de\'evoil\'ees ou Louis XVII. ... (3 vols., Rotterdam, 1846--1848); O. Friedrichs, \textit{Correspondance intime et in\'edite de Louis XVII. (Naundorff)} 1834--1838 (2 vols., 1904); \textit{Plaidoyer de Jules Favre devant la cour d'appel de Paris pour les h\'eritiers de feu Charles-Guillaume Naundorff} (1874); H. Provins, \textit{Le Dernier roi l\'egitime de France} (2 vols., the first of which consists of destructive criticism of Beauchesne and his followers, 1889); A. Lanne, \textit{Louis XVII. et le secret de la R\'evolution}, \textit{Bulletin mensuel} (1893 et seq.) of the Soci\'et\'e des \`etudes sur la question Louis XVII., also \textit{La L\'egitimit\'e} (Bordeaux, Toulouse, 1883--1898). See further the article ``Naundorff'' in M. Tourneux, \textit{Bib. de la ville de Paris pendant la R\'evolution}, vol. iv. (1906).

Williams.--J. H. Hanson, \textit{The Lost Prince: Facts tending to prove the Identity of Louis XVII. of France and the Rev. Eleazer Williams} (London and New York, 1854).

De Richemont.--\textit{M\'emoires du duc de Normandie, fils de Louis XVI., \`ecrits et publi\'es par lui-m\^eme} (Paris, 1831), compiled, according to Qu\'erard, by E. P. Bourg, called Saint Edme; Morin de Gu\'erivi\`ere, \textit{Quelques souvenirs} ... (Paris, 1832); and J. Savigny, \textit{La Restauration convaincue ... ou preuves de l'existence du fils de Louis XVI.} (Paris, 1851).

The widespread interest taken in Louis XVII. is shown by the fact that since 1905 a monthly periodical has appeared in Paris on this subject, entitled \textit{Revue historique de la question Louis XVII.}, also by the promised examination of the subject by the Soci\'et\'e d'Histoire contemporaine. (M. B. R.)

\section{LOUIS XVIII. (Louis le D\'esir\'e) (1755--1824)}

Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, comte de Provence, third son of the dauphin Louis, son of Louis XV., and of Maria Josepha of Saxony, was born at Versailles on the 17th of November 1755. His education was supervised by the devout duc de La Vauguyon, but his own taste was for the writings of Voltaire and the encyclopaedists. On the 14th of May 1771 he took place in marriage with Louise-Marie-Jos\'ephine of Savoy, by whom he had no children. His position at court was uncomfortable, for though ambitious and conscious of possessing greater abilities than his brother (Louis XVI.), his scope for action was restricted; he consequently devoted his energies largely to intrigue, especially against Marie Antoinette, whom he hated. During the long absence of heirs to Louis XVI., ``Monsieur,'' as heir to the throne, courted popularity and took an active part in politics, but the birth of a dauphin (1781) was a blow to his ambitions. He opposed the revival of the \textit{parlements}, wrote a number of political pamphlets\footnote{Two pamphlets at least are ascribed to him: ``Les Mannequins, conte ou histoire, comme l'on voudra'' (against Turgot; anon., Paris, 1776) and ``Description d'un monstre symbolique pris vivant sur les bords du lac Fagua, pr\`es de Santa-F\'e, par ses soins de Francisco Xavier de Neufris'' (against Calonne; Paris, 1784) (A. Debidour in \textit{La Grande Encyclop\'edie}).}, and at the Assembly of Notables presided, like the other princes of the blood, over a bureau, to which was given the name of the \textit{Comit\'e des sages}; he also advocated the double representation of the tiers. At the same time he cultivated literature, entertaining poets and writers both at the Luxembourg and at his ch\^ateau of Brunoy (see Dubois-Corneau, \textit{Le Comte de Provence \`a Brunoy}, 1909), and gaining a reputation for wit by his verses and mots in the salon of the charming and witty comtesse de Balbi, one of Madame's ladies, who had become his mistress\footnote{It has frequently been alleged that his relations with Mme de Balbi, and indeed with women generally, were of a platonic nature. De Reiset (\textit{La Comtesse de Balbi}, pp. 152--161) produces evidence to disprove this assertion.}, and till 1793 exerted considerable influence over him.

