chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Saudi Arabia has the third-largest military budget in the entire world.
Speaker: bernie sanders
About the speaker: Bernie Sanders is a senator from Vermont. Sanders was first elected to the Senate in 2007 and was re-elected in 2012 and 2018. The senator also ran an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 2016, losing the Democratic primary to Hillary Clinton. From 1991 until 2007, he was the representative of Vermont’s At-Large District of the House of Representatives. Sanders was the mayor of Burlington from 1981 to 1989. He received a bachelor’s degree in political science from the University of Chicago. In 2019, he announced he was running for the Democratic nomination for president and dropped out in April 2020.
Date: August 30, 2015
Location: national
Topics: military
Context: comments on ABC's "This Week"
Fact-check justification: Sanders said, "Saudi Arabia has the third-largest military budget in the entire world." While there are a few different ways to calculate this statistic, both studies we looked at placed the size of Saudi Arabia’s military budget at or near No. 3 in the world. We rate Sanders’  .
Statement: Joe Biden described America as "the foothills of the Himalayas with Xi Jinping.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: February 25, 2023
Topics: china;facebook fact-checks
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: And possibilities. We're the only ones. That's why we're viewed as the ‘ugly Americans.’ We think anything is possible." We rate claims that Biden described America as "the foothills of the Himalayas with Xi Jinping" .
Statement: Says Clinton did not read the National Intelligence Estimate before voting for the Iraq war.
Speaker: barack obama
About the speaker: Barack Obama is the former president of the United States. Obama also served as a U.S. senator from Illinois. He was born in 1961 in Hawaii, where his parents met as students at the University of Hawaii. Obama's father is from Kenya and his mother is from Kansas. He graduated from Columbia University and received his law degree from Harvard Law School. Obama previously served in the Illinois state Senate and was an instructor at the University of Chicago Law School. He and his wife, Michelle, have two daughters, Malia and Sasha.
Date: March 1, 2008
Location: national
Topics: iraq
Context: Westerville, Ohio
Fact-check justification: To read the report, members of Congress had to go to a secure location in the U.S. Capitol. The Washington Post reported in 2004 that no more than six senators and a handful of representatives had logged and read the report beyond a five-page executive summary. In the end, 29 out of 50 Democrats in the chamber voted in favor of the resolution, rejecting arguments by opponents led by Sen. Robert C. Byrd of West Virginia that it amounted to giving President Bush unlimited authority to wage war, akin to the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin resolution authorizing military action during the Vietnam War. We find Obama's accusation is accurate because Clinton said she relied on in-person briefings from the administration. We find Obama's statement to be .
Statement: A middle-class family donates $1 to charity, they get 15 cents off their income tax. Bill Gates donates $1 to charity, he takes 35 cents off his income tax.
Speaker: robert gibbs
About the speaker: Robert Gibbs served as White House press secretary for President Barack Obama. He now is a Democratic consultant.
Date: March 5, 2009
Location: national
Topics: taxes
Context: a White House briefing
Fact-check justification: It's worth noting that the rich only enjoy bigger deductions because they pay more taxes — a top tax rate of 35 percent instead of 15 percent, and an estate tax on top of that. But it's also  that a charitable contribution of, say, $1,000 will take a much bigger bite out of a middle-class person's income than a high earner's. That's all academic though. The bottom line is that Gibbs' number are accurate. We find this  to be .
Statement: After a bridge collapse killed six people, Carlos Gimenez extended a $130 million contract to the construction company, where one of his sons worked and for which another lobbied.
Speaker: debbie mucarsel-powell
About the speaker: Debbie Mucarsel-Powell, a Democrat, was elected to the U.S. House in 2018.
Date: August 21, 2020
Location: florida
Topics: county budget;county government;infrastructure
Context: an ad
Fact-check justification: Mucarsel-Powell claimed that after a March 2018 bridge collapse that killed six people, Gimenez extended a $130 million contract to the construction company, where one of his sons worked and for which another lobbied. The two sons did work for the company in the period leading up to when Florida International University announced that the company would participate in the bridge construction, but cut formal ties before the bridge collapse. The Miami Herald reported that an unnamed source said C.J. Gimenez offered the firm pro bono communications advice after the bridge collapse.  Nearly a year after the accident, Gimenez extended part of a 2011 contract with the company for airport construction work. The county board approved the extension. For a statement that is partially accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context, our rating is .
