chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Sen. Rubio has the worst vote attendance record of any Florida senator in nearly 50 years.
Speaker: patrick murphy
About the speaker: Patrick Murphy won his first seat in 2012 for the U.S. House of Representatives representing District 18 in Florida. Murphy lost a U.S. Senate race against Marco Rubio in 2016. 
Date: August 31, 2016
Location: florida
Topics: voting record
Context: a statement
Fact-check justification: Murphy said, "Sen. Rubio has the worst vote attendance record of any Florida senator in nearly 50 years." Rubio has the highest absentee rate since Smathers, who left office in 1969. There are plenty of ways to slice the data: Some senators missed more votes overall, and his record is largely in line with other presidential candidates from the U.S. Senate. It’s important to keep those points in mind, but the roll call has been recorded. We rate the statement . Editor's note, Sept. 3, 2016: This fact-check was updated to clarify the time span of Marco Rubio's and Bob Graham's presidential campaigns. https://www.sharethefacts.co/share/c01d97ae-d882-4acc-8e49-158f10a44b8f
Statement: Honduras "bans citizens from owning guns" and has the "highest homicide rate in the entire world." Switzerland, with a similar population, "requires citizens to own guns" and has the "lowest homicide rate in the entire world.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: September 25, 2015
Topics: crime;punditfact
Context: a viral Internet post
Fact-check justification: The viral post aims to jolt readers with a counterintuitive implication: Gun laws can lead to deadly unintended consequences. But the post is flawed on many levels. The comparison based on similar population size alone is shallow, and non-scientific. Moreover, Switzerland does not have the world’s lowest homicide level, and the post is flatly  about the laws in each country. This  rates !
Statement: The health care bill "dumps 15 to 18 million low-income Americans into a Medicaid program that none of us want to be a part of because 50 percent of doctors won't see new patients.
Speaker: lamar alexander
About the speaker: Lamar Alexander is the senior senator from Tennessee.
Date: February 25, 2010
Location: national
Topics: health care;poverty
Context: the televised health care summit
Fact-check justification: In the first part of his statement, Alexander is in the ballpark: Anywhere from 15 to 18 million new patients could enroll in Medicaid if the health care overhaul is put into law. We also found that Alexander's underlying point, that some Medicaid patients might have trouble finding doctors, is a valid concern. But he overstates the percentage of doctors that won't accept new Medicaid patients and based that  on old data. As a result, we find Alexander's  to be .
Statement: Commercial buses in the United States have "a stellar safety record, a safety record that exceeds that of any other commercial mode or surface transportation mode.
Speaker: peter pantuso
About the speaker: Peter J. Pantuso is president and chief executive officer of the American Bus Association, North America's largest motorcoach, tour and travel association. Pantuso oversees the association's daily operations, including government affairs; policy; communications; meetings and education programs.
Date: June 7, 2011
Location: virginia
Topics: public safety;transportation
Context: a speech at a press conference
Fact-check justification: So buses have a strong  as the safest mode of surface transportation. But when it comes to moving passengers safely, nothing tops commercial air travel. The death rate of airlines is much lower than that of commercial buses. Pantuso was right about buses being the safest form of surface transportation, but  about them being the safest form of all commercial transportation. We’ll split the difference and rate his  .
Statement: This idea that it's the pandemic of the unvaccinated, it's just a total lie.
Speaker: aaron rodgers
About the speaker: Aaron Rodgers is a quarterback in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers. 
Date: November 5, 2021
Location: national
Topics: public health;science;sports;wisconsin;coronavirus
Context: an interview on the Pat McAfee Show
Fact-check justification: Rodgers claimed that the idea that the pandemic being one of the unvaccinated is a "total lie."  The virus started and spread among unvaccinated people before vaccines were developed and rolled out, and COVID-19 variants like the delta variant were first detected among populations that were unvaccinated.  Vaccinated people can catch COVID-19, but at much lower rates than those who are unvaccinated. They are even less likely to be hospitalized or die from the virus. Fewer than 3% of people in the U.S. have immune system deficiencies, which puts them at a higher risk of catching COVID-19. The CDC recommends that people with moderate to severe immunodeficiencies get a third dose of the vaccine to build up immunity. We rate Rodgers’  .
