chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: There aren't too many people outside protesting" his speech at the Phoenix Convention Center.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: August 22, 2017
Location: national
Topics: public safety
Context: a rally
Fact-check justification: Trump at a rally in Phoenix said, "There aren't too many people outside protesting." Thousands of people were out on the streets of Phoenix protesting Trump’s speech, according to multiple media accounts and the Phoenix police chief, who said the city’s downtown had "tens of thousands" of people exercising their right to free speech. Trump significantly underestimated crowds in Phoenix. We rate his statement .
Statement: Says Thomas Jefferson helped "craft" the Constitution.
Speaker: ben carson
About the speaker: Dr. Ben Carson is President Donald Trump's secretary for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. A retired pediatric neurosurgeon, Carson ran as a Republican for president in 2016. He owns homes in West Palm Beach and Maryland.
Date: November 22, 2015
Location: virginia
Topics: history
Context: a TV interview
Fact-check justification: Carson identified Jefferson as a craftsman of the U.S. Constitution - a frequently made . Jefferson played many leading roles in history, including as author of the Declaration of Independence, president of the United States, and founder of the University of Virginia. But in the production of the Constitution, Jefferson didn’t even make a cameo appearance. He was in France during the entirety of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, shut out from the top-secret deliberations. When he returned to the U.S. in 1789, the Constitution had been ratified, a president was in office, and the 1st Congress was open for business. Historians with whom we spoke say Jefferson, at most, deserves a footnote at the end of the credits for sending books from abroad that may have influenced Madison’s thinking. So we rate Carson’s statement .
Statement: Under Obama, home values in Florida collapsed, construction jobs were lost and the state had a high foreclosure rate.
Speaker: mitt romney
About the speaker: Mitt Romney is a U.S. senator from Utah. He ran for president in 2012 as the Republican nominee, losing to incumbent President Barack Obama. Prior to that, Romney served one term as governor of Massachusetts, elected to the post in 2002. He was born in 1947 in Michigan, where his father was governor from 1963 to 1969. Romney graduated from Brigham Young University and received both a law degree and an MBA from Harvard University. Romney helped found the investment firm Bain Capital in 1984, which launched or rebuilt such companies as Staples and Dominos Pizza. Romney managed the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City from 1999-2002. He ran for president in 2008 but lost the Republican nomination. He and his wife, Ann, have five sons, Tagg, Craig, Matt, Ben and Josh.
Date: September 7, 2012
Location: national
Topics: housing;message machine 2012
Context: a campaign ad
Fact-check justification: Romney’s ad claims that under Obama, home values in Florida collapsed, construction jobs were lost and the state’s foreclosure rate soared. This much is : The median home value in Florida has dropped by more than half; 300,000-plus construction jobs have disappeared and the Sunshine State continues to rack up a large number of foreclosure filings. But each one of those trends began well before Obama was elected. Analysts say they have been driven by a natural and inevitable market correction much more than by any government policies. But since the ad draws a cause/effect relationship -- the cause being Obama’s presidency, the effect being a sour housing market -- it’s worth noting that more of the decline in home values happened on Bush’s watch, and in the last year Florida housing has again begun to appreciate. At PolitiFact, claims that cite a  statistic but apply misplaced blame on a politician or office holder are commonly rated . We think this three-part  stretches the  even further. Homeowners in Florida who have watched their property value sink and their neighbors’ houses abandoned in foreclosure know this didn’t start when Obama walked into the White House. They’re in at least year seven of this grim reality. Romney’s ad leaves out many critical facts to create a  impression. We rate it .
Statement: If the U.S. stops adding to the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, it "will lessen worldwide demand for oil" and reduce prices.
Speaker: john mccain
About the speaker: John McCain was a U.S. senator from Arizona, a post he held from 1987 to his death in 2018. He previously served two terms in the U.S. House. He was the Republican nominee for president in 2008. McCain was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and spent his career in the military, as his father did. He was a combat pilot in Vietnam who was shot down and spent 5 1/2 years as a prisoner of war. He was born in 1936 in Panama. 
Date: April 10, 2008
Location: national
Topics: energy
Context: Brooklyn, N.Y
Fact-check justification: In April 1996, President Clinton released 12-million barrels to blunt a rise in crude oil prices. Filling the reserve also was suspended after Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, and again in 1994 to save money. We find that while McCain is correct in principle, he grossly overstates the potential impact of his idea. Drivers would see little change in the price at the pump if the government stopped buying oil for the Strategic Reserve. We rate his statement .
