chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: McCain "voted to cut education funding, against accountability standards. He even proposed abolishing the Department of Education.
Speaker: barack obama
About the speaker: Barack Obama is the former president of the United States. Obama also served as a U.S. senator from Illinois. He was born in 1961 in Hawaii, where his parents met as students at the University of Hawaii. Obama's father is from Kenya and his mother is from Kansas. He graduated from Columbia University and received his law degree from Harvard Law School. Obama previously served in the Illinois state Senate and was an instructor at the University of Chicago Law School. He and his wife, Michelle, have two daughters, Malia and Sasha.
Date: September 9, 2008
Location: national
Topics: education
Context: a TV ad
Fact-check justification: Given the McCain campaign's pledge to fully fund the No Child Left Behind Act, and in that way endorse the expanded federal role in education that law calls for, it seems unlikely McCain has any intention of abolishing the Department of Education should he be elected. But for what it's worth, he did way back in 1994, when he said on CNN's Late Edition that "given the origins of the Department of Education, I would favor doing away with it." There's , then, for each of Obama's charges, but entirely absent is the larger context. Obama is citing exceptions in the McCain record rather than the rule, and claims — erroneously — that failing to support the large increases in education funding backed by Democrats is the same as supporting cuts. As a result, we find the Obama campaign ad's claims to be .
Statement: Video shows Biden saying "salute the Marines" after hearing the words in an earpiece before his inauguration.
Speaker: tweets
About the speaker: Twitter is a messaging service where people often discuss politics. Individual messages are called Tweets.
Date: January 21, 2021
Topics: elections;facebook fact-checks
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: The videos shared on YouTube and Twitter did not provide conclusive  that Biden was following instructions from an earpiece. We saw no credible reports that he was wearing one as he entered the Capitol, either. On the contrary, the social media claims resemble past conspiracy theories that targeted Biden during his campaign. Those claims alleged, without , that Biden wore a wire or used a medical device to get answers from aides during the presidential debates. We rate this statement .
Statement: For the first time in 35 years, we have more businesses dying than we do starting.
Speaker: marco rubio
About the speaker: Marco Rubio, a U.S. senator from Florida, was a candidate for president of the United States in 2016 and then dropped out and won re-election to the Senate. He was first elected to the Senate in 2010 and took office Jan. 5, 2011. Rubio served in the Florida House of Representatives from 2000 to 2008 and is a former Speaker of the Florida House. He served on the West Miami City Commission from 1998 to 2000. He is from Miami and holds a law degree from the University of Miami.
Date: June 2, 2015
Location: national
Topics: economy;small business
Context: Orlando, Fla
Fact-check justification: Rubio said that "for the first time in 35 years, we have more businesses dying than we do starting." The change didn’t happen in the past year or two -- it occurred in 2008 -- but in general, Rubio has accurately cited a statistic from a respected think tank’s report. The co-author of that report said he feels Rubio has stated the  accurately. We rate Rubio’s  .
Statement: Says Hillary Clinton "refuses to testify before Congress" about the 2012 attack in Benghazi.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: July 26, 2015
Location: national
Topics: foreign policy;terrorism
Context: a meme on social media
Fact-check justification: A social media meme says that Clinton "refuses to testify before Congress about what really happened at Benghazi where four Americans died." This makes no sense, since she has already testified twice, in public and on live television, about the Benghazi attack. Moreover, we find no  that Clinton has been opposed to testifying before Gowdy’s panel. What has kept her from testifying so far are disagreements between the two camps over scheduling and formatting -- not over whether she would testify or not. Any past disagreements about the scope of her testimony appear to have been resolved as of this writing. We rate the  .
Statement: The federal deficit would pay for 40 gallons of "New Hampshire maple syrup" for everyone in the United States.
Speaker: kelly ayotte
About the speaker: Kelly Ayotte is a U.S. Senator representing New Hampshire as a Republican. She was the first woman to serve as her state's attorney general. Appointed to that position in 2004 by a Republican governor, she was twice reappointed by a Democratic governor.
Date: July 1, 2015
Location: new hampshire
Topics: deficit;population;states
Context: Colebrook, N.H
Fact-check justification: U.S. Sen. Kelly Ayotte said the federal budget deficit is big enough to be able to buy 40 gallons of maple syrup for every resident of the United States. Ayotte’s office said she was calculating it based on generic U.S.-made syrup, but that’s considerably less expensive than New Hampshire-made syrup. If we were buying New Hampshire syrup wholesale using 2014 prices, the amount would come closer, but still not hit a full 40 gallons. And if we use retail costs in New Hampshire, it works out to 26 gallons, not 40. So her numbers are open to question, but her general point is valid: Either figure represents more than a lifetime supply for the average maple muncher in America. We rate the  .
