chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: If the space-shuttle program is terminated, Russia and China will be the only nations ...with the capability to launch humans into space.
Speaker: kay bailey hutchison
About the speaker: Kay Bailey Hutchison, initially elected to the U.S. Senate in 1993, did not seek re-election in 2012. She ran for governor in 2010, losing the Republican nomination to incumbent Rick Perry.
Date: April 3, 2010
Location: texas
Topics: science
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: Byron Tapley, director of the Center for Space Research at the University of Texas at Austin, said other countries are striving to launch people into space, including India, Japan, Ecuador, Iran and Malaysia. "India and Japan are the most developed of this set," Tapley said. "But neither is very close to being able to  'current capability.' The capability for safely placing a human in orbit is much more demanding than the capability for placing a satellite in orbit." We rate Hutchison's statement as .
Statement: Says Gov Tony Evers' administration deemed dentists non-essential
Speaker: janel brandtjen
About the speaker: Janel Brandtjen is a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, a Republican representing District 22. She took office in January 2015.
Date: May 12, 2020
Location: wisconsin
Topics: health care;public health;coronavirus
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: As noted, the Evers order declared dentists essential — the opposite of what Brandtjen claimed. Our rating Brandtjen tweeted that under orders from Evers, dentists were classified as non-essential, and therefore had to remain closed. But Evers’ order — unlike those from many other governors — explicitly declared dentists, like other health care workers, were essential. Thus, they were allowed to stay open, even if many chose to limit their offerings to emergency work. We rate Brandtjen’s  .
Statement: Of shelters for immigrant children: "You know what? There's not a lock on the door. Any child is free to leave at anytime, but they don't. You know why? Because they are well taken care of.
Speaker: michael burgess
About the speaker: Burgess, initially elected to Congress in 2002, founded and chairs the Congressional Health Care Caucus, which raises questions about the Democratic-steered overhaul of federal health laws that passed into law in the spring of 2010.
Date: June 24, 2019
Location: texas
Topics: immigration;homeland security
Context: an MSNBC interview
Fact-check justification: Burgess said, "In the (Office of Refugee Resettlement) facilities...I've been to Casa Padre in Brownsville, Texas, yes it's a restored Walmart. You know what? There's not a lock on the door. Any child is free to leave at anytime, but they don't. You know why? Because they are well taken care of." There are varying levels of security at different facilities. We did not get a clear answer from HHS, the department in charge of the Office of Refugee Resettlement, or from Casa Padre on whether there’s a lock on the door at Casa Padre. An expert told us that the doors at that facility are not locked but they have alarms to alert staff if a child is exiting. In 2018, a spokesman for the nonprofit that runs Casa Padre said that the facility was not a detention center and could not legally stop a child from leaving. But the facility calls the police if children leave without permission.  Children at these facilities are under federal custody, awaiting immigration proceedings, and placement with a sponsor in the United States. So children might stay for reasons other than "because they are well taken care of." While most children in federal custody are 13- to 17-years-old, hundreds of others are 12 or younger. Burgess’s statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context. We rate it .
Statement: Tim Kaine urged "$500 billion in Medicare cuts.
Speaker: american crossroads
About the speaker: American Crossroads is a 527 campaign committee that supports Republican candidates.
Date: June 13, 2012
Location: virginia
Topics: health care;medicare;message machine 2012
Context: a TV ad.
Fact-check justification: American Crossroads says Kaine promoted a $500 billion cut to Medicare. The Affordable Care Act contains about $564 billion in cost-savings measures for Medicare over 10 years. But the definition of a cut means there would be a reduction in spending. That’s not the case here. Medicare spending will continue to expand. The law will slow the projected rate of growth. Kaine did advocate for the health care reform legislation, but he never called for a $500 billion cut to Medicare. We rate American Crossroad’s statement .
Statement: Congressman Cicilline, when he was the mayor of Providence, espoused a sanctuary city.
Speaker: brendan doherty
About the speaker: Brendan Doherty, former head of the Rhode Island State Police, ran an unsuccessful campaign for Congress in 2012 in Rhode Island's 1st District as a Republican.
Date: September 30, 2012
Location: rhode island
Topics: immigration
Context: a TV interview
Fact-check justification: Brendan Doherty said David Cicilline "espoused Providence as a sanctuary city." But he offered no  that Cicilline had ever supported such a position.  In fact, when others suggested Providence was a sanctuary city, Cicilline aggressively disputed it. Unlike San Francisco and New Haven, no governing body in Providence ever declared a policy of non-cooperation with the federal government on immigration issues. When the idea was proposed by a City Council member, Cicilline opposed it and it never even got to a council vote. Cicilline never issued an order to any departments to that effect. We find Doherty’s statement  .
