chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Obama Signs Bill Forgiving All Student Loan Debt.
Speaker: chain email
About the speaker: Chain emails circulate on the Internet, usually anonymously, making a variety of political claims.
Date: June 5, 2014
Location: national
Topics: education;financial regulation
Context: emails and social media posts circulating on the Internet
Fact-check justification: Emails and social media posts are circulating a  that "Obama Signs Bill Forgiving All Student Loan Debt." But while Obama has taken executive action and called for passage of a student-loan refinancing bill now pending in the Senate, he didn’t say he was planning to forgive all student debts -- a far more massive undertaking. The  is  , so we rate it .
Statement: The American murder rate is 50 times that of any other developed nation.
Speaker: russell brand
About the speaker: Russell Brand is an English comedian and actor who has starred in such movies as Get Him to the Greek, Arthur and Forgetting Sarah Marshall. He posts video blogs on his website called The Trews that address current social and political events in the United Kingdom and sometimes the United States.
Date: May 26, 2015
Topics: crime;punditfact;guns
Context: an episode of 'The Trews'
Fact-check justification: Brand said, "The American murder rate is 50 times that of any other developed nation." Yes, the American homicide rate is pretty bad, at least compared to most of its high-income peers. But it’s not even close to being as bad as Brand suggests. For instance, the homicide rate in the United States is just three times higher than that in the United Kingdom. Brand considerably overstated things. We rate his  . Update (6:30 p.m. June 2) -- After we published our fact-check, a producer for The Trews said Brand meant to say 15, not 50. She said the "n" may have been clipped off due to editing.
Statement: Says John Boehner changed his position on extending Bush tax cuts.
Speaker: robert gibbs
About the speaker: Robert Gibbs served as White House press secretary for President Barack Obama. He now is a Democratic consultant.
Date: September 12, 2010
Location: national
Topics: taxes
Context: a White House news release
Fact-check justification: He was asked how he would vote under a very specific scenario and he answered the question. Yes, Boehner added a new aspect to that position -- that he's willing to support the other extensions even if they don't cover the wealthiest Americans. But in the same interview and elsewhere, Boehner has repeatedly said he supports extending the tax cuts for all Americans. That's sounds like a lot of consistency with a bit of change thrown in. So we find Gibbs'  .
Statement: Says two patients at Valley Regional Medical Center in Brownsville, Texas, "are being looked at" for possible coronavirus infections.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: March 2, 2020
Location: texas
Topics: facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: "THERE IS NO #CoV19 in the RGV." As of March 3, Texas was not one of 12 states reporting cases of COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.   KRGV, a local news station in the Rio Grande Valley, reported on March 2 that Cameron County health officials also confirmed that there were no cases of the virus there.   The station quotes a statement from the Valley Regional Medical Center saying it doesn’t "have any patients that have tested positive for COVID-19." We rate this Facebook post .
Statement: We could build 30 walls with the $150 billion Obama gave to Iran.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: March 21, 2019
Topics: immigration;fake news;iran;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post said that for the money Obama gave Iran, America could build 30 walls with Mexico. The underlying numbers are $150 billion for Iran and $5 billion for a wall with Mexico. None of the numbers hold up. The Trump administration said the $5 billion it sought for a wall would only build 215 miles worth. That would leave over half the border without a barrier. The money from the Iran deal netted it perhaps as much as $56 billion, and probably less. So, $5 billion doesn’t build a wall and Iran didn’t get $150 billion. We rate this post .
Statement: Giant companies like Toyota will not locate in a state that has not passed a right-to-work law
Speaker: stephen laffey
About the speaker: Stephen Laffey is a former mayor of Cranston, R.I. He ran unsuccessfully for U.S. Senate in 2006 in a Republican primary against Lincoln Chafee. He now lives in Fort Collins, Col., where he breeds Irish Gypsy Vanner horses and red Dexter cattle.
Date: March 2, 2012
Location: rhode island
Topics: corporations;economy;jobs;labor;unions
Context: a radio interview
Fact-check justification: Laffey said big companies such as Toyota don’t locate in states without right-to-work laws. A quick web search showed that four of the nine states where Toyota has manufacturing plants do not have right-to-work laws. And a spokesman for Toyota said such laws are not a significant factor in the company’s deciding where to build plants. We rule his statement . Correction: The initial version of this item reported that we checked a  from Republican state Sen. Nicholas Kettle on right-to-work states and ruled it . The actual ruling on Kettle's  was .
