Case Study
Patient Demographic:  Initial Intake: Age: 14 Gender: Male Sexual Orientation: Heterosexual Race/Ethnicity: Hispanic - Mexican American Relationship Status: Single Counseling Setting: School-based Type of Counseling: Individual
Mental Status Exam: Raul presents as irritable and anxious, with congruent mood and affect. Raul is casually dressed, appears to be overweight for his age and height, and is sweating with nervous hand motions. Raul has difficulty making eye contact, takes long pauses prior to answering questions, and often asks you to repeat the question after a long pause. Raul denies SI/HI or hallucination/delusion. He refers to an incident in his past he considers to be “trauma” but is uncomfortable discussing with you. When asked about his father, he sheds a tear which he immediately wipes away and returns to a scowl on his face with arms crossed, saying “there’s nothing to talk about.” Raul does admit to several instances of aggression with others such as “shoving a kid,” “kicking a desk” and “cursing out the principal.” You ask if he has ever been on medication for ADHD. He says, “No, I don’t think so. My doctor told my mom a few times to fill out some forms, but I don’t think she ever did.”
Presenting Problem: Diagnosis: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type (F90.0), Conduct disorder, unspecified (F91.9)
 

You are a counseling intern working for an agency that sends counselors into grade schools to work with their students on longer-term mental health issues. Raul is referred to you by his assistant principal for multiple in classroom infractions of interrupting, bullying, and being a “class clown.” In meeting with Raul and his mother, she shares that the principal accused Raul of bullying kids on the bus, and defacing property. She says, “Kids will be kids, they’re probably just too sensitive.” Raul’s mother works full-time and has an active social life, leaving Raul to stay at home alone frequently after school or on weekends. His mother appears very casual and does not seem concerned about Raul’s behaviors. She does mention Raul’s diagnosis of ADHD was given by his pediatrician, but he has never received psychiatric services. In front of his mother, Raul is quiet and acts well-behaved; after his mother leaves, he tells you he gets frustrated with her for leaving him alone but would never admit it to her directly. He refuses to state that he feels lonely, sharing that he spends most of his alone time playing live video games with other people across the country. He also denies bullying other kids.
Other Contexts: Education History:
Raul’s teachers inform you of his behaviors throughout his freshman year in high school, that have according to them been ongoing since Raul’s middle school years. Raul is often reported for being inappropriate in class by making impulsive remarks to try and get others to laugh, disrupting the class, or falling asleep and appearing distracted. The school is concerned with his academic progress and has discussed moving his status up a higher-level Tier so he can be monitored further and made available to special programming geared towards students in jeopardy of failing.
 
Family History:
Raul lives with his mother and occasionally one of his mother’s boyfriends who come and go intermittently. Raul has one older sister who lives in the next town. Raul’s father lives in Mexico with several of his half and step siblings with whom Raul has minimal contact. Raul’s father is unable to enter the U.S. and has been absent most of Raul’s life. Raul reports his father is an alcoholic, but that where he lives, they “don’t think of things like that” because that is what his father told him. Raul’s grandmother also lives in Mexico but has been a continual presence in his life via phone calls, mail, and is his primary caretaker when he does visit Mexico, which has occurred twice.

Question: What is a common premorbid condition that often precedes Conduct Disorder?
(A): Reactive Attachment Disorder
(B): Oppositional Defiant Disorder
(C): Intermittent Explosive Disorder
(D): Premature Conduct Disorder

Correct Answer: Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Explanation: ODD is the condition that often develops into Conduct if untreated or unresolved. RAD is a condition found in children who don't form healthy emotional attachments with their primary caregivers before the age of 5, often due to neglect. IED is marked by episodes of unwarranted anger with behavioral outbursts that are out of proportion to the situation. Premature Conduct Disorder is not a real term. Therefore, the correct answer is (C)
Competency: intake, assessment, and diagnosis