Statement: Democrats forced our GREAT troops to sleep on the ground of a PARKING garage after dragging them to DC for photo ops!
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: January 21, 2021
Topics: military;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post said "Democrats forced our GREAT troops to sleep on the ground of a PARKING garage after dragging them to DC for photo ops!" Our reporting found no  that Democratic lawmakers or members of the Biden administration ordered the relocation of the National Guard members seen sleeping in parking garages. Lawmakers expressed outrage over the situation, and the National Guard told PolitiFact that many offered their personal offices as rest areas for the troops. The National Guard members were brought to Washington to secure the city on and around Inauguration Day — it was not for a photo op. We rate this Facebook post .
Statement: Not one Democrat called for gun control" after a man shot at Republican lawmakers playing softball.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: August 6, 2019
Topics: congress;facebook fact-checks;guns
Context: a post on Facebook
Fact-check justification: NBC News noted that some Democrats were quick "to use the incident to call for new gun restrictions opposed by many in the GOP. "  "Democratic State Rep. Mark Levine, who represents Alexandria, let his voice rise as he ticked through the gun control legislation that Republicans have blocked in the Virginia General Assembly," the NBC story said. Much of the coverage in the Alexandria shooting’s aftermath focused on partisanship and rhetoric and accusations that both sides of the aisle were fueling discord across the country. As Republicans introduced legislation to loosen gun control restrictions, Democrats pushed back, and some called for more restrictions. We rate this Facebook post .
Statement: Says the Affordable Care Act was a federal takeover of the student loan industry and 'profits' on the loans go to help pay for the health care law.
Speaker: kelly ayotte
About the speaker: Kelly Ayotte is a U.S. Senator representing New Hampshire as a Republican. She was the first woman to serve as her state's attorney general. Appointed to that position in 2004 by a Republican governor, she was twice reappointed by a Democratic governor.
Date: May 8, 2012
Location: new hampshire
Topics: corrections and updates;education;federal budget;health care
Context: an email to the news media
Fact-check justification: The government’s Reconciliation Act of 2010 was not a takeover, but rather an elimination of a federal student loan program the government had used since 1965. Private companies are still involved in servicing the program and private lenders can still make their own student loans without a government subsidy. The government does borrow in the 2.8 percent ballpark and loans money to students at 6.8 percent but the difference is not a profit, it helps compensate for the unanticipated losses inherent with any loan. Finally, the money saved in the Reconciliation Act of 2010, not "profits" from the direct loans, is used to fund elements of the Affordable Care Act. Since Ayotte’s statements have elements of  but lack critical facts, we give her a . UPDATE: This item has been updated to note that Justine Sessions is a spokeswoman for the Democrat-controlled Senate Committee on Health, Education, Pensions and Labor. Also, we have corrected a quotation from Jason Delisle who said he mistakenly said the government does not "make money off lending to students at 2.8 percent," when he meant to say 6.8.
Statement: Two-thirds of Americans disapprove of Donald Trump not wearing a face mask in public.
Speaker: darren jackson
About the speaker: Darren Jackson is a state representative from North Carolina currently serving as the state House minority leader.
Date: May 27, 2020
Location: north carolina
Topics: public health;coronavirus
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Jackson said "two-thirds of Americans disapprove of Donald Trump not wearing a face mask in public and the vast majority supports elected officials being required to wear masks in government buildings." In each of five polls, between 63% and 72% of all respondents said Trump should wear a mask. We rate the  .
Statement: The fact is, today abortion law in the United States is more aligned with China and North Korea than with Western nations in Europe.
Speaker: mike pence
About the speaker: Mike Pence is the former vice president of the United States. A Republican, Pence was elected governor of Indiana in 2012. Pence previously served for 12 years as a congressman from Indiana representing the Sixth Congressional District; he was first elected in 2000. During his time in the U.S. House of Represenatives, he served as House Republican Conference chairman and chairman of the House Republican Study Committee. Pence was born in Columbus, Ind. He earned a bachelor's degree in 1981 from Hanover College and a law degree in 1986 from Indiana University. After accepting Donald Trump's offer to be running mate, Pence ended his 2016 campaign to be re-elected as Indiana governor. 
Date: June 23, 2023
Location: national
Topics: abortion;public health;women
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: Pence claimed U.S. abortion law is "more aligned with China and North Korea than with Western nations in Europe." This oversimplifies a complex web of global abortion laws, ignores exceptions and accessibility and relies on outdated information about abortion policies in China and North Korea. The  also ignores that both countries have participated in coerced abortions for their own goals — something that U.S. abortion policy doesn’t come close to permitting.  Some western European countries have stricter gestational limits for "elective" abortions than some U.S. states. But abortion access is often easier for many women in some of those countries, with costs covered, and far-reaching exceptions that include mental health and income. China and North Korea don’t have clear or publicly updated abortion policies, but recent reports suggest that the countries are tightening restrictions on the procedure or outlawing it altogether. Pence’s  contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. We rate it .
