chhatramani/nepal_legal_acts_corpus_english huggingface dataset:
Far-Western University Act, 2010

Added by the Act Made to Amend Some Nepal Acts Relating to Education, 2077. 35a. Free Higher Education and Scholarship: (1) Higher education shall be free for Dalit, marginalized, disabled and economically poor students who fulfill the criteria prescribed by the University and are admitted to the University or its constituent and community educational institutions.

(2) For the purpose of sub-section (1), other provisions relating to basis, criteria, classification shall be as prescribed by the Government of Nepal by publishing a notice in the Nepal Gazette. Amended by the Act Amending Some Nepal Acts, 2062. (3) A student may avail of the facility pursuant to sub-section (1) only once at each level.

(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law, seats shall be reserved as prescribed for Dalit students for admission in technical and professional higher education.

(5) The University shall make provision for higher education for the sons and daughters of martyrs, disappeared persons and persons with disabilities as provided for in the prevailing law.

(6) A student who has studied in a community school from grade six to grade ten shall receive a scholarship in higher education as per the prevailing law. 36. To Act in Accordance with National Education Policy: It shall be the duty of the University to conduct its functions in accordance with the national education policy of the Government of Nepal. 37. Acts and Business Not to be Invalidated: No act or business of the University shall be invalidated merely by reason of the vacancy of the position of any office bearer or member, or any defect in the appointment or nomination of any office bearer or member. 38. Protection of Acts Done in Good Faith: No lawsuit or other action shall be instituted against the University or any office bearer of the University in relation to any act done or sought to be done in good faith pursuant to this Act or rules made under this Act. 39. Prior Approval of Government of Nepal Required: The University shall obtain the approval of the Ministry of Finance of the Government of Nepal before approving the post of any office bearer, teacher or employee that creates a financial liability on the Government of Nepal, or before increasing the remuneration and service facilities of such office bearer, teacher or employee. 40.
Far-Western University Act, 2010

40. Delegation of Powers: (1) The Assembly may, as required, delegate some of the powers conferred to it pursuant to this Act or rules made under this Act to the Academic Council, Executive Council or Rector.

(2) The Academic Council may, as required, delegate some of the powers conferred to it pursuant to this Act or rules made under this Act to the Faculty Board.

(3) The Executive Council may, as required, delegate some of the powers conferred to it pursuant to this Act or rules made under this Act to any office bearer or committee of the University.

(4) The Service Commission may, as required, delegate some of the powers conferred to it pursuant to this Act or rules made under this Act to any committee or office bearer of the University. 41. Contact with Government of Nepal: While contacting the Government of Nepal, the University shall do so through the Amended by the Act Made to Amend Some Nepal Acts Relating to Education, 2077. Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. 42. Provision Relating to Dissolution of the University: (1) If the University cannot be operated for any reason, the Government of Nepal may dissolve the University on the recommendation of the Assembly.

(2) If the University is dissolved pursuant to sub-section (1), the movable and immovable property of the University shall vest in the Government of Nepal. 43. Power to Make Rules: The University may make necessary rules for the implementation of the objectives of this Act.
Soil and Watershed Conservation Act, 1982

Soil and Watershed Conservation Act, 2039

Royal Seal and Date of Publication
2039.08.06

Amending Acts

1. Act to Amend Certain Nepal Acts relating to Forests, 2048 2048.12.30
2. Act to Strengthen the Republic and Amend Certain Nepal Laws, 2066 2066.10.07
3. Act to Amend Certain Nepal Acts, 2072 2072.11.13
4. Act to Amend Certain Nepal Acts, 2082 2082.04.14

Act No. 16 of the year 2039



An Act Made to Provide for Soil and Watershed Conservation

Preamble: Whereas, it is desirable to make legal provisions for controlling natural disasters such as floods, landslides, soil erosion, and for soil and watershed conservation, and to maintain the convenience and economic interest of the general public;

Therefore, His Majesty King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev, with the advice and consent of the National Panchayat, has enacted this Act. 1. Short Title and Commencement: (1) This Act may be called the "Soil and Watershed Conservation Act, 2039".

(2) This Act shall come into force immediately. 2. Definitions: Unless the subject or context otherwise requires, in this Act,-

(a) "Protected Watershed Area" means a protected watershed area declared under Section 3.

(b) "Soil and Watershed Conservation" means the work of preventing or protecting any area from destruction by natural disasters such as floods, landslides, soil erosion, and of maintaining the volume and flow of water in a normal condition, or of preventing the flow of water from becoming muddy and maintaining its cleanliness.

(c) "Land Use System" means the process of long-term use of land by cultivating or performing other activities in such a way that the physical and chemical properties that maintain the fertility of the land are not weakened, destroyed, or are maintained.

(d) "Department" means the amended by the Act to Amend Certain Nepal Acts, 2082. Department of Forests and Soil Conservation.

