chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Red Bull contains bull sperm.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: August 25, 2019
Topics: animals;food;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Scientists have debunked the notion that energy drinks like Red Bull are made with taurine derived from animals. In July 2018, Joe Schwarcz, director of McGill University’s Office for Science and Society, wrote that while scientists originally isolated taurine from bull semen, it’s now produced synthetically. "This compound is an ‘aminosulfonic acid’ that is widely distributed in the human body and plays a role in cardiovascular function, development of the nervous system and formation of bile acids," he says in the post. . Schwarcz warns that excessive consumption of energy drinks should be avoided, "but not because of a concern that taurine is isolated from bull semen. "  We rate this Facebook post .
Statement: Obamacare "cuts seniors' Medicare.
Speaker: ed gillespie
About the speaker: Ed Gillespie is a Republican strategist who currently runs the firm Ed Gillespie Strategies. He served as counselor to former President George W. Bush. Gillespie has announced he will run for Virginia governor in 2017. He narrowly lost a 2014 bid for the U.S. Senate to Democrat Mark Warner.
Date: August 25, 2014
Location: virginia
Topics: health care;medicare
Context: a campaign email
Fact-check justification: Gillespie says Obamacare "cuts seniors’ Medicare," a statement that implies the law is reducing benefits across the board. There’s debate among analysts over how the law’s cost savings measures will impact some beneficiaries, particularly seniors enrolled in Medicare Advantage plans run by private insurers. Some of those seniors -- who comprise about 30 percent of Medicare recipients -- may lose some of the extra benefits they had before the law or could see higher premiums. Overall, the health care law slows Medicare’s growth, but spending will still rise significantly and some new services for seniors were added. So we rate Gillespie’s statement .
Statement: Cori Bush is a career criminal and a con artist.
Speaker: anthony rogers
About the speaker: Anthony Rogers is a Republican Party candidate running for the U.S. House to represent Missouri's 1st Congressional District. 
Date: September 15, 2020
Location: missouri
Topics: candidate biography
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Rogers called Bush a "career criminal and a con artist" on Facebook, but there is no  to suggest that Bush is either. The court cases Rogers provided as  were all civil cases.  None of the purported  provided by Rogers to back his  held up to the facts, either. When told of our findings, Rogers insisted he was still right.  Due to his denial of the facts and baseless claims, we rate Rogers’  .
Statement: Queen Elizabeth II was a reptile.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: July 7, 2022
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: President Joe Biden has similarly been accused of being a reptile. In 2021, we fact-checked a  that a video proved he wasn’t human because a snake had been seen emerging from his jacket during a debate with then-President Donald Trump. It wasn’t a snake, but a rosary Biden wears to remember his late son, Beau. And Joe Biden is human, just as the queen was.   We rate these posts !
Statement: Oil is now $61.30 a barrel and rising drastically! On Jan. 5, it was about $25 a barrel.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: February 19, 2021
Topics: energy;trade;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post claimed: "Oil is now $61.30 a barrel and rising drastically! On Jan. 5, it was about $25 a barrel." The latest prices for two major benchmarks as of the date of the post were roughly in the range of $61. But that was up from about $50, not $25, on Jan. 5. We rate the post .
Statement: Biden was responsible for "ending genocide in Bosnia.
Speaker: joe biden
About the speaker: Joe Biden is the president of the United States. A Democrat, Biden served as a Delaware senator from 1973 (elected at the age of 29) until 2009. During his time in the Senate, he served as chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, chair of the International Narcotics Control Caucus and chair of the Judiciary Committee. He subsequently served as Barack Obama’s vice president from 2009 to 2016. Biden launched unsuccessful presidential campaigns in 1988 and 2008. He received a degree in history and political science from the University of Delaware and his J.D. from Syracuse School of Law. 
