chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Barack Obama is the "first president to file lawsuits against the states he swore an oath to protect.
Speaker: chain email
About the speaker: Chain emails circulate on the Internet, usually anonymously, making a variety of political claims.
Date: June 18, 2014
Location: national
Topics: legal issues;states
Fact-check justification: The chain email said Obama is the "first president to file lawsuits against the states he swore an oath to protect." But no president swears to protect the states -- they swear to protect the Constitution, which sometimes leads to clashes with states and the president is then obligated to challenge them through lawsuits. Our quick search produced dozens of examples of the federal government suing states going back a century. So we rate the  .
Statement: In 2015, homicides increased by 17 percent in America's 50 largest cities. That's the largest increase in 25 years.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: January 21, 2017
Location: national
Topics: crime
Context: a page on the White House website
Fact-check justification: The Trump White House website said, "In 2015, homicides increased by 17 percent in America’s 50 largest cities. That’s the largest increase in 25 years." By our calculations, the increase between 2014 and 2015 is very close to that -- 16 percent -- and this does appear to be the biggest one-year spike in 25 years. But we’ll reiterate a caveat we noted in past fact-checks: first, that even after the spike, homicide rates remain far lower now than they were 25 years ago, and second, that this one-year increase may, or may not, prove to be a significant turning point in the homicide trend line. We rate the statement .
Statement: Says businesses "already pay most of the taxes.
Speaker: steve ogden
About the speaker: Steve Ogden, initially elected to the Senate in early 1997, went on the chair the budget-drafting Senate Finance Committee. He previously served in the Texas House and U.S. Navy. He did not seek re-election in 2012.
Date: April 5, 2011
Location: texas
Topics: state budget;taxes
Context: comments to reporters on Texas Senate floor
Fact-check justification: For Gardner, this "final incidence" is more important than whether businesses or individuals initially pay the taxes. Upshot: The analyses we found basically support Ogden’s  that businesses pay "most" of the taxes in Texas, though the margin varies from a slim 51 percent (according to the state comptroller) to 61 percent (Ernst & Young). However, analysts also agree that businesses — unlike individuals — can offload their tax burden through various means. We rate Ogden’s statement .
Statement: A woman died mysteriously after reporting on Robert Mueller destroying text messages.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: December 31, 2018
Topics: fake news;facebook fact-checks
Context: a post on Facebook
Fact-check justification: "We are grieving her death and don’t need this nonsense. She reported what was already in the OIG report. No cause for murder. She died of an illness." We rate this  !
Statement: In 2005 and 2007, " Joe Straus received a 100 percent rating by NARAL (the National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League).
Speaker: empower texans
About the speaker: A nonprofit and political action committee that advocates for limited government.
Date: January 28, 2016
Location: texas
Topics: abortion;voting record
Context: a web page
Fact-check justification: The foundation says Straus in 2005 and 2007 received 100 percent NARAL ratings. To the contrary, Straus got a 45 percent "pro-choice" NARAL rating in 2005. And while he got that "100" in 2007, that result was based entirely on the group concluding that Straus sided with it on a budget amendment when, records show, he was absent from the scored vote. On balance, we rate this  .  – The statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: Income disparities in the United States are the worst since the 1920s.
Speaker: bobby scott
About the speaker: Bobby Scott, D-3rd, has been a member of the U.S. House of Representatives since 1993. The district is comprised of all of Charles City and Surry counties and Petersburg and Portsmouth and portions of Henrico and Prince George counties and Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk and Richmond. Scott has seats on the Judiciary and Education and Labor committees.
Scott previously served in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1979-83 and in the state Senate in 1983-93. He was a member of the National Guard and U.S. Army Reserve. He was a lawyer in a private practice from 1973-91.
Scott was born in Washington, D.C. He earned a bachelor's degree from Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., in 1969 and a law degree from Boston College in 1973.
Date: June 12, 2015
Location: virginia
Topics: income;wealth
Context: a news release
Fact-check justification:   Scott said, "Income disparities in the United States are the worst since the 1920s."   The one database that goes back that far backs up Scott. It shows that, with one exception, the sixteen highest years of disparity between the top one percent of earners and others occurred before 1930 or after 2004.   But it’s worth noting that the data tends to understate income because it doesn’t consider major government and employee benefits that weren’t offered until the 1940s or later. So it’s very possible that bottom-line disparity would have been greater in the 1930s than it is today.   For that reason, we rate Scott’s  .
Statement: Taking the Fifth Amendment in a deposition about the Columbia/HCA hospital chain he founded "means a truthful answer to the questions that (Rick Scott) was asked would incriminate him.