Statement: Jim Jordan told Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, "You're just dumb.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: July 17, 2022
Topics: congress;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: It next shows a clip of Jordan speaking in 2021 as the House debated impeaching former President Donald Trump a second time. Finally, there’s a clip of Jordan defending then-Attorney General William Barr in 2020. Ocasio-Cortez is not featured.   We looked more broadly online for  that Jordan said this to Ocasio-Cortez and found no credible sources to corroborate the Facebook post.   We rate it .
Statement: Says he's the one who gave the nickname "Mad Dog" to former Defense Secretary James Mattis.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: June 3, 2020
Topics: military
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Trump said that Mattis’ "nickname was ‘Chaos,’ which I didn’t like, & changed to ‘Mad Dog.’" This is the second time that Trump has said he gave Mattis his "Mad Dog" nickname, but it’s flat . The nickname dates back at least as far as 2004, when it was used in the headline of a Los Angeles Times article — 12 years before Trump first used the nickname publicly as he was considering Mattis as his Defense Secretary. We rate the statement .
Statement: Says Bernie Sanders "wants higher standards for toy guns than real guns.
Speaker: hillary clinton
About the speaker: Hillary Clinton was the 2016 Democratic nominee for president. She served as U.S. Secretary of State during the first four years of the Obama administration. She is formerly a U.S. senator from New York, first elected in 2000. She was a candidate for president in 2008. She previously served as first lady when her husband, Bill Clinton, served two terms as president. She was born in Chicago in 1947, graduated from Wellesley College and earned a law degree at Yale Law School. She and her husband have one daughter.
Date: April 6, 2016
Location: national
Topics: legal issues;voting record;guns
Context: a CNN interview
Fact-check justification: Clinton said Sanders "wants higher standards for toy guns than real guns." Clinton points to the fact that Sanders voted in favor of a 2005 law granting the gun industry certain immunity from lawsuits. In her camp are scholars who believe the law made the gun industry less susceptible to liability than other industries, including the toy gun industry. But other scholars think the law made the gun industry’s liability about the same as that of a toy gun manufacturer. And because real guns carry so much more risk for injury than toy guns, it’s hard to compare them effectively.   This is a complex legal question, on which reasonable minds can disagree. Given this disagreement, and the fact that it’s impossible to know how Sanders would vote if a similar legislation concerning the toy industry were to arise, we rate Clinton’s  .
Statement: In 2009, his first year as mayor," Julián Castro "received a seven-figure referral fee" that smells like a dirty financial gift "from notorious personal injury lawyer Mikal Watts, a major Obama donor.
Speaker: matt mackowiak
About the speaker: Matt Mackowiak, former press secretary to U.S. Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison, lives and works in Washington and Austin. He frequently comments on politics and government.
Date: July 1, 2016
Location: texas
Topics: campaign finance;candidate biography;ethics
Context: the Austin American-Statesman
Fact-check justification: Mackowiak wrote that as mayor, Castro received a seven-figure referral fee that smells like a dirty gift from Obama donor and personal-injury lawyer Mikal Watts. We find that Watts once paid a hefty referral fee to Castro’s law firm--the amount undisclosed. Mackowiak’s declaration that Castro shadily landed the fee while he was mayor, though, doesn’t stand up. All told, we see an element of  about the legal referral, but Mackowiak was critically  about timing — a distinction that puts his statement in a different light. We rate this  .  – The statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: Virginia is "the only state" that has a tradition of attorneys general resigning if they run for governor.
Speaker: ken cuccinelli
About the speaker: Ken Cuccinelli became acting director of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services on June 10, 2019. Cuccinelli, a Republican, was Virginia's attorney general from 2010 to 2014. In 2013, he lost the general election for governor to Democrat Terry McAuliffe. In 2016, he was a adisver to the presidential campaign of Sen. Ted Cruz, R-Texas.
Born in 1968, Cuccinelli has a B.S. in mechanical engineering from the University of Virginia, a J.D. from Geroge Mason University School of Law and an M.A. in International Commerce and Policy from George Mason University.
He represented Fairfax County in the state senate from 2002 to 2010.
 
 
 
 
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Date: January 29, 2013
Location: virginia
Topics: states
Context: a radio interview
Fact-check justification: Cuccinelli said Virginia is "the only state" that has a tradition of attorneys general resigning if they run for governor. There’s no doubt that the custom exists in Virginia. The last six attorneys general have resigned to run for governor, dating back to 1985. Cuccinelli plans to break that string this year. No one, it seems, keeps data on whether the custom exists in other states. So we researched every gubernatorial election in the U.S. since 1985 and, along, the way, ran across information from a few earlier elections. All told, we found 31 states outside Virginia where attorneys general ran for governor. None of the candidates resigned. We rate Cuccinelli’s statement .
