Zimbabweans will be required to return home to apply for work or other forms of residence permits in South Africa without a guarantee that these will be granted to them. Yet, over the course of these two temporary residence permits (seven years) individuals will have been in South Africa for a long period of time and will have established themselves there in employment and business. The requirement to apply for South African immigration visas from Zimbabwe was viewed by respondents such as ZSPH1 as tantamount to ``chasing them from South Africa'' and a situation that would require them to find other means to remain in the country when their ZSPs expire.

For Zimbabweans who choose to remain undocumented in South Africa (after their ZSPs have expired in 2017), or return there after they have been deported the change in their immigration status will potentially expose them to the multiple vulnerabilities associated with the complexities of undocumented cross-border migration. At the Beitbridge border undocumented movement is not a single event or individual activity but involves a variety of activities that include crossing the Limpopo River, scaling the border fence; and crossing the official border without travel documents but with the assistance of officials. The movement of undocumented migrants involves a number of key participants such as taxi operators, Government officials and other migrants \cite{Aaria_2009}. Taxi operators transport individuals from different parts of Zimbabwe to selected points in Beitbridge town. Mr. OM 1 notes that when a substantial number (30--40) of potential migrants have arrived they are taken across the border at specific crossing points by guides (izimpisi) who work with taxi operators; are familiar with the area; and who know the crossing points that are relatively safe from the South African Police Service (SAPS) and/or the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) who patrol the border. Once undocumented migrants have crossed the border, the taxi operators collect them at designated points along the motorway between Beitbridge and Musina \cite{Aaria_2009}. Migrants who have knowledge of immigration procedures at the Beitbridge border assist their compatriots to cross into South Africa \cite{Aaria_2009}. Finally, undocumented Zimbabweans may negotiate with officials on both sides of the border in order to enter South Africa without travel documents (ZM 1).

Though the services of omalayitsha and izimpisi leads to successful border crossing for undocumented migrants, the service itself is fraught with potential difficulties. A young man from Bulawayo (ZM3) explained that he had engaged the services of omalayitsha on the understanding that his brother would pay for his border-crossing when they reached Johannesburg. Once in South Africa, his omalayitsha phoned his brother to confirm that he had safely crossed the border. When his brother's phone went to voicemail, they abandoned him in Musina. With no money, no social network or family and kin-group members in Musina he found employment on a construction site, where he continues to work for an employer who accepts his undocumented status.

Undocumented border crossings at the Beitbridge border can involve a dangerous journey as individuals risk being robbed and assaulted by unscrupulous gangs known as omagumaguma. Ndlovu \cite{Ndlovu_2013} suggests that some of the omagumaguma are people who assist undocumented Zimbabweans to cross into South Africa, but at a later stage target those whom they earlier assisted to cross the border. \cite{Aaria_2009} notes that an impisi and gumaguma can be the same person as people smugglers turn against their clients. However, Mdlongwa and Moyo \cite{Mdlongwa_Moyo_2014} suggest that these are rogue elements that operate independently of the izimpisi and omalayitsha. Other studies suggest that omagumaguma are organized gangs or ``bandits who have been attracted to the banks of the Limpopo River to prey upon migrants'' \cite{UNOCHA_2010} or who are also involved in the lucrative smuggling of goods, such as tobacco from Zimbabwe into