chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: In America, we pay, by far, the highest prices in the world for prescription drugs.
Speaker: bernie sanders
About the speaker: Bernie Sanders is a senator from Vermont. Sanders was first elected to the Senate in 2007 and was re-elected in 2012 and 2018. The senator also ran an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 2016, losing the Democratic primary to Hillary Clinton. From 1991 until 2007, he was the representative of Vermont’s At-Large District of the House of Representatives. Sanders was the mayor of Burlington from 1981 to 1989. He received a bachelor’s degree in political science from the University of Chicago. In 2019, he announced he was running for the Democratic nomination for president and dropped out in April 2020.
Date: February 11, 2016
Location: national
Topics: economy;health care
Context: a PBS Democratic debate
Fact-check justification: Sanders said, "In America, we pay, by far, the highest prices in the world for prescription drugs." When it comes to brand-name drugs, which yield the highest profit for the pharmaceutical industry, studies support Sanders'  -- although not always on a drug-by-drug basis. In addition, the differences in price can be dramatic because the U.S. health care system is so splintered, and Medicare is prohibited by law from using its market share to bargain for lower prices. We found one study comparing the United States and Canada that found exceptions for generic drugs, where the profit margin is much lower and which make up a much smaller share of prescription drug spending. But on balance, we rate his statement .
Statement: Trump wins the award Obama never could.
Speaker: ladies of liberty
About the speaker: Ladies of Liberty is a satirical website.
Date: March 9, 2018
Topics: fake news;punditfact
Context: a headline
Fact-check justification: Blair's stories are often copied by other online blogs, and he has reported them for copyright violations, according to BuzzFeed .   Back to the statement. A website claimed "Trump wins the award Obama never could." The story is made up. We rate it !
Statement: If you need Girl Scout cookies this year and don't have a local troop to support, please consider buying from Troop 6000, which is entirely made up of girls living in NYC's homeless shelters.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: February 3, 2023
Topics: facebook fact-checks;good enough to be true
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Many have concluded cookie sales for the season, making Troop 6000 in New York City the go-to cookie source for anyone who wants to support these initiatives right now. We rate claims that people can buy Girl Scout Cookies from a troop of Scouts who live in New York City shelters Good Enough to be ! See a post that might make a great Good Enough to be  story? Send it to [email protected] . We choose claims that pique our curiosity and fit our -O-Meter definition of .
Statement: Said New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo said that "with all the technology we have, we don't need actual classrooms.
Speaker: beth parlato
About the speaker: Beth Parlato is an attorney, judge, and activist who is running in the 2020 Republican primary for a vacant congressional seat in western New York.
Date: May 7, 2020
Location: new york
Topics: education;technology
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Cuomo’s office confirmed statements made at his May 5 and May 20 press conferences and didn’t comment further on Parlato’s video. Our rating Parlato said Cuomo had said that "with all the technology we have, we don't need actual classrooms." That’s close to what Cuomo said during his May 5 press conference, although Parlato left the impression that Cuomo was opposing reopening brick-and-mortar schools once the coronavirus pandemic is over, which is .   Cuomo later walked back his comment amid a backlash from teachers, students and parents. We rate the statement .
Statement: The United States ranks second worst in income inequality across developed countries," after taxes and transfers.
Speaker: bobby scott
About the speaker: Bobby Scott, D-3rd, has been a member of the U.S. House of Representatives since 1993. The district is comprised of all of Charles City and Surry counties and Petersburg and Portsmouth and portions of Henrico and Prince George counties and Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk and Richmond. Scott has seats on the Judiciary and Education and Labor committees.
Scott previously served in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1979-83 and in the state Senate in 1983-93. He was a member of the National Guard and U.S. Army Reserve. He was a lawyer in a private practice from 1973-91.
Scott was born in Washington, D.C. He earned a bachelor's degree from Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., in 1969 and a law degree from Boston College in 1973.
Date: June 12, 2015
Location: virginia
Topics: economy;income;wealth
Context: a written statement
Fact-check justification: Scott said,  "The United States ranks second worst in income inequality across developed countries," after accounting for taxes and transfers. Scott bases his  on an outdated chart listing the statistical disparity in 31 of the 34 OECD nations. Updated information with all the OECD nations shows the U.S. with the fourth highest disparity and it drops another notch if you include non-member Russia. Clearly, the U.S. ranks near the top among developed nations in income inequality, but not quite as high as Scott says. We rate his statement .
Statement: Fox News went from 97% reporting to 94% in Virginia. The fraud is so blatant it's not funny anymore.
Speaker: tweets
About the speaker: Twitter is a messaging service where people often discuss politics. Individual messages are called Tweets.
