chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Delaware Democratic Senate candidate Chris Coons "thought that a 911 call should be taxed.
Speaker: christine o'donnell
About the speaker: Christine O’Donnell is a Delaware politician who gained notoriety in the aftermath of her upset of Rep. Mike Castle in the 2010 Republican U.S. Senate primary. She went on to lose in the general election to Democrat Chris Coons. O’Donnell had previously waged losing U.S. Senate campaigns in 2006 and 2008.
Date: October 11, 2010
Location: national
Topics: message machine 2010;public safety;technology;taxes
Context: a campaign commercial
Fact-check justification: No one needed to worry that calling 911 to help an injured motorist on the highway would lead to a special fee on their next phone bill.   O'Donnell's ad twisted the details of a proposed 911 levy to fit her image of Coons as an insatiable tax monster. Yes, he proposed a tax, but for a service on which other phones already were being taxed. And Coons most certainly did not propose taxing individual 911 calls. We rate the  .
Statement: Right now we're the highest taxed country in the world.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: February 6, 2016
Location: national
Topics: taxes
Context: New Hampshire
Fact-check justification: Trump said, "Right now we’re the highest taxed country in the world." We used a couple of different measurements suggested by experts to determine that no matter how you slice it, the United States is far from the most taxed nation in the world, whether it’s an advanced industrialized economy or not. We rate his statement .
Statement: Rick Scott took $200,000 from a family that leased land for drilling "and now he is trying to hide from it.
Speaker: nextgen climate action committee
About the speaker: Next Generation Climate Action Committee, or NextGen, is a Democratic-aligned super PAC promoting awareness and solutions to global warming. The group was founded by Thomas Steyer, a billionaire who in 1986 founded Farallon Capital Management, a San Francisco hedge fund.
Date: August 22, 2014
Location: florida
Topics: environment;campaign finance
Context: a TV ad
Fact-check justification: A NextGen ad says Rick Scott took $200,000 from the Collier family who leased their land for oil drilling "and now he is trying to hide from it." Actually, both sides are presenting self-interested portrayals of the . Scott called out NextGen for saying he had received Hughes’ money, but the group hadn’t explicitly claimed that he had, and the Scott campaign’s statement glossed over the fact that the campaign had indeed received money from Collier, a party who was integral to the drilling plan. For its part, NextGen’s charge that Scott is trying to "hide from" the Collier donations is exaggerated. The transaction was reported publicly per standard procedure, and there is no  that Scott has tried to restrict access to that information. Quite the contrary -- it has been discussed widely in media reports. The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details. So we rate this  .
Statement: Under Ted Cruz's tax plan, "businesses will now have to pay 16 percent on the money they make. They will also have to pay 16 percent on the money they pay their employees.
Speaker: marco rubio
About the speaker: Marco Rubio, a U.S. senator from Florida, was a candidate for president of the United States in 2016 and then dropped out and won re-election to the Senate. He was first elected to the Senate in 2010 and took office Jan. 5, 2011. Rubio served in the Florida House of Representatives from 2000 to 2008 and is a former Speaker of the Florida House. He served on the West Miami City Commission from 1998 to 2000. He is from Miami and holds a law degree from the University of Miami.
Date: January 14, 2016
Location: texas
Topics: taxes
Context: North Charleston, S.C
Fact-check justification: Rubio said that under Cruz’s tax plan, "businesses will now have to pay 16 percent on the money they make. They will also have to pay 16 percent on the money they pay their employees." Under Cruz’s plan, that rate applies both to net income and payroll expenditures though the way this description was phrased by Rubio merits clarification. That is, the 16 percent would not be applied to what a business makes and separately applied again to money paid to employees. Also unsaid: The proposed tax would replace taxes including payroll and income taxes. We rate this  .  – The statement is accurate but needs clarification or additional information. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: Today in America — a new study came out — 20 years out, whites who borrowed money, 94% of them have paid off their student loan debt; 5% of African Americans have paid it off.
Speaker: elizabeth warren
About the speaker: Elizabeth Warren is a senator from Massachusetts. Warren was elected to the Senate in 2012 and was re-elected in 2018 and is running for re-election in 2024. Warren received a bachelor’s degree in speech pathology and audiology from the University of Houston and a J.D. from Rutgers Law School. In 2019, she announced her race for the Democratic nomination for president and dropped out March 5, 2020.
Date: November 20, 2019
Location: national
Topics: debt;education
Context: a debate
Fact-check justification: Warren said: "Today in America — a new study came out — 20 years out, whites who borrowed money, 94% of them have paid off their student loan debt; 5% of African Americans have paid it off." There are racial disparities in repaying student loans, but Warren misquoted a Brandeis University study. It found that 20 years after starting college, the amount of debt of white borrowers had been reduced by 94%, versus 5% for black borrowers. We rate Warren’s statement .
