chengyewang/TexOCR-eval huggingface dataset:
\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Main effects of wood residue rates and/or significant interactions between residue rates and N-fertilization/gypsum treatments on aboveground biomass of dominant plant growth forms, 1988--1990.}
\label{table_2}
\begin{tabular}{llllcccc}
Growth Form & Year & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Two-Way Interactions With Inorganic Amendments} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Wood Residue Rate (Mg/ha)} \\
 &  &  &  & 0 & 45 & 90 & 135 \\
 &  &  &  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Biomass (g/m$^{2}$)} \\
\hline
\multicolumn{8}{l}{PERENNIAL GRASSES} \\
 & 1988 & None &  & 1 B & 9 B & 27 A & 44 A \\
 & 1989 & a) Gypsum-Amended &  & 4 E & 12 D & 32 B & 47 A \\
 &  & No Gypsum &  & 1 E & 1 E & 12 D & 26 C \\
 &  & b) N-Fertilized$^{3}$ &  & 3 C & 5 C & 26 B & 47 A \\
 &  & Non N-Fertilized &  & 1 C & 4 C & 12 BC & 19 B \\
 & 1990 & N-Fertilized$^{3}$ &  & 1 C & 8 C & 40 B & 76 A \\
 &  & Non N-Fertilized &  & $<$1 C & 11 BC & 27 BC & 27 BC \\
\multicolumn{8}{l}{ANNUAL FORBS} \\
 & 1988 & None &  & 7 A & 6 A & 5 A & 2 B \\
 & 1989 & N-Fertilized$^{3}$ &  & 18 B & 12 C & 8 CD & 7 D \\
 &  & Non N-Fertilized &  & 28 A & 12 C & 2 D & 1 D \\
 & 1990 & None &  & 59 A & 15 B & 8 BC & 2 C \\
\multicolumn{8}{l}{SHRUBS} \\
 & 1988 & None &  & 11 A & 101 A & 38 A & 43 A \\
 & 1989 & N-Fertilized$^{3}$ &  & 7 B & 35 B & 16 B & 19 B \\
 &  & Non N-Fertilized &  & 2 B & 4 B & 23 B & 83 A \\
 & 1990 & None &  & 13 A & 43 A & 35 A & 54 A \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

$^{1}$ Within growth forms, years and (if present) interactions, values followed by same letter are not significantly different at P $\leq$ 0.10.

$^{2}$ Between wood residue rate and either or both N fertilization regime or gypsum regime; no significant three-way interactions among residue, fertilization and gypsum treatments occurred.

$^{3}$ Values are means among 3 rates of initial N fertilization applied in 1981.
\end{table}

\section{Gypsum Amendment Effects}

Gypsum was surface-applied as an amendment treatment in April of 1987. Therefore, data collected in 1988, 1989, and 1990 reflect responses 1, 2, and 3 years after treatment application, respectively. Soils data of Meinert (1991) demonstrated reductions in sodicity (exchangeable Na, ESP and SAR) and evidence of increased Na leaching in the upper 30 cm of gypsum-amended spoils during the 1988--1990 period.

Aboveground biomass of seeded perennial grasses and non-seeded annual forbs responded positively to gypsum amendment within the first 14 months after application in 1988 (see Table 3), although gypsum responses were confounded somewhat by a two-way interaction with N-fertilization. More clearly positive effects of gypsum on herbaceous species productivity emerged in 1989 and 1990. This may have been due to the passage of additional time for fuller expression of gypsum's ameliorative effects on spoil sodicity. Gypsum has been noted to require more time for effectiveness than certain other inorganic amendments due to its relatively lower
\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_2_1.pdf}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_2_2.pdf}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_2_3.pdf}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Growth of \textit{M. thermautotrophicus} in a fed-batch reactor at high gassing rate. The organism was cultured in 2.5 liters of mineral medium at a constant gassing rate of 428 ml min$^{-1}$ with 80\% H$_2$--20\% CO$_2$ (vol/vol). Measurements started ($t = 0$ h) 8 h after adjustment of the gassing rate. Panels A to C and symbols are as described in the legend to Fig.~\ref{fig:figure_1}.}
\label{figure_2}
\end{figure}

