chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: A United Nations arms treaty would "almost certainly force" the U.S. to "create an international gun registry, setting the stage for full-scale gun confiscation.
Speaker: paul broun
About the speaker: U.S. House Rep. Paul Broun, a Republican, is from Athens. He represents Georgia's 10th congressional district.
Date: August 10, 2012
Location: georgia
Topics: human rights;trade;guns
Context: a YouTube video
Fact-check justification: Broun’s statement contains the tiniest sliver of . The treaty would track international gun sales. But his  makes it sound like the U.N. will keep a registry of all gun owners across the world. That’s a bizarre distortion of the facts. His  is .
Statement: Says Donald Trump "brings in hundreds of foreign workers to replace Americans.
Speaker: ted cruz
About the speaker: Ted Cruz is a U.S. Senator from Texas, first elected in 2012. Cruz also was a candidate for president of the United States in 2016. He is the former solicitor general for the state of Texas, previously serving as the director of the Office of Policy Planning at the Federal Trade Commission, an Associate Deputy Attorney General at the U.S. Department of Justice, and as a domestic policy advisor on the 2000 Bush-Cheney campaign, according to his campaign biography.
Date: May 2, 2016
Location: florida
Topics: immigration;labor
Context: a TV ad
Fact-check justification: A Cruz ad says that Donald Trump "brings in hundreds of foreign workers to replace Americans." Federal labor records show Trump sought visas for hundreds of foreign workers to fill temporary positions at his Mar-A-Lago Club in recent years. Hundreds of U.S. applicants either applied or were referred for the jobs, but only a handful were hired. There is some debate about whether those applicants were qualified or not. Cruz makes it sound like foreign workers took jobs from Americans already in positions, but that’s not the case. It’s an ongoing debate whether there were qualified Americans who would have been willing to work the seasonal, part-time service jobs for which the club was hiring. The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details. We rate it .
Statement: Most of these killers tend to be 18, 19 years old.
Speaker: chris murphy
About the speaker: Chris Murphy is a Democratic member of the U.S. Senate from Connecticut. He previously represented a district in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Date: May 24, 2022
Topics: children;education;guns
Context: an interview with CNN
Fact-check justification: Murphy said after the shooting in Uvalde that "most of these killers tend to be 18, 19 years old." That’s largely accurate when looking at school shootings alone, according to a Washington Post database of school shootings since 1999. The database did include shootings that did not result in a death, and the share of teenagers committing mass shootings overall is smaller.  We rate the statement . RELATED: All of our fact-checks about guns
Statement: Sixty-one percent of our bridges are in trouble.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: October 14, 2015
Location: virginia
Topics: infrastructure;transportation
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: Trump says "61 percent of our bridges are in trouble." The FHWA identifies 24 percent of the bridges as deficient. This doesn’t mean, to borrow a Trump phrase, that "our bridges are falling down." It means that the infrastructure is aging and many of the spans require high maintenance, while others are serving more traffic than anticipated when they were built. We don’t mean to minimize the nation’s infrastructure problems, but Trump’s inflated figure is nowhere near the mark. We rate his statement .
Statement: The United States is the ONLY industrialized country without universal healthcare.
Speaker: mark pocan
About the speaker: Mark Pocan was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in the 2nd Congressional District on Nov. 6, 2012. He is from Madison and previously served as a Democratic member of the Wisconsin state Assembly. 
Date: April 30, 2019
Location: wisconsin
Topics: health care;medicaid;medicare
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Pocan said "the United States is the ONLY industrialized country without universal health care." Our research, including an earlier fact-check done by PolitiFact National, made clear this is the case. Indeed, there are numerous non-industrialized countries that also offer universal health care. We rate the  .
Statement: Hank Aaron's death was caused by a COVID-19 vaccine.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: January 22, 2021
Topics: public health;sports;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Social media users imply that Hank Aaron’s death was caused by a COVID-19 vaccine. The Fulton County Medical Examiner’s office confirmed that Aaron’s death was not linked to the vaccine. Just because someone dies after receiving a vaccine does not prove that the vaccine caused his death. The COVID-19 vaccines have been proven to be safe and effective in tens of thousands of people. We rate these posts .
Statement: The commission form of government is definitely losing favor in the United States.
Speaker: kimberly nelson
About the speaker: Kimberly Nelson is an associate professor at the University of North Carolina's School of Public Administration and Government.
