chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Classified material has a header which says 'top-secret, secret, confidential.' Nothing, and I will repeat this and this is verified in the report by the Department of Justice, none of the emails sent or received by me had such a header.
Speaker: hillary clinton
About the speaker: Hillary Clinton was the 2016 Democratic nominee for president. She served as U.S. Secretary of State during the first four years of the Obama administration. She is formerly a U.S. senator from New York, first elected in 2000. She was a candidate for president in 2008. She previously served as first lady when her husband, Bill Clinton, served two terms as president. She was born in Chicago in 1947, graduated from Wellesley College and earned a law degree at Yale Law School. She and her husband have one daughter.
Date: September 7, 2016
Location: national
Topics: candidate biography;corrections and updates
Context: the NBC Commander-In-Chief Forum
Fact-check justification: Clinton said, "Classified material has a header which says ‘top secret, secret, confidential.’ Nothing, and I will repeat this, and this is verified in the reports by the Department of Justice, none of the emails sent or received by me had such a header." For information to be considered properly marked classified, it must contain a header. Clinton is correct that nothing in her email had a header signifying its classification status. Three email chains had a "(C)" indicating "confidential" information, but that is not enough to consider the emails properly marked classified. But that doesn’t mean there wasn’t any classified information in her email. If someone has determined information to be classified, it is still technically classified even if someone neglects to label it down the line. The FBI found 81 email chains that contained information determined to be classified, though none of the information was appropriately labeled, so it wasn’t necessarily obvious to the recipients. Clinton’s carefully worded statement is accurate but needs additional information. For that, we rate her  . Editor's note:  The original version of this fact-check ended with the definition of . The fact-check has been revised to include the definition of .  https://www.sharethefacts.co/share/324a3685-89b0-4e34-b615-3f63b26d7168
Statement: Georgia has the 9th highest rate of adults, ages 18 to 64, without a high school diploma or GED.
Speaker: melissa johnson
About the speaker: Melissa Johnson is a policy analyst with the Georgia Budget and Policy Institute in Atlanta.
Date: August 6, 2015
Location: georgia
Topics: education;states
Context: a report
Fact-check justification: Our conclusion Johnson’s report states that Georgia has the 9th highest rate of adults, ages 18 to 64, without a high school diploma or GED. She based the statement on a report from the  Working Poor Families Project, an initiative funded by the Ford Foundation, Annie Casey Foundation and others, and drawn from research that the organization has produced annually based on an analysis of U.S. Census Bureau information. That’s about 865,706 -- or 13.7 percent of Georgians --  ages 18 to 64 -- lacking either a high school diploma or GED. We found slightly different data for different years, but that pointed out Johnson’s overarching point that Georgia has a large problem. We rate Johnson’s statement .
Statement: CNN uses the same girl in 3 different Refugee Crisis pictures being saved by 3 different men.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: February 25, 2019
Topics: fake news;facebook fact-checks
Context: a meme
Fact-check justification: Defend the Jewish Nation shared a viral image that accused CNN of using "the same girl in 3 different Refugee Crisis pictures being saved by 3 different men." The accusation is unfounded. CNN did not "use" the girl or take part in the creation of the photos, and there’s a lack of  to prove that the photos were used to refer incorrectly to three different wars. We rate this  .
Statement: Says 315,000 mostly minority Texas students are enrolled in failing schools.
Speaker: dan patrick
About the speaker: As a Houston state senator, Dan Patrick won election as lieutenant governor of Texas in November 2014 after earlier defeating incumbent David Dewhurst for his party's nomination. Patrick also has hosted a daily talk show on AM700 in Houston.
Date: April 9, 2013
Location: texas
Topics: education
Context: a state Senate committee hearing April 9, 2013
Fact-check justification: Patrick said Texas has "315,000  minority students in failing schools." That matches an outdated figure -- the 2010-11 non-white population at such schools. For 2011-12, there were 304,139 students in "unacceptable" schools. In both cases, about 78 percent of the students in the faltering schools were "minority," meaning non-white. In contrast, schools rated acceptable or better in 2011-12 had enrollments of nearly 69 percent non-white students. We rate Patrick’s statement as .
