chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: At the mere request from Putin, President Obama withdrew the plans for a missile defense program based in Poland and the Czech Republic.
Speaker: dick cheney
About the speaker: Dick Cheney served as Vice President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 in the administration of George W. Bush.
Date: May 18, 2014
Topics: foreign policy;punditfact
Context: an interview on "Fox News Sunday"
Fact-check justification: Cheney said Obama dropped a missile defense plan based in Poland and the Czech Republic on the "mere request" of Putin. While Putin strenuously objected to the plan, a Pentagon reassessment of the nature of Iran’s capabilities was the actual reason for the change. The Pentagon saw a greater danger from Iranian short-and-medium-range missiles than the long range missiles that were targeted in the original plan. NATO allies and Israel also favored the new approach, which included steps to install a missile defense system in Poland in 2018. So, Obama did forgo the Bush-era plan, but he didn’t do it at the "mere request" of Putin. We rate the  .
Statement: If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year.
Speaker: al gore
About the speaker: Former Vice President Al Gore cofounded and chairs both Generation Investment Management and Current TV. He is on the Board of Directors of Apple Computer, Inc. and is a senior advisor to Google, Inc. He is also a visiting professor at Middle Tennessee State University.
Gore wrote An Inconvenient Truth, a best-selling book on global warming, and is the subject of the Academy Award-winning movie of the same title.
Date: January 28, 2009
Location: national
Topics: environment
Context: a Senate committee hearing
Fact-check justification: Even given all the challenges, they, like Gore, argue large-scale solar development makes sense when you consider the enormous amounts of land, energy and money we currently use to mine fossil fuels, produce electricity from them and control their pollution. Gore didn't exactly tell the whole story, since the 10,000-square-mile solar farm would not do the job "in and of itself" without other infrastructure improvements. But he was testifying on the broad issue of climate change, not delivering a lecture on building a solar plant. And his misattributing the  to Scientific American is not a significant inaccuracy, since that article did contain statistics that support the . We find Gore's  .
Statement: There's an unlimited supply of water being generated "deep within the Earth.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: August 27, 2022
Topics: climate change;water;facebook fact-checks
Context: an Instagram video
Fact-check justification: A video claims the world isn’t running out of water because an unlimited supply is being constantly generated underneath the Earth’s surface. While there is water underground, it’s not being spontaneously generated. It’s the result of rainfall and melted snow and ice seeping into soil and being stored in aquifers. Water is constantly being circulated across the Earth, going from the atmosphere to the surface and back again. Climate change and over-extracting from an aquifer have an impact on the availability of groundwater in a specific region at a specific time, but it doesn’t mean the world is running out of water. Drier areas are predicted to become drier as a result of less rainfall, while wet areas become wetter because of an increase in rain. We rate this .
Statement: Says "Joe Biden mistakes Idaho for Iowa in visit to Boise fundraiser.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: March 9, 2020
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a story
Fact-check justification: The article tells a tale about Biden making a gaffe and saying "Iowa potatoes" instead of "Idaho potatoes. "  The website is satirical, but social media users who view only the headline wouldn’t know that. Beyond a few jokes, there is no disclaimer on the story’s page that the tale is fabricated.   Readers have to visit the website’s about page , where the one-line disclaimer about it being "Idaho’s #1 source for satirical and parody news" is at the bottom. !
Statement: Video shows an "invasion of crocodiles" that has flooded the beaches of Brazil and caused residents to panic.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: September 16, 2022
Topics: animals;facebook fact-checks
Context: a video on Instagram
Fact-check justification: An Instagram post claimed a video showed a horde of crocodiles invading a Brazilian beach, causing locals to panic.  Reptile experts told PolitiFact the footage was not from a beach used by humans but of a sandy portion of wetland in Brazil. The reptiles were yacare caimans, not crocodiles. Caimans congregating in huge numbers is normal and not a cause for panic.  We rate this  .
Statement: Says Beto O'Rourke described police as "modern-day Jim Crow.
Speaker: ted cruz
About the speaker: Ted Cruz is a U.S. Senator from Texas, first elected in 2012. Cruz also was a candidate for president of the United States in 2016. He is the former solicitor general for the state of Texas, previously serving as the director of the Office of Policy Planning at the Federal Trade Commission, an Associate Deputy Attorney General at the U.S. Department of Justice, and as a domestic policy advisor on the 2000 Bush-Cheney campaign, according to his campaign biography.
