Sex: M
Vaccine: PPV
Symptoms: Streptococcus test positive, White blood cell count increased, X-ray abnormal
Clinical narrative: This literature marketed report as received from a other health professional refers to a patient of unknown age with sickle cell anaemia. On an unknown date the patient was vaccinated with PNEUMOVAX 23 for prophylaxis. On an unknown date the patient experienced streptococcal infection (hospitalization). The outcome of streptococcal infection was reported as recovered/resolved. The reporter considered streptococcal infection to be related to PNEUMOVAX 23. This literature report has been received from the author of a published literature article. Background: Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) were at risk of fatal sepsis with encapsulated bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumonia, because of the inherent autosplenectomy that occurred in SCD. This risk was thwarted with oral penicillin prophylaxis during the first 5 years of life, and with stringent vaccination against S. pneumoniae alongside routine childhood immunization. But compared with the general specific pediatric population, the rate of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in patients with SCD still remained high, resulting in hospitalization and fatality. This study aimed to investigate IPD in a patient population with SCD that had received standard pneumococcal prophylaxis. Methods: Patients with SCD who developed IPD from 2004 up to 2013 were identified using microbiology records. Those records belonging to patients with SCD between the ages of 0 to 21 years were selected for inclusion in this retrospective study. Descriptive analysis of presence of risk factors for IPD, type of SCD, pneumococcal vaccination and prophylaxis status, clinical presentation, microbiological data, and the outcome of IPD was performed. Results: 8 patients with SCD developed IPD (7 bacteremia and 1 respiratory tract infection). Three of the 8 isolates underwent serotype analysis (15 C in 2 and 15 A in 1), none covered with the current vaccination program. One patient had fatal outcome (15 A). Conclusions: Breakthrough cases of IPD might involve non-vaccine isolates, and seemed to occur after 5 years of age when oral penicillin prophylaxis had been terminated. Non-vaccine serotypes could cause IPD in patients with SCD, especially in older patients who were no longer on oral penicillin prophylaxis and/or those patients with incomplete immunization status. Prompt institution of antibiotic and supportive therapy was essential for the survival of these patients. This case refers to a 4 year old male patient, without sibling or smoking exposure. The patient was on the daycare. Concomitant therapy included oral penicillin (in active) and PREVNAR 13 (active) for prophylaxis. The patient had S. pneumoniae culture resistant to penicillin. On an unknown date, the patient received PNEUMOVAX 23 for prophylaxis. The patient presented from home with fever of 39.4 Celsius degrees (date unspecified). In 2006, the non-vaccine serotypes patient developed invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) - bacteremia, resulting in hospitalization (date unknown). The Clinical presentation data: heart rate was 150 /min. White blood cell count/ absolute neutrophil count (WBC/ANC) was 37,300/31,332 /mm^3. Hemoglobin was 11 g/dL (considered high for SCD). Absolute reticulocyte count was 171,720 /mm^3. The other clinical findings at presentation: cough, clear rhinorrhoea, recent history of mycoplasma pneumonia (also reported that the patient had recent (5 d prior) history of pneumonia treated with cefotaxime, presented with clear rhinorrhea, and was found to have radiographic features suggestive of worsening pneumonia). The microbiological and outcome data: Blood culture: S. pneumoniae positive; Time to culture positive: 19 hrs; S. pneumoniae Serotype analysis: not performed (NP); S. pneumoniae susceptibility: ceftriaxone; pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay: no; outcome of the event: recovered. Focal infection/other culture: Pneumonia. The reporter considered the event to be related to PNEUMOVAX 23. Upon internal review, IPD - bacteraemia was determined to be medically significant. This is one of several reports from the same literature. Sender's Comments: US-009507513-1707USA005972: US-009507513-1707USA005973: US-009507513-1707USA005974: US-009507513-1707USA005975: US-009507513-1707USA005976: US-009507513-1707USA005977.