Statement: This man funds #ANTIFA. He is a real #NAZI. His name is George Soros.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: August 3, 2020
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Mark Bray, a historian at Rutgers University who wrote "Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook," told PolitiFact that the Facebook post reflects "an anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that the right has launched at all kinds of radical organizing over the years." "Antifa groups do not have much in the way of funds," he said. "The International Anti-Fascist Defence Fund exists to provide funds for medical or legal expenses of antifascists and those funds come from donations from allies but beyond that I’d imagine that whatever little money these groups have come from members themselves." We couldn’t find any  that Soros has contributed to this fund. We rate this Facebook post .
Statement: Southwest Airlines celebrating 50th anniversary by providing 2 free tickets to everyone!
Speaker: soutwest-air.com
About the speaker: Soutwest-air.com is a scam website.
Date: November 27, 2017
Topics: fake news;punditfact
Context: a headline
Fact-check justification: If you are ever in any doubt as to whether a special offer on Facebook is genuine or not, visit the company’s real website to see if they mention the competition there – or whether they are warning of a scam." Consumers can get actual information about Southwest at 1-800-I-FLY-SWA or Southwest.com. So the headline that states "Southwest Airlines celebrating 50th anniversary by providing 2 free tickets to everyone!" is a scam. Similar versions have circulated for years. We rate this headline .
Statement: Says Mitt Romney did not pay taxes for 10 years.
Speaker: harry reid
About the speaker: Harry Reid is a former U.S. senator from Nevada. He served as the Democratic minority leader in the U.S. Senate immediately prior to leaving office.
Date: July 31, 2012
Location: national
Topics: candidate biography;taxes
Context: an interview with the Huffington Post
Fact-check justification: Reid has said Romney paid no taxes for 10 years. It was no slip of the tongue. He repeated the  on at least two more occasions, at one point saying that "the word is out" when in fact it was only Reid who put that "word" out. Reid has produced no  to back up his  other than attribution to a shadowy anonymous source. Romney has denied the , and tax experts back him up, saying that the nature of Romney's investments in Bain make it highly unlikely he would have been able to avoid paying taxes altogether -- especially for 10 years. Reid has made an extreme  with nothing solid to back it up. !
Statement: Too many dead people voted" in Michigan
Speaker: mike shirkey
About the speaker: As the Michigan Senate majority leader, Mike Shirkey is the state's top elected Republican official. He assumed office in January 2015 and his current term ends January 2023.
Date: February 16, 2021
Location: michigan
Context: a radio interview
Fact-check justification: Shirkey claimed that "too many dead people voted" in the Nov. 3 general election in Michigan.  There’s no  to support Shirkey’s . The Secretary of State’s office said it’s not aware of a single confirmed case of ballots being cast behalf of a dead person. Similar claims have been debunked. The state has ways to flag deceased voters, and clerks across the state were able to successfully identify thousands of voters who submitted absentee ballots but died before Election Day. Their ballots weren’t counted.  We rate this  .
Statement: Democrats' budget resolution would raise America's tax bill by "$500-billion.
Speaker: john mccain
About the speaker: John McCain was a U.S. senator from Arizona, a post he held from 1987 to his death in 2018. He previously served two terms in the U.S. House. He was the Republican nominee for president in 2008. McCain was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and spent his career in the military, as his father did. He was a combat pilot in Vietnam who was shot down and spent 5 1/2 years as a prisoner of war. He was born in 1936 in Panama. 
Date: April 7, 2008
Location: national
Topics: federal budget
Context: a poll on McCain's Web site
Fact-check justification: In fact, during the full Senate debate on the chamber's resolution, lawmakers adopted an amendment by Senate Finance Committee Chairman Max Baucus, D-Mont., that would extend the child tax credit, marriage-penalty relief provisions and other components in the 2001 tax package. Democrats say they haven't yet made final decisions on which tax cuts will stay and which will go, and they maintain those tax cuts that are extended will be offset by tax increases elsewhere or by spending cuts. In other words, the budget resolution doesn't provide enough specifics to know the net effect on taxes, up or down. It's all part of the dodgy nature of budget politics, but the fact remains that budget resolutions do not contain enough specific language for anyone to calculate a particular tax increase. For McCain to  it's $500-billion is .
Statement: There was a report that came out from the FBI – a warning, not a report ... saying that, in fact, al-Qaida was planning to attack malls during the Christmas holidays.
Speaker: tom tancredo
About the speaker: Tom Tancredo is a former congressman from Colorado who ran unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination in 2008. In 2010, Tancredo ran for governor of Colorado as a member of the Constitution Party and placed second to Democrat and then-Denver Mayor John Hickenlooper.
