chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: In Massachusetts, "anybody can go vote for anybody so long as they have their information. … They're not even checking IDs at the polling stations.
Speaker: tiktok posts
About the speaker: Posts on the video-sharing platform TikTok.
Date: September 1, 2020
Topics: elections;voter id laws
Context: a video posted on TikTok
Fact-check justification: An election law expert said there's no  of widespread impersonation fraud in places that lack photo ID requirements. The statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. We rate it . This fact check is available at IFCN’s 2020 US Elections #Chatbot on WhatsApp. Click here , for more.
Statement: Says there have been "well over" 54 million abortions since 1973.
Speaker: chris smith
About the speaker: Chris Smith is a Republican congressman from New Jersey. He represents the state's fourth district.
Date: March 8, 2012
Location: new jersey
Topics: abortion;supreme court;women
Context: a speech on the House floor
Fact-check justification: Smith said that since 1973, when the Supreme Court handed down its decision in Roe v. Wade, there’s been "well over" 54 million abortions. The Guttmacher Institute has tracked roughly 49.3 million abortions through 2008. If the recent trend of about 1.2 million abortions per year holds  through 2011, it’s reasonable to assume the total is now close to 53 million. Even by that figure, Smith is close. The Guttmacher Institute acknowledges the potential for underreporting in its data, but does not adjust its figures. The statistic Smith cites relies entirely on the Guttmacher  Institute data, except it adds 3 percent to adjust for the potential underreporting -- a calculation the institute doesn’t support. Either way, both totals through 2011 are subject to projections and estimates, and for that reason we rate this  . To comment on this ruling, go to NJ.com .
Statement: (Paul Ryan) has actually proposed three — total, three — bills that have become law in his entire career dating back to 1999.
Speaker: david canon
About the speaker: David Canon is the chairman of the political science department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Date: July 9, 2016
Location: wisconsin
Topics: candidate biography
Context: a New York Times article
Fact-check justification: Our rating Canon told the New York Times that Ryan "has actually proposed three — total, three — bills that have become law in his entire career dating back to 1999." Canon was referring to bills Ryan solely sponsored and is on target by that measure. But the  suggests Ryan has been an unproductive lawmaker. Another tool out there provides a better view, but — like Canon — ignores legislation Ryan helped author but didn’t solely sponsor. For a statement that is accurate but needs clarification, our rating is .
Statement: 1 percent of Americans are millionaires. 47 percent of House Reps. are millionaires. 56 percent of Senators are millionaires.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: November 17, 2011
Location: national
Topics: occupy wall street
Context: Facebook
Fact-check justification: The Facebook posting from Occupy D.C. said, "1 percent of Americans are millionaires. 47 percent of House Reps. are millionaires. 56 percent of Senators are millionaires."  One recent study found that around 9 percent of all U.S. households have net assets of more than $1 million. So the  on Facebook significantly understates the wealth of individuals. It's closer if you look only at income. The top 1 percent of Americans has an average income of $1.5 million. But the relevant figure would be net worth. As for members of Congress, the most recent estimate shows that 42 percent of House members and 67 percent of senators are millionaires in net worth. That means the Facebook post is a bit high in its estimate of House millionaires and a bit low in its estimate of Senate millionaires. The numbers support the underlying point of the Facebook post -- that members of Congress are disproportionately wealthy. But not on the scale suggested. We rate the Facebook post .
Statement: Says "Rep. Ann Wagner, a three-term incumbent, has never held a town hall in the Second District.
Speaker: cort vanostran 
About the speaker: Cort VanOstran is a Democrat running for a U.S. House seat in Missouri.
Date: August 21, 2018
Location: missouri
Topics: candidate biography
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: VanOstran said Wagner has never held a town hall in the 2nd District during her tenure as congresswoman. She has held telephone-based town halls, as well as private events for particular companies’ employees. But experts say that a town hall traditionally involves a public official inviting any constituent to gather in a public space and ask him or her questions. So VanOstran has a point. We rate the statement .
Statement: Video shows Dr. Anthony Fauci getting "confronted on what was exposed about him last night.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: June 21, 2023
Topics: facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: "What came out last night on Project Veritas was a grant that was submitted to DARPA then was distorted and said we’ve funded the grant," Fauci said, using an abbreviation for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. "We have never seen that grant and we have never funded that grant. So, once again, you are completely and unequivocally . "  We’ve previously fact-checked claims that Fauci funded research tied to COVID-19’s "creation" and rated them .   This  that a video shows Fauci being confronted for something that was "exposed about him" on June 20 is also .
