instruction: I want to read The Martian - Andy Weir pdf file, so view The Martian - Andy Weir pdf file in the PDF Extra app.

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      content_description: "glad you survived.\r\nI guess I should explain how Mars missions work, for any layman\r\nwho may be reading this. We got to earth orbit the normal way, through\r\nan ordinary ship to Hermes. All the Ares missions use Hermes to get to\r\nand from Mars. It’s really big and cost a lot so NASA only built one.\r\nOnce we got to Hermes, four additional unmanned missions brought\r\nus fuel and supplies while we prepared for our trip. Once everything was\r\na go, we set out for Mars. But not very fast. Gone are the days of heavy\r\nchemical fuel burns and trans-Mars injection orbits.\r\nHermes is powered by ion engines. They throw Argon out the back of\r\nthe ship really fast to get a tiny amount of acceleration. The thing is, it\r\ndoesn\'t take much reactant mass, so a little Argon (and a nuclear reactor\r\nto power things) let us accelerate constantly the whole way there. You\'d\r\nbe amazed at how fast you can get going with a tiny acceleration over a\r\nlong time.\r\nI could regale you with tales of how we had great fun on the trip, but I\r\nwon’t. We did have fun, but I don’t feel like reliving it right now. Suffice\r\nit to say we got to Mars 124 days later without strangling each other.\r\nFrom there, we took the MDV (Mars Descent Vehicle) to the surface.\r\nThe MDV is basically a big can with some light thrusters and parachutes\r\nattached. Its sole purpose is to get six humans from Mars orbit to the\r\nsurface without killing any of them.\r\nAnd now we come to the real trick of Mars exploration: Having all\r\nour shit there in advance.\r\nA total of 14 unmanned missions deposited everything we would need\r\nfor surface operations. They tried their best to land all the supply vessels\r\nin the same general area, and did a reasonably good job. Supplies aren’t\r\nnearly so fragile as humans and can hit the ground really hard. But they\r\ntended to bounce around a lot.\r\nNaturally, they didn’t send us to Mars until they’d confirmed all the\r\nsupplies had made it to the surface and their containers weren’t breached.\r\nStart to finish, including supply missions, a Mars mission takes about 3\r\nyears. In fact, there were Ares 3 supplies en route to Mars while the Ares\r\n"
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      content_description: "2 crew were on their way home.\r\nThe most important piece of the advance supplies, of course, was the\r\nMAV. The “Mars Ascent Vehicle.” That was how we would get back to\r\nHermes after surface operations were complete. The MAV was soft-\r\nlanded (as opposed to the balloon bounce-fest the other supplies had). Of\r\ncourse, it was in constant communication with Houston, and if there were\r\nany problems with it, we would pass by Mars and go back to Earth\r\nwithout ever landing.\r\nThe MAV is pretty cool. Turns out, through a neat set of chemical\r\nreactions with the Martian atmosphere, for every kilogram of hydrogen\r\nyou bring to Mars, you can make 13 kilograms of fuel. It’s a slow\r\nprocess, though. It takes 24 months to fill the tank. That’s why they sent\r\nit long before we got here.\r\nYou can imagine how disappointed I was when I discovered the MAV\r\nwas gone.\r\nIt was a ridiculous sequence of events that led to me almost dying.\r\nThen an even more ridiculous sequence that led to me surviving.\r\nThe mission is designed to handle sandstorm gusts up to 150 km/hr.\r\nSo Houston got understandably nervous when we got whacked with 175\r\nkm/hr winds. We all got in our suits and huddled in the middle of the\r\nHab, just in case it lost pressure. But the Hab wasn’t the problem.\r\nThe MAV is a spaceship. It has a lot of delicate parts. It can put up\r\nwith storms to a certain extent but it can’t just get sandblasted forever.\r\nAfter an hour and a half of sustained wind, NASA gave the order to abort.\r\nNobody wanted to stop a month-long mission after only six days but if\r\nthe MAV took any more punishment we’d all get stranded down here.\r\nWe had to go out in the storm to get from the Hab to the MAV. That\r\nwas going to be risky, but what choice did we have?\r\nEveryone made it but me.\r\nOur main communications dish, which relayed signals from the Hab\r\nto Hermes, acted like a parachute, getting torn from its foundation and\r\ncarried with the torrent. Along the way, it crashed through the reception\r\nantenna array. Then one of those long thin antennae slammed in to me\r\n"
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      content_description: "end first. It tore through my suit like a bullet through butter and I felt the\r\nworst pain of my life as it ripped open my side. I vaguely remember\r\nsuddenly having the wind knocked out of me (pulled out of me, really)\r\nand my ears popping painfully as the pressure of my suit escaped.\r\nThe last thing I remember was seeing Johanssen hopelessly reaching\r\nout toward me.\r\nI awoke to the oxygen alarm in my suit. A steady, obnoxious beeping\r\nthat eventually roused me from a deep and profound desire to just fucking\r\ndie.\r\nThe storm had abated; I was face down, almost totally buried in sand.\r\nAs I groggily came to, I wondered why I wasn’t more dead.\r\nThe antenna had enough force to punch through the suit and my side,\r\nbut then it got stopped by my pelvis. So there was only one hole in the\r\nsuit (and a hole in me, of course).\r\nI had been knocked back quite a ways and rolled down a steep hill.\r\nSomehow I landed face down, which forced the antenna to a strongly\r\noblique angle that put a lot of torque on the hole in the suit. It made a\r\nweak seal.