chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Tax rates were significantly higher "in the '40s, the '50s, and the '60s.
Speaker: hillary clinton
About the speaker: Hillary Clinton was the 2016 Democratic nominee for president. She served as U.S. Secretary of State during the first four years of the Obama administration. She is formerly a U.S. senator from New York, first elected in 2000. She was a candidate for president in 2008. She previously served as first lady when her husband, Bill Clinton, served two terms as president. She was born in Chicago in 1947, graduated from Wellesley College and earned a law degree at Yale Law School. She and her husband have one daughter.
Date: April 30, 2008
Location: national
Topics: taxes
Context: South Bend, Ind
Fact-check justification: Today that would be $174,450, taxed at 33 percent. The 1963 rates are higher than today's rates. It's  that the tax code is substantially different today, with many credits and rules that didn't exist then. But on the question of income tax rates, we find that Hillary Clinton has her history right. We rate her statement .
Statement: Says "a pack-a-day smoker who quits because of the tax increase will save about $1,650 a year.
Speaker: nancy nathanson
About the speaker: Nancy Nathanson represents District 13, which covers Eugene, in the Oregon House. She is a Democrat.
Date: April 4, 2013
Location: oregon
Topics: public health;taxes
Context: a House floor speech
Fact-check justification: There, you could get a pack for anywhere between $4.98 and $6.25. A carton of Marlboro reds came in at $50 for 10 packs, which seemed about right. The ruling: Nathanson said that a pack-a-day smoker would save $1,650 a year. Her numbers were based on a report from the Multnomah County Health Department, but it turns out that’s a pretty conservative estimate, at least for Portland. Still, her point is that quitting will save a hefty chunk of change and we rate that  .
Statement: The Democrat-backed health care reform plan "will require (Americans) to subsidize abortion with their hard-earned tax dollars.
Speaker: john boehner
About the speaker: John Boehner of Ohio is the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. He was formerly the Republican minority leader from 2007-2011, and was the majority leader briefly prior to that.
Date: July 23, 2009
Location: national
Topics: abortion;health care;taxes
Context: an op-ed for National Review
Fact-check justification: The fact that several versions of the health care reform bill are floating around Congress makes it difficult to say with certainty what the final plan will or will not include. But while it appears likely the plan would allow for the coverage of abortions, we don't see anything in the plans that would require taxpayers to foot the bill for that. In fact, in a key version of the bill — the one passed by the House Energy and Commerce Committee — members went to great pains to include an amendment to ensure that federal money is not used for abortion coverage. Again, things could change as the health reform package works its way through Congress, but for now, we don't see anything to support Boehner's  that taxpayers would subsidize abortions. And so we rule his statement .
Statement: When Sarah Palin was in government, Barack Obama was a community organizer.
Speaker: john mccain
About the speaker: John McCain was a U.S. senator from Arizona, a post he held from 1987 to his death in 2018. He previously served two terms in the U.S. House. He was the Republican nominee for president in 2008. McCain was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and spent his career in the military, as his father did. He was a combat pilot in Vietnam who was shot down and spent 5 1/2 years as a prisoner of war. He was born in 1936 in Panama. 
Date: August 30, 2008
Location: national
Topics: candidate biography
Context: Pittsburgh, Pa.
Fact-check justification: He was elected to the Illinois legislature in 1996. When Obama talks about his days as a community organizer, he usually is referring to the work he did prior to law school, most notably organizing the community around Atgeld Gardens on the issues of asbestos removal from public housing. For McCain's statement to be , you would have to consider Obama's voter registration drive work to be community organizing — an arguable point. In addition to that, municipal elections in Wasilla in 1992 were held in the first week in October, so at most Palin had won office for a month while Obama was a community organizer by an arguable definition. Because Obama's best-known days as a community organizer were prior to his graduation from Harvard Law School, from 1985 to 1988, and during those years Palin was graduating from college and working as a sports reporter, we rule McCain's statement .
Statement: Protesters "broke into the White House.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: May 30, 2020
Topics: criminal justice;crime;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Twenty-eight windows were broken, five lamp poles were damaged, and American flags were burned by demonstrators, according to Newsweek .   "One protester was able to gain access to the Statehouse through a broken window to an office," Newsweek quotes Ohio State Highway Patrol Lt. Craig Cvetan as saying. "However, the protester fled back out the window before troopers could apprehend him from the interior. He was taken into custody by Columbus police when he exited the window." We rate this Facebook post .
Statement: Birmingham is officially out of gas and fuel and can't get anymore.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: May 10, 2021
Topics: gas prices;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Drivers can still get gas and fuel at the stations there, he said.   "I know for a fact that 100% of stations in Birmingham are not out of gasoline," he said, and he doesn’t expect they’ll run out because of the cyberattack unless the problem lingers. Several years ago an accident caused the pipeline to shut down in Birmingham for about a week and stations didn’t run out of gas, he said.   AL.com reported on May 10 that the cyberattack may cause prices to rise, but there was no mention of entire cities running out of fuel.   We rate this post .