(e) "Watershed Conservation Officer" means an officer appointed or designated under Section 19.

(f) "Prescribed" or "as prescribed" means prescribed or as prescribed in the rules made under this Act. 3. Power to Declare Protected Watershed Area: (1) If deemed necessary for soil and watershed conservation, the Government of Nepal may, by publishing a notice in the Nepal Gazette, declare any area of Nepal omitted by the Act to Strengthen the Republic and Amend Certain Nepal Laws, 2066. as a protected watershed area, specifying its four boundaries.

(2) The Government of Nepal may, by publishing a notice in the Nepal Gazette, alter the boundaries of a protected watershed area declared under Sub-section (1) as required.

(3) Added by the Act to Amend Certain Nepal Acts, 2082.
Soil and Watershed Conservation Act, 1982

For the conservation and management of the protected watershed area declared under Sub-section (1), the Watershed Conservation Officer shall formulate an integrated watershed management plan and submit it to the Department, and after approval from the Department, such plan shall be implemented.

(4) Added by the Act to Amend Certain Nepal Acts, 2082. While implementing the plan under Sub-section (3), it shall be done in coordination with the local level. 4. Works that may be Carried Out in Protected Watershed Area: In a protected watershed area, the Watershed Conservation Officer may carry out or cause to be carried out the following works for soil and watershed conservation:-

(a) Construction and maintenance of check dams, gully control (check dams), embankments, terrace improvement, canals, diversion channels, retaining walls, ponds, and other necessary similar structures;

(b) Arrangement and maintenance of trial plots;

(c) Planting of trees, grass, shrubs, or other vegetation, and their maintenance and rearing;

(d) Conservation, maintenance, and promotion of forests, shrubs, grass, and other natural vegetation on landslide-prone land and steep slopes;

(e) Cultivation of crops and fruits;

(f) Maintaining the fertility of soil and the cleanliness of water and environment in a balanced manner;

(g) Electrification in relevant places;

(h) Carrying out other soil and watershed conservation-related works as prescribed by the Government of Nepal. 5. Classification of Land within Protected Watershed Area: (1) For the purpose of Section 4, the Watershed Conservation Officer may classify the land within a protected watershed area as prescribed. 6. Cultivation by Adopting Land Use System: (1) The Watershed Conservation Officer may cause to be cultivated any crop or fruit, or to plant trees, plants, or grass, or to carry out any other work by adopting the land use system on prescribed land within a protected watershed area.

(2) If the land prescribed under Sub-section (1) is privately owned, the concerned landowner or tenant shall carry out such works on his land by adopting the land use system.

(3) For carrying out works by adopting the land use system under Sub-section (2), the Department shall provide technical knowledge and services to the landowner or tenant, and necessary financial assistance shall also be given as prescribed.

(4) If, by reason of being caused to carry out any work by adopting the land use system under Sub-section (1), any tenant is evicted from any land, the Government of Nepal shall provide compensation to such tenant. If the concerned landowner of the land on which any work is caused to be carried out by adopting the land use system wishes to relinquish his ownership to the Government of Nepal upon receiving compensation, such landowner may relinquish ownership.
Soil and Watershed Conservation Act, 1982

If the concerned landowner of the land on which any work is caused to be carried out by adopting the land use system wishes to relinquish his ownership to the Government of Nepal upon receiving compensation, such landowner may relinquish ownership. While providing compensation to such relinquishing landowner and tenant, compensation shall be given taking into account the prevailing rate. 7. Provision of Technical Knowledge and Services and Financial Assistance: If any person wishes to carry out works under clause (a) of Section 4 on his privately owned land, the Department shall provide the necessary technical knowledge and services for carrying out such works, and necessary financial assistance shall also be given as prescribed. 8. Payment of Compensation: If the Watershed Conservation Officer carries out works under clause (a) or (b) of Section 4 on anyone's privately owned land, the Watershed Conservation Officer shall provide compensation to the concerned landowner for such works done on that land, amended by the Act to Amend Certain Nepal Acts, 2072. after consulting the concerned Rural Municipality or Municipality and taking into account the prevailing rate. 9. Power to Conduct Experiments: (1) While arranging a trial plot under clause (b) of Section 4, the Watershed Conservation Officer may cause experiments to be conducted by planting and raising any crop, fruit, tree, plant, grass, or similar other vegetation on such trial plot.