Statement: Charlie Crist broke the quarter "record for fundraising in a U.S. Senate race in Florida.
Speaker: charlie crist
About the speaker: Charlie Crist lost the race for Florida governor as the Democratic candidate in 2022. He served as a U.S. congressman from St. Petersburg since 2017 and resigned Aug. 31, 2022 to focus on his campaign.  As a Republican, Crist served as governor from 2007 to 2011. Crist left the Republican Party in 2010 to mount a campaign for the U.S. Senate as an independent. Crist lost the race to Marco Rubio. In 2012, he endorsed President Barack Obama and announced that he had registered as a Democrat. He lost his race as a Democratic candidate for governor in 2014.
Date: December 18, 2009
Location: florida
Context: an e-mail to supporters from campaign manager Eric Eikenberg
Fact-check justification: Crist raked in $4.37 million in his first campaign fundraising quarter and has raised $6.89 million through September. Nelson raised $6.53 million for his entire 2000 race, compared with $8.66 million for that year's GOP candidate, Bill McCollum. In the 1998 campaign between Crist and former Sen. Bob Graham, the candidates combined to raise about $7 million. Crist's take from May 12 to June 30 is the largest three-month gain for any Senate candidate in Florida history. We rate the Crist campaign  .
Statement: We won (Wisconsin in 2016) not so late in the evening — a little bit early in the evening, actually, which is even better.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: July 12, 2019
Location: wisconsin
Topics: elections
Context: a speech at Derco Aerospace
Fact-check justification: Trump said he won Wisconsin "a little bit early in the evening" in 2016. Fox News did project a Trump victory here by 10:30 p.m., but it was an outlier. The AP and CNN didn’t call Wisconsin for Trump until about 1:30 a.m. And calling the Fox News projection "early" is a stretch anyhow, since about 80% of states had been called by that point. We rate Trump’s  .
Statement: Ethanol reduced gas prices by 89 cents per gallon in 2010, and if ethanol disappeared, gas prices could rise by as much as 92 percent.
Speaker: renewable fuels association
About the speaker: The Renewable Fuels Association is a trade group representing the ethanol industry.
Date: June 22, 2011
Location: national
Topics: agriculture;energy
Context: Washington, D.C., Metro stations
Fact-check justification: Even if more sweeping changes than those in the Senate bill were imposed, independent experts tell us that the likelihood of the industry’s sudden collapse would be remote. So while changing or eliminating the law on ethanol subsidies might have an impact on prices at the pump, it’s highly unlikely that the industry would cease to exist -- so the immediate impact on gasoline prices would be less than 89 cents, and even lower as markets adjust in the longer term. We rate the Renewable Fuels Association  .    Editor's note: This statement was rated  when it was published. On July 27, 2011, we changed the name for the rating to .
Statement: Says his administration's efforts have led to more school reopenings.
Speaker: joe biden
About the speaker: Joe Biden is the president of the United States. A Democrat, Biden served as a Delaware senator from 1973 (elected at the age of 29) until 2009. During his time in the Senate, he served as chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, chair of the International Narcotics Control Caucus and chair of the Judiciary Committee. He subsequently served as Barack Obama’s vice president from 2009 to 2016. Biden launched unsuccessful presidential campaigns in 1988 and 2008. He received a degree in history and political science from the University of Delaware and his J.D. from Syracuse School of Law. 