Statement: Says Kamala Harris said, "We will be shuttering the VA… the money saved will go to better use in assisting refugee families.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: March 8, 2021
Topics: military;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Such an announcement would be major news, but we found no media coverage to corroborate the  that Harris said this. In February, Harris participated in a ceremonial swearing in for the new Veterans Affairs Secretary Denis McDonough, who promised to base his decisions around "whether it increases veterans’ access to care and benefits and improves outcomes for them." And as a presidential candidate, Harris campaigned on a plan to expand Veteran Affairs health care and housing assistance.   A spokesperson for Harris told Reuters that the vice president did not make the statement attributed to her in the social media post. We rate it .
Statement: BREAKING: Queen Elizabeth II Dead At 94
Speaker: the liberty raise
About the speaker: The Liberty Raise is a website that posts some fake news.
Date: May 9, 2018
Topics: fake news;punditfact
Context: a post on Facebook
Fact-check justification: "It'll cost the British economy billions in lost earnings." There was one recent death in the royal family: the queen’s dog, Willow. Willow, the 14-year old corgi was put down in April following a battle with cancer. Willow’s death was particularly significant, as it was the last in a long line of royal corgis. We rate the story about the queen being dead !
Statement: Minnesota was stolen from Scott Jensen.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: November 9, 2022
Topics: elections;facebook fact-checks
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: How do we go forward?’" He didn’t allege that the election was stolen from him.   The Star Tribune reported that Walz triumphed in the race in part by winning strong support in "areas of the Twin Cities metro area core and its suburbs. "  Claims that the Minnesota governor’s race was "stolen" are baseless. We rate them !
Statement: Pardons — Obama: 1,927, Trump: 26. And Trump is abusing that power?
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: February 19, 2020
Topics: criminal justice
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post claims: "Pardons — Obama: 1,927, Trump: 26. And Trump is abusing that power?"  The numbers for Obama are roughly accurate if you count total acts of clemency — pardons plus sentence commutations. But only about 11% of those were pardons. The numbers alone don’t suggest abuse of power. Experts told us that Obama followed a policy of clemency actions aimed at low-level criminals who were given long sentences many years ago, and he followed recommendations made by the Justice Department, whereas Trump has largely acted on his own. For a statement that contains only an element of , our rating is .
Statement: The wildfires in Canada were planned.
Speaker: tiktok posts
About the speaker: Posts on the video-sharing platform TikTok.
Date: June 6, 2023
Topics: fires;natural disasters 
Context: a TikTok
Fact-check justification: But that is unproved; Agence France-Presse  reported that officials have found no  suggesting widespread arson. In May, police in Sooke, British Columbia, arrested a woman in connection to suspicious fires, one of which was a small brush fire; the other "fully involved" a tree. Another woman was arrested in March in connection with fires set in Port Alberni,  British Columbia. But there have been no reports that these incidents led to the hundreds of wildfires raging across Canada at a record pace, or that these fires were set intentionally. We rate this  .
Statement: If you will go look up the definition of 'act of God,' we've used it in legal terms for a long time in this state.
Speaker: rick perry
About the speaker: Rick Perry is the U.S. Energy Secretary and was governor of Texas from late December 2000 through 2014. He was re-elected in 2002, 2006 and 2010. He unsucessfully ran for president in 2012 and 2016.
Date: May 4, 2010
Location: texas
Topics: energy;regulation
Context: remarks to Texas reporters
Fact-check justification: An agriculture-related law that took effect in 2003 protects people who violate rules about artificially controlling the weather if they can prove the violation "was caused solely by an act of God, war, strike, riot or other catastrophe." A law enacted in 1997 similarly protects people who violate certain state water laws. Summing up: We're not judging whether the BP explosion was an "act of God." That said, Perry's follow-up statement reflects the term's prevalence in law. We rate that statement as .
Statement: The voting public had no say" in the Atlanta region's proposed transportation project list.
Speaker: lights for liberty
About the speaker: Lights for Liberty is a group opposed to the regional transportation tax that goes before metro Atlanta voters on July 31, 2012.
Date: July 19, 2012
Location: georgia
Topics: transportation
Context: press release
Fact-check justification: Wise makes an interesting argument that average voters haven’t had a fair shot at weighing in on a list that was approved by 18 elected officials. The shift from the rail line in Cobb, however, shows the voting public has had a say in the project list. There have been varying degrees of public involvement on the list, much of it minor. Still, there is a grain of  in the Lights for Liberty statement.    Our rating on this one: .
