chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: The diphtheria vaccine is a "poison dart" with side effects worse than the symptoms of diphtheria.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: October 19, 2022
Topics: children;health care;facebook fact-checks
Context: a post
Fact-check justification: An Instagram post says the diphtheria vaccine is a "poison dart," with side effects worse than the symptoms of diphtheria.  The diphtheria vaccine is safe and effective, and its widespread use has nearly eradicated the illness in the United States. Side effects from the vaccine are typically minor, and serious adverse reactions are rare.   Diphtheria was a leading cause of death among children in the U.S. in the 1920s, and complications from it can cause damage to the heart muscle, nerve damage, kidney failure and death.  We rate this  .
Statement: I'll be running against a career politician.
Speaker: ron johnson
About the speaker: Ron Johnson is a Republican U.S. senator from Wisconsin. A businessman and accountant, Johnson defeated Democratic Sen. Russ Feingold in the 2010 election. He is seeking re-election in 2016.
Date: December 17, 2015
Location: wisconsin
Topics: candidate biography
Context: a television interview
Fact-check justification: "While he has a breadth of experience working as an attorney, an author, a teacher, and serving our nation as a diplomat, Russ is proud to have served the people of Wisconsin," Tyler said. Our rating Setting the stage for his 2016 election rematch, Johnson said he would face a "career politician" in Feingold. Other than a short stretches, it’s clear the lion’s share of Feingold’s career has been in politics or government. He’s got the pensions to show for it, and makes no apologies for it. We rate the statement  .
Statement: Under the Obama administration's bailout of General Motors, Ohio dealerships were forced to close.
Speaker: mitt romney
About the speaker: Mitt Romney is a U.S. senator from Utah. He ran for president in 2012 as the Republican nominee, losing to incumbent President Barack Obama. Prior to that, Romney served one term as governor of Massachusetts, elected to the post in 2002. He was born in 1947 in Michigan, where his father was governor from 1963 to 1969. Romney graduated from Brigham Young University and received both a law degree and an MBA from Harvard University. Romney helped found the investment firm Bain Capital in 1984, which launched or rebuilt such companies as Staples and Dominos Pizza. Romney managed the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City from 1999-2002. He ran for president in 2008 but lost the Republican nomination. He and his wife, Ann, have five sons, Tagg, Craig, Matt, Ben and Josh.
Date: August 1, 2012
Location: ohio
Topics: economy;jobs;message machine 2012
Context: a campaign commercial
Fact-check justification: As for the government’s involvement, including loans, GM said it did not have a lot of other options so it stepped up the pace. In U.S. bankruptcy court filings, GM said it tried to find private investors but failed because lenders were not willing to take a risk on a damaged automaker amid a financial meltdown. Without funding, the company might have been forced to liquidate, selling off all its factories and equipment. That’s information that puts the  into context. When a statement is partially accurate, but leaves out important information needed to put the  in context, it gets one rating on the -O-Meter: .
Statement: Says "75% of third-graders in this year's class are not reading at a third grade level" and, for those who don't catch up, there's "an 80% chance that you will not graduate.
Speaker: pat mccrory
About the speaker: Pat McCrory, a Republican, was governor of North Carolina from 2013 to 2017. Previously, he served as mayor of Charlotte.
Date: May 4, 2021
Location: north carolina
Topics: education
Context: a podcast
Fact-check justification: McCrory said "75% of third-graders in this year’s class are not reading at a third grade level," adding, "If you’re not reading at a third grade level by the time you get out of third grade, there’s probably an 80% chance that you will not graduate." The first part of his  has factual basis but ignores that the source of his data is the beginning-of-grade test. The second part of McCrory’s , meanwhile, is way off. Research has found that 16% of children who are not reading proficiently by the end of third grade do not graduate from high school on time.  The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context. We rate it .
Statement: Redskins is "used historically" as "a term of respect.