Date: November 2, 2021
Location: virginia
Topics: elections;facebook fact-checks
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Arnon Mishkin explained the model in an election forum prior to the 2020 election. (Factcheckers at Reuters recently highlighted the video of Mishkin explaining the model in their report on the same issue.)   The Associated Press declared Youngkin the winner at 10:37 p.m. CT on Nov. 2. Unofficial results the next morning from the Virginia Department of Elections showed Youngkin winning, 50.68% to 48.55%. We rate the post .
Statement: Photo shows a trashed venue in Glastonbury after climate activist Greta Thunberg spoke there.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: June 27, 2022
Topics: climate change;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: In reality, it showed a mess left after an event held months earlier for 4/20, a cannabis culture celebration.   Thunberg has also been a frequent target of misinformation.  conspiracy theories have made claims about her personal life and activism, such as one allegation that her efforts are part of a PR stunt being coordinated by her parents and a businessman, Poynter reported . That among other claims has been debunked.   We rate this post .
Statement: The Bush administration had been "giving (auto companies) billions of dollars and just asking nothing in return.
Speaker: barack obama
About the speaker: Barack Obama is the former president of the United States. Obama also served as a U.S. senator from Illinois. He was born in 1961 in Hawaii, where his parents met as students at the University of Hawaii. Obama's father is from Kenya and his mother is from Kansas. He graduated from Columbia University and received his law degree from Harvard Law School. Obama previously served in the Illinois state Senate and was an instructor at the University of Chicago Law School. He and his wife, Michelle, have two daughters, Malia and Sasha.
Date: September 20, 2010
Location: national
Topics: corporations;economy;transportation
Context: a town hall meeting
Fact-check justification: The March 31 deadline for the auto companies gave Obama about two months in office in which to make his own decisions about the companies. Obama said at the town hall meeting that "the previous administration had been helping (the auto companies), giving them billions of dollars and just asking nothing in return." The historical record indicates that the Bush administration did ask for things in return -- and even gave the Obama administration the power to recall the loans if the terms weren't meant. We know that Obama isn't a fan of the Bush administration, but this particular  seems to be re-writing history. We rate Obama's statement .
Statement: The Fourth Amendment was what we fought the Revolution over. John Adams said it was the spark that led to our war for independence.
Speaker: rand paul
About the speaker: Rand Paul, a U.S. senator from Kentucky elected in 2010. He ran for president in 2016 before dropping out to seek re-election to the Senate. Paul is a medical doctor and an ophthalmologist. His father is Ron Paul, a 2008 presidential candidate and a former member of Congress from Texas. 
Date: August 6, 2015
Location: national
Topics: history;legal issues;privacy issues
Context: Cleveland
Fact-check justification: Paul said, "The Fourth Amendment was what we fought the Revolution over. John Adams said it was the spark that led to our war for independence." Paul definitely has a point. Adams’ writings clearly show that he believed the writs of assistance case was a key, early turning point of the revolution that began 15 years later. But even if it was one cause, it wasn’t the only one. The statement is accurate but needs clarification and additional information, so we rate it .
Statement: Paul Workman wants to raise the sales tax.
Speaker: valinda bolton
About the speaker: Valinda Bolton was first elected to represent district 27 in the Texas House of Representatives in 2006. She lost the 2010 general election to Paul Workman.
Date: October 29, 2010
Location: texas
Topics: taxes
Context: a mailer
Fact-check justification: , going the GOP's preferred school-funding route would require a dramatic increase in the sales tax. Workman said as much at the forum attended by Bolton. He also said he'd favor such a change only if school property taxes were wiped out. Her statement ignores this critical fact, distorting Workman's position. We rate the statement as .
Statement: The $2.3-billion budget deficit I inherited when I came into office became a $2.9-billion surplus.
Speaker: rudy giuliani
About the speaker: Rudy Giuliani is the former mayor of New York City. He was born in Brooklyn in 1944 and previously served as a federal prosecutor, as well as an associate attorney general under President Reagan. He graduated from Manhattan College and earned a law degree from New York University Law School. He has been married since 2003 to Judith Nathan and was married twice before. He has two children, Andrew and Caroline. He withdrew from the presidential race on Jan. 30, 2008.
Date: July 1, 2007
Location: national
Topics: federal budget
Context: Action" magazine
Fact-check justification: It is probably worth noting that both out-year "deficit" figures – the one Giuliani says he inherited from Dinkins and the one he bequeathed to Bloomberg – are just projections. The city (unlike the federal government) is not allowed to end the year with an operating deficit. Harding notes that gaps in out-year budgets have often happened in New York City and have, through a combination of above-budget revenues or below-budget spending, gotten into balance or turned to surplus by the time the year ends. Add it all up and we only get halfway to .
Statement: Federal employees are making twice as much as their private counterparts.
