chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: In my own state of Vermont, from the very first days of our state's history, what our Constitution says is that everybody can vote. That is true. So people in jail can vote.
Speaker: bernie sanders
About the speaker: Bernie Sanders is a senator from Vermont. Sanders was first elected to the Senate in 2007 and was re-elected in 2012 and 2018. The senator also ran an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 2016, losing the Democratic primary to Hillary Clinton. From 1991 until 2007, he was the representative of Vermont’s At-Large District of the House of Representatives. Sanders was the mayor of Burlington from 1981 to 1989. He received a bachelor’s degree in political science from the University of Chicago. In 2019, he announced he was running for the Democratic nomination for president and dropped out in April 2020.
Date: April 22, 2019
Location: vermont
Topics: elections
Context: a CNN town hall
Fact-check justification: Sanders said: "In my own state of Vermont, from the very first days of our state’s history, what our Constitution says is that everybody can vote. That is . So people in jail can vote." It’s  that Vermont felons can vote from prison today, and we can’t find anything to suggest that hasn’t always been the case in the state. Though it seems quite possible that the efforts being made today to allow them to cast ballots hasn’t always been made. The Vermont Constitution requires people to be of "quiet and peaceable behavior," but otherwise places no restrictions on who can vote. And Sanders said prisoners "can" vote, not that they always have voted. We rate this  .
Statement: Missouri's attorney general has a website "where people can report trans individuals and the people who help them.
Speaker: tweets
About the speaker: Twitter is a messaging service where people often discuss politics. Individual messages are called Tweets.
Date: April 18, 2023
Location: missouri
Topics: corrections and updates;health care;legal issues;lgbtq;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Tweet
Fact-check justification: The form does not specifically ask people to report the names of transgender people or doctors administering care, but it does ask for "as much detail as possible." When it was announced, Bailey said the form related to an investigation into complaints about a specific St. Louis pediatric transgender center. Though social media users have speculated that the submitted information could be used more broadly to identify trans people and their providers, it remains unclear if that will happen.   The statement is accurate but needs clarification or additional information. We rate this  .
Statement: We saw the increases (of unaccompanied minors at the southern U.S. border) dating back almost a year.
Speaker: veronica escobar
About the speaker: Veronica Escobar took office in 2019 as the U.S. Representative for Texas’ 16th Congressional District in El Paso. She was previously a County Commissioner and a County Judge.
 
Date: March 14, 2021
Topics: immigration;homeland security
Context: a CNN interview
Fact-check justification: But it’s also worth noting that there was a sharp increase this year from January to February. Biden’s election and  messaging from smugglers may have influenced some people to migrate to the U.S. More data in coming months will help better gauge the impact his election and policies have on migration. Escobar’s statement is accurate but needs clarification or additional information. We rate it .
Statement: Says police officers in Austin, Texas, have been "authorized to use LIVE ROUNDS, and lethal force" against protesters.
Speaker: tweets
About the speaker: Twitter is a messaging service where people often discuss politics. Individual messages are called Tweets.
Date: May 31, 2020
Location: texas
Topics: criminal justice;crime
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: A post on Twitter said officers with the Austin Police Department have been "authorized to use LIVE ROUNDS, and lethal force" against demonstrators protesting police brutality.  Law enforcement officers do not need authorization to use deadly force, so long as a situation meets the criteria outlined in the Austin Police Department’s handbook and in state law.  Officers with the department have not used live rounds on protesters during demonstrations in the city, but have fired less lethal projectiles like bean bag bullets. Several people were injured during protests over the weekend. Law enforcement officers always have deadly force as an option, but they were not specially ordered to use this force during the protests, as the post implies. We rate this  .
Statement: Not one dime of the tax cut that they are going to enact with the repeal of Obamacare will go to people who make under $200,000.
Speaker: claire mccaskill
About the speaker: Claire McCaskill is a Democrat and a U.S. Senator from Missouri.
Date: January 23, 2017
Location: national
Topics: health care;taxes
Context: an interview on MSNBC's "Morning Joe"
Fact-check justification: McCaskill said, "Not one dime of the tax cut that they are going to enact with the repeal of Obamacare will go to people who make under $200,000." She has a point that if all taxes in the law are repealed, then high-income earners are likely to reap a majority of the benefits. However, $71 billion in tax cuts spread more broadly across the income spectrum are a far cry from "not one dime." The statement contains some element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression, so we rate it .
