chhatramani/nepal_legal_acts_corpus_english huggingface dataset:
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

Explanation: For the purposes of this section, "person who acts as its chief" means the chairperson, director, managing director, general manager, executive director, or any person authorized by such institution to act as its head. 328. Provisions Relating to Vacancy of Trustee Position: (1) The position of a trustee shall become vacant in the following circumstances:-

(a) If the trustee becomes disqualified from being a trustee,
(b) If he/she resigns from the position of trustee,
Amended by the Act Amending Some Nepal Acts Relating to the Civil Code, 2075.(c) If he/she dies or becomes insolvent,
(d) If, in the case of an incorporated institution, it is dissolved, wound up, or becomes insolvent in accordance with law,
(e) If the trust was established for a fixed period and such period expires,
(f) If the trustee was appointed for a fixed term and such term expires,
(g) If the trust founder or a court removes the trustee on the grounds that he/she has misappropriated trust property or has not taken reasonable care of such property.

(2) If the position of a trustee becomes vacant pursuant to sub-section (1), such position shall be filled by following the procedure mentioned in the trust deed.

(3) If the position of a trustee cannot be filled pursuant to sub-section (2), if there is a beneficiary, he/she, and if there is no beneficiary or the beneficiary cannot be identified, the concerned Local Level shall submit an application to the concerned District Court along with a possible list of names for the appointment of a trustee.

(4) Upon receiving an application to appoint a trustee pursuant to sub-section (3), the District Court shall, in line with the spirit of the trust deed, appoint a suitable person as trustee from among the list of candidates provided by the applicant.

(5) If a trustee is relieved from the position for any reason under sub-section (1), he/she shall, as soon as possible, hand over the trust property under his/her charge, control or enjoyment to the other trustee, and such person shall not be exempted from any liability or legal proceedings in respect of acts done during his/her trusteeship merely because he/she has been relieved. Provided that, if all trustees are to be relieved, such property shall be handed over after another trustee is appointed.

(6) If the position of a trustee of a public trust having only one trustee becomes vacant or is filled pursuant to this section, information thereof shall be given to the Registrar. 329.
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

329. Order of Succession of Trustee to be Specified: (1) Unless otherwise provided in the trust deed regarding the succession of trustees, upon the death of a trustee, his/her eldest son, daughter-in-law, or daughter shall, in order of priority

(ग) अर्को गुठी सञ्चालक वा अन्य कसैलाई गुठी सञ्चालकको जिम्मेवारी वा दायित्व प्रत्यायोजन वा सुम्पन,

तर कुनै सामान्य कारोबारमा आफ्नो प्रतिनिधि वा वारेस नियुक्त गर्न वा त्यस्तो कारोबारको प्रकृतिले जिम्मेवारी वा दायित्व प्रत्यायोजन हुनु पर्ने रहेछ भने त्यस्तो जिम्मेवारी वा दायित्व सुम्पन वा हितग्राही यकिन भएकोमा त्यस्तो हितग्राहीको अनुमतिले कसैलाई कुनै जिम्मेवारी दिन बाधा पर्ने छैन । (घ) एकभन्दा बढी गुठी सञ्चालक भएकोमा दफा ३२९ विपरीत एक्लै गुठी सम्बन्धी कुनै काम गर्न,

(ङ) गुठी सञ्चालक भए वापत निजले कुनै किसिमको पारिश्रमिक, भत्ता वा सुविधा प्राप्त गर्न,

तर कार्यालय स्थापना गरी पूर्णकालीन वा आंशिक काम गरेकोमा वा गुठीको उद्देश्य वा हितग्राहीको हित प्रतिकूल नहुने गरी पञ्जिकाधिकारीको पूर्व स्वीकृति लिई मनासिब पारिश्रमिक, भत्ता वा सुविधा लिन सकिनेछ । (च) मुुलुकी संहिता सम्बन्धी केही नेपाल ऐनलाई संशोधन गर्ने ऐन, २०७५ द्वारा संशोधित । गुठी सञ्चालक बहाल रहेको अवधिभर र गुठी सञ्चालकबाट अवकाश प्राप्त गरेको कम्तीमा तीन वर्ष व्यतीत नभई आफू सञ्चालक रहेको गुठीको सम्पत्ति खरिद गर्न वा त्यस्तो सम्पत्ति कुनै किसिमले धितो, बन्धक, लिज वा भाडामा लिन । (२) गुठी सञ्चालकले आफ्नो निजी सम्पत्ति र गुठी सम्पत्ति बीच आर्थिक कारोबार गर्न गराउन पाउने छैन । यस्तो कार्य गरेमा गुठी सम्पत्तिमा पुग्न गएको क्षति वापत निजले क्षतिपूर्ति दिनु पर्नेछ । (३) गुठी सञ्चालकले आफ्नो सम्पत्ति र गुठी सम्पत्तिलाई मिसाउन पाउने छैन । ३४३. गुठी सम्पत्ति हस्तान्तरण गर्न निर्देशन दिने : संस्थापनापत्रमा अन्यथा व्यवस्था भएकोमा बाहेक एक मात्र हितग्राही भएकोमा निज करार गर्न योग्य भएपछि र एकभन्दा बढी हितग्राही भए प्रत्येक हितग्राही करार गर्न योग्य भई एकमत भएपछि निजले गुठीको सम्पत्ति आफूलाई हस्तान्तरण गर्न गुठी सञ्चालकलाई निर्देशन दिन सक्नेछन् र त्यसरी निर्देशन दिएमा त्यस्तो निर्देशन पालना गर्नु गुठी सञ्चालकको कर्तव्य हुनेछ । तर सार्वजनिक गुठीको हकमा यो व्यवस्था लागू हुने छैन । ३४४. गुठी सम्पत्तिको लाभ त्याग गर्न सक्ने : (१) निजी गुठीको हकमा करार गर्न योग्य भएको हितग्राहीले गुठी सम्पत्तिबाट प्राप्त गर्ने आफ्नो हक, लाभ, सुविधा वा हित गुठी सञ्चालक र पञ्जिकाधिकारीलाई लिखित रूपमा सूचना दिई आंशिक वा पूरै त्याग गर्न सक्नेछ । (२) उपदफा (१) बमोजिम गुठी सम्पत्तिबाट प्राप्त गर्ने हक, लाभ, सुविधा वा हित पूरै त्याग गरी कुनै हितग्राही बाँकी नरहेमा त्यस्तो गुठी विघटन भएको मानिनेछ । ३४५. गुठी सम्पत्
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

