chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: The Obama administration is "cutting back on defense
Speaker: sean hannity
About the speaker: Sean Hannity is a conservative political commentator and hosts a nationally syndicated radio show, as well as two television shows on the Fox News Channel. In a 2013 interview Hannity said that he is a “registered Conservative” and ”not a Republican, though people often mistake me for one.” Hannity has authored three books.
Date: September 22, 2009
Location: national
Topics: military;pundits
Context: an interview with Sen. John McCain on Fox News Channel
Fact-check justification: Now it's time to recap. By some measurements, including defense spending as a percentage of GDP, Hannity is right that Obama is "cutting" defense. But from 2009 to 2010, the Obama administration is increasing the defense budget, and for a few years after that, he's increasing it in absolute terms (albeit at a slower rate than expected inflation). So whether Hannity is accurate depends on what measurement you use. We're rating his assertion .
Statement: We have the lowest corporate tax rate since 1968.
Speaker: andrew cuomo
About the speaker: Andrew Cuomo, a Democrat, was elected to his first term as governor of New York in 2010.
Date: January 8, 2020
Location: new york
Topics: taxes
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: In addition to the MTA surcharge, set by the state , New York City imposes a 8.85 percent corporate franchise tax.   "Overall, it’s good that New York State’s corporate franchise tax rates are lower than they were and are competitive nationwide , but it’s just a small part of the taxes paid by businesses in New York," Friedfel said.    Our ruling  Cuomo claims that under his administration, New York has the lowest corporate tax rate since 1968.   Though there are other taxes levied on businesses in New York, experts from the left and the right agree with Cuomo's assertion.    We rate Cuomo’s statement .
Statement: Welders make more money than philosophers.
Speaker: marco rubio
About the speaker: Marco Rubio, a U.S. senator from Florida, was a candidate for president of the United States in 2016 and then dropped out and won re-election to the Senate. He was first elected to the Senate in 2010 and took office Jan. 5, 2011. Rubio served in the Florida House of Representatives from 2000 to 2008 and is a former Speaker of the Florida House. He served on the West Miami City Commission from 1998 to 2000. He is from Miami and holds a law degree from the University of Miami.
Date: November 10, 2015
Location: national
Topics: education;income;jobs
Context: the fourth GOP primary debate
Fact-check justification: Rubio said, "Welders make more money than philosophers." It made for a great sound bite, but neither salary nor labor statistics back up Rubio’s . Statistically, philosophy majors make more money than welders -- with much more room to significantly increase pay throughout their careers. It’s clear that Rubio was making a pitch for more vocational training in the United States, but his  on welders doesn't hold together. As Aristotle said, "The least initial deviation from the  is multiplied later a thousandfold." We rate Rubio’s  .
Statement: As far as standing committees, we have 10 fewer standing committees. So we've saved the state about a quarter-of-a-million dollars through the reduction of the standing committees.
Speaker: cheryl grossman
About the speaker: Cheryl Grossman is serving her second term as representative from the 23rd House District, which includes Grove City, Hilliard, parts of Dublin, and other western portions of Franklin County in central Ohio. She is the assistant majority whip.
Grossman was mayor of Grove City from 1996 to 2008. Prior to that, she was a member if city council..
Date: April 12, 2011
Location: ohio
Topics: state budget
Context: a news conference
Fact-check justification: Where’s the savings? Republicans may have cut spending in one area -- committee costs -- but the budget request for House operations is at the same level, which means that money was redirected to be spent elsewhere. And Dittoe cited one area in particular - health costs. That’s a critical fact that would give the listener a different impression of Grossman’s  -- that characterizing the committee changes as a savings to the state of Ohio is . On the -O-Meter, we rate Grossman’s statement as .
Statement: Migrants in the Guatemalan Caravan stand on, and then urinate on, U.S. flag before throwing it in the trash can.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: November 2, 2018
Topics: fake news;facebook fact-checks
Context: a post on Facebook
Fact-check justification: The picture isn’t , but it’s not current. It’s a still from a news clip of a protest at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee on April 3, 2016. Activists were protesting Donald Trump, then a presidential candidate participating in a town hall organized by Fox News. And while there has been news coverage of people urinating on the flag stateside— a suspected Boston man in September and an American activist in 2017 —we could find no reports of the migrants taking such action. We rate this  !
