chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: The United States was paying for anywhere from 70 to 90 percent of (NATO), depending on the way you calculate.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: July 12, 2018
Location: national
Topics: foreign policy;military
Context: a press conference after the NATO summit
Fact-check justification: Trump said "the United States was paying for anywhere from 70 to 90 percent of (NATO)." It is not accurate to say the United States pays for the majority of NATO's costs. The United States pays for 22 percent of NATO's common fund. Beyond that relatively small amount, the cost of NATO is undefined. The organization does total the defense budgets of its members, and based on that, U.S. defense spending equals about 70 percent. But the United States spends as much as it does because it is a global military power, which by and large, the European members are not. It is an apples and oranges comparison. Trump pushed a flawed comparison even further by saying the U.S. paid for as much as 90 percent of NATO. That goes beyond the exaggeration of this statistic that we've seen before. Trump’s statement contains just an element of , ignoring critical facts that would give a different impression. We rate it .
Statement: Says he has seen Border Patrol signs near the Mexico border in English, Spanish and Chinese.
Speaker: david dewhurst
About the speaker: David Dewhurst, the former state land commissioner, was initially elected lieutenant governor of Texas in 2002. He lost his 2012 bid for the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate and lost his bid for re-nomination in 2014.
Date: July 17, 2012
Location: texas
Topics: immigration
Context: a Republican US Senate debate
Fact-check justification: While we did not learn where Dewhurst saw the signs, his statement rates .
Statement: In Massachusetts, "half of the primary care doctors are not accepting new patients.
Speaker: john fleming
About the speaker: John Fleming is a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from a district in Louisiana. He was elected to Congress in 2008.
Date: October 27, 2013
Location: national
Topics: health care
Context: a discussion on CNN's "State of the Union"
Fact-check justification: Fleming said that in Massachusetts, "half of the primary care doctors are not accepting new patients." That number is supported by a credible annual survey of Massachusetts doctors. While this doesn’t necessarily mean the same thing will happen on the national level, the statistic is solid. We rate it .
Statement: Says Trump administration is "raiding money" from military service member pensions to pay for the border wall.
Speaker: kamala harris
About the speaker: Kamala Harris is the vice president of the United States. Harris was elected as a senator from California in 2016. She previously was California’s attorney general from 2011 to 2017. From 2004 until 2011, she was the district attorney of San Francisco. Harris received a bachelor’s degree in political science and economics from Howard University and a J.D. from the University of California, Hastings College of Law. In 2019, she ran for the Democratic nomination for president and dropped out in December. On Aug. 11, 2020, former Vice President Joe Biden named Harris as his running mate.
Date: March 8, 2019
Location: california
Topics: immigration;congress;military;pensions
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: The debate over whether the Trump administration should tap this money is a separate issue. Harris’  was off-the-mark. We rate it .    –  The statement is not accurate. Click here for  more  on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: Small businesses (are) going out of business in record numbers.
Speaker: ted cruz
About the speaker: Ted Cruz is a U.S. Senator from Texas, first elected in 2012. Cruz also was a candidate for president of the United States in 2016. He is the former solicitor general for the state of Texas, previously serving as the director of the Office of Policy Planning at the Federal Trade Commission, an Associate Deputy Attorney General at the U.S. Department of Justice, and as a domestic policy advisor on the 2000 Bush-Cheney campaign, according to his campaign biography.
Date: March 23, 2015
Location: national
Topics: economy;small business
Context: a speech at Liberty University
Fact-check justification: Cruz claimed small businesses were "going out of business in record numbers." In terms of sheer volume, that was  in 2009, at the height of the recession, though the data only goes back to 1977. However, the total number of closures has since fallen. Data for the most recent year, 2012, shows business closures at about what they were in 2005. The percentage of firms that closed was quite high in 2009, but it wasn’t the highest point, and more recently, it is in line with historical figures. We rate Cruz’s statement .
Statement: Gold fringe on an American flag means "the Constitution is suspended.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: June 13, 2023
Topics: civil rights;facebook fact-checks
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: Section 3 says mutilation of the flag is a misdemeanor crime punishable by a fine of up to $100, up to 30 days in jail, or both. However, the Supreme Court has repeatedly struck down flag desecration laws on free speech grounds, according to the nonpartisan Congressional Research Service. Gold fringe was used on the American flag as early as 1835, was officially added for all regiments of the U.S. Army in 1895, and "it is considered that fringe is used as an honorable enrichment only," according to the American Legion.   There is no  that gold fringe added to the flag signifies some sort of martial law. We rate the post .
