chengyewang/TexOCR-eval huggingface dataset:
\title{Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in a Thyroglossal Cyst}

\author{Ravi Ramalingam, K. K. Ramalingam, A. V. Ramesh, S. Mahesh Prabhu, Manu Vergis, N. Ahilasamy}

\begin{abstract}
The incidence of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in a Thyroglossal Cyst is rare. Only about 160 cases have been reported in the last 85 years. We report a case of Thyroglossal Cyst who underwent Sistrunk's operation. The cyst was reported to contain a focus of papillary thyroid carcinoma. In the absence of metastases in thyroid gland and neck nodes, only thyroid suppression with Thyroxine was given. After 1 year of follow-up there are no metastases. The importance of Sistrunk's operation lies not only in complete removal of Thyroglossal Cyst but also in management of small foci of Papillary thyroid Carcinoma.
\end{abstract}

\textbf{Key Words:} Thyroglossal cyst, Papillary carcinoma

\section{Introduction}
Thyroglossal cyst is a common congenital neck mass resulting from persistence and dilatation of an epithelial tract formed during migration of thyroid during embryogenesis. Thyroid tissue is present in the cyst wall in more than 60\% of cases \cite{Maran_1997}. We report a rare case of Thyroglossal cyst in which the thyroid tissue in cyst wall showed Papillary carcinoma.

\section{Case Report}
A 22 year old female presented to our centre with complaints of a painless swelling in the neck which has been growing slowly in size over last 3 months. On examination there was a 2cms oval, cystic swelling in the subhyoid region to the left of midline. The swelling moved with deglutition and with protrusion of the tongue. X-RAY neck lateral view was normal. Thyroid Function Tests i.e. T3, T4, TSH and Ultrasonogram of Thyroid gland were normal. I--131 scan did not reveal any cold nodules in the thyroid gland (Fig.~\ref{figure_1}). There was no uptake of radioactive iodine by the swelling. A diagnosis of thyroglossal cyst was made and the patient underwent excision of the cystic swelling by Sistrunk's operation. The cyst, the body of hyoid and a cuff of central base of tongue were removed.

The histological examination of the swelling revealed a focus of Papillary Carcinoma of Thyroid (Fig.~II). The cyst wall had cuboidal lining which was resting on some granulation tissue and a fibromuscular wall with adipose tissue. One of the fragments showed a papillary lesion composed of true papillae lined by cells with overlapping nuclei, nuclear clearing, intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions and nuclear grooves. The wall adjacent to this papillary lesion shows dilated cyst with colloid and pigmented macrophages. The patient was put on suppressive treatment of Tab Thyroxine 0.2mg OD. After 1 year patient is asymptomatic. Thyroid function tests and thyroid scan were normal. There was no evidence of secondaries in the neck.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_1.pdf}
\caption{Preoperative thyroid scan showing thyroid in the normal position with no cold nodules. There is no uptake by the thyroglossal cyst.}
\label{figure_1}
\end{figure}
\title{Reinhaltung der Luft im Wandel der Zeit}
\author{Friedrich Spiegelberg}

X, 150 Seiten. 40 Bilder, davon 20 vierfarbig. Format 20 cm x 24 cm. Geb. mit Schutzumschlag. DM 44,-- ISBN 3-18-419088-9

Dieses Buch soll Eindrücke davon vermitteln, wie planerische, technische und administrative Aufgaben der Lufterhaltung im Zusammenspiel der gesellschaftlichen Kräfte gelöst wurden und werden. Es soll dabei die oft kontroversen Standpunkte der Beteiligten aus den Bereichen Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Verwaltung nicht verschweigen.

Bei aller Gegensätzlichkeit der Einzelinteressen ist es in der Vergangenheit fast immer gelungen, einen für alle Seiten tragbaren Ausgleich zu finden, der den Notwendigkeiten des Umweltschutzes, wie ihn die Gesellschaft fordert, und den technischen und wirtschaftlichen Gegebenheiten gerecht wird.