Statement: President Joe Biden "cheated on his taxes and got away with it.
Speaker: rick scott
About the speaker: Rick Scott, a wealthy Florida businessman, was first elected Florida's 45th governor on Nov. 2, 2010 and re-elected Nov. 4, 2014. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2018 and is running for re-election in 2024.
Date: February 7, 2023
Location: national
Topics: congress;taxes;florida
Context: an ad
Fact-check justification: Scott said President Joe Biden "cheated on his taxes and got away with it." The Bidens’ 2017 and 2018 tax filings showed that they used S corporations to shield a portion of their income from as much as $500,000 in taxes. Some experts consider the tactic to be an "aggressive" way to legally avoid taxes. However, experts agreed that this would not be characterized as cheating, much less illegal. There’s a long history of high-income taxpayers using it, including politicians from both parties. When the IRS evaluated a complaint about the Bidens’ filing, the agency appears to have not taken any action on it. We rate the statement .  RELATED : Fact-checking Joe Biden’s  about his own income RELATED : Fact-checking Joe Biden's 2023 State of the Union address
Statement: They were going to build the wall a while ago, not so long ago, like in '06. And they couldn't get environmental impact statements.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: August 23, 2016
Location: national
Topics: immigration
Context: an interview on Fox News
Fact-check justification: Trump said, "They were going to build the wall a while ago, not so long ago, like in '06. And they couldn't get environmental impact statements." The Secure Fence Act of 2006 called for the construction of an additional 700 miles of fencing along the U.S.-Mexico border. While there were environmental concerns related to the construction, the Secretary of Homeland Security waived required environmental reviews in order to proceed with construction. Trump’s statement suggests a wall or barrier was not built due to inability to get environmental impact statements. Trump’s statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. We rate it .
Statement: As a senator, Hillary Clinton "actually paid female staffers a lot less than men.
Speaker: sean hannity
About the speaker: Sean Hannity is a conservative political commentator and hosts a nationally syndicated radio show, as well as two television shows on the Fox News Channel. In a 2013 interview Hannity said that he is a “registered Conservative” and ”not a Republican, though people often mistake me for one.” Hannity has authored three books.
Date: May 14, 2015
Topics: candidate biography;women;punditfact
Context: a panel discussion
Fact-check justification: Hannity said Hillary Clinton paid "paid female staffers a lot less than the men" than when she was a senator. One set of data supports that , but it is far from perfect. There are several ways of looking at Senate earnings — one created by the Clinton campaign, for instance, undercuts Hannity’s . In reality, all the datasets have caveats. While it’s fair to note that Democrats can overreach on gender pay claims by using imperfect data, it doesn’t mean critics can use the same imperfect data to make counterclaims. Hannity’s  includes an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. We rate this  .
Statement: Income taxes are voluntary.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: July 20, 2021
Location: national
Topics: legal issues;taxes
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A video on Facebook said income taxes are voluntary. Federal law and many court rulings says taxes are obligatory. People who have tested the law have ended up behind bars. We rate this  !
Statement: Recently though, the media has reported on thousands of illegal voters here in the commonwealth.
Speaker: john rafferty
About the speaker: State senator running for Pennsylvania attorney general.
Date: October 16, 2016
Location: pennsylvania
Topics: elections
Context: a debate
Fact-check justification: Our Ruling During a 6ABC debate, candidate for attorney general John Rafferty said "Recently though, the media has reported on thousands of illegal voters here in the commonwealth." To back up that , the campaign provided three citations: One of which was 22 years old and not recent, one that was related to instances of voter fraud that netted an additional two votes and one that suggested about 700 voters had the "potential" to vote twice, but there wasn’t  those individuals actually did.  Those do not add up to the media "recently" reporting on "thousands" of instances of illegal voting. We rate the  . This article was corrected to reflect that in the 2012 general election 700 votes would have accounted for less than 0.01 percent of the vote.
Statement: Photo shows "7 Marines killed in training exercise yesterday.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: August 1, 2020
Topics: military;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: The Marines in the photos were killed in a helicopter crash , but not on July 31. They died in 2015 during a training mission in Florida when a Black Hawk helicopter crashed in dense fog. Four National Guard soldiers were also killed. Though there was a more recent fatal training exercise involving Marines, this Facebook post misuses the images of and deaths of seven men who perished five years ago. We rate this post .
