chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Hillary's main extracurricular activity in law school was helping the Black Panthers, on trial in Connecticut for torturing and killing a federal agent.
Speaker: chain email
About the speaker: Chain emails circulate on the Internet, usually anonymously, making a variety of political claims.
Date: January 24, 2008
Location: national
Topics: candidate biography
Context: a chain e-mail based on an article written by Dick Morris
Fact-check justification: Clinton's campaign did not respond to inquiries from the Times. Even if Clinton helped to observe the trial as part of a law class, that's different than "helping" the Panthers, who were on trial. And the  that Clinton went to court every day to monitor the trial is, according to witnesses, just not so. Morris appears to have taken a minor involvement by Clinton and spun it into a much more prominent and controversial role. We rate his  .
Statement: Scott Maddox has run "losing campaigns for 3 of Florida's 4 available cabinet positions.
Speaker: adam putnam
About the speaker: Adam Putnam lost the Republican primary for Florida governor to U.S. Rep. Ron DeSantis in 2018. A former Republican Congressman from Congressional District 12 in Central Florida, was elected Florida Commissioner of Agriculture on Nov. 2, 2010 and re-elected Nov. 4, 2014.
Date: May 4, 2010
Location: florida
Topics: agriculture;candidate biography
Context: a campaign statement
Fact-check justification: But that's not what has us worried. Putnam errs in counting Maddox's 2010 bid for agriculture commissioner as a losing campaign. Maddox lost a campaign for attorney general and pulled out of a run for governor. The third race is still up in the air. We rate Putnam's  .
Statement: Bob Hall never successfully passed a bill.
Speaker: kendall scudder
About the speaker: Kendall Scudder, a Democrat, was nominated in 2018 to represent District 2 in the Texas Senate.
Date: July 2, 2018
Location: texas
Topics: candidate biography;voting record
Context: an event hosted by the Funky East Dallas Democrats
Fact-check justification: Scudder said Hall has never passed a bill. Hall's had scant success ushering his own measures into law. Still, he authored a 2017 proposal clarifying Texas National Guard titles that passed into law. He's separately cosponsored other proposals now in statute. We rate this  .  – The statement is not accurate. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: ISIS sends out "90,000 social (media) messages a day.
Speaker: hillary mann leverett
About the speaker: Hillary Mann Leverett is a Middle East specialist who worked in the State Department and served on the National Security Council from 2001-2003. She is the co-author of Going to Tehran: Why the United States Must Come to Terms with the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Date: February 17, 2015
Topics: islam;terrorism;punditfact
Context: an interview on CNN
Fact-check justification: Leverett said the Islamic State group sends out 90,000 social media messages each day. While the exact source of that figure is a bit unclear, one independent researcher has data that point to much a higher number. There could be as many as 200,000 pro-ISIS tweets a day. That includes re-tweets and some generated by computer programs. A lower figure from an Italian-based group looked only at Arabic language tweets. However, while it is difficult to know for sure, a large share of these messages come from outside the ISIS organization itself. To that extent, the data undercut the idea that the Islamic State group dictates the precise propaganda message in all of the social media posts. With that caveat in mind, we rate the  .
Statement: Two far-right websites attributed to David DePape to smear conservatives were fabricated — they were created Friday.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: November 30, 2022
Location: california
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: In 2007, a blog under the name David DePape posted several articles on a crafting site about making hemp jewelry. One post links to The Loving God." Vice News said it found identical posts on Frenly Frens and on The Loving God, including one post featuring a screenshot of a 2016 email to Taub. "Some of the most frequent posts are screenshots of text message arguments that he’s had with a family member," Vice said. We rate claims that these blogs were created the same day Pelosi was attacked to smear conservatives !
Statement: North Carolina spent "almost as much as it spends on government rape crisis programs in a year" to convene a special session for HB2.
Speaker: lgbt progress
About the speaker: LGBT Progress is a project of the Center for American Progress Action Fund, a liberal group in Washington, D.C.
Date: March 23, 2016
Location: north carolina
Topics: criminal justice;lgbtq;state budget;women
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: LGBT Progress said North Carolina spent "almost as much as it spends on government rape crisis programs in a year" to convene a special session for HB2. While that’s technically not , due to careful wording, it’s highly . The vast majority of government spending to help aid victims goes to local charities, not government rape crisis programs, which is less than 2 percent of annual spending on assistance to rape victims. We rate this  .
Statement: Electromagnetic radiation from wireless technologies, including and especially 5G, can cause the same symptoms as COVID-19!
