response rates at 1,186. A total of 962 caregivers and their children were interviewed. The response rate for children's teachers was greater than 80\%. Three children had missing data on mental health and special education services and were excluded from the sample. The final sample was 959 children; some variations in the total number of children presented in the results section are due to missing data.

Comparisons of the 962 children in this study and the 224 children who were not included in the 5- to 6-year follow-up showed that there were no significant differences between children not included in the 5- to 6-year follow-up and those included in the study regarding gender, race/ethnicity, living arrangement at baseline, poverty, or type of maltreatment suffered at baseline.

For the multivariate models, the analysis was based on 805 children. We found no significant differences between children with missing values and those with complete data regarding gender, race/ethnicity, school grade, living arrangement at the 5- to 6-year follow-up, type of maltreatment suffered at baseline, or need for services. However, a somewhat lower percentage of children with missing data were living at or under the poverty line (31.3\%), compared with children with complete data (46.4\%).

About half of the children were boys and half were girls (Table~\ref{tab:table_1}). More children were White (43.2\%) than were Black (30.2\%), Hispanic (20.9\%), or Other (5.7\%). At the time of the 5- to 6-year follow-up, most were in kindergarten (73.1\%) or first grade (19.2\%). Most (60.7\%) were living with their biological parents at that time; 17.0\% were living with adoptive parents, 16.1\% were living in kinship care, and 6.2\% were living in foster care. Most children had health insurance; only some children who were living with their biological parents lacked insurance. Of this group, uninsured children constituted less than 5\%.

At baseline, the most serious form of maltreatment was neglect for 63.9\% (physical neglect for 34.9\% and supervisory neglect for 29.0\%), physical abuse for 19.2\% of children, and other types of maltreatment for 16.9\%. More than a third (38.7\%) of index maltreatment reports were substantiated, meaning that the CWS decided the allegations of maltreatment were valid. Caseworkers reported no harm to the infant in 36.9\% of cases, mild harm for 25.9\%, moderate harm for 20.0\%, and severe harm for 17.3\%. Level of risk was none for 21.1\%, mild for 30.2\%, moderate for 22.6\%, and severe for 26.1\%. Caseworkers also indicated the kinds of risks that were present in the home: Forty percent of families had prior reports of maltreatment, 91.6\% of which were investigated. Other risks that were present in a substantial percentage of the cases included poor parenting skills (42.6\%), a history of domestic violence against the primary caregiver (37.7\%), active domestic violence against the primary caregiver (22.3\%), a history of maltreatment of the primary caregiver (32.3\%), and active drug abuse by the primary caregiver (29.7\%).

More than a third of children were placed out of the home at some point in their lives. For most of these children, placement came early. At baseline, within 4 to 5 months after the index investigation, 30.7\% of the infants were in out-of-home care. Among all children, 62.6\% were never placed, 18.4\% had one placement, 8.8\% had two placements, and 10.2\% had three or more placements. Nonkin foster care was provided for 14.1\% at baseline, but this rate declined steadily over time to 6.4\% at the 5- to 6-year follow-up. Correspondingly, adoption showed an upward trend: The percentage of children living in adoptive homes was 1.0\% at baseline, 13.0\% at the 3-year follow-up, and 16.9\% at the 5- to 6-year follow-up.

\begin{table}[htbp]
\centering
\caption{Sociodemographic Characteristics at School Entry of Children Reported During Infancy to the Child Welfare System (5- to 6-Year Follow-Up)}
\label{tab:table_1}
\begin{tabular}{lcc}
\hline
Sociodemographic Characteristic & N & \% (SE) \\
\hline
Total & 959 & 100 \\
Sex & 959 & \\
\quad Male & 489 & 50.3 (3.0) \\
\quad Female & 470 & 49.7 (3.0) \\
Race/ethnicity & 954 & \\
\quad Black & 376 & 30.2 (3.2) \\
\quad White & 329 & 43.2 (3.5) \\
\quad Hispanic & 187 & 20.9 (2.2) \\
\quad Other & 62 & 5.7 (1.4) \\
Grade & 957 & \\
\quad Kindergarten & 740 & 73.1 (2.6) \\
\quad First grade & 140 & 19.2 (2.4) \\
\quad Other & 77 & 7.7 (1.2) \\
Household poverty & 929 & \\
\quad $\leq$ Federal poverty level & 407 & 44.9 (2.7) \\
\quad $>$ Federal poverty level & 522 & 55.1 (2.7) \\
Setting & 959 & \\
\quad In home, biological parents & 509 & 60.7 (3.5) \\
\quad In home, adoptive parents & 236 & 17.0 (2.0) \\
\quad Kinship care & 167 & 16.1 (1.7) \\
\quad Foster care & 47 & 6.2 (1.4) \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

Note: All percentages are weighted; Ns are unweighted.
\end{table}