(2) No person shall destroy in any manner the crop, fruit, tree, plant, grass, or similar other vegetation planted on a trial plot under Sub-section (1). 10.
Soil and Watershed Conservation Act, 1982

10. Prohibited Activities on Land Subject to or Liable to Natural Disasters: Notwithstanding anything contained in the prevailing law, no person shall, without the permission of the Watershed Conservation Officer, carry out any of the following activities on land within a protected watershed area which the Watershed Conservation Officer has designated as land where floods or landslides occur or may occur, or where soil erosion or land-cutting occurs or may occur:-

(a) Damming or storing in any manner any river, stream, torrent, lake, or reservoir, or groundwater, or diverting or channeling the dammed or stored water elsewhere through canals, auxiliary canals, drains, or in any other manner, or using such water in any work by so damming, storing, diverting, channeling, or in any other manner;

(b) Cutting or otherwise destroying trees, plants, or other forest products that one is entitled to use at one's discretion under the prevailing forest law;

(c) Cutting or otherwise destroying existing forests, trees, plants, shrubs, grass, or other natural vegetation;

(d) Doing any act causing stones, soil, sand, mud, etc., to accumulate or collect, or causing the accumulated or collected stones, soil, sand, mud, etc., to be washed away;

(e) Excavating, extracting, or taking away stones, sand, or other types of soil;

(f) Throwing garbage, filth, or other similar environment-polluting waste, or constructing a place for dumping or storing such garbage, filth, and waste;

(g) Establishing industries, businesses, or settlements;

(h) Taking, keeping, or grazing cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, chickens, and other similar domestic animals and birds. 11. Power to Relocate Industries, Businesses, and Settlements: (1) If the Government of Nepal deems it necessary for soil and watershed conservation work to relocate an existing industry, business, or settlement established on land within a protected watershed area to another place, or to acquire the land on which such industry, business, or settlement is located, the Government of Nepal may relocate such industry, business, or settlement to another place or acquire such land in accordance with the prevailing law relating to land acquisition.

(2) While relocating any industry, business, or settlement to another place under Sub-section (1), the Government of Nepal shall provide adequate compensation for the loss suffered by the concerned person therefrom. 12. Power of Entry: (1) The Watershed Conservation Officer or an employee designated by him may, at any time, enter upon any land within a protected watershed area to carry out any work mentioned in Section 4 or to inspect or maintain such works.

(2) No person shall obstruct or cause to obstruct entry under Sub-section (1). 13.
Soil and Watershed Conservation Act, 1982

13. Power to Prohibit: The Watershed Conservation Officer may prohibit any other person from carrying out activities that may cause soil erosion or land-cutting on the land where any work under Section 4 has been carried out, and in the vicinity of such land. 14. Land may be Acquired: If the Government of Nepal wishes to acquire privately owned land for soil and watershed conservation, it may acquire such land in accordance with the prevailing law relating to land acquisition. 15. National Resource Conservation Commission: (1) The Government of Nepal shall, by publishing a notice in the Nepal Gazette, constitute a National Resource Conservation Commission to advise the Government of Nepal on matters relating to soil and watershed conservation.

(2) The functions, duties, and powers of the National Resource Conservation Commission constituted under Sub-section (1) shall be as prescribed. 16. District Soil and Watershed Conservation Committee: (1) The Government of Nepal shall, by publishing a notice in the Nepal Gazette, constitute a District Soil and Watershed Conservation Committee to coordinate the implementation of soil and watershed conservation-related works in any district.

(2) The functions, duties, and powers of the District Soil and Watershed Conservation Committee constituted under Sub-section (1) shall be as prescribed. 17. Not to Destroy, Spoil, Damage, or Alter: No person shall destroy, spoil, damage, or alter, or cause to be destroyed, spoiled, damaged, or altered, any work carried out under Section 4 in a protected watershed area. 18. Consultation with District Soil and Watershed Conservation Committee Required: The Watershed Conservation Officer shall consult the District Soil and Watershed Conservation Committee when classifying land within a protected watershed area under Section 5, or when causing any work to be carried out by adopting the land use system on such land under Sub-section (1) of Section 6. 19. Appointment of Watershed Conservation Officer: For the purpose of this Act, the Government of Nepal may, as required, appoint Watershed Conservation Officers. In the absence of such appointment of Watershed Conservation Officers, the Government of Nepal may designate any other officer to perform the work of such Officer. 20. Power to Seize: If any person acts in contravention of this Act or the rules made under this Act, the Watershed Conservation Officer may seize the tools, livestock, vehicles, and other goods and articles used in the course of such act. Provided that, in the case of livestock, such livestock may be released to the owner upon taking a deposit from the owner, and if the livestock owner does not wish to pay the deposit, the Watershed Conservation Officer may auction off such livestock. 21.
Soil and Watershed Conservation Act, 1982

Provided that, in the case of livestock, such livestock may be released to the owner upon taking a deposit from the owner, and if the livestock owner does not wish to pay the deposit, the Watershed Conservation Officer may auction off such livestock. 21. Penalties: (1) A person acting in contravention of Sub-section (2) of Section 6 or Sub-section (2) of Section 12 shall be liable to imprisonment for up to two months or a fine of up to five hundred rupees or both.

(2) A person acting in contravention of Section 10 shall be liable to imprisonment for up to three months or a fine of up to five hundred rupees or both.

(3) A person acting in contravention of Section 17 shall be liable to imprisonment for up to one year or a fine of up to one thousand rupees or both, and the amount of loss shall also be recovered from such person.

