chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: The American slave trade caused 5 million deaths "or more.
Speaker: jon stewart
About the speaker: Jon Stewart is a comedian and host of Comedy Central's The Daily Show.
Date: March 11, 2014
Topics: history;punditfact
Context: a broadcast of "The Daily Show"
Fact-check justification: Stewart said the American slave trade caused the deaths of at least 5 million people. Stewart appears to be using an estimate for deaths associated with the slave trade in North and South America. America's portion is much smaller, an expert told us. We rate Stewart’s  .
Statement: Lettuce killed more Americans this year than undocumented immigrants.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: January 10, 2019
Topics: immigration;food;food safety;crime;facebook fact-checks
Context: a meme
Fact-check justification: The meme said, "Lettuce killed more Americans this year than undocumented immigrants." To the best we can tell from imperfect data, that’s . However a small tweak -- changing the term to "food," which is the FDA’s full responsibility -- would likely have supported the meme’s point. On its own, we rate the statement .
Statement: Prominent Democrats were born in April 1948, "nine months after" a UFO crashed near Roswell, N.M.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: April 17, 2019
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a viral image
Fact-check justification: An image posted on Facebook refers to theories about a UFO crash and alien landing near Roswell to skewer various prominent Democrats born "nine months later" in April 1948. None of the Democrats listed in the post were born in April 1948. In fact, most were born at least a year before the Roswell incident occurred. The reported Roswell UFO sightings in 1947 have been explained as a case of the military using a  explanation for the debris found, in order to protect a top-secret U.S. operation to spy on the Soviets. We rate this  .
Statement: Oil production is down 14 percent this year on federal land.
Speaker: mitt romney
About the speaker: Mitt Romney is a U.S. senator from Utah. He ran for president in 2012 as the Republican nominee, losing to incumbent President Barack Obama. Prior to that, Romney served one term as governor of Massachusetts, elected to the post in 2002. He was born in 1947 in Michigan, where his father was governor from 1963 to 1969. Romney graduated from Brigham Young University and received both a law degree and an MBA from Harvard University. Romney helped found the investment firm Bain Capital in 1984, which launched or rebuilt such companies as Staples and Dominos Pizza. Romney managed the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City from 1999-2002. He ran for president in 2008 but lost the Republican nomination. He and his wife, Ann, have five sons, Tagg, Craig, Matt, Ben and Josh.
Date: October 16, 2012
Location: national
Topics: energy
Context: the second presidential debate
Fact-check justification:     So: Did the United States produce 14 percent less oil on its public lands last year? Yes.     But there’s nuance in the number. Production under Obama was hobbled due to the Deepwater Horizon disaster, making a one-year figure subject to cherry-picking. And it’s not at all clear that the president in charge when the oil is taken out of the ground deserves full credit or blame; years of prior policies on exploration and drilling had an impact. On balance, we rate the  .
Statement: Huge! Results From Breaking Chloroquine Study Show 100% Cure Rate For Patients Infected With The Coronavirus.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: March 19, 2020
Topics: public health;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post claimed results from a chloroquine study show a "100% cure rate for patients infected with the coronavirus." The French study of the drug on 20 patients with COVID-19 indicates it could help with treatment, but it is no sure cure. U.S. health experts stress the results are preliminary and much more research is needed.  We rate the  .
Statement: Says Iowa Republican Senate candidate Joni Ernst "would privatize Social Security.
Speaker: democratic senatorial campaign committee
About the speaker: The Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee works to elect Democrats to the U.S. Senate.
Date: August 18, 2014
Location: national
Topics: message machine 2014;retirement;social security;workers
Context: a campaign ad
Fact-check justification: The DSCC said Ernst "would privatize Social Security." In the KCCI debate, Ernst did say pretty clearly that she supports "reform" for Social Security in order to keep it fiscally sound over the long term. However, by using the word "privatization," the ad overstates the degree of clarity in the policy changes Ernst says she supports, while also glossing over the fact that she limited her proposed changes to "younger workers." The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details, so we rate it .
Statement: President Obama's "budget would call for about $25 trillion in debt by the end of his term, if he was re-elected.
Speaker: bob mcdonnell
About the speaker: Bob McDonnell is the Republican governor of Virginia until January 2014. McDonnell was elected over Democratic state Sen. Creigh Deeds.
McDonnell previously served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1992 to 2006 and as state Attorney General from 2006 to 2009.
McDonnell graduated from the University of Nortre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind., with a bachelor's degree in 1976. He then served in the U.S. Army on active duty from 1976 to 1981 and in the reserves until 1997, retiring as a lieutenant colenel. He received a master's degree in business adminsitration from Boston University in 1980 and a master's and law degree from Regent University, Virginia Beach, in 1989.
