chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Just in the past 10 years, college tuition has increased 28 percent.
Speaker: albio sires
About the speaker: Albio Sires is a Democratic congressman representing New Jersey's 13th district, which includes parts of Hudson, Essex, Union and Middlesex counties. Previously, Sires served as a state assemblyman and mayor of West New York in Hudson County.
Date: June 20, 2012
Location: new jersey
Topics: education
Context: a speech on the House floor
Fact-check justification: While discussing a pending increase in interest rates for student loans, Sires said in a speech on the House floor: "Just in the past 10 years, college tuition has increased 28 percent." But according to the College Board, average tuition and fees at public four-year institutions increased by about 72 percent over the last decade. A spokeswoman for the congressman said Sires meant to cite the cost increase at those institutions over the past five years. So, Sires’ figure for the 10-year period is largely off, but his overall point about the rising cost of a college education is solid. We rate the statement . To comment on this ruling, go to NJ.com .
Statement: The unemployment rate among (the) non-college-educated is well into the double digits in America. It's 4 percent or 5 percent for people who have college degrees.
Speaker: rick santorum
About the speaker: Rick Santorum is running for the Republican nomination for president in 2016. He is a former U.S. senator from Pennsylvania and was a Republican presidential candidate in 2012.
Date: November 9, 2011
Location: national
Topics: jobs;workers
Context: Michigan
Fact-check justification: Santorum was correct when he said that the unemployment rate is 4 percent or 5 percent for college graduates; it’s currently 4.4 percent. But he overstated his case when he said that "the unemployment rate among (the) non-college-educated is well into the double digits in America." While relatively high by historical standards, the actual numbers today are not in the double digits, much less well into them. On balance, we rate Santorum’s statement .  UPDATE: After this item appeared, a number of readers asked us to clarify the unemployment rates for people at various educational achievement levels, so we'll provide more detail here. If you take all people except those with a bachelor's degree  -- that is, the sum of high school dropouts, those with only a high school diploma, those with some college but no bachelor's degree, and those with an associate's degree -- the unemployment rate was 9.6 percent. Alternately, if you take people without any college experience -- that is, the sum of high school dropouts and those with only a high school diploma -- the unemployment rate was 10.6 percent. Since neither group was "well into the double digits," as Santorum said, we see no reason to change our ruling.
Statement: It's a sign of fraud that "in 244 counties across the United States, there are more registered voters than there are people legally eligible to vote.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: November 1, 2022
Location: national
Topics: elections;facebook fact-checks
Context: a video shared on Instagram
Fact-check justification: A video on Instagram claimed that it’s a sign of fraud that "in 244 counties across the United States, there are more registered voters than there are people legally eligible to vote." We were not able to verify these figures, but some analyses of county-level data over the years have found cases in which voter rolls appeared to include more people than are eligible. But that fact alone does not signal fraud, experts said. It was also not always clear whether those analyses looked only at active voters. And even if the figures have merit, they represent less than 8% of the counties in the U.S., where national voter data show far fewer people vote than are eligible.  It’s more likely these lengthy rolls reflect voter roll maintenance issues, experts said. The National Voter Registration Act prevents election officials from removing people from voter rolls too quickly — even when they have reason to believe that a person has moved away. Those voters are classified as "inactive voters" while they remain on the rolls, following federal law. We rate this  . RELATED: All our fact-checks about elections.
Statement: Says President Obama promised "he'd keep unemployment below 8 percent" if the stimulus passed.
Speaker: mitt romney
About the speaker: Mitt Romney is a U.S. senator from Utah. He ran for president in 2012 as the Republican nominee, losing to incumbent President Barack Obama. Prior to that, Romney served one term as governor of Massachusetts, elected to the post in 2002. He was born in 1947 in Michigan, where his father was governor from 1963 to 1969. Romney graduated from Brigham Young University and received both a law degree and an MBA from Harvard University. Romney helped found the investment firm Bain Capital in 1984, which launched or rebuilt such companies as Staples and Dominos Pizza. Romney managed the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City from 1999-2002. He ran for president in 2008 but lost the Republican nomination. He and his wife, Ann, have five sons, Tagg, Craig, Matt, Ben and Josh.
