chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Says his "average federal tax rate" was 36 percent.
Speaker: jeb bush
About the speaker: Jeb Bush was a Republican candidate for president of the United States in 2016. He served two terms as the governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007. He is also the brother of former President George W. Bush and the son of former President George H.W. Bush. 
Date: June 30, 2015
Location: florida
Topics: taxes
Context: a post on his campaign website about releasing his tax returns
Fact-check justification: Bush said his average federal tax rate was 36 percent. That’s the number that results if we use the method he did to calculate his taxes based on his taxable income, including payroll taxes and weighting the average to give more weight to the higher income years. However, there are other ways to calculate his average rate that would result in a lower number. For example, one way is adjusting for inflation and using a different measure of income, which lowered the rate to 33.7 percent. Other methods led to rates of 24.5 percent or 21.3 percent. Experts say it depends on what method you use. Overall, Bush did pay higher tax rates when he made more money. But he seems to have chosen a method of calculating his tax rate that results in the highest possible number. We rate this  .
Statement: Says "red flag laws" allow gun seizure without a judge's involvement: "They take it away first. Then you have to get permission from a judge to do it.
Speaker: robin vos
About the speaker: Wisconsin state Rep. Robin Vos, R-Rochester, has represented western Racine County in the state Assembly since 2004. In November 2012, he was elected Assembly speaker. Vos previously served on the Racine County Board of Supervisors, from 1994 to 2004.
Date: October 22, 2019
Location: wisconsin
Topics: guns
Context: an interview
Fact-check justification: Vos said red flag laws mean "they take it away first. Then you have to get permission from a judge to do it." But red flag laws — including the one proposed in Wisconsin — don’t typically work like that. They involve police or family petitioning a judge, who must sign a preliminary order before any guns can be seized. Indiana does have a law set up as Vos describes, but even there the seizure decision by police is subject to immediate judicial review. And that’s the exception, not the rule. We rate Vos’  .
Statement: It is legal in Ohio to fire an employee or evict a tenant just for being gay.
Speaker: progress ohio 
About the speaker: Progress Ohio is a liberal public interest group based in Columbus, Ohio.
Date: March 26, 2013
Location: ohio
Topics: housing;jobs;lgbtq;workers
Context: a fundraising email
Fact-check justification: After it expired, Gov. John Kasich issued an executive order in January 2011 prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation, but not gender identity. Both orders applied only to public employees in state jobs. Twenty-nine Ohio cities and counties now have anti-discrimination ordinances, according to a tally by the state chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union. Ohio’s lack of protections against discrimination based on sexual orientation parallels both federal law and the law of 28 other states, according to Business Management Daily , the advocacy group Equality Ohio and the ACLU . On the -O-Meter, the statement that it is legal in Ohio to fire an employee or evict a tenant for being gay rates as .
Statement: Suzanne Bonamici votes with her party a partisan 98 percent of the time.
Speaker: rob cornilles
About the speaker: Rob Cornilles is the president and founder of Game Face Inc. He is a graduate of Brigham Young University.
Date: November 27, 2011
Location: oregon
Topics: bipartisanship;message machine 2012;voting record
Context: a debate
Fact-check justification: So it’s not accurate to say she lacks bipartisanship skills. On the other hand, we find that she usually votes with her party on significant issues. Based on the , we rate the statement  because he ignores her bipartisan work and because he fails to acknowledge how often she votes with Republicans. The statement is partially accurate, but missing important details. Go back to OregonLive to comment.
Statement: Since 2006 Texas has given $19B in taxpayer subsidies to wind energy companies. Over the past 2-3 years Texas has tripled our dependence on wind energy to 23-25 percent of our energy distribution system.
Speaker: allen west
About the speaker: Allen West announced in July 2021 that he is running for the Republican primary for Texas governor. He served for about a year as chairman of the Texas Republican Party, stepping down in June 2021. West represented Florida's 22nd congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 2011 to 2013. Lieutenant Colonel West retired from the Army in 2004 after 22 years of service.
Date: February 19, 2021
Location: texas
Topics: energy
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: West said the state has given $19 billion in taxpayer subsidies to wind energy companies since 2006. He also said the state is using three times as much wind energy as it was using two or three years ago.  Slicing the numbers various ways, it's impossible to arrive at West's $19 billion figure. And the wind energy composition has doubled, not tripled, over a five-year period, not a two to three year period. We rate this  . PolitiFact Texas writer Brandon Mulder contributed to this report.
Statement: We have towns in West Texas that are out of water, that are having to truck in water.
Speaker: sid miller
About the speaker: Sid Miller, a former Texas House member, won election as state agriculture commissioner in November 2014.