Date: February 24, 2012
Location: virginia
Topics: deficit;federal budget
Context: a symposium
Fact-check justification: McDonnell said that if Obama is reelected this year, his budget policies would push total U.S. debt to about $25 trillion by the time the president’s second term expired in 2017. The governor’s spokesman qualified the statement. McDonnell, he said, cited a White House projection of the national debt in 2021 if Obama’s policies are continued. Indeed, the administration has estimated a $25 trillion debt that year. But in 2017 -- at the end of a second Obama term that McDonnell addressed with dread -- the debt would be $21.3 trillion. That’s still a heavy load, but significantly less then the governor claimed. McDonnell’s statement is based on the element of  that the debt will continue to rise under Obama’s policies, but greatly  by how much. We rate his  .
Statement: The U.S. unemployment rate has "been massaged, it's been doctored.
Speaker: rick perry
About the speaker: Rick Perry is the U.S. Energy Secretary and was governor of Texas from late December 2000 through 2014. He was re-elected in 2002, 2006 and 2010. He unsucessfully ran for president in 2012 and 2016.
Date: January 26, 2015
Location: texas
Topics: economy;jobs
Context: Iowa
Fact-check justification: Addressing Iowans, Perry said the official U.S. jobless rate "has been doctored, it’s been massaged." There’s legitimate debate about what statistic best measures the state of the workforce and even agreement that the widely quoted unemployment rate (which Perry stressed as meaningful about a week before this Iowa stop) doesn’t provide the fullest picture of the labor force. But that's a far cry from showing the government is massaging or doctoring numbers, which implies organized underhanded wrongdoing. Perry may yet elaborate. We find this  factually unsupported and . !  – The statement is not accurate and makes a  . Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: We're not engaged in nation-building" in Afghanistan.
Speaker: joe biden
About the speaker: Joe Biden is the president of the United States. A Democrat, Biden served as a Delaware senator from 1973 (elected at the age of 29) until 2009. During his time in the Senate, he served as chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, chair of the International Narcotics Control Caucus and chair of the Judiciary Committee. He subsequently served as Barack Obama’s vice president from 2009 to 2016. Biden launched unsuccessful presidential campaigns in 1988 and 2008. He received a degree in history and political science from the University of Delaware and his J.D. from Syracuse School of Law. 
Date: July 18, 2010
Location: national
Topics: foreign policy;military;this week - abc news
Context: an interview on ABC's This Week
Fact-check justification: So let's recap. When Biden says that "we're not engaged in nation-building" in Afghanistan, he's correct that the administration doesn't use that word, and that the U.S. commitment is narrower and more time-limited than a nation-building effort might be. However, many of the things the U.S. is seeking to do in Afghanistan would fall under a reasonable definition of what used to be known as nation-building. So while we acknowledge the limits of U.S. military intentions in Afghanistan, we don't think it's right to let the vice president simply deny the existence of the types of activities formerly identified with "nation building" by disavowing the phrase. So we rate his statement .
Statement: Under current law, if you go on a dating website and you say you're 32 and you're actually 42, you've committed a misdemeanor.
Speaker: christopher blazejewski
About the speaker: Christopher Blazejewski, a lawyer and Providence resident, has been a state representative since 2011.
Date: June 12, 2012
Location: rhode island
Topics: legal issues;pop culture;technology
Context: a speech on the floor of the Rhode Island House (which was transmitted electronically)
Fact-check justification: Rep. Christopher Blazejewski said that "Under current law, if you go on a dating website and you say you're 32 and you're actually 42, you've committed a misdemeanor." That's indeed what the law said at the time. (It has since been changed.) Whether you risked prosecution if you told such a lie would have been another matter entirely. The attorney general's office said the statute was only meant to apply to lies designed to garner financial gain. And the law professor we checked with says it was such a broad, vague limit on free speech, it was probably unconstitutional. Nonetheless, the PolitiFact judges rate Blazejewski's  as  . (Get updates from PolitiFactRI on Twitter . To comment or offer your ruling, visit us on our PolitiFact Rhode Island Facebook page.)
Statement: A third of all the young people in America are not in America today because of abortion, because one in three pregnancies end in abortion.
Speaker: rick santorum
About the speaker: Rick Santorum is running for the Republican nomination for president in 2016. He is a former U.S. senator from Pennsylvania and was a Republican presidential candidate in 2012.
Date: March 29, 2011
Location: national
Topics: abortion;health care;social security
Context: a radio interview
Fact-check justification: We rate Santorum's statement . UPDATE, April 1, 2011: After we published this item, a reader pointed out that the statement we quoted from Santorum’s office was . While a spokeswoman had told us that "the prolife community has been astounded at the increasing percentages in the pregnancies that result in abortion," the reader pointed us to statistics from the Guttmacher Institute that show the rate of abortions declining over time. From a 1981 peak of 29.3 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-44, the rate has fallen, gradually but steadily, to 19.6 in 2008 -- a decline of about one-third. According to Census Bureau data , the raw number of abortions has also fallen consistently, from a peak of 1,609,000 in 1990 to 1,242,000 in 2006.
