chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Obama's proposed budget "doubles the debt in five years, triples it in 10 years.
Speaker: judd gregg
About the speaker: Judd Gregg is a former U.S. senator from New Hampshire and was also briefly President Barack Obama’s nominee to head the Department of Commerce.
Date: March 25, 2009
Location: national
Topics: federal budget
Context: a Fox News interview
Fact-check justification: Obama warned not to place too much stock in the "out years" of budget projections because "none of us know exactly what's going to happen six or eight or 10 years from now." And, he said, it's just his first of many budgets moving forward. As for Gregg's , we think that based on CBO projections, his numbers come up a little short of "double in five years, triple in 10." But they're not grossly misrepresentative of the CBO's projections, which we think is as fair a measure as any. And so we rate his statement .
Statement: More than a million Wisconsinites have voted to raise their own property taxes because Republicans have failed to fully fund our public schools for the past eight years.
Speaker: tony evers
About the speaker: Tony Evers, a Democrat, was elected Wisconsin governor in November 2018. His term begins in January 2019. Evers has served as the Wisconsin superintendent of public instruction, a non-partisan position, since 2009. He previously worked as a teacher and school district administrator.
Date: April 3, 2019
Location: wisconsin
Topics: education;taxes
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Evers tweeted that "more than a million Wisconsinites have voted to raise their own property taxes because Republicans have failed to fully fund our public schools for the past eight years." It’s not necessarily fair to blame construction-related referendums on funding levels — those are heavily determined by building condition and enrollment trends — but narrowing the focus to referendums for ongoing spending still shows more than 900,000 votes in support. That’s close to Evers’  of 1 million. Blaming Republicans for all those referendums over-simplifies the matter, however, ignoring other factors that can play a role in voters’ decisions. We rate Evers’  .
Statement: The yearly cost of religious tax exemptions: $71 billion. If the church paid taxes, everyone would only have to pay 3% taxes.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: August 17, 2021
Topics: religion;taxes;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: The only appropriate amount of net income tax from a nonprofit is $0." In the aggregate, U.S. taxpayers pay 13.28% of their adjusted gross income in federal income taxes, Walczak told PolitiFact.   Even if the $71 billion figure in the image were to include all taxes that churches are now exempt from — including state, property and sales taxes — it would be , Walczak said.   Bottom line, he said, "even if governments went all-in on the taxation of churches, tossing out all the ordinary rules of taxation, they could only generate a few billion dollars, a drop in the bucket in a system with $3.8 trillion in federal tax collections and about $1.8 trillion in state and local tax collections." We rate the  in the image .
Statement: Says Samuel L. Jackson said, "Maybe if we underpaid these modern mumble rappers and overpaid teachers there would be smarter people in the future and less s----- music.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: March 21, 2019
Topics: education;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: (By contrast, in 2018, Jackson came under fire for a legitimate tweet he made that some criticized as homophobic.) Last summer, one user on the website Quora tried to solve the quotation mystery but turned up empty when he requested any sources or links. "This was a  post on Twitter," another user said. Searching online for the quote and Jackson turned up plenty of posts, but none credible enough for us to endorse this Facebook . In the absence of , we rate this post .
Statement: Says under the Democratic impeachment inquiry, Republicans get "more rights than we ever received in any of the other impeachment proceedings.
Speaker: nancy pelosi
About the speaker: Rep. Nancy Pelosi represents a district in California. She served as speaker of the U.S. House January 2019-2021. Formerly the speaker of the House from 2007-11, Pelosi served as the House minority leader from 2003 to 2007 and from 2011 to 2019.
Date: October 31, 2019
Location: national
Topics: impeachment
Context: an interview with Stephen Colbert
Fact-check justification: Pelosi said that Republicans get more rights today than Democrats had in past impeachments. Today, Republicans on two House committees can participate, rather than just one. But Pelosi’s focus on past impeachments downplays that Republicans on other committees will have less opportunity to participate than they enjoyed before the resolution passed. Republicans also have less ability to use a committee vote to challenge Democratic subpoenas today than in 1974 and 1998. But practically speaking, the impact is minimal. The majority party can always win a committee vote if it wants to challenge the calling of a witness. Ultimately, the differences are not large. In the House, the majority always has the edge. The Republicans now have slightly different options — most notably, there are more participants — than the minorities in previous impeachments. But that doesn’t give them much more say in the proceedings. We rate this  .
