chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Says Winston Churchill said, "When you're 20, you care what everyone thinks, when you're 40 you stop caring what everyone thinks, when you're 60, you realize no one was ever thinking about you in the first place.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: March 6, 2019
Topics: history;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: We had a harder time finding an original or credible source that showed Churchill actually made this statement. Richard Langworth, a senior fellow at the Hillsdale College Churchill Project who wrote, "Churchill By Himself: The Definitive Collection of Quotes," includes it on his website in a Nov. 8 post titled: "All the ‘quotes’ Winston Churchill never said (1)." Langworth says there is no attribution for the quote. The quote isn’t included on the International Churchill Society’s page of quotes, or on BBC America’s roundup of 50 Churchill quotes "to live by." We live by the facts, and having not found any proof that Churchill made this statement, we rate this Facebook post .
Statement: 39% of Americans … 31% of independents ... 17% of Democrats believe the election was rigged.
Speaker: ted cruz
About the speaker: Ted Cruz is a U.S. Senator from Texas, first elected in 2012. Cruz also was a candidate for president of the United States in 2016. He is the former solicitor general for the state of Texas, previously serving as the director of the Office of Policy Planning at the Federal Trade Commission, an Associate Deputy Attorney General at the U.S. Department of Justice, and as a domestic policy advisor on the 2000 Bush-Cheney campaign, according to his campaign biography.
Date: January 6, 2021
Topics: corrections and updates;elections
Context: a speech on the Senate floor
Fact-check justification: Other polls show far greater confidence in the integrity of the election. Cruz’s statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. We rate it . UPDATE, Jan. 6, 7:30 p.m.: This fact-check was updated to incorporate the response from Cruz's office.
Statement: President Barack Obama "had the legal authority" to strike Syria without a vote from Congress.
Speaker: joe lieberman
About the speaker: Joe Lieberman, a lawyer from Stamford, Conn., now in his fourth term in the U.S. Senate, is perhaps best known as the Democratic candidate for vice president in 2000. He lost the Democratic primary for Senate prior to the 2006 election but retained his seat after running on his own party line and beating the anti-war Democratic candidate Ned Lamont. He now calls himself an independent but continues to caucus with the Democrats. He is a friend and supporter of Sen. John McCain, and was one of his surrogates in the 2008 presidential race.
Date: September 10, 2013
Location: national
Topics: legal issues;foreign policy;military
Context: a discussion on CNN's "Crossfire"
Fact-check justification: Lieberman said the president has the authority to use force on his own when it comes to limited military strikes. There is ample precedent under many presidents to support that view. The War Powers Resolution creates a process for a president to act first and ask for permission later. Lower courts have ruled in favor of the White House in the use of force, and the Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal on that point. Until the court rules otherwise, presidential prerogative is the law of the land. We rate the  .
Statement: Richmond teachers have not gotten a raise "for almost 10 years.
Speaker: jack berry
About the speaker: Jack Berry is one of about a dozen candidates running for Richmond mayor in 2016. He recently resigned as executive director of Venture Richmond, an organization that promotes Richmond through economic development, marketing, festivals and events.
Berry worked as budget analyst and assistant city manager in Richmond and was county administrator in Hanover County. He joined Venture Richmond in 2006. 
Date: April 6, 2016
Location: virginia
Topics: education;income
Context: a candidates forum
Fact-check justification: Berry said Richmond teachers have not gotten a raise "for almost 10 years." Berry told us he was referring to the lack of tenure raises for teachers when they reach certain years of service. Such raises haven’t been offered for a decade. But he didn’t make that distinction at the candidates’ forum or in his campaign literature. His statement makes it sound as if teachers haven’t gotten any pay increase at all. That runs counter to figures from the school system and the Richmond Education Association that show they’ve gotten five cost-of-living increases during the past 10 years. We rate his  .
Statement: There's "evidence of a massive transfer of completed, curated ballots" that are fraudulent in the 2022 election.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: October 8, 2022
Topics: elections;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: "  "Investigators confirmed data records indicated all mail contents were properly transported, accounted for, and processed," the report said.   It’s also worth noting that in 2021, Craig Lehman, then a Lancaster County commissioner, told The Dispatch , a politically center-right online magazine, that the county’s election board receives absentee ballot applications to be mailed out of state every election cycle, so it wouldn’t be unusual for some complete ballots to cross state lines.   Students who are attending college out of state or out of the country, and Pennsylvania residents who are in another state visiting or caring for a loved one for an extended time are examples of people who request absentee ballots, Lehman told The Dispatch. We looked for and found no news reports or other credible sources backing up the claims in the Facebook post that there’s  of massive election fraud leading up to the 2022 midterm elections. We rate these posts .