Ein nicht zu unterschätzender Anteil an diesen Bemühungen und den Erfolgen ist der VDI-Kommission Reinhaltung der Luft zuzuschreiben. Deshalb steht diese Kommission auch im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtungen und Erläuterungen in diesem Buch.
\section{The Fatal Duel}

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_1.pdf}
\label{figure_1}
\end{figure}

In 1804, as part of an erratic plot by Federalist extremists to cut New England and New York from the Union, Aaron Burr, their complacent tool, was nominated for Governor of New York. Alexander Hamilton denounced Burr's motives in no uncertain terms. Then Burr, giving vent to an insensate jealousy dating back to the Revolution, when his own brilliance was out-dazzled by Hamilton's military, intellectual and social genius, eagerly challenged him. As TIME would have reported the Burr-Hamilton duel, had TIME been issued July 16, 1804:

... Hamilton spent the night putting his house in order. At dawn, he, his second (Nathaniel Pendleton) and one Dr. William Hosack, were rowed from Manhattan to the Weehawken Palisades. It was hot, hazy. The river's oily swell made Mr. Pendleton sick, so Hamilton humorously held his head. Landing, they sought the well-secluded dueling ground not far above the river.

Burr and his second (William Van Ness) were clearing the summer's underbrush. Hamilton and Burr nodded each to the other with a pleasant ``Good morning.'' While the seconds conferred, Hamilton stood gazing across the Hudson, where his family lay still asleep. He was remembering his son's death on this very spot three years before at the hands of General Baker. Burr sat on a rock smoking a segar. Finally Pendleton asked: ``Gentlemen, are you ready?'' Burr rose. His beady eyes sparkled but his face was immobile. Pale but resolute, Hamilton took his stand, his face a cameo against the green background. Pendleton handed each a loaded pistol. Again: ``Gentlemen, are you ready?'' ``Present!'' both replied. Burr fired on the instant. Hamilton rose slowly to his toes, clenched his hands, so unwittingly discharging his pistol, and fell heavily face downward. His bullet flew over Burr's head, clipped a cedar twig which fluttered to Burr's shoulder.

Hamilton, agonizing, was carried to his boat. He murmured: ``Take good care of that pistol. It's undis- charged. Pendleton knows I didn't intend to fire...''

So, in part, TIME would have reported the fatal duel, noting also how Hamilton died the next day at the Greenwich Village home of William Bayard, how his burial in Trinity churchyard was a signal for an unprecedented outpouring of public grief. TIME too would have shown how the duel brought Burr's political ruin in the East, turned his schemes toward Louisiana and Mexico.

Cultivated Americans, impatient with cheap sensationalism and windy bias, turn increasingly to publications edited in the historical spirit. These publications, fair-dealing, vigorously impartial, devote themselves to the public weal in the sense that they report what they see, serve no masters, fear no groups.
\title{Producing Nanoporous Metallic Foams}

Producing nanoporous metals has been a difficult and, depending on the type of metal, elusive task. Recent discoveries by our team of researchers in the LANL Materials Dynamics Group have led to a method for achieving the combustion synthesis of nanoporous transition-metal foams that have ultralow densities and ultrahigh surface areas. (See ``What are transition metals?'' on page 15.) We have produced nanostructured metal foams of iron, cobalt, silver, and copper, and our nanofoam forming technique can be applied to many other metals. These materials offer a wide variety of potential applications in, for example, catalysis, fuel cells, and hydrogen storage.

Nanofoam pore diameters are measured in nanometers, too small for the unaided human eye to distinguish. In fact, the finest flaxen human hair, at diameters of 17 to 50 $\mu$m, is close to the limit of resolution of the human eye. The smallest pores in our metal nanofoams are 10 to 20 nm in diameter, about a thousand times smaller. The largest pores, at 1 to 3 $\mu$m, are still too small to see.

