chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Top U.S. intelligence officials have told "every member of Congress, including the president, we're about to be attacked in a serious way because (of) the threat emanating from Syria and Iraq.
Speaker: lindsey graham
About the speaker: Lindsey Graham is a U.S. senator from South Carolina. He was a candidate for the Republican nominee for president in 2016.
Date: August 10, 2014
Location: national
Topics: iraq;terrorism
Context: comments on "Fox News Sunday"
Fact-check justification: Graham said that four top administration officials have said "we’re about to be attacked in a serious way because (of) the threat emanating from Syria and Iraq." Graham’s office sent quotations from three of the four. While each of them voiced strong concern about attacks on American soil, the role of ISIS was more indirect and less immediate than Graham would have us believe. The government officials spoke of the conflict in Syria as a training ground. Johnson, the Homeland Security director, also cast the Syrian civil war as a cause that could inspire "lone wolf" terrorists in the mode of the Boston Marathon bombers. The government officials talked about the "aspirations" of some al-Qaida veterans and the steps they were taking to track the people who posed the greatest risk. They spoke of taking the threat seriously, but their words fell well short of Grahams’ phrase that,"we’re about to be attacked in a serious way." We rate the  .
Statement: The number of complaints against police officers has decreased from an average when Mr. (Rick) Baker was mayor from 78 to 14.
Speaker: rick kriseman
About the speaker: Rick Kriseman is a state representative representing parts of Pinellas County. He was first elected in 2006.
Date: July 25, 2017
Location: florida
Topics: public service
Context: a mayoral debate
Fact-check justification: Those numbers check out for citizen-initiated complaints. The city attributes the decline to increased communication with the community and the police, among other factors. It’s worth noting that citizen-initiated complaints for the most part have been declining for the past decade-plus, which might not be apparent in Kriseman's wording. Kriseman’s  is accurate but needs additional information. For that reason, we rate it .
Statement: California has "robust job growth that outpaces the rest of the nation.
Speaker: kevin de león
About the speaker: Kevin de León is a Democrat from Los Angeles. He is a member of the California Legislature.
Date: November 10, 2015
Location: california
Topics: climate change;economy;energy;jobs
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: State Senator Kevin de León said earlier this month that California has "robust job growth that outpaces the rest of the nation, all while reducing carbon emissions and cleaning up the air we breathe." We limited our fact check to whether California has grown jobs faster than "the rest of the nation." We did not evaluate the impact the state’s clean energy policies have had on job growth, a question raised by the second part of De León’s statement.   Economists we spoke with agree that California’s job growth rate has been higher than the nation’s overall average — for several years. Last year, the state’s job growth rate was more than a percentage point higher than the country’s. But a clarification is needed: California is far from the only state that’s added jobs at a faster pace than the national average. Fourteen others accomplished the same feat. And there is another way to read the senator’s statement. One could assume the senator meant California’s job growth rate outpaced all other individual states. Yet, five other states had higher job growth rates in 2014. Those states are part of "the rest of the nation," and would likely balk at the idea of California outpacing their job growth success. In the end, we rate the  .    –  The statement is accurate but needs clarification or additional information. Click here for   more   on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: If you look at the results of Obamacare, what you see is emergency room visits are up over 50 percent.
Speaker: carly fiorina
About the speaker: Carly Fiorina is running for the Republican nomination for president in 2016. She is the former chairman and chief executive officer of Hewlett-Packard Company (HP). She was defeated in her attempt as the Republican nominee to unseat Sen. Barbara Boxer in 2010.
Date: August 9, 2015
Location: national
Topics: polls and public opinion
Context: an interview on CNN's "State of the Union"
Fact-check justification: Fiorina said, "If you look at the results of Obamacare, what you see is emergency room visits are up over 50 percent." Fiorina has raised a legitimate concern about the health care law, but the eye-popping statistic she cites is not supported either by official federal data or by a recent survey of members of the American College of Emergency Physicians. We rate her  .
Statement: Senator Mitt Romney threatens to leave the Republican party and join Democrats.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: July 19, 2023
Topics: congress;facebook fact-checks
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: Romney’s party affiliation has not changed on FEC forms since that filing, and he still caucuses with Republicans in the Senate. Romney’s most recent campaign finance report shows he has stepped up fundraising from the first quarter of 2023, when he had reported raising about $112,000 . Romney’s second-quarter report , filed in July, shows the campaign raised more than $1 million from April to June. Whatever his decision about seeking a second term, there’s no credible  that Romney has threatened to switch parties. We rate the  .