dissolved hydrogen partial pressure steadily decreased to become as low as 1 kPa. Before that time, the hydrogen consumption rate had become constant (84 ml min$^{-1}$), and 98\% of the gas ended up in methane. When the $p_{H_2}$ had reached the minimum at $t = 10$ h, the optical density increased linearly over time. This period is denoted as the linear phase. Apparently, growth now became limited by the H$_2$ supply. To test this, the organism was grown at a higher gassing rate (428 ml min$^{-1}$). The same growth behavior was found (Fig.~\ref{fig:figure_2}A). Quite remarkably, $p_{H_2}$ did not drop to low values during the linear growth stage, but it was maintained as high as 29 kPa. Again, the hydrogen consumption rate became constant ($v_{H_2} = 275$ ml min$^{-1}$), but the gas was only partly utilized. Further experiments showed that the $p_{H_2}$ values could be manipulated by the H$_2$--CO$_2$ gassing regimen (Table~\ref{tab:table_3}). Depending on the hydrogen mass transfer characteristics, i.e., gassing rate/culture volume ratio and mixing intensity (number of impellers), steady $p_{H_2}$ values were obtained during the linear growth phase that ranged between 1 and 59 kPa. Linear growth could proceed for prolonged periods of time (at least 72 h), at which OD$_{600}$ values of up to 7 to 10 were obtained (data not shown). Hydrogen consumption and methane production rates, as well as dissolved hydrogen partial pressures, however, remained constant throughout the whole period of linear growth.

\subsection{Growth rates, growth yields, and methane-forming activities in the fed-batch fermentor system}
As noted above, three consecutive growth phases could be discerned, notably the lag, exponential, and linear phases. The exponential phase is usually determined from the straight section of the graphs in which the (natural) logarithm of biomass (or OD) is plotted against
\section{Principles}

Following are the Principles that provide the foundation for the Plan to address the waiting list in Pennsylvania. All decisions and actions related to the provision of mental retardation services and supports are to be weighed against these principles.

\subsection{Everyday Lives}

Everyday Lives, published in 1991, expresses the values upon which the Pennsylvania Mental Retardation Service System is based. Everyday Lives presented what people with disabilities said is important to them.

\textbf{Choice} - in the decisions of life; choice of jobs, friends, recreation, where and with whom to live.

\textbf{Control} - of relationships, money, transportation, services, medicine and staff.

\textbf{Permanency} - with a life in the community among family and friends; no fear of returning to the institution.

\textbf{Security} - and protection for those who have difficulty in communication; competent services; and safety in the community.

\textbf{Freedom} - of movement, and from stigma.

\textbf{Prosperity} - freedom from poverty and a chance to be successful.

\textbf{Individuality} - by having a name and a personal history and by making a difference; having dignity and status.

\textbf{Relationships} - with friends, family and partners.

\textbf{Recognition} - of abilities, capacities and gifts.

\textbf{Privacy} - of records, files and histories; protection from being labeled and the option of living alone.

\textbf{Citizenship} - as part of the community, having a feeling of connectedness, partnership in dreams and beliefs; playing a part in decisions which affect you.

\textbf{Passion} - in advocates and self-advocates to fight and dream together.

\subsection{Multi-Year Plan}

The Multi-Year Plan, published in 1997, builds on the promise of Everyday Lives in terms of goals, recommendations, and action steps. The Multi-Year Plan is a plan for the future which provides a backdrop for recommendations to address the waiting list in Pennsylvania. It included a major goal to realign resources to meet the needs of those on the waiting list. While resource realignment has addressed the need of some people on the waiting list, we have concluded that the realignment of resources alone will not provide sufficient resources to meet the needs of all who are on the waiting list.

Two major goals:

\textbf{System Reform}: restructuring the system to one that is: Consumer-Driven, Values-Based, Outcome-Oriented, and Cost-Efficient.

