chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: President Obama has raised taxes 19 times.
Speaker: mitt romney
About the speaker: Mitt Romney is a U.S. senator from Utah. He ran for president in 2012 as the Republican nominee, losing to incumbent President Barack Obama. Prior to that, Romney served one term as governor of Massachusetts, elected to the post in 2002. He was born in 1947 in Michigan, where his father was governor from 1963 to 1969. Romney graduated from Brigham Young University and received both a law degree and an MBA from Harvard University. Romney helped found the investment firm Bain Capital in 1984, which launched or rebuilt such companies as Staples and Dominos Pizza. Romney managed the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City from 1999-2002. He ran for president in 2008 but lost the Republican nomination. He and his wife, Ann, have five sons, Tagg, Craig, Matt, Ben and Josh.
Date: January 5, 2012
Location: national
Topics: taxes
Context: an e-mail to the Los Angeles Times
Fact-check justification:     Of the 19 provisions Romney is citing, we conclude that 13 may be reasonably defined as taxes (though of those, only four are already in effect). Of the remaining six provisions Romney cites, we find two that are subject to disagreement and four that are probably not taxes at all. So, more than two-thirds of the 19 provisions Romney cited are pretty clearly taxes, but many of them are narrowly targeted at groups from tanning-bed users to health company CEOs. On balance, we rate the statement .
Statement: Only 2% of K-12 students would benefit from Iowa's school voucher bill.
Speaker: jennifer konfrst
About the speaker: Jennifer Konfrst, a Democrat from Windsor Heights, Iowa, was first elected to the state House in 2018. She became House Minority Leader in 2021.
Date: March 21, 2022
Location: iowa
Topics: education;state budget
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: Jennifer Konfrst stated that only 2 percent of K-12 students in Iowa would benefit from the Putting Students First Act that is moving through the Iowa Legislature. With about 485,000 school children in the state and only 10,000 vouchers available, she is correct.  We rate the statement .
Statement: The United States is "fighting with Iraqis to defeat ISIS along with Iran. But in Yemen we're fighting Iran with Iraqis and Saudis.
Speaker: jon stewart
About the speaker: Jon Stewart is a comedian and host of Comedy Central's The Daily Show.
Date: July 21, 2015
Topics: iraq;military;punditfact
Context: an interview on "The Daily Show"
Fact-check justification: Stewart said the United States is "fighting with Iraqis to defeat ISIS along with Iran. But in Yemen we're fighting Iran with Iraqis and Saudis." As Obama pointed out, Stewart's  is off on a few points — Iran is not an official ally of the United States against ISIS even though both countries are fighting the terrorist group; the United States is not directly fighting Iran in Yemen; and Iraqi soldiers are not involved in the Yemen conflict. But Stewart's overall perspective that the United States and Iran are in the unusual position of fighting against the same enemy in one country and working against each other in another is not too far off the mark. His statement is partially accurate but lacking in some details. So we rate his  .
Statement: Only five Texas counties account for almost 90 percent of the (state's) cattle industry.
Speaker: jeannette vaught
About the speaker: Jeannette Vaught received her BA in English from Vassar College in 2005 and her MA in American Studies from UT in 2009. She is finishing a PhD in American Studies and graduating May 2015. Her dissertation, “Science, Animals, and Profit-Making in the American Rodeo Arena,” documents the scientific enhancement of animals in rodeo and the beef industry from 1965 to the present. While these scientifically created animals transformed rodeo into a modern spectacle and transformed beef into a more efficient consumer product, they also helped to redefine a powerfully gendered conception of "traditional" western culture that helped nationalize western conservative politics into the twenty-first century. 
She is currently teaching an undergraduate seminar, The Cowboy Mystique in American Culture, in which the class examines the figure of the American cowboy as a way to better understand changes in gender, race, power, and global politics over the twentieth century in the United States.
Date: May 4, 2016
Location: texas
Topics: agriculture
Context: the Austin American-Statesman
Fact-check justification: Vaught wrote that only five Texas counties account for 90 percent of the state’s cattle industry. However, after checking with the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service and looking at the most recent inventory, we found the percentage to be far lower. We rate this  .  – The statement is not accurate. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: Gen. Mark Milley "never served in combat.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: February 8, 2023
Topics: military;facebook fact-checks
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: "  When Milley was sworn in a day later, he said of his predecessor, U.S. Marine Corps. Gen. Joe Dunford, that he "served with him in combat" and that he considers Dunford a personal friend whose "friendship was forged with the unbreakable bonds of combat"  Milley has been deployed to Bosnia-Herzegovina, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Somalia, among other places around the world, according to the U.S. Department of Defense. When he was sworn in as U.S. Army Chief of Staff in 2015, the Army noted that he brought an "extensive background of combat experience having deployed in support of numerous operational assignments." His many awards and decorations include an "overseas service ribbon with numeral 5" and he’s "authorized to wear the combat infantryman badge with one star," according to the Association of the U.S. Army.   We rate claims that he’s never served in combat .
