chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Says "Studies show the average age of entry into prostitution is 12 to 14 years old.
Speaker: diane mckeel
About the speaker: Diane McKeel represents East Multnomah County on the Multnomah County Board of Commissioners.
Date: August 26, 2010
Location: oregon
Topics: children;county government;families
Context: a guest column
Fact-check justification: One of the most widely cited sources told us that any numbers, even his, are estimates. We conclude McKeel’s statement is partially accurate -- there are some studies -- but missing important detail. The studies speak only to juveniles, and the studies themselves are speculative. There is no nationally representative, comprehensive sample. We rate the statement .
Statement: Says "10% of U.S. children are Texans.
Speaker: james white
About the speaker: James White is a Republican who represents Texas House District 19, in East Texas.
Date: January 27, 2020
Location: texas
Topics: children;population
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: White said: "10% of U.S. children are Texans." White’s  checks out. There are about 73.4 million minors in the United States and about 10%, or 7.4 million, live in Texas. We rate this  .
Statement: Says Donald Trump tweeted, "WHO Thinks 'Child Lifes Matter' Should Be PAINTED In The STREETS OF HOLLYWOOD???
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: July 17, 2020
Topics: race and ethnicity;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: The president’s actual account — @realDonaldTrump — doesn’t have an underscore, and he has a blue checkmark by his name. The  account has been suspended . Searching Trump’s personal, verified account and @POTUS, we didn’t find the tweet that’s being shared on Facebook. His most recent tweets about children, in July, largely concerned reopening schools. We rate this post .
Statement: When Mitt Romney was governor, Massachusetts ranked 47th out of 50 states in job creation.
Speaker: david axelrod
About the speaker: David Axelrod is a former senior adviser to President Barack Obama. He is now an analyst for NBC News.
Date: June 19, 2011
Location: national
Topics: economy;jobs
Context: a CNN interview
Fact-check justification: As with many of the claims we check, there are two elements to Axelrod's . He is saying that 1) Massachusetts ranked 47th in job growth and 2) suggesting that Romney is to blame. We find he is right about the numbers. Indeed, federal jobs numbers indicate that, no matter how we sliced the data, the state was 47th. But we found little  to support the other part of Axelrod's , that Romney is responsible for those jobs numbers. Economists told us that it's a stretch to blame or credit Romney or any governor for job numbers. Overall, we find Axelrod's  .
Statement: There is no record of congresswoman Betty Sutton ... ever holding a single in-person town hall meeting open to the general public.
Speaker: jim renacci
About the speaker: Jim Renacci, a Republican, is running against U.S. Sen. Sherrod Brown, a Democrat, in 2018. Renacci is the representative from Ohio's 16th Congressional District. He is a businessman and also the former mayor of Wadsworth. He was first elected to Congress in 2010.
Date: May 31, 2012
Location: ohio
Context: a news release
Fact-check justification: To Renacci’s credit, he has held regular town hall meetings with constituents even as hostile videographers have doggedly recorded them. And his staff could have argued that they think he meets with constituents more often or that Sutton does not hold town hall meetings often enough. But his  that "there is no record" of Sutton "ever holding a single in-person town hall meeting open to the general public" does not stand up to scrutiny. News releases that have announced such events and newspaper articles about those events provide sufficient  that they occurred. On the -O-Meter, Renacci’s  rates .
Statement: Preventive care … saves money, for families, for businesses, for government, for everybody.
Speaker: barack obama
About the speaker: Barack Obama is the former president of the United States. Obama also served as a U.S. senator from Illinois. He was born in 1961 in Hawaii, where his parents met as students at the University of Hawaii. Obama's father is from Kenya and his mother is from Kansas. He graduated from Columbia University and received his law degree from Harvard Law School. Obama previously served in the Illinois state Senate and was an instructor at the University of Chicago Law School. He and his wife, Michelle, have two daughters, Malia and Sasha.
Date: February 10, 2012
Location: national
Topics: health care
Context: a briefing at the White House
Fact-check justification: As a general notion, the idea that "preventive care … saves money, for families, for businesses, for government, for everybody" is no more  today than it was in 2009. Yes, preventive measures often save lives and keep patients healthier. Certain preventive measures may save money as well. But the findings of CBO and physicians who have studied the medical literature indicate that Obama’s sweeping generalization that preventive services save money is not accurate. We rate the statement .
Statement: 700 jobs (were) lost because Allen Boyd" voted for the health care bill.