Date: December 27, 2007
Location: national
Topics: foreign policy
Context: a TV ad
Fact-check justification: NATO, led by Gen. Wesley Clark, played its role, too, as did many other U.S. and international leaders. So yes, Biden wanted to stop the genocide. He played an influential role in the debate. But he didn't end the war himself, as his ad implies. We rate his statement .
Statement: Says the U.S. government caused the coronavirus pandemic because it sent mRNA coronavirus vaccine candidates to university researchers weeks before the COVID-19 outbreak.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: June 14, 2021
Location: national
Topics: public health;science;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a story
Fact-check justification: Articles suggest the U.S. government created the pandemic because its scientists sent mRNA coronavirus vaccine candidates to other researchers before the COVID-19 outbreak.  This is a misrepresentation of the facts and is not  that the government is responsible for the cause of the pandemic. The vaccine candidates were for a coronavirus that causes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, not for the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. NIAID researchers have been working on developing vaccines for coronaviruses, which consist of hundreds of viruses, for several years. We rate this .
Statement: Florida's proposed amendment for medical marijuana would allow "people who alleged minor ailments such as muscle spasms, neck pain, back pain and even menstrual cramps (to qualify) for government-sanctioned pot-smoking.
Speaker: grady judd
About the speaker: Grady Judd was first elected Polk County sheriff in 2004. He is also the president of the Florida Sheriffs Association. 
Date: November 19, 2013
Location: florida
Topics: drugs;health care;marijuana
Context: a "Sun-Sentinel" editorial
Fact-check justification: Judd said that people with "minor ailments" could get access to marijuana if Florida’s proposed amendment passes next year. He mentioned spasms and other chronic pain as a minor condition, when sometimes those conditions are quite serious. But compared to most other states, Florida’s ballot language is flexible because it allows for physicians to determine whether a patient’s condition qualifies for a license. We rate Judd’s statement .
Statement: Says Nancy Pelosi tweeted that she was disgusted with Donald Trump over taxes
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: April 1, 2020
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: An image shared on Facebook that appears to be a tweet from Pelosi saying she is disgusted with Trump over tax breaks was posted by a now-defunct -tweet generator.  We rate the image .
Statement: The Kansas City Chiefs' Super Bowl win has been "put on hold as NFL plans to launch an investigation on possible (performance-enhancing drug) use by Patrick Mahomes during halftime.
Speaker: tweets
About the speaker: Twitter is a messaging service where people often discuss politics. Individual messages are called Tweets.
Date: February 12, 2023
Topics: sports
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: There also have been no reports from credible media outlets about Mahomes being investigated for possible drug use.   At the end of the first half, Mahomes was tackled by an Eagles linebacker, aggravating a high ankle sprain the quarterback had suffered during the playoffs and was still recovering from. Sports Illustrated reported that during halftime, Mahomes refused treatment for his ankle, telling the team’s staff that he was fine. Chiefs head coach Andy Reid said Mahomes was able to "push through the pain" and carry the team to victory. We rate claims about a Mahomes investigation !
Statement: In seven years that (nuclear) deal will have expired, and Iran is free to go ahead and create nuclear weapons.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: April 30, 2018
Location: national
Topics: iran;nuclear
Context: a press conference
Fact-check justification: Trump said that the Iran nuclear deal expires in seven years and after that, Iran is free to develop a nuclear weapon. The agreement’s limits on enriched uranium last for another 12 years. While some restrictions ease after seven years, the key elements that prevent Iran from enriching the uranium needed for a bomb remain until 2030. In addition, certain terms last forever, including the prohibition on ever designing or making a nuclear weapon, and remaining under the eye of international inspectors. We rate this  .
Statement: Tim Kaine announced he wants to raise taxes on everyone.
Speaker: george allen
About the speaker: George Allen was a U.S. senator from 2001-2007. He was governor of Virginia from 1994-1998.
