chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Says "Catherine Cortez Masto failed Nevada rape victims. While attorney general, thousands of rape kits were never sent for DNA analysis.
Speaker: senate leadership fund
About the speaker: Senate Leadership Fund is a Super PAC with the stated goal to "protect and expand the Republican Senate Majority." 
Date: September 13, 2016
Location: nevada
Topics: crime
Context: a television ad
Fact-check justification: Senate Leadership Fund claims, "Catherine Cortez Masto failed Nevada rape victims," and "while attorney general, thousands of rape kits were never sent for DNA analysis." The ad is  in the sense that it portrays Cortez Masto as insensitive to the plight of victims of rape, but the charge that nothing was done to reduce the backlog during her time as attorney general is accurate. However, the labs where rape kits are tested are run by police, and not directly by the attorney general. We rate this ad .
Statement: Video claims Google Street View shows Antarctica with green vegetation and brick buildings.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: August 21, 2022
Topics: science;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook user shared a video from TikTok showing a woman accessing a map of Antarctica on Google. The woman shows what she claims is a Street View of the continent featuring a green, tree-lined landscape instead of snow. There is no Street View feature available on Antarctica showing a similar landscape, and the image featured in the video was submitted by a user on Google and not by the company itself. A reverse image search revealed the landscape is actually of a college campus in India. We rate this .
Statement: Some billionaires have a tax rate as low as 1 percent.
Speaker: barack obama
About the speaker: Barack Obama is the former president of the United States. Obama also served as a U.S. senator from Illinois. He was born in 1961 in Hawaii, where his parents met as students at the University of Hawaii. Obama's father is from Kenya and his mother is from Kansas. He graduated from Columbia University and received his law degree from Harvard Law School. Obama previously served in the Illinois state Senate and was an instructor at the University of Chicago Law School. He and his wife, Michelle, have two daughters, Malia and Sasha.
Date: December 6, 2011
Location: national
Topics: taxes
Context: Osawatomie, Kan
Fact-check justification: Stone’s remark that "sometimes (billionaires) even have a tax rate as low as 1 percent" may be an acceptable shorthand for cable television chatter, but as a linchpin statistic in a major policy address by the president, the  falls short. The best publicly available data, the IRS 400, suggests that it’s possible that some billionaires pay an effective tax rate of 1 percent or less. But this data doesn’t confirm it. In addition, the IRS 400 is made up primarily of people with less than $1 billion in annual income, and provides no information about whether a tax filer on the list has $1 billion in wealth. Despite this, Obama made it sound like a certainty  that "some billionaires have a tax rate as low as 1 percent." He would have been on safe ground if he’d noted that more than half the filers on the IRS 400 list had an effective tax rate of 20 percent or less. Obama did not have to gild the lily with a statistic this weak. If he wasn’t able to back it up with hard statistics, he shouldn't have said it. Because of that same uncertainty, we can't rule out that there isn't a billionaire out there who has a tax rate as low as 1 percent, but we haven't been able to find any  that there is. If the White House or anyone else produces  that it's , we'd be open to changing our ruling, but based on what we know, we rule it .
Statement: The proposed state budget contains "an additional tax cut for the middle class.
Speaker: andrew cuomo
About the speaker: Andrew Cuomo, a Democrat, was elected to his first term as governor of New York in 2010.
Date: February 23, 2017
Location: new york
Topics: state budget;taxes
Context: several other statements over the past two months
Fact-check justification: Cuomo said he’s proposing "an additional tax cut for the middle class" in this year’s budget. The tax rates in Cuomo’s proposed budget are not new. They were approved in last year’s budget but are not scheduled to begin until 2018. Middle-class tax rates will decline as scheduled if lawmakers leave them alone. Granted, everything is up for negotiation in a state budget, including tax rates. Legislative leaders could agree to change tax rates as part of this year’s spending plan. But Cuomo’s statement ignores facts and gives a different impression. We rate it .
Statement: Says he worked to pass the 2018 farm bill "that helped farmers, invest(ed) in rural broadband, and added work requirements for able-bodied adults, Budd voted NO.
Speaker: mark walker
About the speaker: Mark Walker, a Republican, represented North Carolina's 6th Congressional District from 2015-2020. He is running in the Republican primary for U.S. Senate in 2022. 