Statement: There's actually 600 abortions done after the 20th week of pregnancy every year in Ohio.
Speaker: peggy lehner
About the speaker: Peggy Lehner is the state senator for the 6th Ohio Senate District, which encompasses portions of Montgomery County.
She previously served one term in the Ohio House of Representatives and for 10 years was a member of Kettering City Council.
 
Date: July 18, 2011
Location: ohio
Topics: abortion
Context: a radio interview
Fact-check justification: We also checked Lehner’s follow-up point and it also was accurate. In 2009, there were 216 abortions when the pregnancy was at least 23 weeks along. Lehner slightly understated the number of abortions that occurred in the timeframe she referenced during the radio program. Still, her understatement does not undercut the argument she is trying to make. We rate the statement .
Statement: Says May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.
Speaker: jim spencer
About the speaker: Jim Spencer has been chief weathercaster for KXAN TV in Austin since 1993.
Date: June 18, 2018
Location: texas
Topics: climate change;history;weather
Context: a news blog post
Fact-check justification: Spencer wrote that May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average. This  accurately echoes the findings of respected NOAA researchers. Missing: Clarification that other entities have reported fewer consecutive months that this pattern has held, possibly as few as 291 months. We rate Spencer's  .  – The statement is accurate but needs clarification or additional information. Click here for  more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: Paying taxes is optional!!
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: April 23, 2022
Topics: taxes;facebook fact-checks
Context: a video on Facebook
Fact-check justification: A video claimed that "Paying taxes is optional!!" Claims that a secret "straw man" account exempts you from paying taxes are tied to a complex, persistent and unfounded conspiracy theory.  Federal law dictates who owes taxes, how much is owed and when a tax payment is due. Failing to pay the taxes you owe could result in fines, criminal charges or your property being seized. We rate this  !
Statement: The EPA "wants to hire 230,000 new government regulators that will cost the taxpayer $21 billion.
Speaker: allen west
About the speaker: Allen West announced in July 2021 that he is running for the Republican primary for Texas governor. He served for about a year as chairman of the Texas Republican Party, stepping down in June 2021. West represented Florida's 22nd congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 2011 to 2013. Lieutenant Colonel West retired from the Army in 2004 after 22 years of service.
Date: October 21, 2011
Location: florida
Topics: environment;federal budget;regulation
Context: a TV interview
Fact-check justification: West is suggesting that the federal government is bloated and will bloat even more since the EPA "wants" to hire 230,000 new employees at a cost of $21 billion. But the EPA made it clear in its brief that it doesn't want to hire all those folks. It's unclear how the EPA and the states would handle implementation if the courts rule that the EPA can't tailor. But it is clear that the EPA, and the states, wouldn't have the budgets to hire 230,000 more people. We rate this  .
Statement: The documentary "2,000 Mules proves" Democrats "cheated on the 2020 elections.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: October 25, 2022
Location: georgia
Topics: national;elections;wisconsin;pennsylvania;michigan;arizona
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: An Instagram post says that the documentary "2,000 Mules" proves Democrats "cheated on the 2020 elections." Elections and law enforcement officials in battleground states have said that they have not received  to prove the allegations in the "2,000 Mules" movie that suggests widespread cheating via ballot drop boxes. Barr, attorney general under Trump, also publicly rejected the movie’s premise.  We could find only two cases of individuals convicted related to violating rules about ballot drop boxes.  We rate this statement . RELATED : In Jan. 6 hearing, former AG Bill Barr discredits ‘2,000 Mules’ voter fraud film RELATED : The faulty premise of the ‘2,000 Mules’ trailer about voting by mail in the 2020 election
Statement: A flight from Atlanta to Houston was canceled due to a "terrorist dry run.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: September 11, 2014
Topics: crime;terrorism;punditfact
Context: a post on Facebook
Fact-check justification: Petruna’s 2009 account about a "terrorist dry run" leading to a canceled flight is going viral on Facebook. According to Petruna, 11 Muslim men were so uncooperative with their flight attendants that Flight 297 from Atlanta to Houston was canceled. But the airline, other passengers from the flight, and the Associated Press all disagreed. Petruna, although originally scheduled for the flight, never boarded. In actuality, a man who may or may not have been of Muslim descent didn’t speak English well enough to understand the flight attendant’s instructions to turn off his phone. Petruna’s account is outdated and riddled with inaccuracies. This  rates .
Statement: Sen. Obama has never taken on his party leaders on a single major issue.
Speaker: john mccain
About the speaker: John McCain was a U.S. senator from Arizona, a post he held from 1987 to his death in 2018. He previously served two terms in the U.S. House. He was the Republican nominee for president in 2008. McCain was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and spent his career in the military, as his father did. He was a combat pilot in Vietnam who was shot down and spent 5 1/2 years as a prisoner of war. He was born in 1936 in Panama. 
