chengyewang/TexOCR-eval huggingface dataset:
\section{14—Sale of unsafe food}

(1) A person must not sell food that the person knows is unsafe.

Maximum penalty:

(a) If the offender is a body corporate—\$500\ 000.

(b) If the offender is a natural person—\$100\ 000 or imprisonment for four years.

(2) A person must not sell food that the person ought reasonably to know is unsafe.

Maximum penalty:

(a) If the offender is a body corporate—\$375\ 000.

(b) If the offender is a natural person—\$75\ 000.

\section{15—False description of food}

(1) A person must not cause food intended for sale to be falsely described if the person knows that a consumer of the food who relies on the description will, or is likely to, suffer physical harm.

Maximum penalty:

(a) If the offender is a body corporate—\$500\ 000.

(b) If the offender is a natural person—\$100\ 000 or imprisonment for four years.

(2) A person must not cause food intended for sale to be falsely described if the person ought reasonably to know that a consumer of the food who relies on the description is likely to suffer physical harm.

Maximum penalty:

(a) If the offender is a body corporate—\$375\ 000.

(b) If the offender is a natural person—\$75\ 000.

(3) A person must not sell food that the person knows—

(a) is falsely described; and

(b) will cause, or is likely to cause, physical harm to a consumer of the food who relies on the description.

Maximum penalty:

(a) If the offender is a body corporate—\$500\ 000.

(b) If the offender is a natural person—\$100\ 000 or imprisonment for four years.

(4) A person must not sell food that the person ought reasonably to know—

(a) is falsely described; and

(b) is likely to cause physical harm to a consumer of the food who relies on the description.

Maximum penalty:

(a) If the offender is a body corporate—\$375\ 000.

(b) If the offender is a natural person—\$75\ 000.

\textbf{Note—}

Examples of food that is falsely described are contained in section 22.
وإذا اتخذنا، الآن، الرجل والمرأة مركزين لهذين الحقلين الدلاليين، أمكن إضافة الملاحظات السريعة الآتية:

1- يبدو الرجل، في المقابلة (أ)، أكثر قدرة من المرأة على الاتصال بالله (الذَّكَر) ويكون (المطر) ويباشر (التذكرة)، وإن في العلاقة مطر/أرض ما يوحي بصورة المرأة التي لا قدرة لها على الإنجاب دون الرجل، وبصورة المرأة المتلقية، في وضع سلبي.

2- تبلغ سلبية المرأة ذروتها في المقابلة (ب)، إذ لا حراك لها، في حين تعبّر حركة الرجل عن نفسها بخصال أخلاقية (ذَكَر = شجاع) وتتوجه نحو الفعل. أما المرأة التي يقال فيها ما يقال في «الموات مثل الحجر»... فيبدو أن سكونها غير غريب عن الأساطير العربية: في الذهاب من مكة إلى عرفات يمر الحاج بأحجار تسمى «النسوة»، وأصل حكايتها أنه زنت امرأة في الجاهلية وحملت، وعندما جاءها المخاض أتت إلى ذلك المكان ووضعت حملها بحضور امرأتين، وقفت إحداهما أمامها والثانية خلفها. ويقال إن الثلاث مسخن أحجاراً (رواه الأزرقي). وحسب أسطورة أخرى، رواها ابن المجاور، فإن امرأتين تحجرتا في النقب، جنوب الجزيرة العربية، وإن العضو الجنسي لكل منهما ما يزال يُرى في الصخرة. ويضيف ابن المجاور أنهما ما تزالان تبيضان بانتظام، حتى الآن \cite{Fahd_1966}.

3- تصبح قوة الرجل، في المقابلة (ج)، قوة قاطعة كالسيف من فولاذ، في حين تخون المرأة «طبيعتها»، فيبقى ليناً، حتى ولو كان حديداً.

4- يصل الأمر، في المقابلة (د)، إلى حد التمايز بين الرجل الذي يؤكد ذكورته بجنسه ذاته، (الذَّكر هو الرجل، وهو عضوه الجنسي)، والمرأة التي لا يُشتق من أنوثتها ما يدل على جنسها، مما قد يُذكر بـ«النقص» الذي ذهب إليه فرويد.