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: December 17, 2021
Topics: public health;technology;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a blog post
Fact-check justification: A blog post claims that a study found clear  that 5G technologies can cause COVID-19 symptoms. The authors of the paper, however, themselves acknowledge that they cherry-picked studies supporting their own theory and state that their findings do not prove any potential link between 5G and COVID-19. Though the paper was indexed in a reputable research database, this does not mean that the research is high quality or underwent an ethical and rigorous peer review process. Correlation does not equal causation — but even these correlations are suspect. We rate this  .
Statement: George Soros is banned in Russia, Pakistan, Turkey, Hungary, Poland and the Philippines.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: April 19, 2023
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: The group later bought into Eurozet, the owner of Radio Zet. A rumor circulated in May 2017 that former Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte told Soros "there is a bounty on your head in these islands." But this was traced to an article by NewsPunch , a site known for spreading misinformation . Silber told PolitiFact that apart from Russia, the Open Society Foundations have not been banned in any of the countries mentioned in the .   We rate this  .
Statement: Don't be fooled by the next 'Variant'! There are actually 1000's of them. They just will pick the next one to keep the fear going.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: November 27, 2021
Topics: public health;science;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post said, "Don’t be fooled by the next ‘Variant’! There are actually 1000’s of them. They just will pick the next one to keep the fear going." There are thousands of coronavirus variants, but they are not , or planned, or being systematically revealed to "keep the fear going," as the post suggests. The handful of variants that have been named variants of interest or concern were classified as such because they met criteria that gave public health agencies reason to raise alarms. We rate this Facebook post .
Statement: Says a photo shows "a Trump rally in downtown Philly yesterday.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: December 12, 2019
Location: pennsylvania
Topics: elections;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Back in May, we fact-checked a similar Facebook post that used a photo from the 1969 Woodstock festival and proclaimed: "Nope it’s not Woodstock. It’s the Trump Rally yesterday in PA!!" We rated that .   This Facebook post that appropriates earns the same distinction. !
Statement: But if my opponent had his way, the millions of Floridians who rely on it would've had their Social Security tied up in the stock market this week.
Speaker: barack obama
About the speaker: Barack Obama is the former president of the United States. Obama also served as a U.S. senator from Illinois. He was born in 1961 in Hawaii, where his parents met as students at the University of Hawaii. Obama's father is from Kenya and his mother is from Kansas. He graduated from Columbia University and received his law degree from Harvard Law School. Obama previously served in the Illinois state Senate and was an instructor at the University of Chicago Law School. He and his wife, Michelle, have two daughters, Malia and Sasha.
Date: September 20, 2008
Location: national
Topics: medicare
Fact-check justification: If McCain got his way and we had private accounts (a position he started articulating as early as 1998), people who are relying on that money for their retirement would be in a very difficult situation." There is a legitimate point to be made that to the extent that a person's Social Security plan is tied up in investment accounts, it is certainly subject to the vagaries of the stock market. But we are of the opinion that when Obama talked about "the millions of Floridians who rely on it" he was talking about current retirees. While McCain has remained vague about his plans for Social Security, he has never expressed support for a plan that would allow current retirees to invest a portion of their Social Security in stocks, and neither did the Bush plan McCain once backed. We rule Obama's statement .
Statement: Obama has proposed 442 tax hikes since taking office.
Speaker: americans for tax reform
About the speaker: Americans For Tax Reform was founded in 1985 by Grover Nordquist. It advocates a tax system in which the taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today. It views the government's power to control one's life as derived from its power to tax and believes that power should be minimized.
Its flagship program is the Taxpayer Protection Pledge, which it began promoting in 1986 and expanded to the state level in 1990. Those who sign on to the pledge commit to oppose any effort to increase income taxes on individuals or businesses.
Date: April 14, 2014
Location: national
Topics: taxes
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: Americans for Tax Reform said that "Obama has proposed 442 tax hikes since taking office ." While the list accompanying the  does contain some proposals that would have increased taxes, it overstates the total number by a significant amount. Our analysis suggests about 200 items should be knocked off this list, because it includes the same items Obama proposed in multiple budgets and some proposals that cannot be considered tax increases. We rate this .
Statement: We definitely lost way more jobs in Texas this year than we gained — we lost 300,000 jobs in Texas alone this year.
Speaker: kay bailey hutchison
About the speaker: Kay Bailey Hutchison, initially elected to the U.S. Senate in 1993, did not seek re-election in 2012. She ran for governor in 2010, losing the Republican nomination to incumbent Rick Perry.
Date: January 14, 2010
Location: texas
Topics: economy
Context: a debate
Fact-check justification: Nearly 300,000. That net job loss stands in contrast to 2007-08, when Texas led the nation in net job gains, as the Perry campaign frequently notes. Stay tuned for Jan. 22 when the commission updates its data with December's employment rate. And again in March, when number crunchers fine-tune their report. Until then, we rate Hutchison's  .