Speaker: florida democratic party
About the speaker: the Florida affiliate of the Democratic Party.
Date: October 10, 2010
Location: florida
Topics: health care;legal issues;message machine 2010
Context: a TV ad
Fact-check justification: We find a couple of things lacking in the  that Scott, if he answered those depositions honestly, would "incriminate himself." First, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that in criminal cases courts cannot take the use of the Fifth Amendment to mean guilty. Second, while judges and juries may infer that a truthful answer in a civil case may incriminate Scott, they also may infer the opposite. Part of the confusion in this ad is that the Democrats imply that Scott's deposition is part of the criminal prosecution when, in fact, it was a civil case, making McAuliffe's description of the case awkward. (UPDATE: To clarify, we also have to acknowledge a bit of legalese here. McAuliffe uses the word incriminate, which is lawyer for "help make a case against." It doesn't mean, "he did it." The ad does a poor job of providing the distinction, but that's no fault of McAuliffe's.) One of the questions Scott refused to answer, for instance, is whether he worked for Columbia/HCA. Using basic logic we feel comfortable thinking that an honest answer to that question wouldn't harm him. Legal experts say, that though Scott may have used the privilege too freely, there are myriads of reasons other than guilt to  a Fifth Amendment privilege. We rate this  .
Statement: By age 65, the average woman will have lost $431,000 throughout her working career was a result of the pay gap.
Speaker: mark herring
About the speaker: State Sen. Mark Herring of Loudoun County was narrowly elected attorney general in 2013, capping a Democratic sweep of statewide offices after a recount.
Herring was born in 1961 in Johnson City, Tenn. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in foreign affairs from the University of Virginia and graduated law school at the University of Richmond. He is the principal of the law firm Herring & Turner, P.C., working in the areas of business and corporate matters, land use and zoning, civil litigation and municipal law.
Herring won a seat on the Loudoun County Board of Supervisors in 1999. He served in the state senate after a special election in January 2006 until January 2014.
Date: April 14, 2015
Location: virginia
Topics: jobs;women;workers
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Herring wrote, "According to U.S. Census data, by age 65, the average women will have lost $431,000 throughout her working career as a result of the pay gap." The much-used figure accurately describes the disparity in the median earnings of men and women over a 40-year career. It’s widely accepted by economists that sexism plays a role in the gap, although, perhaps, not the lead part. We quibble, however, with the part of the statement saying the average woman will have "lost" that sum. It ignores the fact that many women chose to go into lower-paying fields than men and make other lifestyle decisions that affect their career earnings. On the whole, we rate Herring’s statement .
Statement: Says Cory Booker has accepted over $400,000 from the pharmaceutical industry during his political career.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: June 26, 2019
Location: national
Topics: campaign finance;health care
Context: a tweet from the Trump campaign
Fact-check justification: The Trump campaign said that in the course of his career, Booker has accepted over $400,000 from the pharmaceutical industry. The number is close. What the tweet ignores is that Booker stopped taking money from pharmaceutical industry PACs and top executives. Since 2016, Booker received zero dollars from drug makers and individual contributions have fallen by 75%. The average reader of the tweet would have no idea that Booker has shunned pharmaceutical money for the past two years. That’s additional context, but Booker did accept the money in years past. That meets our definition of .
Statement: There is no chain of custody" for ballots placed in Box No. 3 at Maricopa, Arizona, polling sites.
Speaker: tweets
About the speaker: Twitter is a messaging service where people often discuss politics. Individual messages are called Tweets.
Date: November 8, 2022
Location: national
Topics: elections;arizona
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: A tweet said that ballots in Maricopa County that were placed in a slot marked No. 3 would have "no chain of custody." No  backs that up. The county uses bipartisan teams to pick up ballots, put them in sealed containers, and send them with signed chain of custody forms to the county’s central vote tabulation center. We rate this  .
Statement: Austin is the only city in an arid landscape in the western United States dependent on a single source of water.
Speaker: sharlene leurig
About the speaker: Sharlene Leurig directs the Sustainable Water Infrastructure Program at Ceres, a national nonprofit that says it helps institutional investors integrate sustainability into the capital markets.
Date: February 9, 2015
Location: texas
Topics: city budget;city government;water
Context: an Austin City Council workshop
Fact-check justification: Leurig said Austin is the only city in an arid landscape in the western United States dependent on a single source of water. That’s not so, as she acknowledged to us, and even if you limit the focus to big cities, some of those--such as San Francisco and arguably San Antonio, which seems to overcount its sources--get more than four-fifths of their water from a source. On balance, we find this  .  – The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: The newly proposed House Republican budget "abolishes Medicare within 10 years.