Speaker: pete hegseth
About the speaker: Pete Hegseth is CEO of Concerned Veterans for America and a Fox News contributor. He was a Republican candidate for U.S. Senate in Minnesota in 2012. 
Date: May 26, 2014
Topics: history;punditfact
Context: a segment on "Outnumbered"
Fact-check justification: This fact-check isn’t about whether the Redskins owner believes his football team’s name is meant to be respectful (that’s his opinion). It’s also not about whether the Redskins name has a place in the 21st century (that’s your opinion). We’re evaluating a  by a defender of the nickname that the word itself was used as a term of respect. It’s a stretch. Its earliest use was as a racial designation before being used in derogatory portrayals of American Indians in literature, movies and newspapers, and in 19th century clashes between whites and tribal nations. That sentiment extended into 20th century culture. Hegseth’s talking point suggests "redskins" was used as an honorific and doesn’t tell the full story about the word’s historical usage. We rate his  .
Statement: We have less Americans working now than in the '70s.
Speaker: vicky hartzler
About the speaker: Rep. Vicky Hartzler, R-Mo., represents Missouri's fourth district. She was first elected to the House of Representatives in 1994.
Date: March 24, 2016
Location: missouri
Topics: economy;jobs
Context: an interview with ABC17 News
Fact-check justification: However, Hartzler was talking about the entire decade of the ‘70s. When we look at all the years, the  doesn’t stack up. The first eight years of the decade, 1970 through 1977, have a lower employment-population ratio and a lower labor force participation rate than 2015. Hartzler’s  does contain an element of , but it ignores critical facts and statistics that would give it a different impression. We rate this statement .
Statement: Bill Clinton presided over "the biggest expansion of the American economy since World War II.
Speaker: tim kaine
About the speaker: Tim Kaine is a U.S. senator representing Virginia, elected to the Senate in 2012. He was the 2016 Democratic nominee for vice president.
Kaine was governor from 2006 to 2010, lieutenant governor from 2002 to 2006, mayor of Richmond from 1998 to 2001, and city councilman of Richmond beginning in 1994. He was also the chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 2009 to 2011.
Kaine was born in St. Paul, Minn. He earned a bachelor's degree in economics in 1979 from the University of Missouri, Columbia, and a law degree from Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Mass., in 1983. He took a year-long break during law school to work with the Jesuit order as a Catholic missionary in Honduras, becoming fluent in Spanish.
 
Date: October 18, 2012
Location: virginia
Topics: economy
Context: a debate
Fact-check justification: Kaine said that Clinton presided over "the biggest expansion of the American economy since World War II." He backs his statement by offering a 2004 "prosperity" rating created by Forbes magazine that put Clinton at the top of postwar presidents. Kaine also cites the gross GDP growth, adjusted for inflation, over the administration of each president since 1945 -- a measure that favors recent two-term presidents. A different picture emerges when we use a comparison measure preferred by economists that measures annual average growth in the GDP. Among postwar presidents, LBJ was tops in economic expansion, followed by Kennedy. Clinton was third. There’s no doubt Clinton presided during a strong economic expansion, but not all indicators point to it being a postwar record. We rate Kaine’s statement .
Statement: Republican Mark Kirk is outsourcing his campaign to a Super PAC funded almost exclusively by a bunch of hedge fund billionaires. ... I don't have a Super PAC.
Speaker: tammy duckworth
About the speaker: Tammy Duckworth was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2016 after representing Illinois' 8th Congressional District for two terms. She is an Iraq War veteran and former Assistant Secretary for the Department of Veterans Affairs.
