Case Study
Patient Demographic: Name: Candy Clinical Issues: Anxiety and relationship distress Diagnostic Category: Personality Disorders Provisional Diagnosis: F60.03 Borderline Personality Disorder Age: 29 Sex Assigned at Birth: Female Gender and Sexual Orientation: Female, Heterosexual Ethnicity: Black Marital Status: Married Modality: Individual Therapy Location of Therapy : Private Practice  
Mental Status Exam: The client presented as a well-groomed female who appeared her stated age. She was appropriately dressed in casual attire. Her speech was marked by a slow rate and low volume overall, though, at times, her rate and loudness increased spontaneously. Her tone was muffled and difficult to hear clearly at times. The client's mood appeared depressed and confused. She displayed emotional lability during the evaluation, with shifts between expressing elation, fear, and distrust of this clinician and the treatment environment. Despite her affective instability, she was oriented to person, place, and time. Her attention and concentration waxed and waned throughout the session, with some difficulty tracking questions and sustaining focus on topics. She denied current homicidal ideation or intent. However, the client endorsed chronic passive suicidal ideation that intensifies during times of high personal stress. She also reported a remote history of hospitalization due to engaging in self-injurious cutting behaviors when feeling extremely distressed.
Presenting Problem: First session You are a clinical mental health counselor working in a private practice setting. The client, a 29-year-old female, presents to the intake session expressing that she has trouble controlling impulsive acts and is constantly worried. She speaks about her marriage, describing it as up and down. She looks down tearfully and says, "I keep hurting him. One day I love him, and the next day I can't look at him." She pauses and asks, "What if he leaves me? I can't deal with that." She further reveals that after she fights with her husband, she goes into their bedroom and cuts her thighs. At first, she feels relief, but this is followed by profound sadness and a feeling of worthlessness.    The client's lack of a stable parental figure resulted in her having difficulty forming healthy attachments with others. She feels isolated and disconnected from the world around her and has difficulty appropriately expressing her emotions. Her relationships are often strained, and she finds it difficult to trust others or herself. She has difficulty setting healthy boundaries and repeatedly emotionally abuses herself and others.    She reports feeling overwhelmed by her emotions and finds it difficult to regulate them. She states that she experiences intense guilt and shame following her impulsive acts and is often worried that her husband may leave her due to her behaviors. The client has struggled to control her emotions, which has been a source of significant distress in her life.    The client's self-destructive behavior has become increasingly frequent and intense. She has been unable to find a way to cope with her emotions and has resorted to self-harm as a way to manage her distress. She has become increasingly isolated and withdrawn, and her relationships have suffered as a result. She has become increasingly dependent on her husband, and her fear of abandonment has become a source of significant distress.  Third session You are in your office waiting for the client to arrive for her weekly session when suddenly you hear screaming. You run out into the hallway and see the client crying hysterically. After guiding her into your office, she lies on the couch, crying. She begins to punch the pillows on the sofa. You indicate you are here to listen when she is ready to talk. The client is in a heightened emotional state and says, "He. Left. Me." You maintain a calm demeanor and encourage the client to tell you what happened. She said she arrived home after work and noticed her husband's car was gone. He had left her a note indicating he was leaving and wanted a divorce.    The client expresses feelings of shock and betrayal as she discusses how she had been blindsided by her husband's sudden decision to end the marriage. She reports feeling overwhelmed by a range of emotions, including fear, anger, sadness, and confusion. The client expresses hopelessness and despair, believing her situation is beyond repair. She ruminates on the idea that her marriage is irrevocably broken and that her life will never be the same. She expresses feelings of helplessness and fear of the unknown, feeling overwhelmed by the magnitude of the situation. The client struggles to make sense of her husband's decision and appears overwhelmed by the potential consequences. She is particularly concerned about how her husband's decision will affect their children and their family's future. The client stares at you with a blank expression and states, "I might as well give up. There's no point anymore."    You further assess her current mental health state and determine that she is suffering from an acute stress reaction. You provide empathy and validation while creating a safe space for the client to process her thoughts and feelings. You encourage her to talk openly and honestly about her experience, allowing her to express her emotions without judgment.  Fourth session Last week you misjudged the client, and she ended up in the hospital for mood stabilization. She was released after 7 days and arrives to today's session with an older gentleman who remains seated in the waiting room. You notice her mood is elevated, and she exhibits childlike behaviors in the session. The client is giggling and fidgeting in her chair. You ask her about her feelings and her goals for therapy. She describes feeling happy and having a "new chance at living." She further discloses that she recently met a "wonderful man." They have had dinner together every night since she was released from the hospital. The client continues to describe her newfound relationship with this man and explains that they met on a dating app. She shares that "he is the answer to all of my prayers to be in a healthy relationship with someone who truly loves and understands me." She also shares that her soon-to-be ex-husband never truly loved her and that this new relationship feels different.    