Statement: Photo shows the U.S. Pentagon "is under attack.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: May 23, 2023
Topics: fake news;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Within 20 minutes, local authorities had debunked the report. Other news organizations, including Fox Business , Reuters and NPR , also reported that the image of an explosion was . The Pentagon is in Arlington, Virginia, outside of Washington, D.C. The Arlington County Fire Department tweeted just before 10:30 a.m. EDT on May 22 that it was aware of social media posts about an explosion, and that "there is no explosion or incident taking place at or near the Pentagon." We rate this  !
Statement: Bernie Logic: Nobody can live on $7 an hour. We must raise the minimum wage to $15 an hour. Also we must raise the tax rate to 52%. $15 an hour * 52% = $7.80. $15 an hour - $7.80 = $7.20. $7.20 an hour!!!
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: February 29, 2020
Topics: income;taxes;facebook fact-checks
Context: a post on Facebook
Fact-check justification: That’s a significant increase over the current top tax rate of 37%. The Sanders campaign says the increase would generate an additional $700 billion in tax revenue over 10 years. ] But the tax rate wouldn’t affect minimum wage or low-wage workers, whether they earned $7.25 an hour, $15 an hour or $200 an hour. That’s logic. This post is .
Statement: Barack Obama arrested in a Japanese drug bust.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: May 2, 2017
Topics: fake news;punditfact
Context: Internet posts
Fact-check justification: Four Guyanese men were arrested for transporting 4.2 tons of cocaine worth about $125 million. There’s no mention of Japan, or any connection to Obama. Previously PunditFact had checked a  that Obama was arrested at the Canadian border for wiretrapping Trump, which earned a ! rating . This post also is contrived, stemming from unfounded conspiracy theories that drew  conclusions and made provably untrue claims. We rate it !
Statement: Says she was misquoted and "didn't say" that the Israeli ambassador said "what the Republicans are doing is dangerous for Israel.
Speaker: debbie wasserman schultz
About the speaker: Debbie Wasserman Schultz became the chairwoman of the Democratic National Committee in 2011 and resigned in July 2016. The Florida Democrat was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 2004 after serving in the state senate. She represents Congressional District 23 in Broward and Miami-Dade counties.
Date: September 4, 2012
Location: florida
Topics: israel
Context: comments to Fox News
Fact-check justification: The Examiner wrote that Wasserman Schultz said: "We know, and I’ve heard no less than Ambassador Michael Oren say this, that what the Republicans are doing is dangerous for Israel." The first Examiner report didn’t fully quote Wasserman Schultz. But the next day, the newspaper provided a more complete version -- including audio. She said she didn’t make the remark, but the audio clearly shows her making it. In fairness to Wasserman Schultz, her main point in the extended audio clip is that Republicans have politicized the issue of Israel, and that is what’s dangerous, not that the party’s particular policy positions are dangerous. Her comments about Oren gave the impression that he singled out Republicans for criticism, not that he was commenting on the dangers of politicizing the issue of Israel. But she did make the remark she said she didn’t make, and we rate her  . PolitiFact Florida is partnering with 10 News for the election. See video fact-checks here .
Statement: Our veterans, in many cases, are being treated worse than illegal immigrants.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: September 7, 2016
Location: national
Topics: immigration;veterans
Context: Philadelphia
Fact-check justification: Trump said, "Our veterans, in many cases, are being treated worse than illegal immigrants." In some states undocumented immigrants are barred from enrolling in post-secondary institutions, or pay out-of-state tuition even if they’ve lived in that state most of their lives; veterans are eligible for federal benefits for higher education and training and are eligible for in-state tuition. Undocumented immigrants also aren’t eligible for Medicaid, cannot buy coverage through the Affordable Care Act and cannot receive Social Security benefits, all of those services and benefits are available to veterans. Veterans also have the right to vote and are eligible for federal job placement resources. Veterans are entitled to several more benefits that are not offered to civilians, much less undocumented immigrants. We rate Trump’s statement .
Statement: The City of Milwaukee "uses the building inspection area as a revenue base.
Speaker: lee holloway
About the speaker: Lee Holloway is the chairman of the Milwaukee County Board of Supervisors. He represents the county's 5th District, which encompasses parts of Milwaukee's north side. He was elected to the board in 1992 and has served as chairman since 2004.