तिको स्वामित्व कायम गर्नु पर्ने : (१) गुठी सम्पत्ति दर्ता श्रेस्तामा गुठी जनाई संस्थापनापत्रमा उल्लेख भए बमोजिमको व्यक्तिको नाममा रहनेछ र संस्थापनापत्रमा स्वामित्व रहने व्यक्ति उल्लेख नभएकामा हितग्राही व्यक्तिको नाममा रहनेछ । (२) सार्वजनिक गुठीको हकमा त्यस्तो गुठीको सम्पत्ति सञ्चालन तथा व्यवस्थापन गर्न छुट्टै सङ्गठित संस्था खडा गर्नु पर्ने व्यवस्था संस्थापनापत्रमा भएकोमा त्यस्तो सम्पत्ति त्यसरी खडा भएको सङ्गठित संस्थाको नाममा रहनेछ । ३४६. गुठीको उद्देश्यमा हेरफेर हुन सक्ने : (१) यस परिच्छेदमा अन्यत्र जुनसुकै कुरा लेखिएको भए तापनि गुठी संस्थापकले गुठी स्थापना गर्दाका बखत संस्थापनापत्रमा उल्लेख भएको उद्देश्य संशोधन वा हेरफेर गर्न उपयुक्त देखी कारण खुलाई पञ्जिकाधिकारी समक्ष निवेदन दिन सक्नेछ । (२) उपदफा (१) बमोजिम पर्न आएको निवेदन जाँचबुझ गर्दा संस्थापनापत्रमा उल्लिखित उद्देश्य संशोधन वा हेरफेर गर्नु पर्ने कारण मनासिब भएमा पञ्जिकाधिकारीले त्यस्तो उद्देश्य संशोधन वा हेरफेर गर्ने आदेश दिन सक्नेछ र त्यसरी आदेश भएकोमा सोही बमोजिम संस्थापनापत्रको उद्देश्य संशोधन वा हेरफेर भएको मानिनेछ । ३४७. गुठी सम्पत्ति गणना नहुने : गुठी सञ्चालकले गुठी सम्पत्ति सञ्चालन र व्यवस्थापन गरेकोमा त्यस्तो सम्पत्ति कर निर्धारण गर्ने वा अन्य कुनै प्रयोजनको लागि गुठी सञ्चालकको सम्पत्तिको रूपमा गणना हुने छैन । तर त् यस्तो सम्पत्तिबाट कुनै लाभ, सुविधा वा हित प्राप्त गर्ने व्यक्तिको हकमा त्यस्तो लाभ, सुविधा वा हितलाई गणना गरिनेछ । ३४८. गुठी बदर भएमा त्यसको परिणाम : (१) एक पटक स्थापना भएको गुठी कुनै कारणवश भङ्ग वा विघटन भएमा अघि भए गरेको काममा कुनै असर पर्ने छैन । (२) उपदफा (१) बमोजिम गुठी भङ्ग वा कुनै कारणले विघटन भएमा सार्वजनिक गुठीको हकमा त्यस्तो गुठीको सम्पत्ति संस्थापनापत्रमा अन्यथा व्यवस्था भएकोमा बाहेक पञ्जिकाधिकारीको आदेशले गुठी सञ्चालकले त्यस्तै उद्देश्य भएको अन्य कुनै गुठी र त्यस्तो गुठी नभएकामा समान उद्देश्य भएको कुनै सार्वजनिक संस्थालाई हस्तान्तरण गर्नेछ र निजी गुठी भए हितग्राही यकिन भएकोमा त्यस्तो हितग्राही र त्यस्तो हितग्राही नभएकामा निजको नजिकको हकवाला र त्यस्तो हकवाला पनि नभएमा गुठी संस्थापक र गुठी संस्थापक पनि नभएमा अन्य हकवालालाई हस्तान्तरण गर्नेछ । (३) उपदफा (२) बमोजिमको कुनै संस्था वा व्यक्ति नभएमा भङ्ग वा विघटन भएको गुठीको सम्पत्ति नेपाल सरकारको हुनेछ । ३४९. पुनरावेदन गर्न सक्ने : यस परिच्छेद बमोजिम पञ्जिकाधिकारीले गरेको आदेश वा निर्णय उपर चित्त नबुझ्ने पक्षले त्यस्तो आदेश वा निर्णय भएको थाहा पाएको मितिले पैंतीस दिनभित्र सम्बन्धित मुुलुकी संहिता सम्बन्धी केही नेपाल ऐनलाई संशोधन गर्ने ऐन, २०७५ द्वारा संशोधित । जिल्ला अदालतमा पुनरावेदन गर्न सक्नेछ । ३५०. अन्य गुठी सम्बन्धी व्यव
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