Statement: Obama plans "a tax increase for everyone earning more than $42,000 a year.
Speaker: john mccain
About the speaker: John McCain was a U.S. senator from Arizona, a post he held from 1987 to his death in 2018. He previously served two terms in the U.S. House. He was the Republican nominee for president in 2008. McCain was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and spent his career in the military, as his father did. He was a combat pilot in Vietnam who was shot down and spent 5 1/2 years as a prisoner of war. He was born in 1936 in Panama. 
Date: August 11, 2008
Location: national
Topics: taxes
Context: an Internet ad
Fact-check justification: What the ad implies is a major distortion that seems intent on confusing people about what Obama's policies are. When McCain's ads talked about tax-related votes, we found the statement  . In another instance, he made claims about Democrats raising taxes by $500-million through a budget resolution, a  we found  . But the new Web ad pushes the envelope too far when the narrator says "a tax increase for everyone earning more than $42,000 a year." It's a gross distortion of Obama's proposals to say they would raise taxes on "everyone" who earns that much, and we rate McCain's  .
Statement: Rick Perry is "taking money away from hurricane victims" and diverting it to "remodel the Governor's Mansion.
Speaker: back to basics
About the speaker: Back to Basics is a political action committee that aims to "shed light on who are politicians are working for — themselves and their pals instead of hardworking Texas families," according to the group's website.
Date: October 13, 2010
Location: texas
Topics: ethics;federal budget;message machine 2010;state budget
Context: a TV ad
Fact-check justification: Our attempts to explore this with FEMA didn't yield an immediate interview. Our take: Whether the FEMA reimbursements to Texas amount to federal aid or not, the statement that Perry is "taking money away from hurricane victims" and diverting it to the mansion project is  on two fronts. First, FEMA set aside the money to cover agency costs already incurred in response to the hurricane; no victims are bereft as a result, far as we can tell. Secondly, the assignment of the funds to the mansion work was made by state lawmakers; Perry didn't earmark any money alone. We rate the statement .
Statement: Alex Sink "used a taxpayer-funded plane so she could get to a vacation in the Bahamas.
Speaker: national republican congressional committee
About the speaker: National Republican Congressional Committee
Date: January 15, 2014
Location: florida
Topics: ethics
Context: a Web campaign ad
Fact-check justification: The NRCC said in its ad that Sink "used a taxpayer-funded plane so she could get to a vacation in the Bahamas." It’s  that she was headed to a vacation in the Bahamas, and it’s also correct that she took a state plane to reach her flight from the mainland after finishing her official business in Miami. What’s not so obvious from the ad is that Sink was cleared of any violations of state law, and that her diversion of the flight headed back to Tallahassee was common practice at the time among senior officials. Even if the flight took her only 25 miles, it still can be construed as Sink’s using the plane to "get to a vacation in the Bahamas." However, we think most reasonable people would read this phrasing as suggesting that Sink took a state plane all the way to her island destination, which she did not. On balance, we rate the  .
Statement: Cancer and matters to do with kidney failure kill more people in Kenya today than malaria, tuberculosis and AIDS combined.
Speaker: william ruto
About the speaker: William Ruto is a Kenyan politician who has served as Deputy President.
Date: September 9, 2016
Topics: global news service;public health
Context: a speech at a political rally
Fact-check justification: Ruto said that cancer and kidney disease "kill more people in Kenya today than malaria, tuberculosis and AIDS combined." The precision of the numbers leaves a lot to be desired, but based on the best estimates, Ruto isn’t even close. Using conservative estimates, deaths from AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis are double those from cancer and kidney disease. We rate this  .
Statement: Says Ron Johnson "supported a plan to cut benefits and raise the retirement age" for Social Security.
Speaker: democratic party of wisconsin
About the speaker: The Democratic Party of Wisconsin focuses on advancing state Democratic candidates and related issues.
Date: May 4, 2016
Location: wisconsin
Topics: social security
Context: a radio ad
Fact-check justification: The state Democratic Party says Johnson "supported a plan to cut benefits and raise the retirement age" for Social Security. The party could not cite and we couldn't find any proposal to make those changes that was supported by Johnson. Indeed, such a standalone proposal would have made major news. Johnson has said he is open to considering such proposals and he voted for a federal budget proposal that contained them. But voting for a federal budget proposal and its myriad programs isn't an explicit show of support for cutting benefits and raising the retirement age for Social Security. For a statement that contains an element of , our rating is .
Statement: Sen. McCain would occupy Iraq indefinitely, against their wishes.
Speaker: votevets.org
About the speaker: VoteVets is an advocacy group.