Statement: Very close to 160 million people are now working in the United States. Nobody's ever even come close to that number.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: January 14, 2020
Location: wisconsin
Topics: economy;jobs;workers
Context: a public forum
Fact-check justification: Our rating Trump said: "Very close to 160 million people are now working in the United States. Nobody's ever even come close to that number." The president is on point with the numbers, but when you compare the number of people employed against the number in the labor force, the nation is not quite at its peak. Our definition for  is "The statement is accurate but needs clarification or additional information." That fits here.
Statement: Ohio lost 400,000 jobs on his (Ted Strickland's) watch.
Speaker: republican governors association
About the speaker: the gubernatorial campaign arm of the Republican Party.
Date: July 21, 2010
Location: ohio
Topics: economy;jobs
Context: a television campaign ad
Fact-check justification: Daniels delivered the line that many Democrats make to defend themselves from the charge that the state’s job losses are all their fault. So even if the campaign phrase -- "Ohio lost 400,000 jobs on his watch" -- is stuck in a voter’s head, the  does not reflect the larger economic backdrop, one that both Democrats and Republicans in charge of states admit produced results out of their control. If the roles were reversed, and Ohio were led by a Republican governor and it was Democrats making the accusation, our rating would be the same. We find the Republican Governors Association  to be . Comment on this item .
Statement: The Texas Constitution "still contains Jim Crow provisions about the poll tax and restrictions on women having the right to vote.
Speaker: charles reed
About the speaker: Charles Reed, a retired federal employee, served as mayor of Waco in 1990-92.
Date: March 11, 2011
Location: texas
Topics: legal issues
Context: an oped column
Fact-check justification: I was going based on my memory" in the op-ed article.   However, he said his main point holds: The constitution has a lot of "inoperable language" that needs to be pruned, such as outdated references to bonds for special districts that have been paid off. "I made a  in using the  example," Reed said. We rate his statement .
Statement: Says Anthony Fauci will make millions off new book.
Speaker: charlie kirk
About the speaker: Charlie Kirk is the founder and president of Turning Point USA, a conservative group that advocates for limited government and free markets.
Date: June 1, 2021
Location: national
Topics: facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: The move prompted some to  it was fallout over Fauci’s emails, but Albert said it was because the pre-sale was prematurely posted. The date it will return is still being determined, he said.   We rate this post . RELATED: No, emails to Fauci don’t show early agreement that virus was man-made
Statement: Says 92 percent of Texas counties had no abortion provider in 2008.
Speaker: wendy davis
About the speaker: Wendy Davis, a Fort Worth attorney, was initially elected to the Texas Senate in 2008. She was the 2014 Democratic gubernatorial nominee, giving up a shot at winning re-election to the Senate.
Date: June 25, 2013
Location: texas
Topics: abortion
Context: a filibuster on the Senate floor
Fact-check justification: Davis said that in 2008, 92 percent of Texas counties had no abortion provider. Her statement matched the Guttmacher Institute’s findings, which seem supported by the locations of Texas abortion facility license holders as of late June 2013. But the institute’s study also said it likely undercounted facilities, while presenting an arguably more meaningful statistic; 33 percent of Texas women of child-bearing age lived in counties lacking abortion providers, meaning more than 65 percent lived in a county with a provider. Davis’ statement lacked these clarifications, making it .
Statement: You can't put a gun rack in a [Chevrolet] Volt.
Speaker: newt gingrich
About the speaker: Newt Gingrich is a political adviser and author. A former Georgia congressman, Gingrich served as Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. Gingrich sought the GOP nomination for president in 2012.
Date: February 18, 2012
Location: georgia
Topics: environment;energy;guns
Context: Cobb County
Fact-check justification: How do we rule? Gingrich said you can’t put a gun rack in a Chevrolet Volt. We installed two gun racks that tote four guns combined. Our own research shows Gingrich’s  is a lemon. We give him a .  https://www.sharethefacts.co/share/6b893c6f-adb9-4a69-a7f7-3eb4edc24e73
Statement: This year in Congress (Connie Mack IV) has missed almost half of his votes.
Speaker: dave weldon
About the speaker: Dave Weldon is a former member of the U.S. House of Representatives who is running for the U.S. Senate.
Date: July 22, 2012
Location: florida
Topics: candidate biography
Context: a robocall
Fact-check justification: The Weldon robocall said that Connie Mack "missed almost half of his votes" this year. Actually, Mack missed about 28.6 percent of votes this year, which is significantly less than the robocall claimed. The Weldon campaign conceded that they relied on out-of-date information for their attack. However, Mack has missed votes. He's missed more votes than the average member of the U.S. House of Representatives, and he's missed high-profile votes on health care and the budget. He hasn't missed "almost half of his votes," though. So we rate this  .