اعتماداً على هذا المثال الدلالي، يمكن أن نتوقع، منذ الآن، إلى أي حد كان هذا الشعر الذي نسعى إلى دراسته «عملاً في اللسان». إنه لسان لا ندري كيف أمكن أن يستبطن، في دلالاته الباطنية، ترسيمة علاقات لم ينفك الشعراء عن فك رموزها، وتبعاً لذلك عن تعيينها أنثروبولوجياً، كل بما له من حدس وفهم. لن يكون من المبالغة اعتبار أن النقد العربي الكلاسيكي، وهو أساساً ذو منحى بلاغي، كان له اهتمام حقيقي بالمواجهة بين العمل الشعري وهذه الدلالة المستبطنة في اللسان، إن ما ضاق به المحدثون، مما بدا لهم تشابهاً بين الأغراض الشعرية، لم يكن، في العمق، إلا ضرباً من الوفاء العربي لسلطة لسان يُرى، إلى حد أن الدخول فيه لا يؤدي إلى صيغ من التعبير فحسب، وإنما يكشف عن سلوك معين.

بهذا المعنى، يمكن النظر إلى تطور أغراض الشعر العربي ـ وهو بالضرورة موازٍ لتطور الأسلوب ـ على أنه تجديد للعمل داخل اللسان العربي. نعم، ولكن من دون الإفراط في تقدير أثر هذا التطور. ذلك أن الترسيمة التي يقترحها اللسان بقيت، رغم التحولات الاجتماعية التاريخية الكبيرة، ترسيمة مرجعية، خصوصاً في مستوى العلاقة بين الرجل والمرأة. لهذا، عندما حاولت أيديولوجيا الإسلام تطويعها لمقتضياتها، وجدت نفسها تواجه مقاومة دلالية تسميها اليوم علاقة شكل/مضمون، ولكنها كانت، عند العرب، علاقة شكل/
\section{Miksi OSUUSKUNTA-malli Kunta, Yrittäjät ja Järjestöt}

Osuuskuntamallissa lähestymistapa poikkeaa muista lähestymistavoista:

\begin{enumerate}
\item Lähtökohtana on asiakas (bottom-up), ei rakenne tai siilomainen (raha)ohjaus

\item Integraattorina yhdistämme ohjauksessa julkisen toimijan, yksityiset ja järjestöjen palvelut asiakkaan lähipiirin tukeen

\item Pienet ovat yhdessä suuri (suuruuden ekonomia, puuttuvat palvelut, kehitys, osaamisen jakaminen, varamiestoiminta jne.) -- paikallisuus ja yrittäjyys yhdistyvät valtakunnalliseen toimintamalliin

\item Alueellista elinvoimaa tukeva malli, auttaa palvelujen saatavuuden lisäksi mm. työllisyyttä ja työllistettävyyttä; rahakin pysyy alueella

\item Hybridimalli yhdistää ``franchising-tyyppisen'' paketoinnin ja alueellisen, demokraattisen ja itse ohjautuvan osuuskuntatoiminnan hyvät puolet

\item Alustatalous kasvattaa ekosysteemiä
\end{enumerate}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_1.pdf}
\label{figure_1}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_2_2.pdf}
\caption{`Zulu wooden vessels from the Museum of the Berlin Mission', from Ratzel 1897 (vol. 2), p. 413.}
\label{figure_2_2}
\end{figure}

The introduction by Tylor to Ratzel’s very richly illustrated volume—containing some 1,160 illustrations—captured the confidence of this late nineteenth-century conception of the study of artefacts (Figure~\ref{figure_2_2}). Describing the richness of these illustrations, Tylor argued that they

are no mere book-decorations, but a most important part of the apparatus for realising civilisation in its successive stages. They offer, in a way which no verbal description can attain to, an introduction and guide to the use of museum collections on which the Science of Man comes more and more to depend in working out the theory of human development. Works which combine the material presentation of culture with the best descriptions by observant travellers, promote the most great object of displaying mankind as related together in Nature through its very variation.