Statement: An all-female construction company built the Florida bridge that collapsed.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: March 16, 2018
Topics: fake news;punditfact
Context: a video blog
Fact-check justification: A video blogger said an all-female construction company built the Florida bridge that collapsed. One of the two companies responsible for building the bridge — and the focus of the conspiracy theory — is MCM, which is owned and managed by five brothers. MCM’s vice president, manager of general construction and its Texas operations director are all men. In fact, the MCM website page that features key personnel does not include a single woman. Furthermore, Leonor Flores, a project executive at MCM, who has figured into the conspiracy theory as something of a scapegoat, had no involvement in FIU-Sweetwater UniversityCity Bridge, according to her alma mater FIU. We rate this .
Statement: My support from young voters -- those 18 to 24 --  in November 2014 was "largely unheard of for a Republican.
Speaker: scott walker
About the speaker: Scott Walker, a Republican, is the former governor of Wisconsin. He was first elected in November 2010. He survived a recall election in 2012, defeating Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett after igniting controversy with a bill curtailing public-employee union collective-bargaining rights.  He won re-election to a four-year term in November 2014 and was a 2016 presidential candidate before dropping out in September of 2015. He was defeated by Tony Evers in the 2018 gubernatorial election. Walker is a former Milwaukee County executive and former member of the state Assembly.
Date: June 2, 2015
Location: wisconsin
Topics: elections
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: He based his  on a narrow group of voters -- 18 to 24 year olds. When we measured his  against the performance of three other Republican governors for the same election he  fared better than two and not as well as the third, who won in a landslide. In any case, the data comes with a wide margin of error and should be used cautiously. As poll director Lenski said: the best we can say is that it was close. We rate Walker’s  .
Statement: Says a car driving former University of Missouri System President Tim Wolfe "ran through the students, hit one of them" at the MU Homecoming Parade.
Speaker: juan williams
About the speaker: Juan Williams is a Fox pundit.
Date: November 10, 2015
Location: missouri
Topics: pundits
Context: episode of Fox News' "The Five"
Fact-check justification: Williams said a car driving Wolfe "ran through the students, hit one of them." This is an exaggeration of what happened. A group of protesters blocked the path of Wolfe's vehicle during the Oct. 10 Missouri homecoming parade. At some point, Wolfe's vehicle made contact with Butler — but the incident didn't require Butler to receive medical attention, or even stop protesting. Police reviewed the incident and described it as "incidental contact." Williams' statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. We rate it .
Statement: Know what they always find in Alzheimer's patients? Excessive aluminum in the brain. Know what makes your body hoard aluminum? Fluoride.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: July 26, 2022
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a post
Fact-check justification: Know what makes your body hoard aluminum? Fluoride." However,  does not support the  that aluminum is increased in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease, or that aluminum is a cause of the disease. And fluoride is considered safe in both drinking water and toothpaste, which are the main ways people consume it. We rate this  .
Statement: I don't believe the science suggests that young people should be vaccinated. I don't believe that young people should have to wear masks at school. I'm not sure the science is settled on that at all.
Speaker: larry elder
About the speaker: Larry Elder announced April 20 that he is running as a Republican for president. He lost the California gubernatorial recall election in 2021 and is a conservative radio talk show host.
Date: August 31, 2021
Location: california
Topics: children;education;public health
Context: a CNN interview
Fact-check justification: The vaccine has not yet been authorized for children under 12 because more data collection is needed, though health officials expect it will be approved this fall or winter. Elder’s overall statement would have been more accurate had he said the science on the COVID-19 vaccine for children under 12 is incomplete. Instead, he claimed the science suggests young people in general should not be vaccinated, which is .   Additionally, leading health groups including the CDC and AAP recommend students wear masks at schools, saying they reduce the spread of COVID-19.   We rate Elder’s  .   – The statement is not accurate.
Statement: Wife of Pfizer's CEO dies after complications from the vaccine.
Speaker: conservative beaver
About the speaker: The Conservative Beaver describes itself as a Canadian conservative news site.
Date: November 10, 2021
Topics: facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a blog post
Fact-check justification: Conservative Beaver describes itself as a conservative Canadian news site, but the site frequently publishes misinformation. Claims on the site have been debunked by PolitiFact and other fact-checking organizations . "It is unconscionable that a person posing as a journalist would spread such outrageous lies about our CEO and his family with the goal of undermining confidence in a vaccine that has been given to hundreds of millions of people worldwide," the Pfizer spokesperson said of the Conservative Beaver report. In addition to causing the Bourla family "emotional distress," the spokesperson said, the claims also damage "innocent people around the world who put their lives at risk by believing such rubbish." We rate this  !
