Age: 22.0
Sex: F
Vaccine: MMR
Symptoms: Rash, Vaccination failure
Clinical narrative: This literature marketed report as received from a physician refers to a 20 year old patient of unknown gender (case 3 in the article). The patient had no pertinent medical history. The patient was vaccinated with a combined MMR vaccine (manufacturer unknown) in 1992 and 1996. Strength, dose and lot number were unknown. During a measles outbreak in 2011 suspected patients and contacts were investigated. A 22 year old female patient (also referred to as the index patient by the authors) was noted to have measles despite receipt of two doses of MMR through routine surveillance at the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (see linked case 1405USA004782). Eighty-eight exposed contacts aged 20-65 years were identified during the index patient's infectious period, of whom 66 (75%) documentation of immunity, 10 (11%) were not immune to measles at the time of exposure, and 12 (14%) had unknown immune status. Four additional measles patients were identified among contacts of the index patient. Three of the secondary patients were healthcare workers at a clinic where the index patient received care and were exposed to the index patient on her day of rash onset. The other secondary patient (the patient in this case) was a coworker of the index patient and was exposed to the index patient 2 days prior to her rash onset. The secondary patients had no epidemiologic links to any other patient with measles. These secondary patients had a generalized rash with onset between days 12 and 16 after exposure to the index patient. Two of the secondary patients had 2 documented doses of MMR vaccine and 2 had prior positive measles IgG antibody results. The patient is in this case is one of the 2 secondary patients with documented doses of MMR vaccine (for other patient, see linked case 1405USA005754). On an unknown date in 2011 the patient developed rash, sore throat and fever (38.9 degrees Celsius). Measles was confirmed by laboratory testing. The patient was positive for measles IgG and measles IgM antibodies 3, 6 and 11 days after rash onset. Eleven days from rash onset, IgM/IgG index ratio was 0.2. Measles reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction from nasopharyngeal specimens was positive for measles RNA. Sequencing for genotype was not done. IgG avidity was high 3, 6 and 11 days after rash onset (82%, 70% and 73% respectively). Measles neutralizing antibody titer, measured by plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) test, was 87.155 mIU/mL 3 days after rash onset, 221.291 mIU/mL 6 days after rash onset and 168.036 mIU/mL 11 days after rash onset. Duration of rash was 4 days. The patient was not hospitalized and there were no complications. Patient outcome was not specified. An additional 231 contacts were identified as exposed to the secondary patients. No tertiary cases were identified among these contacts. Per the authors, this was the first report in which a person with a verified secondary vaccine failure despite receipt of two doses of MMR was demonstrated to be capable of transmitting disease to other individuals. The laboratory results of intermediate or high-avidity IgG antibody indicated that the index patient and all of the secondary patients had past immunologic experience with measles through vaccination or natural measles infection. However, the index patient's relatively high IgM to IgG ratio was typical of a primary response, whereas those of the 4 secondary patients were consistent with a secondary immune response. The 4 secondary patients all had an early and robust antibody response within a few days after rash onset, with PRN titers 6-60 times higher than those observed after primary infection with natural disease or following measles vaccination. Despite >200 exposures identified through investigations following notification of the 4 secondary patients, no additional cases were detected. Per authors, this was in agreement with other published investigations describing a lack of transmission by documented cases of secondary vaccine failure. In each of the secondary patients, neutralizing antibody may have waned sufficiently to allow symptomatic infection, but the anamnestic response upon reexposure to measles generated a rapid and robust memory response that may have reduced their infectious period. The authors added that there were limitations to this evaluation. Although provider documentation of MMR vaccination was obtained, it was not possible to know about the quality of the vaccine received. Inappropriate storage conditions could alter the effectiveness of vaccine. It is possible that the patients never responded adequately or only achieved minimal titers following vaccination; however, the laboratory results of high-avidity IgG antibody demonstrated that all the patients had responded previously to measles virus and were not primary vaccine failures. Follow up information that she read in a unspecified online article that a woman seroconverted after receiving M-M-R II dose and route not provided (previously reported as MMR (manufacturer unknown)) series and then relapsed. Woman developed Measles. Woman then gave it to two other people. The reporter stated some (not all) of the parental reluctance to immunize their children is the parents' needle phobia, and not wanting to cause the child pain and distress. The philosophical opt out is an easy way to decline. Compliance would increase with an intranasal delivery system. No additional adverse event (AE) information was provided.