Speaker: scott brown
About the speaker: Scott Brown was elected a Republican U.S. senator from Massachusetts in 2010. He lost re-election in 2012 and subsequently became a political commentator for Fox News. In March 2014, Brown announced that he was considering entering the U.S. Senate race in New Hampshire.
Date: January 31, 2010
Location: national
Topics: economy
Context: an interview with Barbara Walters
Fact-check justification: Finally, we found it's a mixed bag when comparing individual private and public sector occupations -- the "private counterparts" he spoke of. Some public jobs pay more, some pay less. And the public ones that pay more are not consistently double as he claimed. So he's  to say it's double and  to suggest that it's always the case when comparing specific jobs. We rate his  .
Statement: November election data shows a "stunning anomaly in the rejection rate of absentee ballots.
Speaker: dan o'donnell
About the speaker: Dan O'Donnell is a conservative talk show host with WISN radio in Milwaukee.
Date: February 3, 2021
Location: wisconsin
Topics: elections;coronavirus
Context: a commentary
Fact-check justification: O’Donnell asserted in an opinion piece that November election data shows a "stunning anomaly in the rejection rate of absentee ballots." But that rejection rate was neither stunning nor an anomaly. Election data from 2008 to 2020 shows November elections have consistently lower rejection rates than other elections, due primarily to the higher number of in-person early voting (which is included in absentee tallies). And the November rejection rates themselves have steadily dropped in each election aside from 2016, when a new law caused a one-year spike. The November 2018 and 2020 rejections rates were in line with that long-term trend. We rate this  .
Statement: American coronavirus vaccine killed five Ukrainians.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: July 18, 2020
Topics: public health;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: The site... is ambitiously publishing lies in eight languages." Coda Story, a nonprofit journalism site that focuses on in-depth reporting and fighting disinformation in Eurasia, reported from Crimea in 2018 on the leader of News Front. The pro-Moscow News Front has "carved out a reputation for its staunchly pro-Kremlin line and a steady output of stories which media monitors such as Stop  say are  or deliberately inflammatory," according to Coda Story. News Front did not reply to our requests for information. With no  to back a  that was made by a source known for disinformation, we rate the  .
Statement: If the debt ceiling is surpassed, our nation will not go into default as some suggest.
Speaker: marco rubio
About the speaker: Marco Rubio, a U.S. senator from Florida, was a candidate for president of the United States in 2016 and then dropped out and won re-election to the Senate. He was first elected to the Senate in 2010 and took office Jan. 5, 2011. Rubio served in the Florida House of Representatives from 2000 to 2008 and is a former Speaker of the Florida House. He served on the West Miami City Commission from 1998 to 2000. He is from Miami and holds a law degree from the University of Miami.
Date: July 29, 2011
Location: florida
Topics: economy;federal budget
Context: an e-mail
Fact-check justification: We acknowledge that there are a range of opinions on this matter, but it has become clearer since our prior attempts to tackle this question that the ratings agencies are willing to overlook any defaults beyond those involving bondholders when they measure the nation's creditworthiness. By virtue of their position, the ratings agencies carry significant weight on this question. Still, we feel Rubio wrongly downplayed the likelihood of technical defaults on other creditors, such as federal contractors. We believe that the nation can be in default on some obligations even if the agencies choose to ignore them as they calculate their ratings. On balance, we rate Rubio's  .
Statement: I have consistently opposed shutdowns.
Speaker: ted cruz
About the speaker: Ted Cruz is a U.S. Senator from Texas, first elected in 2012. Cruz also was a candidate for president of the United States in 2016. He is the former solicitor general for the state of Texas, previously serving as the director of the Office of Policy Planning at the Federal Trade Commission, an Associate Deputy Attorney General at the U.S. Department of Justice, and as a domestic policy advisor on the 2000 Bush-Cheney campaign, according to his campaign biography.
Date: January 22, 2018
Location: national
Topics: federal budget
Context: an interview
Fact-check justification: Cruz said, "I have consistently opposed shutdowns." Debunking this assertion doesn’t even require leveraging the many Republican statements criticizing Cruz’s legislative tactics for prompting the 2013 government shutdown. It only requires using the standard Cruz laid out in the same interview -- that "only one thing causes a shutdown: when you have senators vote to deny cloture on a funding bill." Cruz did that very thing in 2013, when he was one of 16 senators to vote against cloture for the spending bill that would go on to end the shutdown. He was also one of 18 senators to vote against the bill itself. We rate his statement .
Statement: I entered as one of the poorest men in Congress, left one of the poorest men in government, in Congress and as vice president.
Speaker: joe biden
About the speaker: Joe Biden is the president of the United States. A Democrat, Biden served as a Delaware senator from 1973 (elected at the age of 29) until 2009. During his time in the Senate, he served as chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, chair of the International Narcotics Control Caucus and chair of the Judiciary Committee. He subsequently served as Barack Obama’s vice president from 2009 to 2016. Biden launched unsuccessful presidential campaigns in 1988 and 2008. He received a degree in history and political science from the University of Delaware and his J.D. from Syracuse School of Law. 
