Case Study
Patient Demographic: Name: Shelly Clinical Issues: Emotional dysregulation Diagnostic Category: Personality Disorders Provisional Diagnosis: F60.3 Borderline Personality Disorder Age: 41 Sex Assigned at Birth: Female Gender and Sexual Orientation: Female, Heterosexual Ethnicity: Black Marital Status: Never married Modality: Individual Therapy Location of Therapy : Telehealth  
Mental Status Exam: The client's clothes are clean but her hair and make-up seem unkempt. She wears long sleeves but you notice some scarring on her left wrist when she steeples her hands together in front of her computer screen to answer a question. The client remains alert throughout the interview, though sometimes you have to repeat questions. She seems to be distracted by something off screen at times. She fidgets with a cigarette lighter. The client appears irritable and her affect is labile. The client is coherent. Her speech is unpressured though at times slightly slow. She is oriented to person and place but not time or situation. She is unsure of what day of the week it is and she does not seem to understand the significance of being court-ordered. Her thinking is mostly linear and goal-directed but at times tangential and unfocused. She displays persecutory thought content. Insight and judgment are poor.
Presenting Problem: First session You are a mental health therapist delivering telehealth therapeutic services. Your 41-year-old Black female client is sitting on her sofa with her arms crossed and an annoyed look on her face. When you first see the client, you are immediately attracted to her as she reminds you of your first wife. She has been mandated to therapy by the Court as part of the terms of her probation. She begins by telling you about her difficulties with her acting career. She recently auditioned for a new role but was turned down because the directors wanted to "go in a different direction." She also mentions relationship distress and tells you she has been dating a high-profile plastic surgeon on and off for two years. She tells you, "We just had a big fight. He said I was 'too high maintenance' and he was tied of 'all my drama' and left. Can you believe it? I was obviously upset and stopped for a drink on the way home and met a very nice gentleman who bought me a few more drinks. But I don't know they think I have a drinking problem."    As the intake progresses, it becomes evident that the client's frustration and agitation stem from a deep feeling of abandonment. She expresses her distress over feeling overlooked and not validated in her acting career. She reveals her struggle with the expectations placed upon her as a Black woman in the entertainment industry, believing that systemic biases may be limiting her opportunities. This realization amplifies her anger and resentment, fueling her resistance to therapy and perceiving it as a means of forced compliance rather than genuine support.    As you continue to gather information about her presenting problem, you notice that the client is becoming increasingly agitated. Her tone turns angry, and it becomes clear that she resents being in therapy, especially when she says you are "no more than hired help." You attempt to ease tensions and build rapport by sharing with her the names of two famous actors you have counseled. However, this does not change her demeanor or attitude toward you.    You detect a recurring theme of self-sabotage that manifests in the client's relationships. She complains about her relationships with the high-profile surgeon and other men. You note the client's lack of trust in men as well as casual female acquaintances who she sometimes sees as "competition." Her relationships appear strained due to her unresolved issues, leading to conflicts and feelings of worthlessness. As you continue your assessment, it becomes apparent that a complex interplay of societal pressures, past traumas, and a deep-seated fear of abandonment negatively impacts her self-perception. You also learn that she worries about her precarious financial situation, which adds to her insecurity and instability. The fear of being unable to meet her basic needs is an artifact of her unstable childhood.    You suggest that during the next session, you begin to explore what might be contributing to her current feelings and behaviors beyond just focusing on her career issues, mainly her emotional dysregulation and fears of being abandoned. She says, "I'm an actress and have auditions. How long is this going to take?" You reinforce that the client has been court-ordered to therapy and that therapy will continue for as long as it takes to address the mandated objectives in the court order. You schedule a follow-up appointment to meet with the client again next week.  Sixth session The telehealth session starts like any other; you log in and wait for the appointment to begin. However, after several minutes of waiting, you are concerned that something is wrong with the client. When she eventually logs on, she is 15 minutes late and crying uncontrollably. When prompted about what happened, the client begins pouring out her anguish over her boyfriend's recent departure from town on business. She explains how he will not be coming home this weekend like they had planned - leaving her feeling empty and alone. Then, with tears streaming down her cheeks, she says, "I see no reason to go on if he will only cause me grief."    At this point, you realize your client might be at risk of self-harm or worse. You spend the remainder of the session developing a safety plan together, which involves finding alternative ways to cope with loneliness and reaching out to friends and family members who can support the client during distress.    Despite your best efforts in the session to establish a safety plan, you perceive her adherence to it as shaky. Her body language and verbal feedback clearly show that she struggles to accept the idea of seeking help from her network of friends and family. She confesses feeling like a burden to others, reflecting a deep-seated inferiority complex that seems central to her emotional distress. This, coupled with her inability to visualize the situation from a holistic perspective, implies that she might be caught in the throes of an existential crisis, unable to see beyond the immediate emotional turmoil.    Tackling this crisis from an Adlerian lens, you gently challenge her self-defeating beliefs and attempt to imbue her with a sense of belonging and community. However, her tearful responses indicate a sense of discouragement and isolation, suggesting she perceives herself as alone in her struggle. It is apparent her social interest is significantly diminished. You note that this disconnection isolates her emotionally and poses a potential risk to her overall well-being.    