chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Photo shows "MAYHEM in Oregon!
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: December 6, 2020
Topics: facebook fact-checks;ask politifact
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: (Read more about our partnership with Facebook .)   Readers qui parle français may have noticed that the storefront in the image says Carrefour Market, a French chain .   Indeed, the photo was taken by AFP photographer Anne-Christine Poujoulat in Paris on Dec. 5. The photo shows demonstrators protesting against a proposed security law that would restrict people from filming police officers among other controversial rules.   We rate this Facebook post .
Statement: The Democrats filibustered the legislation that would've resulted in this shooter being in federal prison instead of murdering those innocents in that Texas church.
Speaker: ted cruz
About the speaker: Ted Cruz is a U.S. Senator from Texas, first elected in 2012. Cruz also was a candidate for president of the United States in 2016. He is the former solicitor general for the state of Texas, previously serving as the director of the Office of Policy Planning at the Federal Trade Commission, an Associate Deputy Attorney General at the U.S. Department of Justice, and as a domestic policy advisor on the 2000 Bush-Cheney campaign, according to his campaign biography.
Date: November 6, 2017
Location: national
Topics: guns
Context: Fox News interview
Fact-check justification: Cruz said, "The Democrats filibustered the legislation that would’ve resulted in this shooter being in federal prison." The amendment Cruz cosponsored, which was defeated largely by Democrats after failing to reach a 60-vote threshold, strengthened efforts to prosecute people who lied about their criminal histories to obtain firearms. But the shooter in this case wouldn’t have showed up as having lied because of the Air Force’s failure to report his felony. The Cruz proposal also aimed to facilitate reporting to the instant background check system with guidelines and deadlines for federal agencies, including the armed services. While similar action by the Obama Justice Department around the same time didn’t help, Cruz’s clarifications becoming law may have. But it’s impossible to say with any certainty. We rate this statement .
Statement: Amanda Murphy has "two vacation homes around the world.
Speaker: citizens for fairness
About the speaker: Citizens for Fairness is an electioneering communications organization based in Melbourne. The group’s chairperson is listed as Carmella K. Falcone.
Date: October 9, 2013
Location: florida
Topics: candidate biography
Context: a campaign mailer
Fact-check justification: Elsewhere, the ad calls Murphy a "Wall Street broker," suggesting she works among the financial giants far removed the problems of Pasco voters. It's  Raymond James is a brokerage, but it's a regional brokerage based in St. Petersburg, not in New York City. Murphy works out of the company's Tampa office. The ad attempts to portray Murphy as an out-of-touch millionaire but uses flimsy  to support that picture. We rate it .
Statement: The health care law is "the largest tax [increase] in the history of our country
Speaker: phil gingrey
About the speaker: Phil Gingrey, a Republican, is a congressman from Georgia
Date: June 28, 2012
Location: georgia
Topics: health care;taxes
Context: a radio interview
Fact-check justification: But Gingrey went further than that. He said it is the "largest tax" increase in the nation’s history. PolitiFact ruled previously that Obama’s health care bill is not the largest tax increase in U.S. history. That ruling stands. Gingrey earns a .
Statement: We borrow a million dollars every minute.
Speaker: rand paul
About the speaker: Rand Paul, a U.S. senator from Kentucky elected in 2010. He ran for president in 2016 before dropping out to seek re-election to the Senate. Paul is a medical doctor and an ophthalmologist. His father is Ron Paul, a 2008 presidential candidate and a former member of Congress from Texas. 
Date: July 17, 2015
Location: national
Topics: debt;deficit
Context: Houston
Fact-check justification: Paul said, "We borrow a million dollars every minute." For the country to borrow $1 million a minute, the annual government deficit would have to be about $525 billion. In 2014, the deficit was $483 billion, and it’s projected to be $486 billion in 2015. So Paul’s estimate is a little on the high side. On balance, we rate it .
Statement: Over the past year, Illinois has reduced its unemployment rate more than all of the top 20 most populated states in the nation — and more than our Midwestern peers.
Speaker: jb pritzker
About the speaker: J.B. Pritzker is Illinois' 43rd governor and a former Chicago venture capitalist and entrepreneur.
Date: January 29, 2020
Location: illinois
Topics: labor
Context: a speech
Fact-check justification: Pritzker said "over the past year, Illinois has reduced its unemployment rate more than all of the top 20 most populated states in the nation — and more than our Midwestern peers." Federal data back that up. However, the differences between those states’ reductions are minimal, and Illinois’ unemployment rate remains higher than 12 of the states included in that comparison. We rate his  .    — The statement is accurate but needs clarification or additional information. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: In 1958, there were 16 states in this country that prohibited -- prohibited -- an African-American and a Caucasian from being married.