Date: July 23, 2008
Location: national
Topics: iraq
Context: a TV ad
Fact-check justification: It's noteworthy that McCain won't answer the question these days. We understand VoteVets' concern. But the group doesn't have enough ammunition for its  that McCain "would occupy Iraq indefinitely, against their wishes." The only solid  — stale as it may be, having come in 2004 — indicates otherwise. So we find the  to be .
Statement: Says Oregon recyclers can't recycle plastic bags
Speaker: mark hass
About the speaker: Mark Hass is an Oregon state senator from Washington County and Southwest Portland. Previously, Hass served three terms in the Oregon House of Representatives from 2001 to 2007. He spent 20 years as a journalist.
Date: February 8, 2011
Location: oregon
Topics: environment
Context: a legislative hearing
Fact-check justification: Oregon recycling centers can -- and sometimes do -- collect the bags and sell them to others for further recycling. But that’s not always possible; sometimes there’s just no market for the bags, sometimes the bags can’t be saved. (And state recyclers seem to agree that, ultimately, the bags are more trouble than they’re worth.) We’ll split the difference here and rate this  -- that Oregon recyclers can’t use plastic bags -- as . Comment on this item.
Statement: The number of children in seven countries "missing so far this year" range from 20,000 to 460,000.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: July 8, 2021
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: Instagram
Fact-check justification: The post attempts to draw attention to the number of missing children in major countries around the world, but there are a couple of issues with its data. One, these large numbers do not reflect data from 2021. Moreover, the numbers do not represent children who are currently missing but of children who were reported to be — which is a big difference, since most of the children were found. We rate this  .
Statement: Says "Obamacare" is "the largest middle-class tax increase in history.
Speaker: jeff fitzgerald
About the speaker: Wisconsin Rep. Jeff Fitzgerald, R-Horicon, is the speaker of the state Assembly. He was elected to the Assembly in 2000. His brother is Wisconsin state Senate Majority Leader Scott Fitzgerald. In October 2011, Jeff Fitzgerald ran unsuccessfully for U.S. Senate in 2012.
Date: June 28, 2012
Location: wisconsin
Topics: federal budget;health care;taxes
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: And the Joint Tax Committee and the Congressional Budget Office told us they do not have any listing of the largest middle-class tax hikes in history. Our rating Fitzgerald said Obama’s federal health reform law is "the largest middle class tax increase in history," but the two ways he measures it are deeply flawed. In claiming the law increase taxes on the middle class by 40 percent, Fitzgerald cites figures related to insurance premiums, not taxes. And if even the law would raise taxes by $1 trillion as he erroneously claims, that’s a total figure, not how much taxes would go up for the middle class. For making an extraordinary  and offering painfully thin , we rate Fitzgerald’s statement .
Statement: There is "more oil produced at home than we buy from the rest of the world – the first time that's happened in nearly 20 years.
Speaker: barack obama
About the speaker: Barack Obama is the former president of the United States. Obama also served as a U.S. senator from Illinois. He was born in 1961 in Hawaii, where his parents met as students at the University of Hawaii. Obama's father is from Kenya and his mother is from Kansas. He graduated from Columbia University and received his law degree from Harvard Law School. Obama previously served in the Illinois state Senate and was an instructor at the University of Chicago Law School. He and his wife, Michelle, have two daughters, Malia and Sasha.
Date: January 28, 2014
Location: national
Topics: economy;energy;trade
Context: the State of the Union address
Fact-check justification: Obama said the United States is producing more oil at home than its buying from the rest of the world for the first time in nearly two decades. That  is on the money. However, a lot of this has been in the works for awhile, including dynamics that pre-date the Obama administration. Experts told us the new dynamic is due to factors like the recession, increased fuel efficiency and ramped up domestic oil production. As a simple statement on where we stand on oil exports vs. imports, though, Obama’s  is accurate. We rate it .
Statement: New Jersey today has fewer employees in state government than it had when Christie Whitman left office in January of 2001, and I think that's good. And we did it without any layoffs. We did it through attrition.
Speaker: chris christie
About the speaker: Chris Christie announced June 6, 2023 that he is running for the Republican nomination for president. Christie was the governor of New Jersey and a candidate for the Republican nomination for president in 2016. As governor, Christie won office in 2010 and was re-elected in 2014. Prior to that, he was U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey from 2002 to 2008. 
Date: July 9, 2012
Location: new jersey
Topics: jobs
Context: an appearance at the Brookings Institution
Fact-check justification: At the Brookings Institution, Christie claimed: "New Jersey today has fewer employees in state government than it had when Christie Whitman left office in January of 2001, and I think that’s good. And we did it without any layoffs. We did it through attrition." But the latest labor statistics show there were 7,700 more "state government" workers in May than when Whitman resigned. Also, the governor’s representatives have cited hundreds of layoffs during Christie’s tenure. We rate the statement . To comment on this ruling, go to NJ.com .