\cite{Tylor_1896}

Tylor contrasted biological and linguistic approaches to `the classification of peoples' with the `fuller though less technical treatment of the culture-side of human life': `the material arts of war, subsistence, pleasure, the stages of knowledge, morals, religion, may be so brought to view that a compendium of them, as found among the ruder peoples, may serve not only as a lesson-book for the learner, but'
\title{The decline of great Arctic charr in Lake V\"attern \\ empirical and theoretical analyses of suggested causes}
\author{Malin Setzer}
\section{Wie sollten Hilfeleistende, Eltern und Betroffene mit dem Abh\"angigkeitsrisiko umgehen?}

\subsection{Medien}

\subsection{Einfl\"usse durch Gleichaltrige}

\subsection{Soziokulturelle Faktoren}

\subsection{Abstinenzorientiertes Vorgehen}

\subsection{Selektive Pr\"avention}

\subsection{Indikative Pr\"avention}

\section{Literatur}

\section{Anhang}

Erhebungsbogen f\"ur Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene aus alkoholbelasteten Familien

\section{Sachregister}
postulación a que se refiere la letra (a), del inciso segundo del artículo 8° se regirá por los siguientes plazos:

\begin{enumerate}
\item El plazo dispuesto en el inciso segundo del artículo 12 será de 10 días hábiles siguientes al cierre del proceso de postulación de asignación de cupos.
\item El plazo dispuesto en el inciso tercero del artículo 12 será de 5 días hábiles siguientes al cierre del proceso de postulación de asignación de cupos.
\item El plazo para dictar la resolución de que trata el inciso primero del artículo 14 será de 10 días hábiles, contados desde el término del plazo señalado en el N° 1 del presente artículo.
\end{enumerate}

Anótese, tómese razón y publíquese.- MICHELLE BACHELET JERIA, Presidenta de la República.- Carmen Castillo Taucher, Ministra de Salud.- Rodrigo Valdés Pulido, Ministro de Hacienda.

Transcribo para su conocimiento decreto Af. N° 15, de 03-07-2017.- Saluda atentamente a Ud., Jaime Burrows Oyarzún, Subsecretario de Salud Pública.

CONTRALORÍA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA \\
División Jurídica

Cursa con alcance decreto N° 15, de 2017, del Ministerio de Salud

N° 33.601.- Santiago, 14 de septiembre de 2017.

Esta Contraloría General ha dado curso al decreto del epígrafe, que aprueba el "Reglamento para el otorgamiento de la bonificación por retiro voluntario establecida en la ley N° 20.986", por cuanto se ajusta a derecho.

No obstante, cumple con hacer presente que la exclusión del señalado beneficio a quienes desempeñan en los establecimientos experimentales de salud cargos del primer y segundo nivel del Sistema de Alta Dirección Pública, que se consigna en el numeral 2. del artículo 2° del documento en análisis, no se contiene en el artículo 1° de la ley N° 20.986, sin perjuicio de que tales servidores no tienen derecho a la referida bonificación por no ser remunerados conforme a la escala de sueldos que en esta última norma se precisa.

Con el alcance que antecede se ha tomado razón del acto administrativo singularizado en la suma.

Saluda atentamente a Ud., Jorge Bermúdez Soto, Contralor General de la República.

A la señora \\
Ministra de Salud \\
Presente.
cells at different stages of differentiation stained are shown in (C). Cell images were obtained with 40X objectives as describe in the legends of Fig.~\ref{fig:figure_3}. (D) Percentages of cells at the basophilic erythroblast (Baso), polychromatic erythroblast (Poly) and orthochromatic erythroblast (Ortho) stages as well as benzidine-positive cells were determined by scoring the Giemsa-benzidine stained cells.

