Sex: M
Vaccine: PPV
Symptoms: Human rhinovirus test positive, Intensive care, Neutrophil count decreased, Pneumococcal bacteraemia, Pneumococcal infection
Clinical narrative: This literature report has been received from the author of a published literature article. Background: Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) were at risk of fatal sepsis with encapsulated bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumonia, because of the inherent autosplenectomy that occurred in SCD. This risk was thwarted with oral penicillin prophylaxis during the first 5 years of life, and with stringent vaccination against S. pneumoniae alongside routine childhood immunization. But compared with the general specific pediatric population, the rate of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in patients with SCD still remained high, resulting in hospitalization and fatality. This study aimed to investigate IPD in a patient population with SCD that had received standard pneumococcal prophylaxis. Methods: Patients with SCD who developed IPD from 2004 up to 2013 were identified using microbiology records. Those records belonging to patients with SCD between the ages of 0 to 21 years were selected for inclusion in this retrospective study. Descriptive analysis of presence of risk factors for IPD, type of SCD, pneumococcal vaccination and prophylaxis status, clinical presentation, microbiological data, and the outcome of IPD was performed. Results: 8 patients with SCD developed IPD (7 bacteremia and 1 respiratory tract infection). Three of the 8 isolates underwent serotype analysis (15 C in 2 and 15 A in 1), none covered with the current vaccination program. One patient had fatal outcome (15 A). Conclusions: Breakthrough cases of IPD might involve non-vaccine isolates, and seemed to occur after 5 years of age when oral penicillin prophylaxis had been terminated. Non-vaccine serotypes could cause IPD in patients with SCD, especially in older patients who were no longer on oral penicillin prophylaxis and/or those patients with incomplete immunization status. Prompt institution of antibiotic and supportive therapy was essential for the survival of these patients. This case refers to a 5 year old male patient, with smoking exposure and was also on daycare. The patient had no sibling. Concomitant therapy included oral penicillin (complete), heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) (active) and PREVNAR 13 (active) for prophylaxis. On an unknown date, the patient received PNEUMOVAX 23 for prophylaxis. The patient presented from home with fever of 38.8 Celsius degrees (date unspecified). In 2013, the non-vaccine serotypes patient presented with IPD - respiratory tract infection/upper respiratory infection, resulting in hospitalization (date unknown). Focal infection/other culture: Rhinovirus/Enterovirus upper respiratory infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (his nasal wash sample was positive for Rhinovirus/Enterovirus), pneumonia (concurrent radiological findings, which was likely from S. pneumoniae given his rapid deterioration and S. pneumoniae bacteremia. The concurrent viral infection might or might not have contributed to the severity of his presentation and was performed due to the clinical severity of his symptoms). Because of the deterioration in clinical status, the patient was transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) but he succumbed to the severe infection (date of death unknown). The Clinical presentation data: heart rate was 0 /min (asystole). White blood cell count/ absolute neutrophil count (WBC/ANC): 7500/2475 /mm^3. Hemoglobin was 6.3 g/dL. Absolute reticulocyte count was 196,400 /mm^3. The other clinical findings at presentation: Unresponsive on arrival to emergency department. The microbiological and outcome data: Blood culture: S. pneumoniae positive; Time to culture positive: 27 hrs; S. pneumoniae Serotype analysis: 15 A; S. pneumoniae susceptibility: penicillin and ceftriaxone; PICU stay: Yes; outcome of the event: Died. The reporter considered the event to be related to PNEUMOVAX 23. Upon internal review, IPD - respiratory tract infection/upper respiratory infection was determined to be medically significant. This is one of several reports from the same literature. Sender's Comments: US-009507513-1707USA005890. Reported Cause(s) of Death: invasive pneumococcal disease/respiratory tract infection/upper respiratory infection.