chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: The United States is "about to have the smallest Army since before WWII, the smallest Navy since WWI and the smallest Air Force ever.
Speaker: david perdue
About the speaker: David Perdue is running in the 2022 Republican primary for governor of Georgia. He was a U.S. Senator from January 2015 to January 2021. He has been the CEO of several businesses and is the cousin of former Georgia Gov. Sonny Perdue.
Date: April 27, 2015
Location: georgia
Topics: federal budget;military
Context: his debut Senate floor speech
Fact-check justification: In his first Senate floor speech, he cited a shrinking military that the numbers do not fully bear out. Perdue does have a valid point to make, about a historical success in paying for a military whose strength and size make it more likely to be a deterrent than a singular battle force. But he complicates his point by relying on dated information and the  comparisons. His argument can be supported, but not with the numbers he provides. We rate his  .
Statement: The tax penalty that the government imposes if you don't buy health insurance "is lower than it would have cost to buy insurance.
Speaker: ron desantis
About the speaker: Ron DeSantis announced on May 24, 2023 that he is running for president in the Republican primary. DeSantis won the race for Florida governor in 2018 and 2022. DeSantis was first elected to Congress in 2012 and resigned in September 2018 to focus on his campaign. He represented Florida's 6th Congressional District which is south of St. Augustine and north of Orlando and includes Daytona Beach. DeSantis initially ran for U.S. Senate in 2016 but dropped out after Marco Rubio decided to seek re-election.
Date: January 21, 2013
Location: national
Topics: health care
Context: an interview on Fox News
Fact-check justification: DeSantis said that the tax penalty in the health reform law "is lower than it would have cost to buy insurance." Desantis is correct that health insurance premiums far exceed the penalties Obamacare imposes for not carrying insurance, even on high incomes. We think it’s valid to note that several provisions in the health law bring the dollar amounts closer together to give people an incentive to buy coverage. That’s also the purpose of the tax penalty -- to urge people to get insurance. But DeSantis is right in the straightforward cost comparison. We rate his statement .
Statement: Obama's "first call (as president) to any head of state was to Mahmoud Abbas, leader of Fatah party in the Palestinian territory.
Speaker: chain email
About the speaker: Chain emails circulate on the Internet, usually anonymously, making a variety of political claims.
Date: May 2, 2009
Location: national
Topics: foreign policy
Context: a chain e-mail
Fact-check justification: Assuming Obama did call Abbas first — and again, we can't confirm that — we do know that one of his very next calls was to Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. The e-mail conveniently leaves that detail out. Here at PolitiFact, we define a  statement as one that is accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context. We think this  fits the bill. .
Statement: If you're a single mom, and you've two kids in the city of Richmond, you can almost make $50,000 a year on the public dole.
Speaker: bryce reeves
About the speaker: Bryce Reeves, R-Spotsylvania County, was elected to the Virginia Senate in 2011, defeating 28-year inclumbent Democrat Ed Houck. Reeves has announced his intention to run for lieutenant govenor in 2017.
 
Date: December 4, 2016
Location: virginia
Topics: medicaid;poverty;welfare
Context: a radio interview
Fact-check justification: Reeves said, "If you’re a single mom, and you’ve two kids in the city of Richmond, you can almost make $50,000 a year on the public dole." Although Reeves acknowledges he misspoke, he wasn’t far off. That mother, if she was working full time at minimum wage, could receive about $40,000 a year in public assistance. So we rate Reeves’ statement .
Statement: Richard Cordray's nomination to head the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau marks the first time in Senate history "that a political party has blocked a nomination of someone because they didn't like the construction of the agency.
Speaker: sherrod brown
About the speaker: Sherrod Brown is a Democratic U.S. Senator representing Ohio. He won his first elected office to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1974. He later served as Ohio secretary of state and was elected to Congress in 1992. He first joined the U.S. Senate in 2007.
