chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: With the $53 billion spent in Ukraine aid, the U.S. "could pay five SWAT members $80,000 each and have them at EVERY school front door.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: May 26, 2022
Topics: education;facebook fact-checks;guns
Context: a photo on Facebook
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post claimed that with the $53 billion spent in Ukraine aid, the U.S. "could pay five SWAT members $80,000 each and have them at EVERY school front door." The U.S. has allocated about $53 billion in aid to Ukraine. And if one wanted to pay this amount to station five SWAT members at every public and private K-12 school in the country, it would also add up to about $53 billion over one year. But that statement alone lacks context about current security funding for schools and what research shows about the effect of such measures. More than $2.7 billion is already spent each year on school safety equipment and services nationwide. And this $53 billion, if spent as the  suggested, would cover just one year of SWAT team coverage for schools. Additionally, research shows that the presence of armed officers on campuses does not help prevent school shootings from happening. We rate this  . RELATED: Research: Armed campus police do not prevent school shootings RELATED: How do we prevent school shootings?
Statement: From 1972 until 2011, the number of EPA employees increased by 107 percent while the number of total federal personnel decreased by 15 percent.
Speaker: morgan griffith
About the speaker: Morgan Griffith, a Republican congressman, represents Virginia's 9th District, which includes much of Southwest and part of Southside Virginia. He was first elected to the U.S. House in 2010. He serves on the House's Energy and Commerce Committee, which includes assignments on the Health, Energy and Power, and Oversight and Investigations subcommittees.
He previously served in Virginia's House of Delegates from 1994 to 2011 and was the House Majority Leader beginning in 2000.
Griffith graduated in 1980 from Emory and Henry College, Emory, and obtained a law degree in 1983 from Washington and Lee University School of Law, Lexington.
Date: March 25, 2014
Location: virginia
Topics: environment;jobs
Context: congressional testimony
Fact-check justification: Griffith said, "From 1972 until 2011, the number of EPA employees increased by 107 percent while the number of total federal personnel decreased by 15 percent." There are a few minor issues with Griffith’s choice of dates and numbers, but we won’t quibble. The EPA increase would have dipped below 100 percent if Griffith had used the most current employment figures from 2013. On the other had, Griffith could have made the growth sound more dramatic if he had started his comparison in 1970, when the EPA was born. We rate Griffith’s statement .
Statement: Says he "forced Washington to open up the Arctic Ocean to oil drilling.
Speaker: mark begich
About the speaker: U.S. Sen. Mark Begich is a Democrat from Alaska. He was elected in November 2008.
Date: March 20, 2014
Location: national
Topics: environment;energy
Context: a TV ad
Fact-check justification: Begich’s ad claimed that "he forced Washington to open up the Arctic Ocean to oil drilling." Begich wasn’t in the Senate when the government awarded leases to Shell, but the leases were only the first step toward drilling in the Arctic Ocean. Numerous other federal permits were required before Shell could drill there, and by multiple accounts, Begich played a key role in pushing the administration from the time he began serving in the Senate. Shell did drill in 2012 -- the first activity in that region of the Arctic in decades -- though after complications arose, including legal ones, the company hasn’t done so again. So Begich can rightfully take credit for helping advancing Shell’s oil-drilling permits in the Arctic Ocean, but there’s currently no drilling taking place. We rate his  .
Statement: Everyone on California's roads is properly licensed, tested and insured.
Speaker: luis alejo
About the speaker: Luis Alejo, Democratic state lawmaker from Salinas
Date: September 25, 2015
Location: california
Topics: public safety;transportation
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: Assemblyman Luis Alejo says "everyone on California’s roads is properly licensed, tested and insured." This statement is clearly a dream, with no basis in fact. While indicators show the number of uninsured motorists is dropping, CHP officers are still very busy citing uninsured drivers. They wrote more than 66,000 tickets for uninsured drivers from January through August. Insurance experts call Alejo’s   and wishful thinking. They also strongly doubt the problem will ever be fully solved. We rate the  , which we define as a statement that is "not accurate and makes a  ." Click here for more  on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: Just on the issue of immigration alone, it is next to impossible to find a policy difference between (Donald) Trump and Congressman (Joe) Heck.