Statement: We spent $223-million on a bridge in Alaska to an island with 50 people on it.
Speaker: john mccain
About the speaker: John McCain was a U.S. senator from Arizona, a post he held from 1987 to his death in 2018. He previously served two terms in the U.S. House. He was the Republican nominee for president in 2008. McCain was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and spent his career in the military, as his father did. He was a combat pilot in Vietnam who was shot down and spent 5 1/2 years as a prisoner of war. He was born in 1936 in Panama. 
Date: July 25, 2007
Location: national
Topics: federal budget
Context: Nashua, N.H
Fact-check justification: There was such a firestorm of criticsm that in November 2005 Congress removed the earmark requirement. Alaska still got the federal transportation money, but the state no longer was required to use it on the bridge. Nonetheless, McCain continues to speak as if Congress still is requiring that the bridge be built. He says $223-million was "spent" on the bridge, but that's not . The "bridge to nowhere" never was built.
Statement: Says 
"With nearly 75 percent of Americans supportive of the construction of the pipeline, Schrader needs to explain to Oregon families why he voted against this needed project.
Speaker: national republican congressional committee
About the speaker: National Republican Congressional Committee
Date: May 23, 2013
Location: oregon
Topics: environment;climate change;congress;economy;energy;regulation;voting record
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: Had the NRCC said that Schrader voted against the bill -- as opposed to the project -- the statement would be .    The NRCC is accurate in citing that nearly 75 percent of Americans support construction of the Keystone XL pipeline. The Nanos survey is solid, as is a Pew Research poll that showed two-thirds support.    With the polling part  and the project part , that brings our ruling to  for this two-part statement.    (If you want to leave a comment, go to http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/06/did_kurt_schrader_vote_against.html#incart_m-rpt-2)
Statement: There is no Biden presidency. The real Biden was executed for his crimes long ago along with Clinton.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: April 24, 2023
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a video
Fact-check justification: Biden is clearly alive. On April 26, he hosted South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol and his first lady Kim Keon Hee at a state dinner. On April 27, he appeared on the White House lawn for a public Take Our Kids To Work Day event. Clinton was widely photographed with her husband, former-President Bill Clinton during an April 17 visit to Belfast, Northern Ireland to mark the 25th anniversary of the Good Friday Agreement, which ended 30 years of violent conflict there. We rate this  !
Statement: Pathologists found "a host of non-biological components ... in the blood of vaccinated people," including graphene chips and nanochips.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: September 26, 2021
Topics: facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a post
Fact-check justification: Writing about a German symposium, a blogger said pathologists found "a host of non-biological components ... in the blood of vaccinated people," including graphene chips and nanochips.  The  is not supported by . The published list of ingredients for COVID-19 vaccines does not include non-biological components and specifically says the vaccines are free from metals and manufactured products, including microelectronics. The German Society for Pathology disavowed the symposium and said its findings were not scientifically sound.  We rate this  !
Statement: Senator Obama has voted 94 times to either increase your taxes or against tax cuts.
Speaker: john mccain
About the speaker: John McCain was a U.S. senator from Arizona, a post he held from 1987 to his death in 2018. He previously served two terms in the U.S. House. He was the Republican nominee for president in 2008. McCain was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and spent his career in the military, as his father did. He was a combat pilot in Vietnam who was shot down and spent 5 1/2 years as a prisoner of war. He was born in 1936 in Panama. 
Date: October 7, 2008
Location: national
Topics: taxes
Context: comment from McCain spokesman Tucker Bounds on Fox News
Fact-check justification: But 94 still is awfully far away. The McCain campaign could easily  that Obama has "repeatedly" supported higher taxes according to his record in the Senate. But by using such a precise number, the McCain campaign's charge carries a greater level of authority and credibility, which it really doesn't deserve. It's not merely that their count is , but that they're  with their attempt at unsupported precision. We say .
Statement: Says Tom Nelson "backed higher taxes on Social Security, costing Wisconsin seniors $95 million.
Speaker: mike gallagher
About the speaker: Republican Mike Gallagher of Green Bay was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in November 2016. He is the senior global market strategist at Breakthrough Fuel, a Green Bay supply chain fuel management company. Gallagher previously served as a human intelligence and counterintelligence officer in the U.S. Marine Corps. He was a foreign policy aide to GOP Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker's 2016 presidential campaign.  