Date: December 7, 2011
Location: ohio
Topics: consumer safety;financial regulation;government regulation
Context: a Senate banking subcommittee hearing
Fact-check justification: Lacking a majority, they failed to win those changes in the Dodd-Frank legislation, but they have sufficient numbers under procedural rules to halt confirmations. This isn’t a question of which side is morally or politically correct. But based on the record, including its nuance, we take the Senate historian’s word: Brown was correct when he said this was the first time that a political party has blocked a nomination unless changes were made to an agency. To repeat Ritchie’s words:  "We searched through past cases and could not find anything that fit the current circumstance." We rate Brown’s  .
Statement: America now has a government that forbids border agents from using deadly force, but is training IRS agents to use SWAT-team tactics on law-abiding citizens.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: August 21, 2022
Topics: immigration;homeland security;taxes
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: An Instagram post claimed "America now has a government that forbids Border agents from using deadly force … but is training IRS agents to use SWAT Team tactics on law abiding citizens." Border Patrol agents are permitted to use deadly force if they believe they or another person are at risk of death or injury. A small group of IRS agents — special agents in the Criminal Investigation division — can also use deadly force. But such force is not randomly employed on typical taxpayers, as the post claimed. Americans facing routine audits do not encounter these agents.  IRS special agents train with tactical gear and breaching equipment. However, IRS policy is  to assess risk before entering a home or business in a criminal investigation, and if the situation is deemed high-risk, a specially trained team will secure the location instead. We rate this  .
Statement: There are over 100 pipelines between the United States and Canada right now.
Speaker: jeb bush
About the speaker: Jeb Bush was a Republican candidate for president of the United States in 2016. He served two terms as the governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007. He is also the brother of former President George W. Bush and the son of former President George H.W. Bush. 
Date: March 21, 2014
Location: florida
Topics: environment;climate change;energy
Context: public remarks
Fact-check justification: Bush said, "There are over 100 pipelines between the United States and Canada right now." Bush has a point that there are a number of major oil and gas pipelines that already cross the U.S.-Canada border. But his number is significantly off. A 2013 Congressional Research Service report referred to 100 pipelines, but that included operating or proposed oil, natural gas, and electric transmission lines, and it counted pipelines crossing both the U.S.-Mexico border and the U.S.-Canada border. If we only count operating pipelines that cross the Canadian border, we count 29 natural gas pipelines and 17 oil pipelines, for a total of 46. We rate this  .
Statement: Kelly Ayotte has voted four times against the federal Paycheck Fairness Act.
Speaker: maggie hassan
About the speaker: New Hampshire Democrat Maggie Hassan was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2016. She formerly served as governor and as a state lawmaker in New Hampshire. 
Date: April 12, 2016
Location: new hampshire
Topics: congress;labor;voting record;women
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: Hassan said that "Kelly Ayotte has voted four times against the federal Paycheck Fairness Act." Hassan glosses over some nuances -- most of the votes were procedural rather than substantive, and she leaves out a vote in which Ayotte cast a procedural vote in favor of advancing the bill. And it’s worth noting that Ayotte’s opposition to the bill doesn’t mean she’s an opponent of equal pay for women; rather, she and most Republicans have a substantive disagreement over the means to that end. Still, Hassan made her assertion specific -- Ayotte’s record on this particular piece of legislation -- and it’s clear that Ayotte has a longstanding record of opposing this bill. We rate the  .
Statement: Says Republicans are "organizing to take people's health care away.
Speaker: tammy baldwin
About the speaker: Tammy Baldwin was elected to the U.S. Senate on Nov. 6, 2012. She represented Wisconsin’s Second Congressional District from January 1999 to January 2013. She served as a member of the Wisconsin Assembly from January 1993 to January 1999. She was a Dane County supervisor from 1986 to 1994 and briefly served on the Madison Common Council, filling a vacancy, in 1986.