स्था : (१) यस परिच्छेदमा अन्यत्र जुनसुकै कुरा लेखिएको भए तापनि यो संहिता प्रारम्भ हुनुभन्दा अघि नै तत्काल प्रचलित कानून बमोजिम संस्थापना भई सञ्चालन हुँदै आएका गुठीलाई यस परिच्छेदका कुनै कुराले असर पार्ने छैन र त्यस्तो गुठी संस्थापना गर्ने दानपत्र, शिलापत्र, संस्थापनापत्र वा अन्य कुनै लिखतमा लेखिए बमोजिम वा रीत, परम्परा वा अभ्यास बमोजिम गुठी सञ्चालन गर्न सकिनेछ । तर त्यस्तो गुठी यो संहिता प्रारम्भ भएको तीन वर्षभित्र यस संहिता बमोजिम दर्ता गरी वा त्यस्तो गुठी सञ्चालन हुँदै आएको जानकारी पञ्जिकाधिकारीलाई गराई अभिलेख राख्नु पर्नेछ । (२) उपदफा (१) बमोजिमको गुठी जुन उद्देश्य र प्रयोजनका लागि संस्थापना भएको थियो सोही उद्देश्य र प्रयोजनका लागि पूर्ववत रूपमा व्यवस्थापन र सञ्चालन गर्नु पर्नेछ र सोही बमोजिमको उद्देश्य र प्रयोजन पूरा गरी बाँकी रहेको सम्पत्ति वा आम्दानी भोग चलन गर्न वा धितो बन्धक राख्न सकिनेछ । (३) उपदफा (१) बमोजिम संस्थापना भएका गुठीको उद्देश्य र प्रयोजनमा प्रतिकूल असर नपर्ने गरी गुठीको सम्पत्ति खरिद बिक्री गर्न सकिनेछ । (४) उपदफा (३) बमोजिम खरिद गरि लिने व्यक्तिले जुन प्रयोजनका लागि गुठी संस्थापना भएको हो सोही उद्देश्य र प्रयोजनका निमित्त सम्पत्ति प्रयोग गर्नु पर्नेछ । (५) सरकारी जग्गा प्राप्त गरी कुनै खास प्रयोजनका लागि उपदफा (१) बमोजिमको गुठी संस्थापना वा सञ्चालन गरेको भए त् यस्तो जग्गा जुन प्रयोजनका लागि गुठी सञ्चालन भएको थियो त्यस्तो उद्देश्य र प्रयोजन पूरा गर्न प्रयोग गर्नु पर्नेछ र त्यस्तो जग्गा गुठी राख्ने वा निजका सन्तान वा हकवालाले भोगचलन गर्न पाउने छैन । (६) उपदफा (५) बमोजिमको व्यक्तिले त्यस्तो गुठीको उद्देश्य र प्रयोजन पूरा नगरेमा जुन व्यक्तिले त्यस्तो उद्देश्य र प्रयोजन पूरा गरेको छ सोही व्यक्तिले त्यस्तो जग्गा भोग चलन गर्न पाउनेछ । (७) यस दफामा अन्यत्र जुनसुकै कुरा लेखिएको भए तापनि कुनै लिखत नभई उपदफा (१) बमोजिमको गुठी कसैले निरन्तर रूपमा सोह्र वर्ष वा सोभन्दा बढी अवधि देखि सञ्चालन गर्दै आएको रहेछ भने त्यस्तो गुठीको उद्देश्य र प्रयोजन पूरा गरी त्यसको सम्पत्ति निजले भोग चलन गर्न सक्नेछ । (८) यस दफामा लेखिएको बाहेकका अन्य कुराहरू गुठी संस्थापना पत्र, शिलापत्र, दानपत्र लेखिए बमोजिम वा त्यस्तो गुठी सञ्चालन सम्बन्धी परम्परा र अभ्यास बमोजिम हुनेछ । ३५१. हदम्याद : (१) यस परिच्छेद बमोजिम भए गरेको काम कारबाहीबाट मर्का पर्ने व्यक्तिले नालिस गर्नु पर्दा देहायको विषयमा कुनै हदम्याद लाग्ने छैन :-

(क) गुठीको सम्पत्ति हिनामिना गरेको,

(ख) गुठीको सम्पत्तिसँग सम्बन्धित कुनै लिखत जालसाजी वा किर्ते गरेको,

(ग) गुठीको सम्पत्ति मासे खाएको,

(घ) सञ्चालकले गुठी संस्थापनापत्रको शर्त विपरीत फाइदा लिएको,

(ङ) गुठीको सम्पत्ति वा सोको मूल्य वा आय सञ्चालक वा अन्य व्यक्
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

तिबाट फिर्ता गराउनु परेको । (२) उपदफा (१) मा उल्लिखित विषय बाहेक अन्य विषयमा नालिस गर्नु पर्ने कारण भएको मितिले छ महिनाभित्र नालिस गर्न सकिनेछ । परिच्छेद-७

फलोपभोग सम्बन्धी व्यवस्था

३५२. फलोपभोग (युजुफ्रक्ट) को व्यवस्था भएको मानिने : (१) कसैले आफ्नो हक र स्वामित्वमा रहेको सम्पत्ति, त्यसबाट प्राप्त हुने प्रतिफल, लाभ, आम्दानी वा सुविधा अर्को व्यक्तिले प्रयोग गर्न सक्ने गरी निःशुल्क रूपमा दिएकोमा फलोपभोगको व्यवस्था भएको मानिनेछ । (२) फलोपभोगको व्यवस्था सम्बन्धित व्यक्तिहरू बीच भएको करार बमोजिम हुनेछ । ३५३. फलोपभोग प्रभावकारी हुने : करार बमोजिम कायम भएको फलोपभोगको व्यवस्था करारमा अन्यथा व्यवस्था भएको बाहेक करार प्रारम्भ भएको मितिदेखि प्रभावकारी हुनेछ । ३५४. लिखत गर्नु पर्ने : (१) कसैले आफ्नो अचल सम्पत्ति फलोपभोग गरी दिँदा कानून बमोजिम लिखत गर्नु पर्नेछ । (२) कसैले सगोलको सम्पत्ति फलोपभोगको रूपमा दिँदा एकासगोलको अंशियारको सहमति लिनु पर्नेछ । ३५५. फलोपभोगीलै आफ्नै सम्पत्ति सरह प्रयोग गर्न पाउने : (१) कसैले आफ्नो सम्पत्ति कसैलाई फलोपभोग गर्न दिएकोमा त्यस्तो सम्पत्ति प्राप्त गर्ने फलोपभोगीलै त्यस्तो सम्पत्ति, त्यसबाट प्राप्त वा आर्जन हुने प्रतिफल, लाभ, आम्दानी वा सुविधा र त्यसबाट बढे बढाएको प्रतिफल, लाभ, आम्दानी वा सुविधा आफ्नै सम्पत्ति सरह प्रयोग गर्न पाउनेछ । (२) उपदफा (१) बमोजिम सम्पत ्ति प्राप्त गर्ने एकभन्दा बढी फलोपभोगीलै भएकोमा प्रत्येक फलोपभोगीलै सामूहिक रूपमा वा एक्ला एक्लै त्यस्तो सम्पत्ति प्रयोग गर्न पाउनेछन् । (३) फलोपभोगको व्यवस्था अन्तर्गत प्राप्त भएको सम्पत्ति अंशबण्डा भएकोमा अंशबण्डा बमोजिम फलोपभोग गर्न पाउने प्रत्येक अंशियारले उपदफा (१) बमोजिम सम्पत्ति प्रयोग गर्न पाउनेछन् । (४) फलोपभोगीलै फलोपभोगको व्यवस्था अन्तर्गत प्राप्त भएको सम्पत्तिको संरक्षण वा भोगचलनको लागि आवश्यकतानुसार अदालतमा नालिस दिन सक्नेछ । ३५६. फलोपभोगीलै प्रयोग गर्न नसक्ने सम्पत्ति : दफा ३५५ मा जुनसुकै कुरा लेखिएको भए तापनि फलोपभोग अन्तर्गत प्राप्त गरेको सम्पत्तिसँग सम्बन्धित देहायका सम्पत्ति फलोपभोगीलै प्रयोग गर्न सक्ने छैन :-

