chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: A CNN chyron said the Boulder "shooter was factually Arabic, but morally white.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: March 24, 2021
Topics: race and ethnicity;facebook fact-checks;guns
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A screenshot of "CNN Newsroom with Brooke Baldwin" as it aired on March 23. Alissa, 21, was born in Syria in 1999, PolitiFact reported . His brother told CNN that their family emigrated from Syria in 2002, Kafanov reported. Before it was taken down, Ahmad Al Aliwi Alissa’s Facebook page also said he arrived in the U.S. that year. We rate this Facebook post !
Statement: President Joe Biden will "control health care costs by slapping a 95% tax on prescription drugs.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: October 22, 2021
Topics: health care;public health;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Our rating A Facebook post claims Biden would lower health care costs by implementing a 95% tax on prescription drugs. Biden has proposed a plan that would allow Medicare to negotiate the price of certain prescription medications with drug companies, which he said would lead to lower drug prices for both Medicare beneficiaries and people on private insurance. If drug companies do not negotiate with Medicare, they could face up to a 95% excise tax, according to his proposal. Prescription drugs would not be taxed. We rate this  .
Statement: There are at least three sectors of the border, one in particular, that are just completely insecure.
Speaker: marco rubio
About the speaker: Marco Rubio, a U.S. senator from Florida, was a candidate for president of the United States in 2016 and then dropped out and won re-election to the Senate. He was first elected to the Senate in 2010 and took office Jan. 5, 2011. Rubio served in the Florida House of Representatives from 2000 to 2008 and is a former Speaker of the Florida House. He served on the West Miami City Commission from 1998 to 2000. He is from Miami and holds a law degree from the University of Miami.
Date: February 27, 2015
Location: national
Topics: immigration;homeland security
Context: a speech at CPAC
Fact-check justification: Rubio said, "There are at least three sectors of the border, one in particular, that are just completely insecure." We don’t know how Rubio came up with three sectors, and neither did experts we spoke with. There certainly is one sector of late with a troubling amount of activity, the Rio Grande in south Texas, that also is less effective at apprehending border crossers than other sectors. However, the number of people attempting to cross the border is down considerably everywhere else, and the effectiveness rating is up in eight of nine sectors since 2006, including the areas with the most significant activity. We rate Rubio’s statement .
Statement: The COVID-19 vaccine could lead to prion diseases, Alzheimer's, ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Speaker: j. bart classen
About the speaker: John Barthelow Classen is an anti-vaccine advocate who has published research falsely linking vaccines to diabetes, Alzheimer's, and other diseases.
Date: January 18, 2021
Topics: public health;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a research article
Fact-check justification: If they caused neurodegenerative or prion diseases, those instances would be documented in the federal government’s Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System — but they’re not. "VAERS has received no reports of prion-related diseases, Alzheimer's disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) after COVID-19 vaccination," said Martha Sharan, a spokesperson for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "No  to date indicates a causative association between COVID-19 vaccines and these conditions." Classen’s  is  and . We rate it !
Statement: I come from the poorest ZIP code in San Antonio.
Speaker: lupe valdez
About the speaker: Lupe Valdez, a Democrat elected four times as Dallas County sheriff, declared her candidacy for governor in December 2017. She won the party’s nomination in May 2018.
Date: April 11, 2018
Location: texas
Topics: candidate biography;history;poverty
Context: an interview with Austin American-Statesman commentator Ken Herman
Fact-check justification: Valdez said: "I come from the poorest ZIP code in San Antonio." Poverty rates by ZIP code aren’t available for much of Valdez’s growing-up years though figures based on surveys taken in 1959, 1969, 1989 and from 2012 through 2016 show Valdez hails from the part of San Antonio long home to the greatest number of people in poverty. That said, a few other less populous ZIP codes occasionally had greater shares of residents in poverty. We rate her  .  – The statement is accurate but needs clarification or additional information. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: For more than a year, I have been saying that it's time for Congress to act and begin impeachment proceedings.
Speaker: beto o'rourke
About the speaker: Beto O’Rourke is a former representative of Texas’s 16th Congressional District. He represented the district from 2013 until 2019, when he gave up his seat to run a senate campaign against incumbent Ted Cruz, which O’Rourke lost. He received a bachelor’s degree in English literature from Columbia University. In 2019, he ran for the Democratic nomination for president.
Date: May 29, 2019
Location: texas
Topics: impeachment
Context: a television appearance
Fact-check justification: O’Rourke said, "For more than a year, I have been saying that it’s time for Congress to act and begin impeachment proceedings." It’s  that O’Rourke has said for more than a year that he would personally support impeaching Trump, but he consistently has said that this fact does not mean that he is calling on Congress to take action. As a member of the House, he twice voted against impeachment resolutions that came to the floor after he first said he was in favor of impeachment. It’s a stretch to suggest that O’Rourke can simultaneously say he's not calling for impeachment while still suggesting that "it’s time" for Congress to act. We rate this  .  – The statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression.