Date: September 21, 2018
Location: texas
Topics: criminal justice;crime
Context: a debate at Southern Methodist University
Fact-check justification: Cruz said O’Rourke described police as "modern-day Jim Crow." This  has an element of  in that O’Rourke’s embrace of the "new Jim Crow" description followed his excoriation of police stops, searches and shootings he attributed to the color of a person’s skin. But O’Rourke also said such actions rank among ways the country systematically discriminates against black residents--extending, he said, to sentencing, economic opportuniy and to how lawmakers carve districts. We rate this  .  – The statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: Singer Tina Turner: "This Thanksgiving Is The First Time in 8 Years That I am Thankful For Our President, God Bless Him And His Supporters.
Speaker: dailynewsforamericans.com
About the speaker: Dailynewsforamericans.com posts fake news.
Date: November 23, 2017
Topics: fake news;punditfact
Context: a headline
Fact-check justification: We didn’t find many references to Turner weighing in on American presidential politics in recent years. In 2013, Turner relinquished her U.S. citizenship after living in Switzerland for about two decades. We do know that at least in the beginning, she was a fan. The week that Obama won in 2008, a jubilant Turner performing at a concert in Orlando declared , "We’ve got a new president!" As for the story that Tina Turner said she is thankful for Trump, we rate this headline !
Statement: Says presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama each tried to get immigration bills passed, but "it did not work because the other party was unwilling to provide the president and his party a victory.
Speaker: howard schultz
About the speaker: Howard Schultz is a businessman from New York. He is the former CEO of Starbucks and is a former owner of the Seattle SuperSonics. He said that he was considering running for president in early 2019 but temporarily ended his considerations in June because of health concerns.
Date: April 4, 2019
Location: national
Topics: immigration
Context: a Fox News town hall
Fact-check justification: Schultz said Bush and Obama each tried to get immigration bills passed, but "it did not work because the other party was unwilling to provide the president and his party a victory." Republicans did effectively derail Obama’s 2013 immigration efforts, but in both 2006 and 2007, it was Democrats who were much more likely to side with Bush and Republicans -- his own party -- that opposed him. The facts don’t support Schultz’s argument about partisanship, so we rate the statement .
Statement: Says a federal plan to expand Medicaid would cost Florida taxpayers $26 billion over 10 years.
Speaker: rick scott
About the speaker: Rick Scott, a wealthy Florida businessman, was first elected Florida's 45th governor on Nov. 2, 2010 and re-elected Nov. 4, 2014. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2018 and is running for re-election in 2024.
Date: January 7, 2013
Location: florida
Topics: health care
Context: a press conference
Fact-check justification: There is no doubt that Medicaid represents a significant part of the state’s budget, and that any plan to expand the system -- no matter how much the federal government pays for -- could include additional costs to the state. But rather than have a fact-based discussion about the state’s responsibilities when it comes to health care, it appears that Scott and his staff are making strange assumptions to make the estimates higher than they actually will be. This is also a case where Scott cannot simply hide behind the fact that he is accurately citing a "study." His office directed the analysis, and it was notified that the assumptions were questionable. Scott gets a pass on one thing: The cost to expand Medicaid is largely unknown. But using a study to say that the expansion of Medicaid would cost Florida taxpayers "over $26 billion" is .
Statement: More people are driving under the influence of drugs than are driving under the influence of alcohol. A recent roadside survey showed that 16 percent of the people tested, tested positive for illicit or licit drugs. That's significantly higher than alcohol.
Speaker: gil kerlikowske
About the speaker: Gil Kerlikowske is director of the White House's Office of National Drug Control Policy, a job commonly known as the "drug czar."
Date: March 31, 2010
Location: national
Topics: crime;transportation;marijuana
Context: an interview on C-SPAN's Washington Journal
Fact-check justification: By the same token, it's quite possible that many more than 2.2 percent of the study participants were indeed "driving under the influence of alcohol" even if they weren't over the .08 legal threshold. Did these two percentages approach each other in the middle, thus undermining Kerlikowske's statement? Maybe -- or maybe he is right after all. Ultimately, the research isn't yet detailed enough to be sure. With this degree of uncertainty, we rate his statement .
Statement: The authors of a report on CIA's torture techniques "never interviewed a single CIA official.
Speaker: marco rubio
About the speaker: Marco Rubio, a U.S. senator from Florida, was a candidate for president of the United States in 2016 and then dropped out and won re-election to the Senate. He was first elected to the Senate in 2010 and took office Jan. 5, 2011. Rubio served in the Florida House of Representatives from 2000 to 2008 and is a former Speaker of the Florida House. He served on the West Miami City Commission from 1998 to 2000. He is from Miami and holds a law degree from the University of Miami.