(क) सम्पत्तिसँग सम्बन्धित खानी तथा खनिज पदार्थ,

तर खानी नै फलोपभोग अन्तर्गत प्रयोग गर्न दिएकोमा त्यस्तो खानी प्रयोग गर्न सकिनेछ । (ख) हुर्किसकेका रुख,

तर रुखबाट प्राप्त हुने फल, फूल वा अन्य पैदावार प्रयोग गर्न सकिनेछ । ३५७. स्वीकृति बिना सम्पत्तिको संरचना हेरफेर गर्न नपाउने : फलोपभोगीलै फलोपभोग अन्तर्गत प्राप्त भएको सम्पत्ति स्वामित्ववालाको पूर्व स्वीकृति बिना त्यस्तो सम्पत्तिको मौलिक अवस्था (सब्सट्यान्स) वा त्यसको स्वरूप (फर्म) मा उल्लेख रूपमा हेरफेर गर्न वा त्यस्तो सम्पत्ति विनाश गर्न पाउने छैन । तर फलोपभोग अन्तर्गत दिइएको सम्पत्तिको स्वरूप हेरफेर वा त्
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

यसको विनाश बिना प्रयोग गर्न नसकिने भए करारमा अन्यथा व्यवस्था भएकोमा बाहेक त्यस्तो सम्पत्ति फिर्ता गर्दा कायम हुन सक्ने मूल्य तिरी त्यस्तो सम्पत्तिको स्वरूप हेरफेर वा विनाश गरी प्रयोग गर्न सकिनेछ । ३५८. फलोपभोग अन्तर्गतको सम्पत्ति बहाल, लिज वा बन्धकीमा दिन सक्ने : (१) फलोपभोगीलै चाहेमा फलोपभोग अन्तर्गत प्राप्त गरेको सम्पत्ति दफा ३५२ को उपदफा (२) बमोजिमको करारको अधीनमा रही लिखत गरी बहाल, लिज वा बन्धकीमा दिन सक्नेछ । तर,

(१) मासिक बीस हजार रुपैयाँसम्ममा सम्पत्ति बहालमा दिँदा लिखत गर्नु पर्ने छैन । (२) त्यसरी बहाल, लिज वा बन्धकीमा सम्पत्ति दिएकोमा फलोपभोगीले स्वामित्ववालालाई जानकारी गराउनु पर्नेछ । (३) फलोपभोग अन्तर्गत प्राप्त सम्पत्ति फलोपभोग कायम रहनेभन्दा बढी अवधिको लागि बहाल, लिज वा बन्धकीमा दिन सकिने छैन । (२) फलोपभोगीले फलोपभोग अन्तर्गत प्राप्त गरेको सम्पत्ति बहाल, लिज वा बन्धकीमा दिँदा त्यस सम्बन्धी लिखतमा फलोपभोग अन्तर्गतको सम्पत्ति भएको कुरा उल्लेख गर्नु पर्नेछ । (३) उपदफा (१) र (२) विपरीत कसैले फलोपभोग अन्तर्गत प्राप्त गरेको सम्पत्ति बहाल, लिज वा बन्धकीमा दिएको भए त्यस्तो व्यवहार स्वतः बदर हुनेछ । (४) उपदफा (१) बमोजिम बहाल, लिज वा बन्धकीमा लिएको सम्पत्ति बहाल, लिज वा बन्धकी लिने व्यक्तिले फलोपभोगीले सरह प्रयोग गर्न सक्नेछ । ३५९. फलोपभोग अन्तर्गतको सम्पत्ति मर्मत सम्भार तथा ह ेरविचार गर्नु पर्ने : (१) फलोपभोगीले फलोपभोग अन्तर्गत प्राप्त गरेको सम्पत्ति आफ्नै सम्पत्ति सरह मानी उचित र मनासिब तवरले मर्मत सम्भार तथा हेरविचार गर्नु पर्नेछ । (२) कुनै व्यक्तिले फलोपभोग अन्तर्गतको सम्पत्ति बहाल, लिज वा बन्धकीमा लिएकोमा निजले त्यस्तो सम्पत्तिको उचित र मनासिब तवरले हेरविचार गर्नु पर्नेछ । (३) फलोपभोगीले फलोपभोग अन्तर्गत प्राप्त गरेको सम्पत्तिको मर्मत सम्भार आफ्नै खर्चमा गर्नु पर्नेछ । तर विपद्को कारण सारभूत रकम (सब्स्ट्यान्सियल एमाउन्ट) खर्च गरी त्यस्तो सम्पत्ति मर्मत र सम्भार गर्नु परेमा स्वामित्ववालाको पूर्व स्वीकृति लिनु पर्नेछ र त्यसरी भएको मर्मत सम्भारको खर्च स्वामित्ववालाले व्यहोर्नु पर्नेछ । ३६०. फलोपभोग अन्तर्गत प्राप्त सम्पत्तिको हानि, नोक्सानी गर्न नहुने : (१) फलोपभोगीले फलोपभोग अन्तर्गत प्राप्त गरेको सम्पत्तिको हानि, नोक्सानी गर्न वा गराउनु हुँदैन । (२) फलोपभोगी वा दफा ३५८ बमोजिम बहाल, लिज वा बन्धकीमा लिने व्यक्तिले त्यस्तो सम्पत्ति प्रयोग गर्दा कुनै किसिमबाट हानि, नोक्सानी भएमा फलोपभोगी जिम्मेवार हुनेछ । तर विपद् परी त्यस्तो सम्पत्ति हानि, नोक्सानी भएकोमा फलोपभोगी जिम्मेवार हुने छैन । (३) उपदफा (२) बमोजिम सम्पत्ति प्रयोग गर्दा हुन सक्ने हानि, नोक्सानीका विरुद्ध फलोपभोगीले फलोपभोग अन्तर्गत प्राप्त गरेको सम्पत्तिको संरक्षणको लागि बीमा वा अन्य आवश्यक सुरक
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