Date: November 13, 2007
Location: national
Topics: terrorism
Context: an interview on CNN
Fact-check justification: Local law enforcement knows best how to patrol their communities." Tancredo is generally accurate in his statement, but in two places he overstates his case to serve a political point. First, he calls the FBI report a "warning, not a report," which suggests a distinction that the FBI doesn't acknowledge. Second, although he correctly notes that the source of this information is credible, he doesn't say the information itself isn't. Therefore, we find his statement .
Statement: Polls now show a majority of Catholics favor marriage equality.
Speaker: steven goldstein
About the speaker: Steven Goldstein is the chair and CEO of Garden State Equality.
Date: July 24, 2011
Location: new jersey
Topics: lgbtq;marriage
Context: The Star-Ledger
Fact-check justification: Back to Goldstein’s statement. Goldstein said, "polls now show a majority of Catholics favor marriage equality." We found polls generally support his . However, because the margins of error are so high -- enough to possibly affect the results -- we rate Goldstein’s statement . To comment on this ruling, go to NJ.com .
Statement: Says President Donald Trump will announce that a scientist "finally found vaccine to cure corona virus.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: March 24, 2020
Topics: fake news;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a false news article
Fact-check justification: Public domain records show that some of the websites spreading the bogus articles about a new coronavirus vaccine are registered in Ghana and Nigeria. Both countries have recently been linked to Russian disinformation campaigns, and websites associated with Russia and China have amplified conspiracies about the coronavirus in the past few weeks. Other stories were published by shell websites and promoted on Opera News Hub, a content creation platform that’s popular in Nigeria. The articles are  and make a  . We rate them !
Statement: Due to the recent downturn in steel production, more than 13,600 Americans have been laid off and the steel industry is facing billions in losses.
Speaker: claire mccaskill
About the speaker: Claire McCaskill is a Democrat and a U.S. Senator from Missouri.
Date: April 5, 2017
Location: missouri
Topics: jobs
Context: a news release
Fact-check justification: McCaskill said, "Due to the recent downturn in steel production, more than 13,600 Americans have been laid off and the steel industry is facing billions in losses." Both parts of the senator’s statements have been proven accurate as forces like steel dumping have led to job cuts and billions of dollars of losses in America. We rate McCaskill’s statement .
Statement: Washington politicians are paid over $200,000 an hour for speeches.
Speaker: bernie sanders
About the speaker: Bernie Sanders is a senator from Vermont. Sanders was first elected to the Senate in 2007 and was re-elected in 2012 and 2018. The senator also ran an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 2016, losing the Democratic primary to Hillary Clinton. From 1991 until 2007, he was the representative of Vermont’s At-Large District of the House of Representatives. Sanders was the mayor of Burlington from 1981 to 1989. He received a bachelor’s degree in political science from the University of Chicago. In 2019, he announced he was running for the Democratic nomination for president and dropped out in April 2020.
Date: April 15, 2016
Location: national
Topics: campaign finance;congress;ethics;financial regulation
Context: a television ad
Fact-check justification: Sanders said in an ad that uses repeated shots of the U.S. Capitol that "Washington politicians are paid over $200,000 an hour for speeches." His ad is disingenuous on many levels. Politicians trying to get to Washington, or those who have come from Washington, certainly can earn such fees, but members of the House and Senate and top officials in the executive branch are not permitted to accept payment for speeches. And Sanders' campaign is including politicians who have never served in Washington in any significant capacity. Because the statement contains a small element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression, we rate it . https://www.sharethefacts.co/share/19e74cb2-d6b7-4ba0-8088-ed2767c75a31
Statement: Says Hillary Clinton once "supported a border wall until she ran for president in 2016.
Speaker: cal thomas
About the speaker: Cal Thomas is a conservative syndicated columnist.
Date: June 20, 2018
Topics: immigration;punditfact
Context: a column
Fact-check justification: Thomas said that Clinton "supported a border wall until she ran for president in 2016." Clinton did vote for the Secure Fence Act of 2006, which authorized building a fence along about 700 miles of the border between the United States and Mexico. But the fence she voted for is not as substantial as the wall Trump proposed. Trump himself called the 2006 fence a "nothing wall." Thomas’ statement is partially accurate, but ignores important context. We rate it .
Statement: Social Security ... is solid through about 2040 without any changes whatsoever.
Speaker: dennis kucinich
About the speaker: Dennis Kucinich is running in the Democratic primary for governor of Ohio in 2018. Kucinich was elected to Congress in 1996. He previously served as a member of the city council and as mayor in Cleveland, the city where he was born in 1946. He earned bachelor's and master's degrees from Case Western University. He has been married since 2005 to Elizabeth Harper. He was married twice before and has one child. He withdrew from the presidential race on Jan. 25, 2008.