He did not emigrate after the taking of the Bastille, but, possibly from motives of ambition, remained in Paris. Mirabeau thought at one time of making him chief minister in his projected constitutional government (see \textit{Cor. de Mirabeau et La Marck}, ed. Bacourt, i. 434, 436, 442), but was disappointed by his caution and timidity. The \textit{affaire Favras} (Dec. 1789) caused great feeling against Monsieur, who was believed by many to have conspired with Favras, only to abandon him (see Lafayette's \textit{Mems. and Corr. of Mirabeau}). In June 1791, at the time of the flight to Varennes, Monsieur also fled by a different route, and, in company with the comte d'Avaray---who subsequently replaced Mme de Balbi as his confidant, and largely influenced his policy during the emigration---succeeded in reaching Brussels, where he joined the comte d'Artois and proceeded to Coblenz, which now became the headquarters of the emigration.

Here, living in royal state, he put himself at the head of the counter-revolutionary movement, appointing ambassadors, soliciting the aid of the European sovereigns, and especially of Catherine II. of Russia. Out of touch with affairs in France and surrounded by violent anti-revolutionists, headed by Calonne and the comte d'Artois, he followed an entirely selfish policy, flouting the National Assembly (see his reply to the summons of the National Assembly, in Daudet, \textit{op. cit.} i. 96), issuing uncompromising manifestoes (Sept. 1791, Aug. 1792, \&c.), and obstructing in every way the representatives of the king and queen. After Valmy he had to retire to Hamm in Westphalia, where, on the death of Louis XVI., he proclaimed himself regent; from here he went south, with the idea of encouraging the royalist feeling in the south of France, and settled at Verona, where on the death of Louis XVII. (8th of June 1795) he took the title of Louis XVIII. At this time ended his liaison with Mme de Balbi, and the influence of d'Avaray reached its height. From this time onward his life is a record of constant wanderings, negotiations and conspiracies. In April 1796 he joined Cond\'e's army on the German frontier, but was shortly requested to leave the country, and accepted the hospitality of the duke of Brunswick at Blanckenberg till 1797, when, this refuge being no longer open to him, the emperor Paul I. permitted him to settle at Mittau in Courland, where he stayed till 1801. All this time he was in close communication with the royalists in France, but was much embarrassed by the conflicting policy pursued by the comte d'Artois from England, and was largely at the mercy of corrupt and dishonest agents.

At Mittau was realized his cherished plan of marrying Madame Royale, daughter of Louis XVI., to the duc d'Angoul\^eme, elder son of the comte d'Artois. From Mittau, too, was sent his well-known letter to Bonaparte (1799) calling upon him to play the part of Monk, a proposal contemptuously refused (E. Daudet, \textit{Hist. de l'\'emigration}, ii. 371, 436), though Louis in turn declined to accept a pension from Bonaparte, and later, in 1803, though his fortunes were at their lowest ebb, refused to abdicate at his suggestion and accept an indemnity.

Suddenly expelled from Mittau in 1801 by the capricious Paul I., Louis made his way, in the depth of winter, to Warsaw, where he stayed for three years. All this time he was trying to convert France to the royalist cause, and had a ``conseil royal'' in Paris, founded at the end of 1799 by Royer-Collard, Montesquiou and Clermont-Gallerande, the actions of which were much impeded by the activity of the rival committee of the comte d'Artois (see E. Daudet, \textit{op. cit.} ii. and R\'emacle, \textit{Bonaparte et les Bourbons}, Paris, 1890), but after 1800, and still more after the failure of the royalist conspiracy of Cadoudal, Pichegru and Moreau, followed by the execution of the duc d'Enghien (March 1804), and the assumption by Napoleon of the title of emperor (May 1804), the royalist cause appeared quite hopeless. In September 1804 Louis met the comte d'Artois at Calmar in Sweden, and they issued a protest against Napoleon's action, but being warned that he must not return to Poland, he gained permission from Alexander I. again to retire to Mittau. After Tilsit, however (1807), he was again forced to depart, and took refuge in England, where he stayed first at Gosfield in Essex, and afterwards (1808 onwards) at Hartwell in Buckinghamshire.

\footnote{See Arneth and Geffroy, \textit{Cor. de Marie-Th\'er\`ese avec le comte de Mercy-Argenteau}, vol. i., ``Mercy to Maria Theresa, June 22, 1771''; also i. 261, ii. 186, 352, 393. Marie Antoinette says (ii. 393): ``\`a un caract\`ere tr\`es faible, il joint une marche souterraine et quelquefois tr\`es basse.''}

\footnote{See his letters to Gustavus III. of Sweden in A. Geffroy, \textit{Gustave III et la cour de France}, vol. ii. appendix.}