Speaker: sheila oliver
About the speaker: Sheila Oliver is the speaker of the New Jersey Assembly. A Democrat, Oliver represents parts of Essex and Passaic counties.
Date: January 9, 2012
Location: new jersey
Topics: civil rights;lgbtq;marriage
Context: a news conference
Fact-check justification: Oliver claimed that 16 states prohibited interracial marriage in 1958. There were actually 24 states with legally enforceable statutes banning the marriage of blacks and whites then. Oliver’s number is off, but the precise figure only further supports her point about discrimination against interracial couples in the 1950s. We rate this statement . To comment on this story, go to NJ.com .
Statement: Says the Obamas "surrendered" their law licenses to escape disciplinary action and charges.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: December 13, 2019
Topics: fake news;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Barack Obama elected to have his license placed on inactive status after he announced his candidacy for president in 2007 and changed it to retired after becoming president in early 2009.   Meanwhile, the Illinois State Bar Association continues to list the Obamas as honorary members of the organization.   There is no  that supports the  that the Obamas were subjects of any disciplinary proceedings and were forced to give up their law licenses. Both changed their registration status voluntarily and remain in good standing with the Illinois Bar Association. We rate this post !
Statement: Lois Frankel "spent over $13,000 in taxpayer money on a marble shower in a private bathroom with her own toilet.
Speaker: adam hasner
About the speaker: Adam Hasner, R-Delray Beach, is a former Majority Leader for the Florida House of Representatives.
Date: October 18, 2012
Location: florida
Topics: candidate biography;city budget;city government;message machine 2012
Context: an ad
Fact-check justification: At last, we are ready to close the lid on this . Hasner’s ad said that Frankel "spent $13,000 in taxpayer money on a marble shower in a private bathroom." The underlying message here is that Frankel engaged in government waste. But Frankel didn’t have some sort of sole power here to make that bathroom happen. It was part of a much broader $150 million project approved by the City Commission. The city built a new city hall while Frankel was mayor that included a private bathroom for her. A gossip columnist obtained a statement from the builder at the time that said the "bathroom/shower" cost $13,323. We were unable to see that statement for ourselves. Hasner’s campaign says the shower alone cost $13,000. But the project executive who worked for the builder said that was the cost of the overall bathroom. And the builder decided to use that marble -- which wasn’t in the architect’s plans -- because it was leftover from another job. There is no  that Frankel ordered up that marble. Whether a mayor needs a private bathroom and shower with or without marble is a decision we leave for the taxpayers. But we have seen no proof that the shower alone cost $13,000 -- that appears to be the overall price tag for the bathroom which was part of a $150 million project.   We rate this  .
Statement: James Biden "built the cages" and "(the Bidens) made millions from it.
Speaker: tiktok posts
About the speaker: Posts on the video-sharing platform TikTok.
Date: October 27, 2020
Location: national
Topics: border security
Context: a Tiktok post
Fact-check justification: A TikTok post says, "Who built the cages, Joe? Turns out, it was James Biden, Joe’s brother and they (the Bidens) made millions from it…. Proof inside." The Customs and Border Protections commissioner under Obama told us that he had never heard of any construction deal at the McAllen border processing station involving James Biden. A former CEO of Hill International said that HillStone International never received a U.S. government contract.  We could find no record of any government contract awarded to James Biden’s company. There is no  to support the . We rate it ! ​
Statement: Coronavirus Hoax: Fake Virus Pandemic Fabricated to Cover-Up Global Outbreak of 5G Syndrome.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: March 2, 2020
Topics: public health;technology;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: The headline of an article shared on Facebook claimed, without verifiable : "Coronavirus Hoax:  Virus Pandemic Fabricated to Cover-Up Global Outbreak of 5G Syndrome." World experts say the virus originated in an animal — perhaps in a bat that transmitted the virus to another animal, and then to humans. We rate the  .
Statement: Says state Sen. Randy Hopper, R-Fond du Lac, unlike typical taxpayers, "didn't pay taxes
Speaker: jessica king
About the speaker: Jessica King was a member of the Oshkosh Common Council in Wisconsin from 2007 to 2011. She was a candidate for the Wisconsin state Senate in 2008 and is a candidate in one of the 2011 state Senate recall elections.
Date: July 12, 2011
Location: wisconsin
Topics: income;taxes
Context: a TV ad
Fact-check justification: The records indicate that over a decade, Hopper’s businesses had no state income tax liability and he owed taxes personally in only one year. But the  leaves an impression, without providing any , that Hopper did something improper in order not to have a state income tax liability in most of the years in question. After all, this is the language included in the ad: "We work hard, we pay our taxes; we can’t say the same about you." Moreover, there is no indication that Hopper did not pay the one state income tax liability he did have.    We rate King’s  .
