chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: A cure for cancer, known as a Rife machine, was found in 1934.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: July 25, 2022
Topics: health care;science;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: "There is  that application of some radio frequencies can have favorable results. However, the human body, or even a cancer cell, is an extremely complicated system," said Ivan Brezovich, one of the study's researchers and professor emeritus at the Department of Radiation Oncology at the University of Alabama.   "There are countless variables that need to be fully explored, such as what frequency or frequencies should be used, when should they be applied, at what intensity, at what body parts, for what types of cancer, etc."  Brezovich believes that more research must be done and believes that "patients should not forgo a proven method of treatment until a new modality has been verified in a scientific setting. "  A miraculous cure for cancer would be wonderful, but there is not currently  that Rife machines are that miracle. We rate this  .
Statement: Hillary Clinton's international travels included "no serious diplomacy.
Speaker: dick morris
About the speaker: Dick Morris is a former advisor to President Clinton. He is now an ardent Clinton-basher and Fox News contributor.
Date: March 21, 2008
Location: national
Topics: foreign policy
Context: the "New York Post"
Fact-check justification: One of her earliest trips as first lady was a 1995 visit with Dr. Muhammad Yunus, a microcredit pioneer and founder of the Grameen Bank. Yunus went on to win the Nobel Prize in 2006. Morris' criticism that Clinton's travel was frivolous doesn't match up with what her schedules and news reports show. We found the  of the matter to be somewhere between Clinton's bragging and Morris' put-downs. Meanwhile, we find his statement that the trips did not constitute any serious diplomacy to be .
Statement: Studies show that people that are on welfare are higher users of drugs than people not on welfare.
Speaker: rick scott
About the speaker: Rick Scott, a wealthy Florida businessman, was first elected Florida's 45th governor on Nov. 2, 2010 and re-elected Nov. 4, 2014. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2018 and is running for re-election in 2024.
Date: June 5, 2011
Location: florida
Topics: drugs;poverty;marijuana
Context: an interview on CNN
Fact-check justification: Let's remember what Scott said. He told CNN's T.J. Holmes that, "Studies show that people that are on welfare are higher users of drugs than people not on welfare." Scott's office provided  that supports that . Sort of. And opponents provided  that refutes Scott's . Sort of. What's obvious is that it's difficult to make broad generalizations about a whole group of people. And it's even more difficult to definitively measure drug use. Scott's statement is at least partially accurate because there are studies showing a higher prevalence of drug use among some welfare recipients. But he also is neglecting research that suggests that drug use among welfare and non-welfare recipients is consistent. We rate this  .
Statement: This lady here applied sanitizer to her hands/forearms & went to the kitchen to cook. The moment she turned on the gas stove, her hands caught fire due to the alcohol contained in the sanitizer.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: March 23, 2020
Topics: public health;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post said: "This lady here applied sanitizer to her hands/forearms & went to the kitchen to cook. The moment she turned on the gas stove, her hands caught fire due to the alcohol contained in the sanitizer." We ran reverse image searches and checked news databases, and we found no credible  that the incident in question actually took place.  Hand sanitizer is flammable, but medical experts told us that the fire risks are low because the alcohol in hand sanitizer evaporates quickly when the product is given enough time to dry. We rate this statement .
Statement: I don't have lobbyists running my campaign.
Speaker: mitt romney
About the speaker: Mitt Romney is a U.S. senator from Utah. He ran for president in 2012 as the Republican nominee, losing to incumbent President Barack Obama. Prior to that, Romney served one term as governor of Massachusetts, elected to the post in 2002. He was born in 1947 in Michigan, where his father was governor from 1963 to 1969. Romney graduated from Brigham Young University and received both a law degree and an MBA from Harvard University. Romney helped found the investment firm Bain Capital in 1984, which launched or rebuilt such companies as Staples and Dominos Pizza. Romney managed the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City from 1999-2002. He ran for president in 2008 but lost the Republican nomination. He and his wife, Ann, have five sons, Tagg, Craig, Matt, Ben and Josh.
Date: January 17, 2008
Location: national
Topics: ethics
Context: Columbia, S.C.
Fact-check justification: • Vin Weber, the Romney campaign's policy chairman, is considered one of Washington's premier lobbyists. He is chief executive of Clark & Weinstock, which has represented Microsoft, Pfizer, Texas Instruments, General Electric and many others. During the standoff in the Staples, Romney said, "I don't have lobbyists at my elbows that are arguing for one industry or another industry." They may not be at his elbows, but his campaign sure looks ankle-deep in them. And so we find his  to be .