Date: May 17, 2012
Location: national
Topics: economy
Context: a private campaign fundraiser
Fact-check justification: Romney told donors he could win over wavering voters by reminding them that Obama said "he'd keep unemployment below 8 percent." Obama didn’t say that. Rather, his Council of Economic Advisers predicted that the stimulus would hold it to that level. Their report included heavy disclaimers that the projections had "significant margins of error" and a high degree of uncertainty due to a recession that is "unusual both in its fundamental causes and its severity." The sub-8 percent prediction did not hold , but it’s still  to characterize it as a promise or guarantee. We rate Romney’s statement .
Statement: Florida school drops Common Core – soars to number one
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: June 27, 2018
Topics: education;facebook fact-checks
Context: a headline
Fact-check justification: Neon Nettle said that "Florida school drops Common Core — soars to number one."  The school never adopted Common Core in the first place. This statement rates .
Statement: The (COVID-19) cases are going up, but it's because the testing is going up.
Speaker: chris kapenga
About the speaker: Republican Chris Kapenga, a certified public accountant and small-business owner, was elected to the Wisconsin Assembly in 2010. He represents the Delafield area west of Milwaukee.
Date: June 29, 2020
Location: wisconsin
Topics: public health;coronavirus
Context: a TV interview
Fact-check justification: Addressing rising COVID-19 case counts in Wisconsin, Kapenga said measures like mandatory mask use aren’t necessary because cases are rising due to increased testing. That’s flat . Experts say there are clear drivers to the recent uptick, like residents in their 20s largely ignoring social distancing. So Kapenga’s attempt to minimize the trend to a result of testing frequency is misguided. Most notably, Kapenga’s core premise is simply not accurate. Testing was dropping, not rising, in late June as cases rose. He defended his  as a "generality," but it’s a generality that hasn’t been  since May. We rate this .
Statement: Dave Aronberg's career legal experience is "less than two years as Asst. AG/private attorney.
Speaker: dan gelber
About the speaker: Dan Gelber is a former Florida state Senator representing Miami Beach. He campaigned to be Florida Attorney General and was defeated on Nov. 2, 2010.
Date: July 26, 2010
Location: florida
Topics: candidate biography
Context: a campaign flier
Fact-check justification: But we find the wording and format pretty . A less-deceptive way to say it, for instance, would be to reverse the lines: "private attorney/less than two years as Asst AG." Or how about: "Less than two years as assistant attorney general," period. Despite that clever use of a second line and a slash, we think the typical reader will be misled. We rate Gelber's  .
Statement: Says immigrant military service members applying for U.S. citizenship "are getting rejected at higher numbers than those who are not veterans.
Speaker: tulsi gabbard
About the speaker: Tulsi Gabbard is a representative of Hawaii’s 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the office in 2012, Gabbard is the first Samoan-American and first Hindu member of the U.S. Congress. She was re-elected in 2014, 2016 and 2018. Gabbard has also been in active service for more than the past 10 years and has served in the Hawaii Army National Guard. Gabbard received a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Hawaii Pacific University. In 2019, she announced she is running for the Democratic nomination for president.
Date: June 1, 2019
Location: national
Topics: immigration;veterans
Context: California
Fact-check justification: Gabbard said that immigrant military service members applying for U.S. citizenship "are getting rejected at higher numbers than those who are not veterans." The latest available citizenship application data supports her . It checks out for the first quarter of fiscal year 2019 and for every quarter of 2018. We rate Gabbard’s statement .
Statement: In New York City, "an entry level janitor gets paid twice as much as an entry level teacher.
Speaker: newt gingrich
About the speaker: Newt Gingrich is a political adviser and author. A former Georgia congressman, Gingrich served as Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. Gingrich sought the GOP nomination for president in 2012.