\begin{figure}
\caption{Modulation of Hri signaling by salubrinal in $\beta$-thalassemic erythroid precursors. (A) $eIF2\alpha P$ levels in $Hri^{+/-}Hbb^{-/-}$ reticulocytes. Cells were treated for 6 hours with concentrations of salubrinal indicated. (B) Globin protein synthesis in $Hri^{+/-}Hbb^{-/-}$ reticulocytes. After treatment with 100 $\mu$M salubrinal for 2 hours, globin protein synthesis at times indicated was measured in the supernatant and pellet fractions. Vertical lines have been inserted to indicate a repositioned gel lane. The middle lane between Control and Sal in the bottom rows (pellet), which was the salubrinal treated sample at time zero prior to $^{35}$S-Met/Cys labeling, was removed. (C) $eIF2\alpha P$ and Chop in $Hri^{+/-}Hbb^{-/-}$ FL erythroid precursors. Cells were treated for 12 hours with salubrinal at concentrations indicated. Numbers in (A) and (C) denote the ratio of $eIF2\alpha P/eIF2\alpha$ or $Chop/eIF2\alpha$. Numbers in B denote the ratio of $^{35}$S-globin/total globin. (D) $eIF2\alpha P$ levels and protein synthesis in Ter119$^{+}$ cells from $Hri^{+/-}Hbb^{-/-}$ spleen. Cells were treated for 3.5 hours with salubrinal as indicated, and labeled with $^{35}$S-Met/Cys for the last 3 hours. Total protein syntheses in the cell lysates are shown in the middle panel. Newly synthesized $^{35}$S-Atf4 immunoprecipitated with antibody (Abnova) is shown in bottom panel. Numbers indicate ratio of $eIF2\alpha P/eIF2\alpha$ or globin and Atf4 syntheses relative to 0 $\mu$M controls.}
\label{figure_6}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\caption{A schematic illustration of Hri-$eIF2\alpha P$-Atf4 signaling pathway in mitigating stress and during erythropoiesis. (A) Inhibition of general protein synthesis and enhancement of Atf4 translation by $eIF2\alpha$. Upon various stress conditions, $eIF2\alpha$ kinases are activated and phosphorylate $eIF2\alpha$. The first order of action by $eIF2\alpha$ is to inhibit protein synthesis to prevent proteotoxicity resulted from accumulation of excessive unfolded proteins. In the erythroid precursors, Hri is necessary to inhibit globin synthesis in heme deficiency to prevent accumulation of denatured heme-free globins. The second action by $eIF2\alpha$ is to selectively enhance the translation of some mRNAs with open reading}
\label{figure_7}
\end{figure}
Due to scheduled summer vacation weeks, which are extenuating our already significant shortage of human resources, the Glen Central Laboratory is temporarily modifying its testing schedule which includes that of Lymphocyte Stimulation Tests. The test will now be performed once a month with a maximum of 5 patients per week until the regular schedule will resume during the week of Sept 11, 2022.

The modified testing schedule is as follows:

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
\hline
Modified Schedule & Reception of Specimen \\
\hline
Week of July 17, 2022 & Specimen must be received IN LAB no later than 12h00 on Tuesday, July 19th \\
\hline
Week of August 7, 2022 & Specimen must be received IN LAB no later than 12h00 on Tuesday, August 9th \\
\hline
Week of September 4, 2022 & Specimen must be received IN LAB no later than 12h00 on Tuesday, September 6th \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table_1}
\end{table}

Patients must be pre-booked for testing by contacting Client Services for Clinical Laboratories at 514-934-1934 ext 35687. Patients that are not pre-booked will not be accepted and will not have their specimen analyzed.

Should you have any questions, you can refer them to Dr. Brian Gilfix, Biochemist, or to Client Services for Clinical Laboratories at 514-934-1934.

We thank you for your understanding and cooperation.
\section{Expectativas de Inflação}

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_1.pdf}
\caption{Expectativas de inflação (%). Linha de meta em 4,5\%. Projeções destacadas: 2008 (5,24\%) e 2009 (4,5\%). Fonte: Bacen.}
\label{figure_1}
\end{figure}
\section{Infeasibility Criteria: Infiltration Setbacks}

\begin{table}
\label{table_1}
\begin{tabular}{ll}
Feature & Setback \\
Native Growth Protection Easements & $\geq$ 20 feet \\
Top of slopes $>$20\% and over 10 feet of relief & $\geq$ 50 feet \\
Underground storage tanks & 10--100 feet \\
Wellheads, basements, foundations, utilities, slopes, contaminated areas, and property lines & Consult local jurisdiction guidelines \\
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

Setbacks (source: SWMMWW Infeasibility Criteria)

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics{figure_1.pdf}
\label{figure_1}
\end{figure}

\section{Siting Considerations}

Understand fate of infiltrated water

\begin{itemize}
\item Intent is to infiltrate to native underlying soil
\item Arterial ROW with dense underground infrastructure (preferential pathway $\rightarrow$ utility trenches)
\item Potential for excessive shallow interflow emerging at slopes, development cuts, or in basements
\end{itemize}

Use engineering controls

\begin{itemize}
\item Ex. trench water stops to prevent re-infiltration to pipes
\item Ex. liners to protect adjacent infrastructure
\end{itemize}