(4) A person acting in contravention of any other Section of this Act or the rules made under this Act shall be liable to imprisonment for up to three months or a fine of up to five hundred rupees or both.

(5) Tools, livestock, vehicles, and goods and articles related to an offence punishable under this Act shall be confiscated. 22. Government of Nepal to be Plaintiff: The Government of Nepal shall be the plaintiff in cases under this Act. 23. Investigation of Cases: (1) The investigation of cases relating to offences punishable under this Act shall be conducted by the Watershed Conservation Officer.

(2) While investigating a case under Sub-section (1), the Watershed Conservation Officer shall obtain the opinion of the government attorney amended by the Act to Amend Certain Nepal Acts, 2082.. 24. No Bar to Government of Nepal's Use and Distribution of Water Resources: Nothing contained in this Act shall be deemed to prevent the Government of Nepal from undertaking the development of any water resources by itself. 25. Power to Make Rules: The Government of Nepal may make necessary rules for the purpose of implementing the objectives of this Act.
Sahid Gangalal National Heart Centre Act, 2001

Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre Act, 2057

Royal Seal and Date of Publication
2057.1.14

Certification and Date of Publication
2075.11.19

Amending Acts

1. Republic Strengthening and Some Nepal Laws Amendment Act, 2066 2066.1.7
2. Some Nepal Acts Amendment Act to Make Consistent with the Constitution of Nepal, 2075 2076.1.2

Act No. 13 of the year 2057



An Act Made to Establish and Operate the Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre

Preamble: Whereas it is desirable to establish and operate the Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre to provide high-level health services required for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of heart disease patients in an accessible manner, with the aim of perpetuating the memory of Shahid Gangalal Shrestha, to enable heart disease patients to lead a dignified human life, and to prepare necessary skilled manpower for high-level study and research relating to heart disease, by establishing the Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre;

Therefore, in the twenty-ninth year of the reign of His Majesty King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev, Parliament has enacted this Act. 1. Short Title and Commencement: (1) This Act shall be called the "Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre Act, 2057".
(2) This Act shall come into force immediately. 2. Definitions: Unless the subject or context otherwise requires, in this Act,-
(a) "Centre" means the Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre established pursuant to Section 3.
(b) "Committee" means the Centre Management Committee formed pursuant to Section 7.
(c) "Chairperson" means the Chairperson of the Committee.
(d) "Member" means a member of the Committee, and this term shall also include the Chairperson and the Member-Secretary of the Committee.
(e) "Executive Director" means the Executive Director appointed pursuant to Section 11.
(f) "Prescribed" or "as prescribed" means prescribed or as prescribed in the rules made under this Act. 3. Establishment of the Centre: (1) A high-level centre named the Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre is hereby established to provide high-level health services required for the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of heart disease patients in an accessible manner, to enable heart disease patients to lead a dignified human life, and to prepare necessary skilled manpower for high-level study and research relating to heart disease.
(2) The Centre shall be located in Kathmandu district, and branches and units of the Centre may be established in other districts as required. 4. Centre to be an Autonomous Institution: (1) The Centre shall be an autonomous and corporate body with perpetual succession.
(2) The Centre shall have a separate seal of its own.
(3) The Centre may acquire, use, sell, or otherwise manage movable and immovable property like a person.
(4) The Centre may sue and be sued in its own name like a person. 5.
Sahid Gangalal National Heart Centre Act, 2001

7. Centre Management Committee: (1) For the operation, supervision, and management of the Centre by exercising all the functions, duties, and powers vested in the Centre under this Act and the rules made under this Act, a Management Committee comprising the following members shall be formed:-
(a) Amended by the Some Nepal Acts Amendment Act to Make Consistent with the Constitution of Nepal, 2075.Minister or Minister of State for Health and Population – Chairperson
(b) Deleted by the Republic Strengthening and Some Nepal Laws Amendment Act, 2066.
(c) Member, National Planning Commission (looking after the health sector) – Member
(d) Secretary, Ministry of Finance or a gazetted first class officer of the Ministry of Finance designated by him/her – Member
(e) Secretary, Amended by the Some Nepal Acts Amendment Act to Make Consistent with the Constitution of Nepal, 2075.Ministry of Health and Population or a gazetted first class officer of the Amended by the Some Nepal Acts Amendment Act to Make Consistent with the Constitution of Nepal, 2075.Ministry of Health and Population designated by him/her – Member
(f) Three persons nominated by the Government of Nepal from amongst specialist doctors relating to heart disease – Member
While nominating Members pursuant to this clause, two persons shall be nominated from amongst the specialist doctors working in the Centre.
(g) One person from amongst distinguished female social workers – Member
(h) One person nominated by the Government of Nepal on the recommendation of the Management Committee from amongst donors – Member
(i) One person nominated by the Government of Nepal from amongst the heads of various medical science study institutes – Member
(j) One person nominated by the Government of Nepal from amongst the heads of reputed non-governmental organizations working at the national level in the field of heart disease prevention – Member
(k) Executive Director – Member-Secretary
(2) The term of office of Members pursuant to clauses (f), (g), (h), (i), and (j) of sub-section (1) shall be four years, and they may be re-nominated.
(3) The Committee may, if it deems necessary, invite any expert to the meeting of the Committee as an observer.
(4) The procedure of the meeting of the Committee shall be as prescribed. 8. Termination of Membership: (1) Nominated Members of the Committee shall not remain in office under any of the following circumstances:-
(a) Upon expiry of the term of office,
(b) Upon resignation submitted to the Government of Nepal,
(c) Upon death,
(d) Upon being absent from three consecutive meetings of the Committee without any notice.
(2) If the office of any Member becomes vacant pursuant to sub-section (1), another Member shall be nominated as soon as possible for the remainder of the term.
Sahid Gangalal National Heart Centre Act, 2001