Statement: Says excessive speculation is pushing up oil prices and a recent report estimates it "adds 56 cents to every gallon of gasoline siphoned from the pump.
Speaker: sherrod brown
About the speaker: Sherrod Brown is a Democratic U.S. Senator representing Ohio. He won his first elected office to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1974. He later served as Ohio secretary of state and was elected to Congress in 1992. He first joined the U.S. Senate in 2007.
Date: March 23, 2012
Location: ohio
Topics: economy;energy
Context: a news release
Fact-check justification: "To say that ‘speculation’ is contributing to higher oil prices is no different than to say that oil prices are rising on the expectation that the improving world economic outlook will lead to more oil demand and that tensions with Iran could lead to a disruption in crude oil supplies," the statement said. So while there is some consensus that speculation can impact price and there are supporters of Brown’s  out there, it’s important to know that the full impact of speculation is not a settled proposition. Brown correctly cited one report for the his 56-cent figure. But that others say that factors beyond just speculative trading are at work is additional information that helps provide clarification. On the -O-Meter, his  rates .
Statement: The Portland-Milwaukie Light Rail Transit Project has created 1,525 direct jobs as of June 11, 2012.
Speaker: trimet
About the speaker: TriMet is the regional public transit agency.
Date: July 2, 2012
Location: oregon
Topics: jobs;transportation
Context: a website
Fact-check justification: Everybody ought to," said Sheketoff. We think so, too. We’re relieved to know TriMet's numbers weren't produced from thin air, and find the statement somewhat accurate. But without knowing what the numbers mean or the definition of "created," a reader could easily think the light-rail project resulted in more than 1,500 brand-new full-time, long-term jobs when really, it’s far more accurate to say that the transit project has provided work for more than 1,500 people. We find the statement , partially accurate but missing important details.
Statement: One-half of undocumented workers pay federal income taxes, which means they are paying more federal income taxes than Donald Trump pays.
Speaker: hillary clinton
About the speaker: Hillary Clinton was the 2016 Democratic nominee for president. She served as U.S. Secretary of State during the first four years of the Obama administration. She is formerly a U.S. senator from New York, first elected in 2000. She was a candidate for president in 2008. She previously served as first lady when her husband, Bill Clinton, served two terms as president. She was born in Chicago in 1947, graduated from Wellesley College and earned a law degree at Yale Law School. She and her husband have one daughter.
Date: October 26, 2016
Location: national
Topics: immigration;candidate biography;taxes
Context: Tampa, Fla
Fact-check justification: Clinton said, "One-half of undocumented workers pay federal income taxes, which means they are paying more federal income taxes than Donald Trump pays." While there is no official figure, experts estimate that about half of all undocumented workers pay federal income taxes, if not more. So in a year when Trump does not pay federal income taxes, which has been the case in the past, undocumented immigrants who do federal pay income taxes would pay more than him. But Clinton makes it seem as if this is a present state, and we don’t know anything about Trump’s current tax situation because he has not made his tax returns public. For that reason, we have no way of comparing Trump’s federal income tax payments to those of any given undocumented immigrant. We rate Clinton’s  .
Statement: Candidate Slotkin had presented herself as a moderate and as someone who'd be independent-minded, but her time in office was making it increasingly clear that no, she was very partisan, voting 96% of the time with Speaker Pelosi.
Speaker: paul junge
About the speaker: Paul Junge is a former TV news anchor with Fox47 in Lansing and is one of several Republican candidates looking to unseat U.S. Rep. Elissa Slotkin, D-Holly in Michigan's 8th Congressional District. 
Date: September 11, 2020
Location: michigan
Topics: bipartisanship;congress;elections
Context: an interview on 'Detroit Today'
Fact-check justification: Junge said that Slotkin "presented herself as a moderate" and "independent-minded" but instead she has acted "very partisan" during her first term. Independent analyses indicate Slotkin’s voting and legislative records are more conservative and bipartisan than most of her Democratic colleagues’. Junge highlighted one metric — Slotkin’s record of voting with Speaker Pelosi and liberal House members — as . He ignores other metrics that would give a different impression. We rate Junge’s  . This fact check is available at IFCN’s 2020 US Elections FactChat #Chatbot on WhatsApp. Click here  for more.