Statement: President Obama himself attempted to filibuster Justice Alito, who now sits on the Supreme Court.
Speaker: jon kyl
About the speaker: Jon Kyl represented Arizona in the U.S. Senate from January 3,1995 to January 3, 2013. He served as the Republican party whip from 2007 to 2013. Arizona Gov. Doug Ducey appointed Kyl to succeed Sen. John McCain, who died while in office Aug. 25, 2018.
Date: April 11, 2010
Location: national
Topics: supreme court;this week - abc news
Context: an interview on ABC News' "This Week"
Fact-check justification: Later that day, a report from the Associated Press carried the headline, "Sen. Obama Criticizes Filibuster Tactic." The next day, Democrats failed in their attempt to filibuster on a vote of 72 to 25, with Obama joining 24 other Democrats on the losing end. Obama may have criticized the filibuster even as he joined it, but at the end of the day, he still joined it. Kyl said, "President Obama himself attempted to filibuster Justice Alito, who now sits on the Supreme Court." We rate Kyl's statement .
Statement: The president is advocating a drone strike program in America.
Speaker: rand paul
About the speaker: Rand Paul, a U.S. senator from Kentucky elected in 2010. He ran for president in 2016 before dropping out to seek re-election to the Senate. Paul is a medical doctor and an ophthalmologist. His father is Ron Paul, a 2008 presidential candidate and a former member of Congress from Texas. 
Date: March 6, 2013
Location: national
Topics: civil rights;terrorism
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Rand Paul tweeted that "the president is advocating a drone strike program in America." The attorney general and White House counterterrorism chief haven’t strictly ruled out the use of lethal force against U.S. citizens on American soil, but they said that it would take extraordinary circumstances. We — and all the experts we consulted — see no  that the administration is purposefully advancing the goal of a drone strike program in America. We rate Paul’s  .
Statement: Elena Kagan "violated the law of the United States at various points" with her opposition to military recruiters.
Speaker: jeff sessions
About the speaker: Jeff Sessions is President Donald Trump's Attorney General. He was previously a U.S. Senator from Alabama.
 
Date: May 16, 2010
Location: national
Topics: kagan nomination;military;supreme court;this week - abc news
Context: ABC's "This Week"
Fact-check justification: Some may argue that the Third Circuit decision didn't affect Massachusetts, which is in the First Circuit, and that the Supreme Court was decisive in its reversal of that circuit court decision. So one could also argue that Kagan didn't comply with what the law required, but we think it's a stretch for Sessions to say Kagan "violated the law of the United States at various points in the process." There was at least some legal ambiguity -- for a time -- about Harvard's obligation. And, we note, no money was ever denied to Harvard. And so we rate Sessions' comment .
Statement: Bruce Springsteen, Queen, Pearl Jam and Dave Grohl removed their music from Spotify.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: January 31, 2022
Location: national
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a headline
Fact-check justification: A headline claimed that Bruce Springsteen, Queen, Pearl Jam and Dave Grohl have pulled their music from Spotify. Some artists and content producers have requested that their content be removed from the streaming platform, but there is no  that these musicians are among them. We rate this  .
Statement: Biden invested the entire family fortune in Ukraine gas and oil. Then shuts down Keystone pipeline. Starting to get the picture.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: January 23, 2021
Topics: candidate biography
Context: on social media
Fact-check justification: It’s also well known that Biden, throughout his adulthood, has funneled income into real estate. While the properties he owns are not listed on the disclosure form, a Jan. 20 article by Town & Country magazine cited two homes the family owns, one in Greenville, Del., and a second in Rehoboth Beach, Del. There is no  that any portion of Joe and Jill Biden’s assets are invested in Ukrainian gas and oil, much less that he canceled the pipeline in order to make his investments more valuable. (It’s also not clear that canceling Keystone XL would have had that effect on the Ukrainian oil and gas sector.) We rate the statement .
Statement: Last week Joe Biden flashed the 'white power' sign. President Trump condemned white supremacists yesterday. Why hasn't Joe Biden?
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: October 1, 2020
Location: national
Topics: elections
Context: a tweet from @TrumpWarRoom
Fact-check justification: "As a result, someone who uses the symbol cannot be assumed to be using the symbol in either a trolling or, especially, white supremacist context unless other contextual  exists to support the contention. Since 2017, many people have been falsely accused of being racist or white supremacist for using the ‘okay’ gesture in its traditional and innocuous sense. "  The context of Biden’s gesture was to illustrate "zero." Biden has denounced white supremacy many, many times. We rate this !
Statement: There are "a larger number of shark attacks in Florida than there are cases of voter fraud.