Date: December 10, 2011
Location: national
Topics: education;jobs;labor
Context: Des Moines, Iowa
Fact-check justification: Gingrich could have argued that the contracts for unionized New York City custodial engineers max out at a higher level than that for teachers; that much is . Instead, he twisted the statistic beyond recognition. Starting custodial engineers do earn more than starting teachers, but not "twice" the amount. Meanwhile, a custodial engineer is a credentialed supervisory position, not an "entry level janitor." When you compare apples to apples -- an entry-level unionized "cleaner" to an entry-level unionized teacher -- the teacher earns 1.4 to 1.6 times more. We rate the statement .
Statement: Documents were published confirming Moderna created the COVID-19 Virus.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: March 14, 2022
Topics: public health;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: an article
Fact-check justification: An article claims that a recent study that found a matching stretch of code in the COVID-19 virus and a synthetic gene sequence patented by Moderna is proof that "Moderna created the COVID-19 virus."  There was a matching 19-nucleotide sequence found, but experts described it as likely coincidental and not definitive  of a lab leak or a creation by Moderna. The study’s authors did not say it proved anything, but rather they hoped their hypothesis would provoke further discussion and experiments. We rate this  .
Statement: Georgia public sector employees do not have a say in the conditions of their employment, do not have bargaining rights or a say in their working conditions.
Speaker: calvine rollins
About the speaker: Calvine Rollins is president of the Georgia Association of Educators.
Date: February 27, 2011
Location: georgia
Topics: unions;workers
Context: an op-ed
Fact-check justification: It seems that the GAE has a point that employees may have little influence when they raise concerns about working conditions. Rollins was trying to make a point that teachers and other public sector employees have trouble addressing their grievances and negotiating the terms of their employment with their bosses. But as Mathis suggested, it could have been more detailed. One part of her statement was correct, the other two had deep holes in them. Her statement lacked some critical details, and under our guidelines, that rates as .
Statement: Sen. Joe Lieberman's "home state has a public option which covers about 10,000 of its citizens that was introduced by its Republican governor.
Speaker: keith olbermann
About the speaker: Keith Olbermann is the host of Countdown with Keith Olbermann on MSNBC.
Date: October 27, 2009
Location: national
Topics: health care;pundits
Context: 'Countdown with Keith Olbermann'
Fact-check justification: The Charter Oak plan does not meet a strict definition of a public option. In fact, it bears some marks of a health insurance exchange, where private plans compete. But ultimately, it is sponsored and subsidized by the state of Connecticut and is open to the public, so Olbermann is  on the mark with his characterization of the program. On his other two points — that 10,000 people are enrolled and that it was introduced by a Republican governor — Olbermann is correct. All in all, we give him a .
Statement: A study by the University of Virginia pulls back the curtain on Medicaid's tragically bad outcomes, including 'increased risk of adjusted mortality.'
Speaker: pete snyder
About the speaker: Pete Snyder is a Virginia entrepreneur and a Fox News contributor. He is seeking the Republican nomination for governor in 2021.
He founded New Media Strategies, a social media marketing agency, in 1999. That company was acquired and Snyder worked as CEO through 2011, but continued as a senior adviser afterwards. In 2012, Snyder founded Disruptor Capital, a firm that invests in technology, marketing and public affairs start-ups in Virginia. 
Snyder graduated from the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, and is a member of the board of visitors there. He unsuccessfully sought the GOP nomination for lieutenant governor in 2013.
Date: March 6, 2013
Location: virginia
Topics: health care;medicaid
Context: a website post
Fact-check justification: Snyder is opposed to expanding Medicaid. He said,  "A study by the University of Virginia   pulls back the curtain on Medicaid’s tragically bad outcomes, including ‘increased risk of adjusted mortality.’" He’s partly right. A U.Va. study in 2010 did find that Medicaid recipients were more likely to die in the hospital during or after operations than all other surgery patients, including those who were uninsured. But he runs into trouble when he suggests that Medicaid is the cause of the high death rate. The authors of the report note that those who qualify for Medicaid are a high-risk group to begin with. We rate Snyder’s  .