Statement: At Texas A&M University, only 49 out of 3,000 faculty members brought in enough money to pay for their salaries and overhead over the past five years.
Speaker: dick armey
About the speaker: Dick Armey is the former Republican Leader in the House of Representatives and the current chairman of FreedomWorks, a group that advocates for lower taxes and small government.
Date: April 17, 2011
Location: texas
Topics: education
Context: an oped column
Fact-check justification: Cook later said that the IPED research cited by FreedomWorks is useful to compare A&M to other institutions, but cannot be used to pinpoint how many faculty members earn their keep. Upshot: Without access to Armey’s data, we couldn’t plumb his methodology. Meantime, our spot-check of Texas A&M’s recent study of faculty costs, which some critics said undercounted faculty contributions, suggests that way more than 49 faculty members accounted for more than they cost in 2008-09. We rate the statement .
Statement: Obama "closed offshore tax safe havens.
Speaker: chain email
About the speaker: Chain emails circulate on the Internet, usually anonymously, making a variety of political claims.
Date: November 19, 2009
Location: national
Topics: economy;foreign policy
Context: a widely circulated e-mail
Fact-check justification: According to a story in the New York Times , "about 200 companies and trade associations, including Microsoft Corp., General Electric Co. and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, signed a letter stating that the proposed changes to the tax code would put them at a disadvantage with their rivals." In other words, it's premature to put this one in the "Obama Accomplishments" column. Watson acknowledged as much when we spoke to him on Nov. 19. "The president started it, and Congress is now looking at it, but it's not a done deal," he said. And so we rate this one .
Statement: For every time the state gets paid a dollar in taxes (on gambling), somebody loses $6.
Speaker: charles van zant
About the speaker: Rep. Charles Van Zant is a Republican representing District 19. He is an architect from Keystone Heights who was first elected to the House in 2008.
Date: February 29, 2016
Location: florida
Topics: gambling
Context: a House Finance and Tax committee meeting
Fact-check justification: Van Zant said, "For every time the state gets paid a dollar in taxes, somebody loses $6." His argument is that the taxes states receive from gaming revenue is money other people have lost while gambling. Van Zant was using nationwide figures from 2005 for the amount of tax money state and local governments received from casinos. That ratio changed to about 7 to 1 by 2014. But that comparison is tough to apply to Florida. The state has more forms of gambling than just casinos, and the state gets money from all of them in different ways and at different rates. If we look at just the terms of how the Seminole Tribe shares its casino revenue, the state gets about $1 for every $8 people spend in casinos. Van Zant’s larger point stands that state tax revenue comes at the expense of comparatively high gambling losses, but the details are fuzzy at best. We rate his statement .
Statement: We did not even have a federal income tax in this country until 1913.
Speaker: jim webb
About the speaker: Jim Webb is running for president of the United States in 2016.
Webb, a Democrat, served as a U.S. senator from Virginia in 2007-13. He served as the first Assistant Secreatry of Defense for Reserve Affairs and Secretary of the Navy in the Ronald Reagan administration.
Webb is a 1968 graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and served as a Marine Corps infantry officer until 1972 and saw action in the Vietnam War, for which he was awarded the Navy Cross, Silver Star, two Bronze Stars and two Purple Hearts.
Webb was born in Saint Joseph, Mo. He also has a law degree from Georgetown Law Center, Washington, D.C. He has written fiction and nonfictions books and won an Emmy award for his 1983 PBS coverage of the U.S. Marines in Beirut. He frequently writes opinion columns for many publications.
Date: August 12, 2015
Location: virginia
Topics: corrections and updates;history;taxes
Context: a web post
Fact-check justification: Webb said "we did not even have a federal income tax in this country until 1913." The modern income tax structure, complete with Form 1040, was born in 1913. But his  disregards two pre-1913 efforts to impose an income tax — one of which was in place for a decade. This  rates .