Statement: Bill Gates just admitted that the Pfizer and Moderna mRNA vaccines don't work well.
Speaker: tweets
About the speaker: Twitter is a messaging service where people often discuss politics. Individual messages are called Tweets.
Date: November 9, 2021
Location: national
Topics: public health;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: But they continue to protect against severe disease. And studies show that fully vaccinated people are less likely to contract and spread the virus than unvaccinated people.   Still, Gates never said that any of the COVID-19 vaccines are ineffective or "don’t work." Rather, he suggests that resources need to be allocated to help scientists develop new types of vaccines that halt transmission while also offering protection from diseases — something that researchers have already started to look into. These posts are .
Statement: It is a carbon tax whether it is convenient to say it or not.
Speaker: scott beck
About the speaker: Scott Beck represents St. Johnsbury in the Vermont Legislature.
Date: March 26, 2019
Location: vermont
Topics: environment
Context: debate on the House floor
Fact-check justification: Rep. Scott Beck, R-Johnsbury, said: "It is a carbon tax whether it is convenient to say it or not." The heating fuel tax achieves some of the same objectives of a carbon tax, such as raising the cost of fossil fuel to reduce carbon emissions. But the tax is not high enough to act as a significant deterrent. While the bill may look like a carbon tax, it is not literally a tax on carbon, most clearly illustrated by the fact that fuels with different carbon emission levels are taxed at the same rate. And therefore it is not a carbon tax. We rate Beck’s  .
Statement: The average (public school) teacher in Wisconsin's making $89,000 a year" in salary and benefits.
Speaker: rand paul
About the speaker: Rand Paul, a U.S. senator from Kentucky elected in 2010. He ran for president in 2016 before dropping out to seek re-election to the Senate. Paul is a medical doctor and an ophthalmologist. His father is Ron Paul, a 2008 presidential candidate and a former member of Congress from Texas. 
Date: February 24, 2011
Location: wisconsin
Topics: education;labor;state budget
Context: an appearance on a TV interview program
Fact-check justification: We’re assuming his figure isn’t just for salary, in which case his number would be too high by $40,000. But even if he meant salary plus benefits, his figure is too high by $14,000. We rate Paul’s statement . Editor’s note: On March 8, 2011, this item was changed to correct an error in information provided by the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. In 2009-2010, public school teachers in Wisconsin earned an average of $49,816 in salary (not $49,093), plus $25,325 in benefits (not $25,750), for a total of $75,141 (not $74,843).
Statement: Says "Hillary Clinton has promised to raise taxes by $1 trillion dollars.
Speaker: new day for america
About the speaker: New Day for America is a political action committee (super PAC) based in Ohio that supports former governor John Kasich for president.
Date: April 25, 2016
Location: national
Topics: corrections and updates;negative campaigning;pundits;taxes
Context: a robocall
Fact-check justification: New Day spokesman Reagan said, "Hillary Clinton has promised to raise taxes by $1 trillion." Her plan does, in fact, call for raising a trillion dollars, but it would do so over 10 years — longer than she could serve as president, even if she were re-elected. So if she brought in roughly $100 billion per year, even a two-term Clinton administration couldn't fulfill a promise to bring the total to $1 trillion. Also, the statement ignores another key bit of data — that the money would be raised by tax changes targeted to the richest Americans, a group that has seen its top tax rate drop dramatically since the 1950s and early 1960s, when the marginal tax rate was over 90 percent. Because the statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context, we rate it . https://www.sharethefacts.co/share/74e26b13-8562-44ce-a220-60187aef6984 A previous version of this fact-check included an erroneous line about the per-individual share of the national debt should Clinton's plan go into effect. It has been removed.
Statement: Says Bill Nelson "voted to raise our taxes 150 times.
Speaker: connie mack
About the speaker: Connie Mack was first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in November 2004. Mack, of Fort Myers, lost a U.S. Senate race to Sen. Bill Nelson in 2012. He served in the Florida House of Representatives from 2000 to 2003.
Date: August 9, 2012
Location: florida
Topics: candidate biography;taxes
Context: a video on his campaign website
Fact-check justification: Mack said Nelson "voted to raise our taxes 150 times." Mack jacks up the number by counting non-binding resolutions, which account for about half of those votes. He also counts duplicative votes on the same bill. And, he counts a vote against a tax cut as a vote for a tax increase, even though it’s not the same thing. Finally, Mack’s statement fails to acknowledge that there have been times that Nelson voted in favor of tax cuts or extending tax cuts. He recently supported extending tax cuts only for those earning less than $250,000. The overall message here is . We rate this  .