Statement: The law says ... when a police officer stops you, do whatever he says and then deal with it later.
Speaker: harry houck
About the speaker: Harry Houck is a former New York Police Department detective who has appeared on CNN to analyze the law enforcement side of controversial cases in the news. He runs his own law enforcement and security consulting business.
Date: July 21, 2015
Topics: corrections and updates;crime;punditfact
Context: a panel debate on "CNN Tonight with Don Lemon"
Fact-check justification: Houck claimed that "the law says … that when a police officer stops you, do whatever he says" during a stop. Reasonable suspicion justifies an officer’s increased authority during a stop or an arrest, though the definition of "reasonable" is often unclear. Applied generally, however, the  is . Even though it might be advisable to defer to law enforcement in many cases, the Constitution protects one’s right to remain silent and to not consent to a search. Without suspicion that the subject is armed or has committed a crime, an officer must respect these rights. That's what the law says. We rate Houck's  . Correction: This item was updated on July 31 to correct the sequence of events in describing Pennsylvania vs. Mimms. In that case, the Supreme Court found that the act of ordering a person out of a car for the duration of a stop, even in the absence of reasonable suspicion, is constitutional.
Statement: Says in U.S. Congress, members "don't even have to be on the floor for debates or votes.
Speaker: beth harwell
About the speaker: Beth Harwell is the current Speaker of the House of Representatives in the Tennessee General Assembly. An educator, she represents House District 56, which includes parts of Davidson County including Belle Meade, Forest Hills and Oak Hill.
Date: May 7, 2012
Location: tennessee
Topics: congress
Context: an interview about WTVF-TV’s “ghost voting” story
Fact-check justification: And only rarely does the speaker move to limit the debate. So Harwell is correct when she says that members of Congress don't have to be present for debates. But she was mistaken insofar as voting goes. Kara Watkins, spokeswoman for Harwell, acknowledges the speaker "misspoke" by including "votes" in the quoted remark and says her intention was to emphasize that Tennessee lawmakers are present on the floor a lot more than their counterparts in Washington. With that in mind, we rate the speaker's statement .
Statement: Today, we have more boots on the ground near the Southwest border than at any time in our history.
Speaker: barack obama
About the speaker: Barack Obama is the former president of the United States. Obama also served as a U.S. senator from Illinois. He was born in 1961 in Hawaii, where his parents met as students at the University of Hawaii. Obama's father is from Kenya and his mother is from Kansas. He graduated from Columbia University and received his law degree from Harvard Law School. Obama previously served in the Illinois state Senate and was an instructor at the University of Chicago Law School. He and his wife, Michelle, have two daughters, Malia and Sasha.
Date: July 1, 2010
Location: national
Topics: immigration
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: Arguments about immigration enforcement will no doubt go on, but Obama's statement on border agents is sound in the context of today's debate. "Today, we have more boots on the ground near the Southwest border than at any time in our history," he said. We do have more agents than anytime since the early 1990s. But there have been times in our history when the U.S sent troops to the border, and many more people than are there to guard the border today. We want to allow for that complicated history, and so we rate Obama's statement .
Statement: Fluoride will eat a hole through concrete, so it's not safe for your teeth.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: June 24, 2022
Topics: corrections and updates;public health;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook video claims that because a chemical used to fluoridate water supplies spilled and required crews in hazmat gear to clean it up, fluoride isn’t safe to use in toothpaste. The chemical spill referenced in the video was hydrofluorosilicic acid, which can indeed pose a danger in concentrated form to someone who touches it. But when it’s used to fluoridate water supplies, the acid turns into fluoride ions and is diluted to safe levels. The hydrofluorosilicic acid doesn’t leave the treatment plant, experts said. Also, toothpastes do not use hydrofluorosilicic acid, but rather one of three types of fluoride compounds, again diluted to safe levels. We rate this  .  UPDATE, July 13, 2022: This story has been updated to add more details about the process through which hydrofluorosilicic acid is used to fluoridate water. The rating remains the same.
Statement: Says "we lose nearly 40,000 people in this country to gun violence, a number that no other country comes even close to.
Speaker: beto o'rourke
About the speaker: Beto O’Rourke is a former representative of Texas’s 16th Congressional District. He represented the district from 2013 until 2019, when he gave up his seat to run a senate campaign against incumbent Ted Cruz, which O’Rourke lost. He received a bachelor’s degree in English literature from Columbia University. In 2019, he ran for the Democratic nomination for president.