Date: April 21, 2021
Location: national
Topics: education;coronavirus
Context: remarks
Fact-check justification: Biden says his administration’s efforts have led to more school reopenings. Biden cited guidelines issued by the CDC, his announcement to prioritize vaccinating educators and the passage of the American Rescue Plan. We found it’s difficult to pinpoint the factors that drove more schools to reopen in 2021. While some of the Biden administration’s actions helped, many states and schools were already moving toward more in-person learning when those initiatives were announced. Other factors also played a role, including COVID-19 infection rates, overall vaccination rates, pressure from parents and decisions by local and state officials.  We rate this statement . RELATED: Evaluating President Joe Biden’s first 100 days in office RELATED: Capito correct that school funding in Biden’s relief bill extends through 2028 RELATED: COVID-19 far less dangerous to kids, but  to say they ‘are not affected’
Statement: Says Ted Cruz "has pledged to eliminate" the U.S. Department of Education, which would end federal aid to college students.
Speaker: paul sadler
About the speaker: Paul Sadler, a lawyer who previously worked with the Wind Coalition energy advocacy group, served in the Texas House from 1991 through 2003, an East Texas district around Henderson. He was his party's 2012 U.S. Senate nominee.
Date: September 26, 2012
Location: texas
Topics: education;federal budget
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: Sadler said Cruz wants to eliminate the U.S. Department of Education and that federal college student aid would vanish as a result. Cruz has been clear about wanting the agency gone -- and we also see the rationale behind saying, or speculating, that killing the department would end all its functions, including the provision of college aid. However, there is no record of Cruz confirming or even discussing that desire before the day Sadler issued this press release. Also, Cruz was recently quoted as saying he would preserve vital department functions such as teacher training, an indication he doesn’t favor dropping everything the agency does. We rate Sadler’s  as .
Statement: On average, 65% of gun deaths in America are from suicides.
Speaker: jason miyares
About the speaker: Del. Jason Miyares is the 2021 Republican nominee for Virginia attorney general. A Virginia Beach resident, he became the first Cuban-American elected to the General Assembly in 2015. He is a lawyer and former prosecutor.
Miyares grew up in Virginia Beach. He's a graduate of James Madison University and the College of William & Mary School of Law.   
Date: August 13, 2019
Location: virginia
Topics: criminal justice
Context: a radio interview
Fact-check justification: Miyares, in promoting his red-flag bill, said, "On average, 65% of gun deaths in America are from suicides." His figure slightly overstates a sad situation. CDC data shows that 62% of gun deaths from 2008 to 2017 were suicides. We rate his statement .
Statement: Says Hillary Clinton "completely ignored" "dozens and dozens of requests for more security" for the Benghazi consulate.
Speaker: rand paul
About the speaker: Rand Paul, a U.S. senator from Kentucky elected in 2010. He ran for president in 2016 before dropping out to seek re-election to the Senate. Paul is a medical doctor and an ophthalmologist. His father is Ron Paul, a 2008 presidential candidate and a former member of Congress from Texas. 
Date: April 12, 2015
Location: national
Topics: candidate biography;terrorism
Context: comments on CNN's "State of the Union"
Fact-check justification: Paul said Clinton "didn't provide the security, not just that day, for nine months," for the consulate in Benghazi, and she completely ignored "dozens and dozens of requests for more security." The numerous requests from officials on the ground in Libya for better security for the Benghazi compound are undeniable and well-documented, though saying "dozens and dozens" might be an overstatement. Paul is treading into uncertain waters in saying Clinton flat-out ignored those requests. No one has shown Clinton willfully ignored the cries for help from Libya. Paul did not  cables went to Clinton directly as he has in the past, but he came fairly close. His statement is partially accurate but takes things out of context. We rate it .
Statement: By the word religion in the First Amendment, the founders meant Christianity.
Speaker: bryan fischer
About the speaker: Bryan Fischer is the host of the daily 'Focal Point' radio talk program on American Family Radio
Date: December 10, 2013
Topics: corrections and updates;history;religion;punditfact
Context: a broadcast of "Focal Point"
Fact-check justification: Fischer said that when the founders used the word "religion" in the First Amendment, they meant Christianity. Fischer cites one Supreme Court justice who expressed that view in 1833. On the other side, we have the writings of Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, and the opinions of scholars. We were unable to find much merit to this . We rate it .
