chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: When you look at the earned income tax credit, it has about a 25 percent fraud rate. We're looking at $20 billion to $30 billion.
Speaker: rand paul
About the speaker: Rand Paul, a U.S. senator from Kentucky elected in 2010. He ran for president in 2016 before dropping out to seek re-election to the Senate. Paul is a medical doctor and an ophthalmologist. His father is Ron Paul, a 2008 presidential candidate and a former member of Congress from Texas. 
Date: January 25, 2015
Location: national
Topics: welfare;taxes
Context: a forum at the Freedom Partners 2015 California retreat
Fact-check justification: Paul said the earned income tax credit has a 25 percent "fraud rate" at a cost to taxpayers of $20 billion to $30 billion. There is a history of improper payments with the Earned Income Tax Credit that has not been resolved, for various reasons, since the IRS began reporting it in 2002. It’s listed as the only IRS program deemed to have a high risk of improper payments. But Paul’s characterization of the problem as "fraud" is way too specific. Not every improper payment constitutes fraud, and the exact percentage of fraud is not known. Also, the amount of improper payments is less than Paul said -- between $13.3 billion and $15.6 billion. The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details, so we rate the  .
Statement: Plan B can cause an abortion. It's right there on the box.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: June 24, 2022
Location: national
Topics: abortion;women;facebook fact-checks
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: A video on Instragram claims that Plan B can cause an abortion. This is not the case. Plan B is a form of emergency contraception that can help prevent pregnancy before it is established. It does not cause abortion. We rate this .  RELATED: Ask PolitiFact: What would the end of Roe mean for access to abortion pill?   RELATED: Tennessee passed a ban on mailing abortion pills, not emergency contraceptives like Plan B
Statement: During his tenure as mayor of New York City, "street homelessness decreased by 28 percent.
Speaker: michael bloomberg
About the speaker: Michael Bloomberg was mayor of New York City from 2002 to 2013. The billionaire co-founded Bloomberg LP, a financial information and media company, in 1981. On Nov. 24, 2019, he announced his candidacy for the 2020 Democratic nomination for president and dropped out on March 4, 2020.
Date: January 30, 2020
Location: new york
Topics: city government;homeless
Context: a news release
Fact-check justification: Bloomberg claimed that under his administration, street homelessness decreased by 28 percent.  City data confirms it decreased by 28 percent from when the city began counting in 2005, three years into Bloomberg's first term, until the year he left office.  As experts pointed out, many more homeless people in New York City stay in shelters and do not live on the streets. But the Bloomberg  specifically cited street homelessness.   We rate this  .
Statement: At the beginning of World War II, we had a relatively small army, smaller than Portugal's.
Speaker: ken paxton
About the speaker: As a Republican state senator, Ken Paxton won election as Texas attorney general in 2014. He previously served as a Texas House member from McKinney.
Date: June 6, 2014
Location: texas
Topics: history;military
Context: a speech at the Republican Party of Texas convention
Fact-check justification: Paxton told delegates: "At the beginning of World War II, we had a relatively small army, smaller than Portugal’s." The U.S. Army was relatively small at the war’s outset and the army itself has said the army was smaller than the army for Portugal. We rate this statement as .  – The statement is accurate and there’s nothing significant missing. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: President Donald Trump even referred to one of (Kevin) Cramer's health care repeal bills as 'mean' because the bill gutted protections for North Dakotans with preexisting conditions.
Speaker: heidi heitkamp
About the speaker: Heidi Heitkamp, a Democrat, served as a U.S. senator from North Dakota from 2013 to 2019.
Date: October 28, 2018
Location: national
Topics: health care
Context: the Bismarck Tribune
Fact-check justification: Heitkamp said that a House bill to repeal Obamacare supported by Kevin Cramer was referred to as "mean" by President Donald Trump. Trump did say that the American Health Care Act, which was passed in the House on May 2017 and which Cramer voted for, was "mean." It’s worth pointing out that Trump also said the the Republican health plan was a "great plan." Trump didn't specifically say it was mean because of how it handled pre-existing conditions, but that was certainly one of the controversial aspects of the bill. The statement is accurate but needs additional information. We rate the statement .
Statement: Audio is a "record of Biden trying to cover up his stolen documents crime.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: February 22, 2023
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: In January, the recording appeared in a TikTok post with a label "AI Voice." (AI stands for artificial intelligence.) "Lately," Rolling Stone magazine reported recently, "virtual Biden has been spouting off — rather fluently — on a number of topics about which the president wouldn’t and/or shouldn’t have strong opinions. It’s all thanks to the advent of powerful AI tools for voice cloning. "  We rate claims that this is an authentic voicemail .