Statement: The average state pension, including managers, is $23,000 a year; and just $14,000 for local government workers.
Speaker: hetty rosenstein
About the speaker: Hetty Rosenstein is the New Jersey director of the Communication Workers of America, the largest union representing state workers.
Date: August 31, 2011
Location: new jersey
Topics: retirement;state budget
Context: a press release from the Communication Workers of America
Fact-check justification: Rosenstein claimed average pensions are $23,000 for state workers and $14,000 for local government workers. Her numbers are  accurate when you consider the average annual payments made by the state under PERS, and also when you look at the average annual benefits for all retirees at the date of retirement. But new retirees in PERS are receiving larger pensions than what Rosenstein suggested. Also, some CWA members are members of other pension funds where average pensions are even higher. We rate the statement . To comment on this ruling, go to NJ.com .
Statement: Bill Gates says you don't have a choice to be vaccinated or not.
Speaker: youtube videos
About the speaker: Videos uploaded to YouTube.
Date: July 2, 2020
Topics: public health;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a YouTube video
Fact-check justification: A YouTube video appears to show Bill Gates saying that people "don’t have a choice" about whether they’ll receive a COVID-19 vaccination. The video takes Gates out of context. He was actually saying that governments won’t be able to escape the economic impacts of the pandemic, even if they decide to reopen businesses before a vaccine is available.  We rate this video . ​
Statement: A video from British public broadcaster BBC shows the network was part of a 9/11 conspiracy.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: December 11, 2021
Topics: terrorism;facebook fact-checks
Context: a post
Fact-check justification: BBC reported the collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 before it actually occurred. The network relied on an  report from Reuters, for which Reuters later issued a correction. The building was on fire for seven hours and authorities consistently said it was in danger of collapse. There is no  that this reporting was part of a conspiracy.   We rate the  .
Statement: Independent voters have a ten-point margin in favor of Mitt Romney right now.
Speaker: bob mcdonnell
About the speaker: Bob McDonnell is the Republican governor of Virginia until January 2014. McDonnell was elected over Democratic state Sen. Creigh Deeds.
McDonnell previously served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1992 to 2006 and as state Attorney General from 2006 to 2009.
McDonnell graduated from the University of Nortre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind., with a bachelor's degree in 1976. He then served in the U.S. Army on active duty from 1976 to 1981 and in the reserves until 1997, retiring as a lieutenant colenel. He received a master's degree in business adminsitration from Boston University in 1980 and a master's and law degree from Regent University, Virginia Beach, in 1989.
Date: August 26, 2012
Location: georgia
Topics: polls and public opinion
Context: an interview on ABC's "This Week"
Fact-check justification: McDonnell said Romney was ahead of Obama with independents by 10 points. He is right that polls show Romney leading among independents, although the polls range from a few to 11 points. We rate the  .
Statement: Gov. Romney himself, with 28 other Republican governors, supported policies that would have eliminated the time limits in the welfare reform law and allowed people to stay on welfare forever.
Speaker: jay carney
About the speaker: Jay Carney, the White House press secretary, was formerly employed by TIME magazine and CNN, according to a TIME biographical post.
Date: August 7, 2012
Location: national
Topics: welfare
Context: a press White House press briefing
Fact-check justification: Carney said that Romney "supported policies that would have eliminated the time limits in the welfare reform law and allowed people to stay on welfare forever." The  stems from Romney’s support for a federal bill reauthorizing TANF, which allowed for certain waivers but did not specifically prohibit waivers of the time limit that people could stay on welfare. But the bill itself and numerous discussions of it indicate that time limits were simply not an issue. Carney’s  takes the absence of a mention of them and turns it inside out to accuse Romney of supporting "welfare forever" policies. It’s a distortion that makes something out of nothing. We rate it .
