chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Says the Security Against Foreign Enemies Act of 2015 would not "pause" the resettlement of Syrian refugees in the United States.
Speaker: ann mclane kuster
About the speaker: Ann McLane Kuster was the Democratic nominee for Congress in the Second Congressional District of New Hampshire, narrowly losing by just 3,551 votes in 2010.
Kuster, an attorney, has not held elected office, but her parents did. Her mother, Susan McLane was a State Senator, and her father Malcolm served as Mayor of Concord, on the Executive Council, and ran for Governor as an Independent in 1972.
Kuster, of Hopkingtom, graduated from Dartmouth College in 1978, in the third class with women, and received her law degree from Georgetown University Law Center in 1984.
Date: December 3, 2015
Location: new hampshire
Topics: immigration
Context: an interview with New Hampshire Public Radio
Fact-check justification: U.S. Rep Annie Kuster said the Republican-backed bill she voted for wouldn't pause the resettlement of Syrian refugees. While a number of House Democrats agree with her, the White House and Republicans believe the contrary, saying the bill would either slow down or stop the flow of refugees. Although there’s nothing in the bill that says it will specifically cause a pause, a reasonable reading of the legislation could lead to such an interpretation. Kuster’s  ignores critical  that could lead to an opposite conclusion. We rate her statement .
Statement: Since 1995, the top 400 wealthiest families have seen their incomes go up 400 percent and their tax rates go down 40 percent.
Speaker: barbara boxer
About the speaker: Barbara Boxer is California's junior senator.
Date: September 20, 2011
Location: national
Topics: economy;taxes
Context: an interview on MSNBC
Fact-check justification: On the data, Boxer is right for one  and  for the other, though on the one for which she’s , she would have been right using data from one year earlier. More broadly, even the smaller, 276 percent increase supports her underlying point -- that for the richest of the rich, incomes have grown by leaps and bounds while average tax rates have declined for the same group by 40 percent. As we’ve noted , extrapolating tax-burden patterns from the super-rich (like these 400 tax-paying units) to the merely very rich, the rich or the plain old affluent should be done with care. As the Congressional Budget Office has determined , the tax system is generally progressive, despite the lower tax rates for Buffett and his peers. The poorest one-fifth has an effective tax rate of 4.3 percent, the next fifth has a rate of 10.2 percent, the middle fifth has a rate of 14.2 percent, the second-highest has a rate of 17.6 percent, and the top fifth has a rate of 25.8 percent. And the rates keep going up the higher you climb. The top 10 percent of earners had an effective tax rate of 27.5 percent, the top 5 percent had a rate of 29 percent, and the top 1 percent had a rate of 31.2 percent. In other words, the top 400 have a distinctly different tax pattern than even the richest 1 percent of American taxpayers, a much larger group that includes about 1.1 million households with an average pre-tax income of $1.7 million. Still, Boxer chose her words carefully. She referred to the top 400 taxpayers, and by that standard, her numbers, while imperfect, largely stand up. We rate her statement .
Statement: Says Adam Putnam "was for amnesty.
Speaker: tony fabrizio
About the speaker: Tony Fabrizio is a partner at Fabrizio, Lee and Associates, a public opinion research firm that has done work for numerous local, state and federal campaigns. He has served as a pollster on four rresidential campaigns, including Donald Trump’s 2016 campaign.
Date: July 10, 2017
Location: florida
Topics: immigration
Context: an interview with Politico
Fact-check justification: Fabrizio said that Putnam "was for amnesty." While in Congress, Putnam supported legislation that would have expanded work visa categories for undocumented immigrants and put them on a path to legal permanent status. After leaving Congress, he supported the 2013 immigration legislation, which wasn’t blanket legal residency but did include a path, albeit a long one, to legal status. Putnam’s campaign points to examples of legislation he supported that weren’t favorable to undocumented immigrants such as toughening up border security and opposing the Dream Act. The  is partially accurate, but lacks important context. We rate this  .
Statement: Robert de Niro Linked to Child Sex Trafficking Ring According to Court Records
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: February 6, 2019
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a story
Fact-check justification: Lichfield was not the only source to report that De Niro had been questioned.  The Irish Times’ Lara Marlowe also reported in February 1998 that De Niro was detained at the Bristol Hotel in Paris and questioned for about nine hours due to his connection with an international prostitution ring that had been under investigation since 1996.   Marlowe’s story said officials "stressed" De Niro was questioned as a potential witness, and Lichfield said the police were clear that De Niro was never arrested. The posts imply the actor’s involvement in this criminal investigation went much further than simply being questioned, and there is no  he was involved with an underage girl. So we rate this  .
Statement: Flint still doesn't have clean water.
