chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: I'm the only one who's fought against developers draining the Everglades!
Speaker: kendrick meek
About the speaker: Kendrick Meek is a former U.S. Representative for Congressional District 17 in Miami, serving from 2003 to 2011. He campaigned for the U.S. Senate and was defeated on Nov. 2, 2010.
Date: September 10, 2010
Location: florida
Topics: environment;message machine 2010
Context: a television ad
Fact-check justification: I would characterize (Rubio) as going along, not as providing leadership." For Meek to  he is the only one among the three to stop developers from draining the Everglades is decidedly not . The Meek campaign cited bills he backed as  that he was pro-Everglades, but neither of the two bills stopped developers from draining the Everglades. Similarly, Crist and Rubio have also taken steps to back measures that support Everglades restoration. So we rate Meek's statement .
Statement: The chances of being killed by a refugee committing a terrorist act is 1 in 3.6 billion.
Speaker: ted lieu
About the speaker: U.S. Rep. Ted Lieu is a Democrat who represents parts of Los Angeles County. 
Date: January 27, 2017
Location: california
Topics: immigration;terrorism
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: California Democratic Congressman Ted Lieu recently said the "chances of being killed by a refugee committing a terrorist act is 1 in 3.6 billion." Lieu’s  is backed by a September 2016 study by the Cato Institute. It’s important to clarify, however, that its study examined terrorist attacks on U.S. soil , something Lieu does not explicitly state. Also, the Cato study says the odds of an attack are one in 3.6 billion "per year." Without these words, Lieu’s  could be viewed as slightly understating the odds, but we did not view his omission as egregious. Several experts on terrorism and refugees examined the Cato study and told us its methodology and conclusions were credible. One said the study had too many qualifiers, but did not dispute its data. A high-profile terror attack involving a Somali refugee took place in November 2016, after the period examined by the study. Nine people were injured in that attack, but there were no fatalities. This is a notable piece of information, but does not take away from the accuracy of the congressman’s  regarding the "chances of being killed by a refugee" or the study he cited as its source. Lieu’s statement is accurate, though it needs a couple clarifications or additional information.   We rate it .   – The statement is accurate but needs clarification or additional information. https://www.sharethefacts.co/share/27a77628-e6d7-4170-98a6-a2078ecebdc5
Statement: Americans haven't had a raise in 15 years.
Speaker: hillary clinton
About the speaker: Hillary Clinton was the 2016 Democratic nominee for president. She served as U.S. Secretary of State during the first four years of the Obama administration. She is formerly a U.S. senator from New York, first elected in 2000. She was a candidate for president in 2008. She previously served as first lady when her husband, Bill Clinton, served two terms as president. She was born in Chicago in 1947, graduated from Wellesley College and earned a law degree at Yale Law School. She and her husband have one daughter.
Date: February 11, 2016
Location: national
Topics: economy;jobs
Context: Milwaukee
Fact-check justification: Clinton said, "Americans haven’t had a raise in 15 years." Using inflation-adjusted median household income, she’s right. There has actually been a decline of 7 percent over that period. However, earnings of wage and salary workers have risen over that period -- by about 2 percent. That’s a tepid increase. But, it is an increase. On balance, we rate Clinton’s statement .
Statement: Says the goal of the Affordable Care Act was to get 30 million people insured, but it only got 7 million.
Speaker: marco rubio
About the speaker: Marco Rubio, a U.S. senator from Florida, was a candidate for president of the United States in 2016 and then dropped out and won re-election to the Senate. He was first elected to the Senate in 2010 and took office Jan. 5, 2011. Rubio served in the Florida House of Representatives from 2000 to 2008 and is a former Speaker of the Florida House. He served on the West Miami City Commission from 1998 to 2000. He is from Miami and holds a law degree from the University of Miami.
Date: April 1, 2014
Location: national
Topics: health care
Context: an interview on Fox's 'Hannity'
Fact-check justification: Rubio claimed the Obama administration’s goal for the Affordable Care Act was to get 30 million Americans insured, not the 7 million who enrolled by the March 31 deadline. Down the road, there are targets to insure millions more via the online marketplaces. But the clearly stated goal for 2014, that the White House hit just in time, was 7 million signups. By 2019, that number is expected to jump to 27 million. Rubio does have a point that many Americans will remain uninsured under the reform, but his  twists the administration’s timeline for enrolling uninsured Americans. We rate his  .
Statement: West Virginia "is the only state to decline in population over the last 70 years
Speaker: jim justice
About the speaker: Jim Justice is the Republican governor of West Virginia. A businessman, Justice was originally elected as a Democrat.