Statement: Says he was "not part of transferring" any priests accused of sexual abuse.
Speaker: matt flynn
About the speaker: Milwaukee attorney Matt Flynn announced in October 2017 that he is running for the Democratic nomination for governor of Wisconsin in the 2018 election. A former chairman of the Wisconsin Democratic Party, Flynn lost bids for the U.S. Senate in 1986 and 1988 and was defeated in contests for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1978 and 2004. 
Date: August 8, 2018
Location: wisconsin
Topics: children;legal issues;crime;religion;sexuality
Context: a candidates forum
Fact-check justification: But it’s also clear Flynn was heavily involved in cases where accused priests were transferred. Our rating Flynn says he was "not part of transferring" any priests accused of sexual abuse. There is no  to show that Flynn advised the archdiocese to transfer priests accused of molesting children to different parishes. But Flynn was a top attorney for the archdiocese during a period of years when a number of such transfers were done, and he had at least some involvement with cases in which accused priests were transferred. We rate Flynn’s statement .
Statement: Says he's "never asked for more" than inflationary budget increases in his 10 budgets as Milwaukee County sheriff
Speaker: david a. clarke jr.
About the speaker: David A. Clarke Jr. served as Milwaukee County sheriff from 2002 to 2017.
Date: September 30, 2011
Location: wisconsin
Topics: county budget;criminal justice
Context: a radio interview
Fact-check justification: What’s more, if we looked at every department that way, tens of millions of dollars in county tax dollars would magically disappear from the books -- but not from that tax bill in your mailbox. Our conclusion Clarke says he "never asked for more" than inflationary budget increases in his 10 budgets as Milwaukee County sheriff. It’s  if you overlook the massive fringe benefit increases that have pushed up county costs, frustrating Clarke and every other department head who cut back only to see costs rise. But the bottom line is, Clarke’s redefinition of his budget requests is unofficial and not recorded in county records. We rate his statement .
Statement: There are now zero students, staff or anyone "related to the school system" in Union County" hospitalized with COVID-19, despite harsh criticism of school COVID policy.
Speaker: david willis
About the speaker: David Willis represents Union County in the North Carolina state House of Representatives.
Date: February 17, 2022
Location: north carolina
Topics: coronavirus
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: Willis said that, despite criticism of the Union County school board, none of its employees and no one "related to" the school system was hospitalized with COVID-19. The school system told PolitiFact that no employees were hospitalized with COVID-19 the day Willis spoke. But its spokeswoman said the district doesn’t track the health status of people who work with schools but aren’t school system employees.  It’s also  for Willis to suggest that the school district’s lack of hospitalizations on a particular day demonstrates that criticism of the school leaders is unwarranted.  Willis’ statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details. That’s our definition of .
Statement: Says Wisconsin "hadn't been won by a Republican since Dwight D. Eisenhower, in 1952. And I won Wisconsin. …  Ronald Reagan, remember, Wisconsin was the state that Ronald Reagan did not win.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: June 28, 2018
Location: wisconsin
Topics: elections;voting record
Context: a public forum
Fact-check justification: and that "Wisconsin was the state that Ronald Reagan did not win." Election records show that Trump is  on both counts. Very . The president might want to find another applause line for Wisconsin, because Republican candidates not named Trump won the state six times since Eisenhower’s 1952 win. We rate his  .
Statement: Limiting labor negotiations to only wages is "how it is for the most part in the private sector.
Speaker: alberta darling
About the speaker: Wisconsin state Sen. Alberta Darling, R-River Hills, served in the state Assembly from 1990 to 1992 and has served in the state Senate since 1992. She survived a recall election in August 2011 by defeating state Rep. Sandy Pasch (D-Whitefish Bay).
Date: February 13, 2011
Location: wisconsin
Topics: labor;state budget
Context: an appearance on a TV interview program
Fact-check justification: It’s not just money, it’s the workplace." Let’s return to Darling’s statement. In arguing public employee unions ought to be treated more like their their private sector counterparts, she said "for the most part" private contract talks are limited to wages. However, the National Labor Relations Act make it clear: Private employers with unions are not only allowed to bargain on many other issues -- that law requires the subjects be about far more than just wages. We rate her statement .
Statement: Over the last six months, President Barack Obama has golfed 10 times and held 106 fundraisers, but his jobs council has never met.
Speaker: republican national committee
About the speaker: The Republican National Committee is the national arm of the Republican Party.