Speaker: catherine cortez masto
About the speaker: Catherine Cortez Masto was elected to the U.S. Senate in November 2016 in Nevada. She previously served two terms as Nevada's Attorney General.
Date: July 14, 2016
Location: nevada
Topics: immigration
Context: a news release
Fact-check justification: Cortez Masto claims that "on the issue of immigration alone, it is next to impossible to find a policy difference between (Donald) Trump and Congressman (Joe) Heck." There are areas where Heck and Trump overlap on immigration policy: mandatory E-verify for employers, upping border security and questioning birthright citizenship. However, Cortez Masto made it sound like Heck and Trump are lockstep on the issue, and that's clearly not the case. There are major stated policy differences between the two Republicans — Heck opposes mass deportation, which Trump campaigned on during the primary season. And Heck has supported a pathway to citizenship for people not legally in the country, as well as supported a version of the DREAM Act. It wasn't "next to impossible" to find those differences. We rate this statement . https://www.sharethefacts.co/share/311dcdb1-c61d-47a8-a370-327fe6ef5998
Statement: Top CEOs (are) making 300 times the average worker.
Speaker: joe kennedy
About the speaker: U.S. Rep. Joe Kennedy represents the Fourth District in Massachusetts. Prior to being elected to Congress, Joe served the Commonwealth of Massachusetts as an Assistant District Attorney in both the Middlesex County and Cape and Island’s District Attorneys’ Offices. He lives in Newton.
Date: January 30, 2018
Location: national
Topics: economy;income
Context: response to State of the Union address
Fact-check justification: Kennedy said, "Top CEOs (are) making 300 times the average worker." His numbers describing today’s ratio, while credible, are on the high side of research. The AFL-CIO put the ratio at 347-to-1. The liberal Economic Policy Institute said CEOs make either 271 or 224 times that of average employees, depending on how you measure stock options. Bloomberg pegged the ratio at 265-to-1. We rate his  .
Statement: The New England Journal of Medicine released a survey the week that President Obama signed Obamacare stating that over 30 percent of American physicians would leave the profession if the government took over health care.
Speaker: michele bachmann
About the speaker: Michele Bachmann, first elected to the U.S. Congress in 2006, represents the 6th Congressional District of Minnesota. She was reelected in 2008. Previously, she served in the Minnesota State Senate. Prior to that, she spent five years as a federal tax litigation attorney. Bachmann and her husband, Marcus, who have five children and have opened their home to 23 foster children, live in Stillwater, Minn., and own a mental health care practice.
Date: March 28, 2010
Location: national
Topics: health care
Context: on CBS's "Face the Nation"
Fact-check justification: An NEJM spokesman said they are reviewing their policies to make sure this kind of confusion doesn't happen again. But on top of getting the source , we think Bachmann sensationalizes the Medicus results, saying that "30 percent of American physicians would leave the profession" if the health care bill passed. The survey language was that they would "try to leave" or "try to retire early" if it passed. There's a difference. Altogether, we rate her  .
Statement: You've raised a lot more money than I have, Bernie.
Speaker: joe biden
About the speaker: Joe Biden is the president of the United States. A Democrat, Biden served as a Delaware senator from 1973 (elected at the age of 29) until 2009. During his time in the Senate, he served as chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, chair of the International Narcotics Control Caucus and chair of the Judiciary Committee. He subsequently served as Barack Obama’s vice president from 2009 to 2016. Biden launched unsuccessful presidential campaigns in 1988 and 2008. He received a degree in history and political science from the University of Delaware and his J.D. from Syracuse School of Law. 