Statement: Despite decades of marijuana being used for smoking in the United States, there have been no reported medical cases of lung cancer" attributed to marijuana.
Speaker: john morgan
About the speaker: John Morgan is an attorney for the law firm of Morgan & Morgan. He spearheaded the campaign in Florida to change the Constitution to allow the use of medical marijuana which passed in 2016.
Date: July 6, 2017
Location: florida
Topics: marijuana
Context: a lawsuit
Fact-check justification: The report found "moderate  of no statistical association between cannabis smoking and the incidence of lung cancer." However, the report also noted various limitations of the research. Overall, the academies called for more research -- a sentiment shared by other experts we interviewed.   Morgan’s statement is partially accurate, but more  is needed before definitely declaring smoking marijuana is risk-free when it comes to lung cancer. We rate the statement .
Statement: Mitt Romney's and Bain Capital's profits from KB Toys, which later went out of business, were "described by the Boston Herald as 'disgusting.'
Speaker: winning our future
About the speaker: Winning Our Future is a Super PAC supporting Newt Gingrich for president in 2012.
Date: January 12, 2012
Location: national
Topics: candidate biography;message machine 2012
Context: the video, "When Mitt Romney Came to Town"
Fact-check justification: The story referenced by the video does contain the "disgusting" quote. But in both in the voice-over and the video, the "King of Bain" video suggests that the comment was spoken in the editorial voice of the Boston Herald . It wasn't -- it came from a laidoff worker. We rate the statement .
Statement: There are now 56 cargo freighters anchored off the coast of California from Oakland to Long Beach in what can only be considered a manufactured supply-chain halt.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: October 1, 2021
Location: california
Topics: economy;public health;trade
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: But experts say that the back-up is being caused by labor shortages, holiday buying surges and other COVID-19 related issues.   It is  to  that these vessels are being prevented from unloading their cargo as part of some effort to interrupt the national supply chain.   Experts say that supply-chain disruptions and some product shortages are to be expected as the world continues to navigate a global pandemic, but do not think it is necessary for people to stock up on essential supplies.   We rate this as .  – The statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression.
Statement: Says "Tim Michels doesn't think gay people should be out in public.
Speaker: democratic party of wisconsin
About the speaker: The Democratic Party of Wisconsin focuses on advancing state Democratic candidates and related issues.
Date: August 8, 2022
Location: wisconsin
Topics: legal issues;lgbtq
Context: News release
Fact-check justification: A news release from the Democratic Party of Wisconsin claimed that "Tim Michels doesn’t think gay people should be out in public."  Michels has made clear his opposition to a critical issue for the LGBTQ community and has criticized Democrats for focusing on such issues. But the  takes his 2004 comment to an extreme and leaves out the clarification he made afterward.  A statement is  if it contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression.  That fits here.
Statement: At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson advocated that "each and every criminal defendant in D.C. Corrections custody should be released.
Speaker: marsha blackburn
About the speaker: Marsha Blackburn, a native of Laurel, Miss., was first elected to represent Tennessee’s 7th Congressional District in 2002. Blackburn was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2018,
Date: March 21, 2022
Topics: crime;supreme court;coronavirus
Context: a Senate judiciary committee hearing
Fact-check justification: Blackburn’s statement suggests that Jackson released all inmates who came before her en masse, and that’s . Jackson denied some inmates’ requests for release and granted other ones, taking into account factors such as the likelihood they would reoffend and whether they would comply with conditions of release.   We rate this statement .   RELATED : Joe Biden keeps promise to name first Black woman to Supreme Court
Statement: Says the secret John Doe criminal investigation of his campaign has been "resolved" and two judges have said it is "over.
Speaker: scott walker
About the speaker: Scott Walker, a Republican, is the former governor of Wisconsin. He was first elected in November 2010. He survived a recall election in 2012, defeating Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett after igniting controversy with a bill curtailing public-employee union collective-bargaining rights.  He won re-election to a four-year term in November 2014 and was a 2016 presidential candidate before dropping out in September of 2015. He was defeated by Tony Evers in the 2018 gubernatorial election. Walker is a former Milwaukee County executive and former member of the state Assembly.
Date: June 20, 2014
Location: wisconsin
Topics: campaign finance;legal issues
Context: a TV interview
Fact-check justification: His characterization is  at best. The investigation has been stopped, for now, under one judge’s ruling. But the second ruling, while a serious blow, did not end the probe, and in any event prosecutors have appealed the two rulings Walker mentioned. We rate Walker’s statement . You may comment on this item on the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel web site .