Speaker: national republican congressional committee
About the speaker: National Republican Congressional Committee
Date: September 12, 2010
Location: florida
Topics: education;elections;health care;message machine 2010
Context: a TV ad
Fact-check justification: In the ad, the National Republican Congressional Committee says "700 jobs" were lost because Allen Boyd voted for the federal health care bill. In the strictest analysis, the NRCC is slightly off on both points. The company plans to lay off about 540 full-time employees. It also chose not to rehire about 160 temporary employees. Boyd's vote, meanwhile, wouldn't have changed the outcome of the legislation. Still, the ad has some elements of . After voting against the first version of the health care bill, Boyd did vote for a final version that tacked on significant changes to the student loan program. Sallie Mae warned that those very changes could threaten the jobs at its Panama City facility, and one month after the health care bill passed, the company announced it was closing that facility. But it was Sallie Mae's decision to eliminate the Panama City jobs, cutting those specific jobs wasn't mandated by Washington. We are certain this will be an issue Boyd will confront over and over again between now and Nov. 2. And it's certainly complicated -- so much so that he might not be able to explain the nuance of his actions and what happened in 30-second commercials. Luckily, we have no such time or word limit. The fact is, the federal health care bill that passed in March contained massive changes to the health care system, as well as changes to how college students get student loans. Boyd in the end liked the health care provisions and didn't like the changes to the student loan system. He tried to eliminate the student loan provisions through an amendment to the overall legislation, but failed. And there is no "yes, except for that" vote in Congress. It's much more accurate, for instance, to say that the 700 jobs were lost because the health care bill passed. Boyd's vote didn't change the outcome of the legislation, it would have passed either way. And if you believe Sallie Mae, that means he wouldn't have been able to stop what's happening to Sallie Mae's Panama City-area employees. We rate the  .
Statement: Says Tampa Bay Lightning hockey player J.T. Brown was "fired after raising fist during national anthem.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: October 10, 2017
Location: national
Topics: fake news;sports
Context: a fake news website
Fact-check justification: A  news site said the Tampa Bay Lightning fired Brown, an African-American player, after he raised his fist during the national anthem. Brown did raise his fist, but he wasn’t fired. The story originated with a site that says it presents fiction as . The people who shared that article and the other websites that copied it ignored that warning. We blow the whistle on this blindside hit to the head of . This  rates .
Statement: Kushner And Wife Ivanka Trump Were Tossed Out Of The White House — And Donald Is Cutting Them Out Of His Will!
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: February 28, 2018
Topics: fake news;punditfact
Context: a blog post headline
Fact-check justification: The most recent source of tension was her attendance at the Olympic closing ceremony in South Korea. While some editorial pages have suggested the couple should resign from their White House posts, no reputable news sources have announced their departure, let alone firing. And the contents of Trump’s will -- and whether the couple has somehow been eliminated from it -- have not been reported by any credible sources, either. The headline is a hoax tagged to an unrelated aggregated story to drive page views. We rate this statement !
Statement: Members of Congress "specifically exempted themselves from many of the laws they have passed, such as being exempt from any fear of prosecution for sexual harassment" ... (and) from the healthcare reform.
Speaker: chain email
About the speaker: Chain emails circulate on the Internet, usually anonymously, making a variety of political claims.
Date: January 6, 2013
Location: ohio
Topics: congress;health care
Context: a chain email message
Fact-check justification: "But at least," he added, "let the criticism be fair and based on facts instead of persistent urban legends." PolitiFact Ohio would agree. At best, the chain email's statement about Congressional exemptions is  out of date. At worst, it is cynically . On the -O-Meter, it rates !
Statement: Missouri is "#1 in the nation for holding down tuition increases at public universities.
Speaker: jay nixon
About the speaker: Jay Nixon, re-elected governor of Missouri in November 2012, previously served as attorney general and as a state senator.
Date: August 12, 2015
Location: missouri
Topics: federal budget;state budget
Context: a post on Twitter
Fact-check justification: Nixon tweeted that Missouri is "#1 in the nation for holding down tuition increases at public universities." When looking at the period between 2008-09 and today, Nixon is accurate, College Board information shows. But that doesn’t mean tuition is cheap in Missouri. The state ranks 22nd in its tuition rate. Nixon’s statement lacks that caveat. We rate it .
Statement: Pat Toomey "still supports privatizing Social Security.
Speaker: joe sestak
About the speaker: Joe Sestak is a retired admiral and former congressman from a suburban Philadelphia district. He defeated incumbent Arlen Specter for the Democratic U.S. Senate nomination in 2010, but lost in the general election to Republican Pat Toomey.