Speaker: michelle wolf
About the speaker: Michelle Wolf is a comedian who has appeared on Comedy Central's The Daily Show and hosts a Netflix show, The Break with Michelle Wolf.
Date: April 29, 2018
Topics: environment;water;punditfact
Context: a speech at the White House Correspondents Dinner
Fact-check justification: Wolf said, "Flint still doesn’t have clean water." In reality, testing in recent months has repeatedly shown that Flint’s water meets federal standards. At the same time, the city won’t be fully safe until its old pipes are all replaced, which is currently estimated to happen in 2020. Considerable hurdles remain for Flint, but Wolf’s statement glossed over the significant progress made in water quality since the worst of the crisis. We rate her statement .
Statement: Says Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer said, "I will not certify the vote in my state for Donald Trump, no matter the outcome.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: November 3, 2020
Location: michigan
Topics: elections;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Each Board of Canvassers includes two Republicans and two Democrats. Once all the canvassers have met, the results are considered final.   We rate the  that Whitmer said she wouldn’t certify the state’s election results . This fact check is available at IFCN’s 2020 US Elections #Chatbot on WhatsApp. Click here , for more.
Statement: Film and television productions generated a $6 billion economic impact for Georgia's economy in the most recent fiscal year.
Speaker: georgia department of economic development
About the speaker: The Georgia Department of Economic Development plans,manages and mobilizes state resources to attract new business investment to Georgia, drive the expansion of existing industry and small business, locate new markets for Georgia products, inspire tourists to visit Georgia and promote the state as a top destination for arts events and film, music and digital entertainment projects.
Date: July 9, 2015
Location: georgia
Topics: economy;jobs;states;taxes
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: The booming film industry in Georgia generated $6 billion in economic impact in the state in the most recent fiscal year, according to the state department of economic development. The calculation is based on formula the state has used for at least 30 years, multiplied against direct spending. There is no dispute that direct spending on productions has mushroomed, but the state can’t explain why it uses a multiplier that is almost double the standard economic model for that calculation. The state’s formula likely also fails to capture long-term spending and investment that have taken hold in Georgia. There is accuracy in the , especially in the carefully tracked direct spending from film and TV production in the state. But it leaves out important information that could better prove, or disprove, the statement. We rate the  .
Statement: Says Sarah Jeong said, "We need a castration lottery for white men. Every month we pull a birthday, sort the excess and snip some sacks, preferably in a big public gathering.
Speaker: brian kolfage
About the speaker: We Build The Wall Inc. president and founder.
Date: September 20, 2020
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Kolfage falsely attributed a quote to Jeong. "She has never called for a "castration lottery" of white men. The  quote first appeared on 4chan when Jeong was the subject of an internet controversy.  We rate this  .  This fact check is available at IFCN’s 2020 US Elections FactChat #Chatbot on WhatsApp. Click here , for more.
Statement: A chart shows China and India are leading in per capita carbon dioxide emissions.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: October 28, 2021
Topics: environment;climate change;facebook fact-checks
Context: Facebook posts
Fact-check justification: The chart is missing some context, and the headline is . When looking at the percentage change in per capita CO2 emissions from 1990-2019, China and India have seen the largest increases. Both countries had relatively low emissions in 1990, and they have grown a lot since then. The U.S., U.K., Germany and Japan already had high levels of emissions in 1990, and they have remained at high levels, with the U.S. leading the pack. We rate this  .
Statement: The pope, Xi and Putin all meet to plan world events!
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: September 13, 2022
Topics: china;facebook fact-checks;russia
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: The pope had hoped to meet Patriarch Kirill of the Russian Orthodox Church during his Kazakhstan trip to secure an invitation through him to visit Russia, the French news outlet Le Monde reported. But Kirill didn’t attend the religious congress.   Xi’s trip to Kazakhstan was his first outside of China since the coronavirus pandemic began in 2020, and he said through a translator that he chose Kazakhstan to demonstrate the "deep friendship" between the two countries.   Putin is not in Kazakhstan, though he and Xi met in Uzbekistan on Thursday.   We rate claims that the pope, Putin and Xi are meeting to "plan world events" .
Statement: Says Tim Tebow "kneeled in protest of abortion during the National Anthem in 2012. He was praised by fans as being a 'model American.'
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: June 12, 2020
Location: florida
Topics: sports;facebook fact-checks
Context: a post on Facebook
Fact-check justification: Posts say Tebow "kneeled in protest of abortion during the National Anthem in 2012. He was praised by fans as being a ‘model American’." The post includes an image of Tebow kneeling in prayer in 2011 before a game, but not during the national anthem. There is no  Tebow kneeled during the anthem before a game in 2012. Tebow has said he didn’t. We rate this post .
Statement: You may not have stayed in a hotel in the past year, but illegals arriving since Biden's inauguration, they get to stay free of charge.