Statement: Attorney General Eric Holder is involved in the dismissal of the criminal charges" against the New Black Panther Party for voter intimidation
Speaker: bill o'reilly
About the speaker: Bill O'Reilly hosted The O'Reilly Factor on Fox News until 2017. He formerly worked as a television news reporter and has authored numerous books.
Date: July 17, 2010
Location: national
Topics: civil rights;elections;crime;pundits
Context: an online column
Fact-check justification: O'Reilly and other Fox commentators have confused the issue by suggesting Holder and the Obama administration made the call not to pursue more serious charges against the New Black Panther Party members. Perez stated that the Civil Rights Division decided pre-Obama not to pursue more serious, criminal charges. So when O'Reilly brings on legal analysts who paint it as an outrage that the Justice Department did not pursue a criminal case, and the only person condemned by O'Reilly is Holder for not "representing the United States in a fair and balanced way," that's  and misplaced. We think it's fair to hold Holder accountable for the decision to limit the civil case, but not the criminal one. We rate O'Reilly's statement .
Statement: Says that 98,184 Texans are now driving with temporary driver's licenses lacking their photos.
Speaker: mario gallegos
About the speaker: Mario Gallegos, a legislator since 1991 and state senator since 1995, represented a Houston district until his death in 2012. On his Senate website, he noted that he was the first Hispanic to represent Harris County in the 31-member body.
Date: January 25, 2011
Location: texas
Topics: elections;legal issues;crime
Context: a Texas Senate committee meeting
Fact-check justification: And if one is affected, then it’s one too many." Our sense: Gallegos’ statement incorrectly assumes everyone arrested for DWI during 2010 not only received a temporary license when arrested but is currently driving with such a license. DPS did not pinpoint the number of current drivers with temporary permits. Also, affected individuals can get other state-issued photo IDs. We rate Gallegos’ statement .
Statement: Says Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming.
Speaker: scott walker
About the speaker: Scott Walker, a Republican, is the former governor of Wisconsin. He was first elected in November 2010. He survived a recall election in 2012, defeating Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett after igniting controversy with a bill curtailing public-employee union collective-bargaining rights.  He won re-election to a four-year term in November 2014 and was a 2016 presidential candidate before dropping out in September of 2015. He was defeated by Tony Evers in the 2018 gubernatorial election. Walker is a former Milwaukee County executive and former member of the state Assembly.
Date: June 20, 2015
Location: wisconsin
Topics: environment;climate change;homeland security;foreign policy;military;terrorism
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: But he didn’t go as far as Walker claims. Our rating Walker said Obama told the Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming." Obama on various occasions, and in a general context, has said there is no greater threat to the world than climate change. But in the speech Walker cited, the president told Coast Guard graduates that climate change was a serious threat, not the number one threat to the military or the world. For a statement that contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression, we give Walker a .
Statement: We have over a million (legal immigrants) a year, more than at any time in the history of this country. We have the largest percentage of immigrants, almost tied now with the historical high as a percentage of immigrants living in this country.
Speaker: rick santorum
About the speaker: Rick Santorum is running for the Republican nomination for president in 2016. He is a former U.S. senator from Pennsylvania and was a Republican presidential candidate in 2012.
Date: September 3, 2017
Location: national
Topics: immigration
Context: a CNN interview
Fact-check justification: Santorum said, "We have over a million (legal immigrants) a year, more than at any time in the history of this country. We have the largest percentage of immigrants, almost tied now with the historical high as a percentage of immigrants living in this country." While we do have over 1 million annual legal immigrants, it’s been surpassed multiple times in both recent years and at the turn of the twentieth century. We are still a few years away from exceeding the record from last century of the share of immigrant population, and that’s based on projections. We rate this statement .
Statement: John Fetterman wants to "eliminate life sentences for murderers.
Speaker: mehmet oz
About the speaker: Physician and talk show host Dr. Mehmet Oz is a 2022 candidate for the Republican nomination for a U.S. Senate seat from Pennsylvania.
Date: July 28, 2022
Location: pennsylvania
Topics: criminal justice;ad watch
Context: an ad
Fact-check justification: Oz said in an ad that Fetterman wants to "eliminate life sentences for murderers." Fetterman has not called for eliminating life sentences for murder. He has called for reversing Pennsylvania’s law that mandates life-without-parole sentences for second-degree murder, or so-called felony murder, for defendants who are accessories in a killing. In those cases, the defendants are involved in felony crimes, such as robbery, that result in a death, but they were not directly responsible for the killing.  Oz’s  contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. We rate it .  RELATED: Fact-checking ads in the 2022 election campaigns RELATED: Pennsylvania fact-checks
Statement: Ivanka Trump's shoe line is made in China but is exempt from tariffs.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: September 12, 2019
Topics: china;fake news;trade;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: An image posted on Facebook claims to show a box of Ivanka Trump brand shoes made in China with a tariff exempt stamp.  The image is old, Ivanka’s fashion line is now defunct, and the photo was manipulated to include the misspelled stamp.  We rate this !