\textbf{Resource Realignment}: realigning existing resources to meet the needs of those on the waiting list while maintaining necessary supports and services for individuals currently receiving them.
Recommendations contained in the Multi-Year Plan include:

\begin{enumerate}
\item Restructuring the administration of the program to assure quality, efficiency, and positive individual/family outcomes and satisfaction.
\item Shifting priorities for resource allocation from facility-based programs to services that build on natural supports.
\item Creating mechanisms for individuals and families to control resources allocated to meet their need.
\item Pursuing regulatory reform.
\item Unifying funding and eliminating categoricals within the mental retardation system.
\item Reinvesting savings from system reorganization into community services.
\item Provide services and supports in the community for 1,500 people who are currently living in State ICFs/MR over 5 years.
\item Transfer state and federal funding for 2,100 persons who live in non-state ICFs/MR into the community funding system by conversion to the Medicaid Waiver.
\end{enumerate}

\section{Self Determination}

The principles of self determination hold that all individuals have the right to determine the course of their own lives. All individuals need to be free to exercise this right and to accept responsibility for their decisions. It is recognized, however, that some individuals require a greater degree of support in doing this than others. Family members and friends provide support and have a role in helping individuals determine and achieve their life goals. In this process, government plays a supportive role as necessary.

Self determination means:

\begin{itemize}
\item freedom to decide
\item support and information to make decisions
\item control over resources
\item responsibility for decisions and actions.
\end{itemize}

\section{Quality Services and Supports}

Quality is a fundamental consideration in the provision of services and supports. People receiving services and their families deserve the highest quality and they must be assured that quality is continually measured by people who are knowledgeable, trained and independent.

Quality means:

\begin{itemize}
\item Maintaining health and safety...
\item Achieving optimal service outcomes for people...
\item Providing to consumers and families value for the dollar.
\end{itemize}
\section{Definitions}

\subsection{Categories of Need}

\paragraph{Emergency} Persons needing services immediately.

\paragraph{Critical} Persons needing services within one year.

\paragraph{Planning For} Persons with needs more than one year away.

\subsection{Categories of Service}

\paragraph{High Intensity} Persons receiving residential services, possibly in addition to vocational/day services, ancillary/support services, and case management

\paragraph{Medium Intensity} Persons receiving vocational/day services, possibly in addition to support/ancillary services and case management

\paragraph{Low Intensity} Persons receiving support or ancillary services (therapies, F.S.S., transportation), in addition to case management services

\subsection{Types of Service}

\paragraph{Day Services} Non-residential services to people with mental retardation including adult developmental training, vocational rehabilitation, and community employment

\paragraph{Residential Services (24 hour staff)} Services necessary to maintain a person in their home or in some other residential setting by providing staffing support 24 hours a day.

\paragraph{Residential Services (Not including 24 hour staff)} Services to people who require some degree of staffing support to maintain them in their home, but do not require staffing on a 24 hour/day continuous basis.

\paragraph{Fiscal Year} The 12 month period from July 1 to June 30 on which Commonwealth budgets are based.

\paragraph{Infrastructure} The basic foundation that must be in place for an organization to function properly (administrative, information systems, staffing).

\paragraph{PUNS} Prioritization of Urgency of Need for Services for Persons with Mental Retardation—Data collection instrument developed by Temple University to assess the need of individuals waiting for services.
las mujeres que comienzan su carrera hoy. En Dinamarca, Estonia, Italia, los Países Bajos y Suecia, la edad normal de jubilación aumentará a 70 años o más si se materializan aumentos en la esperanza de vida a medida que se aplican los vínculos proyectados y legislados con la esperanza de vida.

La participación de los trabajadores mayores en la fuerza laboral ha aumentado drásticamente en toda la OCDE, y la tasa de empleo de las personas de 55 a 64 años en la OCDE alcanzó un récord del 64\% en el segundo trimestre de 2023, casi 8 puntos porcentuales más que hace una década. Sin embargo, muchos trabajadores de mayor edad todavía luchan por mantener sus habilidades actualizadas, tienen un acceso limitado a empleos de buena calidad y corren el riesgo de recibir una pensión inadecuada en la vejez debido a carreras laborales cortas e inestables.

Respecto de las tasas de reemplazo, el documento señala que, para un asalariado promedio, la tasa de reemplazo neta en los países de la OCDE es de un 61,4\% promedio, en el caso de los hombres, y 60,6\%, en el caso de las mujeres.