Statement: Says Joe Biden's "capital gains tax means that when you sell your home you'll owe taxes of 40% of your profit!
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: October 12, 2020
Topics: taxes;facebook fact-checks
Context: a text post
Fact-check justification: If you’re married and jointly file taxes, you’d have to make $500,000 on a home sale. For the vast majority of Americans, that is unlikely — and far from a blanket tax on home sales, as the Facebook post says. We reached out to the Biden campaign for a comment, but we haven’t heard back. The Facebook post contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. We rate it .
Statement: Says that during the first 19 months of the Obama administration, the U.S. detained people from nations designated as state sponsors of terrorism on the southwestern border.
Speaker: john cornyn
About the speaker: John Cornyn is a U.S. senator from Texas, former Texas attorney general and former justice on the Texas Supreme Court. He earlier served as a Bexar County state district judge.
Date: March 9, 2011
Location: texas
Topics: immigration;terrorism
Context: a hearing
Fact-check justification: And we have no reason to question the authenticity of the information we received from Cornyn’s office. But in the larger context of Cornyn’s concerns about security on the Mexican border, his own numbers show that 87 percent of the apprehensions of people from "terrorism" countries took place elsewhere. And our spot-check found that the Border Patrol made three times as many of those arrests in 2005, during the Bush administration, than in 2009. Because Cornyn's statement leaves out key details, we rate it . UPDATE, 1:00 p.m., April 11: On Friday, in response to a Freedom of Information Act request filed March 25, we received information from Customs and Border Protection confirming Cornyn's data on the number of apprehensions of Cubans, Iranians, Sudanese and Syrians that took place on the southwestern border between Oct. 1, 2008, and April 30, 2010.
Statement: One-third of the gasoline is purchased by out-of-state people" in Virginia
Speaker: richard saslaw
About the speaker: Richard L. Saslaw, D-35th, joined the Virginia Senate in 1980. The district is composed of portions of Fairfaix, Alexandria and Falls Church. He previously served in the House of Delegates beginning in 1976. Saslaw has been the Democratic leader of the Senate since 1996, currently as minority leader. He sits on the Rules, FInance, Education and Health, Courts of Justice and Commerce and Labor committees.
Saslaw ran unsuccessfully for a U.S. House seat in 1984. He has owned several successful gasoline and automobile service businesses. 
Saslaw served in the U.S. Army from 1958 to 1960 and earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Maryland in 1965.
Date: January 9, 2013
Location: virginia
Topics: state budget;transportation;taxes
Context: an interview
Fact-check justification: Saslaw, the senate minority leader, said one-third of the gasoline bought in Virginia is purchased by out-of-state motorists. He cited the statistic as a reason he and many other Democrats oppose the governor’s plan to raise money for roads by ending the state gas tax and increasing the sales tax. Saslaw said the plan would diminish Virginia’s ability to tax out-of-state drivers for using its roads and transfer that burden to Virginians. Saslaw offered no credible proof to back his statistic. Each time we asked him, he cited a different possible source: the DMV, the Virginia Department of Transportation, maybe a newspaper article. There’s a good reason none of his possible sources pan out: the statistic does not exist. Virginia taxes gasoline sales at the wholesale level, not at the pumps. So there’s no data on the percentage of gas purchased in Virginia by out-of-state drivers. The burden of proof falls on Saslaw and he comes up empty. We could find no element of  in his statement, which we rate .
Statement: According to David Cay Johnston, "the average American pays about 22 percent of their income to federal taxes. The richest 400 Americans … pay about 16 percent of their income to federal taxes.
Speaker: chris hayes
About the speaker: Chris Hayes hosts All In on MSNBC. He previously hosted Up with Chris Hayes and served as editor of the left-leaning The Nation.
Date: April 15, 2011
Location: national
Topics: pundits;taxes
Context: an interview on MSNBC's "The Rachel Maddow Show"
Fact-check justification: Describing an individual filing singly as "the average American," as Hayes did, means focusing on a type of filer with relatively high tax rates, compared to families. Just as the United States has "people whose incomes are negative and some who make almost a million dollars a day," average Americans also include people who are married and have kids, and who in turn benefit from tax breaks that reduce what they owe. We understand that Hayes was relying on an expert tax journalist for his numbers and that the numbers as they were calculated are correct. But the calculation was based only on one of type filer, so we do think that it’s important to add context to his comment. We rate his comment .