Date: July 30, 2019
Location: texas
Topics: corrections and updates;guns
Context: a debate
Fact-check justification: O’Rourke said "we lose nearly 40,000 people in this country to gun violence, a number that no other country comes even close to." Studies show that the United States experiences more firearm injury deaths than other countries of similar socioeconomic standing, but that’s not what O’Rourke said at the debate. Brazil experienced more firearm injury deaths in 2016 than the United States and more than a dozen countries had more firearm deaths per capita than the United States that same year. We rate this  .  – The statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. Clarification:   An earlier version of this story referred to the Koch brothers. That has been changed to Koch Industries. David Koch retired from the company last year. Also, a typo in a graphic in the piece was corrected to display the accurate rate of crime in the United States. These changes do not affect the ruling.
Statement: Says Joe Biden "tells men to marry into families 'with 3 or 4 sisters.'
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: January 12, 2020
Topics: fake news;women;facebook fact-checks
Context: a web post
Fact-check justification: A short video snippet of the moment in Iowa came from a tweet .   The article cast Biden’s words as sexist, and by ignoring who he was speaking to and what they were talking about, it suggests he was talking to a man, not a woman. Some people might see Biden’s words as awkward, but they had nothing to do with what the article said. The article is a distortion. We rate it .
Statement: Women in Ohio earn on average 77 cents for every dollar earned by a man.
Speaker: marcia fudge
About the speaker: Rep. Marcia Fudge, a Democrat from Warrensville Heights, is the congresswoman from Ohio's 11th district. Prior to her election to the House of Representatives, she was mayor of Warrensville Heights.
 
Date: April 9, 2013
Location: ohio
Topics: jobs;women;workers
Context: a Facebook posting
Fact-check justification: For example, an October study by the American Association of University Women, which advocates for equality for women and girls, analyzed men’s and women’s salaries a year after graduation from college. It found a wage gap in almost all occupations, but concluded it was a smaller 6.6 percent when qualifiers like education, training, age, and parental status were taken into account. That gap could be attributed to gender discrimination and women’ ability to negotiate salaries, the report found .An AAAU researcher noted the wage gap can grow as careers progress. Fudge is right that there’s a gap in pay between men and women, though the size of that gap depends on the statistics one consults. We rate her statement .
Statement: Last month, we saw a 64 percent reduction in illegal immigration on our southern border.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: April 7, 2017
Location: national
Topics: immigration;homeland security
Context: weekly address
Fact-check justification: Trump said, "Last month, we saw a 64 percent reduction in illegal immigration on our southern border." It depends on how you define last month. The White House said Trump was speaking about year-over-year changes, from March 2016 to March 2017. Border patrol apprehensions declined 63.4 percent during that time. But if you looked at the decrease from February 2017 to March 2017, as Trump did just a month earlier, the decrease was about 35 percent. That difference would be lost on a listener. We rate Trump’s statement .
Statement: On immigration, "the president said 22 times, 22 times, that he couldn't do what he eventually did.
Speaker: john boehner
About the speaker: John Boehner of Ohio is the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. He was formerly the Republican minority leader from 2007-2011, and was the majority leader briefly prior to that.
Date: March 1, 2015
Location: national
Topics: immigration
Context: comments on CBS' "Face the Nation"
Fact-check justification: Boehner said, "The president said 22 times, 22 times, that he couldn't do what he eventually did." Boehner's broader point -- that Obama said one thing about executive action but did another -- is accurate. But he should refrain from the rhetorical flourish of saying Obama said it 22 times. We rate this  . Clarification: This item was updated on March 2, 2015, to better explain the ruling of a federal judge in Texas.
Statement: States still face a "mandate" to expand Medicaid coverage under President Obama's health care reform law.
Speaker: bob mcdonnell
About the speaker: Bob McDonnell is the Republican governor of Virginia until January 2014. McDonnell was elected over Democratic state Sen. Creigh Deeds.
McDonnell previously served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1992 to 2006 and as state Attorney General from 2006 to 2009.
McDonnell graduated from the University of Nortre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind., with a bachelor's degree in 1976. He then served in the U.S. Army on active duty from 1976 to 1981 and in the reserves until 1997, retiring as a lieutenant colenel. He received a master's degree in business adminsitration from Boston University in 1980 and a master's and law degree from Regent University, Virginia Beach, in 1989.
Date: June 29, 2012
Location: virginia
Topics: health care
Context: a TV interview
Fact-check justification: After the Supreme Court’s ruling on the health care act, McDonnell repeatedly said states still face a "mandate" to take part in Medicaid expansion provisions in the law. Actually, the court’s ruling had the opposite effect. It took away Washington’s ability to punish states that don’t take part in the expansion by eliminating their federal Medicaid subsidies. The court ruled states must have "a genuine choice" whether to take part in the expansion. It is perplexing that McDonnell --  a lawyer for 23 years who served as Virginia’s attorney general and now commands a knowledgeable gubernatorial staff -- would repeatedly misrepresent a major part of a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court. Thirty hours after the ruling, McDonnell maintained on national TV that the Medicaid mandate was intact. We rate McDonnell’s statements .