्षात्मक उपाय अपनाउन सक्नेछ । ३६१. कर वा शुल्क फलोपभोगीले व्यहोर्नु पर्ने : फलोपभोग अन्तर्गत प्राप्त गरेको सम्पत्तिको कानून बमोजिम लाग्ने कर, मालपोत वा दस्तुर फलोपभोगीले व्यहोर्नु पर्नेछ । तर फलोपभोग अन्तर्गत प्राप्त गरेको सम्पत्ति वापत भुक्तान गर्नु पर्ने सम्पत्ति कर स्वामित्ववालाले व्यहोर्नु पर्नेछ । ३६२. कसैले दाबी वा खिचोला गरेमा स्वामित्ववालालाई जानकारी दिनु पर्ने : (१) फलोपभोग अन्तर्गतको सम्पत्ति उपर कसैले अतिक्रमण, दाबी वा खिचोला गरेमा फलोपभोगीले त्यसको पन्ध्र दिनभित्र सो कुराको जानकारी स्वामित्ववालालाई गराउनु पर्नेछ । (२) उपदफा (१) बमोजिम जानकारी नगराउने फलोपभोगी त्यसबाट उत्पन्न हुन सक्ने परिणामप्रति जवाफदेही हुनेछ । ३६३. फलोपभोगको व्यवस्था बहाल रहने अवधि : (१) फलोपभोगको व्यवस्था करारमा उल्लेख भएको अवधिसम्मको ल

(क) If any property belonging to another person's right and ownership is given as a donation or bequest,

(ख) If any property is given as a donation or bequest without obtaining the consent of the person whose consent is required by law,

(ग) If an incompetent or semi-competent person gives any property as a donation or bequest,

(घ) If a property is given as a donation or bequest without following the procedure prescribed by law.

(2) In a case where the consent of another person is required under clause (ख) of sub-section (1), if a donation or bequest is made without obtaining such consent, the property shall be void to the extent that consent was not obtained. 410. Conditional will may be amended or revoked: (1) A person who has made a conditional will may, if he/she wishes, at any time, by presenting himself/herself before the concerned officer and submitting an application, amend the terms of the conditional will made by him/her or revoke the will.

(2) When amending or revoking a conditional will pursuant to sub-section (1), such person shall appear before the concerned officer and execute a separate deed to amend or revoke such conditional will.

(3) When making a deed to revoke or amend a conditional will pursuant to sub-section (2), the procedure followed at the time of making the conditional will shall be adopted.

(4) No person shall, once a conditional will has been made for any property, make another conditional will in respect of the same property in favor of another person without having the conditional will revoked pursuant to this section.

(5) If a conditional will is made contrary to sub-section (4), the earlier conditional will shall be automatically valid. 411. Not to receive property under a conditional will: If it is determined that the person entitled to receive property under a conditional will has committed a criminal offense against the person making the conditional will before such conditional will becomes effective, he/she shall not be entitled to receive the property under the conditional will. 412.
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

412. Limitation period: If a separate limitation period is prescribed for filing a lawsuit under this Chapter, it shall be as prescribed; otherwise, a person who has acquired a right to the donation or bequest received by him/her may file a lawsuit within two years from the date such right accrued, and in the case of a donation or bequest that ought not to have been made, within two years from the date the recipient's right accrued and possession commenced; and in other cases, a person affected by any act or proceeding under this Chapter may file a lawsuit within one year from the date he/she came to know of such act or proceeding. Chapter-11

Provisions Relating to Transfer and Acquisition of Property

413. Property deemed to be transferred: If any person transfers to another person any property under his/her right and ownership by way of sale, donation, bequest or in any other manner, such property shall be deemed to have been transferred in the name of the person receiving such property. 414. Person who may transfer property: (1) Any person, other than a person incompetent to contract under this Code or prevailing law, may, subject to this Code, transfer his/her property under his/her right and ownership to one or more persons, separately or jointly.

(2) The determination of competence or incompetence under sub-section (1) shall be made on the basis of whether such person was competent or incompetent at the time of transferring the property.

(3) Any person may, under sub-section (1), transfer his/her right and ownership of property in a manner that vests the right immediately or after his/her death.

(4) When transferring property under this section, a deed must be executed following the procedure prescribed by law. Provided, however, that:

(1) No deed need be executed when donating or bequeathing cash up to one hundred thousand rupees or any movable property.

(2) The transfer of movable property by sale or any other manner shall be in accordance with prevailing law. 415. Guardian or trustee may sell property: (1) A guardian or trustee may, subject to this Code, sell and transfer property for the right, interest or protection of the person under his/her guardianship or trusteeship.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), immovable property shall not be sold without the permission of the court, except where otherwise provided in this Code. 416.
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

416. Ownership of person receiving property: (1) If any person transfers his/her property to another person under section 414, from the date of such transfer, the ownership of the transferor in such property shall terminate and ownership shall vest in the name of the person receiving such property.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if any person transfers property in a manner that vests the right after his/her death, ownership shall vest in the name of the person entitled to receive the property only after the death of the transferor.

(3) If two or more persons receive the same property, each person's right in such property shall be in proportion to the share he/she has received.

(4) If it is not specified in the deed what share each person is to receive when receiving property, all persons receiving the property shall be deemed to have received the property equally. 417. Personal property may be transferred: Any person may transfer his/her personal property to any person without the consent of anyone else. 418. Joint property may be sold and transferred: (1) When joint property is to be sold and transferred, it may be transferred with the consent of all the owners of such property.

(2) Even if all the owners do not consent to the transfer of joint property under sub-section (1), any owner may transfer the property of his/her right or share.

(3) When transferring joint property of a right or share of an owner under sub-section (1), if it is technically not possible to separate such portion, and if the other owners wish to take such property, they may take it at a price agreed among themselves.

(4) If more than one owner wishes to take the joint property, the owner who agrees to pay the highest price shall be entitled to take such property.

(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (3), if the other owners do not wish to take the property of an owner's right or share, and if it is technically not possible to separate and transfer such property, the entire share of the joint property shall be sold and the proceeds shall be distributed among the owners based on their right or share in such property.

(6) If any person transfers joint property contrary to sub-section (1), the transfer shall be valid only to the extent of his/her right or share in such property, and the person concerned shall be entitled to take back the property transferred in excess of his/her right or share. 419.
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

419. Not to transfer common property without consent: (1) No person shall transfer common property to anyone without the written consent of the coparceners of the common estate.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if a coparcener of the common estate has signed as a witness to a deed transferring common property, it shall be deemed that his/her consent has been obtained.

(3) If any person transfers common property contrary to sub-section (1), the transfer shall be valid only to the extent of his/her right or share in such property. The concerned coparcener shall be entitled to take back the property transferred in excess of his/her right or share. 420. Common property may be sold for household expenses: Notwithstanding anything contained in section 419, the head of the household may sell common property for household expenses, all movable property and up to half of the immovable property, without obtaining anyone's consent. 421. Not to transfer another's property: (1) No person shall transfer property belonging to another person's right and ownership to any other person.