Date: March 5, 2020
Topics: campaign finance
Context: an interview with NBC
Fact-check justification: Biden said, "You’ve raised a lot more money than I have, Bernie." The numbers change quickly, and there’s a lag in official reporting to the Federal Election Commission. Still, the best estimate is that Sanders has raised about $71 million more than Biden has since the start of the 2020 campaign. We rate the statement .
Statement: In 1790, the first Congress, which was packed with framers, required all ship owners to provide medical insurance for seamen; in 1798, Congress also required seamen to buy hospital insurance for themselves. In 1792, Congress enacted a law mandating that all able-bodied citizens obtain a firearm.
Speaker: einer elhauge
About the speaker: Einer Elhauge is the Petrie Professor of Law at Harvard University.
Date: January 5, 2012
Location: rhode island
Topics: congress;health care;history;government regulation;supreme court
Context: the New England Journal of Medicine
Fact-check justification: Harvard Law professor Einer Elhauge said that early Congresses, particularly the first Congress, had no qualms about forcing purchases. Our research confirmed that. Congress required merchant ship owners to purchase medicines or provide health care for their workers. Seamen were later taxed to pay for what might be regarded today as an 18th-century health maintenance organization to provide for hospital care. And most able-bodied men were required to purchase weaponry for their service in the militia. Although he correctly characterized the laws, to say that the framers of the Constitution "packed" that first Congress is too much of a stretch. "Packed" means at least a majority; 22 percent is not a majority. For that reason, we rule his statement  . (An earlier version of this item incorrectly reported that Washington signed all three bills. John Adams, a founding father who was not a framer because he was in Europe when the U.S. Constitution was written, signed the 1798 legislation.) (Get updates from PolitiFactRI on Twitter . To comment, visit us on our PolitiFact Rhode Island Facebook page.)
Statement: Says someone earning $50,000 a year will fare better under his "9-9-9" plan than under the current tax system.
Speaker: herman cain
About the speaker: Herman Cain is an author, columnist and talk radio host. Cain, a former pizza franchise CEO, ran for president as a Republican in 2012.
Date: October 5, 2011
Location: florida
Topics: taxes
Context: St. Petersburg, Fla., aboard his campaign bus
Fact-check justification: There's some cherry-picking there, since the numbers change if you select $40,000 or $30,000. Moreover, while calculating the impacts of 9-9-9 might be simple, comparing them to the current tax system is much more complicated. Cain's assumption holds when you look at single earners, but married couples and people with children making $50,000 a year would likely pay more under 9-9-9 than the current system. We knock the  down one mark for cherry-picking a figure of $50,000 a year and two more because the  itself is only half right. To us, that equals a .
Statement: Says Jeb Bush "oversaw (an) average in-state tuition increase of 48.2 percent during his tenure.
Speaker: florida democratic party
About the speaker: the Florida affiliate of the Democratic Party.
Date: June 25, 2015
Location: florida
Topics: education
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: The Florida Democratic Party said Bush "oversaw average in-state tuition increase of 48.2 percent during his tenure." While not having the power to increase tuition himself, Bush did sign budgets in which the Legislature increased tuition substantially. We came up with 56.9 percent ourselves, counting the strict cost of tuition per hour over the eight years Bush was governor. That hike doesn’t beat estimates of the nationwide average at the time, however, and in-state, undergraduate tuition was still quite a deal compared to other states when Bush left office. The statement is accurate, but needs clarification or additional information. We rate it .
Statement: Health care is the "No. 1 reason for bankruptcy.
Speaker: josé oliva
About the speaker: José Oliva, a Miami Lakes Republican, was elected to the Florida House of Representatives on June 28, 2011and reelected subsequently. He is the House Speaker for 2018-2020. He is CEO of the Oliva Cigar Company and a former Hialeah Housing Commissioner 2001-2005.