9. Proceedings Not to be Invalidated: No proceeding of the Committee shall be invalidated by reason only of any defect in the formation of the Committee or of the vacancy in the seat of any Member. 10. Functions, Duties, and Powers of the Chairperson: The functions, duties, and powers of the Chairperson shall be as prescribed. 11. Executive Director, Advisors, and Other Employees: (1) The Government of Nepal shall appoint an Executive Director from amongst heart disease specialists to conduct the day-to-day administration as the administrative chief of the Centre.
(2) The term of office of the Executive Director appointed pursuant to sub-section (1) shall be four years, and he/she may be re-appointed.
(3) The functions, duties, and powers of the Executive Director shall be as prescribed.
(4) The Centre may appoint technical and administrative advisors and employees as required. 12. Remuneration, Terms of Service, and Facilities: (1) The remuneration, terms of service, and facilities of the Executive Director and the advisors and employees of the Centre shall be as prescribed.
(2) A Member shall receive allowance as prescribed for participating in meetings of the Committee. 13. Fund of the Centre: (1) The Centre shall have a Fund, and the following amounts shall be deposited in that Fund:-
(a) Grant amount received from the Government of Nepal,
(b) Amount received from any foreign organization, government, or international organization,
(c) Amount received from various services provided by the Centre,
(d) Grant amount received from various individuals,
(e) Amount received from other sources.
(2) The expenses of the Centre shall be borne from the Fund pursuant to sub-section (1).
(3) The amount received by the Centre from the Government of Nepal, foreign government, or international association, organization, or individual for a specific programme or work shall be spent only for that same programme or work.
(4) The operation of the Fund of the Centre shall be as prescribed. 14. Accounts and Audit: (1) The accounts of income and expenditure of the Centre shall be maintained as prescribed.
(2) The audit of the income and expenditure of the Centre shall be conducted by the Office of the Auditor General or by an auditor designated by that Office. 15. May Constitute Technical Committee: (1) The Committee may, as required, constitute a Technical Committee to provide necessary technical services and assistance to the Centre.
(2) The functions, duties, and powers as well as the procedure of the Technical Committee constituted pursuant to sub-section (1) shall be as determined by the Committee. 16.
Sahid Gangalal National Heart Centre Act, 2001

16. May Constitute Sub-committee or Task Force: (1) The Committee may, as required, constitute a sub-committee or task force to conduct its programmes.
(2) The functions, duties, and powers as well as the procedure of the sub-committee or task force constituted pursuant to sub-section (1) shall be as determined by the Committee. 17. Delegation of Powers: The Committee may, as required, delegate some of the powers conferred to it under this Act or the rules made under this Act to any Member or officer employee of the Committee. 18. Annual Report: The Committee shall prepare an annual progress report within three months from the date of expiry of the fiscal year and submit it to the Government of Nepal. 19. May Give Directions: The Government of Nepal may give directions to the Centre regarding policy matters considered necessary for implementing the objectives of this Act, and it shall be the duty of the Centre to follow such directions. 20. Contact with the Government of Nepal: If the Centre needs to contact the Government of Nepal on policy matters relating to the prevention, diagnosis, treatment of heart disease and the rehabilitation of heart disease patients, it shall do so through the Amended by the Some Nepal Acts Amendment Act to Make Consistent with the Constitution of Nepal, 2075.Ministry of Health and Population, and on other matters, it may directly contact any ministry of the Government of Nepal or bodies under such ministry. 21. Power to Make Rules: The Committee may make necessary rules for implementing the objectives of this Act. 22. Repeal and Saving: (1) The Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre Development Committee (Formation) Order, 2055 is hereby repealed.
(2) The rights, liabilities, and movable and immovable property standing in the name of the Committee formed under the Formation Order pursuant to sub-section (1) shall vest in the Centre established under this Act, and the acts and proceedings done by that Committee shall be deemed to have been done by this Centre.
Constitution of Nepal