Statement: I was totally against the war in Iraq.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: September 7, 2016
Location: national
Topics: iraq
Context: the NBC Commander-In-Chief Forum
Fact-check justification: Trump said he was "totally against the war in Iraq." While he came to that position when the war became difficult, earlier on he was more accepting of military action. In 2002, asked if America should go to war, he said, "I guess so." Less than three months before the invasion, Trump said the president should be more focused on the economy, but he didn’t speak against launching an attack. Trump didn’t speak often about the Iraq War before it happened, but what he said did not add up to the sort of opposition he describes today. We rate this  . https://www.sharethefacts.co/share/836f664c-ac07-4562-9333-ddef70b3bb65
Statement: If your plan is the result of collective bargaining, no subsequent changes by anybody -- insurance companies, Obamacare -- can force your grandfathered policy to change.
Speaker: rush limbaugh
About the speaker: Rush Limbaugh is a conservative radio talk show host. His website describes him as "America's Truth Detector; the Doctor of Democracy; the Most Dangerous Man in America; the All-Knowing, All-Sensing, All-Everything Maha Rushie; defender of motherhood, protector of fatherhood and an all-around good guy."
Date: October 30, 2013
Topics: health care;unions;punditfact
Context: comments on his radio show
Fact-check justification: Limbaugh takes a point about real language inserted in the health care law for some union-negotiated health care plans and twists the . These plans are only grandfathered for as long as the collective bargaining agreement lasts. After the agreement expires, and some already have, those plans are held to the same standards as all other grandfathered plans. Limbaugh's suggestion that "no subsequent changes by anybody" can change the union plans goes too far. On top of that, union-negotiated self-insured plans (which make up more than half of all union plans) are treated no differently than regular employer plans. We rate Limbaugh's  .
Statement: Hitler didn't want unions. Stalin didn't want unions. Mubarak didn't want independent unions. These autocrats in history don't want independent unions.
Speaker: sherrod brown
About the speaker: Sherrod Brown is a Democratic U.S. Senator representing Ohio. He won his first elected office to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1974. He later served as Ohio secretary of state and was elected to Congress in 1992. He first joined the U.S. Senate in 2007.
Date: March 3, 2011
Location: ohio
Topics: jobs;labor;message machine 2010
Context: the Senate
Fact-check justification: Mubarak does not belong in the same category as Hitler and Stalin. But his government did routinely suppress worker protests by force. The government-run Egyptian Trade Union Federation was given a monopoly on labor organization in 1957 by the Trade Union Act, which prohibits union freedoms. Brown’s statement about tyrants and unions may have been distracting and ill-advised given the current standoffs, but it also is historically accurate. We rate Brown’s statement as .
Statement: In the last 15 years, we've witnessed a dramatic expansion in the jailing of immigrants, from about 70,000 people detained annually to about 400,000.
Speaker: aclu foundation of georgia
About the speaker: The ACLU Foundation of Georgia is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation that advocates for civil liberties in courts, legislatures, and communities all over the United States at both the federal and state level.
Date: December 7, 2012
Location: georgia
Topics: immigration
Context: a press release
Fact-check justification: Picard, the ICE spokesman, said he wouldn’t dispute the Justice Department report. To sum up, the ACLU Foundation of Georgia claimed the number of federal detainees has increased in the past 15 years from about 70,000 to 400,000. The 400,000 estimate seems accurate. One federal estimate from the mid-1990s corroborates the foundation’s argument. We rate the  .
Statement: Says Chicago "had the lowest murder rates in a generation" during his time as police superintendent.
Speaker: garry mccarthy
About the speaker: Garry Francis McCarthy is the former Superintendent of the Chicago Police Department.
Date: January 15, 2019
Location: illinois
Topics: crime
Context: a campaign ad
Fact-check justification: McCarthy said, "we had the lowest murder rates in a generation," pointing to his strategy as police superintendent for combating gang violence as the reason for the decline. During two of McCarthy’s four-plus years with the department, murder rates did fall to a level not seen in decades. But violent crime had been dropping steadily in Chicago for years before that, tracking a national trend. McCarthy also presided over two years in which murders spiked, and critics at the time said his crime-fighting policies were at least partly to blame. His statement cherry-picks statistics and ignores the broader historical context of crime in Chicago. We rate it .  – The statement contains an element of  but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: The president in no way, form or fashion has ever promoted or encouraged violence.