Date: December 28, 2010
Location: wisconsin
Topics: city budget
Context: a speech at his swearing-in ceremony
Fact-check justification: No charge. Holloway, who is due in court Jan. 27, 2011, for the building inspection fees, said the city is using such charges to balance its budget. The city has had more re-inspections and other unpaid charges in recent years. But there’s no  that the city uses them as a revenue source or to otherwise pad the budget -- indeed, it’s against state law to use fees for anything beyond paying for the service provided. We’ll add this to that summation: .
Statement: (Fritz) Kaegi managed a fund that invested nearly $30 million in private prisons.
Speaker: joe berrios
About the speaker: Joe Berrios was electe Cook County Assessor in 2010. He previously served 22 years on the Cook County Board of Review, which handles property tax appeals. In 1982, he became the first Hispanic elected to the Illinois House of Representatives. He has been chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party since 2007.
Date: December 11, 2017
Location: illinois
Topics: elections;ethics;legal issues
Context: a campaign ad
Fact-check justification: Berrios said his primary challenger "managed a fund that invested nearly $30 million in private prisons." Columbia Acorn Fund, of which Fritz Kaegi was one of three managers, reported $29.1 million in stock of the private prison operator CoreCivic on its March 31, 2017, quarterly report. But Kaegi’s active management of the fund ended March 13, as documented in a Securities and Exchange Commission filing. Kaegi said the CoreCivic investment came after he was gone, and points to two years of quarterly reports and a Feb. 28 holdings summary to back his point. We were unable to confirm from Kaegi’s co-managers, but a scenario in which Kaegi during his final two weeks as a fund manager decides to invest in a controversial private prison stock as a last act before challenging an opponent in a Democratic primary in Cook County borders on . Berrios’ statement contains an element of  — the quarterly report on March 31 shows a $29.1 million investment in CoreCivic. But it ignores the critical fact that Kaegi didn’t manage the fund as of March 14 and that as recently Feb. 28 CoreCivic was not part of the portfolio. We rate it .
Statement: A Marine painted his house red, white and blue after he "was told by his neighbors that he could not fly the American flag in his yard all year long.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: July 1, 2021
Topics: patriotism;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Spear said that he is not a Marine, and that he has never had any trouble with neighbors over the American flag, as the Facebook post claims. He also discussed the inspiration behind the house during a local news segment in 2019. Escher said she knew of no provision in the city about flying the American flag.  claims about the house, like the ones circulating on Facebook, have been around for years and tend to crop up around national holidays, AFP Fact Check reported .   We rate these Facebook posts .
Statement: Says state Rep. Patrick Rose votes 90 percent with liberals, backed the state's largest tax increase, proposed nearly $15 billion in government spending and supported "Obama-style government-run health care system for Texas.
Speaker: jason isaac
About the speaker: Jason Isaac was initially elected in 2010 to represent District 45 in the Texas House. He's a 2018 candidate for the U.S. House seat to be vacated by Lamar Smith, R-San Antonio.
Date: October 7, 2010
Location: texas
Topics: candidate biography;health care;message machine 2010;state budget;voting record
Context: a video ad
Fact-check justification: Isaac's statement that Rose "supported an Obama-style government-run health care system for Texas," reflects Rose's vote against ending debate on a proposal calling for a report on how the state could implement a "universal health care" system. Ordering a feasibility report on universal health care--in action, ahem, more than a  year before Obama won election as president--is not the same as endorsing a particular system. We rate Isaac's four-part sally . Editor's note: This statement was rated  when it was published. On July 27, 2011, we changed the name for the rating to .
Statement: The CEO of FTX is the daughter of the chairman of the SEC.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: November 15, 2022
Topics: facebook fact-checks;ukraine
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: He has three daughters : Anna, Lee and Isabel. We found no  that any of them are affiliated with FTX. Alameda Research, a cryptocurrency trading company that Bankman-Fried also founded, also filed for bankruptcy, along with approximately 130 additional affiliated companies under an "FTX Group" umbrella according to the FTX press release . The CEO of Alameda Research is Caroline Ellison, who some blog posts and news and tabloid reports have tied to Gensler via his professional relationship with Ellison’s father, an MIT professor.    But claims that Gensler’s daughter is the CEO of FTX — or even Alameda Research — are .
Statement: Says she "created the first felony deferred prosecution program for nonviolent first-offenders" in Texas.
Speaker: rosemary lehmberg
About the speaker: Rosemary Lehmberg is the district attorney for Travis County.