Speaker: american civil liberties union of florida
About the speaker: The American Civil Liberties Union of Florida advocates for "individual rights and personal freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights."
Date: March 1, 2012
Location: florida
Topics: animals;elections
Context: interview on "The Colbert Report"
Fact-check justification: The ACLU’s  is  on its face, but we’re knocking it down a peg with consideration of a few things. One, the state’s count doesn’t represent a complete set of possible fraud being prosecuted in the state. Two, a "case" does not always include just one instance of fraud.    Using the Madison case as an example, we know nine people were arrested in just one case.    We rate this .
Statement: Video shows man diving off a high bridge and into a swimming pool on a moving boat.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: February 18, 2022
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a post
Fact-check justification: Masters’ caption on the edited video says, "Good thing that little pool was there," with emojis of a target and a grinning face sweating. Masters let everyone in on the joke in a Feb. 21 post on Instagram, "So for everyone wondering yes the boat is just a visual effect hahaha, was supposed to be a joke but seriously honored that so many of you guys think I’m crazy enough to try this." He also linked to the original video. A 2020 article about Masters said at that time, he was a competitive diver who hoped to earn a spot on the U.S. Olympic team. We rate the  that a man dove off a bridge and into a swimming pool on a moving boat .
Statement: Videos show that Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy uses cocaine.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: April 23, 2022
Topics: facebook fact-checks;ukraine;russia
Context: social media posts
Fact-check justification: Two videos claimed to show Zelenskyy either using or admitting to using cocaine. The first video purports to show a white powder on Zelenskyy’s desk as he placed a video call to Musk. But the video was doctored to include the substance, which is not in the original. The second video appears to show Zelenskyy talking about using cocaine regularly, but the video was deceptively edited to reorder Zelenskyy’s words. In reality, Zelenskyy denied using drugs. We rate these videos !
Statement: Most of the people who have signed up through the Obamacare exchanges "already had insurance.
Speaker: rich lowry
About the speaker: Rich Lowry is the editor of National Review.
Date: March 23, 2014
Topics: health care;punditfact
Context: a broadcast of NBC's "Meet the Press"
Fact-check justification: Lowry said reports show that most of the people signing up through the Obamacare exchanges already had insurance. The McKinsey report he cited did not address his specific point. It examined the individual insurance market as a whole, regardless of how people found their insurance plans. While Lowry couched his  with the caveat, "if you believe the surveys," it doesn’t matter if you believe the McKinsey survey. The survey did not describe the performance of Obamacare. An analyst cited by Lowry confirmed this point. There are other data from other states that Lowry could have cited that would suggest a greater impact on the number of uninsured people. But that is also flawed. The fact is, we have no clear data and to say most of the people already had insurance sidesteps an information gap. We rate this  .
Statement: Says COVID-19 has killed more North Carolinians in a year than the flu has in 10 years.
Speaker: mandy cohen
About the speaker: Mandy Cohen, secretary of the N.C. Department of Health and Human Services, was appointed by Democratic Gov. Roy Cooper.
Date: December 1, 2020
Location: north carolina
Topics: coronavirus
Context: a press conference
Fact-check justification: Cohen said COVID-19 has killed more North Carolinians in a year than the flu has in the last 10 years. By the North Carolina health department’s count, there have been 5,200 COVID-19 deaths this year and 1,486 flu deaths over the last decade. Cohen’s  also tracks with data collected by the CDC, according to an agency spokesman. However, the CDC points out that exact numbers can be tricky to count because there are sometimes delays in processing death information. We rate her statement .
Statement: Bill Lynch told three lies in ten seconds
Speaker: anthony gemma
About the speaker: Anthony Gemma is the former president and CEO of Gem Plumbing who ran unsuccessfully for Congress in the 1st District in 2010 and in 2012. He headed up his family's company from 2001 to 2008 when he left to start Mediapeel, a marketing firm. Gemma is also the co-founder and president of the Gloria Gemma Breast Cancer Resource Foundation.
Date: August 19, 2010
Location: rhode island
Topics: campaign finance;candidate biography
Context: a news release following a candidate debate
Fact-check justification: While Lynch’s claims might have warranted a check, Gemma trumped them by putting out a news release that was intended to be provocative. Instead of just pointing out Lynch’s inaccuracies, he called him a liar and he cited a precise time frame. Neither point was completely right and Gemma deserves to be called out on that. But the meat of what Gemma said about his opponent's accusations was correct. So we’ll give him a .
Statement: There's no negative advertising in my campaign at all.
Speaker: bill mccollum
About the speaker: Bill McCollum is a former Florida Attorney General. He campaigned to be governor and was defeated in the Republican primary on Aug. 24, 2010. 