Date: March 4, 2021
Location: west virginia
Topics: population
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Justice said that West Virginia "is the only state to decline in population over the last 70 years." That’s correct. Every other state gained at least 142,000 residents during that period.  We rate the statement .
Statement: Probably one out of every two households in Oklahoma has a gun.
Speaker: tom cole
About the speaker: Rep. Tom Cole, R-Okla., was elected to Congress in 2002. He's a fifth-generation Oklahoman and one of the only Native Americans serving in Congress.
Date: February 28, 2018
Location: national
Topics: guns
Context: an interview on MSNBC's "Morning Joe"
Fact-check justification: Cole said half the households in Oklahoma have a gun. In reality, there’s no fresh and reliable data for household gun ownership in the state. A survey from nearly 15 years ago reported that 42 percent of Oklahomans said there was a firearm in their house. A 2014 survey gave an ownership rate of 43 percent of households within a cluster of four states that included Oklahoma. Both the old and the more recent surveys estimated a national ownership rate of about 31 percent. While we can’t say for sure that the older study still holds  for Oklahoma proper, based on its national numbers, it is at least in the same neighborhood as the more recent regional and national estimates. Cole’s figure seems a bit high, but there’s a reasonable chance that the actual number is close to 40 percent. Better data is always a good thing, but we’ll give Cole the benefit of the doubt and rate this .
Statement: Stimulus money went to "office upgrades for politicians.
Speaker: crossroads gps
About the speaker: Crossroads GPS is a conservative advocacy group founded by prominent Republicans, including former White House political adviser Karl Rove.
Date: November 10, 2011
Location: virginia
Topics: message machine 2012;stimulus
Context: a TV ad
Fact-check justification: The Crossroads ad says that $39 million in stimulus money went to "office upgrades for politicians," a reference to the latest phase in renovating the Kansas state capitol building. First of all, the $39 million is not a direct payment for the renovation. That’s the amount the state will repay along with most of the interest through a bond program started by the 2009 stimulus. The federal government pays for some interest costs, but those expenses are nowhere near $39 million. Although it’s  that office upgrades are part of the project, new offices are just one part of a much bigger project to completely restore the building. We rate the  .
Statement: A lot of the programs (that were) started during the pandemic are still going, even though the pandemic is long over.
Speaker: robin vos
About the speaker: Wisconsin state Rep. Robin Vos, R-Rochester, has represented western Racine County in the state Assembly since 2004. In November 2012, he was elected Assembly speaker. Vos previously served on the Racine County Board of Supervisors, from 1994 to 2004.
Date: November 22, 2022
Location: national
Topics: economy;jobs;welfare;wisconsin;coronavirus
Context: Public statement
Fact-check justification: And those receiving unemployment cannot access any pandemic-era benefits at this point.   Our ruling  Vos claimed that people are still receiving pandemic-era benefits for food and unemployment.   But those programs have all ended. There are some other programs, such as the FoodShare program, that are still providing additional funding to recipients, through the end of the federal health emergency, which is set to expire in January.   We rate this   — the statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression.
Statement: Says every day of a special session costs taxpayers $40,000.
Speaker: sal esquivel
About the speaker: Sal Esquivel became a member of the Oregon Senate in 2004 and then was elected to the Oregon House in 2005. He previously served on the Medford City Council from 1997 to 2004. He has worked as a business owner and real estate broker.
Date: August 11, 2013
Location: oregon
Context: an opinion article
Fact-check justification: In fact, it’s closer to $35,000, and that’s for regular legislative sessions. Esquivel, however, was making the argument against a special session. The cost per day for that comes in at a much lower $13,000. Because his opinion piece addresses special sessions in particular, there is no  to his statement -- not to mention the fact that he didn’t use current numbers for regular sessions. We rate this  .
Statement: Wisconsin ranks 48th out of all 50 states in venture capital investment.
Speaker: john klenke
About the speaker: John Klenke is a Republican member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.
Date: October 21, 2011
Location: wisconsin
Topics: jobs
Context: a presentation
Fact-check justification: But, he also notes there are a dozen states that have no venture capital under management at all. Our conclusion Klenke says the Legislature should approve a venture capital plan that includes the use of controversial out-of-state investment firms -- and, to make the case in presentations, he  emphasizes the sorry state of venture capital investing here. But we’re not 48th of 50, as he claims. He’s overstated our situation, and confused his reports. We rate Klenke’s statement .
Statement: Ray Liotta died because of the COVID-19 vaccine.
Speaker: tweets
About the speaker: Twitter is a messaging service where people often discuss politics. Individual messages are called Tweets.