Statement: Says Eric Trump said, "My father's tax return is irrelevant because we're going to cancel taxes for WEALTHY people anyway.
Speaker: democraticmoms.com
About the speaker: A website associated with fake news.
Date: April 17, 2017
Topics: fake news;punditfact
Context: a headline
Fact-check justification: No author information accompanies the profile that posted the article , either. DemocraticMoms.com was registered anonymously on Nov. 20, 2016 , after Donald Trump was elected The owner is likely looking to capitalize on anti-Trump sentiment. In this case, it’s by posting a parody story and implying it’s real. It’s clear Eric Trump didn’t say his dad was going to end taxes entirely for anyone, rich or otherwise. We rate the statement !
Statement: A photograph shows Joe Biden with a Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: August 9, 2019
Topics: candidate biography;history;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: The Facebook post claims that Joe Biden was photographed with Robert Byrd, Grand Wizard of the KKK. That  Byrd’s role in the KKK.   In the 1940s, Byrd organized and led a local Klan chapter as its Exalted Cyclops, but he wasn’t a Grand Wizard. And he ultimately renounced his views from that period of his life though his past and former ties to the KKK were raised throughout the rest of his life. By the time this photo of Byrd and Biden was taken, Byrd’s public expressions of regret and shame over his earlier involvement in the KKK was well-documented and often-repeated.    We rate this Facebook post .
Statement: Of all the people in federal prison for possession of illegal substances, 77 percent of them are not citizens of the United States.
Speaker: louie gohmert
About the speaker: Louie Gohmert, a U.S. House member since 2005, is a former chief justice of the Texas 12th Court of Appeals and Smith County state district judge. He lives in Tyler.
Date: May 10, 2016
Location: texas
Topics: criminal justice;drugs;crime
Context: House floor remarks
Fact-check justification: Gohmert said that of "all the people in federal prison for possession of illegal substances, 77 percent of them are not citizens of the United States." In fact, nearly all the 514 inmates in federal prison for simple possession of illegal drugs aren’t citizens. But this  lacks context. The clutch of inmates who fit Gohmert’s categorization--nearly all of them sentenced in Arizona since September 2015--account for a minuscule fraction of the people in the federal pen for drug crimes, of whom 21 percent are noncitizens. On balance, we rate this  .  – The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check. https://www.sharethefacts.co/share/43e9c7ac-93b6-4249-819e-239ebb378b9a
Statement: Right-to-work states "have higher rates of income growth.
Speaker: robin vos
About the speaker: Wisconsin state Rep. Robin Vos, R-Rochester, has represented western Racine County in the state Assembly since 2004. In November 2012, he was elected Assembly speaker. Vos previously served on the Racine County Board of Supervisors, from 1994 to 2004.
Date: December 12, 2010
Location: wisconsin
Topics: economy;jobs
Context: a television interview
Fact-check justification: But he leaves the impression that right-to-work status is what causes incomes to rise. As our interviews with economists show, that’s debatable, at best. And that’s important context left out of the statement. We rate his statement .   ( Note:  usage of "closed shop" was changed Dec. 17, 2010 to "union shop.")
Statement: Says Peter Kilmartin has "only three years experience in his own law practice.
Speaker: christopher little
About the speaker: Christopher Little made an unsuccessful run for attorney general in 2010 as a Moderate party candidate. He is a trial lawyer, a former president of Save the Bay and former state chairman of Common Cause of Rhode Island.
Date: October 25, 2010
Location: rhode island
Topics: candidate biography
Context: a TV commercial
Fact-check justification: Maybe so. But Little's  in his commercial makes no distinction between being a full-time ("active") or part-time lawyer. It says he has "only three years experience in his own law practice." Kilmartin's tax forms, showing that he was doing some degree of legal work -- as limited as it might be -- well before 2007 shows otherwise. The -O-Meter rules that Little's  is .
Statement: Republicans Looking To Cut Social Security As Much As 50 percent Immediately.
Speaker: new century times
About the speaker: New Century Times is a website and news aggregator.