Esta edición del informe de la OCDE evalúa el impacto de las políticas de pensiones especiales en los países de la OCDE para trabajadores con trabajos peligrosos y arduos, incluidas aquellas que otorgan acceso a la jubilación anticipada a través de planes de ocupación específicos o reglas especiales dentro de un plan de pensiones general. La prevención de problemas de salud y la recapacitación para sacar a los trabajadores de trabajos arduos antes de que la salud se deteriore significativamente es clave. El apoyo a las personas con problemas de salud relacionados con el trabajo debería proporcionarse principalmente a través de seguros de accidentes, enfermedades e invalidez en el trabajo, en lugar de planes especiales de pensiones de vejez para trabajos peligrosos o arduos. También sería útil mejorar la regulación del tiempo de trabajo y la seguridad en el lugar de trabajo y reforzar el papel de los órganos de inspección del trabajo y los servicios de salud en el trabajo.

En la siguiente infografía se observan algunos mensajes clave del informe:

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_1.pdf}
\caption{Panorama de las pensiones 2023: Datos y cifras clave (OCDE). Fuente: OCDE, diciembre de 2023.}
\label{figure_1}
\end{figure}

Observatorio Perspectivas publicó informe donde se analiza exhaustivamente el sistema de pensiones de Suecia, recogiendo lecciones sobre el retroceso del reparto en un esquema mixto. Aunque Suecia es reconocido por su sistema mixto de pensiones, el peso relativo del pilar de reparto en el mismo ha ido disminuyendo. El modelo nórdico se ubica en el 'top ten' del ranking que elabora la consultora Mercer, en el puesto
The Peninsula Humane Society \& SPCA has been caring for unwanted rabbits for decades. Though the numbers of incoming rabbits has been greatly reduced, in part, because of our education efforts, we can further improve with your help.

\section{Your Questions Answered}

\subsection{Why should I spay or neuter my rabbit?}
Many reasons, really. Altered (spayed or neutered) rabbits avoid uterine and testicular cancer, thereby increasing their lifespan. Altered rabbits are also less likely to exhibit obnoxious behaviors, such as spraying, fighting and biting, and can be paired with rabbits of the opposite sex for companionship.

\subsection{Is surgery safe for rabbits?}
Yes! When performed by experienced veterinarians, spaying and neutering can be quite safe. However, as with any surgical or anesthetic procedure for animals (or humans, for that matter) some risk of complications, including death, exist.

\subsection{At what age should rabbits be spayed or neutered?}
Male testicles descend at about 3\textonehalf{} months of age, and females reach sexual maturity around 4 months of age. Most veterinarians prefer to wait a little longer before performing surgery to minimize the risks for the rabbit. PHS/SPCA has a minimum age limit of 6 months for male rabbits and one year for female rabbits.

\subsection{I see that your rates are much lower than private practice spay/neuter rates. Does this reflect a lower quality of service?}
If anything, it’s the opposite. Our vets perform far more spay/neuter surgeries than private practice vets; this is our specialty. Also, making spay/neuter affordable for all pet owners is part of our mission.

\subsection{How should I prepare my rabbit for surgery?}
Do not fast your rabbit before its surgery. Rabbits must have food and water available at all times. If your rabbit is overweight, he/she should be placed on a weight reduction diet, under your veterinarian’s supervision.

\subsection{How about post-surgery care?}
After surgery, have your rabbit’s cage ready as usual and separate him/her from your other pets. Neutered males should not be put in contact with unaltered females for at least three weeks after surgery. Do not encourage any exercise and refrain from picking-up your rabbit unnecessarily. Offer your rabbit what he or she normally eats, as well as “treats” (parsley, apples, and carrots). Monitor your rabbit’s appetite, but know that he or she may not be interested in food the night after surgery. Contact your veterinarian if your rabbit does not eat after 24 hours. Check your rabbit’s incision twice a day - it should be free of blood or discharge. Bruising or swelling of the incision/scrotum may occur, but it is normal. You may notice that your female rabbit has two small dark lines, one on each side, parallel to her incision. These are thin tattoo lines to indicate she has been spayed. If a female pulls her stitches out, call the PHS/SPCA Spay \& Neuter Clinic for an incision check.
\section{The Best of the Best Foods}
\subsection*{Feature them in your foolproof eating plan}

No use being a zealot. A couple of teaspoons of sugar on your morning oatmeal or cereal, and beans or greens cooked in a small amount of bacon or ham won't wreck your routine. Eat just about anything you want or crave (reasonable amounts) for one meal a week. Life without pizza on the weekend would be unendurable for some people. One alcoholic beverage (a beer, a glass of wine, or a drink) once a week at mealtime is fine. Any eating plan will fail if it is too rigid.