Date: September 20, 2012
Location: virginia
Topics: taxes
Context: a news release
Fact-check justification: Allen claimed that Kaine "announced he wants to raise taxes on everyone." Kaine, in response to a question, said he would be "open to a proposal that would have some minimum tax level on everyone," but did not endorse the concept. If such a policy was enacted, it would not mean that everyone would pay higher income taxes. It would mean that the 47 percent of filers who had no income tax liability would pay something. Even if you go beyond the debate statement the Allen camp points to and look at Kaine’s other major tax positions -- ending the Bush era cuts for those earning more than $500,000 and eliminating some tax deductions in exchange for lowering rates -- that does not equate to a plan that would raise taxes on everyone. We rate Allen’s statement .
Statement: Says President Obama has cracked down "on employers who are attracting undocumented immigrants and hiring them more than any previous president.
Speaker: debbie wasserman schultz
About the speaker: Debbie Wasserman Schultz became the chairwoman of the Democratic National Committee in 2011 and resigned in July 2016. The Florida Democrat was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 2004 after serving in the state senate. She represents Congressional District 23 in Broward and Miami-Dade counties.
Date: July 20, 2013
Location: florida
Topics: immigration
Context: an interview
Fact-check justification: Wasserman Schultz said that Obama has cracked down "on employers who are attracting undocumented immigrants and hiring them more than any previous president." She used the word "employers" and not "employees" here for a reason: Obama shifted away from Bush’s strategy of workplace raids and turned the focus on employers. Between 2008 and 2009, immigration audits soared from 503 to more than 8,000. But other metric tell a more nuanced story. Final orders against employers, for example, were higher in the 1990s than they are now. We rate this  .
Statement: I've never supported a payroll tax.
Speaker: david dewhurst
About the speaker: David Dewhurst, the former state land commissioner, was initially elected lieutenant governor of Texas in 2002. He lost his 2012 bid for the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate and lost his bid for re-nomination in 2014.
Date: June 22, 2012
Location: texas
Topics: taxes
Context: Dallas
Fact-check justification: During the state’s mid-decade tax debates, the Senate under Dewhurst’s leadership -- and to his praise -- incorporated payroll taxes in a proposal to replace the existing business franchise tax. No payroll tax passed into law. Still, it’s  to say Dewhurst never supported a payroll tax. We rate his debate  as .
Statement: I started with a $3.7 billion budget deficit. Now we are projecting a $1.2 billion surplus.
Speaker: rick scott
About the speaker: Rick Scott, a wealthy Florida businessman, was first elected Florida's 45th governor on Nov. 2, 2010 and re-elected Nov. 4, 2014. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2018 and is running for re-election in 2024.
Date: August 10, 2011
Location: florida
Topics: state budget
Context: an interview
Fact-check justification: Let's go back to Scott's statement. He said, "When I walked into office we were projecting somewhere between a $3.4-3.7 billion budget deficit. Right now we are projecting for the fiscal year that started July 1 a $1.2 billion surplus." Scott's numbers are generally right but his word choice is problematic and the comparison is . The Legislature had to cut around $3.6 billion from the amount of money it was expected to have to spend in 2011-12. It wasn't a deficit -- which would mean the state didn't have the money to pay its bills -- but rather a projected shortfall. After making those cuts -- and cutting an additional $1 billion so it could beef up its reserves -- the state now has around $1.3 billion more than it needs to pay its bill as part of the 2011-12 budget.  But having the extra money is actually common practice for the state.  In fact, after Crist's last budget as governor, the state had an extra $433 million, or as Scott would say, a "surplus."  It also had a projected $3.6 billion shortfall. See the problem in making the comparison? In reality, the state ends most every year with what Scott calls a surplus because the state is required to pass a balanced budget and generally can't borrow money to pay its bills. And in recent years, because state revenue has been declining, the state enters the next year with a projected "deficit" using Scott's word -- or more accurately a shortfall. The fact is that while Scott has his numbers right, he's comparing apples to oranges to paint his fiscal policies in the best light.  We rate this  .
Statement: There's only four senators senior to me ... there's still 44 older than me.