To produce a nanostructured metal foam, we ignite pressed pellets of high-nitrogen metal complexes in an inert atmosphere at different pressures. As a pellet rapidly burns, its volume dramatically increases; the burning complex releases heated metal atoms, which attract each other and coalesce into larger particles. At the same time, decomposition gases such as hydrogen and nitrogen, also released by the reaction, blow tiny holes through the coalescing metal to form nanoscopic pores. The resulting foams typically contain 50\% to 70\% metal, with the remainder being carbon nitride-type impurities that can be removed later by heat treatment.

Possible applications for our nanostructured metal foams abound, including catalysis, fuel cells, and hydrogen storage.

The iron foam has the incredibly low density of 0.01 to 0.04 g/cm$^3$. For comparison, ultralow-density aluminum foam has a density of 0.08 to 0.16 g/cm$^3$.

Our nanofoams have pore diameters of 10 to 20 nm to about 1 $\mu$m, surface area-to-mass ratios as high as 258 m$^2$/g, and densities as low as 0.01 g/cm$^3$. For comparison, silica aerogels, the lightest known

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{0.48\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_1_1.pdf}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{0.48\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_1_2.pdf}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Copper nanoporous material formed at 200 psi Ar (the production vessel is pressurized with argon) overpressure: (a) burn front is dark portion heading top to bottom and (b) heat treated to 500$^\circ$C in hydrogen gas (15,000x, 200-nm scale bar). Illustration (a) shows the actual formation of copper foam from the copper complex; (b) scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of copper heat treated to form copper foam.}
\label{figure_1}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_1.pdf}
\caption{This diagram shows the layout of building 340 and its nine bays (rooms 102--110). The inset shows an adjacent bay and an abutting bay.}
\label{figure_1}
\end{figure}

Joint Characterization, Analysis, and Testing conducted at the TA-16-340 complex (JCAT-340).

The objectives for the HE safety tests were to execute full-scale testing to

\begin{itemize}
\item qualify safety engineering controls used to mitigate a blast,
\item validate HE facility design criteria, and
\item validate tools used to quantify the safety margin in the DOE authorization basis.
\end{itemize}

The JCAT-340 Project consisted of 17 detonation experiments that used 0.03--300 lb of PBX 9501 within the processing bays of buildings 340 and 342. Detonation experiments at various heights and locations assessed the dynamic response of the Laboratory's HE operations buildings. The test sequence was designed to increase understanding of the potential operational safety hazards and associated physics of internal explosions, focusing on the blowout walls' and buildings' structural response.

\begin{itemize}
\item Blowout wall response---The 3-in.-thick blowout walls consisted of two aluminum sheets that encased insulation. Interlocking panels of this material formed the blowout walls, which were designed to protect the interior of the building from the weather, but dislodged at an applied load of approximately 1.5 psi to rapidly dissipate an explosion away from the building and its occupants. The JCAT-340 test series studied the dislodging characteristics of the blowout walls and effects of the wraparound pressure on an abutting bay. In addition, a test was conducted to reduce wraparound effects by implementing a wedge deflector to mitigate wraparound pressures. This wedge was designed to reflect the initial pressures at the end of the bay wall back into the explosives bay, thereby reducing the pressure that turns the corner and affects the abutting bays.

\item Structural response---This test series was designed to characterize the structures' dynamic response (spallation, cracking, displacement, etc.) to overpressure generated by detonating HE. Buildings 340 and 342 were constructed in the early 1950s with 2-ft-thick, highly reinforced concrete walls that contained a vast web of rebar, roughly 3.5\% by volume. Structural models will be calibrated from the results of a series of 5-lb test shots; larger charges were detonated to examine various structural effects.
\end{itemize}

Large hydrodynamic computational models provided the data to set the ranges on the instruments for the pressure we expected to measure during
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_1.pdf}
\caption{A wedge deflector (shown at the end of the building) was used to mitigate wraparound effects in one test.}
\label{figure_1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_2.pdf}
\caption{After a 25-lb test shot, blowout panels are on the ground and blowout panels in the abutting bay are damaged.}
\label{figure_2}
\end{figure}

the tests and to assess the buildings' structural response. The hydrocodes CTH, a Sandia National Laboratories code, and AUTODYN, a commercial code, provided the basis for modeling.