Date: July 19, 2012
Location: national
Topics: campaign finance;economy;jobs;message machine 2012;sports
Context: a web video
Fact-check justification: The RNC said that over the last six months, Obama has golfed 10 times and held 106 fundraisers even as his jobs council didn’t meet once. The RNC’s tally is on target. We rate the statement .
Statement: Says, "Oregon has the third largest class size in the nation.
Speaker: oregon pta
About the speaker: The Oregon PTA is the largest network of parents in Oregon.
Date: May 17, 2013
Location: oregon
Topics: children;education
Context: a newsletter
Fact-check justification: Oregon fared poorly in the federal ranking. In the 2008-09 school year, the state had the fifth-largest student-teacher ratio. That ranking rose to third in 2009-10 and dropped back to fourth in the 2010-11 school year. So overall, three data sets produced very similar results about Oregon’s student-teacher ratios, all of which say the state has one of the highest student-teacher ratios in the United States. We rate the statement .
Statement: When Honduran children came into this country, "Secretary Clinton said send them back.
Speaker: bernie sanders
About the speaker: Bernie Sanders is a senator from Vermont. Sanders was first elected to the Senate in 2007 and was re-elected in 2012 and 2018. The senator also ran an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 2016, losing the Democratic primary to Hillary Clinton. From 1991 until 2007, he was the representative of Vermont’s At-Large District of the House of Representatives. Sanders was the mayor of Burlington from 1981 to 1989. He received a bachelor’s degree in political science from the University of Chicago. In 2019, he announced he was running for the Democratic nomination for president and dropped out in April 2020.
Date: March 9, 2016
Location: national
Topics: immigration
Context: the Democratic debate at Miami Dade College
Fact-check justification: Sanders said that when undocumented children were streaming across the border, Clinton said, send them back. That is a bit of an oversimplification. Clinton did not say they should be sent back no matter what. She set the condition that the government should first identify responsible adults to care for them. However, she expressed a preference that as many as possible be sent back. That message was part of the administration’s policy to discourage more young people from attempting the trip. We rate this statement .
Statement: California is once again the sixth-largest economy in the world. If you add the GDP's of Washington and Oregon, California would surpass the United Kingdom to become the fifth-largest economy in the world.
Speaker: antonio villaraigosa
About the speaker: Antonio Villaraigosa, a Democrat, is a candidate for California governor, former mayor of Los Angeles and former state Assembly speaker. 
Date: December 8, 2016
Location: california
Topics: economy;elections;the 2018 california governor's race
Context: an op-ed
Fact-check justification: Antonio Villaraigosa recently said: "California is once again the sixth-largest economy in the world. If you add the GDP’s of Washington and Oregon, California would surpass the United Kingdom to become the fifth-largest economy in the world." We rated the first portion of this   in a separate fact check in July. We crunched the numbers on the second part of Villaraigosa’s , about a combined and hypothetical California-Oregon-Washington economy. At $3.1 trillion, it would surpass the United Kingdom’s $2.8 trillion GDP and would rank fifth in the world. It’s important to note that some economists factor in cost-of-living when assessing a state’s or country’s GDP. Expenses are high in all three states, which means this mega-economy could be knocked down a few spots in the rankings. The former mayor’s statement needs this clarification. Overall, we rate Villaraigosa’s  .  – The statement is accurate but needs clarification or additional information. https://www.sharethefacts.co/share/5b83a74d-fde6-48d9-9c72-c93824f92b4e
Statement: Says former North Carolina elections board chairman "tried to drag a cancer-stricken woman out of her hospital bed to testify at her son's hearing on the first day of early voting over a bogus complaint that the board hadn't even fully investigated.
Speaker: phil berger
About the speaker: Phil Berger is a Republican from Eden and the president pro tempore of the North Carolina Senate.
Date: December 19, 2018
Location: north carolina
Topics: elections
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: Berger said Penry "tried to drag a cancer-stricken woman out of her hospital bed to testify at her son’s hearing on the first day of early voting over a bogus complaint that the Board hadn’t even fully investigated." He appears to have a point about the hearing being scheduled before the investigation was complete. However, Berger grossly  Penry’s request of Hise’s mother (the "cancer-stricken woman") and downplays Hise’s violations. We rate this . This story was produced by the North Carolina Fact-Checking Project, a partnership of McClatchy Carolinas, the Duke University Reporters’ Lab and PolitiFact. The NC Local News Lab Fund and the International Center for Journalists provide support for the project, which shares fact-checks with newsrooms statewide.