Statement: Georgia has had ʺmore bank failures than any other state.ʺ
Speaker: lynn westmoreland
About the speaker: Rep. Lynn Westmoreland is a Republican from Georgia.
Date: October 8, 2011
Location: georgia
Topics: bankruptcy
Context: a meeting
Fact-check justification: The banks in Georgia lost less than Florida and other states such as California. Those failed Georgia banks had fewer assets than those in California, Florida and Illinois. Westmoreland was not talking about the size of those bank failures when he spoke in Coweta County. The congressman said bank failures. Therefore, we rate his statement .
Statement: Shows a waitress saying, "I lost my job. But I'll sleep better knowing" that the coronavirus relief bill included funding for the Kennedy Center, refugee resettlement, PBS, and congressional salaries: "Thanks, Democrats
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: March 27, 2020
Topics: federal budget;jobs;public health;workers;coronavirus
Context: social media
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post shows a waitress saying, "I lost my job. But I'll sleep better knowing" that the coronavirus relief bill included funding for the Kennedy Center, refugee resettlement, PBS, and congressional salaries: "Thanks, Democrats." While the post oversimplifies some of those provisions, they are indeed part of the bill.  However, the post gives the strong impression that the bill offers nothing to laid-off workers, and that’s flat . Every American earning less than the income caps will get a $1,200 check, and anyone who starts drawing unemployment payments will see those topped up by additional federal payments of $600 a month. Also, the bill that was passed received almost blanket support from both Republicans and Democrats. We rate the statement .
Statement: Trump supporters are heading to the border as the migrant caravan approaches.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: November 5, 2018
Topics: fake news;facebook fact-checks
Context: a post on Facebook
Fact-check justification: It’s unclear how many militia group members will wind up at the border in addition to the couple hundred the Army estimates are already there. Still, news reports indicate that action is afoot, even if it’s just collecting cash for the cause. One Oregon woman said she had raised about $4,000 online before Halloween to help militias buy supplies, according to the AP . We rate this  .
Statement: Says Newt Gingrich "has said that we should make the 11 million illegal workers that are in this country legal.
Speaker: michele bachmann
About the speaker: Michele Bachmann, first elected to the U.S. Congress in 2006, represents the 6th Congressional District of Minnesota. She was reelected in 2008. Previously, she served in the Minnesota State Senate. Prior to that, she spent five years as a federal tax litigation attorney. Bachmann and her husband, Marcus, who have five children and have opened their home to 23 foster children, live in Stillwater, Minn., and own a mental health care practice.
Date: November 23, 2011
Location: georgia
Topics: immigration
Context: an interview
Fact-check justification: He has not said all illegal immigrants working here "should be made legal." Bachmann has implied something different when she said Gingrich "has said that we should make the 11 million illegal workers that are in this country legal." She has transformed Gingrich’s nuanced statement into an all-or-nothing pronouncement. And she has done so to win favor with a sector of the GOP base opposed to any compromise on illegal immigration. We find Bachmann’s statement  and rate it .
Statement: U.S. agricultural & food exports are expected to increase more than $2 billion annually under #USMCA
Speaker: roy blunt
About the speaker: Roy Blunt is the junior U.S. senator from Missouri. He was formerly a U.S. representative from Missouri’s 7th district, and served for six years as the Republican whip in that chamber.
Date: August 13, 2019
Location: missouri
Topics: trade
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Blunt said in a Facebook post, "U.S. agricultural & food exports are expected to increase more than $2 billion annually under #USMCA." The consensus is that the USMCA could increase trade exports by $2.2 billion annually, but that tells only part of the story. The increase is just 1.1% nationally, and probably less for Missouri because the state produces so little dairy. Still, this  is correct, so we rate this statement .
Statement: All legislative mail, from the content to the timing, is approved by the speaker's office.
Speaker: jim kyle
About the speaker: Kyle has served in the Tennessee senate since 1983 and as the Senate’s Democratic leader since 2005.