Speaker: sarah huckabee sanders
About the speaker: Sarah Huckabee Sanders became the governor of Arkansas in January 2023. She worked as White House press secretary 2017-2019. The daughter of former Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee, she was a surrogate for Donald Trump's presidential campaign.
Date: June 29, 2017
Location: national
Topics: candidate biography
Context: a White House press briefing
Fact-check justification: Huckabee Sanders said, "The president in no way, form or fashion has ever promoted or encouraged violence." We found one example -- when Trump said, "If you see somebody getting ready to throw a tomato, knock the crap out of them, would you?" -- that clearly fits the criteria of promoting or encouraging violence. This was not an isolated incident; we found at least seven other examples in which Trump offered public musings that showed a tolerance for, and sometimes even a favorable disposition toward, physical violence. Trump’s words may not meet a legal threshold for incitement to violence, but Huckabee Sanders’ portrayal seriously distorts the record of Trump’s past statements. We rate her statement .
Statement: Says "Claire McCaskill voted for 100 percent of President Obama's judicial nominees.
Speaker: josh hawley
About the speaker: Josh Hawley took office as U.S. Senator from Missouri in 2019. Hawley previously served as Missouri’s Attorney General. 
Date: July 9, 2018
Location: national
Topics: legal issues
Context: a campaign website
Fact-check justification: Hawley said, "Claire McCaskill voted for 100 percent of President Obama’s judicial nominees." Senate Republicans also approved Obama’s nominees with minimal objections 82 percent of the time, and McCaskill voted for most of Bush’s nominees. Hawley's statement is accurate but requires a touch of clarification. That's our definition of .
Statement: As the election tracker FiveThirtyEight has reported, whoever wins Pennsylvania will be our next President.
Speaker: rob gleason
About the speaker: Rob Gleason is the charmain of the Republican Party of Pennsylvania.
Date: August 29, 2016
Location: pennsylvania
Topics: elections;states
Context: a fundraising email
Fact-check justification: It’s  that at various points in its coverage , FiveThirtyEight strongly emphasized Pennsylvania’s potential to be the deciding vote . However, saying that it flat-out declared the Pennsylvania winner the automatic winner of the presidency is still . For one thing, FiveThirtyEight itself reports predictive statistical analysis ― which is never going to produce such a definitive answer about a swing state’s power. FiveThirtyEight also makes a point of explaining in its election forecast user guide that fluctuations in polling data, which it uses to determine things like tipping power, have more meaning later in the election. So any shifts in the polls (which, given Donald Trump’s lack of predictability as a candidate, are not impossible in this election) could rearrange where that tipping power resides. It’s an effective strategy to stress the importance of a state’s electoral votes in order to get donations and constituencies to vote, but even that should be accurately represented. FiveThirtyEight ’s actual election tracker still leaves ambiguity as to Pennsylvania’s ultimate tipping power. We rate this  .
Statement: In my 12 years in the House, I have watched my district go from a solidly Democratic district to a heavily solid Republican district.
Speaker: allan ritter
About the speaker: Ritter, of Nederland, was initially elected to the Texas House in 1998. He won re-election six times before declaring in December 2010 that he was switching to the Republican Party.
Date: December 14, 2010
Location: texas
Topics: bipartisanship
Context: a press conference
Fact-check justification: Republicans running statewide had an edge in Ritter’s district before his first election and that advantage expanded in subsequent elections as Democrats became less successful. During the 12 years, though, Democrats still pulled off some wins, while a few candidates (like Ritter) managed not to stir up GOP challengers. Whether such free rides will continue is uncertain. Rittter  how "solidly Democratic" his district was; he’s closer to the mark on how Republican it became. We rate his statement .