Date: July 19, 2021
Location: north carolina
Topics: agriculture;welfare
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Walker said that he voted for the farm bill, which "added work requirements for able-bodied adults" and that Budd voted no. It’s  that Walker voted for the bill that Trump signed and Budd voted against it. However, it’s  for Walker to say the bill "added work requirements for able-bodied adults." Walker voted for more work requirements in a bill the House passed in June, but the version that Trump signed didn’t include those requirements.  The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context. We rate it .
Statement: Hydroxychloroquine cures this 'virus.' It just so happens this is the treatment used for radiation sickness!!
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: May 14, 2020
Topics: facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a text post
Fact-check justification: "To date, and after much research performed, no adverse health effect has been causally linked with exposure to wireless technologies," the World Health Organization wrote in February. Both Gates and Fauci, director of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, have tempered expectations for hydroxychloroquine and stressed the importance of developing a coronavirus vaccine. Those views have fueled conspiracy theories, widely shared in anti-vaccine groups, about both men’s connections to the pharmaceutical industry. The Facebook post is . We rate it .
Statement: We got $6 billion for opioid and getting rid of that scourge that's taking over our country. And the numbers are way down.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: May 29, 2018
Location: national
Topics: drugs
Context: Nashville, Tenn
Fact-check justification: Trump said that in the opioid crisis, "the numbers are way down." One study shows a 10 percent decline in the the number of opioid prescriptions at retail pharmacies. However, the latest government figures show a 15 percent increase in opioid overdose deaths between 2016 and 2017. And research casts doubt on the tie between reduced prescribing and a drop in the number of overdoses. We rate this  .
Statement: If you sell your house after 2012 you will pay a 3.8 percent sales tax on it.
Speaker: chain email
About the speaker: Chain emails circulate on the Internet, usually anonymously, making a variety of political claims.
Date: February 2, 2012
Location: rhode island
Topics: economy;health care;housing;income;retirement;taxes
Context: a message via the Internet
Fact-check justification: The chain e-mail  that "if you sell your house after 2012 you will pay a 3.8 percent sales tax"  is untrue on so many levels as to be . It's not a sales tax because it doesn't apply to the full sale price of the home, only the profit made in the sale. It's not going to apply to the vast majority of Americans, only those whose income is more than $200,000 ($250,000 for couples). It's not going to apply to most people selling their home because they won't be getting $250,000 more than they paid for it ($500,000 for couples). Because the e-mail wildly misrepresents one aspect of the new health care law, we rate it  . (Get updates from PolitiFactRI on Twitter . To comment or offer your ruling, visit us on our PolitiFact Rhode Island Facebook page.)
Statement: Every billion dollars we spend on highway construction results in 47,500 jobs. But the fact is the average American is sitting in traffic 38 hours a year.
Speaker: mike huckabee
About the speaker: Mike Huckabee ran for the Republican nomination for president in 2016. He is a former governor of Arkansas; he also sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2008. He left hosting a self-titled television show on Fox News in January 2015.
Date: January 30, 2008
Location: national
Topics: transportation
Context: Simi Valley, Calif
Fact-check justification: If they were factored in – thereby calculating how much time the average American spends in traffic – the 38-hour figure would likely drop into the 25-hour range, says David Schrank, a co-author of the report. So Huckabee's facts are off, though not egregiously. His first error is in relying on the U.S. Department of Transportation, which continues to cite a 12-year-old statistic. The second misstatement is an exaggeration of a study. We rate both statements, therefore, as .
Statement: Estimates say individuals who escaped these high tax states have taken with them around $2 trillion in adjusted gross income.
Speaker: rick scott
About the speaker: Rick Scott, a wealthy Florida businessman, was first elected Florida's 45th governor on Nov. 2, 2010 and re-elected Nov. 4, 2014. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2018 and is running for re-election in 2024.
Date: January 6, 2015
Location: florida
Topics: taxes
Context: his second inaugural address
Fact-check justification: Scott said, "Estimates say individuals who escaped these high-tax states have taken with them around $2 trillion in adjusted gross income." That stat comes from an anti-tax advocate who measured the adjusted gross income of people who moved between states. There is disagreement about how much can be assumed by measuring that income migration, and even whether the $2 trillion in movement is among all 50 states or just from high-tax locations to lower-tax ones. In either case, there is plenty of research showing that of the relatively small number of people who move between states, very few of them cite taxes as a reason. We rate the statement . CORRECTION, Jan. 9, 2015: This article has been updated to clarify the affiliation of Lyman Stone. Help fund PolitiFact's Kickstarter to live fact-check the 2015 State of the Union and GOP response.
