Sex: F
Vaccine: COVID19
Symptoms: Gram stain, Heart rate, Injection site pain, Injection site swelling, Magnetic resonance imaging
Clinical narrative: Streptococcus gordonii septic arthritis; Streptococcus gordonii septic arthritis; experienced localised swelling with tenderness and pain over the injection site; experienced localised swelling with tenderness and pain over the injection site; This is a literature report from the Case Reports, 2021, vol 14(5); pgs/DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-243066 entitled Streptococcus gordonii septic arthritis of the glenohumeral joint following deltoid intramuscular vaccination.  A 68-year-old woman presented to our institution in January 2021 for left shoulder pain. She had a medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, recurrent uncomplicated diverticulitis and iatrogenic hypothyroidism following resection of a benign thyroid tumour. She was a lifetime non-smoker and denied recreational drug use. Her family history was unremarkable. The patient reported a 7-day history of progressive shoulder pain following left deltoid intramuscular administration of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine against COVID-19. She experienced localised swelling with tenderness and pain over the injection site that progressed to severe diffuse left shoulder pain with decreased range of motion (ROM) at the shoulder, as well as fever and rigours. She denied other arthralgias, rash, weight loss, night sweats, palpitations, chest pain, syncope, pre-existing joint or valvular disease, recent trauma, a history of intra-articular injections, new sexual partners, intravenous drug use, recent dental work, travel or known sick contacts. In the emergency department, oral temperature was 37.3oC with a normal heart rate and blood pressure. Body mass index was 22.3 kg/m2. Physical examination demonstrated a tender, fluctuant mass over the anterior left deltoid with warmth and glenohumeral joint tenderness but no overlying erythema. Passive ROM of the left shoulder was limited to 30o flexion, 40o abduction, 10o external rotation and 40o internal rotation. Active ROM was negligible secondary to pain. Her left hand was warm and well perfused without rashes or lesions of the fingers or nails. Cardiac and pulmonary examinations were unremarkable. INVESTIGATIONS: Laboratory analysis showed a normal white cell count and a normal comprehensive metabolic profile. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was 60 mm/hour (normal 0-20) and C-reactive protein (CRP) 24.2 mg/dL (normal 0-0.5). A1c haemoglobin was 5.7%. Peripheral blood cultures were drawn from separate sites and remained negative. Plain radiograph of the left shoulder showed mild degenerative changes at the acromioclavicular joint. MRI of the left shoulder with and without intravenous contrast showed a large glenohumeral joint effusion (star, figure 1 Post-contrast coronal T1-weighted MRI of the left shoulder with fat suppression and fast-spin echo demonstrating large glenohumeral joint effusion (star) with moderate synovitis and thickened synovial enhancement.) with synovitis concerning for SA. There was no evidence of osteomyelitis. Additionally, there was multifocal rotator cuff tendinosis with tearing of the supraspinatus (arrow, figure 2 Coronal T2-weighted MRI of the left shoulder with fat suppression demonstrating 20 mm near full-width undersurface tear of the supraspinatus (arrow)), subscapularis and transverse humeral ligaments. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: At this point, the differential diagnosis of 1 week of left shoulder monoarticular arthritis included primarily infection and less likely crystal-induced arthritis. Reactive arthritis was possible but unlikely in an upper extremity monoarticular arthritis without preceding insult or extra-articular manifestations. Infiltrative disease and neoplastic processes were likely unlikely given the presentation acuity and lack of other systemic symptoms. Simple trauma or adverse reaction to vaccination remained possible due to recent vaccine administration, and aseptic inflammation including effusion could have resulted from inadvertent injection deep to the deltoid musculature. Overall, considering her reported fevers at home, demonstrated limitation in passive ROM at the shoulder, and concerning MRI findings, SA was at the top of the differential diagnosis. In terms of infectious processes, bacterial SA was considered the most likely diagnosis. Purulent gonococcal arthritis was considered; however, in an older patient without new sexual partners or distal joint arthritis, this was unlikely. Viral arthritis may be considered in a polyarticular presentation with extra-articular manifestations, which did not fit our patient's presentation. Fungal causes would be unlikely in acute arthritis without a history of immunosuppression, and our patient had a negative HIV test 4 months prior to presentation. Lyme disease and tuberculosis were also unlikely given no exposure history or travel to endemic areas. Furthermore, the palpable tender deltoid collection was consistent with a locally invasive infectious process, particularly with the history of recent intramuscular vaccination at that site. However, given that she was objectively afebrile on presentation and lacked a predisposing condition for bacteraemia, there remained diagnostic uncertainty. She was therefore admitted with the plan for immediate direct sampling of the glenohumeral effusion. TREATMENT: Orthopaedic surgery performed bedside arthrocentesis revealing yellow fluid with white cells 130 000/mm3 (95% neutrophils), red cells 20/mm3 and no crystals. Gram stain was negative. She was given empiric antibiotics with intravenous vancomycin and cefepime, in addition to analgesia with