\r\nThen, the copious blood from my wound trickled down toward the\r\nhole. As the blood reached the site of the breach, the water in it quickly\r\nevaporated from the airflow and low pressure, leaving only a gunky\r\nresidue behind. More blood came in behind it and was also reduced to\r\ngunk. Eventually, the blood sealed the gaps around the hole and reduced\r\nthe leak to something the suit could counteract.\r\nThe suit did its job admirably. Seeing the drop in pressure, it\r\nconstantly flooded itself with air from my nitrogen tank to equalize. Once\r\nthe leak became manageable, it only had to trickle new air in slowly the\r\nrelieve the air lost.\r\nAfter a while, the CO2 (carbon dioxide) absorbers in the suit were\r\nexpended. That’s really the limiting factor to life support. Not the\r\namount of oxygen you bring with you, but the amount of CO2 you can\r\nremove. In the Hab, we had the Oxygenator, a large piece of equipment\r\nthat could break CO2 apart and give the oxygen back. But the spacesuits\r\n"
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      content_description: "had to be portable, so they used a simple chemical absorption process\r\nwith expendable filters. I’d been asleep long enough that my filters were\r\nuseless.\r\nThe suit saw this problem and moved in to an emergency mode the\r\nengineers call “bloodletting”. Having no way to separate out the CO2, the\r\nsuit deliberately vented air to the Martian atmosphere, then back-filled\r\nwith nitrogen. Between the breach and the bloodletting, it quickly ran out\r\nof nitrogen. All it had left was my oxygen tank.\r\nSo it did the only thing it could to keep me alive. It started back-\r\nfilling with pure oxygen. I now risked dying from oxygen toxicity, as the\r\nexcessively high amount of oxygen threatened to burn up my nervous\r\nsystem, lungs, and eyes. An ironic death for someone with a leaky space\r\nsuit: too much oxygen.\r\nEvery step of the way would have had beeping alarms, alerts, and\r\nwarnings. But it was the high-oxygen warning that woke me.\r\nThe sheer volume of training for a space mission is astounding. I\r\nspent a week back on Earth practicing emergency space suit drills. I knew\r\nwhat to do.\r\nCarefully reaching to the side of my helmet, I got the breach kit. It’s\r\nnothing more than a funnel with a valve at the small end, and an\r\nunbelievably sticky resin on the wide end. The idea is you have the valve\r\nopen and stick the wide end over a hole. The air can escape through the\r\nvalve, so it doesn’t interfere with the resin making a good seal. Then you\r\nclose the valve and you’ve sealed the breach.\r\nThe tricky part was getting the antenna out of the way. I pulled it out\r\nas fast as I could, wincing as the sudden pressure drop dizzied me and\r\nmade the wound in my side scream in agony.\r\nI got the breach kit over the hole and sealed it. It held. The suit back-\r\nfilled the missing air with yet more oxygen. Checking my arm readouts, I\r\nsaw the suit was now at 85% oxygen. For reference, Earth’s atmosphere\r\nis about 21%. I’d be ok, so long as I didn’t spend too much time like that.\r\nI stumbled up the hill back toward the Hab. As I crested the rise, I saw\r\nsomething that made me very happy and something that made me very\r\n"
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      content_description: "sad: The Hab was in-tact (yay!) and the MAV was gone (boo!).\r\nRight that moment I knew I was screwed. But I didn’t want to just die\r\nout on the surface. I limped back to the Hab and fumbled my way in to an\r\nairlock. As soon as it equalized, I threw off my helmet.\r\nEntering the Hab, I doffed the suit and got my first good look at the\r\ninjury. It would need stitches. Fortunately, all of us had been trained in\r\nbasic medical procedures, and the Hab had excellent medical supplies. A\r\nquick shot of local anesthetic, irrigate the wound, 9 stitches and I was\r\ndone. I’d be taking antibiotics for a couple of weeks, but other than that\r\nI’d be fine.\r\nI knew it was hopeless, but I tried firing up the communication array.\r\nNo signal, of course. The primary satellite dish had broken off,\r\nremember? And it took the reception antennae with it. The Hab had\r\nsecondary and tertiary communication systems, but they were both just\r\nfor talking to the MAV, which would use its much more powerful\r\nsystems to relay to Hermes. Thing is, that only works if the MAV is still\r\naround.\r\nI had no way to talk to Hermes. In time, I could locate the dish out on\r\nthe surface, but it would take weeks for me to rig up any repairs, and that\r\nwould be too late. In an abort, Hermes would leave orbit within 24 hours.\r\nThe orbital dynamics made the trip safer and shorter the earlier you left,\r\nso why wait for no reason just to make the trip take longer?\r\nChecking out my suit, I saw the antenna had plowed through my bio-\r\nmonitor computer. When on an EVA, all the crew’s suits are networked\r\nso we can see each others status. The rest of the crew would have seen the\r\npressure in my suit drop to nearly 0, followed immediately by my bio-\r\nsigns going flat. Add to that I was sent tumbling down a hill with a spear\r\nthrough me in the middle of a sandstorm… yeah. They thought I was\r\ndead. How could they not?\r\nThey may have even had a brief discussion about recovering my body,\r\nbut regulations were clear. In the event a crewman died on Mars, he\r\nstayed on Mars. Leaving his body behind reduced weight for the MAV on\r\nthe trip back. That meant more disposable fuel and a larger margin of\r\nerror for the return thrust. No point in giving that up for sentimentality.\r\n"
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