Date: March 10, 2015
Location: texas
Topics: water
Context: a symposium on water hosted by the Texas Tribune
Fact-check justification: Miller said: "We have towns in West Texas that are out of water." In recent years, towns around Texas occasionally ran dry until new wells or water plants met needs. But Miller named no towns out of water of late nor did we identify any. We rate the statement .  – The statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: Says West Virginia is "down to around 50 percent of the adult workers who are actually working now because of addiction or conviction.
Speaker: joe manchin
About the speaker: Joe Manchin is a U.S. senator from West Virginia. The former governor of West Virginia won a special election in November 2010 to complete the balance of the late Sen. Robert Byrd’s term.
Date: October 22, 2017
Location: national
Topics: drugs;economy;labor
Context: An MSNBC interview
Fact-check justification: His estimate of workforce participation is correct, and recent research at the national level suggests opioids have hurt workers and employers looking for healthy employees. Experts on West Virginia’s economy think the health crisis has affected participation in the workforce; they just don’t yet know to what extent. In any event, a number of other factors are likely driving the decline. Manchin’s  is partially accurate, but lacks context that might give a different understanding of the data. We rate this statement .
Statement: The 2011-13 state budget "cuts overall funding for public schools by $1.6 billion
Speaker: jennifer shilling
About the speaker: Jennifer Shilling, a Democrat from La Crosse in western Wisconsin, was elected to the Wisconsin Assembly in 2000 and served there until winning election to the state Senate in 2011. Democrats elected her as their Senate leader in 2014.
Date: June 30, 2011
Location: wisconsin
Topics: education;state budget;taxes
Context: a statement on her legislative website
Fact-check justification: Let’s put away the calculator. Like some other Democrats, Shilling claims the 2011-’13 state budget cut $1.6 billion from local schools. The number comes from respected sources, but she uses it out of context, leaving out the much lower companion figure of around $800 million to $900 million that experts typically present along with the $1.6 billion as a measure of the  year-to-year loss. The statement contains an element of , but ignores the reality behind the lower figure. That fits the definition for .
Statement: The World Health Organization "now admits that asymptomatic transmission of COVID-19 is very rare.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: June 9, 2020
Topics: facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: an image
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post claimed the WHO "now admits that asymptomatic transmission of COVID-19 is very rare." Van Kerkhove did say during a press briefing that it appeared to be "very rare" for an asymptomatic person to spread the novel coronavirus. But she walked back her comments the next day, saying it’s "a misunderstanding to state that asymptomatic transmission globally is very rare." Fauci said the WHO’s initial comment "was not correct."  The post paraphrases more or less what Van Kerkhove said, but since it was published after Van Kerkhove clarified her comments about asymptomatic spread of the coronavirus, the post leaves out important details or takes things out of context. We rate it .
Statement: The filibuster, if it does not get reformed, still means that maybe 30% of the population potentially controls the majority of Senate seats.
Speaker: barack obama
About the speaker: Barack Obama is the former president of the United States. Obama also served as a U.S. senator from Illinois. He was born in 1961 in Hawaii, where his parents met as students at the University of Hawaii. Obama's father is from Kenya and his mother is from Kansas. He graduated from Columbia University and received his law degree from Harvard Law School. Obama previously served in the Illinois state Senate and was an instructor at the University of Chicago Law School. He and his wife, Michelle, have two daughters, Malia and Sasha.
Date: June 1, 2021
Topics: congress
Context: an interview with Ezra Klein
Fact-check justification: Obama said, "The filibuster, if it does not get reformed, still means that maybe 30% of the population potentially controls the majority of Senate seats." In the Senate’s current makeup, senators representing 29% to 39% of the U.S. population would be sufficient to mount a filibuster and block a vote on legislation, in a sense controlling what can be passed in the chamber. However, an alliance of states with a combined population that small couldn’t secure a majority of seats in the chamber, unless you ignore today’s strong partisan leanings in most states. We rate the statement .
Statement: When (Marcy) Kaptur fought for the Democrats' prescription drug benefit for seniors, (Dennis) Kucinich voted no.
Speaker: marcy kaptur
About the speaker: Marcy Kaptur represents Ohio's Ninth Congressional District in the House of Representatives. She was first elected to the House in 1982. She is the senior-most woman in the 111th Congress.
 
Date: February 20, 2012
Location: ohio
Topics: health care;message machine 2012;voting record
Context: a campaign commercial
Fact-check justification: It is  to imply that Kucinich’s no vote was a vote against a prescription benefit. His vote came on a resolution encompassing the entire $1.8 trillion federal budget that contained, among many things, the prescription benefit Kaptur’s ad cites.. Ultimately, a dozen years later, the question of whether the plan Kaptur’s ad touts was better is moot. The Spratt Amendment supported by both Kucinich and Kaptur actually won more votes than the Blue Dog proposal that Kaptur backed but Kucinich opposed, but neither was going to win passage  from the House's Republican majority. We rate Kaptur’s ad  .