Date: August 31, 2016
Location: illinois
Topics: campaign finance
Context: an email fundraising letter
Fact-check justification: Duckworth said her opponent is outsourcing his campaign to a Super PAC funded almost exclusively by hedge-fund billionaires. Kirk is the beneficiary of a Super PAC that so far has spent exclusively on the Illinois U.S. Senate race, but it is not accurate to say he is "outsourcing" his campaign. In fact, by law, "outsourcing" a campaign to a Super PAC would be illegal. And while Duckworth does not have a so-called single-candidate Super PAC, she does benefit from some minimal Super PAC spending as well as some other outside spending by VoteVets.org and from state and national Democratic party organizations. We rate this  .
Statement: Says Scott Walker runs a state government that bans "employees from talking about climate change.
Speaker: forecast the facts
About the speaker: Forecast the Facts is a project of the progressive Citizen Engagement Laboratory, which describes itself as "a home for social entrepreneurs like themselves and a launching pad for new ideas and people powered projects that seek to change the world by leveraging the power of the internet."
Date: June 2, 2015
Location: wisconsin
Topics: environment
Context: a statement on a web page
Fact-check justification: But the group could only name one obscure agency, outside of the governor's jurisdiction, that has such a rule in place. The rule was aimed at barring its workers from doing climate-change work while on state time. And that rule is poised to be amended. Meanwhile, we found plenty of examples where state agencies were discussing climate change. We rate the  .
Statement: Florida's "unemployment is at a record low.
Speaker: u.s. chamber of commerce
About the speaker: From the chamber's Web site: "The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is the world's largest business federation representing 3 million businesses of all sizes, sectors, and regions, as well as state and local chambers and industry associations. More than 96% of U.S. Chamber members are small businesses with 100 employees or fewer."
Date: April 24, 2018
Location: florida
Context: a TV ad
Fact-check justification: A U.S. Chamber of Commerce ad said Florida’s unemployment is at a record low. The rate is the lowest since April 2007, but it is not a record low. Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics shows that the unemployment rate was lower multiple times between 1999 and 2007. We rate this  .
Statement: Says a gun bill before the Senate "is proposing the universal registration of all firearms and their owners.
Speaker: arizona citizens defense league
About the speaker: The Arizona Citizens Defense League advocates for "restoring and protecting the rights of law-abiding gun owners."
Date: April 10, 2013
Location: national
Topics: civil rights;guns
Context: an email to supporters
Fact-check justification: An email circulated to Arizona residents claims a bill before the Senate "is proposing the universal registration of all firearms and their owners." The bill expands background checks to most gun transfers. But federal rules forbid the government from keeping a record of successful background checks for more than a day. The ACLU argues it’s possible the bill creates a new type of record for some sales that may not be subject to the ban, but that’s not the same thing as "universal registration of all firearms and their owners." We rate the  .
Statement: When Disney was looking to build Disney World, they came to Miami and we told Disney to take a hike.
Speaker: dennis moss
About the speaker: Miami-Dade County Commissioner Dennis Moss was first elected in 1993 and represents District 9 in south Dade.
Date: December 19, 2014
Location: florida
Topics: county government;history;recreation
Context: an interview with the "Miami Herald"
Fact-check justification: Moss said, "When Disney was looking to build Disney World, they came to Miami and we told Disney to take a hike." At PolitiFact we believe that politicians need to back up their claims, and in this case Moss said he doesn’t have a documented source. The account by Capp that former Mayor Clark told him in the 1980s that this happened decades before doesn’t provide first-hand . And it’s the only piece of  we found in favor of Moss’s point. The historians we interviewed said they had never seen  to support the  that Disney considered Miami-Dade for Disney World. If we later find  that shows Disney considered Miami-Dade for Disney World, we will revisit this fact-check, but so far Moss has failed to prove his , so we rate it .
Statement: Sudden death in adults and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome are caused by vaccines.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: April 3, 2022
Topics: health care;facebook fact-checks
Context: a post
Fact-check justification: A Twitter post says sudden death in adults and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome are caused by vaccines. Research studies, as well as safety and scientific reviews, have not found any links between childhood vaccines and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, or between vaccination and deaths in people of any age — adults or children — except in rare cases. Vaccines are tested in clinical trials prior to public use, and multiple systems are in place to monitor their safety after they are released for public use. Serious adverse reactions are rare. We rate this  .