Statement: Says 86% of COVID-19 cases in Israel in July were in fully vaccinated individuals.
Speaker: tiktok posts
About the speaker: Posts on the video-sharing platform TikTok.
Date: September 18, 2021
Location: national
Topics: israel;coronavirus
Context: a TikTok video
Fact-check justification: A TikTok video used a table of Israel COVID-19 cases to say 86% cases in July were in fully vaccinated individuals. The table cherry-picks age-group data to come up with an artificially high percentage of cases from vaccinated Israelis. It omits cases among teenagers and children, and ignores that about a third of the unvaccinated Israelis enjoy some immunity from a previous infection. Gaining immunity through infection is much riskier than being vaccinated.  The greatest flaw is it focuses on cases, the least important measure of the threat posed by COVID-19. The real danger lies in serious cases, and by that measure, the unvaccinated are 10 to 20 times more at risk. The video diverts attention from the actual health threat.  We rate this  .
Statement: NASA announced that it communicated with four races of aliens.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: June 23, 2018
Topics: fake news;space;punditfact
Context: a blog post
Fact-check justification: NASA does not list anyone named Trish Chamberson on its website. In fact, Snopes issued a fact-check in 2016 of websites attempting to republish the Waterford Whispers News article as a real news story. Several similar stories appeared without a disclaimer on blog sites and social media postings during 2016 and 2017. The Life Buzz post included no warning to readers that the story originally was published as satire. We rate this statement !
Statement: 52 jobs have been saved or created in Florida's 34th Congressional District.
Speaker: recovery.gov
About the speaker: Recovery.gov is the U.S. government's official website providing access to data related to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.
Date: November 17, 2009
Location: national
Topics: economy;stimulus
Context: data on its Web site
Fact-check justification: The 34th District doesn't exist, and that's the result of a data entry error. The jobs are actually in the 21st District, and we know that work is being done there after we spoke with one of the contractors. But those still are short-term construction jobs. In the example we chose, we've seen enough questions about the data to give us significant pause. We rate the statement .
Statement: Says Alex Sink "even supported a tax on homeowners insurance policies.
Speaker: national republican congressional committee
About the speaker: National Republican Congressional Committee
Date: January 10, 2014
Location: florida
Context: a campaign website
Fact-check justification: The NRCC said Alex Sink "supported a tax on homeowners insurance policies," and it used Sink’s own words as . In casting her Cabinet vote to extend an emergency assessment on policyholders to pay for hurricane claims, she did use the term "tax." However, it wasn’t officially a tax. And Sink supported the policy grudgingly, saying it was unfair that consumers would have to continue paying for old storm damages. Sink had a history before and after the Cabinet vote of trying to scale down the state’s exposure to hurricane coverage and reinsurance to private companies The ad is  to call it a tax, but Sink’s vote -- grudging though it was -- did serve to maintain an increase in insured consumers’ out-of-pocket costs, which had the effect of seeming a lot like a tax to policyholders. The  is partially accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context, so we rate it .
Statement: Dan Webster "would force victims of rape and incest to bear their attacker's child.
Speaker: alan grayson
About the speaker: Alan Grayson was initially elected to Congress in 2008, then defeated for re-election in 2010. He was elected again to Congress from a different district in 2012. He lost the Democratic primary for U.S. Senate in Florida in 2016.
Date: October 6, 2010
Location: florida
Topics: abortion;message machine 2010;women
Context: a campaign commercial
Fact-check justification: A close examination of his legislative career suggests that his hard-line philosophy has been tempered by a more pragmatic streak at times. Most strikingly, when Webster was faced with a 2006 South Dakota model that would do pretty much what Grayson said Webster would support, Webster declined to forge ahead, even as some abortion opponents urged such an effort. The Grayson camp discounts this example, saying it's only natural for a politician to advance his philosophy when the time is right and hold back when it's not expedient. They have a point. Still, Grayson's charge has a substantial grounding in the , so we rate it .
Statement: The CDC lowered the PCR threshold while no longer recording asymptomatic cases...but only for the vaccinated.
Speaker: tweets
About the speaker: Twitter is a messaging service where people often discuss politics. Individual messages are called Tweets.
Date: May 24, 2021
Topics: coronavirus
Context: Twitter
Fact-check justification: The post claims that the CDC lowered the benchmark cycle threshold used to determine what’s considered a positive COVID case, which is not . The criteria for identifying COVID cases — breakthrough infections or otherwise — have not changed.  We rate this  .