Date: September 29, 2012
Location: tennessee
Topics: campaign finance
Context: the Clarksville Leaf-Chronicle
Fact-check justification: The Democratic leader pointed out that, with Republicans in control of the Legislature, they in general benefit more from the constituent communications accounts than do members of the minority party. And he correctly noted in comments to the Leaf-Chronicle that Barnes followed all the rules. But by going on to declare that all legislative mail requires approval of the speaker, Kyle erred. We rule this statement as .
Statement: Just on Jan. 1 of this year, there were 40,000 new laws put on the books in one day.
Speaker: ron paul
About the speaker: Ron Paul, a Texas physician, served two stints in the U.S. House. He also was the Libertarian Party nominee for president in 1988 before later seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 2008 and 2012. He didn't seek re-election to the House in 2012.
Date: April 10, 2012
Location: texas
Topics: legal issues;states
Context: a speech at Texas A&M University
Fact-check justification: Our sense is that Paul’s figure originated in the NCSL press release saying that legislatures in 2011 passed more than 40,000 bills and resolutions into law. From the top, Paul's reference is a little , considering that he was stumping for federal office and followed his statement by railing against the Federal Register. Clarification is needed. Most significantly, it looks like 40,000 proposals did not pass into law, not in all of 2011 and certainly not on a single day, contrary to Paul's statement. Also, it looks like many of the proposals were non-statutory resolutions. We rate Paul's  as .
Statement: Mitt Romney opposed the gun lobby, even Ronald Reagan.
Speaker: log cabin republicans
About the speaker: The Log Cabin Republicans are an advocacy group that wants the Republican Party to be more inclusive on gay and lesbian issues.
Date: October 4, 2007
Location: national
Topics: guns
Fact-check justification: I said, `No, I'm my own person.'" Romney's explanations not withstanding, the sly TV from the Log Cabin Republicans accurately portrays his positions from previous races. Could the group have made it clear that Romney's statements today have a different tenor? Yes. But we still find the substance of their statements correct, so we give them a .
Statement: During the pandemic, "I've been in D.C. voting regularly.
Speaker: mark pocan
About the speaker: Mark Pocan was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in the 2nd Congressional District on Nov. 6, 2012. He is from Madison and previously served as a Democratic member of the Wisconsin state Assembly. 
Date: May 20, 2021
Location: wisconsin
Topics: congress;voting record
Context: Twitter
Fact-check justification: In 2021, Pocan has regularly been in D.C. for votes, voting by proxy only on inauguration day when access to the U.S. Capitol was limited, and two votes he missed after a flight got him into town after votes had started.   But looking back to 2020, Pocan utilized the proxy system much more often, using it for 39 votes in October, November and December, and several other times from May through September. An aide said Pocan was following the advice of his doctor, because of a diagnosed heart disease.   Whatever the reason, Pocan picked a narrow period to respond to much broader criticism. We rate this  as , which means the statement is partially accurate, but leaves out important details or takes things out of context.
Statement: Says Mitt Romney "backed a bill that outlaws all abortions, even in cases of rape and incest.
Speaker: barack obama
About the speaker: Barack Obama is the former president of the United States. Obama also served as a U.S. senator from Illinois. He was born in 1961 in Hawaii, where his parents met as students at the University of Hawaii. Obama's father is from Kenya and his mother is from Kansas. He graduated from Columbia University and received his law degree from Harvard Law School. Obama previously served in the Illinois state Senate and was an instructor at the University of Chicago Law School. He and his wife, Michelle, have two daughters, Malia and Sasha.
Date: July 24, 2012
Location: national
Topics: abortion;message machine 2012
Context: a TV ad
Fact-check justification: It has no  that Romney explicitly opposed the exception for rape and incest. While he supported the "human life amendment," there are many versions and the most recent ones allow abortion after rape or incest. And it's worth noting that in 2011, Romney declared that has said he supports those exceptions. In its effort to appeal to women, the Obama campaign has twisted Romney's position to a  degree. We rate the  .