Date: September 12, 2016
Location: wisconsin
Topics: income;retirement;social security;state budget;taxes
Context: a TV ad
Fact-check justification: Nelson voted against the 2005-’07 state budget, which ended the state income tax on Social Security benefits, saving seniors more than $95 million per year. But that’s not the same as backing higher taxes on Social Security, something that was not even on the table. And a vote against the overall state budget doesn’t mean Nelson opposed eliminating the tax on Social Security benefits. Indeed, he voted for the amendment that added that provision to the budget. We rate Gallagher’s statement .
Statement: Wisconsin politicians get daily expense payments "even if they don't spend a dime on meals, or lodging or travel," and "no receipts are required for them to get paid.
Speaker: wisconsin freedom alliance
About the speaker: The Wisconsin Freedom Alliance is a conservative political group organized as a 501 (c)(4). It has run issue ads trying to influence elections in Republican state legislative primaries.  On its website, the group, which doesn't disclose its funders, said it works to advance "public policies that benefit all Wisconsin residents by promoting economic growth, increasing job opportunities and improving the state’s economy, adopting fair taxation, improving education and transportation, and working to improve life for Wisconsin residents through all levels of government."
Date: April 25, 2017
Location: wisconsin
Topics: immigration;income;state budget
Context: a radio ad
Fact-check justification: Travel costs in the form of mileage are reimbursed separately from the per-diem payments. Our rating The Wisconsin Freedom Alliance claimed that state lawmakers get daily expense payments "even if they don’t spend a dime on meals, or lodging or travel," and "no receipts are required for them to get paid." Per diems are built on an honor system that requires no documentation that any travel or lodging expense has been incurred. Travel costs, though, have nothing to do with per diems, and some clarification is necessary here because no one can say how often lawmakers get the per diem without spending anything. We rate the  .
Statement: When asked if she supports the Build Back Better bill, Abby Finkenauer said that she didn't know what was in it.
Speaker: iowa republican party
About the speaker: The Iowa Republican Party represents Republicans in Iowa.
Date: January 24, 2022
Topics: congress;elections
Context: a news release
Fact-check justification: The Iowa Republican Party said in a press release and a tweet that Abby Finkenauer, who is running for a U.S. Senate seat did not know what was in President Biden’s proposed Build Back Better plan.  Finkenauer said in a television interview she didn’t know what was in the plan because it is changing. She then stated things she’d like the bill to accomplish.  The Republican Party’s press release and Crompton’s tweet eliminated the full context of Finkenauer’s statement when it had the complete statement. Some  exists when saying Finkenauer doesn’t know what’s in the bill but critical facts, such as the bill is in flux and Finkenauer has a wish list for it, are missing in the press release and tweet. We rate this  .
Statement: I've shut down pill mills.
Speaker: pam bondi
About the speaker: Pam Bondi, a former Hillsborough County prosecutor, was elected Floriday Attorney General on Nov. 2, 2010 and re-elected Nov. 4, 2014. After leaving office, she joined Ballard Partners lobbying firm in Washington D.C.
Date: April 28, 2010
Location: florida
Topics: health care;crime
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: Bondi said that as a Hillsborough prosecutor she's shut down pill mills and offered the case of Dr. John Mubang as an example. But Mubang's story highlights how difficult it is to stop pill mills, and in fact, is an excellent example of the problem the next attorney general will face. Mubang was shut down briefly following his arrest, but he's back in business pending trial. To be sure, PolitiFact Florida searched Hillsborough County court records to find other specific cases Bondi may have been involved with. So did Bondi, who maintains that she has prosecuted other cases involving doctors who prescribed medicine illegally. But she couldn't find another specific case for us to analyze. We couldn't either. That leaves us to judge her  based on the  she's provided. As such, we rate Bondi's  .
Statement: In Arizona, we have flood the zone with fake ballots.
Speaker: mark finchem
About the speaker: Mark Finchem was elected in 2015 as a state representative. He is running as a Republican for Arizona Secretary of State in 2022.
 
Date: August 25, 2022
Location: arizona
Topics: elections
Context: a radio show
Fact-check justification: Finchem said, "In Arizona, we have flood the zone with  ballots." Although he did not explain his definition of " ballots," Finchem’s description suggests that ballots are mailed out en masse to voters that did not request them. But that’s now how it works  — and there’s no  of pervasive fraud or fakery. Arizona voters must take steps to receive a mail ballot, whether it’s for a specific election or a continuing basis.  Finchem’s statement is an  and  summation that could discourage voter participation in a legitimate process. We rate this  ! RELATED : Why the ‘stop the steal’ Arizona Republicans are  about 2020 RELATED : No proof for pro-Trump conspiracy theory of secret watermarks on Ariz. ballots RELATED : All of our fact-checks about Arizona