Date: January 30, 2019
Location: florida
Topics: bankruptcy;health care
Context: Tallahassee
Fact-check justification: Oliva said that health care is the "No. 1 reason for bankruptcy." Research in 2009 found that in 62 percent of cases, medical illnesses or bills contributed to bankruptcy, based on surveys of the people who declared bankruptcy. But other academics have disagreed with that conclusion, particularly those who are wary that people tend to blame financial problems on illness when there are other reasons as well. A paper published in 2018 concluded that adult hospitalizations caused 4 percent of personal bankruptcies, but that data also has limitations. It is difficult to pinpoint a top reason for bankruptcies because multiple factors could collide, causing someone’s debt to mount and leading to bankruptcy. Researchers are still debating how different issues contribute. We rate this  .
Statement: We know there are more Democrats in Georgia than Republicans. We know that for a fact.
Speaker: mike berlon
About the speaker: Mike Berlon is the chairman of the Democratic Party of Georgia.
Date: September 3, 2012
Location: georgia
Topics: elections
Context: an article
Fact-check justification: There’s little concrete  that definitively shows which party has more voters since Georgia does not allow partisan voter registration and the secretary of state’s office doesn’t keep statistics on voters’ party preference. There is some information that supports Berlon’s argument, and some that counter his . While more people voted Democrat in the 2008 primary, Republicans dominated in the 2010 statewide races, and more Georgians voted on the GOP ballot in July. The polling data says it’s close, but election results and the most recent makeup of the Georgia Legislature suggest there are more Georgians who consider themselves Republican. We give Berlon a .
Statement: Regarding the risks of coronavirus transmission on an airplane, "It's as safe as an environment as you're going to find.
Speaker: gary kelly
About the speaker: Gary Kelly is the chief executive officer of Dallas-based Southwest Airlines.
Date: May 3, 2020
Location: texas
Topics: health check;coronavirus
Context: an interview on CBS
Fact-check justification: The CEO of Southwest Airlines said during a TV interview that the risks of COVID-19 transmission on an airplane are no greater than anywhere else and that "it’s as safe as an environment as you’re going to find."  Research shows that airplanes’ strong ventilation systems do filter out virus particles. However, studies also indicate that some level of risk regarding the transmission of an infectious disease persists, particularly if you are seated near a contagious person. And passengers’ ability to take steps to mitigate that risk is limited.   Kelly’s statement contained an element of  regarding planes’ air filtration and mitigation steps taken by the industry, but he took it a bit too far and left out key pieces of information and context.  We rate it as .
Statement: JFK Jr was declared the frontrunner for the NY Senate seat in 1999. Days later his plane crashed, making Hillary Clinton the newly elected senator.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: November 5, 2019
Topics: elections;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: "Earlier this year, in one of the best-kept secrets in state politics, Kennedy considered seeking the seat of retiring Sen. Daniel Moynihan (D-N.Y.) in 2000, the friends confirmed yesterday," the story says. Though a private poll in 1997 found that JFK Jr. was the state’s most popular Democrat by far, according to the story, "the idea became moot once First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton signaled her interest in running, but the two friends said they expected the son of the slain president eventually would have jumped into politics as a candidate. "  A 1999 Washington Post story says that a "Kennedy insider" claimed leading Democrats had unsuccessfully approached Robert F. Kennedy Jr. to run for Moynihan’s seat.    Hillary Clinton was elected to Moynihan’s vacated seat on Nov. 7, 2000. We rate this Facebook post .
Statement: New Jersey loses net, that is minus those who come into the state, 30,000 students a year.
Speaker: susan cole
About the speaker: Susan A. Cole has served as the president of Montclair State University since 1998.
Date: March 13, 2012
Location: new jersey
Topics: education
Context: an interview on NJTV
Fact-check justification: The president of Montclair State University said: "New Jersey loses net, that is minus those who come into the state, 30,000 students a year." According to the most recent federal education statistics, 36,135 first-time freshmen students left New Jersey and 5,268 came to the state. That’s a net loss of 30,867. And when narrowing  the data to freshmen who graduated in the  past 12 months or students attending four-year institutions, the net loss is still more than 27,000 students. Cole’s on the mark with this statement. We rate it . To comment on this ruling, go to NJ.com .