Statement: Says U.S. Rep. Tammy Baldwin is backing President Barack Obama's plan to pass a $1.5 trillion tax increase.
Speaker: national republican senatorial committee
About the speaker: The National Republican Senatorial Committee helps elect Republicans to the U.S. Senate.
Date: September 19, 2011
Location: wisconsin
Topics: deficit;federal budget;taxes
Context: a news release
Fact-check justification: Our conclusion The NRSC contended that Baldwin backed $1.5 trillion in tax hikes in Obama’s 10-year deficit plan. Republicans certainly have a case that Baldwin prefers what Obama calls a "balanced" approach to deficit fighting -- revenue hikes along with spending cuts. She may ultimately side with many of Obama’s ideas, which were sent to the congressional "super committee" that is to propose a major debt plan late this year. But the NRSC itself acknowledges Baldwin has not endorsed Obama’s deficit plan, which is a much broader proposal than the Jobs Act. We rate this  .
Statement: Photo shows Pennsylvania Sen. John Fetterman has a body double.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: March 25, 2023
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: John is well on his way to recovery and wanted me to say how grateful he is for all the well wishes. He’s laser focused on PA & will be back soon. pic.twitter.com/143uAhoQRx Differences in Fetterman’s appearance in the close-up photos in the social media posts could result from the photographers’ camera angles, the lens used and the distance from the subject, as several Twitter users pointed out . Body doubles have been a popular conspiracy in recent years — we’ve debunked several involving Biden. We rate the  that photos show Fetterman has a body double !
Statement: Says the federal government threatened to impose a no-fly zone in Texas if state legislators bar airport security officials from performing pat-downs.
Speaker: waco tea party
About the speaker: The Waco Tea Party advocates for limited government, free markets and fiscal responsibility.
Date: May 25, 2011
Location: texas
Topics: public safety;transportation
Context: an e-mail blast
Fact-check justification: -O-Meter says? The feds raised the specter of canceled flights if the Texas bill passes and if a court doesn’t keep it from taking effect. Exactly how those cancelations would play out, the feds declined to say. In any case, that eventuality is not quite the same as threatening to impose a no-fly zone. We rate the statement as .
Statement: The U.S. energy policy is to "borrow money from China to buy oil from countries that don't like us.
Speaker: mark warner
About the speaker: Mark Warner, a Democrat, has represented Virginia in the U.S. Senate since 2009. He serves on the Banking, Budget, Commerce and Intelligence committees. He is the honorary co-chairman of the Forward Together PAC.
Warner gave the keynote address at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Warner previously served as governor of Virginia from 2002 to 2006. He also ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate in 1996. Before public office, Warner was an early investor in the cell phone business, co-founded the company that became Nextel.
Warner was born in Indianapolis, Ind., and grew up in Illinois and Connecticut. Warner graduated from George Washington University, Washington, D.C. He received a law degree from Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Mass.
Date: August 26, 2008
Location: national
Topics: energy
Context: Denver
Fact-check justification: Warner is right in some of the larger themes he's expressing. The United States does borrow more than it saves, and we import large quantities of oil to satisfy our energy needs. But the two phenomena aren't causally related. And you could just as easily say that we're borrowing from a number of other countries to pay for oil. For these reasons, we find his statement .
Statement: Fringe leftists are now advocating for cow fart bags to capture farts as a way to help prevent 'global warming.'
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: July 29, 2019
Topics: climate change;facebook fact-checks
Context: a post on Facebook
Fact-check justification: In 2017, about 9% of U.S. emissions came from the agriculture sector, the agency says. So, yes, scientists are attaching backpacks to cows in order to collect their gas ⁠— burps, not flatulence ⁠— and transform it into renewable energy in an attempt to hamper the levels of methane that the animals release.   But the Facebook post doesn’t explain any of the details of the studies, including the methane’s conversion, and it incorrectly pegs scientists and researchers as "fringe leftists. "  The post contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. We rate it .