An array of incident and reflective pressure transducers placed on the interior and exterior of buildings 340 and 342 gathered pressure data. Accelerometers, pretest and posttest forensics, and high-speed cameras captured blowout wall and structural response data. Standard and digital videos recorded detonations and provided a real-time view of ongoing events. Additionally, noise, dust, and gas meters and x-ray element analyzers assessed the industrial hygienic state of the buildings after each detonation.

Preliminary results of the tests show five important findings.

1. The blowout walls worked as designed; they dislodged and the pressure rapidly vented from the bays.

2. Experiments in which a blowout wall was present produced significantly higher pressures and had greater structural impact from the initial shock wave reflected off the panels than did experiments without a blowout wall.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_3.pdf}
\caption{After HE pipes, fixtures, and asbestos were removed, instrumentation was attached to the exterior and interior of building 340 before a test.}
\label{figure_3}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_4.pdf}
\caption{Blowout panels and other debris are scattered up to 300 ft away from building 340 after a 25-lb test shot.}
\label{figure_4}
\end{figure}
\section{Successful Hydrotests Completed at DARHT}

Dynamic Experimentation (DX) Division scientists at the Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) Facility successfully completed two essential hydrotests in 2005. Hydroshots 3625 and 3612 were part of a test series designed to gather data on the LANL-developed W76 warhead, which is carried on Trident submarine-launched ballistic missiles.

Hydrotest 3625 was conducted April 1, 2005, and hydrotest 3612 was conducted 3 months later on July 1, 2005. Results from these two hydrotests allow researchers to compare data with hydrocode predictions that eventually will be factored into refurbishment requirements for final certification of NNSA’s W76 Mod 1 Life Extension Program (LEP).

DARHT is a LANL high-explosives (HE) firing site that has hydrodynamic experiment capabilities; i.e., measurements are made at the extreme temperatures and pressures generated by the detonating HE, wherein the tested metals flow like fluids. Scientists use DARHT’s flash x-ray machine and cameras to study the implosion characteristics—recording interior images during implosion—of nonnuclear mock-ups of nuclear weapon components.

Hydrotests fall into one of two categories: joint radiograph and implosion pin (JOPIN) tests and gas cavity tests. Although DARHT can accommodate both types of hydrotests, it is the world’s most capable gas-cavity test facility. LANL has conducted numerous gas cavity tests, including 3605 and 3623 (in 2004 for the W76 Mod 0 LEP) and 3625 (in 2005 for the W76 Mod 1 LEP). Recent JOPIN tests at DARHT include 3596 (in 2004 for the W76 Mod 0 LEP) and 3612 (in 2005 for the W76 Mod 1 LEP).

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_1.pdf}
\caption{Containment foam. Before the tests, technicians filled a tent-like structure with an aqueous foam to limit dispersal of materials such as beryllium, depleted uranium, and lead into the environment. Although hydrotest 3625 was a gas cavity test and hydrotest 3612 was a JOPIN test, they used similar foam containment systems to avoid contaminating the environment.}
\label{figure_1}
\end{figure}

Gas cavity hydrotests

\begin{itemize}
\item have a small field of view,
\item require a compact setup geometry,
\item can ``see through'' very opaque object features that are difficult to radiograph, and
\item use the gamma-ray camera (GRC) as a principal diagnostic tool.
\end{itemize}

JOPIN shots, which do not require the full radiographic intensity of DARHT,

\begin{itemize}
\item have a very large field of view,
\item can ``see through'' transparent object features that are easily radiographed,
\item are concerned with case and other device components,
\item diagnose early-time implosion with pins, and
\item use many different diagnostics.
\end{itemize}

The manufacture of some W76 replacement components, scheduled to begin in late 2006, will be based in part on the results of the DARHT W76 test series. Before manufacturing begins, LANL will conduct confirmatory experiments to ensure that the new components perform as well as those built previously.
LD-102, the second implosion physics experiment in the LD series, was conducted on schedule, 2 weeks after LD-101. LD-102 had two objectives: (1) to demonstrate that Atlas can conduct physics experiments at 2-week intervals and (2) to continue the investigation of instability physics in imploding liner systems, specifically by changing the drive conditions to explore perturbation growth.

