan. A total of 74 patients with 2019nCoV were continuously enrolled between January 22 and March 2, 2020 at Zhejiang Hospital. Diagnosis was confirmed at Zhejiang Hospital by reverse transcriptionPCR (RTPCR), which was approved by the Chinese government. Subsequently, the clinical features between positive and negativeNCP patients in Zhejiang were compared. Among the 74 hospitalized patients with suspected 2019NCP, six patients (one male and five female patients) were confirmed to be infected with 2019nCoV by RTPCR. The average age of the confirmed patients was 40+/-13 years. There were three family clusters among the confirmed cases, one patient from each of these families had travel history or contact with patients from Wuhan within 2 weeks. Compared with nonNCP patients, the most common symptoms at onset for patients with NCP were fever (5/6; 83.3%) and cough (5/6; 83.3%), followed by dyspnea/pharyngalgia (2/6; 33.3%), whereas myalgia (1/6; 16.7%) and fatigue (1/6; 16.7%) were less common. All 74 patients with suspected NCP exhibited abnormal computerized tomography (CT) images. In total, 2/6 (33.3%) patients with confirmed NCP presented with bilateral pneumonia, and 21/68 (30.9%) nonNCP patients exhibited bilateral pneumonia, with bilateral distribution of patchy shadows or ground glass opacity. The present study revealed that epidemiological history was critical to the diagnosis of 2019nCoV in low epidemic regions outside Hubei province. It was also identified that chest CT could not replace nucleic acid testing due to similar radiological manifestations. OUTPUT:

Diagnosis

LitCovid391

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the activity and professionals of a General Surgery and Digestive Surgery Service in a tertiary hospital. INTRODUCTION: The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection has led to a radical reorganization of healthcare resources. Surgical Departments need to adapt to this change. METHODS: We performed a prospective descriptive observational study of the incidence of COVID-19 in patients and surgeons of a General Surgical Department in a high prevalence area, between the 1st and 31st of March 2020. RESULTS: Patients: The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in elective surgery patients was 7% (mean age 59.5 years). All survived. Of 36 patients who underwent emergency surgery, two of them were SARS-CoV-2 positive and one was clinically highly suspicious of COVID-19 (11.1%). All three patients died of respiratory failure (mean age 81 years). Surgeons: There were a total of 12 confirmed SARS-CoV-2+ cases among the surgical department staff (24.4%) (8 out of 34 consultants and 4 out of 15 residents). Healthcare activity: The average number of daily emergency surgical interventions declined from 3.6 in February to 1.16 in March. 42% of the patients who underwent emergency surgery had peritonitis upon presentation. CONCLUSIONS: The fast pace of COVID-19 pandemia should alert surgical departments of the need of adopting early measures to ensure the safety of patients and staff. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid392

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Adipose Stem Cells (ASCs) and Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF) as a Potential Therapy in Combating (COVID-19)-Disease. A recent and interesting study reported improved respiratory activity after intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into patients affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These outcomes displayed that intravenous infiltration of MSCs is a safe and efficacy treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia, a severe acute respiratory illness caused by the coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Only 7 patients were treated, but with extraordinary results, opening a new strategy in COVID-19 therapy. Currently, no specific therapies against SARS-CoV-2 are available. The MSCs therapy outcomes reported, are striking, as these cells inhibit the over-activation of the immune system, promoting endogenous repair, by improving the lung microenvironment after the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The MSCs could represent an effective, autologous and safe therapy, and therefore, sharing these published results, here is reported the potential use possibilities in COVID-19 of the most common MSCs represented by Adipose Stem Cells (ASCs). OUTPUT:

Treatment

LitCovid393

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depends on Cellular Heparan Sulfate and ACE2. We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with both cellular heparan sulfate and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through its receptor-binding domain (RBD). Docking studies suggest a heparin/heparan sulfate-binding site adjacent to the ACE2-binding site. Both ACE2 and heparin can bind independently to spike protein in vitro, and a ternary complex can be generated using heparin as a scaffold. Electron micrographs of spike protein suggests that heparin enhances the open conformation of the RBD that binds ACE2. On cells, spike protein binding depends on both heparan sulfate and ACE2. Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, heparin lyases, and lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and/or infection by pseudotyped virus and authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus. We suggest a model in which viral attachment and infection involves heparan sulfate-dependent enhancement of binding to ACE2. Manipulation of heparan sulfate or inhibition of viral adhesion by exogenous heparin presents new therapeutic opportunities. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Mechanism

LitCovid394

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 in solid organ transplant: A multi-center cohort study. BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant reductions in transplantation, motivated in part by concerns of disproportionately more severe disease among solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. However, clinical features, outcomes, and predictors of mortality in SOT recipients are not well-described. METHODS: We performed a multi-center cohort study of SOT recipients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Data were collected using standardized intake and 28-day follow-up electronic case report forms. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for the primary endpoint, 28-day mortality, among hospitalized patients. RESULTS: Four hundred eighty-two SOT recipients from >50 transplant centers were included: 318 (66%) kidney or kidney/pancreas, 73 (15.1%) liver, 57 (11.8%) heart, and 30 (6.2%) lung. Median age was 58 (IQR 46-57), median time post-transplant was 5 years (IQR 2-10), 61% were male, and 92% had >/=1 underlying comorbidity. Among those hospitalized (376 [78%]), 117 (31%) required mechanical ventilation, and 77 (20.5%) died by 28 days after diagnosis. Specific underlying comorbidities (age >65 [aOR 3.0, 95%CI 1.7-5.5, p<0.001], congestive heart failure [aOR 3.2, 95%CI 1.4-7.0, p=0.004], chronic lung disease [aOR 2.5, 95%CI 1.2-5.2, p=0.018], obesity [aOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0-3.4, p=0.039]) and presenting findings (lymphopenia [aOR 1.9, 95%CI 1.1-3.5, p=0.033], abnormal chest imaging [aOR 2.9, 95%CI 1.1-7.5, p=0.027]) were independently associated with mortality. Multiple measures of immunosuppression intensity were not associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality among SOT recipients hospitalized for COVID-19 was 20.5%. Age and underlying comorbidities rather than immunosuppression intensity-related measures were major drivers of mortality. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Diagnosis