Statement: Says Raz Simone "conquered" part of Seattle, handed out guns to form a paramilitary force that murdered three people, robbed the locals and walked away without being questioned.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: November 15, 2021
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a post
Fact-check justification: Two people were fatally shot in or near CHOP, not three. One of the fatal shootings was between people who had been feuding since 2019. No arrests have been made in the other shooting, but no news reports indicate that a paramilitary was suspected of being involved. Simone has not been arrested or charged with robbery or any other crimes related to CHOP. We rate this  .
Statement: Gas is under $1 in 13 states, but $2.27 in Pennsylvania, because of the governor.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: May 2, 2020
Location: pennsylvania
Topics: gas prices;transportation;taxes;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post blamed Pennsylvania Gov. Tom Wolf for gas prices in Pennsylvania being higher than in 13 other states, where prices had dropped recently to lower than $1 per gallon in some places, while prices in Pennsylvania were above $2 A recent survey found gas prices under $1 in 13 states.  Pennsylvania has the second-highest gas tax in the nation and gas taxes are a major reason why gas is more expensive in Pennsylvania. But large increases in Pennsylvania’s gas tax took place under a law that was adopted before Wolf was elected. And there are other reasons — distance from supply, supply disruptions, and retail competition and operating costs — that cause gas prices to vary by region. We rate the Facebook post .
Statement: Obamacare could force thousands of volunteer fire stations to cut service or close entirely!
Speaker: generation opportunity
About the speaker: Generation Opportunity is a "free-thinking, liberty-loving, national organization of young people promoting the best of Being American: opportunity, creativity and freedom." It came to prominence for a series of ads targeting President Barack Obama's health care law that featured a "creepy Uncle Sam" character.
Date: December 10, 2013
Location: national
Topics: corrections and updates;health care;public safety
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: The Facebook post said "Obamacare could force thousands of volunteer fire stations to cut service or close entirely!" "Could" is a dangerous word that allows rabble rousers to generate hysteria without being completely , but we think it’s somewhat inflated. There certainly is cause for concern, but even those looking to change the status quo see this as an exaggeration. Furthermore, it sounds like those in the know expect the issue to be resolved now that pressure is mounting. The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details. We rate it as .
Statement: Says Nancy Pelosi's "legislative aide … is from the Ukraine and is connected to the Ukrainian Embassy, the Ukrainian military, the Ukrainian government and Ukrainian party life
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: October 1, 2019
Topics: corrections and updates;fake news;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post displays an image of a woman shaking hands with Nancy Pelosi and claims that the woman, Ivanna Voronovych, is "Pelosi’s legislative aide" from the Ukraine who is connected to "the Ukrainian Embassy, the Ukrainian military, the Ukrainian government and Ukrainian party life." Ivanna Voronovych has lived in Ukraine and once served as an unpaid intern for Pelosi for a semester in 2018. But she is also a U.S. citizen and is not employed by Pelosi. Her mother, an American citizen, has also been an activist in Ukraine and previously helped deliver food and supplies to army members. This rumor wrongly suggests Voronovych, an American, is a significant influence on Pelosi, based only on Voronovych’s Ukrainian heritage and because she once held an internship in Pelosi’s office. We rate it . Update, Oct. 10, 2019: This story has been updated to reflect that a spokesperson with the U.S. Agency for International Development confirmed that Roman Woronowycz is employed there. This addition does not affect the ruling.
Statement: Foreign aid makes up about 1 percent of our entire budget.
Speaker: barack obama
About the speaker: Barack Obama is the former president of the United States. Obama also served as a U.S. senator from Illinois. He was born in 1961 in Hawaii, where his parents met as students at the University of Hawaii. Obama's father is from Kenya and his mother is from Kansas. He graduated from Columbia University and received his law degree from Harvard Law School. Obama previously served in the Illinois state Senate and was an instructor at the University of Chicago Law School. He and his wife, Michelle, have two daughters, Malia and Sasha.
Date: April 13, 2011
Location: national
Topics: federal budget;foreign policy
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: The totals reflect both economic and military aid. So Obama was almost exactly right in saying foreign aid consumes about 1 percent of the U.S. budget. In fiscal 2008 U.S. foreign aid spending of $49.1 billion made up 1.64 percent of total spending. The next year foreign aid spending was $44.9 billion, or 1.28 percent of the total budget. We rate the president’s statement .
Statement: Says Barack Obama "is the only president to ever cut $500 billion from Medicare.
