Sex: M
Vaccine: COVID19
Symptoms: Troponin increased, Very low density lipoprotein, White blood cell count
Clinical narrative: consistent with acute myocarditis; This is a literature report.  The authors describe the case of a 24-year-old (race) man with no past medical history who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with chest pain which had woken him from sleep. The pain was left-sided, severe, constant, non-radiating, was associated with headache and had started 30 min before arrival in the ED. The patient denied taking any over-the-counter medications for pain relief. The patient had received his second dose of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine) 3 days before the episode. On the day he received the second dose, he developed subjective fever, chills, fatigue, headache and lower back pain, which resolved over the next 24 hours. The night before presenting to the hospital, he had shovelled snow for about 30 minutes. The next morning, he developed chest pain which prompted him to come to the ED. A review of symptoms was negative for nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, dizziness, light-headedness, vision changes, orthopnoea, shortness of breath and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea. The patient was born and raised in the state and works as a maintenance custodian. He denied recent sick contacts or travel. He drinks alcohol socially and has never used tobacco products or illicit drugs such as cocaine or amphetamines. His parents are alive and healthy, and there was no family history of sudden cardiac death, other cardiac disease or autoimmune disease. On presentation, the patient's temperature was 37.6 degree C, blood pressure was 91/52 mmHg, heart rate was 92 beats per minute, respiratory rate was 18 breaths per minute, oxygen saturation was 98% on room air and his body mass index was 27.7 kg/m2. Physical examination was unremarkable. On laboratory evaluation, the following values were noted: haemoglobin 12.9 g/dl (13.5-17.5 g/dl), haematocrit 38.7% (41-53%), total leucocyte count 7.3x103/mm3 (4.5-11x103/mm3), absolute neutrophil count 5.0x103/mm3 (1.3-7.8x103/mm3), absolute lymphocyte count 1.14x103/mm3 (0.9-4.6x103/mm3), platelets 161 K/mm3 (140-440 K/mm3), MCV 89 fl (80-100 fl), RDW 12.5% (0.5-16.5%), blood urea nitrogen 13 mg/dl (7-23 mg/dl), serum creatinine 0.83 mg/dl (0.60-1.30 mg/dl), high-sensitivity troponin I initial value 2,529 pg/ml (3-23 pg/ml), high-sensitivity troponin I peak value 6,803 pg/ml, brain natriuretic peptide 42 pg/ml (1-100 pg/ml), D-dimer 0.33 ug/ml (=0.50 ug/ ml), erythrocyte sedimentation rate 21 mm/hr (0-10 mm/hr), C-reactive protein 24.8 mg/l (=9.9 mg/l), creatinine kinase 450 U/l (30-223 U/l), prothrombin time 14.2 s (12.2-14.9 s), international normalized ratio 1.1 (0.9-1.1), partial thromboplastin time 30 s (21.3-35.1 s), iron level 43 ug/dl (50-212 ug/dl), total iron binding capacity 274 ug/dl (150-450 ug/dl), iron saturation 16% (15-50%), ferritin 108.0 ng/ ml (18.7-323.0 ng/ml), folate 19.6 ng/ml (=4.1 ng/ml), thyroid stimulating hormone 1.415 mIU/ml (0.450-5.330 mIU/ml), sodium 136 mEq/l (135-145 mEq/l), potassium 3.6 mEq/l (3.5-5 mEq/l), chloride 102 mEq/l (98-107 mEq/l), bicarbonate 23 mEq/l (21-31 mEq/l), glucose 93 mg/dl (70-110 mg/dl), calcium 8.8 mg/dl (8.6-10.3 mg/dl), bilirubin 0.5 mg/dl (0.3-1.1 mg/dl), total protein 6.9 g/dl (6.4-8.4 g/dl), albumin 4.4 g/dl (3.5-5.7 g/dl), alkaline phosphatase 54 U/l (34-104 U/l), aspartate aminotransferase 22 U/l (13-39 U/l), alanine aminotransferase 9 U/l (7-52 U/l), phosphorus 3 mg/dl (2.5-5 mg/dl), magnesium 1.9 mg/dl (1.7-2.5 mg/dl), cholesterol 109 mg/dl (=199 mg/dl), triglycerides 73 mg/dl (=149 mg/dl), VLDL 15 mg/dl (=49 mg/dl), HDL 37 mg/dl (30-74 mg/dl) , and LDL 50 mg/dl (=129 mg/dl). SARS-CoV-2 antigen and a PCR test were negative. Coxsackievirus B1 antibody titre was 1:8 (<1:8 titre) and so essentially negative. No antibodies against coxsackievirus B2, B3, B4, B5 and B6 serotypes were detected. Notably, the patient had IgG antibodies (each positive with a titre of 1:400 where the normal value is <1:100) against coxsackie A7, A9, A16 and A24 serotypes but was negative for IgM antibodies, suggesting past infection. Parvo B19 IgM 0.2 (0-0.8) and IgG 0.3 (0-0.8) were also negative. The PCR panel was negative for adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, influenza A, influenza B, parainfluenza virus 1, 2, 3 and 4, respiratory syncytial virus, Bordetella parapertussis, Bordetella pertussis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, HH6 and Lyme disease. HIV, Hep B and C were also negative. Chest x-ray and CT angiography were unremarkable. An electrocardiogram (EKG) showed normal sinus rhythm, a normal axis, 76 beats per minute, and a 1-mm ST-depression in lead III (Electrocardiogram showing normal sinus rhythm, a normal axis, 76 beats per minute and a 1-mm ST-depression in lead III). An echocardiogram showed an ejection fraction of 55%. Cardiac catheterization showed normal coronary arteries. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with and without contrast showed linear sub-epicardial enhancement involving the lateral wall of the left ventricle consistent with acute myocarditis (Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with and without contrast showed linear sub-epicardial enhancement involving the lateral wall of the left ventricle consistent with acute myocarditis: STIR image and T2 image.). An endomyocardial biopsy was not performed due to the patient's improving symptoms and lack of ventricular arrhythmias or significant cardiac wall motion abnormalities. The patient was hospitalized for 4 days and discharged in a stable condition. He was seen in an outpatient clinic 6 weeks later, is doing well and is back at work. An increasing number of cases of myocarditis and pericarditis after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination have been reported in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Most cases are in male adolescents, typically within several days of COVID-19 vaccination and more commonly after the second dose. Literature identified 110 cases of myocarditis among 5 million people who were [ administered two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in the month before their myocarditis diagnosis and 90% of cases were in men. Among the vaccinated young men, the rate was 5-25 times the background rate for myocarditis. The patient was also young (24 years old), presented with chest pain 3 days after receiving his second dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, and was diagnosed with myocarditis. Extensive work-up was done to exclude other possible causes of myocarditis in the patient. Healthcare providers should maintain a high index of suspicion regarding myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination in the appropriate clinical situation.   It was concluded that the case of 24-year-old male patient who developed chest pain after receiving the second dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and who was diagnosed with myocarditis. Healthcare providers should maintain a high index of suspicion regarding myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination in the appropriate clinical situation. The authors emphasize that the benefits of vaccination far outweigh the risk given COVID-19 infection can cause multisystem organ dysfunction leading to morbidity and mortality and given that reported cases of myocarditis are mild and rare and most patients recover. Vaccination is a vital, very effective and life-saving measure against COVID-19 infection.; Sender's Comments: There is reasonable possibility that the event myocarditis was related to BNT162b2 based on known drug safety profile and temporal relationship.  The impact of this report on the benefit/risk profile of the Pfizer product is evaluated as part of Pfizer procedures for safety evaluation, including the review and analysis of aggregate data for adverse events. Any safety concern identified as part of this review, as well as any appropriate action in response, will be promptly notified to regulatory authorities, Ethics Committees, and Investigators, as appropriate.