Date: October 7, 2008
Location: national
Topics: candidate biography
Context: Nashville, Tenn
Fact-check justification: CQ did not consider the Office of Public Integrity votes to be among the most important of 2006 or 2007. None of the examples the Obama campaign provides could be seen as major issues on which Obama was at odds with his party leadership. Certainly nothing on the scale of McCain's unpopular positions on immigration and campaign finance reform, among others. McCain speaks in absolutes — Obama has "never taken on his party leaders on a single major issue" — but the record supports him. We say McCain's  is .
Statement: Obama said his proposed $1,000 emergency energy rebate "will be enough to offset the increased cost of gas for a working family over the next 4 months.
Speaker: barack obama
About the speaker: Barack Obama is the former president of the United States. Obama also served as a U.S. senator from Illinois. He was born in 1961 in Hawaii, where his parents met as students at the University of Hawaii. Obama's father is from Kenya and his mother is from Kansas. He graduated from Columbia University and received his law degree from Harvard Law School. Obama previously served in the Illinois state Senate and was an instructor at the University of Chicago Law School. He and his wife, Michelle, have two daughters, Malia and Sasha.
Date: August 1, 2008
Location: national
Topics: energy
Context: St. Petersburg, Fla
Fact-check justification: Consider this stat: for a New England family making $50,000 a year, energy costs last winter ate up 22 percent of their overall pre-tax income; this winter it is projected to consume 38 percent.
 "How are these families going to make it through the winter?" Wolfe asked. Wolfe said a $1,000 rebate would help many struggling families buy time to transition to the higher costs. We find that Obama's numbers on increased energy costs are .
Statement: Says a "rather extraordinary amount of non-classroom employees" were added by Texas school districts over the last decade.
Speaker: rick perry
About the speaker: Rick Perry is the U.S. Energy Secretary and was governor of Texas from late December 2000 through 2014. He was re-elected in 2002, 2006 and 2010. He unsucessfully ran for president in 2012 and 2016.
Date: March 9, 2011
Location: texas
Topics: state budget;taxes
Context: a comment to reporters
Fact-check justification: "If you’re trying to maintain student performance while you’re trying to go through these financially tight times, you’re going to see a lot of different patterns depending on how the district is organized and how the district is doing," Moak said. "If the district is needing a lot of help from these other (non-classroom) staff, the district may choose to keep these other staff rather than keep teachers." Upshot: Over the decade, the increase in non-classroom employees -- especially in support and administrative staff -- outpaced growth in student enrollment and teachers. But whether this addition of non-classroom staff qualifies as "extraordinary" is open to debate. We rate Perry’s statement .
Statement: The only housing authority in the state that we have actually given money to is NYCHA.
Speaker: andrew cuomo
About the speaker: Andrew Cuomo, a Democrat, was elected to his first term as governor of New York in 2010.
Date: March 12, 2018
Location: new york
Topics: homeless;housing;state budget
Context: a press conference
Fact-check justification: "The only housing authority in the state that we have actually given money to is NYCHA," Cuomo said. The New York City Housing Authority is the only public housing agency that has a line item in the budget. But other housing authorities have received money from the state through competitive grant programs. So the New York City Housing Authority is not the only housing authority to receive money from the state. We rate Cuomo's statement .
Statement: Oil pulling" improves overall oral health, strengthens gums, helps prevent cavities, whitens teeth and reduces plaque.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: April 12, 2023
Topics: public health;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: But the researchers also recommended more "robust" research for high-quality . Oil pulling is not recommended by the American Dental Association for improved oral health. Although some studies have suggested it has potential benefits, experts say more research is needed. The most proven way to improve oral health, strengthen gums, prevent cavities, whiten teeth and reduce dental plaque, experts say, is to brush and floss regularly.   We rate the post .
Statement: Andrew Jackson was the last president who actually balanced the federal budget, where we had no national debt.
Speaker: ben carson
About the speaker: Dr. Ben Carson is President Donald Trump's secretary for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. A retired pediatric neurosurgeon, Carson ran as a Republican for president in 2016. He owns homes in West Palm Beach and Maryland.
Date: April 20, 2016
Location: national
Topics: debt;deficit;federal budget;history
Context: a Fox Business interview
Fact-check justification: Carson said, "Andrew Jackson was the last president who actually balanced the federal budget, where we had no national debt." Experts say this feat doesn’t really deserve the plaudits Carson is giving it, but Carson has his facts basically right. Jackson was the last — and only — president to bring the national debt to zero on top of having a balanced budget. The statement is accurate but needs added context, which is our definition of .