Statement: Says President Barack Obama "has taken 92 days of vacation since he was sworn in," compared to 367 for President George W. Bush at the same point in his presidency.
Speaker: al sharpton
About the speaker: The Rev. Al Sharpton, a minister based in New York City, is founder of the National Action Network civil rights organization. He is a nationally syndicated radio talk show host and he hosts MSNBC PoliticsNation. Sharpton has run for the U.S. Senate and was a Democratic candidate for president in 2004.
Date: August 9, 2013
Location: national
Topics: bush administration;pundits;recreation
Context: a segment of his MSNBC show, "Politics Nation"
Fact-check justification: Sharpton said that Obama "has taken 92 days of vacation since he was sworn in," compared to 367 for President George W. Bush at the same point in his presidency. While this discrepancy is explained by the fact that Bush often worked from a family home in Texas whereas Obama has no equivalent family retreat, Sharpton has correctly cited data from the leading authority, CBS News’ Mark Knoller. The statement is accurate but needs clarification or additional information, so we rate the statement .
Statement: Americans, in the last 30 years, "have more than doubled the amount of money we are spending per child (on education) … and the results have gotten worse, not better.
Speaker: michelle rhee
About the speaker: Michelle Rhee is the former chancellor of the Washington D.C. public schools system.
Date: February 9, 2011
Location: florida
Topics: education
Context: talking to Florida legislators
Fact-check justification: During her trip to Florida, Rhee said that Americans, in the last 30 years, "have more than doubled the amount of money we are spending per child (on education) … and the results have gotten worse, not better." Per-pupil education spending has grown significantly over the past 30 years, and the United States spends among the most to educate its K-12 students. But to say that student results have gotten worse is simplifying things a bit. Maybe the return for the increased spending isn't what people want, but student performance in math and reading has improved slightly over the past 30 years, according to statistics kept by the U.S. Department of Education. Different assessments essentially show that U.S. students have failed to make the gains that other countries have. But they haven't showed U.S. students performing worse. We rate this  .
Statement: During the 1918 flu pandemic, San Francisco residents formed the "Anti-Mask League." San Francisco "was ultimately one of the cities that suffered the most with a high death rate.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: April 22, 2020
Location: california
Topics: coronavirus
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post said during the 1918 flu pandemic, San Francisco residents formed an "Anti-Mask League." San Francisco "was ultimately one of the cities that suffered the most with a high death rate." Residents angry about the reinstatement of a mask order did form the Anti-Mask League in January 1919. It appeared to be short-lived, as the mask rule was quickly rescinded. Researchers found that San Francisco did have one of the higher death rates in the country, but it is impossible to say whether that was directly related to the mask protests. A photo of masked police officers that accompanies the post is real, but it shows officers in Seattle. We rate this statement .
Statement: We have more natural gas than Saudi Arabia has oil.
Speaker: tommy thompson
About the speaker: Tommy Thompson, a Republican, was a 2012 candidate for the U.S. Senate from Wisconsin. He served as governor of Wisconsin from 1987 until 2001, when he left office to become President George W. Bush's secretary of health and human services. He previously spent 20 years in the Wisconsin Assembly. Thompson briefly ran for president, withdrawing in 2007.
Date: September 11, 2012
Location: wisconsin
Topics: environment;energy;transportation
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: We don’t think it is so clear, given that Thompson made no mention of production. Our rating Thompson stated: "We have more natural gas than Saudi Arabia has oil." The U.S. produces more natural gas than Saudi Arabia produces oil. But in terms of reserves -- those that are proved and those that are technically recoverable -- Saudi Arabia leads. We rate Thompson’s statement .