(2) If any person transfers property contrary to sub-section (1), such deed or transaction shall be void.

(3) If the true owner of property transferred under sub-section (1) claims it, the person who received such property shall return it to the concerned owner.

(4) If anyone finds lost or stolen property of another, the owner of such property may claim it within three years from the date such property was lost or stolen, along with proof of ownership.

(5) If any person comes to claim such property under sub-section (4), the person who found such property shall return it to the owner after receiving any amount spent by him/her for the preservation or maintenance of such property.

(6) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (4), if any person has acquired stolen or lost property by purchase at a public market or by auction or bid conducted publicly by any person or entity, the owner of such property shall not be obliged to return it to the true owner until the amount paid by him/her as fee or price for acquiring such property is reimbursed. 422. Not to transfer property twice: (1) No person shall transfer property already transferred to one person, a second time to another person.

(2) If any person transfers property contrary to sub-section (1), in the case of transfer of immovable property, the deed first registered shall have legal validity, and in the case of transfer of movable property, the transfer to the person who first receives the property shall be valid. 423.
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

423. Guardian or trustee may not give donation or bequest: A guardian or trustee shall not give a donation or bequest of the property of the person under his/her guardianship or trusteeship to any person. 424. Right to receive amount or compensation if unable to enjoy property: (1) If any person sells and transfers property under this Chapter, and such transfer becomes null and void for any reason, and the buyer is unable to enjoy the property in whole or in part, the buyer shall be entitled to recover from the person who transferred the property, as a civil debt, the amount paid by him/her for the property not enjoyed, interest on such amount at the rate of ten percent per annum, and any registration fee or other amount paid at the time of transfer.

(2) If any person has built any structure on the property purchased under this Chapter, and if such purchase becomes null and void for any reason and he/she cannot enjoy the property, he/she may demolish and remove the structure built by him/her within six months.

(3) If any person suffers loss due to the transfer of property contrary to sections 419, 421 and 422, or due to not demolishing a structure under sub-section (2), he/she may, in addition to the amount under sub-section (1), also recover from the person who transferred the property, compensation for the actual loss or damage suffered.

(4) If a person entitled to receive a donation or bequest under this Chapter suffers loss because he/she cannot use such property due to any act done under this Chapter, he/she may, subject to other sections of this Chapter, recover reasonable compensation from the person making the donation or bequest. Provided, however, that no compensation shall be recoverable if a conditional will is void.

(5) Notwithstanding anything elsewhere in this section, the person receiving property shall not be entitled to recover the amount under sub-sections (1), (3) and (4) in the following circumstances: -

(a) If he/she knowingly took property belonging to another person or stolen property,

(b) If he/she knowingly took property already transferred to another person. 425. Attorney may transfer property right: (1) If any person, citing a reason for being unable to appear in person at the concerned office for the sale and transfer of his/her immovable property, appoints a person eligible to be an attorney by law as an authorized attorney, such authorized attorney may, on his/her behalf, sell and transfer his/her property to any person.

(2) Any person may sell his/her movable property through an attorney or representative. 426.
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

426. Procedure to be followed by an organized institution when acquiring or giving property: (1) When an organized institution established under the law transfers immovable property in its name, if the management committee of such organized institution makes a decision and authorizes any member of the management committee or an employee of such institution to transfer the property, such person may transfer the property on behalf of the organized institution.

(2) When purchasing or otherwise acquiring immovable property in the name of an organized institution, if the procedure under sub-section (1) is completed, the property may be purchased or acquired in the name of such institution. 427. Another person may purchase or acquire property: Except in the case mentioned in section 426, if the person purchasing or acquiring property under this Chapter is unable to appear in the concerned office for a specific reason, and sends a person eligible to be an attorney under the law, with a power of attorney executed following legal procedure and a copy of his/her citizenship certificate, for the purpose of purchasing or acquiring such property on his/her behalf, such attorney may purchase or acquire such property in his/her name. 428. Property may be purchased or acquired in the name of an incompetent or semi-competent person: The guardian or trustee may acquire any property by donation, bequest, purchase or any other manner for an incompetent or semi-competent person under his/her guardianship, as amended by the Act Amending Some Nepal Acts Relating to the Civil Code, 2075. trusteeship, or for a child in the womb of the guardian or a member of his/her common family. 429.
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

429. Transfer of property transferred with effect after death: (1) If any person has transferred his/her property to any person with effect after his/her death, and the person making the transfer dies, the person entitled to receive the property shall, within six months from the date of such death, submit an application to the concerned office for the transfer of such property in his/her name, along with the death registration certificate and other evidence.

(2) If any application is filed under sub-section (1), the concerned office shall, after examining the deed in its possession, conduct necessary inquiry into whether the person who made the deed has died or not, and whether such deed has been voided or not.

(3) If, upon inquiry under sub-section (2), it appears that the person who transferred the property has died and has not caused the deed to be voided, the concerned office shall, within fifteen days from the date of application, transfer such property in the name of the applicant.

(4) If any person submits an application to the office for transfer without observing the period under sub-section (1), the office shall transfer such property in his/her name according to such deed, upon levying a fee at the rate of five hundred rupees for each year of delay. 430. No claim for deterioration, destruction or depreciation: After any person has purchased and taken possession of any property from another, he/she shall not be entitled to claim that such property has deteriorated, been destroyed or depreciated. Provided, however, that if the property was given by fraud or differing from the contents mentioned in the deed, he/she may claim compensation therefor. 431. Property may be exchanged: (1) Any person may exchange the property in his/her name with the property of another person, with or without adding any amount.

(2) When exchanging property under this Code, a deed must be executed in accordance with law. 432. Immovable property not to be transferred to a foreigner: (1) No person shall transfer immovable property to any foreigner without the prior approval of the Government of Nepal. Added by the Act Amending Some Nepal Acts Relating to the Civil Code, 2075. Provided, however, that in the case of a person who has obtained Non-Resident Nepali citizenship, it shall be as per the prevailing law.

(2) If any person transfers any immovable property to a foreigner contrary to sub-section (1), the deed relating thereto shall be automatically void, and such property shall vest in the Government of Nepal.