Speaker: mitt romney
About the speaker: Mitt Romney is a U.S. senator from Utah. He ran for president in 2012 as the Republican nominee, losing to incumbent President Barack Obama. Prior to that, Romney served one term as governor of Massachusetts, elected to the post in 2002. He was born in 1947 in Michigan, where his father was governor from 1963 to 1969. Romney graduated from Brigham Young University and received both a law degree and an MBA from Harvard University. Romney helped found the investment firm Bain Capital in 1984, which launched or rebuilt such companies as Staples and Dominos Pizza. Romney managed the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City from 1999-2002. He ran for president in 2008 but lost the Republican nomination. He and his wife, Ann, have five sons, Tagg, Craig, Matt, Ben and Josh.
Date: April 4, 2012
Location: national
Topics: candidate biography;health care;medicare
Context: a speech to the Newspaper Association of America
Fact-check justification: Romney said Obama "is the only president to ever cut $500 billion from Medicare." It wasn’t a cut, rather a reduction in future growth (the size of the Medicare program will increase dollar-wise). And other presidents have cut Medicare in the past, though you can debate whether specific changes to the program constitute a "cut" in some of those cases as well. That’s a historical footnote, however, that doesn’t affect our ruling. We rate Romney’s statement .
Statement: The governor having a meeting ... isn't covered by the open meetings act.
Speaker: sam olens
About the speaker: Sam Olens is Georgia's Attorney General
Date: August 4, 2011
Location: georgia
Topics: transparency
Context: a talk at the Atlanta Press Club
Fact-check justification: Members of the media sued to complain that they were excluded from a General Assembly committee meeting, but legislators argued they weren’t covered by the open meetings law. The General Assembly won. So there you have it. Of all the elected officials covered by Georgia’s open meetings laws, Nathan Deal isn’t one of them. We rule Olen’s  .
Statement: Washington Heidi supports sanctuary cities, where illegal immigrants can be released on our streets, like this criminal, who was let go and then sexually assaulted a child.
Speaker: senate leadership fund
About the speaker: Senate Leadership Fund is a Super PAC with the stated goal to "protect and expand the Republican Senate Majority." 
Date: October 11, 2018
Location: national
Topics: immigration
Context: a campaign ad
Fact-check justification: The Senate Leadership Fund said, "Washington Heidi supports sanctuary cities, where illegal immigrants can be released on our streets, like this criminal, who was let go and then sexually assaulted a child." Heitkamp voted against bills that blocked law enforcement grants for sanctuary cities, because she said she didn't want to punish law enforcement agencies. She also voted in favor of other bills that ramped up immigration law enforcement. The ad suggests that Heitkamp sympathizes with abolishing ICE, when she called the idea "crazy town." The ad also suggests sanctuary cities allow violent criminals to roam the streets, but that's a skewed interpretation. We rate this statement .
Statement: In Europe, "church attendance rates (are) in the single digits" because churches are supported by taxes.
Speaker: rick santorum
About the speaker: Rick Santorum is running for the Republican nomination for president in 2016. He is a former U.S. senator from Pennsylvania and was a Republican presidential candidate in 2012.
Date: July 18, 2011
Location: national
Topics: new hampshire 2012
Context: Henniker, N.H
Fact-check justification: Santorum’s other , that European governments collect taxes and send the money to churches, is also a mixed bag. Santorum is correct when he says some countries assess so-called church taxes. But more importantly to his main point, scholars say they don't see a connection between the taxes and church attendance. Indeed, the rate in Italy is about 39 percent. So we rate this statement .
Statement: Says 282 Texas school districts have requested emergency waivers to increase elementary school class sizes because of "unprecedented fiscal challenges.
Speaker: silvestre reyes
About the speaker: Rep. Reyes, D-El Paso, was first elected to the U.S. House in 1996. He was the first Hispanic American in U.S. history to chair the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, which drafts the laws that govern, fund and oversee the 16 agencies that comprise the U.S. intelligence community. He lost his bid for the Democratic nomination for the seat in 2012 to Beto O'Rourke, a member of the El Paso City Council.
Date: January 9, 2012
Location: texas
Topics: education;state budget
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: Reyes accurately recaps how many districts had requested class-size waivers from the state education agency as of late December 2011 — a number that subsequently grew. Yet, his suggestion that financial difficulties born from the 2011 Legislature’s actions are responsible for all of the waiver requests is an overstatement, considering that historically, dozens of districts have sought and received waivers each year. Then again, 60 percent of districts that had received a waiver as of early January cited the new "financial hardship" reason when seeking permission to exceed the class-size law. We rate Reyes' statement .