From her description, this new relationship appears to provide her with a sense of safety and security, but you remain cautious. You explore the client's thoughts and feelings about this newfound relationship in more detail. You ask the client to describe how the relationship has changed her outlook on life. The client explains that she now feels hopeful and optimistic about the future, as this new partner makes her feel loved and accepted for who she is. She also reports feeling more confident in herself and her decisions. You ask the client how she knows that this man cares about her. The client discloses that he has been very supportive and understanding, even when she was hospitalized for her mood stabilization. She explains that he has gone out of his way to make sure she feels safe and secure in their relationship. "He's always around when I need him," she explains, "And he listens to me and takes what I say seriously." The client acknowledges that the man is older, and they come from different cultural backgrounds. She shares that she does not know much about his past relationships, but he has been very honest with her about his intentions for their relationship. She tells you, "If I'm honest, I'm a little bit anxious about the future, but I'm more excited than scared."    You recognize that the client is in an emotionally vulnerable state, and you want to ensure she is making healthy decisions. You proceed by exploring the potential risks of this relationship in more detail. You ask the client questions about her comfort level with entering into a relationship with someone from a different cultural background, and how she believes these differences may affect their relationship. You also explore the potential benefits and risks of entering into a new romantic relationship. You remind her that healthy relationships are built on trust, communication, and respect - all components that take time to develop. You further explain the importance of setting boundaries and expectations early in a relationship in order to ensure that both parties’ needs are met. Finally, you encourage the client to take any necessary steps to ensure her safety, such as getting to know her partner better and introducing him to friends or family members she trusts.
Other Contexts: The client's father died when she was very young. She describes her mother as having a "difficult time raising me and my brother as a single mother." The client's mother worked three jobs and could not spend much time with her children. The client remembers having several babysitters as a child, but they never lasted long. Currently, the only relative the client speaks with is her mother. She lists her husband and mother as her emergency contacts on the intake form. The client reports feeling isolated and alone, especially since her father's death. Personal/Social Relationships: The client has a long history of attempting suicide. She has been in and out of emergency rooms nearly every week. She is persistently angry, needs attention and recognition, and has difficulty trusting others. She has had numerous affairs in an attempt to feel worthy. The client compensates for her guilt by buying her husband expensive gifts. She grapples with maintaining healthy relationships and controlling her rage and violent behaviors when she feels threatened. She has struggled to form meaningful relationships with her peers and has few friends. Although she does not lack socialization skills, the client finds it difficult to get close to people. Previous Counseling: The client is currently taking Paxil for her underlying depressive symptoms. She has expressed concern about her ability to manage her mental health with her current treatment. She worries that her erratic adherence to her medication regimen and lack of follow-up with her psychiatrist could lead to a termination of services. She has reported increased anxiety and stress as a result of this fear. She reports that her mood swings are more extreme, and she is having difficulty concentrating and staying focused. She reports that her friends and family have noticed her behavior change and expressed concern.  

Question: How could dialectical behavior therapy be used in this session to help the client navigate her newfound relationship?
(A): Provide an empathetic and non-judgmental space for the client to explore her feelings about the relationship at her own pace
(B): Encourage the client to practice mindful awareness of her feelings
(C): Evaluate her early attachment experiences and discuss how this affects her interpersonal relationships
(D): Explore feelings about unresolved past issues that may be impacting this relationship

Correct Answer: Encourage the client to practice mindful awareness of her feelings
Explanation: DBT emphasizes the importance of recognizing and acknowledging one's emotions, rather than suppressing them. In this session, DBT could be used to help the client navigate her newfound relationship by encouraging her to practice mindful awareness of her feelings. This would involve helping the client recognize and accept any positive or negative thoughts or emotions that arise as a result of her relationship. By doing so, the client will gain insight into what works for and against her in this relationship, allowing her to make more informed decisions about it going forward. Therefore, the correct answer is (C)
Competency: counseling skills and interventions