Statement: Says "J.B. Pritzker's tax plan" includes a "new tax per mile you drive with government tracking device.
Speaker: bruce rauner
About the speaker: Bruce Rauner was elected governor of Illinois in 2014. He became the first Republican governor in the state in 12 years upon his inauguration in January 2015. The gubernatorial campaign was Rauner's first foray into politics. He previously had been a principal at the private equity firm GTCR in Chicago.
Date: September 6, 2018
Location: illinois
Topics: taxes
Context: a TV ad
Fact-check justification: Rauner’s ad says "Pritzker’s tax plan" includes a "new tax per mile you drive with government tracking device." But Pritzker hasn’t endorsed any plan as of yet when it comes to measuring and taxing miles driven and Rauner in a televised debate last week appeared to back away from directly claiming otherwise, although his ad is still running. Pritzker has simply said it’s an idea worth exploring as other states test the concept, given the erosion in collections from the gas tax long relied on to pay for road upkeep. And he has said nothing about a tracking device, which is only one of several options employed in mileage tracking tests conducted in other states. We rate Rauner’s  .
Statement: We're in a situation right now where 80% of the country is living paycheck to paycheck.
Speaker: marie newman
About the speaker: Marie Newman is a congressional hopeful challenging U.S. Rep. Dan Lipinski in Illinois' 3rd Congressional District.
Date: April 24, 2019
Location: illinois
Topics: corrections and updates;income;poverty;wealth
Context: a radio interview
Fact-check justification: Newman said, "we’re in a situation right now where 80% of the country is living paycheck to paycheck." Her  traces back to the results of a 2017 survey commissioned by a jobs site that provided scant details beyond the alarming topline numbers. The site also noted, however, that 38% of those respondents said they lived paycheck to paycheck "sometimes" rather than "usually" or "always." Surveys asking similar questions in recent years have yielded results about financial distress that may still seem troubling but were nowhere as severe as the numbers highlighted by CareerBuilder and echoed by Newman. Newman’s  accurately reflects the single survey she is relying on, but it appears to be an outlier among similar polls. We rate Newman’s  .  – The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check Correction:  A previous version of this fact-check misstated an Urban Institute expert's name as Steven Kreg Brown. It has been updated to reflect that his name is Kreg Steven Brown.
Statement: Republican "sabotage" cost 3.2 million people coverage in 2017.
Speaker: protect our care
About the speaker: Protect Our Care is a coaltion of advocacy groups that aim to preserve the Affordable Care Act.
Date: May 28, 2018
Location: national
Topics: corrections and updates;health care
Context: a web image
Fact-check justification: A graphic from the coalition Protect Our Care said that Republican sabotage had led to a rise of 3.2 million in the ranks of the uninsured. That specific figure is far from certain. A Gallup estimate backs up that figure, and a study by the Commonwealth Fund found an increase, but a somewhat smaller one. The government assessment deemed most reliable by health analysts found a small increase, but not one that was significantly different from the year before. On net, an increase is plausible, but the scale is hard to determine right now. As for Republican responsibility, they did make insurance less affordable in the individual market, but the full impact of their policies did not come in 2017. Given the complexity of health insurance, they bear some responsibility but not all of it. We rate this  . Correction: A previous version of this article described the web graphic as the work of Families USA. The actual creator was the coaltion that Families USA belongs to.
Statement: Says Joe Biden said, "I don't know what I'm signing," while signing a document.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: January 25, 2021
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post with a video clip claims Biden said, "I don’t know what I’m signing," while signing a document. Biden was wearing a mask and speaking softly while he signed official documents on his first day as president. Experts who enhanced audio from the clip said it is not clear what Biden said, though it likely included the word "sign."   Without  to back the , we rate it .
Statement: There are fewer wars, there are fewer people dying in wars "now than there have been in quite some time.
Speaker: stu burguiere 
About the speaker: Steve "Stu" Burguiere is the head writer of The Glenn Beck Program
Date: July 15, 2014
Topics: history;foreign policy;military;punditfact
Context: comments on The Glenn Beck Radio Program
Fact-check justification: In the course of praising nuclear deterrence, Burguiere said, "there are less wars, there are less people dying in wars than there have been in quite some time." According to the most common definition of war -- an armed conflict with more than 1,000 battle deaths annually -- Burguiere is right, although other definitions exist. Battle deaths are also down since World War II. However, they have begun creeping up in the last couple of years,  because of the conflicts in Syria and Iraq. The record when it comes to "people dying in wars" generally is less clear, as is the role of nuclear deterrence. Those caveats -- that "war" and "people dying in wars" are fraught terms, and that recent Middle Eastern conflicts are increasing the number of battle deaths -- don’t detract much from the overall point that violence is down. We rate Burguiere’s  .