Date: January 6, 2017
Location: wisconsin
Topics: health care
Context: an interview
Fact-check justification: Still, Baldwin’s  is not supported by what congressional Republicans have said and done thus far. Our rating Baldwin said that Republicans are "organizing to take people's health care away." While the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office found that repeal of the Affordable Care Act could result in millions of people losing their health insurance, that finding did not examine the effect of any replacement legislation. Prominent congressional Republicans — and Trump — have repeatedly said they intend to propose alternative legislation that would aim to give all people access to health care. For a statement that contains some element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression, we rate Baldwin’s statement .
Statement: The Democrats' Women's Health Protection Act of 2022 "would permit abortion up until delivery.
Speaker: mariannette miller-meeks
About the speaker: Rep. Mariannette Miller-Meeks, R-Iowa, was elected in 2020 to represent Iowa's 2nd Congressional District.
Date: July 17, 2022
Location: iowa
Topics: abortion
Context: a newsletter
Fact-check justification: Mariannette Miller-Meeks said the Democrats’ Women’s Health Protection Act of 2022 "would permit abortion up until delivery."  The bill, which passed the U.S. House but is considered unlikely to win approval in the Senate, would permit abortion up to delivery, but only in limited cases — when medical professionals determine that an abortion is necessary to save the life or the health of the mother. Such situations account for a tiny fraction of all abortions, federal data shows. Ignoring this qualifier is .  The statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression, so we rate it .
Statement: A United Nations working group has "adopted a proposed agenda" to enable member nations to "disarm civilians within their borders.
Speaker: chain email
About the speaker: Chain emails circulate on the Internet, usually anonymously, making a variety of political claims.
Date: August 12, 2013
Location: national
Topics: guns
Context: a document shared via email and social media
Fact-check justification: A document found on the Internet and circulating via email and social media says that a United Nations working group has "adopted a proposed agenda" to enable member nations to "disarm civilians within their borders." If the document were real, it would confirm the worst fears of those who fear a mass confiscation of handguns, hunting rifles and ammunition in the U.S. -- but a United Nations spokesman cited several reasons for concluding that the document is a , including the fact that the study group referenced in the document does not exist. We rate the document .
Statement: Because of the health care law, "by 2017, we will be funneling over $100 billion annually to private insurance companies.
Speaker: michael moore
About the speaker: Michael Moore directed the movie "Capitalism: A Love Story" and is a well-known documentary filmmaker. His movies includes "Roger and Me," "Bowling for Columbine," "Fahrenheit 9/11," and "Sicko." He won the Academy Award for best documentary in 2002 with "Bowling for Columbine," and he was a nominee in 2007 for "Sicko." Michael Moore's Web site is www.MichaelMoore.com.
Date: January 1, 2014
Topics: health care;punditfact
Context: a "New York Times" op-ed
Fact-check justification: Moore said that in 2017, Obamacare will funnel over $100 billion to insurance companies. The analysts we contacted told us $95 billion would be a more accurate figure, so Moore overshoots a bit. He characterized Obamacare as a pro-insurance industry program, which might lead some people to think that insurers would pocket all of the money. That clearly won’t happen because the companies will pay for care, and also because insurers might need to absorb a portion of about $11.4 billion in new taxes. What happens to the bottom line of insurance companies is somewhat uncertain. Some firms speak optimistically about turning a profit. Some analysts predict it will be a wash, with revenues and expenses cancelling each other out. All such assertions are based on predictions that could be on target or not. Here, we're focusing only on the specifics of Moore’s  -- which is largely accurate. We rate it .
Statement: Mayor Giuliani made New York City what's known as a 'sanctuary city,' where illegal aliens were allowed to come. And he instructed the leaders of the city not to enforce the law, not to enforce immigration law.
Speaker: mitt romney
About the speaker: Mitt Romney is a U.S. senator from Utah. He ran for president in 2012 as the Republican nominee, losing to incumbent President Barack Obama. Prior to that, Romney served one term as governor of Massachusetts, elected to the post in 2002. He was born in 1947 in Michigan, where his father was governor from 1963 to 1969. Romney graduated from Brigham Young University and received both a law degree and an MBA from Harvard University. Romney helped found the investment firm Bain Capital in 1984, which launched or rebuilt such companies as Staples and Dominos Pizza. Romney managed the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City from 1999-2002. He ran for president in 2008 but lost the Republican nomination. He and his wife, Ann, have five sons, Tagg, Craig, Matt, Ben and Josh.