Statement: In order to pass the CRCT in Georgia, you simply have to get half of the answers correct.
Speaker: alisha thomas morgan
About the speaker: Alisha Thomas Morgan, a Democrat, was first elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 2002, becoming the first African-American to be elected from a district solely in Cobb County. A graduate of Spelman College, she is running for Georgia's school superintendent.
Date: March 20, 2014
Location: georgia
Topics: education
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: Our conclusion Morgan said "in order to pass the CRCT in Georgia, you simply have to get half of the answers correct." In slightly more than half of the subjects for grades 3 through 8, she’s correct. The "cut scores" to meet state standards are a little higher in other areas, but not much higher. We believe Morgan’s statement is largely on target but slightly missed some context. Our rating: .
Statement: Early vote counts after the polls closed in Georgia's U.S. Senate runoff are evidence of election fraud.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: December 6, 2022
Location: georgia
Topics: elections;facebook fact-checks
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: As counties count their votes , it is normal to see a change in the percentage of votes each candidate received. We can’t vouch for the authenticity of the screenshot in the Facebook post, but more votes were initially counted for Walker than Warnock as results started to come in after the polls closed. However, the more precincts that reported their results, the clearer it became that Warnock was leading the race. Claims suggesting election fraud in Georgia lack . We rate them !
Statement: Florida has a law like (Indiana's Religious Freedom Restoration Act).
Speaker: jeb bush
About the speaker: Jeb Bush was a Republican candidate for president of the United States in 2016. He served two terms as the governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007. He is also the brother of former President George W. Bush and the son of former President George H.W. Bush. 
Date: March 30, 2015
Location: florida
Topics: civil rights;lgbtq;marriage;religion
Context: an interview with Hugh Hewitt
Fact-check justification: Speaking of the Indiana law, Bush said that Florida "has a law like this." Florida did pass its own version of the 1993 federal Religious Freedom Restoration Act. But the laws and the context for their passage are different. Indiana’s law says government doesn’t have to be a party to the case, and it extends protections to corporations, and that’s different from Florida’s law.  Bush's statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details. We rate this  .
Statement: This midterm (election), the president did better than the average president does in his first midterms.
Speaker: jerry falwell jr.
About the speaker: Jerry Falwell has been chancellor and president of Liberty University in Lynchburg, Va., since the death of his father, Liberty's founder, Dr. Jerry Falwell, Sr., in 2007.
Date: January 1, 2019
Location: virginia
Topics: elections;history
Context: a newspaper interview
Fact-check justification: Falwell said, "This midterm, the president did better than the average president does in his first midterms." The  does not stand up. Republicans lost 38 congressional seats in the 2018 elections and control of the House of Representatives. Of the 28 presidents who have served since 1862, that’s the 18th highest losses by their party during their first midterms. The average drop was 30 seats. If we just consider the 13 post-World War II presidents, Trump saw the eighth highest losses. Those presidents experienced an average drop of 31 seats in their first midterm. Falwell, asked to prove his statement, substitutes a different : that Trump outperformed Democrats Clinton and Obama during their first midterms. Statistics consistently show Trump performed slightly worse than the average president during his first midterm. We rate Falwell’s statement .
Statement: When George W. Bush was governor of Texas, "the percentage uninsured went down." Under his successor, Rick Perry, "it's gone up.
Speaker: mitt romney
About the speaker: Mitt Romney is a U.S. senator from Utah. He ran for president in 2012 as the Republican nominee, losing to incumbent President Barack Obama. Prior to that, Romney served one term as governor of Massachusetts, elected to the post in 2002. He was born in 1947 in Michigan, where his father was governor from 1963 to 1969. Romney graduated from Brigham Young University and received both a law degree and an MBA from Harvard University. Romney helped found the investment firm Bain Capital in 1984, which launched or rebuilt such companies as Staples and Dominos Pizza. Romney managed the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City from 1999-2002. He ran for president in 2008 but lost the Republican nomination. He and his wife, Ann, have five sons, Tagg, Craig, Matt, Ben and Josh.
Date: October 11, 2011
Location: national
Topics: children;health care;new hampshire 2012
Context: Hanover, N.H
Fact-check justification: Romney’s camp said he meant to refer to the uninsured population as a whole, and using those statistics, he’s right that uninsurance rates declined under Bush (though within the statistics’ margin of error) and rose under Perry. But we think many viewers, seeing the comment in context, might have assumed that Romney was referring to uninsurance among children. And for children, uninsurance has actually declined steeply under Perry. Meanwhile, the policies pursued by both Bush and Perry had an influence on their respective trendlines, but their records in this regard were somewhat mixed and other factors also contributed. On balance, we rate the statement .