Despite your attempts to reassure her, she repeatedly questions her self-worth and viability without her boyfriend, mirroring feelings of inferiority and an over-reliance on external validation. In the face of such severe emotional turmoil and potential risk, you recognize that her current mental state may require a more intensive approach beyond the scope of telehealth sessions. This solidifies your intent to seek a higher level of care and immediate intervention for her, emphasizing the severity of the situation and your dedication to safeguarding her well-being.    After the client leaves the session, you call her emergency contact and discuss your concerns. You tell the client you are considering referring her for further assessment by a psychiatrist or hospitalization to ensure her safety. You request the client's emergency contact person to call you if they see any indications that the client is decompensating.  11th session As the session begins, you sit calmly in your office, virtually watching as the client pounds her fists on her desk and speaks angrily. The client informs you that she is "not happy" with you as a therapist. "You therapists are all the same!" she yells. She accuses you of being responsible for her break-up, saying that her boyfriend left her because she had been hospitalized on your recommendation.    Her facial expressions convey feelings of hurt and disappointment, and you attempt to normalize her reaction. You remain calm, opting to validate the client's feelings rather than respond defensively or deny responsibility for what has happened between the client and her partner.    As the session continues, you take a deep breath and give yourself a moment to gather your thoughts. You recognize that the client's emotional pain and distress have created a lens through which she now views your professional relationship.    Reflecting on the session and past interactions, you remember your concerns that prompted the recommendation for hospitalization. The client had exhibited signs of severe emotional distress and potential self-harm. As a therapist, you prioritized her safety and well-being. You understand her feelings of abandonment from her partner and try to determine who represents both care and potential harm in her life.    However, no matter how much empathy you try to show or how many times you attempt to normalize the client's feelings of anger, she refuses any further discussion on the topic; instead, she declares firmly that she does not want to see you again and abruptly logs out of the session.    You make a note to reach out to the client in a few days to check in on her well-being and see if she's open to discussing her feelings further. Given the intensity of her reaction, it's crucial to ensure that she has a support system during this challenging time. While she might not be receptive to your outreach initially, she needs to know that she is not alone and that help is available should she seek it.    Later, you discuss the situation with your supervisor, seeking guidance on best handling her response and processing your feelings about the matter. The supervisor reminds you that therapeutic relationships can mirror many aspects of clients' other relationships. The anger and feelings of betrayal the client is experiencing could have been elicited by any number of events in her life. The most important thing is to continue offering support while respecting her boundaries.
Other Contexts: The client shared significant details about her familial history, particularly on her father's side. She conveyed that her paternal relatives have contended with various mood disorders, although she could not provide specific diagnostic categories. As a result of her father's authoritarian parenting style of strict adherence to his rules and restrictions, she has rejected any limitations from any authority figures.    Notably, she also revealed several severe distressing incidents within her family, including suicide attempts, multiple instances of divorce, and hospital admissions. According to the client, these incidents often emerged due to relational difficulties, culminating in elevated levels of emotional distress.    Furthermore, the client reported a history of hospitalization, although her recollection of the admission circumstances was somewhat nebulous. She said that she was feeling "distraught" during that period. You determine that exploring this episode more thoroughly in future sessions when the client feels ready and comfortable could provide valuable insights into her emotional coping mechanisms and resilience.  The client was recently arrested for driving under the influence (DUI). This was not her first encounter with law enforcement regarding such a matter, as she has been charged with three DUIs over the past five years. However, this recent incident was markedly different and considerably more severe. She lost control of her vehicle and collided with a residential building, resulting in physical injury to a child. She underwent legal proceedings after her involvement in this accident and was found guilty. As part of her sentence, she was placed on probation under the court's oversight and mandated to attend therapy. The client disclosed that her consumption of alcohol is primarily social in nature. However, she also appears to use alcohol to self-medicate in times of emotional dysregulation. Despite these circumstances and her ongoing encounters with the law, she maintains the belief that her alcohol use does not pose a significant problem.

Question: What would be a better approach to work with the client than the person-centered approach you have been using?
(A): A Dialectical Behavioral approach
(B): Narrative Therapy approach
(C): Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approach
(D): An Adlerian approach

Correct Answer: A Dialectical Behavioral approach
Explanation: DBT is an evidence-based approach. Your person-centered orientation may not have given the client enough structure as she has no structure in her life and feels out of control without direction or purpose. Using a DBT approach might suggest teaching the client skills like emotional regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal effectiveness all that the client are lacking. Therefore, the correct answer is (B)
Competency: counseling skills and interventions