Date: October 11, 2010
Location: national
Topics: message machine 2010;regulation;social security
Context: a campaign commercial
Fact-check justification: We see his argument, but we still think the ad overplays its hand. The ad is correct that Toomey supports a type of privatization -- in fact, he's been quite open about it -- but that privatization proposal is limited and optional. The Toomey plan also wouldn't directly affect today's seniors, and it may or may not affect any of today's seniors who are still alive years down the road. This clashes with the ad's visuals, which seem directly targeted at older voters, not younger ones. On balance, we rate the ad .
Statement: There was "just about zero press coverage" of the 2007 Bush White House email controversy.
Speaker: juan williams
About the speaker: Juan Williams is a Fox pundit.
Date: March 15, 2015
Topics: transparency;punditfact
Context: comments on "Fox News Sunday"
Fact-check justification: Williams said there was "just about zero press coverage" of the 2007 Bush White House email controversy. We emailed Williams and did not hear back. Saying there was "zero press coverage" is an exaggeration -- even allowing for a bit of hyperbole. We found hundreds of articles and television transcripts referencing the issue. Still, Williams has something of a point that compared to the extensive recent coverage of Clinton’s use of private email, media coverage of the 2007 Bush White House email controversy was thin. Williams’ statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. We rate it .
Statement: During the 2005 fight over Social Security, "there were noisy demonstrations — but they were outside the events," and opponents were "not disruptive — crowds booed lines they didn't like, but that was about it.
Speaker: paul krugman
About the speaker: Paul Krugman is a columnist for the New York Times and professor of Economics and International Affairs at Princeton University. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2008. He describes himself as liberal.
Date: August 5, 2009
Location: national
Topics: health care;pundits
Context: a blog posting
Fact-check justification: This type of anger and discord did not serve Republicans well in 2008 — and it is bound to backfire again."    It is  that there’s nothing in the clips from 2005 about burning members of Congress in effigy or the use of devils’ horns. But Woodhouse’s group employed 28-foot gorillas, duck suits, plates of hot waffles and sheet cakes as props, according to an Aug. 13, 2005, report in the Albuquerque Tribune . So while the protests may be more intense this time (devils' horns instead of duck suits), it's clear that there was plenty of disruption inside town hall meetings in 2005, contrary to Krugman's assertions. We find his  .
Statement: Ten percent of violent deaths in the U.S. each year are due to strangulation.
Speaker: roberto dasilva
About the speaker: Roberto DaSilva was a state representative representing East Providence and Pawtucket until January, 2013. He is also a lieutenant in the Pawtucket Police Department.
Date: May 25, 2011
Location: rhode island
Topics: criminal justice;legal issues;crime;women
Context: a speech on the floor of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
Fact-check justification: But we make our rulings based on whether a statement is actually  or . Motive doesn't enter into it unless we're considering a . In this case, we rate DaSilva's  as  . (Get updates from PolitiFactRI on Twitter . To comment or offer your ruling, visit us on our PolitiFact Rhode Island Facebook page.)
Statement: Says Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger "faces espionage charges.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: January 4, 2021
Location: georgia
Topics: legal issues;military;privacy issues
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post claimed Raffensperger "faces espionage charges." There is no  for the .  Moreover, legal experts said it is not illegal for Raffensperger or anyone on the call between him and Trump to have recorded the call, or to have shared the recording. And disclosing discussions about ballot counting in Georgia do not involve sensitive national defense information that would invoke the Espionage Act, the experts said. We rate the  .
Statement: Poland palace that Biden visited is fake.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: April 6, 2022
Topics: corrections and updates;foreign policy;facebook fact-checks;ukraine;russia
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post alleged that Biden’s trip to Poland was staged because the Presidential Palace in Warsaw looks . It does appear that there may be something covering the exterior of the building, but wider shots and video show the whole courtyard of the palace. Polish websites show articles from August detailing planned renovations at presidential properties. In addition, there was widespread news coverage, some of it live, of Biden’s stop in Poland, which included a visit with U.S. troops and a speech outside the Royal Castle. To believe Biden’s trip to Europe was staged would mean believing a widespread conspiracy involving another country and the media. We rate this  . UPDATE, April 14, 2021 : This article has been updated to reflect that Polish officials confirmed renovation work has begun on the palace. The rating is unchanged.
Statement: A photo shows a Mexican police officer "brutalized by members of this caravan as they attempt to FORCE their way into Mexico.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: October 22, 2018
Topics: fake news;facebook fact-checks
Context: a post on Facebook
Fact-check justification: "Federal police aid one of his comrades wounded today, Monday, October 15, 2012, in the normal school of the municipality of Tiripetio, state of Michoacan (Mexico). More than a hundred students who were held in the student hall were arrested. Twelve vehicles were burned, including two police units." The photo being shared purports to be a recent one, but it’s not. We rate this statement !