Statement: Freshman Rep. Bob Gibbs "is spending his one year anniversary on vacation — only working 6 days in all of January.
Speaker: democratic congressional campaign committee
About the speaker: The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee is responsible for assisting Democratic candidates for the U.S. House.
Date: January 5, 2012
Location: ohio
Topics: congress
Context: a news release
Fact-check justification: The calendar for all is set by Cantor and congressional leadership. That means that the gauge the DCCC has applied here would support making the same  about just six working days in January for every Democratic member, too, from minority leader Nancy Pelosi to Democratic National Committee chair Debbie Wasserman Schultz. Somehow we doubt they are making those claims. When a  is not accurate, it earns a rating of . But when the statement also makes a  , as this one does, it’s time to turn up the heat on the -O-Meter: .
Statement: Says John Kerry "is the first secretary of state to rely primarily on a government account.
Speaker: hillary clinton
About the speaker: Hillary Clinton was the 2016 Democratic nominee for president. She served as U.S. Secretary of State during the first four years of the Obama administration. She is formerly a U.S. senator from New York, first elected in 2000. She was a candidate for president in 2008. She previously served as first lady when her husband, Bill Clinton, served two terms as president. She was born in Chicago in 1947, graduated from Wellesley College and earned a law degree at Yale Law School. She and her husband have one daughter.
Date: October 22, 2015
Location: national
Topics: foreign policy;technology
Context: a House hearing on Benghazi
Fact-check justification: Clinton said Kerry was the first secretary to rely mainly on a government email account. This statement is accurate, but it glosses over a bit of context -- that only one secretary before Clinton herself, Colin Powell, used email much at all while secretary of state. This undercuts the implication of Clinton’s , that there was a tradition of sorts of secretaries of state using private email accounts. It was a tradition of one. We rate the  .
Statement: Says an 11-year-old girl shot and killed two armed "illegal aliens" after they broke into her home in Montana.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: September 20, 2019
Topics: immigration;fake news;facebook fact-checks;guns
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: Phillip Morris, a columnist with The Plain Dealer, wrote a piece about the myth in 2013 : "There was no Ralphel Resindez, there was no Enrico Garza, and despite her elevation to heroine status with some gun rights groups, there was no little girl named Patricia who bravely defended her home with her father's shotgun. So why does this story still circulate? "Probably, because it seems perfectly believable. For a nation that remains bitterly divided on the issues of immigration and gun control, this violent parable highlights the worst fears of what illegal immigration and stricter gun control could portend for the nation." We rate this old urban legend !
Statement: A lawsuit against the Affordable Care Act backed by West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey "would eliminate health care for over 800,000 West Virginians.
Speaker: sam brown petsonk
About the speaker: Sam Brown Petsonk is a lawyer in Beckley, W.Va., who is the Democratic nominee for attorney general in West Virginia. He previously worked for U.S. Sens. Robert C. Byrd and Carte Goodwin.
Date: September 14, 2020
Location: west virginia
Topics: health care
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Petsonk said the lawsuit against the Affordable Care Act "would eliminate healthcare for over 800,000 West Virginians." That figure comes close to the 716,400 figure cited in an analysis by a liberal group that opposes the lawsuit. But that analysis didn’t only address people at risk of losing their coverage entirely, but also people who could see higher premiums or restrictions on what conditions are covered. Two studies found that between 162,000 and 382,000 West Virginians could lose their health coverage if the law is struck down. And It’s also not a guarantee that all those people will lose their health care even if the law is overturned. We rate the statement .
Statement: We are not having replacement birth rates. We have had more people leaving the state than coming in over the last 30 years.
Speaker: kurt bauer
About the speaker: Kurt Bauer is president of Wisconsin Manufacturers & Commerce, the state's largest business lobby.
Date: June 27, 2021
Location: wisconsin
Topics: jobs;population;states;workers
Context: TV interview
Fact-check justification: Bauer said "We are not having replacement birth rates. We have had more people leaving the state than coming in over the last 30 years." There are a lot of ways to analyze the data, but here is the bottom line: Overall state population has continued to grow, albeit by one of the slowest rates in history. The working-age population fell over the past 10 years -- not the past three decades, which is the timeframe Bauer offered. And when the impact of people moving in and out is isolated, the picture is one of ups and downs -- but more downs than ups, including in recent years. For a statement that is partially accurate, our rating is .
Statement: Says "99 percent of the time police officers aren't charged when they kill young people of color.
Speaker: benjamin crump
About the speaker: Benjamin Crump is a Florida attorney who represented the family of Michael Brown, the unarmed teenager killed by a police officer in Ferguson, Mo.