Speaker: moveon.org
About the speaker: MoveOn.org is a left-leaning political advocacy group. It endorsed Sen. Barack Obama for the Democratic nomination.
Date: April 6, 2011
Location: wisconsin
Topics: federal budget;medicare
Context: an email blast to supporters
Fact-check justification: To be sure, the plan would change Medicare, significantly, starting in 2022. But for those who turn 65 before then, there would be no changes at all, even after 2022. And for the others, Medicare would change -- dramatically -- but it would still exist. MoveOn.org went too far with its . We rate it .
Statement: Says Rebecca Dallet is a "hypocrite" because she "took money from attorneys with over 100 cases before her.
Speaker: republican party of wisconsin
About the speaker: The Wisconsin Republican Party works to elect Republicans to state and federal offices and advance the GOP agenda.
Date: March 12, 2018
Location: wisconsin
Topics: candidate biography;elections;ethics
Context: a billboard campaign
Fact-check justification: Our rating The state Republican Party says Dallet is a "hypocrite" because she "took money from attorneys with over 100 cases before her." Dallet has received campaign donations from lawyers who had cases in her court -- something that is common in judicial campaigns and allowed by state judicial ethics rules. But on the hypocrite part of the GOP’s statement, Dallet did not pledge that she would not accept contributions from lawyers who had cases before her. Rather, her pledge was to recuse herself from cases in which her husband’s law firm was involved. For a statement that contains only an element of , our rating is .
Statement: And I heard that just yesterday, Joe Biden said that well-armed police in his words 'become the enemy' and he said that he would 'absolutely cut funding for law enforcement.'
Speaker: mike pence
About the speaker: Mike Pence is the former vice president of the United States. A Republican, Pence was elected governor of Indiana in 2012. Pence previously served for 12 years as a congressman from Indiana representing the Sixth Congressional District; he was first elected in 2000. During his time in the U.S. House of Represenatives, he served as House Republican Conference chairman and chairman of the House Republican Study Committee. Pence was born in Columbus, Ind. He earned a bachelor's degree in 1981 from Hanover College and a law degree in 1986 from Indiana University. After accepting Donald Trump's offer to be running mate, Pence ended his 2016 campaign to be re-elected as Indiana governor. 
Date: July 9, 2020
Topics: criminal justice;federal budget
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: Pence said Biden "said that well-armed police in his words ‘become the enemy’ and he said that he would ‘absolutely cut funding for law enforcement.’"  Biden said police become the enemy when they use military equipment in a way that’s like invading a neighborhood. That context is missing from Pence’s portrayal. Biden also said he is open to redirecting some police funding to social services, but he has stated opposition to fully defunding the police. In fact, he has proposed more funding for community policing and using federal funding to incentivize police reform. The statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. We rate it . PolitiFact Pennsylvania reporter Jessica Calafeti contributed to this article.
Statement: French President Macron has declared a total ban on social media reporting of events in France.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: July 3, 2023
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a video
Fact-check justification: "Attention to #FakeNews," it read, saying no such decision had been made. Access to social media remains undisturbed in France. On July 5, Macron suggested limiting social media as a regulatory tool for "when things get out of hand." But his administration was quick to walk back his comments, saying that such a measure was not being seriously considered. We rate the  that "French President Macron has declared a total ban on social media reporting of events in France" .
Statement: Says Hillary Clinton has been given tens of millions of dollars by countries that "treat women horribly ... and countries that kill gays.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: June 18, 2016
Location: arizona
Topics: campaign finance
Context: a Phoenix rally
Fact-check justification: Trump said that Hillary Clinton has "been given tens of millions of dollars by countries that treat women horribly...and countries that kill gays." Trump's comment oversimplifies donations to the Clinton Foundation to make a quick attack against his Democratic rival. He makes it sound as if Clinton personally received money from foreign governments with poor records on human rights. But political candidates cannot accept donations from foreign governments. However, several countries with harsh rules for women and that kill gays have contributed to the Clinton Foundation both before and after her tenure at the State Department.  We rate Trump’s  .
Statement: There are over 200 documented cases where (Obama) has lied.
Speaker: wayne rogers
About the speaker: Wayne Rogers is an actor who appeared on M*A*S*H. He appears as a political commentator on Fox News.