The diagnostic suite for LD-102 was similar to that for LD-101. All critical diagnostics delivered good data. LD-102 explored liner performance at lower current delivery (more-gentle drive) than LD-101. Under reduced drive, enhanced instability might (by some models) have been expected. However, radiographs showed no evidence of increased instability at the lower drive achieved in LD-102 in agreement with previous Atlas experiments at LANL.

Throughout the LD series, shot operations became smoother and more efficient, indicating that the Atlas system was successfully relocated and that the new BN operating team was rapidly gaining experience with the pulsed-power operating environment. Preparation for the next experiments (Spall) required some minor changes in machine configuration, installation of the spall target assembly, and some additional diagnostics, which made the prompt execution of the first Spall test another notable accomplishment.

Two material damage experiments, Spall 101 and Spall 102, were conducted on August 25 and September 8, additionally demonstrating that the Los Alamos-BN team can set up and conduct implosion liner experiments on a 2-week schedule.

The Spall test series is designed to provide detailed information about the formation and evolution of damage in a well-characterized reference material (aluminum) using the converging geometry characteristic of the operation of a nuclear weapon. Spall experiments on Atlas at NTS continue the experimental series begun in 2002 when Atlas was located at Los Alamos. After benchmarking the results of the NTS Spall experiments against data collected using the same techniques and parameters in Los Alamos, the series will explore recollection and

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_1.pdf}
\caption{Samples recovered after Atlas experiments allow post-shot metallurgy to explore structure of material after it has been strained (deformed) beyond failure. Both spall layer and undamaged material show residual evidence of significant distention and void formation prior to failure instead of a clean, sharp break.}
\label{figure_1}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_4.pdf}
\caption{Timing relationships between the main Phanerozoic tectono-thermal processes in the eastern Borborema Province, northeastern Brazil, compared to the onset of the cooling events identified by AFTA. Time constraints are compiled from \cite{Sial_1976, Long_1986, Mizusaki_1989, Araripe_Feijo_1994, Feijo_1996, Oliveira_1993, MoraisNeto_1999, Matos_1999, Matos_2000, Hegarty_2002, LimaFilho_Szatmari_2002, Souza_2004, JardimDeSa_2004, Almeida_2005}.}
\label{figure_4}
\end{figure}

related to rifting, post-rift tectonics, regional denudation, intrusive and extrusive magmatic activity, and localized hydrothermal fluid flow effects associated with all of these mechanisms can potentially have affected the Brazilian margin and adjacent interior. The sampling strategy adopted was designed such that the dominant heating or cooling effects on the Borborema Plateau area could be directly measured as opposed to being assumed or inferred from various basin models or crustal deformation schemes.

\section{Sampling details and background}

Fission-track samples were collected along two regional transects across the Borborema Plateau (Figs.~\ref{fig:figure_5} and~\ref{fig:figure_6}).

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_5.pdf}
\caption{Location of AFTA (Apatite Fission-Track Analysis) samples from Borborema Province, NE Brazil (sample numbers shown as 4 to 36; full sample reference number is RD57-4 to RD57-36; CE, RN, PB and PE means, respectively, Cear\'a, Rio Grande do Norte, Para\'iba and Pernambuco States). Samples consist of igneous and metamorphic Precambrian rocks (see Table~\ref{tab:table_1} for details). Keys: (1) Borborema Plateau; (2) Interior lowlands; (3) Coastal cuestas (mainly Barreiras Fm); (4) Early Cenozoic mesas (Serra do Martins Fm); (5) Cretaceous basins; (6) Early Cretaceous Tholeiitic Dike Swarm; (7) Cenozoic volcanics.}
\label{figure_5}
\end{figure}