Speaker: joe biden
About the speaker: Joe Biden is the president of the United States. A Democrat, Biden served as a Delaware senator from 1973 (elected at the age of 29) until 2009. During his time in the Senate, he served as chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, chair of the International Narcotics Control Caucus and chair of the Judiciary Committee. He subsequently served as Barack Obama’s vice president from 2009 to 2016. Biden launched unsuccessful presidential campaigns in 1988 and 2008. He received a degree in history and political science from the University of Delaware and his J.D. from Syracuse School of Law. 
Date: August 23, 2008
Location: national
Topics: candidate biography
Context: Springfield, Ill
Fact-check justification: Elizabeth Dole, R-N.C. (72), John McCain, R-Ariz. (71 until Aug. 29, 2008), Jay Rockefeller, D-W.Va. (71), Thad Cochran, R-Miss. (70), Christopher "Kit" Bond, R-Mo. (69), Tom Harkin, D-Iowa (68), Harry Reid, D-Nev. (68), Patrick Leahy, D-Vt. (68), Lamar Alexander, R-Tenn. (68), Barbara Boxer, D-Calif. (67), Ben Nelson, D-Neb. (67), Bernie Sanders, I-Vt. (66), Max Baucus, D-Mont. (66), Mitch McConnell, R-Ky. (66), Joe Lieberman, I-Conn. (66), Jon Kyl, R-Ariz. (66), Byron Dorgan, D-N.D. (66) and Bill Nelson, D-Fla. (66 as of Sept. 29, 2008). But this is all relative, since according to the Congressional Research Service, 2008's cadre of senators is among the oldest in history with an average age of 61.7 (just younger than Biden's 65). Since Biden was off by one rank of seniority and four elder peers, we rate this as .
Statement: Romney "would turn Medicare into a voucher program.
Speaker: barack obama
About the speaker: Barack Obama is the former president of the United States. Obama also served as a U.S. senator from Illinois. He was born in 1961 in Hawaii, where his parents met as students at the University of Hawaii. Obama's father is from Kenya and his mother is from Kansas. He graduated from Columbia University and received his law degree from Harvard Law School. Obama previously served in the Illinois state Senate and was an instructor at the University of Chicago Law School. He and his wife, Michelle, have two daughters, Malia and Sasha.
Date: October 3, 2012
Location: national
Topics: debates;medicare
Context: the first presidential debate
Fact-check justification: Some experts in health policy say there are marked differences between the terms "voucher" and "premium support." While there are technical differences that may matter to health-policy professionals, these are not the type of differences that most beneficiaries would see as significant. In recent years, the definitions of "premium support" and "vouchers" have become almost indistinguishable. Generally, we think "voucher program" is a fair way of describing to voters the vision for Medicare under a Romney-Ryan administration. We rate Obama’s  .
Statement: Under 'Trumpcare,'" domestic violence and sexual assault "could be considered pre-existing conditions.
Speaker: gwen moore
About the speaker: U.S. Rep. Gwen Moore is a Democratic member of Congress, representing Wisconsin's 4th District, which primarily includes Milwaukee. Moore, who served in the state Legislature from 1989 to 2004, was elected to Congress in 2004.
Date: May 4, 2017
Location: wisconsin
Topics: health care;legal issues;crime;public health;women
Context: a news release
Fact-check justification: Our rating Moore says that "under ‘Trumpcare,’" the Republican replacement for Obamacare, domestic violence and sexual assault "could be considered pre-existing conditions" -- something that could trigger higher insurance prices for those victims. Moore’s  goes too far. Simply being a victim of domestic violence or sexual assault would not mean a person had a pre-existing condition. But it is important to know that conditions stemming from those assaults, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, could. For a statement that contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression, our rating is .
Statement: The sanctions that we put on (Russia) for the Crimea annexation and meddling in Ukraine ... have absolutely crushed the ruble by 50 percent. And GDP from 2014 to 2016 is 50 percent down in Russia, as well.