Statement: A Texas GOP lawmaker recently introduced a bill that would allow the death penalty for women who have an abortion.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: May 7, 2022
Location: national
Topics: abortion;facebook fact-checks;texas
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: In May 2022, social media posts shared a screenshot of a headline that said a Texas GOP lawmaker introduced a bill that would criminalize abortion through the possibility of the death penalty.   That headline was  at the time, though the story was published in March 2021, not this year. The bill did not get out of committee last year. The statement is accurate but needs clarification or additional information. We rate it  .
Statement: The federal government "has $3 trillion in cash flow, so we can pay our bills" and won't default.
Speaker: roger williams
About the speaker: Roger Williams won election to represent the newly created Congressional District 25 in 2012. He is a former Texas secretary of state, the state's chief elections officer. He was appointed by President George W. Bush in 2001 as chairman of the Republican National Finance Committee’s Eagles fundraising program and also has served as state finance chair for John Cornyn's 2002 Senate campaign, according to his campaign website.
Date: October 11, 2013
Location: texas
Topics: debt;federal budget
Context: a news story
Fact-check justification: Williams said the government "has $3 trillion in cash flow, so we can pay our bills" and won’t default. In the 12 months through September 2014, the government is projected to raise $3 trillion in revenue, far more than enough to cover some $237 billion in its projected interest costs. In this way, perhaps, default could be avoided. Still, Williams made a broader reference to paying "our bills," and on that front, there’s debate over whether the government could meet all its obligations or have the authority to pick and choose what to pay. These are important details. We rate this partly accurate  as .  – The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: Photo shows Jacob Blake's "14-year-old rape victim.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: September 17, 2020
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Some football players did wear Blake’s name on their helmets , but it’s unclear whom they would apologize to.   We don’t know who is in the picture that’s being shared on Facebook, but it’s been online for more than a decade . We found it on several blog posts in 2009 , 2010 and 2017 , all in the context of domestic violence — not sexual assault or child sexual assault.   We couldn’t find anything to credibly support the  that it pictures a 14-year-old assaulted by Jacob Blake. We rate this Facebook post .
Statement: I made my decision on Kavanaugh before the allegations surfaced, and it was all about Kavanaugh's alliance and allegiance to dark money and unlimited political contributions.
Speaker: claire mccaskill
About the speaker: Claire McCaskill is a Democrat and a U.S. Senator from Missouri.
Date: October 25, 2018
Location: missouri
Topics: debates
Context: a debate
Fact-check justification: McCaskill said that she made her decision to vote against Kavanaugh before allegations of sexual misconduct surfaced. McCaskill did say in her statement at the time that her "no" vote was based on Kavanaugh's position on several issues, including dark money. But McCaskill did know about the sexual assault allegation from Ford. The other allegations from Ramirez and Swetnick had not yet been made public. We rate this  .
Statement: The federal government is "preparing to mobilize the national guard," "dispatch them across the US with military" and "announce a nationwide 1 week quarantine for all citizens.
Speaker: chain message
About the speaker: Anonymous chain messages often circulate on platforms like iMessage, WhatsApp, Snapchat and Facebook Messenger during major news events.
Date: March 19, 2020
Topics: facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a text
Fact-check justification: As for the Stafford Act, Trump invoked the law March 13, thereby authorizing aid for state and local governments grappling with the coronavirus and waiving certain regulations that impede access to health care. The Stafford Act is commonly used during hurricanes and does not necessitate a nationwide lockdown. The chain message is . We rate it . If you receive a chain message that you want us to fact-check, send a screenshot to [email protected] .
Statement: In Texas, a person can register a dead relative to vote and then cast a mail ballot in their name.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: October 2, 2022
Location: texas
Topics: elections
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post suggests that a person can register a dead relative to vote in Texas and then cast a mail ballot in that person’s name. It does appear some voter registration applicants have been sent to people who have died, and a nefarious person could attempt to register a dead person to vote. But this Facebook post is missing context because it overlooks the checks and balances in place to prevent exactly this scenario. When officials receive a voter registration application, they enter the applicant’s name, age, birth date, driver’s license number or Social Security number into a database. They compare that personal information with potential matches in other databases of people who have died. When there is a match, the applicant is not registered to vote.  It is a crime to sign a voter registration form with  information, seek a mail ballot on behalf of a dead person, or return a ballot on behalf of a dead person.  We rate this statement . RELATED : Debunking the zombie  that ‘dead people always vote Democrat’ RELATED : How the GOP spun a 'dead voter' allegation in Nevada RELATED : All of our fact-checks about elections
Statement: After attacking Emma Gonzalez, U.S. Rep. Steve King is "facing arrest.
Speaker: political thinkers
About the speaker: Political Thinkers is a conservative website.
