chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: After a "major water main break," Georgia election workers counted "18,000 ballots, all for Biden" that they pulled from suitcases and with no election observers present.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: January 2, 2021
Location: georgia
Topics: national;elections
Context: a phone call with the George secretary of state
Fact-check justification: Trump claimed a tape shows that after a "major water main break" in Georgia, election workers pulled out ballots stored in "suitcases" under a table and counted "18,000 ballots, all for Biden" with no election observers present. That’s  in multiple ways. State and county officials have repeatedly debunked this . The video in question does not show any wrongdoing, and there’s no  that the ballots shown were fraudulent or "all for Biden." The water leak, which was sourced to a urinal, was unrelated. We rate this  !
Statement: President Donald Trump was in a presidential limousine as he left his Jan. 6, 2021, rally at the White House Ellipse.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: June 30, 2022
Topics: facebook fact-checks;jan. 6
Context: Facebook posts
Fact-check justification: All the vehicles were SUVs. The photo of the limousine shared in the Facebook posts was not taken on Jan. 6, 2021, reverse image searches revealed. It was snapped in 2020 and shows Trump in the vehicle after landing in Santa Ana, California, according to a caption on Shutterstock . There’s no  that Trump was in the presidential limousine shown in the Facebook posts after his Jan. 6, 2021, rally. We rate these Facebook posts .
Statement: Says minimum markup law goes beyond gas, tobacco and alcohol to make "many doorbuster deals and holiday shopping specials technically against the law.
Speaker: dale kooyenga
About the speaker: Dale Kooyenga, born February 12, 1979, was elected as a Republican in the fall of 2010 to represent the 14th District for the Wisconsin State Assembly. He was re-elected in 2012. He lives in Brookfield in suburban Milwaukee. Kooyenga, an accountant, is part of the so-called "CPA Caucus" in the Assembly. He is a U.S. Army veteran of the Iraq War and earned a Bronze Star for his service, his official bio states.
Date: December 13, 2019
Location: wisconsin
Topics: economy;legal issues;small business
Context: an email
Fact-check justification: Kooyenga said in a letter to constituents that "many doorbuster deals and holiday shopping specials are technically against the law." The Unfair Sales Act does generally ban prices below cost in Wisconsin, with some exceptions. And there have been reports over time of stores offering loss-leaders or below-cost prices to get customers through the door. But Kooyenga’s  assumes Wisconsin retailers actually routinely sell doorbusters below cost. His office didn’t provide proof of that element, and the state hasn’t fined anyone for doing that in at least a decade. What’s more, a retail expert said the nuances involved in the deals between vendor and retailer make it very difficult to pin down the actual invoice cost. We rate this  .
Statement: Says Hunter Biden "died of a crack overdose.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: October 25, 2020
Location: national
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a text post
Fact-check justification: "My son, like a lot of people, like a lot of people you know at home, had a drug problem," Biden said during the first presidential debate in September. "He's overtaken it, he's fixed it, he's worked on it, and I'm proud of him." We reached out to the Biden campaign for a comment, but we haven’t heard back. The Facebook post is . We rate it .
Statement: Says former U.S. Rep. Carol Shea-Porter refused to host town hall meetings during her time in Congress.
Speaker: new hampshire republican party
About the speaker: The New Hampshire Republican Party is the GOP's office for the Granite State.
Date: March 8, 2012
Location: new hampshire
Topics: new hampshire 2012;transparency
Context: a written statement
Fact-check justification: There was a point a few years ago when Shea-Porter did not hold town hall meetings. She drew criticism from New Hampshire news outlets after she scheduled no in-person meetings between April 2008 and August 2009, while the federal health care debate reached a fever pitch. But, once she resumed the public forums, she stayed in plain sight. In the eight months between August 2009 and April 2010, she hosted 13 meetings, more than some members of the current congressional delegation, and, after she voted in favor of the controversial Affordable Care Act, she went before her constituents, holding eight meetings in less than two weeks. We rate this  .
Statement: Says Wisconsin has not had a spike in coronavirus cases that was "statistically significant related to the fact that they had voting.
Speaker: chip roy
About the speaker: U.S. Rep. Chip Roy was elected to represent Texas' 21st Congressional District in 2018. Previously he worked as vice president of strategy for the Texas Public Policy Foundation, a conservative think tank. He also worked as a political operative for several different Texas Republicans.