Date: September 26, 2007
Location: national
Topics: federal budget
Context: Hanover, N.H
Fact-check justification: From that point forward, benefit payments would come out of the Social Security trust fund. The year 2041 is when all those assets would be exhausted. The cap Kucinich mentions is a limit on the amount of salary that is taxed for Social Security. Right now, that cap is at $97,500, but Kucinich said he supports raising it to tax more income. In 2007, the program had 50-million beneficiaries and 163-million covered workers and their families.
Statement: A national study of 2,500 charter schools shows that "maybe 20 percent do better than the community public schools, 40 percent or so do worse and the rest are not having any significant difference.
Speaker: james parisi
About the speaker: James Parisi is a field representative and lobbyist for the Rhode Island Federation of Teachers and Health Professionals, a union with about 10,000 members in Rhode Island.
Date: August 21, 2011
Location: rhode island
Topics: education
Context: a TV news show
Fact-check justification: But students from poor families who had limited English skills and attended charter schools showed "better academic growth" than their traditional public school peers. The outcomes for students in special education programs, the study found, were about the same. In the end, Parisi quoted a national study of charter schools that is widely recognized as reputable. While he omitted some of the studies more nuanced findings -- so important to any debate about charter schools -- he quoted its main conclusions accurately. We rate his statement  .
Statement: Hillary ignored multiple requests for security, didn't respond for 13 hours, & let 4 Americans die in Benghazi. Trump rushed in reinforcements, threatened to destroy Iran, & made sure no lives were lost in Baghdad.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: January 1, 2020
Topics: foreign policy;military;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post attacked Clinton, claiming: "Hillary ignored multiple requests for security, didn’t respond for 13 hours, & let 4 Americans die in Benghazi. Trump rushed in reinforcements, threatened to destroy Iran, & made sure no lives were lost in Baghdad." There was no  that Clinton ignored requests for more security before the U.S. ambassador to Libya and three other Americans were killed in attacks in Benghazi in 2012. It was the military’s responsibility, not Clinton’s, to respond; and several investigations concluded that no one in the administration could have moved additional forces to Benghazi before the last American deaths. Meanwhile, in a much different situation, Trump did rush military reinforcements after the storming of the U.S. embassy in Iraq. He threatened to hold Iran responsible, but did not threaten its destruction. We rate the statement .
Statement: Obama "has voted in the United States Senate to increase taxes on people who make as low as $42,000 a year.
Speaker: john mccain
About the speaker: John McCain was a U.S. senator from Arizona, a post he held from 1987 to his death in 2018. He previously served two terms in the U.S. House. He was the Republican nominee for president in 2008. McCain was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and spent his career in the military, as his father did. He was a combat pilot in Vietnam who was shot down and spent 5 1/2 years as a prisoner of war. He was born in 1936 in Panama. 
Date: September 26, 2008
Location: national
Topics: taxes
Context: Oxford, Miss
Fact-check justification: He does not. Obama's tax proposals are crafted so that tax increases hit those couples $250,000 or more a year, or $200,000 for singles. He also proposes a $1,000 tax credit on income for working families ($500 for singles). McCain here makes his statement on a vote that would not have directly changed the tax code. We find the statement .
Statement: We have 76% of Americans living paycheck to paycheck, meaning they are one paycheck away from poverty.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: April 28, 2022
Topics: economy;income
Context: a video on Facebook
Fact-check justification: A video shared on Facebook claimed that "76% of Americans (are) living paycheck to paycheck, meaning they are one paycheck away from poverty." Different surveys yield different figures, but PolitiFact found no recent data that put the figure as high as 76%. It’s possible the TikTok user pulled the statistic from a 2013 survey. More recent data shows that somewhere between 50% to 63% of Americans report living "paycheck to paycheck," but there is no clear cut definition for that phrase, which makes the concept difficult to quantify.  We rate this  .
Statement: Says Donald Trump "literally has no plans to make higher education more affordable.
Speaker: roberta lange
About the speaker: Roberta Lange is the chairwoman of the Nevada Democratic Party. She previous served as a staff member for Sen. Harry Reid and has worked on various Democratic campaigns over the past 25 years.
Date: June 22, 2016
Location: nevada
Topics: education
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: Nevada Democratic Party chair Roberta Lange says Donald Trump "literally has no plans to make higher education more affordable." Trump hasn’t released any sort of traditional higher education reform plan — much less any details on how to make college more affordable — unlike Clinton, Romney and McCain. However, Trump has commented several times on the spiraling cost of student loan debt and said he doesn’t want the federal government making a profit on the backs of students. For Trump's lack of specifics, we rate Lange's statement .