Statement: Two-thirds of the people who start out in minimum wage are above the minimum wage within a year.
Speaker: steve forbes
About the speaker: Steve Forbes is businessman and former GOP candidate for president.
Date: February 16, 2014
Topics: economy;jobs;poverty;punditfact
Context: comments on CNN's "State of the Union"
Fact-check justification: Forbes said two-thirds of people working for the minimum wage earn more money within a year. The real figure is 51 percent, because some people leave the labor force or lose their job. Forbes’  is partially accurate. We rate it .
Statement: A proposed immigration bill will "bankrupt Georgia" if passed.
Speaker: libertarian party of georgia
About the speaker: The Libertarian Party of Georgia was founded in 1972, according to its website.
Date: January 31, 2011
Location: georgia
Topics: immigration
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: To sum up: While there’s no  to show the legislation would have "huge" and "catastrophic" effects, there is enough to be concerned that HB 87 could have significant costs. Whether the bill would save money down the road is unclear. Regardless, Georgia’s budget is about $18 billion. And while the potential costs could strain the state’s already tight budget, it’s extremely unlikely they would bankrupt the state. Georgia Libertarians’ alarmist statement that the bill "will bankrupt Georgia" is therefore .
Statement: Democrats give "Newports to the homeless to get them to the polls.
Speaker: tucker carlson
About the speaker: Tucker Carlson was a Fox News pundit until his departure in April 2023.
Date: October 2, 2014
Topics: elections;punditfact
Context: a broadcast of Fox News' "Outnumbered"
Fact-check justification: Carlson said that Democrats give Newports to the homeless to get them to the polls. Based on the , Carlson is citing an isolated case where authorities were unable to prove that votes were traded for cigarettes, or that the cigarettes were an enticement. On one occasion in Milwaukee, as many as three Democrats gave rides to homeless men to City Hall to cast absentee ballots. At some point, they gave some of the men cigarettes. There is no  that the cigarettes were Newports , and investigators did not find that the cigarettes were offered as an inducement to vote. Calson emphasized that his account was "literally ," but by that standard, it is  on several points. We rate the  .
Statement: Says a photo of Trump smiling with staff at a hospital in Dayton, Ohio, was staged and the nurses were paid actors.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: August 8, 2019
Topics: fake news;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Sharon D. Howard, communications director at Miami Valley Hospital, confirmed to PolitiFact that the women in the photo are employed at the hospital. "They are employees at the hospital. The pictures from the visit include our nurses, our staff, first responders and our patients," Howard said. "(And) the color of the scrubs can differ depending on what unit you work in." We rate this  .
Statement: Georgia's HOPE scholarship is "still the richest scholarship program in America.
Speaker: michael adams
About the speaker: Michael Adams is president of the University of Georgia.
Date: April 15, 2012
Location: georgia
Topics: education
Context: a newspaper article
Fact-check justification: Adams’ assertion that HOPE is "still the richest scholarship program in America" needs some context. Georgia’s program was the richest of its kind two school years ago, and it ranked high in other measures, although this state’s pot of money wasn’t the biggest overall. HOPE is likely to remain near the top this school year. Even with the cuts, other states are probably too far behind to catch up, for now.    Adams earns a .
Statement: Says Democratic gubernatorial candidate Mary Burke "has proven on the Madison Board of Education" that she supports raising taxes and spending.
Speaker: republican party of wisconsin
About the speaker: The Wisconsin Republican Party works to elect Republicans to state and federal offices and advance the GOP agenda.
Date: October 7, 2013
Location: wisconsin
Topics: education;state budget;taxes
Context: a web post
Fact-check justification: Our rating The Wisconsin Republican Party said Burke "has proven on the Madison Board of Education" that she supports raising taxes and spending. Burke voted for a larger total budget, which included a property tax increase, for 2012-’13. In a preliminary vote for 2013-’14, she opposed a property tax increase that was larger than she advocated; that was part of a proposal that actually reduces the size of the total budget. For a statement that is partially accurate but leaves out important details, we give the state GOP a . If you would like to comment on this item, you can do so on the Journal Sentinel’s web page .
Statement: Florida has experienced positive job growth for 39 consecutive months.
Speaker: republican party of florida
About the speaker: The Republican Party of Florida represents Republicans in Florida.