Date: May 6, 2020
Location: wisconsin
Topics: coronavirus;texas
Context: an interview
Fact-check justification: Roy said Wisconsin has not had a spike in coronavirus cases that was "statistically significant related to the fact that they had voting." Wisconsin has linked 67 coronavirus cases to the April 7 primary election in the state, a small fraction of the state’s total cases. But the data is limited. Health officials said there is significant uncertainty surrounding these figures, and the election’s  impact might be impossible to determine. We rate this  .
Statement: Says El Chapo testified in court that he paid off Nancy Pelosi to keep the U.S.-Mexico border open for drug cartels.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: March 4, 2021
Topics: drugs;crime;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post claims El Chapo testified that he paid off Pelosi to keep the U.S.-Mexico border open for drug cartels. This is bogus. Guzmán did not take the stand at his trial, and therefore could not have testified that his cartel gave money to any American official. If he did, we would have known about it during his trial in 2019. !
Statement: We are not even into February and the cost of illegal immigration so far this year is $18,959,495,168. Cost Friday was $603,331,392. There are at least 25,772,342 illegal aliens, not the 11,000,000 that have been reported for years, in our Country.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: January 27, 2019
Location: national
Topics: immigration;homeland security
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Trump said, "We are not even into February and the cost of illegal immigration so far this year is $18,959,495,168. Cost Friday was $603,331,392. There are at least 25,772,342 illegal aliens, not the 11,000,000 that have been reported for years, in our Country." The source of Trump’s  is unclear. We asked DHS and the White House to back Trump’s statement, but neither provided studies or any other data to support it. Trump previously falsely claimed that the cost of illegal immigration was $250 billion a year. Even the highest annual estimates we found were significantly lower than that amount ($116 billion, after factoring in tax contributions). Most estimates say there are around 11 million immigrants in the country illegally. A recent study from Yale University researchers said a mean number was 22.1 million, but several demographers have pointed flaws in the assumptions and findings of that study. Without  from Trump or his administration to back this statement, we rate it .
Statement: San Juan Teamsters didn't show up for work to distribute relief supplies" because they went on strike.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: September 30, 2017
Topics: fake news;foreign policy;weather;punditfact
Context: blog posts
Fact-check justification: Bloggers said that "San Juan Teamsters didn't show up for work to distribute relief supplies" because they went on strike after Hurricane Maria. The widespread accusations trace back to a post that selectively edited and mistranslated interviews to make it look like union truckers were being greedy and lazy. But there’s no strike, and union truck drivers have been trying to move aid shipments across Puerto Rico. There are multiple logistical problems slowing down transport, not the least of which is that some drivers simply can’t get to the port, or drive on impassable roads. Bloggers are misrepresenting a real humanitarian crisis by blaming trade unions. That drives this rating to !
Statement: The Department of Corrections budget in Wisconsin is more than the Department of Education budget.
Speaker: jill karofsky
About the speaker: Dane County Circuit Judge Jill Karofsky is campaigning for the state Supreme Court.
Date: November 19, 2019
Location: wisconsin
Topics: criminal justice;education
Context: a public forum
Fact-check justification: Karofsky claimed "the Department of Corrections budget in Wisconsin is more than the Department of Education budget." According to an aide, she intended to say the state spends more on corrections than the UW system, which is generally . But she muddied her point by calling it the Department of Education, an agency that doesn't exist in Wisconsin by that name. And the agency closest to a Department of Education — the Department of Public Instruction — actually comes out far ahead of the Department of Corrections in general revenue funding. Our definition for  is "the statement contains some element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression." That fits here.
Statement: Under the 2017 tax law, "people who make under $75,000 will have their taxes raised in 2021 and every 2 years after that until 2027.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: February 1, 2021
Topics: taxes;facebook fact-checks
Context: on social media
Fact-check justification: The post said, "Trump passed a bill in 2017 where people who make under $75,000 will have their taxes raised in 2021 and every 2 years after that until 2027." Tables produced by the Joint Committee on Taxation do suggest that after-tax incomes for some income groups will decline, but it’s  to say that this amounts to having "their taxes raised." These tax increases show up in the tables because the committee concluded that eliminating the individual health insurance mandate would lead people to forgo buying insurance, and would in turn reduce the tax subsidies they would’ve received to help them pay their premiums. By contrast, at least two other independent groups ignored the impact of this provision in their analyses and concluded that every income group will benefit from the tax law to some degree each year until 2027. We rate it .