Statement: VAERS reports show that babies whose mothers got the COVID-19 vaccine died after breastfeeding.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: September 22, 2021
Location: national
Topics: children;public health;science;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: The image in the post is of an article by Great Game India, which cited a case report from an alternative source. The report described several health issues for the baby, including rhinovirus, an atypical case of Kawasaki disease, and a premature birth. The report questioned whether the spike protein created by the vaccine caused problems for the baby, but multiple experts and articles said the proteins are too large to transfer in breast milk.   We do not know why the baby died, but there is no  that it was a result of breastmilk from his vaccinated mother. We rate this  .
Statement: Under the Affordable Care Act, three states get 35% of the money, folks. Can you name them? I'll help you: California, New York and Massachusetts.
Speaker: lindsey graham
About the speaker: Lindsey Graham is a U.S. senator from South Carolina. He was a candidate for the Republican nominee for president in 2016.
Date: October 13, 2020
Topics: medicaid;health check
Context: comments during Senate Judiciary Committee hearing
Fact-check justification: Graham points to higher federal spending on ACA programs in three states that are represented by top congressional Democrats and complains that South Carolina is not faring as well. While his numbers are four years old, the latest numbers are just a few percentage points lower than what he cited — 29% compared with 35%. He also left out some critical information — most important, that South Carolina didn’t pursue federal funding through Medicaid expansion, or both.  His argument that the law was designed to help some states largely controlled by Democrats fails to note that many Republican-controlled states have received heavy federal funding, too, either because of ACA tax subsidies or Medicaid expansion. He also didn’t acknowledge that South Carolina does have a strong record of receiving federal subsidies for consumers buying insurance on the ACA marketplace. We rate Graham’s statement as .
Statement: If you use the US Postal Service certified mail or registered mail, they can do anything they want with those ballots." They "can burn your mail and they won't get in any trouble.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: October 27, 2022
Topics: elections;facebook fact-checks
Context: a video
Fact-check justification: An Instagram video claims voters should not mail in their ballots through the U.S. Postal Service because employees could destroy them and encourages people to send them through the U.S. Post Office instead.  The U.S. Postal Service is the nation’s only postal service, and the post office is a colloquial term used for the agency. Postal Service employees are prohibited by federal law from destroying or tampering with election mail, including ballots.  We rate this  !
Statement: The flag of Washington's District of Columbia has three red stars. One for each city state in the three-city empire.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: April 29, 2023
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a TikTok shared on Facebook
Fact-check justification: The stars do not represent London, the Vatican and Washington, D.C. The flag’s design was based on George Washington’s family coat of arms, which featured three stars. It does not legitimize an unsubstantiated conspiracy theory about these three cities. We rate this  ! PolitiFact Researcher Caryn Baird contributed to this report.
Statement: Says "Jeff Bezos will put 300 (metric tons) of carbon into the atmosphere for 180 seconds in space.
Speaker: tweets
About the speaker: Twitter is a messaging service where people often discuss politics. Individual messages are called Tweets.
Date: July 20, 2021
Location: national
Topics: climate change;corrections and updates;space
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Social media users tweeted that Bezos’ brief trip to space released 300 metric tons of carbon dioxide.  The trip released none. The rocket’s engine burns hydrogen and oxygen to carry it away from Earth. That doesn’t make these rides risk-free. They do pose a threat to the ozone layer.  We rate this  .
Statement: Says the federal government could save $175,587 by eliminating a study of the "connection between cocaine and risky sex habits of the Japanese quail.
Speaker: mark neumann
About the speaker: Mark Neumann is a developer and home builder from Nashotah. He was a Republican candidate for U.S. Senate from Wisconsin in 2012. He ran for governor in 2010 and formerly represented southern Wisconsin in Congress.
Date: January 26, 2012
Location: wisconsin
Topics: drugs;federal budget;health care;sexuality
Context: a news release
Fact-check justification: Our rating Neumann said he could save $175,587 by eliminating a study of the "connection between cocaine and risky sex habits of the Japanese quail." A grant for that amount was awarded for such a study in 2011, another was made in 2012 and more are slated to be made. But the scope of the study is much larger than what Neumann suggests by citing only the title. Neumann’s  was accurate, but needed additional information. We don’t know how Leno or Letterman would rule, but that’s our definition of .