Constitution of Nepal

Date of Publication in Nepal Gazette
2072.06.03
Date of Certification and Publication
2072.11.16
2077.03.04

Amending Acts

1. Constitution of Nepal (First Amendment), 2072 2072.11.16
2. Constitution of Nepal (Second Amendment), 2077 2077.03.04

Preamble

We, the Sovereign People of Nepal;

Internalizing the sovereign authority, autonomy, and right to self-governance of the people while preserving Nepal's independence, sovereignty, geographical integrity, national unity, freedom, and dignity;

Recalling the glorious history of historical people's movements, armed struggles, sacrifices, and martyrdom repeatedly made by the Nepali people for national interest, democracy, and progressive change, and paying tribute to the martyrs and missing and victim citizens;

Ending all forms of discrimination and oppression created by the feudal, autocratic, centralized, and unitary system of governance;

Embracing the characteristics of multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious, multi-cultural, and geographical diversity, and preserving and promoting unity in diversity, social and cultural solidarity, tolerance, and harmony;

Resolved to build an equitable society based on the principles of proportional inclusion and participation to end class, ethnic, regional, linguistic, religious, and gender discrimination and all forms of caste-based untouchability, and to ensure economic equality, prosperity, and social justice;

Committed to socialism based on democratic values and norms including the people's competitive multi-party democratic governance system, civil liberty, fundamental rights, human rights, adult franchise, periodic elections, full press freedom, and independent, impartial, and competent judiciary and the concept of rule of law, to build a prosperous nation;

Do hereby promulgate this Constitution through the Constituent Assembly to fulfill the aspirations for sustainable peace, good governance, development, and prosperity through the federal democratic republican system of governance. Part-1
Preliminary

1. Constitution as the Fundamental Law: (1) This Constitution is the fundamental law of Nepal. Any law inconsistent with this Constitution shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.

(2) It shall be the duty of every person to uphold this Constitution. 2. Sovereignty and State Authority: The sovereignty and state authority of Nepal are vested in the Nepali people. The exercise thereof shall be in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution. 3. Nation: All Nepali people, being attached to the bond of unity, having common aspirations and faith in Nepal's national independence, geographical integrity, national interest, and prosperity, and characterized by multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious, multi-cultural features and geographical diversity, collectively constitute the Nation. 4. State of Nepal: (1) Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive, democratic, socialism-oriented, federal democratic republican state.
Constitution of Nepal

4. State of Nepal: (1) Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive, democratic, socialism-oriented, federal democratic republican state. Explanation: For the purpose of this Article, "secular" means religious, cultural freedom including the preservation of religion and culture practiced from time immemorial.

(2) The territory of Nepal shall comprise:
 (a) The territory existing at the time of the commencement of this Constitution, and
 (b) The territory acquired after the commencement of this Constitution. 5. National Interest: (1) The preservation of Nepal's independence, sovereignty, geographical integrity, nationality, freedom, dignity, protection of the rights and interests of Nepalis, security of borders, economic prosperity, and wealth shall be the fundamental subjects of Nepal's national interest.
(2) Conduct and acts contrary to national interest shall be punishable according to federal law. 6. National Languages: All mother tongues spoken in Nepal are national languages. 7. Language of Official Business: (1) The Nepali language written in Devanagari script shall be the language of official business of Nepal.
(2) In addition to the Nepali language, a Province may, by provincial law, determine one or more than one other national language spoken by the majority of people within its territory as the language of official business of the Province.
(3) Other matters relating to language shall be as decided by the Government of Nepal upon the recommendation of the Language Commission. 8. National Flag: (1) The flag of Nepal consists of two triangles joined slightly, with a crimson-colored base and a dark blue border, bearing a white emblem with sixteen rays in the shape of a crescent moon in the upper part and a white emblem of the sun with twelve rays in the lower part. This is the national flag of Nepal.
(2) The national flag of Nepal, the method of making the national flag, and other related details shall be as mentioned in Schedule-1. 9. National Anthem, etc.: (1) The national anthem of Nepal shall be as mentioned in Schedule-2.
(2) The coat-of-arms of Nepal shall be as mentioned in Schedule-3.
(3) The national flower of Nepal is Rhododendron (Laligurans), the national color is Crimson (Simrik), the national animal is the Cow (Gai), and the national bird is the Danphe (Lophophorus). Part-2
Citizenship

10. Not to be Deprived of Citizenship: (1) No Nepali citizen shall be deprived of the right to acquire citizenship.
(2) There is a provision of a single federal citizenship with provincial identity in Nepal. 11.
Constitution of Nepal