Statement: Joe Biden takes a knee after spotting an American flag near his childhood home in Pennsylvania.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: July 11, 2020
Topics: race and ethnicity;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: "Joe Biden takes a knee after spotting an American flag near his childhood home in Pennsylvania," reads the description above a photo of Biden kneeling in the middle of a street.   This post was flagged as part of Facebook’s efforts to combat  news and misinformation on its News Feed. (Read more about our partnership with Facebook .)   The image does show Biden in Scranton, Penn., but he’s kneeling to talk with a child during a visit to his childhood home in July, according to the caption for the photo , which was taken by AP photographer Matt Slocum. We rate this post .
Statement: Says "Scott Walker tried to pass a law to allow pharmacists to block women's access to birth control.
Speaker: planned parenthood
About the speaker: Planned Parenthood Federation of America identifies itself as the nation's leading women's health care provider, educator, and advocate, serving women, men, teens, and families. The Planned Parenthood Action Fund is an independent, nonpartisan, not-for-profit organization formed as the advocacy and political arm of Planned Parenthood Federation of America. Planned Parenthood Votes is a super PAC affiliated with Planned Parenthood.
 
Date: October 15, 2010
Location: wisconsin
Topics: health care;message machine 2010;women
Context: a direct mail campaign piece
Fact-check justification: The  by Planned Parenthood is still off the mark. In an effort to paint Walker as extreme, the group’s lobbying arm says in a direct mail piece that Walker "tried to pass a law to allow pharmacists to block women’s access to birth control." That bill might have made it more difficult for some women to get contraceptives at some pharmacies, depending on who was on duty. But words matter -- the possible narrowing of access to birth control in some cases isn’t the same as blocking it in all cases. We rate the  as .
Statement: The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has "no congressional oversight.
Speaker: carly fiorina
About the speaker: Carly Fiorina is running for the Republican nomination for president in 2016. She is the former chairman and chief executive officer of Hewlett-Packard Company (HP). She was defeated in her attempt as the Republican nominee to unseat Sen. Barbara Boxer in 2010.
Date: November 10, 2015
Location: national
Topics: financial regulation
Context: Milwaukee
Fact-check justification: Fiorina said the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has "no congressional oversight." She has a point that where the bureau is concerned, lawmakers lack one of their strongest levers of influence -- the power of the purse. This makes it reasonable to say that the bureau has an unusually low amount of congressional oversight. However, "low" does not equal "none." Lawmakers are already flexing their muscles by advancing laws that would stiffen the bureau’s transparency rules, and the bureau’s Senate-confirmed director must testify and provide financial documentation at least twice a year to three separate congressional committees. The bureau must also be audited annually by an arm of Congress, the Government Accountability Office. The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details, so we rate it .
Statement: The Biden administration is deporting Cubans "because Cubans by and large are conservatives.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: November 20, 2022
Topics: immigration;border security
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: Cuba had stopped receiving deported Cubans during  the pandemic. Even though Cuban Americans tend to vote Republican, Cubans who are being deported are in the U.S. illegally and therefore ineligible to vote. We found no  that Cubans are being deported because of their political affiliation. Immigrants from all countries are deported if they are illegally in the United States. We rate this  .
Statement: Chicago city officials "have adopted an official policy of protecting criminal aliens who prey on their own residents.
Speaker: jeff sessions
About the speaker: Jeff Sessions is President Donald Trump's Attorney General. He was previously a U.S. Senator from Alabama.
 
Date: August 7, 2017
Location: illinois
Topics: immigration;homeland security;crime;guns
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: U.S. Attorney Jeff Sessions said Chicago’s leaders "have adopted an official policy of protecting criminal aliens who prey on their own residents." Chicago’s Welcoming City Ordinance does prohibit Chicago police officers from using citizenship information as the sole grounds for detaining people and sharply limits the interaction between city police and federal immigration agents. But  overwhelmingly suggests this is much less a matter of "protecting criminal aliens" than of fostering trust between local law enforcement and immigrant communities. Yet because Chicago does not collect immigration data in police interactions, it can’t be known conclusively how many of its murders and gun crimes are committed by illegal immigrants "who prey on their own residents." That absence of conclusive data to disprove Sessions doesn’t give him license to make claims that are groundless. Chicago’s sanctuary city policy does not protect undocumented people who commit crimes, despite what Sessions claims. Only the  microscopic sliver of ambiguity about conclusive data prevents us from labeling his statement "," our lowest possible credibility rating. Instead, we rate it .
Statement: According to the CDC, so far this year, Florida has had 1,762 deaths from COVID-19 and 5,185 from pneumonia. Average pneumonia deaths in Florida from 2013-2018 for the same time period are 918.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: May 27, 2020
Location: florida
Topics: coronavirus
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post said, "According to the CDC, so far this year, Florida has had 1,762 deaths from COVID-19 and 5,185 from pneumonia. Average pneumonia deaths in Florida from 2013-2018 for the same time period are 918. Probably just a coincidence, yeah?"  Each number here stems from actual data, but the post makes comparisons between them that are . Pneumonia deaths in Florida are up this year compared with some recent years, but the tweet ignores that the CDC’s provisional data for this year counts some deaths for now as being caused by both pneumonia and COVID-19. Finalized 2020 data released next year will list only one underlying cause of death. We rate this  .