Statement: If you survey, most (North Carolina) Democrats also agree with our (election) laws and voter ID.
Speaker: pat mccrory
About the speaker: Pat McCrory, a Republican, was governor of North Carolina from 2013 to 2017. Previously, he served as mayor of Charlotte.
Date: November 20, 2013
Location: national
Topics: elections;legal issues
Context: an interview on MSNBC's "The Daily Rundown"
Fact-check justification: McCrory said, "If you survey, most (North Carolina) Democrats also agree with our (election) laws and voter ID." There’s a bunch of polling data on this question; some of it is conflicted, and much of it with a degree of uncertainty due to small sample sizes in the polls. Still, there’s enough data to cast at least some doubt on the accuracy of McCrory’s statement. While a majority of North Carolina Democrats were indeed comfortable with a voter ID law for many months, that support turned to disapproval beginning no later than September 2013 (according to the Elon poll) and possibly as early as February 2013 (according to the Civitas poll). And the one poll question that asked about the law as a whole found strong opposition among Democrats, to a degree that is well outside the margin of error. We give more weight to the recent polls that were public knowledge when he made his statement, so we rate the  .
Statement: A photo shows a CIA agent impersonating Adolf Hitler.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: December 5, 2022
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: It’s described as a "portrait of Adolf Hitler." The National Archives has a collection of images taken by Hitler’s personal photographer, Heinrich Hoffmann . The U.S. Army confiscated his negatives after World War II and they went into the National Archives in 1962,  The Washington Post reported . Other photos of Hitler that appear to be taken by Hoffman on the same day as the image in the Instagram post appear elsewhere online, such as on the website of the Getty Museum, which dates the photos to "about 1927-1928. "  We rate claims that this image doesn’t show Hitler but a CIA agent .
Statement: A Detroit TV station aired the election results a week early.
Speaker: youtube videos
About the speaker: Videos uploaded to YouTube.
Date: October 27, 2020
Location: michigan
Topics: elections
Context: a video on YouTube
Fact-check justification: A YouTube video said a broadcast of ABC’s "The Bachelorette" showed the 2020 election results a week early. WXYZ, a Detroit-area ABC affiliate, did show what appeared to be Election Day results in a sidebar accompanying its broadcast of the reality TV show. That generated some confusion. But the results shown were not real election results; they were randomly generated as part of a test of the affiliate’s system. Michigan’s ballots will be counted on Election Day. WXYZ made that clear in a statement posted Oct. 28, after the Oct. 27 YouTube video was uploaded. We rate this  .
Statement: Thanks to President Bush's policies....The income gap is now higher than at any time since the Great Depression.
Speaker: hillary clinton
About the speaker: Hillary Clinton was the 2016 Democratic nominee for president. She served as U.S. Secretary of State during the first four years of the Obama administration. She is formerly a U.S. senator from New York, first elected in 2000. She was a candidate for president in 2008. She previously served as first lady when her husband, Bill Clinton, served two terms as president. She was born in Chicago in 1947, graduated from Wellesley College and earned a law degree at Yale Law School. She and her husband have one daughter.
Date: November 19, 2007
Location: national
Topics: economy
Context: Knoxville, Iowa
Fact-check justification: "(Bush) passively accepted many of the economic trends that pushed up inequality," said Gary Burtless, a senior fellow in economic studies at the liberal-leaning Brookings Institution. "But he is not mainly to blame for increased inequality." Clinton is correct, that the income gap is soaring. But she's  to lay the blame on Bush. We find her statement .
Statement: Says tax revenue was lower than expected in May and "that's basically a clear indication the governor's counselors are probably right -- that we are still not out of the woods yet.
Speaker: chris widener
About the speaker: Chris Widener represents Ohio's the 10th Senate District, which includes Madison, Clark and Greene counties. He previously he served three terms in the Ohio House of Representatives.
Date: June 7, 2011
Location: ohio
Topics: economy;state budget;taxes
Context: remarks to reporters
Fact-check justification: While Widener was correct that May's tax revenues were slightly below estimates, he said it was "clear " that Ohio is "not out of the woods yet" and could fall back into an economic decline. There’s room for debate on the progress of economic recovery in Ohio, but in this case the numbers were really nothing more than  of bureaucracy in state government. The lower than expected revenues were a result of timing, not depressed collections. That’s a critical fact. On the -O-Meter, a statement that contains an element of  but leaves out critical facts that would give listeners a different impression gets one rating: .