Statement: China has "total control, just about, of North Korea.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: January 14, 2016
Location: national
Topics: foreign policy;nuclear
Context: North Charleston, S.C
Fact-check justification: Trump said China has "total control, just about, of North Korea." He has a point that China holds significant leverage over North Korea if it wishes to exercise it, since China provides the vast majority of North Korea’s international trade, including food and fuel imports. But Trump’s assertion, even slightly hedged as it is, overlooks some significant limits to that leverage, notably the North Korean government’s willingness to follow its own drummer even if that means its people suffer. The fact that North Korea recently conducted a nuclear test over the strenuous objections of China suggests that Beijing lacks anything approaching "total control" over North Korea. The statement contains some element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression, so we rate it .
Statement: Rick Santorum says Rick Perry requested 1,200 earmarks as governor of Texas.
Speaker: rick santorum
About the speaker: Rick Santorum is running for the Republican nomination for president in 2016. He is a former U.S. senator from Pennsylvania and was a Republican presidential candidate in 2012.
Date: January 11, 2012
Location: texas
Topics: congress;federal budget
Context: comment to reporters
Fact-check justification: Upshot: We failed to come up with a count of earmarks pursued or supported by Perry. Put another way, the only count we found that might potentially support Santorum’s 1,200 figure was the total earmarks that went to all of Texas over a recent period. State government may have played a role in requesting some of that funding. But it’s more than a stretch to say that Perry himself sought all the earmarks. It’s !
Statement: An independent analysis shows that payments for cancer care will be slashed by close to 45% causing cancer clinics to close and massively raising your healthcare costs.
Speaker: community oncology alliance
About the speaker: The Community Oncology Alliance is a non-profit organization dedicated to advocating for community oncology practices and, most importantly, the patients they serve.
Date: November 29, 2021
Topics: congress;health care;health check
Context: a radio ad
Fact-check justification: The advertisement says an independent analysis shows that under the Build Back Better bill as it’s currently written, "payments for cancer care will be slashed by close to 45% causing cancer clinics to close and massively raising your healthcare costs." The advertisement leaves out important context about the analysis. For one, the cuts it cites are to an unspecified portion of oncologists’ revenue, the add-on revenue for administering certain drugs. Secondly, it isn’t yet known which drugs will be affected. The cuts may well prove substantial for some practices, particularly those that use a lot of the treatments ultimately selected for price negotiation.  As to closures, even without this change, some clinics will face financial stress leading to mergers, or sales to hospitals, mirroring what is happening in other sectors of the health industry. The argument that fewer clinics could lead more patients to get cancer care in hospitals — at higher costs to them, to Medicare and to private insurers — is economically plausible. But lower cancer drug costs in Medicare would mean savings for patients, since the program limits copayment amounts for patients who don’t have supplemental insurance to cover those costs. We rate the ad .
Statement: Says Merrick Garland "authored an opinion that resulted in the release of 17 Guantanamo Bay prisoners who were part of a group of violent Islamist extremists the State Department had designated as terrorists.
Speaker: pat toomey
About the speaker: Pat Toomey is a U.S. senator from Pennsylvania, having won election to his seat in 2010 by defeating Democratic Rep. Joe Sestak. Toomey occupies the seat formerly held by Sen. Arlen Specter, to whom he narrowly lost in the 2004 Republican U.S. Senate primary.
Date: April 15, 2016
Location: pennsylvania
Topics: foreign policy;military;supreme court;terrorism
Fact-check justification: Toomey wrote that Garland "authored an opinion that resulted in the release of 17 Guantanamo Bay prisoners who were part of a group of violent Islamist extremists the State Department had designated as terrorists." Toomey’s  is . We have no definitive proof that the Uighur detainees engaged in terrorist acts or were "violent Islamist extremists." They were an oppressed ethnic minority in China and may have been caught up in events without endorsing terrorism. The courts released them because the government’s case against them seemed dubious. We rule the  .
Statement: Says Ann Landers said, "At age 20, we worry about what others think of us. At age 40, we don't care what they think. At age 60, we discover that they have not been thinking of us at all.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: October 17, 2019
Topics: corrections and updates;history;pop culture;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: At 40, we’re sure it doesn’t think of us. "  We rate this post . Update, Oct. 28, 2019: This story was originally rated  with the caveat that if  emerged showing that Ann Landers did say this, we’d reconsider our ruling. A reader pointed us to one of her 1992 columns that includes a version of this statement but she is not its original source.