Date: August 14, 2007
Location: national
Topics: immigration
Context: a campaign event carried on CNN
Fact-check justification: Federal authorities could always enforce the law in New York. And Romney's  that Giuliani "instructed the leaders of the city not to enforce the law, not to enforce immigration law" is also . City workers had no role in enforcing federal law. That's the feds' job. So we rate Romney's attack on Giuliani as  because it  the real effect of New York City's policies and makes it seem like more of a "sanctuary" than it really was.
Statement: $1 billion—that's how much Bruce Rauner has wasted with his budget crisis.
Speaker: jb pritzker
About the speaker: J.B. Pritzker is Illinois' 43rd governor and a former Chicago venture capitalist and entrepreneur.
Date: June 7, 2018
Location: illinois
Topics: state budget
Context: a campaign ad
Fact-check justification: A recent Pritzker campaign ad says Rauner "wasted" $1 billion "with his budget crisis." Pritzker’s ad seeks to blame Rauner for the entirety of a huge tab the state ran up last year on interest penalties for late payment of bills. The problem was significantly aggravated by a two-year budget standoff in Springfield that left many state services running on autopilot but with insufficient revenues to cover the costs. Rauner clearly played a key role in that logjam and it may be smart politics on Pritzker’s part to try to blame the mess entirely on the incumbent. But Rauner hardly acted alone. What’s more, running up an expensive late payment tab isn’t unique to the Rauner era. Chronic fiscal mismanagement over many administrations has made it harder for the state to pay bills in a timely fashion—even when the income tax rate was higher and more revenue was flowing in. Pritzker’s ad has its number straight, but uses it to blame Rauner alone for an unfortunate legacy that is shared by many. We rate it .
Statement: Women are paid 77 cents for every $1 men get for the same work.
Speaker: jason carter
About the speaker: Jason Carter was elected to the Georgia Senate in May 2010, representing portions of DeKalb County. He is an attorney at the business litigation firm of Bondurant, Mixson & Elmore, LLP. Carter is the grandson of former U.S. president and Georgia governor Jimmy Carter.
Date: April 8, 2014
Location: georgia
Topics: economy;women
Context: social media posts
Fact-check justification: To sum up, Jason Carter said women were being paid 77 cents for every $1 men received for the same work. The widely cited U.S. Census Bureau study, though, did not attempt to look at equal pay for the same work or the same number of hours worked. Other federal data show smaller gaps when considering the specific occupation, time on the job and educational levels. Carter’s statements omit many of these factors. We rate it .
Statement: Muslim BTS fan accidentally plays the song 'Dynamite' instead of Azaan on loudspeakers at 4am; gets arrested.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: June 29, 2021
Topics: pop culture;religion;facebook fact-checks
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: Other accounts that shared the post on Instagram and Facebook did not make it clear that the story was satire. Versions of it got more than 400,000 interactions on Instagram and over 7,000 interactions on Facebook, according to CrowdTangle, a social media insights tool.   Fact-checkers in the U.S. and India also concluded that the story told in the post was made-up. In fact, the mosque shown in the post does not actually resemble the mosque in Jaunpur where the image claims the incident took place, India’s The Quint reported . We rate the Instagram post !
Statement: The audit of the 2020 presidential election in Maricopa County, Ariz., "cost the taxpayers $6 million.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: September 28, 2021
Location: arizona
Topics: county government;elections;facebook fact-checks
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: An Instagram post said Arizona’s ballot review cost taxpayers $6 million. Trump supporters, not taxpayers, paid the bulk of the nearly $6 million it cost to review ballots in Maricopa County.  Taxpayers contributed $150,000 toward the review, plus $3 million for new vote-counting machines to replace machines that the county decided had been compromised during the review. We rate the post .