Statement: The mayor of Livermore California explains Trump's popularity and success.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: June 16, 2018
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a LinkedIn post shared on Facebook
Fact-check justification: The blog post consists of an introductory paragraph followed by the full text of Sayet’s column. In that introduction, the author of the Linked blog post acknowledges in a muddled way that Sayet’s column was "mistakenly attributed" to Kamena. A LinkedIn headline shared on Facebook claimed that the mayor of Livermore, Calif., wrote a column defending Trump.   The column was written by conservative author Evan Sayet, and misattributed to a former mayor of Livermore. We rate it .
Statement: There have been zero reported instances of any child born alive after an abortion in Texas.
Speaker: donna howard
About the speaker: Donna Howard is a state representative from Austin.
Date: April 16, 2019
Location: texas
Topics: abortion
Context: the Texas House
Fact-check justification: Howard said, "There have been zero reported instances of any child born alive after an abortion in Texas." Health care providers had to start reporting complications from abortion procedures to the state in 2013. We can’t know for certain whether any infants were born alive following an abortion before 2013, but Howard’s  is limited to those cases that were reported. Since providers had to start reporting this occurance, there have been zero cases. We rate this  .  – The statement is accurate and there’s nothing significant missing.
Statement: Giant rats plague New York City as 4 homeless men found eaten alive
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: July 11, 2018
Topics: animals;punditfact
Context: a blog post
Fact-check justification: This article alleges that four men have died after being eaten by giant-sized rats. However, the story is completely fictional. There are no mutant, man-eating rats in New York, and the pictures have been stolen from various other giant rat hoaxes over the years. We rate this  !
Statement: Two weeks ago, a man entered the world's busiest airport in Atlanta, Georgia, carrying a loaded AR-15 automatic weapon with an extended-capacity, 100-round magazine.
Speaker: hank johnson
About the speaker: Hank Johnson, a Democrat, represents Georgia's 4th Congressional District
Date: June 15, 2015
Location: georgia
Topics: public safety;guns
Context: a House floor speech
Fact-check justification: That is the more common make of this weapon, although all sides and experts acknowledge the weapon can be converted to an automatic weapon. The bigger concern was the 100-magazine drum. Even in a semi-automatic weapon, that would allow a shooter to fire 100 rounds before reloading, the scary prospect that Johnson appeared to want to reference in his statement. Johnson got the gun , the magazine for the weapon right. For that reason, we rate Johnson’s statement .
Statement: So 2 doctors from Bakersfield discover that coronavirus mortality rate is 0.03%. 13x less deadly than what was previously thought! Their analysis has since been banned from YouTube.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: April 28, 2020
Location: california
Topics: public health;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post said: "So 2 doctors from Bakersfield discover that coronavirus mortality rate is 0.03%. 13x less deadly than what was previously thought! Their analysis has since been banned from YouTube." The Bakersfield doctors used testing data to argue that the death rate for COVID-19 infections is 0.03%. Their conclusions were disputed by experts and leading medical associations. The video was removed by YouTube, according to reports. We rate this statement .
Statement: There were fewer civilian casualties in Cambodia than there have been from American drone attacks.
Speaker: henry kissinger
About the speaker: Kissinger served as Secretary of State in the administration of President Richard Nixon.
Date: September 6, 2014
Topics: foreign policy;punditfact
Context: an interview on NPR
Fact-check justification: Kissinger said that he thought that an honest accounting would show that there were fewer civilian casualties from America’s bombing campaign in Cambodia than from drone attacks today. While the data lack precision in both cases, we see  over 1,000 civilian deaths due to drones, and at least 4,000 civilian deaths due to American bombs in Cambodia (and the potential for many, many more). These figures represent a high estimate for drone deaths and the lowest guess for the Cambodian bombing in which half a million tons of bombs fell on the country over a span of four years. Kissinger couched his  with a bit of a caveat, but a man of his experience and knowledge could reasonably be expected to understand the difference between the impact of highly targeted drone strikes and the blunt instrument of bombs dropped by B-52s. His statement departs from the most generous and common sense reading of the estimates. We rate his  .
Statement: Suggests the alleged Kenosha shooter's father is a deputy in the Kenosha sheriff's department.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: August 27, 2020
Location: wisconsin
Topics: civil rights;criminal justice;legal issues;race and ethnicity;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: He participated in a youth training program for aspiring law enforcement officers.   Aside from the post having zero basis in reality, Rittenhouse lives with his single mother, a nurse’s assistant, in Antioch, Ill, , not Wisconsin. Court records from 2014 show that Kyle Rittenhouse's, Michael Rittenhouse, was living in Zion, Ill., when he was ordered to pay $85 a week in child support. At the time, he worked for QPS Employment, a firm that provides temporary office workers and other staffing services.    We rate the post .