Date: May 3, 2014
Topics: ethics;punditfact
Context: a broadcast of "Cashin' In" on Fox News
Fact-check justification: Rogers said "there are over 200 documented cases where (Obama) has lied." Rogers did not provide any proof, but it appears he got his information from an online list of 252 perceived transgressions by Obama that includes accusations of lying, broken promises, ethical lapses and objectionable policies. By our count, the article offered 13 instances of what the author saw and another 13 instancs of Obama breaking promises. In this fact-check, we're not verifying whether   those 25-or-so cases constitute lies. But we can say with certainty that the "documented" total does not reach "over 200." Rogers'  is  . We rate it .
Statement: Says actor Kurt Russell said this about the police.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: July 15, 2020
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Russell, who played a corrupt Los Angeles detective in the 2002 film "Dark Blue," has been incorrectly credited for phony quotes before, most of them having to do with politics. A widely circulated photo in which he appears to be wearing a pro-Trump t-shirt was doctored . But the actor doesn’t share much about his political beliefs, saying in a 2015 interview with the Daily Beast that he doesn’t like espousing his political views publicly. In the same interview, Russell criticized liberals and conservatives and called himself a "hardcore libertarian." We rate this post .
Statement: I have had to fill out FEC reports for the past six years now, and they're much more detailed than a tax return...
Speaker: tom marino
About the speaker: Tom Marino has served as the U.S. representative for Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district since 2011.
Date: May 13, 2016
Location: pennsylvania
Topics: taxes
Context: In an MSNBC interview
Fact-check justification: Tom Marino said that a presidential FEC report is much more detailed than a tax return. The primary purpose of an FEC report is to list assets. A tax return provides detailed information about each income-earning asset. It may not list all of the filer’s assets -- as an FEC report would -- but it requires accurate income calculations for the assets that actually produce income. Also, an FEC report is not audited. Given the differences in the two types of forms, a comparison between the two is irrelevant, and experts say a tax return requires more exact measures of how much a person makes.   We rate this  .
Statement: Today, our unemployment rate is 7.8 percent. That is the lowest in five years.
Speaker: chris christie
About the speaker: Chris Christie announced June 6, 2023 that he is running for the Republican nomination for president. Christie was the governor of New Jersey and a candidate for the Republican nomination for president in 2016. As governor, Christie won office in 2010 and was re-elected in 2014. Prior to that, he was U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey from 2002 to 2008. 
Date: January 14, 2014
Location: new jersey
Topics: jobs
Context: a State of the State address
Fact-check justification: Christie said during his State of the State address, "Today, our unemployment rate is 7.8 percent. That is the lowest in five years." Federal and state labor data confirm that New Jersey’s unemployment rate is 7.8 percent as of November 2013, the most recent month for which data is available. Although New Jersey’s unemployment rate has exceeded 9 percent for much of Christie’s tenure, the fact is that federal and state data both confirm that the unemployment rate was lower than 7.8 percent for the first three months of Christie’s five-year timeframe. We rate the governor’s  . To comment on this story, go to NJ.com .
Statement: More than 15,000 transgender Americans" are "serving in the military today.
Speaker: mark pocan
About the speaker: Mark Pocan was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in the 2nd Congressional District on Nov. 6, 2012. He is from Madison and previously served as a Democratic member of the Wisconsin state Assembly. 
Date: July 26, 2017
Location: wisconsin
Topics: lgbtq;military;population;sexuality
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: Our rating Pocan said: "More than 15,000 transgender Americans" are "serving in the military today." A UCLA study estimated the figure is 15,500, while a more recent study by the RAND Corp. estimated 2,150 to 10,790. There are no official counts, so Pocan goes too far in flatly stating his figure. But his figure matches one of two prominently cited estimates. We rate the statement .
Statement: Says Nevada Gov. Steve Sisolak "has banned the use of an anti-malaria drug that might help cure coronavirus.
Speaker: turning point usa
About the speaker: Turning Point USA is a conservative group that advocates for limited government and free markets. It was founded on June 5, 2012 by Charlie Kirk, and targets high school and college campuses.
Date: March 25, 2020
Topics: public health;punditfact;coronavirus
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Turning Point USA said in a Facebook post that Sisolak banned the use of chloroquine for COVID-19 against doctors’ recommendations. Nevada’s emergency regulation restricts the prescription of chloroquine for COVID-19 patients in outpatient settings, but not in hospitals and emergency rooms. Sisolak signed the order on the recommendation of state health officials, who said the safety and efficacy of chloroquine in treating the coronavirus is unproven, and there is a potential for stockpiling the drug. While the Facebook post touts the potential of chloroquine in curing COVID-19, federal health officials and regulators have said that, as of now, the effectiveness of the drug is anecdotal. More research and clinical trials are needed before drawing a conclusion. Turning Point USA’s post contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. We rate it .