Date: December 3, 2013
Location: georgia
Topics: county government
Context: a meeting
Fact-check justification: In Fulton County, leaders there have discussed elevating the commission chair's authority while making it tougher to fire the county manager. State lawmakers may take up both proposals in next year's legislative session, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution has reported. To sum up, Nelson said at a DeKalb County town hall meeting on the current structure of county government that "the commission form of government is definitely losing favor in the United States." Anecdotal information and the most comprehensive report on counties support her point. Our rating: .
Statement: Seven more people will die each and every day until the Legislature ratifies these (pain clinic) rules that are being approved by the Board of Medicine and the Department of Health.
Speaker: mike fasano
About the speaker: Mike Fasano has been in the Florida Legislature since 1994, serving in the state House until his 2002 election to the state Senate. An ally of former Gov. Charlie Crist, he stuck by the governor when he left the GOP to run as an independent for the U.S. Senate. This cost Fasano some good will among his fellow Republican lawmakers, and in 2010 he was given a less significant senate committee chairmanship.
He is from Pasco County, and has been a strong advocate of regulation of prescription drug "pill mills.''    
Date: November 23, 2010
Location: florida
Topics: drugs
Context: an interview with the St. Petersburg Times
Fact-check justification: Fasano, an advocate for cracking down on unscrupulous pain clinics, underscores his argument for more regulation with an attention-grabbing statistic: an average of seven people die each day from prescription drugs. The numbers from Florida's top law enforcement agency bear him out. However, not all of the prescription-related deaths originated at pill mills. Experts say that figure is hard to quantify. We rate Fasano's statement .
Statement: They say teachers only make on average in New Jersey 60,000 dollars a year. They only work 180 days.
Speaker: chris christie
About the speaker: Chris Christie announced June 6, 2023 that he is running for the Republican nomination for president. Christie was the governor of New Jersey and a candidate for the Republican nomination for president in 2016. As governor, Christie won office in 2010 and was re-elected in 2014. Prior to that, he was U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey from 2002 to 2008. 
Date: November 18, 2011
Location: new jersey
Topics: education
Context: a speech at Notre Dame's law school
Fact-check justification: In a speech last month to students at Notre Dame, the governor said New Jersey teachers on average only work 180 days a year and get $60,000 salaries. New Jersey’s school year averages 185 days and the average teacher salary in the state is $65,130. Christie was a bit off on both of his numbers, but not by much. Based strictly on numbers, we rate his statement . To comment on this statement, go to  NJ.com .
Statement: According to SCUBA divers, Summersville Lake is the clearest freshwater lake east of the Mississippi River.
Speaker: jim justice
About the speaker: Jim Justice is the Republican governor of West Virginia. A businessman, Justice was originally elected as a Democrat.
Date: August 17, 2018
Location: west virginia
Topics: environment;recreation
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Justice tweeted, "According to SCUBA divers, Summersville Lake is the clearest freshwater lake east of the Mississippi River." This facts on this  are more opaque than the governor lets on. There’s no question that Summersville Lake attracts divers who appreciate its clear waters, and there is  that it has long been called "the Little Bahamas of the East." Justice’s tweet went beyond that, saying specifically that the lake is the clearest in the eastern United States. An Army Corps of Engineers and several independent experts were unable to point to  for that first-place ranking. The statement contains an element of , but it offers a specific No. 1 ranking without a comprehensive study to back it up. We rate it .
Statement: More people now die in Wisconsin from drug overdoses than car crashes.
Speaker: brad schimel
About the speaker: Republican Brad Schimel was elected in 2006 as the district attorney in Waukesha County, which borders Milwaukee County. He was the GOP nominee for Wisconsin attorney general in the November 2014 election, and defeated Susan Happ to win the office. After he was defeated in November 2018, he was appointed a circuit court judge in Waukesha County.
Date: June 6, 2016
Location: wisconsin
Topics: drugs
Context: an opinion piece
Fact-check justification: So both age-adjusted and raw numbers show that beginning in 2008 or 2009 (depending on which numbers you use) more people in Wisconsin died from drug use than from car crashes. Nationally, the total number of drug-related deaths surpassed the number of motor vehicle deaths in 2008 -- about the same time the numbers flipped in Wisconsin. Our rating Schimel said more people now die in Wisconsin from drug overdoses than car crashes. The most recent data available from 2014 supports his statement -- 2009 was the first year when more people died from drug overdoses than in car crashes. We rate his statement .
Statement: The government pays out "$2,125/month in refugee benefits to refugees resettled in the United States," while Social Security recipients "who have paid into the system their whole lives receive $1,400/month on average.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: September 26, 2021
Location: national
Topics: social security;facebook fact-checks
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: The bigger error is on refugee spending. The State Department issues a one-time $2,275 payment to resettlement agencies for each refugee, of which $1,225 is available for the agencies to use on basic needs for refugees during their first 30 to 90 days in the U.S. It’s not a monthly payment, as the  says. Refugees can receive additional assistance from other U.S. programs, but it is temporary.   With only a shred of , we rate this  .