Speaker: laura ingraham
About the speaker: Laura Ingraham is a conservative broadcaster and commentator. On April 13, 2014, she was named an ABC News contributor.
Date: February 8, 2021
Topics: immigration;public health;pundits;punditfact;coronavirus
Context: a TV segment
Fact-check justification: In the video clip, Ingraham said, "You may not have stayed in a hotel in the past year, but illegals arriving since Biden’s inauguration, they get to stay free of charge."  Ingraham’s sweeping comment exaggerated the facts. In San Diego, under an arrangement with local health authorities and a local nonprofit, migrants seeking asylum have been quarantining in a hotel before traveling elsewhere to await their court cases.  These migrants have been cleared by federal authorities to be in the country while they pursue their asylum claims, even if some entered unlawfully. Their hotel stays are part of public health measures to help contain the spread of COVID-19. Ingraham’s  contains an element of  but gives a  impression by omitting important context about the circumstances of their hotel stays. We rate this  .
Statement: Statistics indicate Americans have experienced 29.3 (billion) illegal robocalls so far this year, marking a 64 percent increase since 2016.
Speaker: vicky hartzler
About the speaker: Rep. Vicky Hartzler, R-Mo., represents Missouri's fourth district. She was first elected to the House of Representatives in 1994.
Date: September 9, 2019
Location: missouri
Topics: technology
Context: a congressional newsletter
Fact-check justification: Hartzler stated that robocalls target senior citizens, and that Americans have experienced 29.3 illegal robocalls this year. When asked, her office amended the statement to 29.3 billion. She said these were illegal calls. Some might be, but not all of them. Because of this key difference, we rate this  .
Statement: Says Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton are "responsible for leading America into a deal that will arm Iran.
Speaker: richard burr
About the speaker: Richard Burr, a Republican from North Carolina, has been a U.S. Senator since 2005.
Date: August 3, 2016
Location: north carolina
Topics: homeland security;israel;nuclear;terrorism
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: Sen. Richard Burr said that Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton are "responsible for leading America into a deal that will arm Iran." That’s not  in a strictly literal sense, except for the fact that Obama and Clinton (and John Kerry) are responsible for the Iran deal, along with Iran, Russia, China, France, Germany and the United Kingdom. Iran is not being given any weapons, and in fact it is giving up some very powerful weapons it was on the verge of developing. However, if Iran plays by the rules, it will have access in the future to weapons dealers and to billions of dollars in cash that it can’t legally access now. There’s no guarantee it will happen, but it will if everything goes according to plan. Essentially, the deal does not arm Iran but could allow Iran to better arm itself. We rate this   because it’s partially accurate but leaves out important details.   https://www.sharethefacts.co/share/a847c865-1a11-4e90-8090-fa9a6d8ebd8b
Statement: Republicans approved 12 times larger tax breaks for "people making over 350 grand" than for "the average middle-class person.
Speaker: peter barca
About the speaker:  
Peter Barca, a Kenosha native and Democrat, has served two stints in the state Assembly. He was first elected in 1984 before resigning after winning a U.S. House seat in 1993. He served one term in Congress, losing re-election to Mark Neumann. Barca served in various governmental and private-sector posts before winning election to the Assembly in 2008. He was elected Minority Leader of the Assembly Democrats in 2011.
 
Date: November 7, 2014
Location: wisconsin
Topics: state budget;taxes
Context: an interview
Fact-check justification: This second way of looking at the tax cuts is used to analyze the effects of a tax cut from an ability-to-pay standpoint, a principle that is a feature of a progressive tax system such as Wisconsin’s, we were told by researchers Richard C. Auxier and Norton Francis of the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center. Barca cites accurate figures in making the point that Walker and Republicans could have designed tax reforms to even up the raw dollar savings for different groups, but his  needs more discussion, they said. Our rating Barca said that Republicans approved 12 times larger tax breaks for "people making over 350 grand" than for "the average middle-class person." That was accurate for the major tax cuts Walker signed in 2013, but the gap narrows to 9 times larger when all of the GOP income-tax changes are considered, according to a trusted budgetary agency. We rate Barca’s  .
Statement: The best way to avoid COVID altogether is to exercise, eat healthy and let your immune system beat it naturally.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: July 31, 2021
Topics: public health;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: An Instagram post said "The best way to avoid COVID altogether is to exercise, eat healthy and let your immune system beat it naturally." Exercise and healthy eating can maintain the body’s immune system and reduce the risk of severe illness from COVID-19. But diet and exercise alone don’t stop people from contracting COVID-19. The best ways to avoid getting the virus is to get vaccinated, wear masks and maintain social distance. We rate the post .