Date: March 29, 2018
Topics: congress;crime;punditfact
Context: a headline
Fact-check justification: A headline on Political Thinkers about King said that "Congressman just annihilated Parkland ‘victim’ in calling her out -- now he’s facing arrest!" While King’s comments about Gonzalez wearing a patch of the Cuban flag prompted a left-leaning group to file a complaint with the Office of Congressional Ethics, such complaints often lead to no action. It would be extraordinarily rare for any such complaint to the ethics office to lead to arrest, and there is no  that King faces arrest. We rate this  .
Statement: Says Florida Gov. Rick Scott's cuts to education are the same as his proposed corporate income tax rate reduction.
Speaker: alan grayson
About the speaker: Alan Grayson was initially elected to Congress in 2008, then defeated for re-election in 2010. He was elected again to Congress from a different district in 2012. He lost the Democratic primary for U.S. Senate in Florida in 2016.
Date: March 8, 2011
Location: florida
Topics: education;state budget;taxes
Context: comments on MSNBC
Fact-check justification: But again, that’s comparing additional budget years beyond even 2012-13 to cuts coming this year. On MSNBC, Grayson targeted Scott’s proposal to cut the corporate income tax, suggesting the cuts for corporate CEOs are being paid for on the back of students. While he’s right that any tax cut results in money not available to be spent on programs like education, he gets his numbers . If Grayson had said the tax cuts and fees being proposed by Scott are being paid for by education cuts, he’d have more of a point. But sticking to what he said, we rate this  .
Statement: When the national debt reaches $15 trillion, it means that U.S. debt-to-GDP ratio will reach 99.7 percent of our debt and this is $47,900 for every living American.
Speaker: leonard lance
About the speaker: Leonard Lance is a Republican congressman representing New Jersey's 7th district.
Date: November 16, 2011
Location: new jersey
Topics: deficit;federal budget
Context: a speech on the House floor
Fact-check justification: In a speech supporting a balanced budget amendment, Lance said when the national debt hits $15 trillion, it will represent 99.7 percent of the nation’s economy and equal $47,900 for every living American. The total national debt changes constantly. Lance’s statistics were based on a website called www.usdebtclock.org. Those numbers back Lance’s statement. Using federal data we calculated the statistics and reached similar results. And both sets of numbers illustrate the same point: the nation’s debt is nearly the size of the nation’s economy. We rate the statement . To comment on this ruling, go to NJ.com .
Statement: The insurance companies are making that choice (to cancel or change policies), not the president.
Speaker: ezekiel emanuel
About the speaker: Ezekiel Emanuel is Vice Provost for Global Initiatives and chair of the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy at the University of Pennsylvania. He previously served as special adviser for health policy to the director of the White House Office of Management and Budget.
Date: November 3, 2013
Topics: corrections and updates;health care;punditfact
Context: a "Fox News Sunday" interview
Fact-check justification: Ezekiel’s assertion that the law doesn’t require insurance companies to cancel plans hinges on a technicality. It is up to insurers how they comply with the law, which mandates that policyholders be covered for 10 "essential health benefits," except for plans that are grandfathered in. But there’s little doubt the new law is influencing their changes in coverage. The law was designed to eventually do away with insurance that doesn't meet minimum coverage standards. We rate Ezekiel’s  . Editor's note: This report has been updated to include a response we got from Emanuel after our initial publication.
Statement: President Obama said "22 times" he could not authorize immigration reform by executive order.
Speaker: doug collins
About the speaker: A current member of Congress from Gainesville, GA.
Date: March 3, 2015
Location: georgia
Topics: immigration;congress
Context: a newspaper article
Fact-check justification: Our ruling Collins  said this: President Obama said "22 times" he could not authorize immigration reform by executive order. Obama did say that more than a dozen times. Other times it was something more nuanced or not specific to immigration. The broader point -- that Obama said one thing about executive action but did another -- is accurate. We rate Collins’ statement as .
Statement: Felony crimes in the city of Atlanta are the lowest they have been since 1969.
Speaker: kasim reed
About the speaker: Kasim Reed is Mayor of Atlanta.
Date: February 13, 2013
Location: georgia
Topics: crime
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: Indeed, the number of reported felony crimes is at its lowest since 1969. It’s possible the felony crime rate was slightly lower in 1970 or 1971. It’s possible, though, that the felony crime rate was lower in 2012. Since it is possible the felony crime rate was lower in 2012, we’re not going to quibble about 1970 or 1971. Our rating: .
Statement: Says that "In 2009, I saved ratepayers around $500 million by persuading the Council to pursue a less expensive compliance mechanism if the City is required to treat Bull Run drinking water.