Speaker: anthony tata
About the speaker: Anthony Tata is a former Army brigadier general and deputy commanding general of U.S. forces in Afghanistan from 2006-07. He regularly comments on national security to the media, and he is also a novelist.
Date: February 19, 2017
Topics: economy;foreign policy;punditfact
Context: an interview on CNN
Fact-check justification: Tata said, "The sanctions that we put on (Russia) for the Crimea annexation and meddling in Ukraine ... have absolutely crushed the ruble by 50 percent. And GDP from 2014 to 2016 is 50 percent down in Russia, as well." Russia’s ruble fell more than 50 percent in the year following the start of sanctions in 2014, but it started to regain value in 2016. There are no GDP figures yet for Russia in 2016, but from 2014 to 2015, it fell by about 35 percent. It seems a drop in oil prices are the main driver of Russia’s problems. But sanctions play at least some role — though it’s hard to evaluate exactly how much given the country’s oil crisis.   Tata is right that Russia’s economy has struggled in recent years, though his numbers are a little off. More critically, sanctions are only part of the reason for Russia's economic troubles. We rate his statement .
Statement: Because of the 2011 debt ceiling fight, "the stock market lost 2,000 points.
Speaker: charles schumer
About the speaker: Charles Schumer is a Democratic senator from New York and the Senate majority leader.
Date: October 6, 2013
Location: national
Topics: economy
Context: an interview on ABC's "This Week"
Fact-check justification: Our rating Schumer said that because of the 2011 debt ceiling fight, "the stock market lost 2,000 points." If you count the aftermath of the deal that avoided a debt ceiling breach, which included a historic downgrade of the United States’ creditworthiness rating, then Schumer is right that the Dow fell by 2,000 points. Still, Schumer makes it sound as if the drop happened right away. Actually, it dropped at the time of fight and continued to drop for another two months after the United States' credit rating was downgraded. We rate Schumer’s  .
Statement: Guess what, governor? There's no fried butter in Newark. Just 13 percent unemployment.
Speaker: barbara buono
About the speaker:  Barbara Buono is a Democratic state senator representing part of Middlesex County. Buono previously served in the State Assembly from 1994 to 2001.
Date: July 9, 2013
Location: new jersey
Topics: jobs
Context: an online gubernatorial campaign ad
Fact-check justification: Buono said in a new online ad about Christie’s trips to other states, "Guess what, governor? There’s no fried butter in Newark. Just 13 percent unemployment." Data from the BLS shows that for almost all of Christie’s tenure as governor, Newark’s unemployment rate has been at least a full percentage point or two higher than what Buono’s ad claims. There have only been three months in which the city’s unemployment rate was in the 13 percent range: April 2012, April 2013 and a preliminary rate in that range for May. The point of Buono’s  is that Newark has had consistently high unemployment, whether during the few months it was in the 13 percent range or when it stagnated in the 15 percent range. We rate her  . To comment on this story, go to NJ.com .
Statement: Says that Secretary of State Jon Husted and former secretary Jennifer Brunner both have supported a provision in Senate Bill 47 that would limit the days organizers have to collect signatures for initiative and referendum petitions.
Speaker: bill seitz
About the speaker: Bill Seitz is a senator in the Ohio General Assembly, representing the 8th Senate District in Hamilton County. Seitz was appointed to the Senate in 2007. Prior to that he was a state representative, a township trustee from Green Township and a member of the Cincinnati board of education.
Date: March 13, 2013
Location: ohio
Topics: elections
Context: testimony before a House committee
Fact-check justification: Seitz said Husted supports the controversial SB 47 provision, which is accurate. Seitz also said Brunner supported it --  the past tense being paramount --  which is partially correct. The old provision didn’t include language about initiative petitions addressed in SB 47. In addition, the senator failed to fully explain Brunner’s past endorsement of petition restrictions,  and might have left the impression that she was a current supporter of the provision. We rate his  .