\section{Siting Considerations}

\begin{itemize}
\item Native soil and vegetation preservation
\item Site Slopes
\begin{itemize}
\item Cross \& Longitudinal Slopes
\item Positive Drainage from drainage area to BR to overflow
\end{itemize}
\item Setbacks (e.g., utilities \& other infrastructure, wetland and streams)
\item Public acceptance/participation (retrofits)
\item Transportation/pedestrian safety
\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics{figure_2.pdf}
\label{figure_2}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_2.pdf}
\caption{Axial T1-weighted and sagittal T2-weighted images demonstrating a soft-tissue mass within the posterior femoral compartment; the close relation of the mass to the sciatic nerve is seen (arrows). Normal sciatic nerve is seen in the posterior area of right thigh (arrow head).}
\label{figure_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_3.pdf}
\caption{Axial T1-weighted image reveals hypertrophy of the left piriformis muscle and enlarged muscle pressing on the sciatic nerve (arrow).}
\label{figure_3}
\end{figure}
as reform of welfare benefits, such amounts are often regarded as significant. We do not impose an upper age limit on equity release, and where life expectancy is only a few years, the calculated annuity payment will be very high.

To consider the impact on the incomes of all older people, we present the average effects on those aged 65 or over; because of the assumed age limits, there will, by definition, be no effect on the incomes of those aged under 70 except where they are married to someone considerably older than themselves. We therefore also present results for those aged 70 or over. In addition, we show the effect of equity release on those aged at least 75, since in general it is among this oldest age-group that incomes are lowest (see, for example, Department of Social Security \cite{Department_of_Social_Security_1997}).

Table \ref{tab:table_4} presents estimates of the proportion of older people who would gain from equity release and median annual gains for those who would gain more than \pounds130 a year. Taking those aged 65 or over as a whole, we estimate that a fifth (21 per cent) could gain from equity release; among those aged 75 or over, the proportion reaches over two-fifths (42 per cent). Restricting attention to homeowners increases the proportion who gain. Thus 36 per cent of homeowners aged 65 or over, and as many as 81 per cent of those aged 75 or more, are estimated to gain from equity release. Among homeowners, women are more likely to gain than men, despite their longer life expectancies at any age. Partly this is because, within each age-group, women are older on average than men in

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Gains from Equity Release among People Aged 65+, by Income Level}
\label{tab:table_4}
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
\hline
 & Lowest & 2nd & 3rd & 4th & Highest & Total \\
\hline
Percentage of all aged 65+ who gain & 8 & 19 & 22 & 26 & 32 & 21 \\
Sample size & 369 & 1,964 & 1,046 & 676 & 642 & 4,697 \\
Percentage of all homeowners aged 65+ who gain & 39 & 47 & 33 & 30 & 33 & 36 \\
Sample size & 79 & 782 & 711 & 578 & 607 & 2,757 \\
Percentage of all homeowners aged 70+ who gain & $\sim$ & 63 & 52 & 50 & 58 & 56 \\
Sample size & 54 & 581 & 446 & 346 & 350 & 1,777 \\
Median gain for all aged 65+ who gain (p.a.) & $\sim$ & \pounds910 & \pounds810 & \pounds860 & \pounds1,010 & \pounds900 \\
Sample size & 31 & 366 & 231 & 174 & 203 & 1,005 \\
Percentage of all gainers in each quintile (all aged 65+) & 3 & 36 & 23 & 17 & 20 & 100 \\
Percentage of all aged 65+ in each quintile & 7 & 42 & 22 & 14 & 14 & 100 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\vspace{2mm}
{\footnotesize $\sim$ Sample size too small for reliable estimate.}
\end{table}
\title{Otosclerosis online: an analysis of quality, reliability and readability of otosclerosis information websites}

\author{Stephane Gargula$^{1}$, Ambre La Rosa$^{1}$, Denis Ayache$^{1}$, and Mary Daval$^{1}$ \\
$^{1}$La Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild}

\date{March 21, 2023}

\begin{abstract}
\textit{Introduction:} Several therapeutic options are usually discussed for otosclerosis management. Patients seek medical advice from an ENT specialist but are also increasingly using the internet for medical issues. This study intends to assess readability and quality of websites with information on otosclerosis. 

