Age: 60.0
Sex: M
Vaccine: COVID19, COVID19
Symptoms: Memory impairment, Pyrexia, Transient ischaemic attack
Clinical narrative: Patient was a previously healthy 60 year old male who developed an acute change in mental status on 4/9/21 after first receiving the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine; he was ultimately diagnosed to have hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and other underlying etiologies were ruled out (malignancy, infection, autoimmune disorders) and improved only after initiation of HLH-directed treatment with etoposide and dexamethasone. He is currently in remission.  Patient was initially admitted in 4/2021 for fevers, night sweats, weight loss, and worsening altered mental status. Patient symptoms reportedly started in ~ 4/2021. Per patient's wife, there is a temporal correlation between the patient receiving the COVID-19 vaccine and his symptoms worsening. He was admitted in 4/2021 for stroke-like symptoms after his 1st dose and was diagnosed with a TIA. He was cleared to receive the 2nd dose of the COVID-19 vaccine (received on 4/25/21), and he reportedly became worse after this dose as well. He underwent an extensive workup over the last 2 months to further evaluate his symptoms. He was found to have mediastinal lymphadenopathy on imaging. He had an excisional biopsy of these LNs which were ultimately reactive in nature (negative for lymphoma). There was no evidence of a lymphoma or a lymphoproliferative disorder.  Patient was ultimately readmitted to hospital on 5/17/21 due to worsening symptoms. His labs were notable for anemia/thrombocytopenia. A bone marrow biopsy and aspirate to rule out suspected lymphoma was performed and his labs/bone marrow were consistent with a diagnosis of HLH. He was found to meet 6/8 criteria (splenomegaly, peripheral blood cytopenias, elevated ferritin, hemophagocytosis noted on bone marrow, fevers, and elevated Soluble IL-2). The hope was to do a PET/CT and LP before starting therapy to rule out secondary causes of HLH. However, his clinical status continued to deteriorate before these tests could be performed and so he was ultimately started on Dexamethasone and Etoposide as per HLH protocol. These therapies were started on June 3rd. His mental status significantly improved once the medications were started. A PET/CT and LP on 6/7/21 were finally obtained ; however, both did not show overt evidence of an underlying trigger for HLH.  "Prominent mediastinal, hilar, and RP LNs seen on previous imaging were not FDG-avid." It did show a few small, mildly FDG-avid patchy B/L pulmonary opacities which were likely infectious or inflammatory for which a follow-up CT Chest was recommended. The flow from the CSF was grossly unremarkable. CSF PCR and other viral studies were negative. Of note, it is uncertain at this juncture if these tests are negative because they are truly negative, or if they are possibly falsely negative since patient was started on treatment before they were obtained.  Currently, patient's mental status has significantly improved with Dexamethasone and Etoposide. Per the HLH protocol (which is a scheduled over 8 weeks), patient was started on Dexamethasone 10mg/m2 (equates to 20mg daily) and Etoposide 150mg/m2 biweekly for the 1st 2 weeks. Pt received his 2 weeks of biweekly Etoposide while inpatient (6/3, 6/9, 6/11, and 6/15). The remaining Etoposide doses are to be given weekly and his next dose would be ideally due on 6/22/21 (today). He also completed his 14-day course of Dexamethasone 10mg/m2 on day of discharge (6/16/21). Pt was advised to reduce his Dexamethasone to 5mg/m2 (or 10mg daily) on 6/17. Of note, ID was contacted on day of discharge who recommends that patient be placed on PCP PPx while on HLH therapy. He was recommended to start Mepron on 6/17/21.