Statement: Says Ann Kirkpatrick walked out "on constituents when questioned" on the Affordable Care Act.
Speaker: john mccain
About the speaker: John McCain was a U.S. senator from Arizona, a post he held from 1987 to his death in 2018. He previously served two terms in the U.S. House. He was the Republican nominee for president in 2008. McCain was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and spent his career in the military, as his father did. He was a combat pilot in Vietnam who was shot down and spent 5 1/2 years as a prisoner of war. He was born in 1936 in Panama. 
Date: September 6, 2016
Location: arizona
Topics: health care
Context: a political advertisement
Fact-check justification: The ad claims, "Kirkpatrick betrayed Arizona on Obamacare, walking out on constituents when questioned about it." While Kirkpatrick did walk out of the Holbrook grocery store, the ad fails to mention the protesters -- and that she returned for a health care town hall a month later.   On balance, we rate the ad’s  . https://www.sharethefacts.co/share/01289094-4b0e-48d1-a2a4-2c778cdee694
Statement: Thirty-eight states -- Georgia not included -- have appointed, rather than elected, state school superintendents.
Speaker: mike dudgeon
About the speaker: Republican lawmaker from Forsyth County, GA
 
Date: November 18, 2014
Location: georgia
Topics: education
Context: newspaper article
Fact-check justification: A similar constitutional amendment was filed but not pursued in the General Assembly in 2001 by Phil Gingrey, then a state senator and now a member of the U.S. House. Georgia’s local school districts were traditionally run by elected superintendents, but that changed as of 1996. The Georgia School Boards Association is on record in support of an appointed state superintendent and nonpartisan state board with one member elected from each of the state’s 14 congressional districts. Our ruling: Dudgeon’s on target with his  that the vast majority of states have an appointed state school superintendent. We rate his statement .
Statement: Hospitals are closing in rural America because they don't have access to high-speed internet.
Speaker: marsha blackburn
About the speaker: Marsha Blackburn, a native of Laurel, Miss., was first elected to represent Tennessee’s 7th Congressional District in 2002. Blackburn was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2018,
Date: August 8, 2018
Location: national
Topics: health care;infrastructure;technology
Context: a speech to farmers
Fact-check justification: Blackburn said that rural hospitals are closing because they don’t have access to high-speed internet. We could find no research to back that up. The country’s leading center for tracking rural hospital closures said it did not know of a case where lack of broadband caused a hospital to close. A broadband trade group estimated that better internet would help the typical rural hospital in Tennessee by about $150,000 a year. Researchers say that other factors play a much larger role, including a patient base that tends to need more care and has less ability to pay for it. We rate this  .
Statement: Republican policies have led to business investment growth that's 10 times
faster than what we saw under President Obama.
Speaker: ron johnson
About the speaker: Ron Johnson is a Republican U.S. senator from Wisconsin. A businessman and accountant, Johnson defeated Democratic Sen. Russ Feingold in the 2010 election. He is seeking re-election in 2016.
Date: July 15, 2019
Location: wisconsin
Topics: economy
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: By that measure, there’s an element of  here. But that element is undermined by the broader picture: When you look at all of Obama’s tenure and other measures, such as share of GDP, the picture is much closer to even between the two. In addition, Johnson over-attributes the cause of recent growth to GOP policies, when there are many other factors at work. Our definition for  is "The statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression." That fits here.
Statement: The Taliban went after and murdered" people identified in the Chelsea Manning leaks.
Speaker: john mccain
About the speaker: John McCain was a U.S. senator from Arizona, a post he held from 1987 to his death in 2018. He previously served two terms in the U.S. House. He was the Republican nominee for president in 2008. McCain was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and spent his career in the military, as his father did. He was a combat pilot in Vietnam who was shot down and spent 5 1/2 years as a prisoner of war. He was born in 1936 in Panama. 