Statement: Only 6% of the people actually died from COVID." The others "died from other reasons.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: September 1, 2020
Location: national
Topics: coronavirus
Context: a Fox News interview
Fact-check justification: Jeff Lancashire, acting associate director for communications at the NCHS, told us in an email that 92% of the death certificates that mention the coronavirus state that COVID-19 was the "underlying cause of death." "The underlying cause of death is the condition that began the chain of events that ultimately led to the person’s death," Lancashire said.   We reached out to the White House and the Trump campaign for a comment, but we haven’t heard back. Trump’s  is  and . We rate it !
Statement: A study shows that households neighboring West Virginia could be on the hook for upwards of $70,000 in the first year alone under the Green New Deal!
Speaker: shelley moore capito
About the speaker: Shelley Moore Capito is a U.S. Representative from West Virginia and a Republican candidate for U.S. Senate.
Date: August 20, 2019
Location: west virginia
Topics: environment;corrections and updates;energy
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Capito wrote that "a study shows that households neighboring West Virginia could be on the hook for upwards of $70,000 in the first year alone under the Green New Deal!"  Capito cites a study by an anti-regulation group that estimated that the one-year cost to a household in neighboring Pennsylvania would be $72,439.  However, experts warn that the costs associated with the Green New Deal are too fuzzy at this point to come up with detailed cost estimates. This position is echoed by the report itself, which acknowledges that its calculations require "a considerable number of assumptions." It’s also worth noting that the resolution would be non-binding — if it actually manages to secure congressional approval. We rate the statement . EDITOR’S NOTE, Oct. 10, 2019 : This version of the article has been updated with a statement from the Competitive Enterprise Institute. The rating does not change.
Statement: John McCain "began his career in Washington as a lobbyist when he was appointed in 1976 as the Navy's liaison to the United States Senate.
Speaker: j.d. hayworth
About the speaker: J.D. Hayworth is a former member of the U.S. House of Representatives and host of a conservative talk radio show. He challenged Sen. John McCain for renomination in the 2010 Republican Senate primary, but was defeated.
Date: June 14, 2010
Location: national
Topics: candidate biography;ethics
Context: a campaign commerical
Fact-check justification: If anything, as a federal employees, particularly career military officials, operate under stricter restrictions on partisan activities than a typical private-sector lobbyist would. All told, the Hayworth camp isn't entirely  to describe John McCain in his old position as a lobbyist. In many ways, the advocacy duties he carried out in that position are quite similar to what private-sector lobbyists do. On the other hand, the impression created by labeling his old position as a lobbying job is , since in-house federal lobbyists are neither lobbyists by official definition nor are they able to rely on the same tools as private-sector lobbyists can, especially deep pockets. So we rule the Hayworth camp's  to be .
Statement: Law-abiding gun owners stop crimes "2.5 million times a year," according to the federal Centers for Disease Control.
Speaker: curt schilling
About the speaker: Curt Schilling is an ESPN commentator and former major league baseball pitcher.
Date: August 10, 2019
Topics: crime;punditfact;guns
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Schilling said law-abiding gun owners stop crimes "2.5 million times a year," according to the federal Centers for Disease Control. The number of such instances is not known, and no estimate has been done by the CDC. A report requested by the CDC cites various studies, including one by a Florida State University gun researcher based on a 1993 survey which estimates that people use guns about 2.5 million times per year in self-defense, when they believe a crime is being committed.  That study did not try to determine whether the people in those instances were actual gun owners or whether they were law abiding during the incident. But the researcher says studies as recently as 2018 have produced estimates as high as 6.1 million. Other gun researchers, however, say 2.5 million is an extremely high estimate. They point to surveys that estimate about 100,000 such incidents per year. The statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. We rate it .
Statement: Statistics show that more people of color don't have cars than not. So how do (drive-thru voting centers) help those folks?
Speaker: dan patrick
About the speaker: As a Houston state senator, Dan Patrick won election as lieutenant governor of Texas in November 2014 after earlier defeating incumbent David Dewhurst for his party's nomination. Patrick also has hosted a daily talk show on AM700 in Houston.
Date: April 6, 2021
Location: texas
Topics: elections
Context: a press conference
Fact-check justification: "  Estimates from the Census Bureau show that there is no racial or ethnic group, either in Texas or in Harris County specifically, in which more people don’t own cars than do. Blacks lag other groups in car ownership in Texas, but all groups in Texas own cars at higher rates than the national averages. Statewide and in Harris County, rates of car ownership among whites, Blacks, Hispanic or Latino, Native, mixed or other groups range from 88-96%.   An analysis of the Harris County voting rosters also shows people of color used drive-thru voting sites at higher rates than white voters.    We rate this  .