Statement: Biden admits $5 gas is being done on purpose" and "this has been his plan all along.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: July 7, 2022
Topics: gas prices;facebook fact-checks
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has also affected gas prices in the United States. The U.S. and Europe reduced their use of Russian energy, which shrank available supplies here further. Hugh Daigle, a petroleum and geosystems engineering professor at the University of Texas at Austin, told PolitiFact that "gasoline prices are still being driven by the COVID hangover as well as the geopolitical situation in Ukraine. Basically, all the movement in both oil and gasoline prices can nearly completely be explained by these two factors." We rate claims that Biden admitted to planning to make gas prices high in the United States as .
Statement: Martha's Vineyard declared itself as a sanctuary city until the buses arrived.
Speaker: peggy hubbard
About the speaker: Peggy Hubbard is an Illinois Republican who ran for U.S. Senate in 2020 and 2022.
Date: September 19, 2022
Location: national
Topics: immigration;facebook fact-checks
Context: a post
Fact-check justification: The migrants stayed temporarily in Edgartown after they arrived on Martha’s Vineyard. Two days later, they were offered accomodations at a military base on Cape Cod.   The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context. We rate this  . PolitiFact researcher Caryn Baird contributed to this report.
Statement: Even high estimates for an early draft of the health care plan are "less than the $1.8 trillion cost of the Bush tax cuts.
Speaker: paul krugman
About the speaker: Paul Krugman is a columnist for the New York Times and professor of Economics and International Affairs at Princeton University. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2008. He describes himself as liberal.
Date: June 22, 2009
Location: national
Topics: economy;health care;pundits;taxes
Context: a column
Fact-check justification: But we believe there are a couple of important caveats to his comparison. First, his wording implies that CBO's much-discussed estimate is for universal coverage, but it's not. Also, he doesn't offer a time frame for the Bush tax cuts, so we can't be sure he is comparing the same number of years. Finally, the health care plan is still very much in flux, and the CBO estimate is based on an early and incomplete bill. So we find Krugman's  .
Statement: Says Elizabeth Warren said, "Allowing Republicans to vote could threaten the integrity of an election.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: February 25, 2023
Topics: elections
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: She said Republicans were maligning government, and argued that Democrats have shown that government can be on the side of the people, but she doesn’t say Republicans shouldn’t vote.   Here’s what she actually said: "For so long, Republicans have run on the notion that government’s bad, government’s terrible, at best government is inept, at worst, it’s really actually doing harm. We’re out there demonstrating exactly the opposite, we are showing that government can be on your side." Claims that Warren said "allowing Republicans to vote could threaten the integrity of an election" are . We rate them .
Statement: Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama want to raise taxes on all income brackets.
Speaker: chain email
About the speaker: Chain emails circulate on the Internet, usually anonymously, making a variety of political claims.
Date: March 13, 2008
Location: national
Topics: taxes
Context: a chain e-mail
Fact-check justification: Single making 30K - tax $4,113; not $4,500 Single making 50K - tax $8,930; not $12,500 Single making 75K - tax $15,180; not $18,750 Married making 60K- tax $8,221; not $9,000 Married making 75K - tax $11,604; not $18,750 Married making 125K - tax $24,098; not $31,250 We find this chain e-mail gets facts both large and small . It doesn't list the higher tax brackets that actually would go up if Clinton or Obama implemented their plans, and it accuses them of wanting to raise rates on lower incomes that they've said should stay the same. So we rate the chain e-mail's  . UPDATE: This statement has been updated to reflect comments the Democratic candidates made about the capital gains tax at a debate in Philadelphia on April 16, 2008.
Statement: The Democrats plan "to raise your tax rates to 70 or 80 percent.
Speaker: chris christie
About the speaker: Chris Christie announced June 6, 2023 that he is running for the Republican nomination for president. Christie was the governor of New Jersey and a candidate for the Republican nomination for president in 2016. As governor, Christie won office in 2010 and was re-elected in 2014. Prior to that, he was U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey from 2002 to 2008. 
Date: November 10, 2015
Location: national
Topics: taxes
Context: the fourth GOP undercard debate
Fact-check justification: Christie said the Democrats plan "to raise your tax rates to 70 to 80 percent." We understand the spirit of Christie’s statement, but that doesn’t make it accurate. None of the three Democrats running have proposed raising rates to 70 or 80 percent for the average taxpayer or is it likely that they will. Christie is exaggerating the rate hikes proposed by the Democrats, the amount of people they’ll affect or both. We rate Christie’s  .