Statement: The recidivism rate is nearly 29 percent and has been climbing steadily since detainees began being released from Guantanamo.
Speaker: saxby chambliss
About the speaker: Saxby Chambliss, a Republican, is a United States senator from Georgia
Date: November 19, 2013
Location: georgia
Topics: terrorism
Context: a debate on the Senate floor
Fact-check justification: Chambliss’ assessment that the rate of recidivists is "climbing steadily" also has some weaknesses. The number of suspected or confirmed recidivists has grown by a half-dozen or so since Obama took office, but his percentage is lower than that of the Bush administration. PolitiFact’s definition of "" means that a statement is at least partially accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context. We think Chambliss’  fits the bill. We rate his statement .
Statement: Immigrants are more fertile.
Speaker: jeb bush
About the speaker: Jeb Bush was a Republican candidate for president of the United States in 2016. He served two terms as the governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007. He is also the brother of former President George W. Bush and the son of former President George H.W. Bush. 
Date: June 14, 2013
Location: national
Topics: immigration
Context: a speech at the Faith and Freedom Coalition Conference
Fact-check justification: Bush said that immigrants are more fertile and the data back him up. National statistics show that birth rates among foreign-born residents are about 50 percent higher than for U.S.-born women. However, the rates are converging, they vary widely among immigrant groups and over the years, the rates change. Still, Bush’s words were on track, and we rate the statement .
Statement: Says Bubba Watson wrote a viral Facebook post about Black Lives Matter.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: July 15, 2020
Topics: race and ethnicity;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: In 2012, Watson, the owner of "General Lee" — the car from the TV show "The Dukes of Hazzard" that had the image of the Confederate flag on its roof —  expressed disappointment when NASCAR canceled plans to have the golfer drive the vehicle on a parade lap before a race, saying, "Obviously, I don’t stand for the Confederate flag." A few years later, Watson painted over the Confederate flag from the roof.   "All men ARE created equal, I believe that so I will be painting the American flag over the roof of the General Lee," he tweeted . In June, he said he’d like to donate the car to a museum.   We rate this Facebook post .
Statement: A majority of Americans still oppose this health care bill.
Speaker: john boehner
About the speaker: John Boehner of Ohio is the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. He was formerly the Republican minority leader from 2007-2011, and was the majority leader briefly prior to that.
Date: January 27, 2010
Location: national
Topics: health care
Context: a live-blog post during the State of the Union address
Fact-check justification: So, Boehner would have been on firm ground if he'd said that more Americans oppose the health care bill than support it. Instead, he said "a majority of Americans still oppose this health care bill," something that was strictly  in only half the January polls we looked at. That said, Boehner is not far off. In none of the 10 polls we looked at did supporters outnumber opponents by an amount larger than the margin of error. So we'll knock down the minority leader for his imprecise language and rate his statement .
Statement: Special education categorical aid" from the state "hasn't been raised in over a decade.
Speaker: tony evers
About the speaker: Tony Evers, a Democrat, was elected Wisconsin governor in November 2018. His term begins in January 2019. Evers has served as the Wisconsin superintendent of public instruction, a non-partisan position, since 2009. He previously worked as a teacher and school district administrator.
Date: August 16, 2018
Location: wisconsin
Topics: children;education;state budget
Context: a public forum
Fact-check justification: The Walker administration has launched several initiatives that feature targeted aid in the form of grants for special education students, but the special education categorical aid continues to be set at nearly $369 million. Data shows a per-pupil increase in raw dollars paid by the state, from $2,981, or 28.6 percent, per pupil in 2008 to an estimated $3,140, or 25.98 percent, paid per pupil in 2018. But that increase is more than eaten away by inflation . And the state is paying a lower share of the cost per pupil. We rate Evers’ statement .
Statement: The United States has a supply of "more than 100 years of natural gas.
Speaker: america's natural gas alliance
About the speaker: America's Natural Gas Alliance represents natural gas producers.
Date: November 18, 2009
Location: national
Topics: energy
Context: a television ad
Fact-check justification: It needs to be $8 or more."    So, by one estimate, the natural gas industry is correct that we have about 100 years' worth of natural gas. But another estimate disputes that total. Furthermore, geologists and energy experts warn that the higher number is somewhat  because it includes natural gas that is not economicaly viable to extract. Given that those important elements were not mentioned in the commercial, we give America's Natural Gas Alliance a .