Date: October 31, 2011
Location: texas
Topics: county government;criminal justice;legal issues;crime;public safety
Context: campaign video
Fact-check justification: Lehmberg said the program she started in 2010 was the state’s first felony deferred prosecution program for nonviolent first-offenders. We found two similar, though not identical, programs in other counties. One was implemented the same year as Travis’, the other five years earlier. Since neither program shares all of the elements of Travis County’s, her  retains an element of . But Travis County was not first. We rate Lehmberg’s statement .
Statement: The Wisconsin Department of Corrections is considering implementing mandatory physical fitness testing for security staff.
Speaker: chain email
About the speaker: Chain emails circulate on the Internet, usually anonymously, making a variety of political claims.
Date: September 6, 2011
Location: wisconsin
Topics: workers
Context: a chain email
Fact-check justification: "It’s a waste of time," Le Monds said. Our conclusion A  JSOnline.com was emailed around the Department of Corrections saying that prison guards could face fitness testing. The story was never published. And the department says there are no plans for such tests. .
Statement: Tornado carries mobile home 130 miles, family inside unharmed.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: August 6, 2017
Topics: fake news;punditfact
Context: a blog post
Fact-check justification: The house lands safely (somewhere in Kansas)? … was she wearing red shoes by any chance? And was there a wicked witch in the car that the house landed on?" wrote a worldnewsdailyreport.com reader in August 2017. A post from dailynative.us headlined, "Tornado carries mobile home 130 miles, family inside unharmed" is . We rate it !
Statement: Our WV highways rank 16th in the country in a national survey of highway systems, up 20 spots from last year's ranking! This ranking affirms all the hard work we've done, and that we continue to do, fixing our state's roads.
Speaker: jim justice
About the speaker: Jim Justice is the Republican governor of West Virginia. A businessman, Justice was originally elected as a Democrat.
Date: August 22, 2019
Location: west virginia
Topics: state budget;transportation
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Justice tweeted, "Our WV highways rank 16th in the country in a national survey of highway systems, up 20 spots from last year’s ranking! This ranking affirms all the hard work we’ve done, and that we continue to do, fixing our state’s roads." Justice has a point about the overall number, but his celebratory tone is somewhat exaggerated. Most of the data reflects a period before he became governor, and a major reason for the increase came from the elimination of a category from the previous year’s report in which West Virginia ranked 50th nationally.  The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details, so we rate it .
Statement: General Electric "hasn't really created any jobs in this country, doesn't  pay any taxes, and they're making historic profits.
Speaker: marcy kaptur
About the speaker: Marcy Kaptur represents Ohio's Ninth Congressional District in the House of Representatives. She was first elected to the House in 1982. She is the senior-most woman in the 111th Congress.
 
Date: April 6, 2011
Location: ohio
Topics: corporations;deficit;federal budget;taxes
Context: a radio interview
Fact-check justification: Short of much better detail -- if the company wants to go granular, we are here awaiting -- we go with the precise numbers the company reported to the SEC. But Kaptur is  on the third part of her . While $14.2 billion is a lot of money, it set no GE record. When arrows compete for opposite poles, the -O-Meter turns to the only place it can: . Comment on this item .
Statement: Since we last debated in Las Vegas, nearly 3,000 people have been killed by guns.
Speaker: hillary clinton
About the speaker: Hillary Clinton was the 2016 Democratic nominee for president. She served as U.S. Secretary of State during the first four years of the Obama administration. She is formerly a U.S. senator from New York, first elected in 2000. She was a candidate for president in 2008. She previously served as first lady when her husband, Bill Clinton, served two terms as president. She was born in Chicago in 1947, graduated from Wellesley College and earned a law degree at Yale Law School. She and her husband have one daughter.
Date: November 14, 2015
Location: national
Topics: corrections and updates;guns
Context: Iowa
Fact-check justification: Clinton said, "Since we last debated in Las Vegas, nearly 3,000 people have been killed by guns." We found a few problems with her statement. First, we don’t actually know how many people have died in the last month. Clinton’s statement is based on 2013 data from the CDC, which tallied nearly 3,000 gun deaths per month that year. There’s not more recent data available. Experts say the number of gun deaths this year is likely to be similar to or higher than 2013, so Clinton’s  is probably not too far off. But we can’t know for sure. Also, it’s likely that at roughly half of these deaths are due to suicide. It could be even higher. Clinton’s phrasing obscures that point. Clinton used very specific language even though she’s actually extrapolating from old data. Overall, we rate her  . Editor's note: The Gun Violence Archive got back to us after publication, and we've updated the piece to include their comments.