\subsection{Size}

You have nothing to lose but fat, and some sizes in your belt and clothes.

\subsection{Timing}

Is this your time for blubber elimination? King Solomon wrote of the proper time for everything under the sun: a time to sow and a time to reap, a time to live and a time to die—and so on. No one will decide to lose fat (or stop being an alcoholic) until the proper time is reached—for him or her. For people who are tortured by being overweight, the time just might be right now.

Yours for good health and safe flying

Dr. Stout is a partner in the Springs Pediatrics and Aviation Medicine Clinic, Louisville, Ky., and he has been an active AME since 1960. No longer an active pilot, he holds a commercial pilot's certificate with instrument, multi-engine, and CFI ratings.

Note: This article appeared in the Summer 2002 Federal Air Surgeon's Medical Bulletin. The views and recommendations made in this article are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Federal Aviation Administration.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics{figure_1.pdf}
\caption{Food Guide Pyramid: A Guide to Daily Food Choices}
\label{figure_1}
\end{figure}

All-bran cereals

Apples

Asparagus

Bananas

Beans

Beef (lean cut) 4 oz. per day

Beets

Berries

Bread (whole-grain) 1--3 slices a day

Broccoli

Brussels sprouts

Buttermilk (low-fat)

Cabbage

Cantaloupe

Cauliflower

Celery

Chicken breast (no skin, broiled or baked) 4 oz. per day

Collard greens

Condiments (just about any that don't have a lot of fat, sugar, or salt)

Cottage cheese (low-fat or no-fat)

Cream (fat-free sour cream)

Cucumbers

Eggs 1--2 a day if your cholesterol is OK (hard-boiled or poached)

Fish (cod is great)—not fried!

Kale

Lettuce

Margarine (no fat)

Milk (skim, no-fat)

Mushrooms

Mustard greens

Nuts (handful a day at most)

Oatmeal

Olive oil (moderate amounts for salads and flavoring)

Onions

Oranges

Pears

Peas

Peppers, green or red

Pickles

Pineapple

Popcorn, unsalted and unbuttered

Pork (lean) 4 oz. per day

Potatoes (Irish or sweet, with skin) one big or two small

Radishes

Rice (brown or wild)

Salad dressing (no-fat)

Salsa

Soft drinks (no sugar)

Soy products (tofu, etc.)

Spinach

Squash

Sugar substitutes (Aspartame and Saccharine)

Tomatoes

Turkey breast (no skin, broiled or baked) 4 oz. per day

Turnips greens

Turnips

Yams

Yogurt (plain, unsweetened)

Zucchini
Lilienthal as well—he was having fun. He was to describe his flights, especially the ones where he could eke out more distance, as an “indescribable pleasure.” It is not only likely, but probable, that some of these incredible photographs were seen by a particular duo of young men in Dayton, Ohio.

\section{Early Safety Analysis}

Lilienthal was relentless in his study of air movement and wind, and he recognized quickly what is common knowledge among hang gliders today—a sudden gust of wind can ruin your whole day. So meticulous and thorough was he that, from the time he first designed his sailing apparatus in 1888, he didn’t take his first flight until 1891. Before he flew, he published his theories on how man could fly in a book which was widely popular—“Der Vogelflug als Grundlage der Fliegekunst,” Birdflight as the Basis of Aviation. This book, published in 1889, consisted of the results of various experiments with models in both natural wind and a crude wind device. Up to that point, it was all aerodynamic theory, but he was determined to put that theory into practice. That first flight, like most of his flights, was in a large, mono-wing apparatus. He next experimented with increasing the square footage of the “wings” until the whole thing became too heavy to pick up. He even tried flapping the wings, just like a bird, before he settled on the practicality of “immovable wings.”

Modern hang glider enthusiasts will also recognize and appreciate what these experiments revealed—he could control his direction of flight by shifting his center of gravity. The design of his mono-winged glider allowed his legs to be free and fully movable, and with practice, all his landings ended standing up.

After a series of experiments to try and develop more lift to soar longer, Lilienthal opted to try bi-wing gliders. He first built small, scale models from heavy paper. Those “aircraft” surprised him with their stability, and he concluded that the full-size gliders would be stable as well and not as susceptible to the irregularities of wind currents. In all, he designed and built 15 different models of mono-wing gliders and three bi-wing gliders.