Statement: New school testing standards "will consume approximately twenty days of testing for elementary, middle and high school students.
Speaker: will weatherford
About the speaker: State Rep. Will Weatherford, R-Wesley Chapel, is Florida's Speaker of the House for 2013-14.
Date: July 17, 2013
Location: florida
Topics: education
Context: a letter to Education Commissioner Tony Bennett
Fact-check justification: In a letter to the state education commissioner, Gaetz and Weatherford said they were concerned that new standards would increase test-taking time for Florida’s students, describing the PARCC standards as "consuming" 20 days for elementary, middle and high school students. The word "consuming" implies that those days will be taken up completely by testing. That’s not the case for students, who will not be tested continuously for 20 days. But it’s on the mark for schools, which would have a 20-day window in which to administer tests to different students within the school. In fact, schools generally expect to focus on little else besides testing procedures for that time period. The current FCAT tests work the same way, but that testing window is shorter, at 12 days. The lawmakers could have been more clear that if PARCC standards are adopted, students will not face 20 days of continuous testing. But in context, their statement is generally accurate. We rate the statement .
Statement: By 2022, just the interest payment on our debt will be greater than the defense of our country.
Speaker: joe manchin
About the speaker: Joe Manchin is a U.S. senator from West Virginia. The former governor of West Virginia won a special election in November 2010 to complete the balance of the late Sen. Robert Byrd’s term.
Date: May 9, 2018
Location: national
Topics: debt
Context: an interview with Hoppy Kercheval
Fact-check justification: Manchin said, "By 2022, just the interest payment on our debt will be greater than the defense of our country." The closest official estimate we could find says that net interest will pass defense spending in 2023, or one year later than Manchin said. But using a different set of unofficial assumptions, it could be different. We rate his statement .
Statement: Only the State of New York spends more money on Medicaid than the State of New Jersey.
Speaker: chris christie
About the speaker: Chris Christie announced June 6, 2023 that he is running for the Republican nomination for president. Christie was the governor of New Jersey and a candidate for the Republican nomination for president in 2016. As governor, Christie won office in 2010 and was re-elected in 2014. Prior to that, he was U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey from 2002 to 2008. 
Date: June 16, 2011
Location: new jersey
Topics: health care;state budget
Context: a television interview on On the Line
Fact-check justification: Yet federal data going back nearly three years has shown that New Jersey consistently ranks ninth in overall state spending on Medicaid. A Christie spokesman said New Jersey ranked second behind Alaska in payments per adult, but the least amount of Medicaid payments went towards that enrollment group. New Jersey lands in the top ten for Medicaid spending in many cases, but the governor was  in his specific assertion that New Jersey ranked second. We rate Christie’s statement . To comment on this ruling, go to NJ.com .
Statement: Says Barack Obama's comments indicate he "believes in redistribution" of wealth.
Speaker: mitt romney
About the speaker: Mitt Romney is a U.S. senator from Utah. He ran for president in 2012 as the Republican nominee, losing to incumbent President Barack Obama. Prior to that, Romney served one term as governor of Massachusetts, elected to the post in 2002. He was born in 1947 in Michigan, where his father was governor from 1963 to 1969. Romney graduated from Brigham Young University and received both a law degree and an MBA from Harvard University. Romney helped found the investment firm Bain Capital in 1984, which launched or rebuilt such companies as Staples and Dominos Pizza. Romney managed the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City from 1999-2002. He ran for president in 2008 but lost the Republican nomination. He and his wife, Ann, have five sons, Tagg, Craig, Matt, Ben and Josh.