Statement: When he was Milwaukee County executive, "eight years in a row we pushed through budgets that did not increase the tax levy from the previous year.
Speaker: scott walker
About the speaker: Scott Walker, a Republican, is the former governor of Wisconsin. He was first elected in November 2010. He survived a recall election in 2012, defeating Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett after igniting controversy with a bill curtailing public-employee union collective-bargaining rights.  He won re-election to a four-year term in November 2014 and was a 2016 presidential candidate before dropping out in September of 2015. He was defeated by Tony Evers in the 2018 gubernatorial election. Walker is a former Milwaukee County executive and former member of the state Assembly.
Date: June 5, 2017
Location: wisconsin
Topics: county budget;county government;taxes
Context: an interview
Fact-check justification: It was actually nine straight years that Walker proposed budgets that did not increase the levy -- the total amount of property taxes collected. But, to say he "pushed through budgets" that did not increase the levy is . In eight of the nine years, the budgets adopted by the County Board -- over Walker’s vetoes -- raised the levy. And each year, Walker would use that increased levy as his proposal for the next year’s budget. For a statement that contains only an element of , we rate Walker’s  .
Statement: Says Obama replaced the American flag on the tail of his plane with his campaign logo.
Speaker: chain email
About the speaker: Chain emails circulate on the Internet, usually anonymously, making a variety of political claims.
Date: August 12, 2008
Location: national
Topics: patriotism
Context: a widely circulated chain e-mail
Fact-check justification: (But there is a wavy flag on the side of the McCain plane beside the motto "Reform/Prosperity/Peace.") If flag size on charter planes is important to you as a voter, it's worth noting that the Obama and McCain flags are dwarfed by the stars and stripes on Bob Dole's '96 campaign plane ( big flag on tail), Bush-Cheney '00 ( bigger flag on tail) and Kerry-Edwards '04 ( wavy flag on fuselage). But, back to the matter at hand. Yes, the e-mail is right that the Obama campaign replaced the American flag with its own logo, but the flag it covered was a corporate logo, not a stand-alone flag. So we'll take this down a notch to .
Statement: The problem with invasive species today in the Great Lakes isn't ballast water.
Speaker: steve latourette
About the speaker: Steve LaTourette, a Republican, is a former member of the House of Representatives from Ohio's 14th Congressional District. He served from 1995 to 2013.
Date: November 4, 2011
Location: ohio
Topics: environment;jobs;transportation
Context: the House of Representatives
Fact-check justification: For the past several months, GOP Rep. Steve LaTourette has been weighted down in a congressional dispute over ballast water on the Great Lakes.
Statement: Video shows zombie virus outbreak in China.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: March 28, 2023
Topics: china;facebook fact-checks
Context: a video
Fact-check justification: The event was designed to lure young commuters to the city’s public transit, the article said. The "Train to Apocalypse" event was widely covered by the news media when it happened in August and September 2022. The event’s organizer, Pandora Box, posted advertisements and several videos on its Instagram page . A spokesperson for LRT Jakarta confirmed to Reuters and The Associated Press that the video in the social media post is from that event. The  that a video shows a zombie virus outbreak on a passenger train in China is .
Statement: Now there is a new threat that we're seeing up close: the risk of exposure to powerful drugs that can kill in even tiny amounts.
Speaker: matthew birmingham
About the speaker: Col. Matthew Birmingham is the director of the Vermont State Police. 
Date: March 16, 2019
Location: vermont
Topics: drugs
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: Our Ruling Col. Matthew T. Birmingham said: "Now there is a new threat that we’re seeing up close: the risk of exposure to powerful drugs that can kill in even tiny amounts." It’s not clear what happened to Flansburg, the state trooper. But Birmingham went beyond the specific incident to make a broader statement about the mortal risk to law enforcement officers from exposure to tiny amounts of powerful opioids. Even without protective gear, the scientific and medical communities are clear: incidental contact with small amounts of fentanyl will not cause an overdose. We rate Birmingham’s  .