scheduled oral acetaminophen and celecoxib, with oxycodone available as needed. She was taken to the operating room and on standard deltopectoral approach, significant purulence was encountered both of the bursal soft tissue and in the glenohumeral joint deep to the subscapularis tendon, suggesting possible secondary septic bursitis in addition to SA. Copious irrigation and subtotal bursectomy were performed. Postoperatively, she continued on vancomycin and ceftriaxone-for empiric coverage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci, respectively-until intraoperative joint cultures grew S. gordonii sensitive to benzylpenicillin and fluoroquinolones. She transitioned to ceftriaxone therapy alone. She continued inpatient physical therapy during this time with strict limitations per surgical recommendations. Blood cultures finalised as negative after 5 days. Synovial fluid culture from initial joint aspiration ultimately speciated viridans streptococci with the same sensitivity profile. She was discharged on intravenous ceftriaxone followed by oral levofloxacin to complete 4 weeks of therapy after surgery. Final orthopaedic plan of care included non-weight bearing to the left upper extremity, no passive external rotation manoeuvres and sling for comfort with close outpatient follow-up. She was referred to outpatient physical and occupational therapy for subscapularis repair protocol. OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP: The patient was followed in orthopaedic and infectious disease clinics and continued outpatient physical therapy. On initial orthopaedic visit 2 days after discharge, she was doing well and voiced no complaints, and on examination, her shoulder ROM had increased to 70o of passive abduction. She continued on oral levofloxacin. However, 1 week later in the orthopaedic clinic, she reported increased pain and swelling at the shoulder. Laboratory analysis showed CRP of 3.1 (from 24.2 during admission) and ESR of 55 (from 60). Repeat MRI demonstrated interval decrease of effusion with improving oedema and synovitis without complete resolution. There was no drainable fluid collection or evidence of osteomyelitis. Due to concern for residual infection, her course of oral levofloxacin was extended by 2 weeks to complete 6 weeks after surgery. A subsequent MRI showed persistence of ill-defined fluid, oedema and synovial enhancement in the subdeltoid subacromial bursa, worrisome for active infectious bursitis. Given the lack of drainable collection, she continued oral antibiotic therapy and completed her course in early March. She was seen in orthopaedic clinic later in March and diagnosed with post-infectious adhesive capsulitis and is currently pursuing conservative management with oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications and manipulative physical therapy. DISCUSSION: Musculoskeletal pain around the injection site is an expected reaction following deltoid vaccine administration. In the safety analysis of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against COVID-19, 66%-83% of study participants reported injection site pain, with <1% reporting severe pain. Additionally, 11%-16% of participants reported fever, which typically resolved after 1-2 days. Alternatively, SA associated with vaccination appears to be an extremely rare phenomenon. There are prior reports of glenohumeral SA after influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations. These cases were secondary to S. aureus or had negative synovial cultures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of viridans streptococci SA associated with vaccination, as well as the first case of SA from any organism following COVID-19 vaccination. The diagnosis of SA associated with vaccination may be considerably delayed due to the overlap of local reactions and clinical symptoms of SA. Because bacterial arthritis causes devastating and rapid joint destruction of the ball-and-socket joints of the hip and shoulder, rapid diagnosis and prompt initiation of antibiotic therapy and orthopaedic consultation for source control are vital. A high index of suspicion is necessary to avoid morbidity in these cases. Prolonged fever, decreased passive ROM and severe or prolonged pain should all prompt consideration of SA and further workup. In this case, because the patient had no risk factors for endocarditis, had no persistent fevers or signs of septic emboli, and blood cultures remained negative after 5 days, further workup for endocarditis was not pursued. In the setting of bacteraemia or other signs of systemic embolic disease, however, transoesophageal echocardiography may be warranted. Very likely, this patient had inadvertent intra-articular or subacromial injection of the vaccine. The glenohumeral joint space may be avoided by directing the vaccine more posteriorly and inferiorly into the deltoid musculature. Finally, it must be emphasised that given the rarity of this complication, the risk for secondary SA should not affect the general populations consideration for COVID-19 vaccination.  No follow-up attempts are possible; information about lot/batch number cannot be obtained. No further information is expected.; Sender's Comments: Based on the information available, a possible contributory role of the suspect BNT162B2 cannot be excluded for the reported events of  septic arthritis,streptococal infection. The impact of this report on the benefit/risk profile of the Pfizer product is evaluated as part of Pfizer procedures for safety evaluation, including the review and analysis of aggregate data for adverse events. Any safety concern identified as part of this review, as well as any appropriate action in response, will be promptly notified to regulatory authorities, Ethics Committees, and Investigators, as appropriate