Date: May 26, 2022
Topics: facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: "Interesting."  We asked Allen about these kinds of posts, and she told us claims that Liotta died from the vaccine are "100% not ." "The family has not released the cause of death yet, but I do know the cause, and (it) has nothing to do with COVID or the vaccine," she told us in an email.   We’ve previously debunked statements connecting the COVID-19 vaccine to the deaths of comedian Bob Saget , actress Betty White , comedians Louie Anderson and Gilbert Gottfried , and Foo Fighters drummer Taylor Hawkins . Claims that Liotta died of the vaccine are also baseless. We rate these tweets .
Statement: Melania Trump echoed Hitler's wife when she said: "I hate to see children separated from their parents like this . . . but we can hardly blame Donald.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: January 2, 2019
Topics: fake news;facebook fact-checks
Context: a post on Facebook
Fact-check justification: While Melania Trump’s spokeswoman said something similar to what appeared on Facebook, the quote attributed to her in that viral post is not completely accurate. She never said, "but we can hardly blame Donald."   Also, the post is drawing a parallel between the First Lady and the Führer’s wife by wrongly suggesting the women said the same thing. There is no  Braun ever said anything like that. We rate this  !
Statement: The 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that up to half of daily marijuana smokers become addicted -- an estimated 2.7 million people in the U.S.
Speaker: susan shapiro
About the speaker:  Susan Shapiro is journalism professor and author or co-author of several books, including  “Unhooked: How to Quit Anything,” and the memoir “Lighting Up.” 
Date: January 15, 2015
Location: rhode island
Topics: drugs;marijuana
Context: a newspaper commentary
Fact-check justification: Susan Shapiro wrote "The 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that up to half of daily marijuana smokers become addicted -- an estimated 2.7 million people in the U.S." The survey found that 5.4 million people reported using marijuana daily or almost daily. A more detailed table from the same survey shows 2.69 million people -- just shy of 2.7 million --  with dependence on marijuana and hashish. Based on that number, and the definitions of addiction from SAMHSA, Hall and Gitlow, we rate Shapiro’s   . (Correction: Susan Shapiro says she is ambivalent about legalizing marijuana. The original version of this item and the headline incorrectly said she opposes legalization.)
Statement: One of three patients hospitalized (is) harmed by the care they receive.
Speaker: kathleen sebelius
About the speaker: Kathleen Sebelius, a Democrat, was the U.S. Health and Human Services secretary from April 2009 through June 2014. She served as Governor of Kansas from 2003 to 2009.
Date: April 19, 2011
Location: georgia
Topics: health care
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: "This is one of the best studies that now gives us a sense of how much harm is happening to patients in American hospitals," Dr. Robert Wachter, chief of medical service at the University of California, San Francisco, Medical Center, told American Medical News. Wachter was not involved in the research. To sum up, Sebelius repeated information from a report that falls in line with other research showing that the problem of medical errors is progressively getting worse. Although the report has not been disputed, there are a few caveats, such as the researchers used a broader definition of adverse events, some of the effects were not life-threatening and the short length of the research of the study. We rate the Sebelius  as .
Statement: For climate change environmentalists, "not a single one of their predictions ever come true.
Speaker: charlie kirk
About the speaker: Charlie Kirk is the founder and president of Turning Point USA, a conservative group that advocates for limited government and free markets.
Date: October 3, 2022
Topics: environment;climate change;facebook fact-checks
Context: a video
Fact-check justification: Schmidt said there are always examples of sensationalized predictions in the scientific community, but Kirk was "clearly implying something about the mainstream scientific community, not unsupported outliers." Our Ruling Kirk says for climate change environmentalists, "not a single one of their predictions ever come . "  The  is not supported by . Many climate predictions have come , including those from government agencies such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which made climate predictions that closely matched observed changes in climate.   We rate this  .
Statement: Under Mayor Byron Brown, "we've been defunding community centers, our pools were closed this summer, we've been defunding senior and youth services.
Speaker: india walton
About the speaker: India Walton won the Democratic primary and is running for mayor in Buffalo, New York, in the 2021 election. She is a Democratic Socialist. 
Date: September 9, 2021
Location: new york
Topics: city budget
Context: a debate
Fact-check justification: Walton said Brown defunded certain city services: community centers, youth and senior programs, and that he shut down pools. Her comments could give the impression that Brown has methodically cut funding in these areas to levels not seen since before he was in office, or that he has cut funding in one area to spend it on another. There have been some budget fluctuations over Brown’s tenure, including years when funding decreased, but even adjusted for inflation, spending in these categories is higher in the 2021-22 budget than when he took office.  It is  the city's outdoor pools were closed this past summer.  We rate this  , because while it contains an element of , it ignores critical facts that would give a different impression.
Statement: The National Academy of Medicine points to a significant correlation between marijuana and psychosis, schizophrenia, and other psychotic disorders, particularly in teenagers where the risk of developing schizophrenia increases three fold.