Statement: Says on contraception, his plan is "cheaper and easier for you" than Sen. Mark Udall's
Speaker: cory gardner
About the speaker: Cory Gardner, a Republican, won a seat to represent Colorado in the U.S. Senate in 2014. He previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Colorado House of Representatives.
Date: September 2, 2014
Location: national
Topics: health care;message machine 2014;women
Context: a campaign ad
Fact-check justification: Gardner said his plan on contraceptives is "cheaper and easier for you" than Sen. Mark Udall’s plan. This is based on his support for a plan to allow for over-the-counter sales of the pill. Gardner’s plan is lacking in concrete details that would allow a thorough evaluation. There’s some  that health care costs generally go down when drugs are made available over-the-counter, but those studies did not look specifically look at the pill. There is a lot of uncertainty and experts — from advocates to economists — question whether Gardner’s proposal would be cheaper to most consumers or the health care system compared to the Affordable Care Act. And Gardner’s plan would only address one type of contraceptive, meaning the many people who choose other methods of birth control would see higher costs. We rate the statement .
Statement: More than 91% of the spending in this $1.9 trillion package is not used for pandemic relief.
Speaker: scott fitzgerald
About the speaker: Scott Fitzgerald is a U.S. Representative, R-Wisconsin, for the state's 5th Congressional District. He took office in 2021. He previously served as the state's Senate Majority Leader. He was first elected as state senator in 1994.
Date: February 27, 2021
Location: wisconsin
Topics: health care;public health;coronavirus
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: Fitzgerald said, "More than 91% of the spending in this $1.9 trillion package is not used for pandemic relief." Somewhere around 9% of the American Rescue Plan is going to direct disease containment measures such as vaccines, testing and tracing, and other public health initiatives. There’s room for debate over exactly how much of the $1.9 trillion is related to the pandemic. Surely not all of it. But it’s clear the amount going toward pandemic relief is far above 9%. One nonpartisan group identified 85% of the spending as being related to the current crisis. A closer look at the individual spending categories confirms, at minimum, that a majority of the spending goes to address the health and economic fallout of the pandemic. PolitiFact North Carolina rated  a  from U.S. Rep. Ted Budd, R-N.C., that only 9% of the bill was going to COVID, and 91% wasn’t COVID-related. Budd got some credit for referencing 9% in a way consistent with the portion used for direct funding, and there’s a case "COVID-related" could reference only direct spending. But Fitzgerald is farther off in flatly asserting 91% didn’t go toward pandemic relief. That’s a broad  that badly misstates the figure he’s trying to reference, that 91% didn’t go toward direct COVID-19 intervention. We rate his  .
Statement: An image shows gas prices on Jan. 6, 2021.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: June 17, 2022
Topics: economy;gas prices;facebook fact-checks;jan. 6
Context: a post on Facebook
Fact-check justification: For many Americans, Jan. 6, 2021, is seared in memory as the day a crowd of President Donald Trump supporters stormed the U.S. Capitol. But an image circulating on Facebook invokes what it claims is a different memory from that day: "Never forget January 6th" read the words across an image of a Citgo gas station sign advertising regular gas at $1.99 a gallon. "Oh yeah, Jan. 6, 2021," the caption in the June 17 Facebook post said. "When Americans could still afford to get to work."
Statement: John McCain and George Bush have "absolutely no plan for universal health care.
Speaker: campaign to defend america
About the speaker: Campaign to Defend America is a left-leaning advocacy organization.
Date: March 5, 2008
Location: national
Topics: health care
Context: a television ad
Fact-check justification: "I don't think that there should be a mandate for every American to have health insurance. I think that one of our goals should be that every American own their own home. But I'm not going to mandate that every American own their own home," McCain said. McCain does have a health care plan, but there's no clause for making it apply to everyone and therefore universal. So we find this  to be .
Statement: We actually have this critical race theory moved into all our schools in Virginia.
Speaker: glenn youngkin
About the speaker: Republican Glenn Youngkin was elected Virginia's governor in November 2021. He defeated Democrat Terry McAuliffe, who was governor from 2014 to 2018.
Youngkin was reared in Richmond and Virginia Beach and won a basketball scholarship at Rice University, where he earned an engineering degree. He earned a MBA from Harvard University. Youngkin worked 25 years at the Carlyle Group, a global private equity firm based in Washington with $230 billion in assets. He retired in 2020 as CEO after taking the company public. His net worth is estimated at $254 million, according to The Washington Post.