Statement: Says the state auditor found that 37 percent of the 428,000 students receiving free and reduced-price lunches are ineligible.
Speaker: michael doherty
About the speaker: Michael Doherty is a Republican state Senator representing parts of Warren, Somerset and Hunterdon counties. He previously served in the state Assembly from 2002 to 2009.
Date: November 3, 2011
Location: new jersey
Topics: education
Context: a speech before the East Jersey Tea Party
Fact-check justification: Doherty claimed the state auditor found that 37 percent of 428,000 students in the school lunch program were ineligible, but the 37 percent does not apply to the 428,000. The 37 percent applies to a limited number of questionable applications subject to verification, which translates to about 2,723 ineligible applications. The students behind those applications were not among the 428,000 students cited by Doherty. We rate his statement . The abuses in the school lunch program are bad enough as they are without any fuzzy math, senator. To comment on this ruling, go to NJ.com .
Statement: The Constitution doesn't allow the governor to not-spend appropriations funds.
Speaker: j.d. alexander
About the speaker: Sen. J.D. Alexander is a Republican from Lake Wales. He was first elected to the Florida Senate in 2002.
Date: February 16, 2011
Location: florida
Topics: ethics;state budget;transportation
Context: reaction to Gov. Rick Scott’s decision to kill the high-speed rail project
Fact-check justification: That means the Legislature could play a game of chicken, forcing Scott to spend the $131 million in the 2010-11 budget, and maybe the remaining $170 or so million of state funds, and maybe even the $66.66 million in federal money. But getting him to spend the necessary money beyond that, all the federal and state money actually needed to complete the rail program, is a much taller order. And when it comes to the outcome of rail in Florida -- at least when it comes to the Florida Legislature -- that is today a much more important point. That's the context that gives Scott the upper hand. We rate this statement .
Statement: John Boehner wants to reopen a tax loophole "that actually rewarded corporations for shipping jobs and profits overseas.
Speaker: barack obama
About the speaker: Barack Obama is the former president of the United States. Obama also served as a U.S. senator from Illinois. He was born in 1961 in Hawaii, where his parents met as students at the University of Hawaii. Obama's father is from Kenya and his mother is from Kansas. He graduated from Columbia University and received his law degree from Harvard Law School. Obama previously served in the Illinois state Senate and was an instructor at the University of Chicago Law School. He and his wife, Michelle, have two daughters, Malia and Sasha.
Date: September 6, 2010
Location: national
Topics: corporations;trade;taxes
Context: a speech on Labor Day
Fact-check justification: Boehner does oppose the measure. The point we question is whether re-opening the tax loophole will result in jobs being shipped overseas. We do not see a connection there, based on what the tax experts said. That's a pretty big caveat. So we rate Obama's statement .
Statement: Says William T. Thompson, the designer of the Confederate flag, said, "As a people we are fighting to maintain the Heaven-ordained supremacy of the white man over the inferior or colored race" and "As a national emblem, it is significant of our higher cause, the cause of the superior race.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: April 1, 2019
Topics: history;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: William T. Thompson has been credited with designing the Stainless Banner, one of several flags used by the Confederacy. But not everyone agrees that Thompson was the Banner’s designer; Coski said it’s not possible to prove without substantial research. What’s more, Thompson didn’t design the flag that Americans today think of when they hear "Confederate flag." That flag is the Confederate battle flag, and while it was incorporated into the Stainless Banner, it was William Porcher Miles who designed it. Thompson did say what the Facebook post claims. However, he was describing the "Stainless Banner," not the battle flag. We rate this post .
Statement: When we passed the assault weapons ban, mass shootings went down. When the law expired, mass shootings tripled.
Speaker: joe biden
About the speaker: Joe Biden is the president of the United States. A Democrat, Biden served as a Delaware senator from 1973 (elected at the age of 29) until 2009. During his time in the Senate, he served as chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, chair of the International Narcotics Control Caucus and chair of the Judiciary Committee. He subsequently served as Barack Obama’s vice president from 2009 to 2016. Biden launched unsuccessful presidential campaigns in 1988 and 2008. He received a degree in history and political science from the University of Delaware and his J.D. from Syracuse School of Law. 