Statement: You can collude all you want with a foreign government in an election. There's no such statute" (that makes collusion a crime).
Speaker: gregg jarrett
About the speaker: Gregg Jarrett is a former defense attorney and a host on Fox News.
Date: May 30, 2017
Topics: elections;legal issues;punditfact
Context: an interview on Fox News
Fact-check justification: Jarrett said that "you can collude all you want with a foreign government in an election," because there’s no law that says collusion is a crime. Three prominent election law scholars said there are at least four laws that would prohibit the sort of activities under investigation, whether those laws mention collusion or not. Jarrett’s focus on a single word fails to reflect the reach of the criminal code. We rate this  .
Statement: African-Americans are grossly overrepresented on Florida's death row.
Speaker: randolph bracy
About the speaker: Randolph Bracy served in the Florida House of Representatives between 2012-2016 and was elected to the Florida Senate in 2016. His district consists of parts of Orange County.
Date: April 4, 2017
Location: florida
Topics: death penalty;legal issues;race and ethnicity
Context: a New York Times op-ed
Fact-check justification: Bracy said, "African-Americans are grossly overrepresented on Florida’s death row." African-Americans are overrepresented in terms of their population; black inmates make up twice as large of a share of death row inmates than their share of the state population. The "why" isn’t as easy to answer. National data show that more blacks than whites are convicted of homicides. However, research repeatedly shows that the victim’s race affects a defendant’s sentence: no white person has been executed for killing a black person in Florida. We rate Bracy’s statement .
Statement: Wisconsin, many people may not be aware, actually has 15,000 freshwater lakes. … More than Minnesota.
Speaker: sara meaney
About the speaker: Sara Meaney is the secretary of the Department of Tourism in Wisconsin, appointed in December 2018 by Democratic Gov. Tony Evers.
Date: May 9, 2019
Location: wisconsin
Topics: water
Context: a WTMJ radio appearance
Fact-check justification: Meaney claimed Wisconsin boasts more than 15,000 lakes — "more than Minnesota." But those numbers use vastly different definitions of "lake," with thousands counting toward the tally in Wisconsin that wouldn’t meet the definition in Minnesota. If both states used Minnesota’s 10-acre minimum standard — or really any other reasonable metric — Minnesota has about twice as many lakes. We rate Meaney’s statement . But we’ll still give the tourism department’s spokesman the last word here: "At the end of the day," Trost said, "we are happy to let Minnesota count their lakes and their Super Bowl championships, and we’ll count our own."
Statement: Group "identifies 12,547 illegal votes" in Georgia's 2020 election results, "exceeds margin of victory in the state.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: April 21, 2021
Location: georgia
Topics: elections;facebook fact-checks
Context: articles and social media
Fact-check justification: A headline widely shared on Facebook claimed a group "identifies 12,547 illegal votes" in Georgia's 2020 election results, "exceeds margin of victory in the state." The number is larger than Biden’s margin of victory over Trump in Georgia. The pro-Trump group, whose leader has made other election irregularity claims about the Georgia election that have been discredited, posted a report that provided no data back up its .  We rate the  .
Statement: Biden is currently sending more military equipment to our neighborhoods than Trump did.
Speaker: black lives matter
About the speaker: Black Lives Matter formed after a Florida jury in 2013 found George Zimmerman not guilty of murder in the shooting death of Trayvon Martin, an unarmed African-American teen.
 
Date: April 20, 2021
Location: national
Topics: congress;criminal justice;military
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Black Lives Matter said, "Biden is currently sending more military equipment to our neighborhoods than Trump did." We don’t know how Black Lives Matter is comparing Biden’s short tenure to Trump’s presidency. One quarter of a year doesn’t tell us much about how the program has operated under Biden compared with four years of Trump. But what it does show is that the amount of equipment given to local agencies varies from quarter to quarter but was higher in most Trump quarters than in the time period that includes Biden’s presidency. We rate this statement .