(3) Any amount paid by the creditor for acquiring immovable property under sub-section (1) shall be treated as a civil debt. 433.
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

433. Property acquired as share or inheritance by a foreigner must be transferred: (1) If any foreigner acquires any immovable property within Nepal by way of share or inheritance, such property shall not be registered or recorded in his/her name, nor shall he/she be entitled to enjoy the income from such property, except with the approval of the Government of Nepal. Provided, however, that this provision shall not apply to a person who has obtained Non-Resident Nepali citizenship.

(2) If any foreigner acquires any share or inheritance under sub-section (1), such foreigner shall transfer such property in any manner to a Nepali citizen, and for that purpose, the concerned office shall issue a provisional land ownership certificate valid for the purpose of transferring the right.

(3) If, among the property acquired in the name of a foreigner under sub-section (1), in the case of a share, at any time, and in the case of inheritance, within three years from the date of such acquisition, the property is not transferred to a Nepali citizen under sub-section (2), after the expiry of such period, the Government of Nepal shall have right over such property. 434. Limitation period: If a separate limitation period is prescribed for filing a lawsuit under this Chapter, it shall be as prescribed; as amended by the Act Amending Some Nepal Acts Relating to the Civil Code, 2075. in the case of section 432, at any time, and in other cases, a person affected by any act or proceeding under this Chapter may file a lawsuit within six months from the date he/she came to know of such act or proceeding. Chapter-12

Provisions Relating to Mortgage of Immovable Property

435.
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

Chapter-12

Provisions Relating to Mortgage of Immovable Property

435. Deemed to be given as mortgage: (1) If any person, for a loan taken from a creditor, gives possession of his/her right, ownership or possessory immovable property, or any part thereof, to the creditor for enjoyment from the date of the deed or after a specified period, such property shall be deemed to have been given as a mortgage.

(2) If, under sub-section (1), the property given as mortgage is to be enjoyed by the creditor immediately at the time of giving the loan or after a certain period, it shall be deemed to be a possessory mortgage; and if enjoyment is to be given in case the debtor fails to repay the loan within the stipulated period fixed for repayment, it shall be deemed to be a fixed-term mortgage.

(3) The property to be given as mortgage must be of a nature that the person taking the mortgage can use and enjoy.

(4) Property not under one's right, ownership or possessory right, or property to be acquired in the future, shall not be given as mortgage. 436. Deed must be executed: (1) When giving any property as mortgage under this Chapter, a deed must be executed in accordance with law.

(2) The person executing the mortgage deed must be competent under law. 437. Mortgaged property must be used and enjoyed: (1) The creditor shall use and enjoy property taken as a possessory mortgage from the date of the deed or, if a separate date is fixed in the deed, from such fixed date; and property taken as a fixed-term mortgage shall be used and enjoyed within two years from the date the period for repayment by the debtor expires.

(2) If the creditor is unable to use and enjoy such property within the period under sub-section (1) for any reason, or if the debtor prevents enjoyment in any manner, the creditor may file a lawsuit in accordance with law to obtain possession for use and enjoyment.

(3) If the creditor fails to use and enjoy under sub-section (1) or fails to file a lawsuit for possession under sub-section (2), such mortgage shall become automatically inactive.

(4) If the mortgage deed becomes inactive under sub-section (3), the deed relating thereto shall be treated as a civil debt. 438. Possessory right over mortgaged property deemed transferred: If any person has given property as mortgage, from the date the creditor uses and enjoys such property, the possessory right shall be deemed to have been transferred to him/her. 439.
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

438. Possessory right over mortgaged property deemed transferred: If any person has given property as mortgage, from the date the creditor uses and enjoys such property, the possessory right shall be deemed to have been transferred to him/her. 439. Right to enjoy as one's own property: (1) The creditor shall be entitled to use and enjoy the property taken as mortgage and the proceeds, benefits and facilities arising from such property as if it were his/her own property.

(2) If the creditor is unable to use and enjoy the mortgaged property due to it being void or due to obstruction by the debtor, the debtor shall pay reasonable compensation to the creditor therefor. 440. Reasonable care of mortgaged property must be taken: (1) After the possessory right over the mortgaged property is established, the creditor shall take reasonable care and preservation of the same as his/her own property.

(2) If any tax or fee is payable by law for using and enjoying the mortgaged property, such tax or fee shall be paid by the creditor. Provided, however, that the land revenue leviable by law shall be paid by the debtor.

(3) If the mortgaged property cannot be used and enjoyed due to obstruction by any person other than the debtor, the creditor may file a lawsuit in accordance with law for its use and enjoyment. 441. Interest, fee or charge not to be taken: (1) Notwithstanding anything elsewhere in this Code, if a creditor gives a loan by taking a possessory mortgage of any property, he/she shall not take any type of interest, fee or charge from the debtor in respect of such loan.

(2) After the creditor's possession over property taken as a fixed-term mortgage is established, the creditor shall not take any type of interest, fee or charge in respect of such loan. 442. Period for using and enjoying possessory mortgage property: (1) Property taken as a possessory mortgage shall not be used and enjoyed for a period exceeding ten years.

(2) If the property given as possessory mortgage is not redeemed within the period under sub-section (1), the deed relating thereto shall be treated as a civil debt. 443.
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

443. Maximum period for fixed-term mortgage: (1) When giving or taking any property as a fixed-term mortgage, the period shall not exceed five years.

(2) Before the expiry of the period under sub-section (1), the creditor shall not take possession of the property kept as fixed-term mortgage from the debtor or initiate proceedings to recover the loan relating thereto.

(3) After the period under sub-section (1), the property enjoyed shall be enjoyed for up to ten years.

(4) If the property given as fixed-term mortgage is not redeemed within the ten-year period of enjoyment under sub-section (3), the deed relating thereto shall be treated as a civil debt. 444. Mortgaged property may be redeemed at any time: (1) In the case of property given as a possessory mortgage, the debtor may, at any time, redeem his/her property by paying the loan taken from the creditor, and in the case of property given as a fixed-term mortgage, by paying the principal amount and any interest due, if applicable.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if the mortgaged property is agricultural land and if the creditor has already sown a crop on such land at the time of redemption, the creditor shall be entitled to use and enjoy such crop, unless otherwise agreed by the creditor and the debtor. 445. Mortgaged property may be sub-mortgaged: (1) Any person who has taken property as mortgage may give such property or any part thereof as a further mortgage to another person for an amount equal to or less than the amount mentioned in the deed relating thereto, and if so given, it shall be deemed to be a sub-mortgage. Provided, however, that a sub-mortgage shall not be given before the possessory right over the mortgaged property is established.