Youngkin's 2021 campaign for governor is his first bid for public office.
Date: July 9, 2021
Location: virginia
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: But there's a difference between educators learning about the theory and actually teaching it to students. On that front, Youngkin cites a collection of memos and seminars, but no  that critical race theory is being taught in each of the state’s 1,825 public schools. Critical race theory is not mentioned in the state’s Standards of Learning. A growing list of localities say they do not teach it.   We rate Youngkin’s statement .
Statement: If you ask Amazon's Alexa about the origin of the coronavirus pandemic, it says "the government planned" it.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: March 31, 2020
Topics: technology;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: posts on the Internet
Fact-check justification: With this feature, users can create their own automated questions and responses.   Our Ruling  Facebook posts say that if you ask Amazon’s Alexa about the origin of the coronavirus pandemic, it says "the government planned" it and refers to something called "Event 201." There was a project called Event 201 that simulated possible outcomes of a coronavirus pandemic, but it was a planning exercise and did not predict this specific COVID-19 pandemic.   More importantly, we were unable to elicit the same answer from Alexa, and Amazon told us that the answer to that question would be different. We rate the statement .
Statement: Obama has chosen to deny the vicious anti-Semitic motivation of the attack on a kosher Jewish grocery in Paris.
Speaker: rick perry
About the speaker: Rick Perry is the U.S. Energy Secretary and was governor of Texas from late December 2000 through 2014. He was re-elected in 2002, 2006 and 2010. He unsucessfully ran for president in 2012 and 2016.
Date: February 11, 2015
Location: national
Topics: terrorism
Context: a statement
Fact-check justification: Perry said, "Obama has chosen to deny the vicious anti-Semitic motivation of the attack on a kosher Jewish grocery in Paris." In one interview, Obama described the attackers as "randomly" shooting people, but he seems to have been answering a question about how the public perceives acts of violence by terrorists. On several prior occasions, Obama called the attack on the grocery an act of anti-Semitism. Obama’s press team said Obama only meant that the killer did not target particular individuals as long as they were Jewish. In the Vox interview, Obama may have used a poor choice of words to describe the way that people going about their normal, everyday business sometimes end up in terrorists’ line of fire. But Perry goes too far when he says Obama "has chosen to deny" anti-Semitic motivation. Obama has specifically cited such a motivation in several other instances. Because Perry’s  is not accurate, we rate his statement .
Statement: Says Maxine Waters told CNN, "SCOTUS pick should be illegal immigrant.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: June 28, 2018
Topics: immigration;fake news;supreme court;punditfact
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: In the original clip, Waters can be seen wearing the same attire and jewelry — and speaking in front of the same backdrop — as in the doctored photo. She makes no mention of a judicial nominee being an immigrant.   We searched Google and Nexis and could not find any credible reports indicating that the doctored image was real. Trump Nation did not respond to a request for comment. We rate this image !
Statement: Youth usage of marijuana has actually gone down in states that have fully legalized.
Speaker: melissa agard
About the speaker: Melissa Kristen Agard is an American small business owner and politician from Madison, Wisconsin. A Democrat, she is a member of the Wisconsin State Senate and minority caucus vice-chair. She previously served four terms in the Wisconsin State Assembly, when she was primarily known as Melissa Sargent.
Date: February 10, 2021
Location: wisconsin
Topics: children;drugs;public health;marijuana
Context: Twitter
Fact-check justification: Our rating  Agard said youth marijuana use has declined in states that have fully legalized the drug for both medicinal and recreational purposes.   The JAMA analysis she cited did bear that out, although it has its caveats — when looking at individual states’ data, some that legalized the drug years ago have not seen any meaningful change in youth use. Meanwhile, at least one study found the reverse — an increase in use. Experts say it will be many years before what Agard claimed can be said with certainty.   We rate her  .
Statement: At the moment, energy companies spend 0.25 percent on R&D.
Speaker: katrina vanden heuvel
About the speaker: Katrina vanden Heuvel is the editor of The Nation.
Date: May 2, 2010
Location: national
Topics: corporations;energy;oil spill;pundits;science;technology
Context: a roundtable discussion on ABC's 'This Week'
Fact-check justification: "As a percent of revenue, (the amount the energy industry spends on R&D) is a really small number. The pharmaceutical and intelligence industries spend between 10 and 12 percent on R&D. We're not even in the same ballpark here." So, even though vanden Heuvel was relying on another pundit for her  (and he, in turn, was relying on an op-ed), the number is very close to numbers published by Brookings and the National Science Foundation. We find her  .