Part-2
Citizenship

10. Not to be Deprived of Citizenship: (1) No Nepali citizen shall be deprived of the right to acquire citizenship.
(2) There is a provision of a single federal citizenship with provincial identity in Nepal. 11. Persons Deemed Citizens of Nepal: (1) Persons who have acquired citizenship of Nepal at the time of the commencement of this Constitution and persons who are eligible to acquire citizenship under this Part shall be citizens of Nepal.
(2) The following persons having their permanent domicile in Nepal at the time of the commencement of this Constitution shall be deemed citizens of Nepal by descent:
 (a) A person who has acquired citizenship of Nepal by descent before the commencement of this Constitution,
 (b) A person whose father or mother was a citizen of Nepal at the time of his/her birth.
(3) A child of a citizen who acquired citizenship of Nepal by birth before the commencement of this Constitution shall acquire citizenship of Nepal by descent after attaining majority if both the father and mother were citizens of Nepal.
(4) Every minor found within Nepal whose paternity and maternity are not known shall, until the father or mother is traced, be deemed a citizen of Nepal by descent.
(5) A person born in Nepal to a Nepali citizen mother and residing in Nepal whose father is not identified shall be granted citizenship of Nepal by descent. Provided that if it is determined that the father is a foreign citizen, the citizenship of such a person shall be converted to naturalized citizenship according to federal law.
(6) A foreign woman married to a Nepali citizen may, if she so desires, acquire naturalized citizenship of Nepal according to federal law.
(7) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Article, in the case of a person born to a Nepali woman citizen who is married to a foreign citizen, if such person has permanent domicile in Nepal and has not acquired citizenship of a foreign country, he/she may acquire naturalized citizenship of Nepal according to federal law. Provided that if both the mother and father of such a person born in Nepal were Nepali citizens at the time of acquiring citizenship, such person may acquire citizenship of Nepal by descent.
(8) Except as provided in this Article, the Government of Nepal may, according to federal law, grant naturalized citizenship of Nepal.
(9) The Government of Nepal may, according to federal law, grant honorary citizenship of Nepal.
(10) If any area is acquired for merger with Nepal, a person having domicile in such area shall become a citizen of Nepal, subject to federal law. 12.
Constitution of Nepal

12. Citizenship with Gender Identity: A person acquiring citizenship of Nepal by descent according to this Constitution may obtain a certificate of citizenship of Nepal with gender identity from the name of his/her mother or father. 13. Acquisition, Re-acquisition, and Termination of Citizenship: Other matters relating to the acquisition, re-acquisition, and termination of citizenship shall be according to federal law. 14. Grant of Non-Resident Nepali Citizenship: A person who has acquired citizenship of a foreign country (other than a member state of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) residing in that country, and who himself/herself, his/her father or mother, grandfather or grandmother was a citizen of Nepal by descent or birth previously and subsequently acquired citizenship of a foreign country, may be granted non-resident citizenship of Nepal according to federal law, entitling him/her to enjoy economic, social, and cultural rights. 15. Other Provisions relating to Citizenship of Nepal: Maintaining records identifying every citizen of Nepal and other provisions relating to citizenship of Nepal shall be according to federal law. Part-3

Fundamental Rights and Duties

16. Right to Live with Dignity: (1) Every person shall have the right to live with dignity.
(2) No law shall be made providing for the death penalty. 17. Right to Freedom: (1) No person shall be deprived of personal freedom except in accordance with law.
(2) Every citizen shall have the following freedoms:
 (a) Freedom of thought and expression,
 (b) Freedom to assemble peaceably without arms,
 (c) Freedom to form political parties,
 (d) Freedom to form associations and organizations,
 (e) Freedom to move and reside in any part of Nepal,
 (f) Freedom to practise any profession, carry on any occupation, and establish and operate any industry, trade, and business in any part of Nepal.
Constitution of Nepal

18. Right to Equality: (1) All citizens shall be equal before the law. No person shall be denied the equal protection of the law.
(2) There shall be no discrimination in the application of general laws on grounds of origin, religion, caste, tribe, ethnicity, gender, physical condition, disability, health condition, marital status, pregnancy, economic condition, language or region, ideological conviction, or any other similar grounds.
(3) The state shall not discriminate among citizens on grounds of origin, religion, caste, tribe, ethnicity, gender, economic condition, language, region, ideological conviction, or any other similar grounds. Provided that nothing shall be deemed to prevent the making of special provisions by law for the protection, empowerment, or development of citizens including women, Dalits, indigenous peoples, Adivasi Janajatis, Madhesis, Tharus, Muslims, oppressed classes, backward classes, minorities, marginalized groups, peasants, laborers, youth, children, senior citizens, gender and sexual minorities, persons with disabilities, pregnant persons, incapacitated or helpless, backward regions, and economically disadvantaged Khas Arya. Explanation: For the purpose of this Part and Part 4, "economically disadvantaged" means a person having income less than the income prescribed by federal law.
(4) There shall be no discrimination in remuneration and social security for equal work on grounds of gender.
(5) All children shall have equal rights in ancestral property without gender discrimination. 19. Right to Communication: (1) There shall be no prior restraint on the publication and dissemination or broadcast of any news, editorial, article, writing, or any other textual, audio, or audio-visual material, or transmission of information, or printing through any medium, including electronic publication, broadcasting, and print media. Provided that nothing shall be deemed to prevent the making of laws imposing reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the sovereignty, geographical integrity, nationality, or harmonious relations between federal units or among various castes, ethnic groups, religions, or sects, or amount to seduction, defamation, or contempt of court, or incite the commission of an offence, or be contrary to public decency or morality, or disrespect labor, or incite caste-based untouchability and gender discrimination.
(2) The radio, television, online or any other kind of digital or electronic device, print or other communication medium publishing, broadcasting, or printing any news, article, editorial, writing, information, or any other material through any audio, audio-visual, or electronic device or printing press shall not be closed, confiscated, or have its registration canceled, nor shall such material be confiscated solely on account of such publication, broadcast, or printing.
Constitution of Nepal