LitCovid395

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Low-cost, safe, and effective smoke evacuation device for surgical procedures in the COVID-19 age. BACKGROUND: Smoke is generated by energy-based surgical instruments. The airborne by-products may have potential health implications. METHODS: We developed a simple way to use de conventional surgical evacuator coupled with de electrosurgical pen attached to a 14G bladder catheter for open surgery. It was used in ten prospective patients with breast cancer. RESULTS: We notice a high reduction in surgical smoke during all breast surgery. A questionnaire was used for all participants of the surgery to answer the impression that they had about the device. The subjective impression was that the surgical smoke in contact whit the surgical team was reduced by more than 95%. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical smoke is the gaseous by-product produced by heat-generating devices in various surgical procedures. Surgical smoke may contain chemicals particles, bacteria, and viruses that are harmful and increase the risk of infection for surgeons and all the team in the operation room due to long term exposure of smoke mainly in coronavirus disease 2019 age. The adapted device described is a very simple and cheaper way to use smoke evacuators attached with the monopolar electrosurgical pen to reduce smoke exposure to the surgical team worldwide. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid396

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Debate: COVID-19 and children in India. The COVID-19 pandemic impact on children is a growing concern. The United Nations and its agencies (the World Health Organization and UNICEF), Indian Association For Child and Adolescent Mental Health and National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience in India warn about the broader impacts on children and call for urgent action to support the world's children amidst the pandemic which may have lasting consequences. The COVID-19 pandemic and unprecedented control measures to prevent its spread have disrupted nearly every aspect of children's lives - their health, development, learning, behaviour and their families' economic security, including protection from violence and abuse. Given this background, there is an urgent need for action through screening to minimize the mental health issues of children in India who constitute a substantial proportion of the population. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid397

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: A 47-Year-Old Hispanic Man Who Developed Cutaneous Vasculitic Lesions and Gangrene of the Toes Following Admission to Hospital with COVID-19 Pneumonia. BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which originated in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and has led to an ongoing pandemic. COVID-19 typically affects the respiratory tract and mucous membranes, leading to pathological involvement of various organ systems. Although patients usually present with fever, cough, and fatigue, less common manifestations have been reported including symptoms arising from thrombosis and thromboembolism. A spectrum of dermatologic changes is becoming recognized in patients with COVID-19 who initially present with respiratory symptoms. The mechanism behind these manifestations remains unclear. This report presents the case of a 47-year-old Hispanic man who developed cutaneous vasculitic lesions and gangrene of the toes following admission to hospital with COVID-19 pneumonia. CASE REPORT COVID-19 has been associated with cardiovascular disease entities including stroke, acute coronary syndrome, venous thromboembolism, and peripheral vascular disease. We present a case in which a 47-year-old Hispanic man arrived at the Emergency Department with COVID-19 and was admitted for respiratory failure. Despite anticoagulation initiated on admission in the presence of an elevated D-dimer, the patient developed gangrene of all his toes, which required bilateral transmetatarsal amputation. CONCLUSIONS This case shows that dermatologic manifestations may develop in patients who initially present with COVID-19 pneumonia. These symptoms may be due to venous thrombosis following SARS-CoV-2 vasculitis, leading to challenging decisions regarding anticoagulation therapy. Randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of anticoagulation, to choose appropriate anticoagulants and dosing, and to assess bleeding risk. OUTPUT:

Case Report

LitCovid398

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Religion and reactance to COVID-19 mitigation guidelines. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, religious gatherings have become intense hot spots for the spread of the virus. In this research, we focus on the religiosity of communities to examine whether religiosity helps or hinders adherence to mitigation policies such as shelter-in-place directives. Prior research has made opposing predictions as to the influence of religiosity. One stream predicts greater adherence because of rule-abiding norms and altruistic tendencies, whereas another has predicted lower adherence as a reaction against the restriction of personal and religious freedom. We used shelter-in-place directives as an intervention in a quasiexperiment to examine adherence over 30 days as a function of religiosity in the most populous metropolitan areas in the United States. When a shelter-in-place directive had not been imposed, religiosity did not affect people's movements. However, when the directive was imposed, higher religiosity resulted in less adherence to shelter-in-place directives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved). OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid399

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: Update on association between exposure to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and coronavirus disease 2019 in South Korea. Background/Aims: Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there have been concerns about the association between exposure to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors and the risk and severity of COVID-19. Methods: We performed a case-control study that utilized up-to-date data on the South Korean population provided by the Korean National Health Insurance System. Of the 62,909 patients with hypertension or heart failure tested for COVID-19, there were 1,644 (2.6%) confirmed cases. After case-control matching, multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: Comparison between patients exposed to RAAS inhibitors and those not exposed to RAAS inhibitors revealed that the adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for COVID-19 infection and death were 0.981 (0.849-1.135) and 0.875 (0.548-1.396), respectively. Subgroup analysis for the major confounders, age and region of diagnosis, resulted in OR and 95% CI of 0.912 (0.751-1.108) and 0.942 (0.791-1.121), respectively. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated no evidence of association between RAAS inhibitor exposure and risk and severity of COVID-19. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Mechanism