Date: December 8, 2014
Location: florida
Topics: homeland security;human rights;terrorism
Context: a news release
Fact-check justification: Rubio said that the authors of a report on CIA’s torture techniques "never interviewed a single CIA official." He has a point that the committee did not conduct fresh, face-to-face interviews with CIA officers as it was writing the report. However, this glosses over important context. The committee used testimony by then-CIA director Hayden, and the committee had access to transcripts of numerous prior interviews of key CIA officials conducted by the Inspector General and other entities. Rubio’s statement creates the  impression that the report wasn’t based at all on interviews with CIA employees, and that’s not the case. The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details, so we rate it .
Statement: Race is the No. 1 indicator for where toxic and polluting facilities are today.
Speaker: beto o'rourke
About the speaker: Beto O’Rourke is a former representative of Texas’s 16th Congressional District. He represented the district from 2013 until 2019, when he gave up his seat to run a senate campaign against incumbent Ted Cruz, which O’Rourke lost. He received a bachelor’s degree in English literature from Columbia University. In 2019, he ran for the Democratic nomination for president.
Date: April 29, 2019
Location: texas
Topics: climate change;public health
Context: climate change plan
Fact-check justification: O’Rourke said, "Race is the No. 1 indicator for where toxic and polluting facilities are today." Several studies say that racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to live near hazardous waste facilities and other plants. They’ve also found that race is a stronger indicator than other variables, such as income or property value. There isn’t consensus on O’Rourke’s , but much research and feedback from experts support his . Overall, we rate O’Rourke’s statement .
Statement: Quotes actor Will Smith as saying: "I'm not afraid to say that Trump and his supporters are ba…
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: February 9, 2020
Topics: fake news;facebook fact-checks
Context: a blog post
Fact-check justification: Smith was critical of Trump throughout the promotional tour for the August 2016 film.   "As painful as it is to hear Donald Trump talk, and as embarrassing it is as an American to hear him talk, I think it’s good," he said during another press event . "We get to hear it, we get to know who people are, and now we get to cleanse it out of our country." The actor made similar remarks about "cleansing" racism from the United States during a "Tonight Show" interview that same month. But there’s no proof that he said, "I’m not afraid to say that Trump and his supporters are ba…"  We rate this statement .
Statement: Americans are 25x more likely to be shot & killed than others in developed countries.
Speaker: gavin newsom
About the speaker: Gavin Newsom was elected governor of California in 2018. He is the state's former lieutenant governor and served as mayor of San Francisco. He is a Democrat.
Date: June 2, 2017
Location: california
Topics: crime;the 2018 california governor's race;guns
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Newsom’s  is backed by what appears to be a valid study. But another report with credible findings shows the gun homicide rate is not quite as high compared to other nations as Newsom asserts. His statement could have used this additional information. In the end, we rated Newsom’s  .   – The statement is accurate but needs clarification or additional information.
Statement: Federal aid for state and local governments through a proposed coronavirus relief bill would amount to "half of what the Republicans put onto the national debt.
Speaker: nancy pelosi
About the speaker: Rep. Nancy Pelosi represents a district in California. She served as speaker of the U.S. House January 2019-2021. Formerly the speaker of the House from 2007-11, Pelosi served as the House minority leader from 2003 to 2007 and from 2011 to 2019.
Date: June 28, 2020
Location: national
Topics: debt;coronavirus
Context: ABC News’ “This Week”
Fact-check justification: Referring to the proposed Heroes Act approved by the House, Pelosi said, "All of that money that is out there, and it is very significant, is half of what the Republicans put onto the national debt." Pelosi’s statement has merit in that the state and local aid proposed in the Democratic coronavirus relief bill amounts to about half of the projected 10-year deficits created by the Republican tax cuts in 2017. But it implies that Republicans alone are to blame for increases to the national debt. A broader look at legislation signed by Trump shows that both parties have supported legislation that has added to the national debt. We rate the statement .
Statement: Says Gov. Gretchen Whitmer "defunded the Michigan State Police and the prisons.
Speaker: great lakes news
About the speaker: Great Lakes News is a radio program broadcast in Michigan.