Date: September 19, 2012
Location: georgia
Topics: message machine 2012
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: Obama was even critical of some government agencies in Chicago in the clip. Obama also spoke about ways to foster competition and innovation. Obama spoke of redistribution in a way that government can create an even playing field for everyone and encourage competition. The clip of the 1998 audio that Romney referenced to criticize Obama doesn’t tell the complete story. We rate Romney’s  as .
Statement: 9,871,525 is the number of registered voters in AZ according to FB. AZ population is 7,270,000.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: September 23, 2020
Topics: elections;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A tally showing that figure appears above the words "People who shared they registered to vote in the United States." The user’s state is listed above that tally, but the number isn’t specific to that state: As of July 2019, the population of Arizona stood just over 7.2 million, with 22.5%, or about 1.6 million, being under the age of 18 and therefore not eligible to vote, according to Census data. This post gets Arizona’s population right, but the rest of the  is . We rate this post .
Statement: A BBC radio station resumed playing dance music after announcing Queen Elizabeth II had died.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: September 8, 2022
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: Radio 1 Dance was playing the song in the clip and cut away to announce Elizabeth’s death. But the station did not resume playing music, tweeted Scott Bryan , who co-host’s the "Must Watch" podcast on BBC Sounds and BBC Radio 5 Live. "All BBC radio programming in the United Kingdom was suspended and united under a single broadcast to announce the death of HM The Queen," Bryan wrote . He shared a clip of that moment on Radio 1 Dance and rather than resuming the song, the announcer went on to report more about what the palace said. We rate claims that Radio 1 Dance played music after announcing the queen's death .
Statement: Obama's 2012 policy on younger immigrants "created these children coming across" the border.
Speaker: lou dobbs
About the speaker: Lou Dobbs is a television host on Fox Business Network. He was formerly the host of CNN’s ‘Lou Dobbs Tonight’.
Date: July 21, 2014
Topics: immigration;punditfact
Context: a broadcast of "Lou Dobbs Tonight"
Fact-check justification: Dobbs said the Obama policy directed at younger immigrants created the the problem at the border. The initial rise in arrivals began before Obama announced the policy and if anything, plateaued or declined a bit immediately afterward. However, the administration went out of its way recently to send the message that the policy did not apply to newcomers, suggesting the policy played some role. The influx of children comes mainly from the most troubled nations in Central America. The  that Obama’s policy created the influx does not match the timeline and ignores other important factors. We rate the  .
Statement: The Biden administration has been "recklessly releasing potentially dangerous Afghans into our communities.
Speaker: tom tiffany
About the speaker: In 2004 and 2008, Tom Tiffany ran for the 12th State Senate District, first against Senator Roger Breske, and then Jim Holperin losing both times in very close elections. In 2010, he ran for the Wisconsin State Assembly after the position was vacated by retiring incumbent, Representative Donald Friske. Tiffany won the primary, and later defeated Democrat Jay Schmelling 58.09% - 41.81%.
In 2012 Tiffany chose not to seek re-election to the State Assembly and to seek election to the State Senate after Holperin announced he would not run for reelection. He defeated Democrat Susan Sommer, 56% - 40%, in the general election on November 6, 2012. Tiffany succeeded fellow Republican Sean Duffy in Congress, winning a special election against Democrat Tricia Zunker in 2020.
Date: February 18, 2022
Location: wisconsin
Topics: afghanistan;immigration;homeland security
Context: Twitter
Fact-check justification: Citing a specific report, Tiffany said it demonstrated the Biden administration has been "recklessly releasing potentially dangerous Afghans into our communities"  The report did not describe the Afghans as potentially dangerous. A Washington Times headline did. The inspector general’s report identified 50 people that had "derogatory information" in a defense department biometric database, but what that information involves is not known and was not included in the report.  The report did find holes and inefficiencies in the vetting process that were fixed before the report’s publication and Afghans admitted into the U.S. were retroactively screened with missing data. The bottomline: Tiffany overstates these findings in making his point.  Our definition of  is a statement that "contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression." That fits here.