Statement: The CDC tried to develop clear guidelines about what the stages of re-opening should look like — the administration delayed and scaled them back.
Speaker: joe biden
About the speaker: Joe Biden is the president of the United States. A Democrat, Biden served as a Delaware senator from 1973 (elected at the age of 29) until 2009. During his time in the Senate, he served as chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, chair of the International Narcotics Control Caucus and chair of the Judiciary Committee. He subsequently served as Barack Obama’s vice president from 2009 to 2016. Biden launched unsuccessful presidential campaigns in 1988 and 2008. He received a degree in history and political science from the University of Delaware and his J.D. from Syracuse School of Law. 
Date: June 30, 2020
Topics: public health;coronavirus
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: Biden said that the Trump administration "delayed and scaled back" the CDC’s COVID-19 reopening guidelines.  Biden is  on target. The CDC said that the delays were caused by review and revision that was part of a standard process. Still, the White House did request that the public health agency revise its initial guidelines to align more with Trump’s approach of leaving reopening decisions up to state and local governments. We rate this .
Statement: The high cost of child care is the No. 1 reason people give for having fewer children than they'd like.
Speaker: elizabeth warren
About the speaker: Elizabeth Warren is a senator from Massachusetts. Warren was elected to the Senate in 2012 and was re-elected in 2018 and is running for re-election in 2024. Warren received a bachelor’s degree in speech pathology and audiology from the University of Houston and a J.D. from Rutgers Law School. In 2019, she announced her race for the Democratic nomination for president and dropped out March 5, 2020.
Date: February 19, 2019
Location: national
Topics: children;families;women
Context: a policy announcement on Medium
Fact-check justification: Warren said, "The high cost of child care is the number one reason people give for having fewer children than they’d like." That is what respondents said in a survey commissioned by the New York Times. The experts in fertility that we reached said the cost of raising children is certainly a factor, but that particular survey doesn’t prove that the cost of child care ranks above all others. Experts said research is limited, but what's been done suggests that a host of forces, including economic conditions, government policy, religion, ethnicity and education all play important roles. We rate this statement .
Statement: 25,000 businesses have been created since (Scott) Walker took office.
Speaker: republican party of wisconsin
About the speaker: The Wisconsin Republican Party works to elect Republicans to state and federal offices and advance the GOP agenda.
Date: October 29, 2014
Location: wisconsin
Topics: jobs;small business
Context: a campaign news release
Fact-check justification: The drop reflected the slowdown in business activity during the Great Recession, but there is no official tally of how many active employers shut down or picked up and left. Our rating The Wisconsin GOP claimed that "25,000 businesses have been created since Walker took office." There’s an element of : that’s the number of business "entities" that were created. But portraying these registrations as businesses in the context of job creation is a major stretch because many are just corporate shells, non profit organizations, reconstituted versions of existing businesses and out-of-state firms. We rate the  .
Statement: The CDC director just said that 75% of 'Covid deaths' occurred in people with at least four comorbidities.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: January 11, 2022
Location: national
Topics: public health;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Websites and posts on social media claimed that Walensky said 75% of COVID-19 deaths occurred in people with at least four comorbidities. The claims, based on an edited clip of a TV interview, misrepresent what she said.  She was referring to a study that involved vaccinated individuals only, and said over 75% of deaths in that group involved individuals who had multiple other diseases and conditions. She cited the statistic as  that the vaccines were effective in preventing severe disease. We rate this .
Statement: Says a demonstration with an air quality monitor shows that cloth masks are dangerous for children.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: August 27, 2021
Topics: children;public health;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A viral video claimed that a demonstration with an air quality monitor showed that cloth masks reduce oxygen levels and are unsafe for children. It’s a new version of a  that has been repeatedly debunked. The demonstration does not measure what it claims to measure, and studies have repeatedly found that cloth masks do not unsafely reduce oxygen levels. We rate the  .
Statement: A video shows Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy singing "Imagine" by John Lennon.
Speaker: youtube videos
About the speaker: Videos uploaded to YouTube.
Date: March 19, 2022
Topics: pop culture;facebook fact-checks;ukraine
Context: a YouTube video's caption
Fact-check justification: It shows Alejandro Manzano, the lead singer of Boyce Avenue , a Florida-based band known for their cover songs. Boyce Avenue uploaded the original video of Manzano to its YouTube channel on July 9, 2017. The miscaptioned Radio Salento video went viral weeks after another video of Manzano and singer Connie Talbot was shared online by social media users who falsely claimed it showed Zelenskyy and his wife singing "Endless Love," a song by Lionel Richie and Diana Ross.   Such claims are fueled by Zelenskyy’s previous career as an actor, writer and comedian before he entered politics and was elected president of Ukraine in 2019. Claims that this YouTube video shows Zelenskyy are .