Speaker: amanda fritz
About the speaker: Amanda Fritz is a Portland city commissioner.
Date: October 3, 2011
Location: oregon
Topics: environment;city budget;city government;public health;water
Context: campaign literature
Fact-check justification: (Does that mean the state would save water ratepayers $100 million to $180 million, depending on how you calculate cost? There’s a thought.) Despite our misgivings about the millions saved, or to be saved, PolitiFact Oregon gives Fritz a . She came from the political minority, challenged Leonard, and ended up with a 5-0 vote in her favor. The statement is accurate, with some additional information needed.
Statement: Mitt Romney said we should let foreclosures "hit the bottom.
Speaker: kamala harris
About the speaker: Kamala Harris is the vice president of the United States. Harris was elected as a senator from California in 2016. She previously was California’s attorney general from 2011 to 2017. From 2004 until 2011, she was the district attorney of San Francisco. Harris received a bachelor’s degree in political science and economics from Howard University and a J.D. from the University of California, Hastings College of Law. In 2019, she ran for the Democratic nomination for president and dropped out in December. On Aug. 11, 2020, former Vice President Joe Biden named Harris as his running mate.
Date: September 5, 2012
Location: national
Topics: housing
Context: a convention speech
Fact-check justification: Harris quoted Romney as saying the housing market should be allowed to "hit the bottom" so the crisis could "run its course." He did say that, but he also said that when new investors come in and rehab homes, the market could then "turn around and come back up." Romney also suggested he’d be open to refinancing options that would help some homeowners stay in their homes. That’s important context omitted from Harris’ speech. We rate her statement .
Statement: Says Vicks VapoRub caused a child's death.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: November 25, 2016
Topics: global news service;children;fake news;health care
Context: a blog post
Fact-check justification: A blog post said that Vicks VapoRub caused a child’s death in Mexico. While the product has been tied to breathing problems in infants and toddlers, there is no  that it has been fatal. We rate this  .
Statement: Charlotte's anti-discrimination ordinance would have "opened all bathrooms to all sexes at all times" if it hadn't been overturned.
Speaker: dan forest
About the speaker: Dan Forest is North Carolina's Lieutenant Governor.
Date: April 6, 2016
Location: north carolina
Topics: city government;government regulation;lgbtq;public safety
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Forest, a vocal opponent of Charlotte’s anti-discrimination ordinance, said it would have "opened all bathrooms to all sexes at all times." That is . The ordinance would not have applied to private clubs or businesses – including PayPal, despite Forest’s claims to the contrary. The ordinance would have applied only to public accommodations. And while there’s disagreement on what might have happened with bathrooms in public accommodations, precedent is on Charlotte’s side. We rate this  .
Statement: A study "showed that over 1 million people in North Carolina have now been exposed to the virus.
Speaker: greg murphy
About the speaker: Rep. Greg Murphy is a Republican from Greenville and the only North Carolina legislator who is a medical doctor. Murphy is a practicing surgeon.
Date: June 23, 2020
Location: north carolina
Topics: coronavirus
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Murphy said a study "showed that over 1 million people in North Carolina have now been exposed to the virus." A Wake Forest study found that 10% of participants might have antibodies for the virus. But the leader of the study and NC health department officials say there’s not enough data yet to make an estimate about how many people have been exposed to coronavirus. Murphy extrapolated the data before it was ready. We rate this  .
Statement: In reality, gas produced by fracking is worse for the climate than coal.
Speaker: environmental justice league of r.i
About the speaker: The Environmental Justice League of Rhode Island (EJLRI) is a non-profit organization working within an alliance of individuals to promote environmental justice in Rhode Island through advocacy, education, networking, organizing, and research. 
Date: January 12, 2016
Location: rhode island
Topics: climate change;public health
Context: a report
Fact-check justification: The Environmental Justice League of Rhode Island asserts: "...in reality gas produced by fracking is worse for the climate than coal." The chairman of the University of Rhode Island’s geosciences department, David Fast-Ovsky, agrees with Pierrehumbert and shares many of Howarth’s concerns, too. But without appropriate historical context, he says he isn’t ready to say that fracked gas is worse for the climate than coal. That is a very aggressive statement to make, he says. The Justice League did not qualify its  with a nod to the transient nature of methane emissions. The league mentioned a concern about the potential for "runaway climate change," but did not give the historical context behind Howarth’s assertion that a failure to control methane emissions in the short-term, within the next 20 years, makes fracked gas more damaging to climate. This is complicated stuff and the League oversimplified. "The statement is not  and it’s not exactly  because it’s not well-constrained," says Fast-Ovsky. We agree with Fast-Ovsky. We rate this  .