Speaker: chris kapenga
About the speaker: Republican Chris Kapenga, a certified public accountant and small-business owner, was elected to the Wisconsin Assembly in 2010. He represents the Delafield area west of Milwaukee.
Date: February 10, 2021
Location: wisconsin
Topics: children;drugs;public health;marijuana
Context: Twitter
Fact-check justification: In a tweet, Kapenga said "the National Academy of Medicine points to a significant correlation between marijuana and psychosis, schizophrenia, and other psychotic disorders, particularly in teenagers where the risk of developing schizophrenia increases three fold." There’s extensive research that shows marijuana can lead to psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, particularly if people start using it as children or teenagers. That said, the risk is greatest among frequent users — not those who occasionally light up at a party.  We rate Kapenga’s  .
Statement: There has been a "dramatic expansion of the federal workforce in recent years.
Speaker: sean spicer
About the speaker: Sean Spicer is former press secretary to President Donald Trump. Previously, he was the communications director for the Republican National Committee.
Date: January 23, 2017
Location: national
Topics: federal budget;jobs;workers
Context: the daily press briefing
Fact-check justification: Spicer said there has been a "dramatic expansion of the federal workforce in recent years." A White House news release shows Spicer was referring to the years since the end of the Clinton administration in 2000. The federal civilian workforce has increased at least 17 percent since then, according to OPM data. But choosing this particular time frame is disingenuous, pitting an abnormally low point against a relatively normal point. The average size of the federal workforce between 1944 and 2014 was 2.05 million, not a dramatic departure from 2.08 million in 2014.  Further, a broader set of data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics shows just 2 percent growth over the same time period.   Spicer’s statement has an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. We rate it .
Statement: A Denver International Airport mural of people wearing masks was painted in 1994.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: June 26, 2020
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Facebook posts  that a piece of artwork that shows citizens of the world wearing masks was created in 1994 and is displayed in the Denver International Airport.  While the original artist is still unclear, the image of the piece does not show a mural that was made in 1994 at the airport. We rate this .
Statement: Not a single Republican candidate, announced or potential, is clearly and consistently supporting a path to citizenship. Not one.
Speaker: hillary clinton
About the speaker: Hillary Clinton was the 2016 Democratic nominee for president. She served as U.S. Secretary of State during the first four years of the Obama administration. She is formerly a U.S. senator from New York, first elected in 2000. She was a candidate for president in 2008. She previously served as first lady when her husband, Bill Clinton, served two terms as president. She was born in Chicago in 1947, graduated from Wellesley College and earned a law degree at Yale Law School. She and her husband have one daughter.
Date: May 5, 2015
Location: national
Topics: immigration
Context: Las Vegas, Nev
Fact-check justification: Clinton said, "Not a single Republican candidate, announced or potential, is clearly and consistently supporting a path to citizenship. Not one." She's telling voters who want a path to citizenship that there's no one on the Republican side who supports that issue. That is not accurate. There is one -- Graham. She does have a point that the other dozen or so candidates either have never backed a path to citizenship or have sent mixed signals. On balance, we rate Clinton's  .
Statement: Says Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Eugene DePasquale support "socialized medicine," the Green New Deal and defunding the police.
Speaker: scott perry
About the speaker: Republican Scott Perry was elected as the U.S. representative of Pennsylvania's 4th Congressional District (York, Adams and Cumberland counties) in 2013. He earned re-election in 2018, and due to redistricting, now serves the 10th Congressional District (Dauphin, Cumberland and York counties).
Date: August 31, 2020
Location: pennsylvania
Topics: environment;criminal justice;public health
Context: an ad
Fact-check justification: DePasquale does not support "socialized medicine," the Green New Deal or defunding the police.  We rate Perry’s  .
Statement: Seismic airgun blasting (used for energy exploration) is ... 16,000 times louder than" a conventional airhorn.
Speaker: joe cunningham
About the speaker: Joe Cunningham is a Democrat, elected in 2018, as the U.S. Representative for the 1st District of South Carolina.
Date: March 7, 2019
Location: national
Topics: environment;animals;corrections and updates;energy
Context: a U.S. House hearing
Fact-check justification: Cunningham said that seismic airgun blasting "is 16,000 times louder" than an airhorn. We don't know exactly how whales process sounds, so louder is not the right term. But decibel levels can be compared. Given the range of decibel levels from the seismic arrays, Cunningham is pretty much on the money at the low end of the readings. Above that, Cunningham greatly understated the difference. His statement is largely correct, but it needs some additional context. We rate this . Correction:   A previous version of this fact-check said that the survey permits had been issued. The fact-check now reflects that the NOAA Fisheries agency approved the incidental taking of marine life, a key step before final approval.