Statement: Speaking of his restriction on travel from China, "I had (Joe) Biden calling me xenophobic. … He called me a racist, because of the fact that he felt it was a racist thing to stop people from China coming in.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: March 26, 2020
Topics: china;health care;public health;coronavirus
Context: a Hannity show interview
Fact-check justification: Around the time the Trump administration announced the travel restriction, Biden said that Trump had a "record of hysteria, xenophobia, and fear-mongering." Biden used the phrase "xenophobic" in reply to a Trump tweet about limiting entry to travelers from China and in which he described the coronavirus as the "Chinese virus." Biden did not spell out which part of Trump’s tweet was xenophobic. Trump’s statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. We rate it .
Statement: This week liberal Bill White faced an ethics complaint about more than $83,000 he failed to report to the state Ethics Commission.
Speaker: rick perry
About the speaker: Rick Perry is the U.S. Energy Secretary and was governor of Texas from late December 2000 through 2014. He was re-elected in 2002, 2006 and 2010. He unsucessfully ran for president in 2012 and 2016.
Date: March 26, 2010
Location: texas
Topics: ethics
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: White does face a complaint, but Perry's statement leaves out a key piece of context: That complaint was filed by the GOP. And it's  to conclude, as Perry's statement does, that White failed to report more than $83,000 to the commission. White's camp said he accounted for his deferred compensation as directed. The law doesn't specify if or how candidates should report deferred compensation. We rate Perry’s statement as .
Statement: It took Obama six months to pick out a family dog," but he's "cramming health care reform down the country's throat in a fraction of that time.
Speaker: haley barbour
About the speaker: Republican Governor of Mississippi, chairman of the Republican Governors Association and a former lobbyist.
Date: August 13, 2009
Location: national
Topics: health care
Context: the Washington Examiner
Fact-check justification: Using that as the end date, the duration of the health care debate would be 240 days (when starting with March 5, which would be much longer than picking the dog) or 109 days (when starting with July 14, or shorter than the dog selection but not really "a fraction."). So this is one where reasonable people can reach different conclusions. We examined three scenarios and found his  is only right under the most extreme one — when you start the clock at the July introduction of the bill and stop it at the August recess. But under what we consider the most realistic scenario, starting with the March forum and ending with the October adjournment, Barbour is . So we find his  .
Statement: California's [COVID-19] death rate has remained one of the lowest per capita in the nation: 134 deaths per 100,000, compared to 158 nationally, 153 in Texas and 247 in New York.
Speaker: gavin newsom
About the speaker: Gavin Newsom was elected governor of California in 2018. He is the state's former lieutenant governor and served as mayor of San Francisco. He is a Democrat.
Date: March 9, 2021
Location: california
Topics: health care;public health;states;new york;texas
Context: a State of the State Address
Fact-check justification: But much has changed in a year, including major summer and winter coronavirus surges in the state.   Newsom got some of this right, but then stretched the  when he characterized California’s rate as "one of the lowest" in the nation.   We rate his statement .  – The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context.
Statement: Says Barack Obama tweeted, "Has anyone checked to make sure Donald Trump doesn't have a Russian birth certificate?
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: April 2, 2022
Topics: facebook fact-checks;russia
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: The earliest iterations of the  tweet appeared on Reddit on March 16, PolitiFact found via reverse image searching. A Reddit user who creates  tweets as a form of satire told Reuters that the  Obama tweet was her creation. The posts were flagged as part of Facebook’s efforts to combat  news and misinformation on its News Feed. (Read more about our partnership with Facebook .) We rate these posts .
Statement: The federal tax code includes "deductions for birds flying across America.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: May 11, 2017
Location: national
Topics: environment;animals;taxes
Context: an interview with 'The Economist'
Fact-check justification: Trump said the federal tax code includes "deductions for birds flying across America." He’s right -- conservation easements to protect wildlife, including but not limited to migratory birds, can be used as tax deductions.  And Trump should know -- by all indications, he’s saved millions in tax payments on the backs of these little creatures. We rate the statement .
Statement: The Dayton, Ohio, shooting suspect died in 2014.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: August 5, 2019
Topics: facebook fact-checks;guns
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: The parents of Connor Stephen Betts, the Dayton shooting suspect, are named Moira Betts and Stephen Betts .   Photos of Connor D. Betts and Connor Stephen Betts bear a resemblance ; both men had brown hair, for example. But a closer look at the images shows that they are clearly different people. The post is likely meant to fuel a  conspiracy that the Dayton shooting was a " flag" operation carried out by the government. We rate this Facebook post as .