Date: July 22, 2020
Location: michigan
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: A tweet from Great Lakes News said a Whitmer executive order "defunded" the State Police and Department of Corrections. The governor’s proposed cuts are part of an effort to close the budget shortfall the state faces in the current fiscal year. The cuts affect several agencies, but in the case of police and corrections, about 99% of the funds will be offset by federal funding this year, though future budgets remain a concern. Whitmer has said she does not support defunding the police, but supports "the spirit" of the movement in calling for more resources for education, transportation and health care. We rate this  .
Statement: Many of the great scholars say that anchor babies are not covered" by the 14th Amendment.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: August 19, 2015
Location: national
Topics: immigration
Context: Derry, N.H
Fact-check justification: Trump said, "Many of the great scholars say that anchor babies are not covered" by the 14th Amendment. There are respected academics who argue that the 14th Amendment allows but does not require children of illegal immigrants to receive citizenship just by virtue of having been born on American soil. However, this is a minority of immigration and constitutional law scholars, far outweighed by those who believe the 14th Amendment requires birthright citizenship for children of illegal immigrants. Trump goes too far when he says "many," so we rate his  .
Statement: Public schools, colleges and state-funded day care centers "will be made into sanctuaries by Bruce Rauner signing SB 31.
Speaker: illinois family institute
About the speaker: The Illinois Family Institute (IFI) is an independent 501c(3) non-profit ministry dedicated to upholding and re-affirming marriage, family, life and liberty in Illinois. Since 1992, IFI has worked to advance public policy initiatives consistent with Judeo-Christian teachings and traditions, educating citizens so that they can better influence their local communities and the state. IFI does not participate in, or intervene in any political campaign on behalf of any candidate for public office. (See IFI’s Political Campaign Policy.)
IFI works within the state of Illinois to promote and defend Biblical truths to foster an environment where families can thrive and reach their full God-given potential to serve and glorify Him–making the most of the opportunities afforded to each of us by His gift of life and liberty.
Date: August 19, 2017
Location: illinois
Topics: immigration
Context: a blog post
Fact-check justification: The Illinois Family Institute said public facilities including schools, colleges and day care centers "will be made into sanctuaries by Bruce Rauner signing SB 31." The original version of the bill prohibited police from making arrests in such facilities, but that language was struck from the version passed by the General Assembly. The new bill contains directives that the Illinois Association of Chiefs of Police says merely puts into state statute what most departments already practice. We rate this statement .
Statement: The employer mandate "affects only 5 percent of businesses in this country.
Speaker: chris van hollen
About the speaker: Chris Van Hollen is a Democratic U.S. Congressman from Maryland.
Date: September 15, 2013
Location: national
Topics: health care;small business
Context: an interview with Fox News
Fact-check justification: Van Hollen said that 5 percent of businesses would be affected by the employer mandate in the Affordable Care Act. While different surveys produce different numbers, the Census Bureau has been in this line of work longer than any other body, and its data show that 3.6 percent of firms employ 50 or more workers. That is the group for which the mandate would apply; other firms are too small. The Congressional Research Service relied on the Census data. We found no one who challenged the Census numbers. So Van Hollen’s figures are correct. However, his  focuses our attention on the number of firms, which makes the mandate issue look small. But when seen through the lens of individual workers, it is a bigger deal. How big is difficult to say but the significance is larger than the 5 percent number he used. In PolitiFact terms, the statement is accurate but needs clarification or additional information. We rate the  .
Statement: A Trump television ad shows Mexicans swarming over "our southern border.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: January 4, 2016
Location: national
Topics: immigration
Context: a television ad
Fact-check justification: Trump’s television ad purports to show Mexicans swarming over "our southern border." However, the footage used to support this point actually shows African migrants streaming over a border fence between Morocco and the Spanish enclave of Melilla, more than 5,000 miles away. We rate the  .
Statement: Saturday's shootings reflect a disturbing trend. Mass shootings have become commonplace since the Virginia Tech massacre in 2007. There have been dozens of incidents where three or more people have been fatally wounded. Hundreds have died.
Speaker: pierre thomas
About the speaker: Pierre Thomas is the senior justice correspondent for ABC News.
Date: January 9, 2011
Location: national
Topics: criminal justice;crime;pundits;this week - abc news;guns
Context: a report on ABC News' "This Week with Christiane Amanpour"
Fact-check justification: In the past, we were more likely to hear only about local events." So let's recap. Thomas was correct to say that "there have been dozens of incidents where three or more people have been fatally wounded," and he was also correct that "hundreds have died" in such incidents. But its a stretch to say that killings of three or more people are now "commonplace," and it's not clear that there's been a distinct trend upward, either since 2007 (as Thomas put it) or over the past three decades. So we rate his statement .