Date: November 23, 2014
Topics: criminal justice;human rights;punditfact
Context: an interview on ABC's "This Week"
Fact-check justification: Crump said 99 percent of the time police officers aren’t charged when they kill a young person of color. With the caveat that police officers are rarely charged at all, the limited data and the opinions of criminologists back up Crump’s . But there is no hard data for either the number of police officers indicted for homicide of a person of color or for the total number of people killed by police, so we cannot say with certainty whether this happens 99 percent of the time. We rate the  .
Statement: Says U.S. Rep. Justin Amash "votes more with Nancy Pelosi than he ever does with me.
Speaker: kevin mccarthy
About the speaker: Kevin McCarthy, who was first elected in 2006, is a Republican member of Congress representing a district in California. McCarthy was elected as House Speaker in January 2023.
Date: May 19, 2019
Location: national
Topics: candidate biography;congress;voting record
Context: an interview on Fox News
Fact-check justification: McCarthy said that Amash votes more frequently with Pelosi rather than himself. But Amash has voted more frequently with McCarthy than Pelosi for every session Amash has been in Congress. We rate this statement .
Statement: Despite the rhetoric from Democrat politicians, more people are employed this year than at any point in the history of Wisconsin.
Speaker: scott walker
About the speaker: Scott Walker, a Republican, is the former governor of Wisconsin. He was first elected in November 2010. He survived a recall election in 2012, defeating Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett after igniting controversy with a bill curtailing public-employee union collective-bargaining rights.  He won re-election to a four-year term in November 2014 and was a 2016 presidential candidate before dropping out in September of 2015. He was defeated by Tony Evers in the 2018 gubernatorial election. Walker is a former Milwaukee County executive and former member of the state Assembly.
Date: June 3, 2016
Location: wisconsin
Topics: jobs
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: The rate does not include people who have dropped out of the labor force and stopped looking for work, nor does it consider job quality -- that is people who are considered "underemployed." By that measure, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, employment was down in the 3 percent range. Our rating Walker said "more people are employed this year than at any point in the history of Wisconsin." Employment figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics back up his point, but the picture is more complex than he suggests and economists generally prefer a different measure -- the unemployment rate -- that accounts for population growth over time. We rate the  .
Statement: First, he was in favor of my plan, now he's attacking it.
Speaker: joe biden
About the speaker: Joe Biden is the president of the United States. A Democrat, Biden served as a Delaware senator from 1973 (elected at the age of 29) until 2009. During his time in the Senate, he served as chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, chair of the International Narcotics Control Caucus and chair of the Judiciary Committee. He subsequently served as Barack Obama’s vice president from 2009 to 2016. Biden launched unsuccessful presidential campaigns in 1988 and 2008. He received a degree in history and political science from the University of Delaware and his J.D. from Syracuse School of Law. 
Date: October 12, 2007
Location: national
Topics: iraq
Fact-check justification: The parties will not even sit down in a meaningful way until we get all the forces out. … Using U.S. peacekeepers in Iraq would turn the guarantors into targets, thus plunging any settlement back into war." Richardson's early support for the Biden plan was not unequivocal – it included qualifications, such as saying the plan had "potential" and needed more study. But he also voluntarily praised the plan by name, and now he's singling it out for criticism. So we give Biden's flip-flop charge a  rating.
Statement: Trump tweeted about his return to Twitter on Nov. 19.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: November 19, 2022
Location: national
Topics: facebook fact-checks
Context: a screenshot
Fact-check justification: (At least, not when this was published.). He said he sees "no reason" to come back to the platform, according to his comments during an appearance at the Republican Jewish Coalition’s annual leadership meeting in Las Vegas, The Hill reported .    All of the former president’s tweets are available for viewing online. A search shows that his last tweet was Jan. 8, 2021, the day his account was suspended.   We rate the  that Trump tweeted about his return to Twitter on Nov. 19 !
Statement: Under President Barack Obama, "8.3 (million) fewer Americans are working today than there were four years ago.
Speaker: sean hannity
About the speaker: Sean Hannity is a conservative political commentator and hosts a nationally syndicated radio show, as well as two television shows on the Fox News Channel. In a 2013 interview Hannity said that he is a “registered Conservative” and ”not a Republican, though people often mistake me for one.” Hannity has authored three books.
Date: January 20, 2013
Location: national
Topics: economy;jobs;pundits
Context: his Fox News show
Fact-check justification: Hannity said that under President Barack Obama, "8.3 (million) fewer Americans are working today than there were four years ago." That’s simply ; the actual decrease in working Americans over that period was less than one-twentieth that amount. There is reason to be concerned about a related, but distinct, statistic -- that there are perhaps 8 million or 9 million more Americans than there were four years ago who are not working, for a variety of reasons. But that number is heavily affected by the graying of the Baby Boom generation and by long-term patterns that have nothing to do with Obama -- and in any case, it’s not what Hannity said. We rate Hannity’s  .