Provided that nothing in this sub-article shall be deemed to prevent the making of laws for the regulation of radio, television, online or any other kind of digital or electronic device, printing press, or other communication medium.
(3) No means of communication, including print, electronic broadcasting, and telephone, shall be obstructed except according to law. 20. Rights relating to Justice: (1) No person shall be detained in custody without being informed of the grounds for arrest.
(2) A person arrested shall have the right to consult a legal practitioner of his/her choice from the time of arrest and to be defended by a legal practitioner. The consultation and advice rendered by such legal practitioner shall remain confidential. Provided that this sub-article shall not apply to a citizen of an enemy state. Explanation: For the purpose of this sub-article, "legal practitioner" means a person authorized by law to represent any person in any office or court.
(3) A person arrested shall be produced before an adjudicating authority within twenty-four hours, excluding the time required for travel from the place of arrest to such authority, and the person arrested shall not be detained in custody except on the order of such authority. Provided that this sub-article shall not apply to a person kept in preventive detention and a citizen of an enemy state.
(4) No person shall be punished for any act which was not an offence under the law in force at the time it was committed, nor shall any person be subjected to a penalty greater than that provided by law for the offence at the time it was committed.
(5) A person accused of any offence shall be presumed innocent until proven guilty.
(6) No person shall be tried and punished more than once for the same offence in a court.
(7) A person accused of any offence shall not be compelled to be a witness against himself/herself.
(8) Every person shall have the right to be informed about the proceedings instituted against himself/herself.
(9) Every person shall have the right to a fair hearing from an independent, impartial, and competent court or judicial body.
(10) An indigent party shall have the right to free legal aid according to law. 21. Right of the Victim of an Offence: (1) A victim of an offence shall have the right to be informed about the investigation and proceedings related to the offence of which he/she was a victim.
(2) A victim of an offence shall have the right to justice including social rehabilitation and compensation according to law. 22.
Constitution of Nepal

22. Right against Torture: (1) A person who is arrested or detained in custody shall not be subjected to physical or mental torture, nor to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment.
(2) Any act under sub-article (1) shall be punishable according to law, and a person victimized by such treatment shall have the right to compensation according to law. 23. Right against Preventive Detention: (1) No person shall be placed in preventive detention without sufficient grounds of an imminent threat to the sovereignty, geographical integrity, or public peace and order of Nepal.
(2) Information about the situation of a person held in preventive detention under sub-article (1) shall be given immediately to his/her family members or close relatives according to law. Provided that this sub-article shall not apply to a citizen of an enemy state.
(3) If an official authorized to place a person in preventive detention detains any person unlawfully or in bad faith, such person shall have the right to compensation according to law. 24. Right against Untouchability and Discrimination: (1) No person shall be subjected to any form of untouchability or discrimination in any private or public place on grounds of his/her origin, caste, ethnicity, community, profession, occupation, or physical condition.
(2) When producing or distributing any goods, services, or facilities, such goods, services, or facilities shall not be prohibited for purchase or acquisition by persons of a specific caste or ethnicity, nor shall such goods, services, or facilities be sold, distributed, or provided only to persons of a specific caste or ethnicity.
(3) No person or community shall be portrayed as superior or inferior on grounds of origin, caste, ethnicity, or physical condition; social discrimination based on caste, ethnicity, or untouchability shall not be considered justifiable; ideas based on untouchability and caste superiority or hatred shall not be propagated; nor shall caste-based discrimination be encouraged in any manner.
(4) No form of discrimination, whether based on untouchability or not, shall be permitted in the workplace on grounds of caste.
(5) All forms of untouchability and discriminatory acts contrary to this Article shall be punishable as serious social offences according to law, and a person victimized by such an act shall have the right to compensation according to law. 25. Right to Property: (1) Every citizen shall have the right to acquire, enjoy, sell, obtain commercial benefit from, and otherwise deal with property, subject to law. Provided that the state may impose tax on the property of a person and tax on the income of a person in accordance with the principle of progressive taxation.