Date: December 17, 2013
Location: florida
Topics: economy;jobs
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: The Republican Party of Florida said "Florida has experienced positive job growth for 39 consecutive months." Economists say the state GOP is guilty of sloppy wording here. Florida has not experienced 39 consecutive months of job growth. The correct figure is five. But there is a sliver of  if you look at the  through the GOP’s eyes. Florida has seen year-over-year job growth for 39 consecutive months, which while not what Republicans said, is an equally notable metric. Words matter. We rate this  .
Statement: Says Obama was in New York City the same day as Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu but went on a TV show instead of meeting with him.
Speaker: paul ryan
About the speaker: U.S. Rep. Paul Ryan, R.-Wis., became Speaker of the House in 2015 and served until his retirement in January 2019. Ryan was elected to represent southern Wisconsin in Congress in 1998 and for part of his tenure chaired the House Budget Committee. He was Mitt Romney's vice-presidential running mate in the 2012 presidential election. He did not seek re-election in 2018.
Date: October 11, 2012
Location: national
Topics: debates;israel;foreign policy
Context: a debate
Fact-check justification: During the debate Ryan said that Obama was in New York City the same day as Netanyahu and "instead of meeting with him, goes on a daily talk show." The two leaders were not there on the same day: Obama was there Monday and Tuesday, and Netanyahu was there later in the week, on Thursday and Friday. Obama taped The View on Monday. We rate this  .
Statement: Says health insurance premiums will rise under Obamacare.
Speaker: americans for prosperity
About the speaker: Americans for Prosperity is a conservative group advocates for limited government, free markets and fiscal and regulatory restraint.
Date: July 7, 2013
Location: national
Topics: health care
Context: a television ad
Fact-check justification: Americans for Prosperity produced an ad that claimed that health insurance premiums would go up under Obamacare. To make a universal statement, the group both wants us to accept certain details about a woman, Julie, and disregard others. Chief among these is how she gets her insurance today. Statistically, she is most likely to fall into groups that are likely to do well under Obamacare. The most detailed supporting document focuses on the group that represents just 7 percent of today’s insurance market. The individual market is the one most likely to see rate hikes but the ACA provides tax credits to cushion the impact of those hikes. While most states have yet to announce their final rates, every expert we spoke to agreed that some people will pay more. The message a casual viewer would take from the ad is that everyone's rates are going up. But that's not , based on what experts told us. The AFP ad cherry picks the facts and draws a conclusion beyond what the  supports, but it will prove accurate for some people. We rate the statement .
Statement: Says state Senate recall challenger Sandy Pasch voted "to cut school aid by nearly $300 million.
Speaker: club for growth
About the speaker: The Club for Growth is an anti-tax group.
Date: July 5, 2011
Location: wisconsin
Topics: education;state budget
Context: a radio ad
Fact-check justification: In other words, the stimulus money was not enough to offset the state funding cut. The net result for schools was a reduction in funding of $294 million. In sum, Club for Growth Wisconsin claimed that Pasch voted to cut nearly $300 million in aid to schools. The record shows the  was on the mark. We rate the statement .
Statement: 40% of jobs in this country pay less than the average unemployment check of $750/week.
Speaker: adriano espaillat
About the speaker: Rep. Adriano Espaillat represents New York's 13th Congressional District, which includes neighborhoods in northern Manhattan and the northwest Bronx in New York City. He was first elected to Congress in 2016, and previously served in the New York State Senate. 
Date: June 8, 2021
Location: new york
Topics: economy;jobs
Context: a Tweet
Fact-check justification: Espaillat claimed that 40% of "jobs in this country" pay less than the average unemployment benefit of $750 per week.  Espaillat based his tweet on findings from credible sources, but one source was from spring 2020, when federal unemployment benefits were higher. A strict analysis of the available data show that the average benefit across states is around $618, or $648, if a weighted average is used.  Some data showed less than 25% of all jobs pay wages lower than the average unemployment benefit. Another study showed that 42% of people who are unemployed would receive more in unemployment benefits than what they would be paid to work.  There is some  to Espaillat’s , when the pool of unemployed workers is considered, not the entire American workforce.  We rate this  .
Statement: While others place their hands over their hearts, Obama turns his back to the flag and slouches.
Speaker: chain email
About the speaker: Chain emails circulate on the Internet, usually anonymously, making a variety of political claims.
Date: January 6, 2008
Location: national
Topics: patriotism
Context: a chain e-mail sent to many people
Fact-check justification: The photo shows him with his hands clasped in front of his waist while the others have their hands over the heart (a point of anthem protocol that we addressed in this item). But it doesn't look to us like he's slouching and there's no  to suggest his posture was making an antipatriotic statement. Obama has responded to these allegations by saying he often leads the pledge when he presides over the Senate, as seen in this video from the Senate. So once again, we find a chain e-mail is  about Obama. We find the statement .