Statement: Trump approval rating better than Obama and Reagan at same point in their presidencies.
Speaker: the gateway pundit
About the speaker: The Gateway Pundit is a conservative website.
Date: June 9, 2018
Topics: fake news;polls and public opinion;punditfact
Context: a headline
Fact-check justification: The Gateway Pundit said, "Trump approval rating better than Obama and Reagan at same point in their presidencies." The story cited a Fox News poll in early June that found Trump’s approval rating at 45 percent and a Rasmussen poll showing Obama was at 46 percent at the same point in his presidency. An NBC/ Wall Street Journal poll found that Trump’s approval was 44 percent in early June, matching the results for Reagan (in June 1982) and Obama (in June 2010). These poll results show that Trump, Obama and Reagan had similar polling results for early June in the second year of their presidencies. These results are a snapshot in time, and other polling results show warning signs for Republicans headed into the midterms. That said, the numbers cited are correct. We rate this  .
Statement: An old image shows a drug store with a marijuana leaf sign.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: December 15, 2019
Topics: fake news;history;facebook fact-checks;marijuana
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: (Marijuana is the mixture of dried, shredded flowers and leaves that comes from the hemp plant.) Domestic production flourished until after the Civil War, when imports and other domestic materials replaced hemp for many purposes. In the late 19th century, marijuana became a popular ingredient in many medicinal products and was sold openly in public pharmacies." Nevertheless, this photo does not appear to be authentic. We rate it .
Statement: Smartmatic and Dominion systems ... were built to do this very thing, for changing the results of elections.
Speaker: sidney powell
About the speaker: Sidney Powell is a former federal prosecutor and attorney. She has represented former National Security Adviser Michael Flynn and served on Donald Trump's legal team.
Date: November 16, 2020
Location: national
Topics: elections
Context: an interview with Mark Levin
Fact-check justification: An independent audit of Dominion voting machines in Georgia affirmed that finding. "There is no  that any voting system deleted or lost votes, changed votes, or was in any way compromised," the statement says. "While we know there are many unfounded claims and opportunities for misinformation about the process of our elections, we can assure you we have the utmost confidence in the security and integrity of our elections, and you should too." Powell’s  is  and . We rate it !
Statement: No, that's a mischaracterization of my thinking.
Speaker: bernie sanders
About the speaker: Bernie Sanders is a senator from Vermont. Sanders was first elected to the Senate in 2007 and was re-elected in 2012 and 2018. The senator also ran an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 2016, losing the Democratic primary to Hillary Clinton. From 1991 until 2007, he was the representative of Vermont’s At-Large District of the House of Representatives. Sanders was the mayor of Burlington from 1981 to 1989. He received a bachelor’s degree in political science from the University of Chicago. In 2019, he announced he was running for the Democratic nomination for president and dropped out in April 2020.
Date: June 28, 2019
Location: vermont
Topics: guns
Context: Miami, Florida
Fact-check justification: "On the other hand, there are some federal issues that go beyond what states do," the Vermont senator added about the federal role in regulating firearms. We reached out to Heintz to get his take on whether Maddow was mischaracterizing the 2013 interview with Sanders. "I think our 2013 interview with Sen. Sanders stands on its own and I think last night’s debate stands on its own," Heintz said. "Both are available online and I encourage people to watch and listen and draw their own conclusions."
Statement: Says Amy Coney Barrett "has a written track record, disagreeing adamantly with the Supreme Court's decision to uphold the ACA. In fact, she publicly criticized Chief Justice Roberts' opinion upholding the law eight years ago.
Speaker: joe biden
About the speaker: Joe Biden is the president of the United States. A Democrat, Biden served as a Delaware senator from 1973 (elected at the age of 29) until 2009. During his time in the Senate, he served as chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, chair of the International Narcotics Control Caucus and chair of the Judiciary Committee. He subsequently served as Barack Obama’s vice president from 2009 to 2016. Biden launched unsuccessful presidential campaigns in 1988 and 2008. He received a degree in history and political science from the University of Delaware and his J.D. from Syracuse School of Law. 
Date: September 27, 2020
Topics: health care;supreme court
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: Biden said that Barrett "has a written track record, disagreeing adamantly with the Supreme Court’s decision to uphold the ACA. In fact, she publicly criticized Chief Justice Roberts’ opinion upholding the law eight years ago." The track record we found is not very lengthy, and it is more academic than "adamant." But it is there, and it strongly suggests Barrett would have sided with Scalia over Roberts in finding the Affordable Care Act unconstitutional.   We rate the statement .