Statement: Our country and Constitution was built on a foundational separation of church and state.
Speaker: mark pocan
About the speaker: Mark Pocan was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in the 2nd Congressional District on Nov. 6, 2012. He is from Madison and previously served as a Democratic member of the Wisconsin state Assembly. 
Date: June 30, 2020
Location: wisconsin
Topics: congress;constitutional amendments;legal issues
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: But neither term is  or ; they are legitimate statements of opinion," McConnell said. Our ruling  Pocan said "Our country & Constitution was built on a foundational separation of church and state. "  Constitutional experts note the phrase "separation of church and state" does not appear in the Constitution, but say the concept certainly does.   Our definition of  is a statement that is "accurate but needs clarification or additional information." That fits here.
Statement: By voting for Obamacare, Sen. Kay Hagan "voted to kill the equivalent of 2.5 million jobs.
Speaker: thom tillis
About the speaker: Thom Tillis is a Republican who serves as U.S. Senator from North Carolina.
Date: October 7, 2014
Location: national
Topics: economy;health care;workers
Context: a debate
Fact-check justification: In the debate, Tillis said that, by voting for Obamacare, Sen. Kay Hagan "voted to kill the equivalent of 2.5 million jobs." The main problem with this  is that Tillis used the word "kill." This mischaracterizes what is going on, since the reduction will come from voluntary actions by workers, rather than layoffs by employers. Indeed, the CBO said the law would not push up unemployment. On balance, we rate Tillis’  .
Statement: Trump denies fire assistance to California because they didn't vote for him, but helped Russia with their wildfires in Siberia.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: August 23, 2020
Location: national
Topics: corrections and updates;fires;facebook fact-checks;california
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Instead, we found announcements showing the White House approved federal assistance.   Last year, Trump said he offered Russia help in Siberia, but we found no  that he followed through on that pledge, either.   In the end, the viral post plays on some assumptions about Trump — that he disdains left-leaning California but supports the authoritarian Russian Federation. The problem is it takes some big and  leaps in the process.   We rated it .   – The statement is not accurate.
Statement: Says Sen. Joe Donnelly's "family got caught outsourcing jobs to Mexico, and 'Mexico Joe' profited up to $80,000.
Speaker: senate leadership fund
About the speaker: Senate Leadership Fund is a Super PAC with the stated goal to "protect and expand the Republican Senate Majority." 
Date: July 24, 2018
Location: national
Topics: trade;transparency
Context: a campaign ad
Fact-check justification: The Senate Leadership Fund said Joe Donnelly's "family got caught outsourcing jobs to Mexico, and ‘Mexico Joe’ profited up to $80,000." The ad also says "American jobs at risk." A company owned by Donnelly’s brother, Stewart Superior, opened a manufacturing plant in Mexico in 2011. It is not clear if U.S. jobs were lost as a result. Donnelly's connection to the company in 2011 appears to be that he held stock. As far as Donnelly's profits, the Senate Leadership Fund is highlighting only the high-end of the range he reported as earning in stock dividends. It would be accurate to say he earned between $25,000 and $80,000 by holding stock in his brother's company. This  contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. We rate it . UPDATE (July 26):  After we published this fact-check, the Senate Leadership Fund said it believed Stewart Superior outsourced jobs whether or not U.S. workers were laid off. We have updated the story to better reflect their position. Notwithstanding how you define outsourcing in the context of the ad, or what it means when the ad says "American jobs at risk," the  by the Senate Leadership Fund overplays Donnelly's connection to Stewart Superior and cherrypicks the high-end estimate of what Donnelly earned from his stock in the company. Our rating remains .
Statement: Between 1980 and 2010, water usage in Georgia dropped even as the state's population grew.
Speaker: athens banner-herald
About the speaker: The Athens Banner-Herald is a daily newspaper in Athens, Ga.
Date: May 10, 2015
Location: georgia
Topics: environment;water
Context: a news report
Fact-check justification: News reports claimed that Georgia has seen its water usage drop over the past three decades, in the same period that the population mushroomed. Federal reports confirm that unlikely shift, largely due to a change from coal-fired electric plants to facilities powered by natural gas. Conservation efforts also have made an impact, even if local water systems don’t show quite the same drop in usage. But the statewide trend is clear. We rate the statement .