Statement: Ten thousand people have recently died. 9,950 of them, thereabouts, are people who hadn't been vaccinated.
Speaker: joe biden
About the speaker: Joe Biden is the president of the United States. A Democrat, Biden served as a Delaware senator from 1973 (elected at the age of 29) until 2009. During his time in the Senate, he served as chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, chair of the International Narcotics Control Caucus and chair of the Judiciary Committee. He subsequently served as Barack Obama’s vice president from 2009 to 2016. Biden launched unsuccessful presidential campaigns in 1988 and 2008. He received a degree in history and political science from the University of Delaware and his J.D. from Syracuse School of Law. 
Date: July 21, 2021
Topics: public health;coronavirus
Context: a CNN town hall
Fact-check justification: Biden said, "Ten thousand people have recently died. 9,950 of them, thereabouts, are people who hadn’t been vaccinated." Biden is citing a figure that has been offered publicly on at least two occasions by the director of the CDC, Walensky. She cautioned that the data it is "preliminary," is based on only a half dozen or so states, and is now about six weeks old. The CDC has not made public any detailed data or methodology. That said, experts told PolitiFact that they don’t doubt the figure’s accuracy. The figure is also in line with a separate analysis by journalists at the Associated Press. The statement is accurate but needs additional context, so we rate the statement .
Statement: Since John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963, more Americans have died by gunfire within our own country than American servicemen and women who were killed in all our wars.
Speaker: virginia center for public safety
About the speaker: The Virginia Center for Public Safety is a non-profit, non-partisan grass roots organization dedicated to the reduction of gun violence in Virginia. VACPS strives to accomplish this mission through awareness, education and advocacy of gun restrictions.
Date: January 18, 2016
Location: virginia
Topics: guns
Context: a rally flier
Fact-check justification: The Virginia Center for Public Safety says that since 1963, more Americans have been killed by gunfire than have been killed in all U.S. wars. Figures going back to 1968 show about 1.5 million firearms deaths have occurred since then. That doesn’t include data from gun deaths from 1963 to 1967, years for which figures aren’t available, so this is a conservative estimate on firearms deaths since Kennedy was assassinated. In contrast, a high-side figure for U.S. war deaths shows that about 1.4 million service members have been killed in conflicts. So we rate the  .
Statement: If Fox News' presidential debate rules had been in place during the 1992 election, "Bill Clinton wouldn't have been on the stage.
Speaker: rick santorum
About the speaker: Rick Santorum is running for the Republican nomination for president in 2016. He is a former U.S. senator from Pennsylvania and was a Republican presidential candidate in 2012.
Date: June 7, 2015
Location: national
Topics: polls and public opinion
Context: comments on "Fox News Sunday"
Fact-check justification: Santorum said that if Fox News had applied its 2016 rules to a hypothetical Democratic primary debate in 1992, that Clinton would not have been on the stage. Santorum was trying to make the point that early presidential polls may not be the most useful yardstick to determine who gets into a debate and who doesn’t. In that regard, Clinton’s story from 1991 somewhat backs that up. Early presidential polls showed Clinton as a significant underdog. But in reality, Santorum errs in trying to make a comparison between the 1992 and 2016 presidential cycles. Most of the top Democrats Clinton trailed in those early polls never actually declared as candidates. Under the Fox News rules, none of them would qualify to participate in its debate. And by the time the field was set in late 1991, Clinton’s position in the polls suggested he was a viable candidate.   Santorum’s statement contains an element of  in that Clinton did start low in the polls, but it ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. We rate it .
Statement: McDonald's workers in Denmark have a union. Earn $45,000/year.
Speaker: the other 98%
About the speaker: The Other 98% is an activist organization that favors an increase in the minimum wage and opposes favorable tax treatment for large corporations.
Date: August 24, 2014
Topics: income;jobs;workers;punditfact
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: The group The Other 98% said that Danish McDonald’s workers have a union and make $45,000 a year. The union membership is totally accurate. The matter of pay is  for some workers, but certainly the majority work too few hours to make that much. Still, the average numbers provided by McDonald’s Denmark, government statistics, and data analyzed by economists who have studied the earnings of Danish McDonald’s workers, generally support that figure. The post did not specifically say that all McDonald’s workers made $45,000 a year, and the broader point, that it is much better to flip burgers in Copenhagen than in Cleveland, holds up. We rate the  . Update: The McDonald's Corporation sent a statement after this check was published
Statement: Coronavirus — 22. Clintons — 39.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: March 9, 2020
Topics: fake news;public health;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: More recent news reports have the U.S. death toll topping 70 people as of March 16. As of March 9 — the date the Facebook post went up — COVID-19 had killed 3,809 people globally and 11 people in the U.S., according to the WHO and the CDC . But those numbers were lagging, as some news reports from March 8 had the U.S. number up to 22 people. Regardless of where the coronavirus death toll sits, there’s no credible  to substantiate the  that the Clintons are behind the deaths of 39 people. We rate this post !