Date: January 18, 2017
Location: national
Topics: homeland security;foreign policy;terrorism
Context: an interview on Fox News
Fact-check justification: McCain said, "The Taliban went after and murdered" people identified in the Chelsea Manning leaks. In the several years since WikiLeaks released hundreds of thousands of government documents leaked by Manning, the government has not publicly identified a single example of the Taliban killing someone because that person was named in the leaks. If someone had died as a result, it seems logical that the incident would have become public knowledge, either through Manning's trial or in media reports. At Manning’s sentencing trial, one Army witness said he knew the Taliban killed one person and blamed it on the WikiLeaks revelations. However, that person’s name doesn’t appear in the files, and the military has provided no additional information. We rate McCain’s  . Update: This article has been updated to include more information from McCain's staff.
Statement: Every Republican Senate candidate has now announced whether or not they support the Senate taking up the Supreme Court vacancy…except for Congressman Heck.
Speaker: nevada state democratic party
About the speaker: The Nevada State Democratic Party is the affiliate of the national Democratic Party in the state of Nevada.
Date: February 23, 2016
Location: nevada
Topics: supreme court
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: The Nevada Democratic Party says that "every Republican Senate candidate" has announced their position on the Supreme Court vacancy, except for Heck. Our research shows that’s not the case. There are more than a dozen candidates, at least, who issued similarly neutral statements, and even more who haven’t addressed the issue at all. We rate the  as .
Statement: Food crops can be engineered right now based on existing technology to cause infertility in Black people alone.
Speaker: naturalnews.com
About the speaker: NaturalNews.com is an alternative-health website.
Date: December 29, 2021
Topics: agriculture;food;food safety;science;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A video claims that technology exists that would allow food to be engineered to cause infertility in Black people.  Scientists told us that RNA interference technology does exist in food crops, but that genes indicating race, if they exist, have not been identified. Furthermore, it has not been established that this technology can be used to affect humans through food.  We rate this .
Statement: The lack of an automatic braking system that could have prevented the Philadelphia Amtrak crash "wasn't driven by a lack of funding. It just takes a while. They (Congress) just passed it in the recent past.
Speaker: megyn kelly
About the speaker: Megyn Kelly is a journalist with NBC News. Previously, she was a journalist at Fox News and hosted "The Kelly File" on weeknights. 
Date: May 13, 2015
Topics: infrastructure;transportation;punditfact
Context: a broadcast of "The Kelly File"
Fact-check justification: Kelly said that the lack of a working fail-safe braking system at the site of the Philadelphia Amtrak crash,  "wasn't driven by a lack of funding. It just takes a while. They (Congress) just passed it in the recent past." Congress actually passed the rule in 2008. The basis of Kelly’s  was an article that said Congress had granted an extension for railroads to implement a positive train control system. But that extension had much to do with freight and commuter rail operators, not Amtrak. Amtrak is moving forward with its own braking system, and says it will be fully operational by the end of the year. Experts said additional resources to purchase radio frequencies needed to make the system work could have sped up the roll-out. Moreover, while Amtrak has been criticized for how it spends money on capital projects, it has consistently been funded at levels below what it has requested. Kelly’s statement is partially accurate. We rate it .
Statement: Murders this year have spiked 27% in Philadelphia.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: July 22, 2020
Location: national
Topics: criminal justice;pennsylvania
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: Trump said "murders have spiked 27 percent in Philadelphia," and city crime statistics show the same thing.  Violent crimes such as rape, robbery, and some types of aggravated assault have fallen amid the coronavirus pandemic, but homicides and nonfatal shootings have not. We rate Trump’s statement .
Statement: The White House budget plan will bring domestic discretionary spending to its lowest share of our economy since Dwight Eisenhower was president.
Speaker: barack obama
About the speaker: Barack Obama is the former president of the United States. Obama also served as a U.S. senator from Illinois. He was born in 1961 in Hawaii, where his parents met as students at the University of Hawaii. Obama's father is from Kenya and his mother is from Kansas. He graduated from Columbia University and received his law degree from Harvard Law School. Obama previously served in the Illinois state Senate and was an instructor at the University of Chicago Law School. He and his wife, Michelle, have two daughters, Malia and Sasha.
Date: February 14, 2011
Location: national
Topics: federal budget
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: So basing the  on what is projected to happen in 2015 seems reasonable. And almost any way you slice it -- by non-defense, non-security or even total discretionary spending -- if the White House budget projections for 2015 hold up, they would be at the lowest levels, as a percentage of GDP, since the early 1960s at least. But given that Obama's term ends after 2012 (unless he's re-elected), we think there is some merit to the criticism that "projections" about future reductions to discretionary spending are far less meaningful than the ones proposed for the following year. And, while shifting highway money from discretionary to mandatory spending may make sense, it does skew the picture when making comparisons to previous years when it was considered discretionary. So we rate Obama's  .