(2) The period for using and enjoying the sub-mortgage given under sub-section (1) shall not exceed the period for using and enjoying under the original mortgage.

(3) If the debtor, who has right and ownership over the property, wishes to redeem the property given as sub-mortgage under sub-section (1), if the amount of the sub-mortgage is equal to the original principal, he/she may redeem directly from the sub-mortgagee; if the amount is less than that, he/she may redeem by paying the amount through the original mortgagee.

(4) Notwithstanding anything elsewhere in this section, any transaction of sub-mortgage made contrary to the terms of the original mortgage shall be automatically void to that extent.

(5) If the creditor fails to enjoy the property given as sub-mortgage under this Chapter, the deed of such sub-mortgage shall be treated as a civil debt. 446.
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

446. Proceeds or benefits of property may be given as sub-mortgage: Notwithstanding anything contained in section 445, any person who has taken property as mortgage may, without giving the property itself as a sub-mortgage, give only the proceeds, benefits or facilities arising from such property, or, if such property is agricultural land, the produce, crops, trees, bamboo, ripe or ripening fruits, vegetables, flowers or any other type of yield, as a sub-mortgage. 447. Another person may give his/her own property as mortgage on behalf of the debtor: (1) Any person may, in respect of a loan taken by another person, give his/her own property under his/her right and ownership as mortgage to the creditor on behalf of the debtor.

(2) The property given as mortgage under sub-section (1) may be used and enjoyed by the creditor under this Chapter in the same manner as property given as mortgage by the debtor.

(3) If another person has given property as mortgage under sub-section (1), the relationship between the debtor and such person shall be as stated in the mortgage deed or a separate contract, and if not so stated, such transaction shall be treated as a civil debt. 448. Mortgaged property indivisible: (1) Even if more than one creditor comes into existence due to partition among the heirs of the creditor, inheritance, or division among partners, the property given as mortgage by the debtor shall remain indivisible, and the debtor shall not be entitled to redeem the mortgaged property or any part thereof until the entire loan taken by the debtor is fully repaid according to the mortgage deed.

(2) If more than one debtor comes into existence due to partition among the heirs of the debtor, inheritance, or division among partners, the mortgaged property shall not be redeemed until each debtor repays the entire loan of his/her share. 449. Creditor liable for loss or damage to mortgaged property: (1) After the creditor's possessory right over the mortgaged property is established, if such property suffers any loss or damage, the creditor shall be liable therefor.

(2) If the mortgaged property suffers loss or damage under sub-section (1), the creditor shall repair and restore it to its former condition at his/her own expense.

(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if the mortgaged property suffers loss or damage due to a disaster, the creditor shall not be liable, and any repair for such loss or damage shall be made by the creditor with the written consent of the debtor.

(4) Any expense incurred for repair under sub-section (3) shall be paid by the debtor at the time of redemption, including such amount in the creditor's principal. 450.
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

450. Not to harass regarding mortgaged property: After the possessory right over the mortgaged property is established, the creditor shall not harass the debtor contrary to the deed by claiming that such property is unsuitable or excessive or deficient. Provided, however, that if the property to be enjoyed cannot be enjoyed in any manner or if such property is determined to be void in any manner, there shall be no bar to claiming payment of the amount according to the mortgage deed. 451. Mortgage not to be given to a foreigner: Without the prior approval of the Government of Nepal, no person shall give immovable property as mortgage to a foreign person other than a person who has obtained Non-Resident Nepali citizenship. 452. Property not to be mortgaged or transferred twice: (1) Property once given as mortgage shall not be mortgaged or transferred a second time to another person.

(2) If any person gives a double mortgage contrary to sub-section (1), the deed registered on the earlier date shall be valid, and the later deed shall be automatically void.

(3) If a deed is voided under sub-section (2), the amount of the creditor who knowingly took the double deed shall be forfeited, and if taken without knowledge, it shall be treated as a civil debt.

(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if there are double deeds, and the first deed creates a mortgage and the later deed effects a transfer of right, the person entitled to the transfer of right may pay the amount under the first mortgage deed and establish his/her right according to the deed.

(5) If the person giving the double deed under this section is found to have a specified amount of loss, he/she shall be fined up to that amount; if the loss is not specified, according to the earlier deed; and if that loss is not specified either, up to twenty-five thousand rupees. Provided, however, that the fine shall not exceed one hundred thousand rupees regardless of the amount of loss.

(6) Notwithstanding anything elsewhere in this section, if there is a double mortgage deed and the first deed is a possessory mortgage, possession must be established within two years from the date of such deed; and if it is a fixed-term mortgage, within two years from the date the right to possession arises.

(7) If possession cannot be established under sub-section (6), the creditor's amount shall be treated as a civil debt. 453.
Muluki Civil Code, 2017

453. Limitation period: If a separate limitation period is prescribed for filing a lawsuit under this Chapter, it shall be as prescribed; and in other cases, a person affected by any act or proceeding under this Chapter may file a lawsuit within one year from the date of such act or proceeding. Chapter-13

Provisions Relating to Right of Pre-emption of Immovable Property

454. Deemed to be pre-empted: If any person transfers by any manner his/her right over any immovable property under his/her right, possession and ownership to another person, where the person whose property is adjacent or contiguous to such property, on receiving notice under this Chapter, buys it, it shall be deemed to be pre-empted. Explanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, "adjacent or contiguous" shall also mean a situation where, due to the transfer of right over a person's house or land, the adjacent or adjoining house or land of another person has no direct boundary, resulting in the closure of irrigation canals, passage, etc. 455. Right-holder may pre-empt: (1) If any person sells his/her immovable property, the right-holder whose property is adjacent or contiguous to such property may pre-empt such property by paying to the buyer the amount paid by the buyer and the fee incurred at the time of registering the deed.

(2) If there is more than one right-holder who wishes to pre-empt under sub-section (1), the nearest right-holder shall have the right; if there is more than one such right-holder, the right-holder whose property is most adjacent or contiguous shall have the right; and if there is more than one such right-holder as well, all such right-holders shall pre-empt in equal proportion.

(3) If the nearest right-holder does not pre-empt such property under sub-section (2), the next nearest right-holder, based on priority, may pre-empt such property. 456. Tenant may pre-empt: If there is no right-holder whose property is adjacent or contiguous under section 455, or if there is but he/she does not pre-empt, and if there is a tenant on such property under law, such tenant may pre-empt such property. 457.