Date: July 29, 2010
Location: florida
Topics: elections
Context: talking with reporters
Fact-check justification: But calling your opponent Mr. Slick, or dressing him up in a fedora and trench coat meets a common-sense definition of negative advertising. So does an abortion mailer with blood-red type, or a TV ad that focuses entirely on your opponent, and uses gimmicks like spooky music and grainy photos. McCollum said "there's no negative advertising in my campaign at all." But there's plenty of  to the contrary, and a seasoned campaigner like McCollum has to know it. We rate his  !
Statement: After J.D. Hayworth "was voted out of Congress, he became a registered lobbyist" who was "paid thousands by a Florida corporation to lobby the very committee he used to serve on.
Speaker: john mccain
About the speaker: John McCain was a U.S. senator from Arizona, a post he held from 1987 to his death in 2018. He previously served two terms in the U.S. House. He was the Republican nominee for president in 2008. McCain was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and spent his career in the military, as his father did. He was a combat pilot in Vietnam who was shot down and spent 5 1/2 years as a prisoner of war. He was born in 1936 in Panama. 
Date: June 7, 2010
Location: national
Topics: candidate biography;ethics;message machine 2010;transparency
Context: a campaign commercial
Fact-check justification: So the Wealth Transfer Group gig appears to have been his only lobbying job after leaving Congress. And in the grand scheme of Washington lobbying, having one client for a couple months that paid $10,000 is pretty small peanuts. Still, these forms show enough information to make McCain's ad accurate. Hayworth was indeed a registered lobbyist, he worked for a Florida company, and he said he would be lobbying on tax issues, which meant targeting his old colleagues on the Ways and Means Committee. We rate McCain's ad .
Statement: Cover Florida "is available to any Floridian, offering basic coverage for about $150 a month, instead of the typical $600 a month.
Speaker: charlie crist
About the speaker: Charlie Crist lost the race for Florida governor as the Democratic candidate in 2022. He served as a U.S. congressman from St. Petersburg since 2017 and resigned Aug. 31, 2022 to focus on his campaign.  As a Republican, Crist served as governor from 2007 to 2011. Crist left the Republican Party in 2010 to mount a campaign for the U.S. Senate as an independent. Crist lost the race to Marco Rubio. In 2012, he endorsed President Barack Obama and announced that he had registered as a Democrat. He lost his race as a Democratic candidate for governor in 2014.
Date: March 2, 2010
Location: florida
Topics: health care
Context: the State of the State address
Fact-check justification: Also, insurers in the individual market can deny coverage for pre-existing conditions. So Crist's overall point has some  to it -- you can get basic coverage for $150. But he's doing some artful cherry-picking. He chose the lowest average rate for Cover Florida ($150, when the other plan costs $327) and a very high number for the private market ($600, when studies show it would cost more in the range of $160-$400.) That's such a significant difference that we find his  .
Statement: The ACLU didn't call for an investigation (of the Newark police department), they called for an immediate federal monitor.
Speaker: cory booker
About the speaker: Cory Booker is a senator from New Jersey. He was first elected to the Senate in 2013, making him the first African-American senator from New Jersey and the first African-American elected to the Senate since Barack Obama in 2004. Booker served as mayor of Newark from 2006 until 2013. He has a bachelor's degree in political science and a master’s degree in sociology from Stanford University, an honors degree in United States history from The Queens College as a Rhodes Scholar and a J.D. from Yale Law School. In 2019, he ran for the Democratic nomination for president and suspended his campaign in January 2020.
Date: May 10, 2011
Location: new jersey
Topics: ethics;crime
Context: a radio interview on the Brian Lehrer show
Fact-check justification: He declined to comment to PolitiFact New Jersey, according to spokeswoman Anne Torres. To review: The mayor tried to downplay the controversy by saying the ACLU called for a federal monitor of the Newark Police Department instead of requesting an investigation. Yet the first sentence of the ACLU’s petition to the Department of Justice requests an investigation. We rate Booker's statement . To comment on this ruling, go to NJ.com .
Statement: In the first 24 to 36 hours of the operation in Libya, "you saw $115 million go downrange because a Tomahawk cruise missile is a little over $1 million each.
Speaker: allen west
About the speaker: Allen West announced in July 2021 that he is running for the Republican primary for Texas governor. He served for about a year as chairman of the Texas Republican Party, stepping down in June 2021. West represented Florida's 22nd congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 2011 to 2013. Lieutenant Colonel West retired from the Army in 2004 after 22 years of service.
Date: June 20, 2011
Location: florida
Topics: military
Context: a Fox News interview
Fact-check justification: And West didn't note that some of the Tomahawks were fired by U.S. allies. But still, close enough. But there are a couple of caveats -- namely, that the U.S. already had those missiles in stock, so it doesn't represent new spending. And initial costs in a military intervention are always higher, experts told us. We rate this  .