Date: May 24, 2022
Topics: congress;crime;public safety;guns
Context: a national address from the White House
Fact-check justification: Biden said that after passage of "the assault weapons ban, mass shootings went down. When the law expired, mass shootings tripled." We last looked at a  like this in 2019, when Bill Clinton said that after the ban on some types of assault weapons passed, "there was a big drop in mass shooting deaths." Biden didn’t go that far, and as such, is a bit more accurate.  A key study backs Biden up. But the reality is millions of assault weapons and large-capacity magazines remained in circulation during the ban, and that makes it hard to tease out the law’s impact.  We rate this  .
Statement: Rick Perry has become a millionaire on the public payroll.
Speaker: bill white
About the speaker: Bill White, an author, is a San Antonio native who was mayor of Houston from 2004-2009. He was the 2010 Democratic nominee for governor of Texas.
Date: October 4, 2010
Location: texas
Topics: candidate biography;message machine 2010
Context: a TV ad
Fact-check justification: And that's the hitch in White's . Since Perry's financial holdings are not public, much is unknown. Still, available records lead us to conclude the governor was worth about $1 million in 2009. He was worth far less before he entered state office. We rate White's statement .
Statement: Texas has more full-time state employees per capita than California and Illinois.
Speaker: greg abbott
About the speaker: Greg Abbott won election as governor of Texas in November 2014, carrying 59 percent of the vote. Abbott was re-elected in 2018. Abbott, a former member of the Texas Supreme Court, served three terms as the state's attorney general before being succeeded by Ken Paxton in early 2015.
Date: February 17, 2014
Location: texas
Topics: state budget;workers
Context: his State of the State address
Fact-check justification: Abbott said that to his shock, Texas has more full-time state employees per capita than California and Illinois. That's so. However, this  lacked substantial context; Abbott cherry-picked two of a few states with lower per-capita state-employee rates than Texas, failing to note Texas ranks among states with the lowest proportion of state government workers. Notably too, its ratio in 2013 trailed the national average. On balance, we rate this  .  – The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: What has happened since 2005? We've seen violent crime continuously go down" due to Florida's "stand your ground" law.
Speaker: dennis baxley
About the speaker: Dennis Baxley is a state representative from Ocala, Fla. 
Date: March 15, 2017
Location: florida
Topics: criminal justice;crime;guns
Context: a Florida House floor speech
Fact-check justification: Referring to the year that the "stand your ground" law passed, Baxley said, "What has happened since 2005? We’ve seen violent crime continuously go down." Crime has gone down significantly since 2005, though "continuously" is overstated. Moreover, it is hard to pin the cause of the decline on the passage of the "stand your ground" law, since the decline in Florida has been mirrored on the national level. If anything, firearm-related homicides may have increased after the law’s passage, according to one peer-reviewed study. We rate the statement .
Statement: Says Joe Biden said 14,000 people died from H1N1. "Fact checking it is 574,000.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: September 29, 2020
Topics: debates;public health;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post reads, "Joe said 14,000 people died from H1N1. Fact checking it is 574,000." The post cites the number of H1N1 deaths worldwide. The context makes clear that Biden was citing the number of H1N1 deaths in the U.S.  We rate this !
Statement: Kobe Bryant's "untimely death has been planned for a while.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: January 26, 2020
Topics: sports;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: But there’s no  to suggest that Bryant, a former Lakers star, was killed in a ritual sacrifice, as the Instagram post claims.   Rather, Bryant’s plane crashed in fog dense enough that the Los Angeles Police Department grounded its helicopters .   National Transportation Safety Board investigators arrived in California after the incident, and the agency is working with the Federal Aviation Administration, the helicopter’s manufacturer and the company that made its engine to collect  about the crash, according to the Post . The investigation will look at weather data, radar information air traffic control communications, maintenance logs and the pilot’s record. We rate this Instagram post .
Statement: Jules Bailey "was instrumental in creating the Business Energy Tax Credit that let companies like Wal-Mart profit by $11 million while costing the Oregon general fund $33 million.
Speaker: brian wilson
About the speaker: Brian Wilson has a long history of community service, though no elected experience. Most notably, he led the Multnomah County Library’s successful 2012 campaign to get win voter approval for a library district.
Date: April 28, 2014
Location: oregon
Topics: taxes
Context: a campaign email
Fact-check justification: A senior state economist who worked extensively on the program characterized Bailey’s work as "clamping down" on the amount of breaks given away. Further, a bill Bailey helped sponsor in his first session, along with a committee he co-chaired in 2011, effectively led to the program’s demise. Wilson, when told that a senior legislative economist backed the notion that Bailey worked to rein in the BETC, said he would amend his . Even a modicum of research, however, would have turned up  that Bailey had nothing to do with creating the program and that he did, in fact, work over several years to limit it. We rate Wilson’s  .