Statement: Texas legislators have filed voucher proposals in every legislative session since 1995, but all of them have failed to become law.
Speaker: the coalition for public schools
About the speaker: A group "comprised of religious, child advocacy, and education organizations representing more than 3,000,000 Texans statewide."
Date: January 23, 2017
Location: texas
Topics: education
Context: an emailed press release
Fact-check justification: The coalition said: "Texas legislators have filed voucher proposals in every legislative session since 1995, but all of them have failed to become law." All told, we identified 54 failed bills, at least one in each of the 11 regular sessions from 1995 through 2015, that proposed the use of public funds for private school tuition, though not every one was a pure voucher proposal. We rate this statement .  – The statement is accurate and there’s nothing significant missing. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: There are many studies that indicate" that the longer people get unemployment insurance, "it provides some disincentive to work.
Speaker: rand paul
About the speaker: Rand Paul, a U.S. senator from Kentucky elected in 2010. He ran for president in 2016 before dropping out to seek re-election to the Senate. Paul is a medical doctor and an ophthalmologist. His father is Ron Paul, a 2008 presidential candidate and a former member of Congress from Texas. 
Date: January 5, 2014
Location: national
Topics: economy;workers
Context: an interview on ABC's "This Week with George Stephanopoulos"
Fact-check justification: Paul said that "there are many studies that indicate" that the longer people get unemployment insurance, "it provides some disincentive to work." Paul is on solid ground about the existence of studies that support this point; there are quite a few. But if Paul means to suggest that ending benefits actually increases employment, the support for that proposition is more mixed. In particular, there’s  that unemployed people may drop out of the labor market rather than find a job when they stop getting benefit checks. So Paul's statement is accurate, but needs additional information. On balance, we rate Paul’s  .
Statement: The Texas leg of the Keystone pipeline "has already created 4,800 jobs in just the year it's been up and running.
Speaker: john cornyn
About the speaker: John Cornyn is a U.S. senator from Texas, former Texas attorney general and former justice on the Texas Supreme Court. He earlier served as a Bexar County state district judge.
Date: January 20, 2015
Location: texas
Topics: energy;jobs
Context: a post on his U.S. Senate website
Fact-check justification: Cornyn said the Texas leg of the Keystone pipeline project "has already created 4,800 jobs in just the year it's been up and running." We didn't learn how many jobs were created in the pipeline’s first year of operations. But Cornyn’s figure reflected the workers who built the pipeline’s southern leg over 15 months--and those jobs no longer existed by 2014. We rate this  .  – The statement is not accurate. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: Says Oregon's political tax credit is something "every state should have and no other state does.
Speaker: kari chisholm
About the speaker: Kari Chisholm blogs for and ehlps run Blue Oregon, a left-leaning political website.
Date: July 9, 2013
Location: oregon
Topics: taxes
Context: an Internet radio interview
Fact-check justification: He may be right, but his initial comments were not so specific. He said on the radio show that Oregon was the only state to offer a political tax credit. Had he said specifically that Oregon offered the most expansive political tax credit, or some similar qualifier, we’d be inclined to give him a higher rating. But as it stands, he used a superlative that just doesn’t stand up under scrutiny. We rate this  .
Statement: Congressional Black Caucus introduces bill to "tax people for being white.
Speaker: international news trends
About the speaker: International News Trends is a blog.
Date: March 23, 2018
Topics: congress;race and ethnicity;punditfact
Context: headline
Fact-check justification: In December 2017, Conyers resigned amid sexual harassment allegations. He denied wrongdoing. A headline said that the "Congressional Black Caucus introduces bill: tax people for being white." The story cites a bill that calls for setting up a commission to consider reparations for slavery, but the bill doesn’t call for a tax on white people. We rate this  .
Statement: As governor, [Mitt Romney] balanced the budget without raising taxes and created jobs.
Speaker: edward lindsey
About the speaker: Ed Lindsey, a Republican, was a candidate for the U.S. House 11th District seat in Georgia.
Date: August 22, 2011
Location: georgia
Topics: candidate biography
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: As past research has shown, it was smaller than nearly every other state. There was improvement, however, on the employment front when he was governor. As for taxes, Massachusetts didn’t raise the property tax rate or other traditional types of taxes during Romney’s time as governor. But he did close several corporate loopholes, which resulted in companies paying more taxes. Because the changes to the corporate tax code resulted in some businesses paying more in taxes, we believe Lindsey’s statement needed some clarification and rate it .