\textit{Materials \& Methods:} This is a cross-sectional study performed in a tertiary care center. The results of the first 2 pages of a Google search with the keyword ``otosclerosis'' were reviewed by two independent investigators. Readability was assessed with the Flesch--Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES) and Gunning Fog Index. For quality and reliability assessment, the 16-items DISCERN instrument was used. Spearman's coefficient was used for correlations, and multivariate analyses of variance were used to assess differences. Inter-rater agreement was evaluated with concordance correlation coefficient. 

\textit{Results:} 18 websites were included. Two websites (11.0\%) were authored by academic institutions, 5/18 (28\%) by government agencies, 6/18 (33\%) by professional organizations and 5/18 (28\%) were medical information websites. The mean DISCERN score of the 18 websites was 40.2$\pm$8.4/80 (range, 23.5--54), corresponding to ``fair'' quality. The mean FRES score was 43.27 $\pm$ 10.6, and the mean FKGL was 11.43$\pm$2.30, corresponding to ``difficult to read''. The mean Gunning Fog index was 12.90$\pm$2.19 (range 9.81--18.20), corresponding to a ``college freshman'' level. 

\textit{Conclusions:} This study shows that internet information on otosclerosis has an overall low readability, while the quality is heterogeneous and varies from ``poor'' to ``good''. Efforts should be made to improve the readability of otosclerosis websites.
\end{abstract}
respectively (Fig. \ref{fig:figure_2}a,b and Table \ref{tab:table_1}). With CO-stripping, consistent results were obtained. The ECSAco of Pt/CB and Pt/CB_O decreased from 79.8 m$^2$ g$_{Pt}^{-1}$ to 57.1 m$^2$ g$_{Pt}^{-1}$ and from 117.8 m$^2$ g$_{Pt}^{-1}$ to 53.4 m$^2$ g$_{Pt}^{-1}$, retaining 71.5\% and 45.3\% of their initial ECSAs, respectively (Fig. \ref{fig:figure_2}c,d and Table \ref{tab:table_1}). The better durability of the Pt/CB was more clearly evidenced by the kinetic data obtained after the ADTs (Fig. \ref{fig:figure_2}e,f and Table \ref{tab:table_1}). While the half-wave potential of Pt/CB was decreased by 12 mV (from 0.904 V to 0.892 V) after the ADT, Pt/CB_O underwent a more significant decrease of 23 mV (from 0.912 V to 0.889 V). In addition, the Pt/CB preserved 67.4\% of the initial kinetic current density and mass activity after the ADT, which is substantially higher than that of Pt/CB_O (39.4\%). The clear difference in the durability between Pt/CB and Pt/CB_O appears to arise from the different degrees of agglomeration of Pt nanoparticles. TEM images of the two catalysts after the ADTs (Fig. \ref{fig:figure_3}) clearly revealed that the Pt/CB_O underwent more severe agglomeration during the durability tests; the size of Pt nanoparticles in Pt/CB_O (3.5 nm) was larger than that in Pt/CB (2.7 nm).

To identify molecular-level factors responsible for the ADT results, the two catalysts were studied by XPS, in situ XANES, and ICP-MS. The Pt 4f XPS spectra of the two catalysts (Fig. \ref{fig:figure_4}) showed doublet peaks at 71.8 eV and 75.2 eV, which can be deconvoluted into three peaks. The deconvoluted doublet peaks at 71.5 eV and 75.0 eV, 72.8 eV and 76.3 eV, and 74 eV and 77.5 eV can be ascribed to the Pt$^0$, PtO, and PtO$_2$ phases, respectively \cite{52}. We quantified the integrated areas of deconvoluted peaks in Pt 4f XPS spectra, and the results are presented in Table \ref{tab:table_2}. The area corresponding to PtO$_2$ phase in the Pt/CB is 17.5\%, and that in the Pt/CB_O is increased to 21.7\%. On the other hand, the peak area for Pt is reduced from 53.2\% in the Pt/CB to 50.3\% in the Pt/CB_O. The trend becomes more

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
\includegraphics{figure_3_1.pdf}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
\includegraphics{figure_3_2.pdf}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
\includegraphics{figure_3_3.pdf}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
\includegraphics{figure_3_4.pdf}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
\includegraphics{figure_3_5.pdf}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
\includegraphics{figure_3_6.pdf}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{(a, b) TEM images and (c) particle size distribution of Pt/CB after the ADTs; (d, e) TEM images and (f) particle size distribution of Pt/CB_O after the ADTs.}
\label{figure_3}
\end{figure}