Statement: Martha's Vineyard "used the military to deport every last illegal migrant from their island.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: September 18, 2022
Topics: immigration;military;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: An Instagram post Martha’s Vineyard "used the military to deport every last illegal migrant from their island." That is not what happened. The Massachusetts governor, in coordination with state and local officials, offered to move the migrants, on a voluntary basis, to Joint Base Cape Cod, a military base that’s also one of the state’s designated emergency shelters. The site has the space to care for the immigrants that Martha’s Vineyard does not. The military was not involved in the voluntary transport. In the context of immigration, a deportation refers to the removal of a person from the United States, not the relocation of people within the country. We rate this  . Related: What we know about DeSantis flying migrants to Martha's Vineyard In Context: What a Martha’s Vineyard homeless shelter coordinator said about migrant housing
Statement: Says Hillary Clinton and the Democrats "admitted there's one candidate who scares Hillary Clinton, and that's Sen. Marco Rubio.
Speaker: baby got pac
About the speaker: A conservative super PAC supported by millionaire California winery owner John Jordan.
Date: November 10, 2015
Location: florida
Topics: candidate biography
Context: a campaign ad
Fact-check justification: Baby Got PAC’s ad said Democrats "admitted there’s one candidate who scares Hillary Clinton, and that’s Sen. Marco Rubio." There’s no actual statement from Hillary Clinton saying as much, so that part of the commercial is a stretch. The commercial does share some sources that quote Democratic politicians and operatives, and leans heavily on former Obama campaign director Schale, who wrote a blog post expressing some anxiety about Rubio. Schale, it’s worth noting, favored Biden over Hillary Clinton initially. Baby Got PAC further puts a lot of faith in an anecdote involving Bill Clinton that is largely unsubstantiated. With those caveats, it’s still clear Rubio’s campaign is a concern to strategists on the left. We rate the statement .
Statement: Google search spike suggests many people don't know why they voted for Brexit.
Speaker: daily mail
About the speaker: DailyMail.com, which is also known as Mail Online, is the website of the Daily Mail, a British daily tabloid. 
Date: June 24, 2016
Topics: technology;punditfact
Context: a headline
Fact-check justification: Like other media accounts, the Daily Mail headline said "Google search spike suggests many people don’t know why they voted for Brexit." This is . It’s impossible to say if UK voters were the ones doing these searches, and the numbers of searches are hard to determine. Relative to searches for "Brexit," searches about "what is the EU" were far less common. We know people searched "What is the EU" and "What will happen if we leave the EU," but we don’t know why or how many. Point being, there’s no  to fill those gaps. We rate this  .
Statement: Health and Human Services admits they have never conducted federally-required monitoring of vaccine safety for over 30 years.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: April 4, 2019
Topics: health care;public health;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: The Facebook post claims that Health and Human Services "admits they have never conducted federally-required monitoring of vaccine safety for over 30 years." While the agency was unable to locate records responsive to the Informed Consent Action Network’s public information request, we couldn’t find  that the agency admitted it had failed to monitor vaccine safety for more than 30 years. Rather, HHS details on its website how it and other agencies monitor vaccines. Other reports, such as the 2008 review of federal vaccine safety programs that Salmon pointed us to, are available online. We rate this  .
Statement: Soviet and Chinese communists have "grabbed control" of U.S. entertainment, movies, television, music, academia, K-12 education and the news media.
Speaker: monica crowley
About the speaker: Monica Crowley is a longtime conservative commentator and foreign policy specialist. She served as assistant secretary for public affairs at the Treasury Department during the Trump administration. She is a board member of the Richard Nixon Foundation.
Date: June 12, 2022
Topics: education;history;foreign policy;punditfact
Context: an interview with Fox News
Fact-check justification: Crowley said that Soviet and Chinese communists have "grabbed control" of U.S. entertainment, movies, television, music, academia, K-12 education and the news media.  The USSR, and to a lesser extent communist China, have sought to influence the U.S. over decades, including through spying and ideological persuasion. Some individual Americans in entertainment, education, and the media were sympathetic to those ideas, primarily in the 1930s and 1940s. But even these examples are a far cry from proving that each of these pillars of U.S. society were directly controlled by overseas communists. The real-life examples of communist influence are scattered and decades-old. And in each of the sectors Crowley cited, active efforts by anti-communists purged those sympathetic to communism. That couldn’t have happened if these institutions were actually controlled by communists.  We rate the statement .