Statement: We passed one of the first (COVID-19) bills in the entire country, empowering Gov. Evers to act.
Speaker: robin vos
About the speaker: Wisconsin state Rep. Robin Vos, R-Rochester, has represented western Racine County in the state Assembly since 2004. In November 2012, he was elected Assembly speaker. Vos previously served on the Racine County Board of Supervisors, from 1994 to 2004.
Date: November 22, 2020
Location: wisconsin
Topics: legal issues;coronavirus
Context: Interview
Fact-check justification: In a recent interview, Vos claimed "we passed one of the first (COVID-19) bills in the entire country, empowering Gov. Evers to act." This is  on both fronts.  Wisconsin lagged behind many other states in passing COVID-19 legislation, to the point where lawmakers lost out on federal aid for unemployment. And Evers’ ability to manage health emergencies came from state law already in place when the pandemic hit. We rate Vos’  .
Statement: The decision to cancel the trademark of the Washington Redskins "is not the Patent and Trademark Office. This is Barack Obama.
Speaker: rush limbaugh
About the speaker: Rush Limbaugh is a conservative radio talk show host. His website describes him as "America's Truth Detector; the Doctor of Democracy; the Most Dangerous Man in America; the All-Knowing, All-Sensing, All-Everything Maha Rushie; defender of motherhood, protector of fatherhood and an all-around good guy."
Date: June 18, 2014
Topics: sports;punditfact
Context: a segment on "The Rush Limbaugh Show"
Fact-check justification: Limbaugh said, the decision to cancel the trademark of the Washington Redskins "is not the Patent and Trademark Office. This is Barack Obama." Limbaugh, for whom a spokesman could not be reached, does not prove that Obama usurped the administrative law judges’ hands in canceling the trademark. The court issued the same decision in 1999. This time, the two judges who found the trademarks disparaging were appointed in the Bush years. The judges do not serve at the pleasure of the president and have to be fired for cause. We rate Limbaugh’s  .
Statement: On average, one person dies by suicide every 22 hours in West Virginia.
Speaker: shelley moore capito
About the speaker: Shelley Moore Capito is a U.S. Representative from West Virginia and a Republican candidate for U.S. Senate.
Date: September 19, 2019
Location: west virginia
Topics: public health
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Capito said, "On average, one person dies by suicide every 22 hours in West Virginia." This statistic is backed up by official data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, so we rate her statement .
Statement: Offshore wind power is "significantly less expensive than solar energy.
Speaker: jeffrey grybowski
About the speaker: Jeffrey R. Grybowski has been involved with the Deepwater Wind project since 2008, first as an outside lawyer then, as of 2012, chief executive officer. Grybowski formerly was policy director and chief of staff for Rhode Island Governor Donald Carcieri.
Date: August 4, 2013
Location: rhode island
Topics: environment;energy
Context: a television interview
Fact-check justification: Deepwater Wind’s Jeffrey Grybowski said offshore wind power is "significantly less expensive than solar energy." Deepwater’s small Phase I demonstration project would, in fact, be more expensive over time than all of the Rhode Island solar projects the company cited. But if Grybowski’s estimated electricity price for the much larger Phase II holds , its price would ultimately be cheaper than 19 of the 21 solar projects. The gap would be a few cents for the larger solar projects and up to 10 cents for the smallest. Because Grybowski’s  is accurate but needs clarification or additional information, the judges rule it .
Statement: Criminal caught after cutting off 37 man buns.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: February 17, 2023
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Not quite news." The website’s "About Us" page says "Daily News Reported is a fabricated satirical newspaper and comedy website. "  The story where this headline originated identifies the  criminal as 33-year-old Craig Ledbetter of Los Angeles.   In reality, the booking photo is from 2017 and shows someone who was arrested on grounds he jumped on stage during a Britney Spears concert in Las Vegas.   We rate claims this headline is authentic .
Statement: Jim Marshall "votes liberal in Washington ... and we aren't fooled.
Speaker: austin scott
About the speaker: Austin Scott is a Republican candidate for Georgia's 8th Congressional District
Date: July 21, 2010
Location: georgia
Topics: voting record
Context: an e-mail to supporters
Fact-check justification: Some conservatives believe he's too far to the left. So where does that leave Marshall? We believe in the middle. The independent research shows Marshall votes more "conservative" than nearly every Democrat but more "liberal" than nearly every Republican. Therefore, we rate Scott's  about Marshall as .