Statement: On the VA: "Over 300,000 veterans have died waiting for care.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: October 31, 2015
Location: virginia
Topics: health care;veterans
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: "Over 300,000 veterans have died waiting for care," Trump said in a Norfolk speech in which he promised to overhaul the VA. Trump offered the most dire possible interpretation of a scathing report on VA record-keeping and went well beyond what the inspector general was able to conclude. The report found that 307,173 dead people were listed last year on a VA database as having pending status with the agency. But shabby records make a detailed dissection of that number impossible. Investigators said that some of those people were not veterans; not all of them were seeking health care or necessarily any VA service; and some of them died before 1998, when the database began. No doubt, the VA is ripe for criticism. But Trump’s statement takes liberty with the facts, and we rate it .
Statement: For mitigating COVID-19 spread, "masks (are) the number one way to do so.
Speaker: jill underly
About the speaker: Jill Underly is an American educator and school system administrator. In April 2021, she was elected to become the next Superintendent of Public Instruction of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The DPI race was non-partisan, but Underly's candidacy was largely backed by Democrats. 
Date: April 11, 2021
Location: wisconsin
Topics: children;public health;coronavirus
Context: TV interview
Fact-check justification: Underly said for mitigating COVID-19 spread, "masks (are) the number one way to do so."  Experts at the local, national (CDC) and international (WHO) level, all say that masks are vital to lowering the risk of spreading COVID-19. That said, they also note simply wearing a mask is not enough and that other mitigation strategies, such as vaccination, social distancing and hand washing are also important.  And, for the most part, students cannot be vaccinated. The vaccines are only available to those 16 and older. We rate Underly’s  . PolitiFact: No, WHO didn’t just say you don’t need to wear a mask  PolitiFact: Mask skeptics ask questions. PolitiFact answers   PolitiFact: Masks for COVID-19 are effective, as a six-part Facebook takedown fails
Statement: A Dallas proof-of-insurance ordinance resulted in area tow lots mostly filling with the cars of illegal residents.
Speaker: chain email
About the speaker: Chain emails circulate on the Internet, usually anonymously, making a variety of political claims.
Date: January 31, 2012
Location: texas
Topics: immigration
Context: a chain email
Fact-check justification: Dallas has an ordinance that has led to cars getting impounded. Yet we found no  supporting the email’s linchpin  that about 80 percent of the cars initially impounded belonged to illegal residents. There’s not even a factual way to reach that figure; Dallas authorities don’t usually check the legal residency status of motorists. We rate this chain email .
Statement: We have the fewest people employed in this country since 1979.
Speaker: cathy mcmorris rodgers
About the speaker: Cathy McMorris Rodgers is a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from a district in Washington state. As chair of the House Republican Conference, she is a member of her party's leadership.
Date: April 10, 2013
Location: national
Topics: economy;labor
Context: an interview with NPR
Fact-check justification: McMorris Rodgers said, "We have the fewest people employed in this country since 1979." That’s not correct -- far more people are working now than in 1979. But a different statistic that takes into account population growth, the participation rate, is indeed lower now than it’s been since 1979. It’s important to note that a significant portion of this decline comes from the aging of the baby boomers, rather than economic weakness. On balance, we rate her statement .
Statement: Massive Bumble Bee recall after 2 employees admit cooking a man and mixing him with a batch of tuna.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: April 6, 2017
Topics: fake news;punditfact
Context: a headline
Fact-check justification: The post also re-used the  headline "Massive Bumble Bee Recall After 2 Employees Admit Cooking A Man And Mixing Him With A Batch Of Tuna." The site attempts to look like a real media outlet, but does not give an indication it is , saying it covers " southern Louisiana and the surrounding area ." The real KTLA TV station is based in Los Angeles . The  headline has been passed around ever since. We rate the headline .
Statement: KFC is giving away chicken bucket vouchers to customers who share a Facebook post before July 20.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: July 15, 2022
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: KFC’s Facebook account , by comparison, has been verified by Facebook and has the blue checkmark badge to prove it. It mentions nothing about the vouchers promised in the posts on KFC Fans. But previous posts on KFC’s verified Facebook page warn customers not to fall for scams online.   "There are only 2 places that give you original finger lickin’ promotions," KFC said in a February 2020 post : on its verified Facebook page or its verified Instagram account .   We rate posts from these other accounts .