Date: December 9, 2016
Topics: retirement;social security;punditfact
Context: a web post
Fact-check justification: A widely shared New Century Times post was headlined, "Republicans Looking To Cut Social Security As Much As 50% Immediately." A recently released bill would indeed raise the retirement age and make changes to Social Security formulas that would effectively cut future benefits for many recipients. But by highlighting cuts as large as 50 percent without noting that these are for a specific (and affluent) subset of beneficiaries, the headline engages in extreme cherry picking. And none of these massive cuts would happen immediately -- they would happen 34 and 54 years in the future. This  revives a well-honed Social Security scare tactic. We rate it .
Statement: Fox changed around their poll eligibility criteria on the day they announced who is in and out of their debate.
Speaker: rachel maddow
About the speaker: Rachel Maddow is the host of MSNBC’s “The Rachel Maddow Show”. She formerly hosted a radio program of the same name on the defunct Air America network.
Date: August 4, 2015
Topics: debates;punditfact
Context: a segment on her MSNBC show
Fact-check justification: Maddow said that "Fox changed around their poll eligibility criteria on the day they announced who is in and out of their debate." We found that the poll criteria were much more detailed in August (over 260 words long) than they were in May (about 45 words long). The network could have been more precise early on, but Fox did leave some room for itself when it qualified the polls it planned to use for the debate back in May with "as recognized by Fox News." Also, some experts said, Maddow exaggerated the impact of the approach Fox News ultimately used, and she implied that statistical certainty was achievable under any circumstances.  Fox News moved from a broad approach to a more detailed one, and experts aren't convinced that it slighted Perry. With those missing caveats, we rate Maddow's  .
Statement: A person's immune system "tanks" after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose.
Speaker: youtube videos
About the speaker: Videos uploaded to YouTube.
Date: September 28, 2021
Location: national
Topics: public health;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a YouTube video
Fact-check justification: In a video a chiropractor claims that the blood work results of a patient before and after they received two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine show that the shots caused the immune system to "tank." Multiple medical experts reviewed screenshots of the lab results and said they were meaningless without more information and didn’t reflect a crashing or suppressed immune system.  The notion that vaccines weaken the immune system wasn’t observed in clinical trials for the vaccines where blood counts were obtained, experts said. We rate this .
Statement: Wisconsin women "are paid 81 cents to the dollar of a man doing the same job.
Speaker: kathleen falk
About the speaker: Kathleen Falk, a Wisconsin Democrat, lost a bid in 2012 for the Democratic nomination to run against Gov. Scott Walker in a recall election. Falk served as the Dane County executive from 1997 to 2011. She ran unsuccessfully for governor in 2002 and for state attorney general in 2006.
Date: April 17, 2012
Location: wisconsin
Topics: economy;labor;legal issues;women
Context: a newspaper interview
Fact-check justification: To be sure, as a group women are paid less than men and they are in many individual instances. But she misquoted the report she relied on. What the report said is that, among all working men and women in Wisconsin working all sorts of jobs, women earn 81 cents for every dollar earned by men. We rate Falk’s "same job" statement . (You can comment on this item on the Journal Sentinel's web site )
Statement: North Korea's history of international negotiations shows "they'll take the concessions, they'll keep them in their pocket and then they won't deliver.
Speaker: juan williams
About the speaker: Juan Williams is a Fox pundit.
Date: June 3, 2018
Topics: history;foreign policy;nuclear;punditfact
Context: on a panel
Fact-check justification: Williams said North Korea's history of international negotiations shows "they'll take the concessions, they'll keep them in their pocket and then they won't deliver." Experts agreed with Williams’ broader point that skepticism is warranted when dealing with North Korea. In terms of North Korea pocketing sanctions, the Agreed Framework offers the strongest . In that case, Pyongyang gained economic aid and other relief from the United States and others before things soured. Yet the other examples Williams cited offer a more mixed picture — both in terms of the balance of benefits and blame for the talks’ collapse. Some experts believe North Korea gave more than it received in some negotiations. We rate this .
Statement: Under the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty "enrichment has been limited to basically the weapons states.
Speaker: dick cheney
About the speaker: Dick Cheney served as Vice President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 in the administration of George W. Bush.
Date: September 2, 2015
Topics: foreign policy;nuclear;punditfact
Context: an interview on MSNBC's "Morning Joe"
Fact-check justification: Cheney said that a key piece of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty is that only nuclear-armed states can have enrichment programs. The text of the treaty and subsequent international conferences say otherwise. While it’s debatable whether the treaty grants nations the right to enrich, if a non-nuclear nation wants to enrich uranium for peaceful purposes, the treaty doesn’t stand in the way. We rate this  .