Statement: Says Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence on hemp paper, grew and smoked marijuana, and said "hemp is of first necessity to the wealth and protection of the country.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: March 11, 2019
Topics: corrections and updates;history;facebook fact-checks;marijuana
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification:   A meme being shared online claims that Thomas Jefferson penned the Declaration of Independence on hemp paper, grew and smoked marijuana, and once said the plant was of "first necessity to the protection and wealth of the country." The Declaration of Independence was not drafted on hemp, but on parchment made from animal skin, But Jefferson did indeed grow the plant (not necessarily weed, though). There is no  to suggest Jefferson ever smoked marijuana, and if he had, it likely would have been the hemp he grew, which had very low levels of THC. Jefferson also did not say that specific phrase, but his favor of the crop is well documented. With all this taken into account, we rate this post . Update March 15, 2019: This story has been updated to reflect the fact that a quote similar to the one attributed to Jefferson in this  is found in the Jefferson papers but was not made by Jefferson himself. This update does not affect the ruling.
Statement: A photograph shows Joe Biden engaging in disturbing behavior with a boy.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: February 17, 2019
Topics: candidate biography;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: The Facebook post suggests that Biden is behaving inappropriately with a boy. And without context, it’s unclear what’s happening in the photo. Is he covering the child’s mouth? Is he whispering in his ear? The post exploits this ambiguity, leading to comments that take the image as confirmation that the former vice president is a "pedophile" or "handsie." Rather, he is comforting his grieving grandchildren as they say goodbye to their dad. We rate this post !
Statement: Says "One-third of our healthcare dollars go to wasteful insurance billing and bureaucracy.
Speaker: jennifer williamson
About the speaker: Jennifer Williamson is running in the Democratic primary to represent Oregon House District 36.
Date: May 3, 2012
Location: oregon
Topics: health care;public health
Context: a campaign mailer
Fact-check justification: The campaign also cited other studies that suggest providers incur considerable costs in their administrative dealings with insurance companies. Oregon’s health care industry is leaner than the national average and if Williamson is talking about a statewide single-payer system -- which is really the only sort she could conceivably impact in the position for which she is running -- that is important context. She wouldn’t be able to wring as much out of administrative costs in Oregon as she could nationally. As for the final ruling, we’ll give this statement a . It’s accurate, but we think that voters might want additional information about statewide performance.
Statement: Breitbart leaks names of four Dems being charged in Mueller's Russia probe.
Speaker: freedomjunkshun.com
About the speaker: A website associated with fake news.
Date: October 27, 2017
Topics: fake news;punditfact
Context: a headline
Fact-check justification: George Papadopoulos, a former Trump foreign policy adviser, also was indicted for lying to the FBI and pleaded guilty. FreedomJunkshun.com is member of a series of  websites associated with Christopher Blair, a self-described liberal troll who creates fictional stories to try to fool conservative readers. The website uses a similar layout and style as other Blair - affiliated sites , and carries a disclaimer that reads , "All people, places, names and images should be considered fictitious or fictitious representations." We’re indicting this story as another attempt by the troll network to capitalize on the news of the day. !
Statement: Rep. Robert Pittenger "stood against funding for the border wall.
Speaker: mark harris
About the speaker: Rev. Mark Harris is the former pastor of First Baptist Church in Charlotte. He has been a candidate for U.S. Senate and U.S. Congress in North Carolina.
Date: March 29, 2018
Location: north carolina
Topics: immigration
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Harris said Pittenger "stood against funding for the border wall." Harris bases this  on the idea that Trump wanted more money for the wall than Pittenger and other Republicans ultimately gave him. But just because Pittenger voted for a bill that doesn’t fully fund the wall doesn’t mean he stood against funding or doesn’t support the idea. PolitiFact found no  that Pittenger worked to block wall funding, so we rate this  .
Statement: 45 nations had already moved" to enforce travel restrictions with China "before the president moved.
Speaker: joe biden
About the speaker: Joe Biden is the president of the United States. A Democrat, Biden served as a Delaware senator from 1973 (elected at the age of 29) until 2009. During his time in the Senate, he served as chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, chair of the International Narcotics Control Caucus and chair of the Judiciary Committee. He subsequently served as Barack Obama’s vice president from 2009 to 2016. Biden launched unsuccessful presidential campaigns in 1988 and 2008. He received a degree in history and political science from the University of Delaware and his J.D. from Syracuse School of Law. 