Statement: Since 2000, the Department of Defense and the Department of Energy have been spraying the entire United States sky with the toxic brew of chemicals and other biologic agents.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: January 27, 2022
Topics: environment;facebook fact-checks
Context: a post
Fact-check justification: In a TikTok video shared on Facebook, a speaker says, "Since 2000, the Department of Defense and the Department of Energy have been spraying the entire United States sky with the toxic brew of chemicals and other biologic agents."  The  is part of a conspiracy theory about "chemtrails," which are not real, according to atmospheric chemists and geochemists.  The EPA is not aware of any deliberate release of chemicals or biological agents into the atmosphere, and the Air Force says the theory is a hoax.  We rate this  !
Statement: Says she is the subject of 60 books.
Speaker: hillary clinton
About the speaker: Hillary Clinton was the 2016 Democratic nominee for president. She served as U.S. Secretary of State during the first four years of the Obama administration. She is formerly a U.S. senator from New York, first elected in 2000. She was a candidate for president in 2008. She previously served as first lady when her husband, Bill Clinton, served two terms as president. She was born in Chicago in 1947, graduated from Wellesley College and earned a law degree at Yale Law School. She and her husband have one daughter.
Date: April 13, 2008
Location: national
Topics: candidate biography
Context: Grantham, Penn
Fact-check justification: because it sounded more novelty item than literature. Our WorldCat search came up with 48 books. Wikipedia's list was more complete: 69 books if you include the scholarly studies, 58 if you don't. So Clinton was in the ballpark. We rate her statement .
Statement: Pete Buttigieg claims Bible says babies can be aborted 'up to their first breath.'
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: September 6, 2019
Topics: abortion;religion
Context: a blog post
Fact-check justification: The host interjects and says, "I’m pro-choice." Buttigieg replies, "Me too. But I think no matter where you think about the kind of cosmic question of how life begins, most Americans can get on the board with the idea, of I might draw the line here, you might draw the line there, but the most important thing is the person who should be drawing the line is the woman making the decision." The story includes this context but the headline overreaches by saying "Pete Buttigieg claims Bible says babies can be aborted ‘up to their first breath.’" We rate this headline .
Statement: The CIA paid two psychologists $81 million "to develop and run their torture program.
Speaker: doonesbury
About the speaker: Doonesbury is a Pulitzer Prize-winning comic strip by G.B. Trudeau.
Date: January 11, 2015
Topics: afghanistan;human rights;iraq;terrorism;punditfact
Context: the Sunday comics
Fact-check justification: Doonesbury , aka Garry Trudeau, said that the CIA paid two psychologists $81 million to develop and run its torture program. The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence report confirms the amount of money spent on a variety of things. Other news organizations revealed the actual names of the two men -- though in reality seven people owned the company. The  is accurate but needs additional information. We rate it  . Help fund PolitiFact’s Kickstarter to live fact-check the 2015 State of the Union and GOP response.
Statement: The proposed transportation tax plan revokes a tax-credit for consumers' electric cars while the state retains similar credits for similar vehicles for businesses.
Speaker: atlanta journal-constitution
About the speaker: The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is metro Atlanta's largest daily newspaper.
Date: February 10, 2015
Location: georgia
Topics: transportation;taxes
Context: news reports
Fact-check justification: But the question here is whether, today, Georgia’s transportation legislation eliminates a popular consumer tax credit while retaining a similar break for businesses. It does. One caveat: the tax credit for businesses, which is not mentioned in the latest proposal, would expire in two years anyway. Both of those issues may be the topic of debate to come. But as it stands, we rate the  .
Statement: The Unvaccinated Beware, COVID-19 mRNA Shots Cause Death and Disease Through GMO Shedding
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: April 27, 2021
Topics: facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a video on Facebook
Fact-check justification: A Facebook video claims that people who aren’t vaccinated against COVID-19 should "beware" because being around people who have received the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines could cause "death and disease." There is no  anyone has died after being close to someone who received an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Experts say there is no way for people to shed mRNA or spike proteins after they’ve been vaccinated. The mRNA COVID-19 vaccines cannot affect people who are not vaccinated.  We rate this  .
Statement: The pastor McCain calls his 'spiritual guide,' Rod Parsley, believes America's founding mission is to destroy Islam, which he calls a 'false religion.'
Speaker: moveon.org
About the speaker: MoveOn.org is a left-leaning political advocacy group. It endorsed Sen. Barack Obama for the Democratic nomination.
Date: April 5, 2008
Location: national
Topics: religion
Context: an e-mail message
Fact-check justification: UPDATE: On May 22, 2008, McCain rejected Parsley's endorsement at the same time he rejected the endorsement of another minister, John Hagee. (For details on the Hagee controversy, see our statement update here .) A report from ABC News about Parsley had aired that morning discussing Parsley's views on Islam. "I believe there is no place for that kind of dialogue in America," McCain said of Parsley.