Date: October 16, 2019
Location: national
Topics: candidate biography;income
Context: answering questions from reporters
Fact-check justification: Biden said, "I entered as one of the poorest men in Congress, left one of the poorest men in government, in Congress and as vice president." Biden likely was among the less wealthy members when he first entered Congress, as a senator, in 1973.  The latest available rankings by the respected Center for Responsive Politics that include Biden, based on official reports filed in 2015, put Biden near the bottom of 581 members of the federal legislative, executive and judicial branches, in terms of wealth. We rate Biden’s statement .
Statement: You know what (Saddam Hussein) did well? He killed terrorists.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: July 5, 2016
Location: national
Topics: foreign policy;terrorism
Context: Raleigh, N.C
Fact-check justification: Trump said Saddam Hussein "did well. He killed terrorists." Trump has a point in saying that Hussein's Iraq was free of the widespread Islamic terrorism that flourishes there now. On the other hand, Hussein's opposition to terrorism sprung largely from a desire to eliminate opponents to his rule; by contrast, he was willing to support terrorism as long as it advanced his interests beyond Iraq’s borders. And it’s not as if Hussein's methods offer a helpful model for a democracy like the United States. We rate Trump’s statement . https://www.sharethefacts.co/share/c2fb9157-7ea1-445b-af4a-4f133f8ab00c
Statement: None of $400 million the City of Austin proposes to spend on road projects "will be used to add new lanes to congested roadways.
Speaker: citizens against rail taxes
About the speaker: Citizens Against Rail Taxes, a political action committee, opposes the rail proposition on the City of Austin ballot in November 2014.
Date: October 8, 2014
Location: texas
Topics: corrections and updates;transportation
Context: a radio ad
Fact-check justification: Citizens Against Rail Taxes said none of $400 million the City of Austin proposes to spend on road projects "will be used to add new lanes to congested roadways." There are other ways to say that six-lane I-35 won’t become a 10-lane highway under the $400 million plan. But Citizens Against Rail Taxes’ radio ad relies on all-or-nothing wording that ignores the miles of new roadway to be built with the money, much of it intended to relieve congestion in notorious trouble spots. This statement is not accurate. We rate it .  – The statement is not accurate. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check. CLARIFICATIONS, 10:30 a.m., Oct. 23, 2014 and 12:45 p.m., Oct. 27, 2014 : Part of this story was amended to clarify specifics about what lanes would be added near and on I-35 under the city's plans should voters approve the proposition We later added the detail about the cost of the described projects being about $200 million. These changes didn't affect our rating of the .
Statement: Manipulated Video used in House Impeachment Looks to Have VIOLATED House Rules
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: February 9, 2021
Topics: congress;impeachment
Context: an article
Fact-check justification: Star Political News wrote, "Manipulated Video used in House Impeachment Looks to Have VIOLATED House Rules." The rule the article points to has not actually been enacted yet.  House Rules do not extend to the Senate chamber where the trial is happening. The Senate is governed by Senate rules. Even if such a rule had been enacted, the video does not appear to violate it. The video consists of documentary footage edited into a single narrative. It does not contain audio-visual distortions or splice together words to make someone say something they didn’t say.  This is . ​
Statement: Blue Cross headquarters has "a $30,000 granite table.
Speaker: stephen archambault
About the speaker: Steve Archambault was a candidate for attorney general in 2010. A 2000 graduate of the Roger Williams School of Law, he is a former police officer in Jamestown, Lincoln town prosecutor, a lawyer, and a member of the Smithfield Town Council.
Date: June 28, 2010
Location: rhode island
Topics: corporations;economy;health care
Context: a speech at the state Democratic convention
Fact-check justification: She then agreed to take our camera to the board room and snap photos from two different angles. Based on those pictures, the table looks like it's made of wood. We give the Archambault campaign credit for retracting its  as soon as we challenged it. If this tale of the extravagant table takes a turn, we'll recalibrate the -O-Meter. But for now, it's registering a rock-solid .
Statement: Says Democrats "blocked the Iowa poll" and "blocked the Iowa caucus.
Speaker: organizers for bernie 2020
About the speaker: Campaigning to support Bernie Sanders.
Date: February 4, 2020
Location: iowa
Topics: elections
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: A social media post said Democrats "blocked the Iowa poll" and "blocked the Iowa caucus." Results of the final Des Moines Register poll before the caucuses were not released because of a possible error by one operator who did the telephone polling.  Technical problems with an app and a phone system were blamed for the unprecedented delay in reporting the Democratic caucus results. We rate the statement .