Date: April 5, 2020
Topics: public health;coronavirus
Context: an ABC "This Week" interview
Fact-check justification: Other research shows that the number is around 36. Where Biden misleads is on the relative speed of the U.S. compared with others. The U.S. travel restriction came shortly after the WHO declared a public health emergency and around the same time as other nations, experts said. Biden’s statement that Trump’s travel restriction was slower than 45 other countries is partially accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context. We rate it .
Statement: The Paul Ryan budget proposal would "privatize Medicare.
Speaker: the agenda project
About the speaker: The Agenda Project is a liberal advocacy group.
Date: May 17, 2011
Location: national
Topics: federal budget;health care;medicare
Context: an advertisement
Fact-check justification: It’s  that under the Ryan proposal, the government will retain important duties in running Medicare. But "privatization" does not have to mean that the government has nothing further to do with the enterprise. Under longstanding definitions, privatization could take place without the government giving up its right to regulate a privately provided service, such as an electric utility. That said, we think it’s fair to note that Medicare already provides some types of coverage through private insurance now, so the shift toward the private sector prompted by the Ryan plan would be more a question of degree than kind. On balance, we conclude that the idea that the Paul Ryan budget proposal would "privatize Medicare" is .
Statement: After Reagan took office, "we didn't raise taxes and we didn't cut entitlements. What we did was we cut taxes.
Speaker: john mccain
About the speaker: John McCain was a U.S. senator from Arizona, a post he held from 1987 to his death in 2018. He previously served two terms in the U.S. House. He was the Republican nominee for president in 2008. McCain was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and spent his career in the military, as his father did. He was a combat pilot in Vietnam who was shot down and spent 5 1/2 years as a prisoner of war. He was born in 1936 in Panama. 
Date: April 9, 2008
Location: national
Topics: economy
Context: Westport, Conn
Fact-check justification: As former Reagan adviser Bruce Bartlett wrote in a 2003 article for National Review, Reagan signed two major tax increases in 1982 that took back much of the break he'd provided in his 1981 tax bill. After the Social Security tax increase of 1983, Reagan approved further tax increases — in one form or another — in 1984, 1985, 1986 and 1987. None of them was particularly draconian and taxes as a share of GDP continued to decline until 1984, when they bottomed out at 18.4 percent but then rose back to 19.2 percent by 1989, when Reagan left office. The overall percentage then was still lower than during Reagan's first year in the White House. Still, the fact that Reagan signed legislation raising taxes at all during his presidency certainly runs counter to the current GOP orthodoxy and would seem to contradict, if not disprove, McCain's statement, which we find to be .
Statement: No human is allowed to travel to Antarctica.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: July 13, 2023
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: Antarctica consists  of glaciers, ice shelves and icebergs, and it’s too cold for people to live there for a long time, according to NASA . McMurdo Station , established in 1955, is the largest research station in Antarctica. But its approximately 85 buildings, which range in size from a small radio shack to large three-story structures, don’t resemble what appears in the photo in the post. People aren’t banned from the continent. We rate that  !
Statement: Says it's not true that Florida black bears are an "apex predator.
Speaker: stacy white
About the speaker: Stacy White was elected to the Hillsborough County Commission in 2014. A pharmacist and Hillsborough County native, he served on the county school board from 2010-14. 
Date: June 2, 2016
Location: florida
Topics: environment;animals
Context: a Hillsborough County Commission meeting
Fact-check justification: White said it's not  that Florida black bears are an "apex predator." That’s overstating the case a little bit. Experts said bears are apex predators in the sense that nothing in their ecosystem naturally hunts them for food. Bears are definitely capable of injuring or even killing someone, but they don’t normally seek out humans. Bears are omnivorous, and any interaction between hungry bears and people most often involves the bear getting caught rooting in the trash. We rate White’s statement .
Statement: Most Americans on minimum wage earn less than a Dickensian allegory for destitution.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: December 19, 2021
Topics: corrections and updates;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post based on a tweet said that a Charles Dickens "allegory for destitution" made more than most American workers today do on a minimum wage salary. Cratchit’s earnings outperformed U.S. minimum-wage earners, but his experience was not a portrayal of a low-wage worker. Cratchit was making far more than the average worker in London during the Victorian era, experts say. The comparison between 1840s shillings and today’s dollars is problematic. One expert said Cratchit would be making $21.44 per hour in today’s dollars, assuming a 40-hour week. We rate this  . CORRECTION:  We updated this fact-check on Jan. 4 to correct the name of Cornell professor George Boyer.