chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: Washington has incentivized the militarization of local police precincts.
Speaker: rand paul
About the speaker: Rand Paul, a U.S. senator from Kentucky elected in 2010. He ran for president in 2016 before dropping out to seek re-election to the Senate. Paul is a medical doctor and an ophthalmologist. His father is Ron Paul, a 2008 presidential candidate and a former member of Congress from Texas. 
Date: August 14, 2014
Location: national
Topics: criminal justice;homeland security;crime;military;public safety;terrorism
Context: an opinion column
Fact-check justification: Paul said, "Washington has incentivized the militarization of local police precincts." We found that the government’s 1033 program, which gives surplus military equipment to local law enforcement agencies, has contributed to police militarization by offering free equipment. But it’s not the only thing. Police culture has shifted toward militarization for a number of reasons over the past 40 years. The program (and Washington) might not be the cause of police militarization, but it does incentivize and allow that culture to continue. We rate Paul’s statement .
Statement: A federal judge said President Barack Obama's executive action on immigration is "unconstitutional.
Speaker: david jolly
About the speaker: David Jolly won a special election in March 2014 to represent the 13th U.S. Congressional District in Pinellas County, Florida. He won re-election in 2014 and was defeated by Democrat Charlie Crist in 2016. He is a former Washington lobbyist and aide to C.W. Bill Young.
Date: February 26, 2015
Location: florida
Topics: immigration;homeland security
Context: a speech on the U.S. House floor
Fact-check justification: Jolly said a federal judge called Obama’s executive action on immigration "unconstitutional." A reasonable person may think Jolly meant a judge ruled the action violated the Constitution, but that isn’t accurate. A federal judge in Texas said the government was acting outside its authority by issuing the order. But the actual ruling said the state of Texas had a chance to win a case based on a procedural misstep, not the action’s constitutionality. Another federal judge in Pennsylvania really did call the action unconstitutional, but that was an opinion in a ruling on a deportation case in which the action didn’t apply. Jolly's statement is accurate but needs clarification. We rate it .
Statement: President Xi of China under house arrest" amid "coup by the PLA.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: September 24, 2022
Topics: china;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post said that China’s leader Xi was under house arrest as rumors of a coup proliferated on social media over the past week. But there was no credible  to support the  as it traveled across the internet. Xi was out of public view for 10 days, but he reappeared Sept. 27, after this rumor circulated. Xi is expected to be awarded an unprecedented third term as president when the National Congress of the Communist Party of China meets in October. This  is .
Statement: Matt Dolan sponsored Michael Bloomberg's "red-flag gun confiscation law, letting the people reporting your social media posts send SWAT teams to your house to take your guns.
Speaker: ohio gun owners
About the speaker: Ohio Gun Owners is a gun-rights advocacy group.
Date: April 21, 2022
Location: ohio
Topics: government regulation;guns;ad watch
Context: an ad
Fact-check justification: Ohio Gun Owners claimed that Dolan "sponsored Bloomberg's red-flag gun confiscation law, letting the people reporting your social media posts send SWAT teams to your house to take your guns." Dolan sponsored a bill in Ohio, which did not become law, that would have allowed for guns to be taken from a person if a court determined, in certain situations, that person was a danger to himself or others. The bill would not have allowed for confiscations by SWAT teams based on citizens reporting a person’s social media posts. We rate the  . RELATED: Fact-checks in the 2022 Ohio Senate race RELATED: The race for the Ohio U.S. Senate seat: A guide RELATED : Fact-checking ads in the 2022 elections
Statement: Says U.S. Senate opponent Eric Hovde "supported billions in stimulus for high-speed rail"  and "billions more to bail out banks.
Speaker: mark neumann
About the speaker: Mark Neumann is a developer and home builder from Nashotah. He was a Republican candidate for U.S. Senate from Wisconsin in 2012. He ran for governor in 2010 and formerly represented southern Wisconsin in Congress.
Date: July 17, 2012
Location: wisconsin
Topics: federal budget;financial regulation;infrastructure;message machine 2012;stimulus;transportation
Context: a TV ad
Fact-check justification: Hovde did express support for a taxpayer-funded bailout, albeit with an approach he asserted would better protect taxpayers. Our rating Neumann compared Hovde to Obama, saying Hovde "supported billions in stimulus for high-speed rail" and "billions more to bail out banks." Hovde was critical of the stimulus plan, but did back high-speed rail as a spending option when it was clear the stimulus program would be created. Similarly, Hovde didn’t back TARP, as the ad implies, but did favor taxpayer assistance provided in a different way. Neumann’s  is partially accurate, but takes Hovde’s statements out of context -- our definition of .
Statement: Says students have to repeat the same grade next year.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: March 31, 2020
Topics: education;facebook fact-checks;coronavirus
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: A recent story in the Atlantic says "it’s not clear what will happen" if school closures last several months or even a year. In the case of an extended closure, "some students might have to repeat grades when school recommenced, resulting in entire regional cohorts of students who would be older than their classmates nationally for the rest of their lives," the story says.   In Florida, according to a story in the Sarasota Herald-Tribune , parents and educators can work together to decide whether a student should repeat a grade if parents are worried about their child missing so much school this year.   But there have been no blanket directives on a state or federal level that we could find requiring kids to repeat their current grade. We rate these Facebook posts .
Statement: Says Ken Cuccinelli wants "to eliminate all forms of birth control.
Speaker: nextgen climate action committee
About the speaker: Next Generation Climate Action Committee, or NextGen, is a Democratic-aligned super PAC promoting awareness and solutions to global warming. The group was founded by Thomas Steyer, a billionaire who in 1986 founded Farallon Capital Management, a San Francisco hedge fund.
Date: October 25, 2013
Location: virginia
Topics: sexuality
Context: a campaign brochure
Fact-check justification: NextGen Climate Action Committee says Cuccinelli wants to "eliminate all forms of birth control." The group cites an editorial that said personhood legislation Cuccinelli supported could have fostered legal challenges to types of contraception that prevent the implantation of fertilized eggs. But the editorial made no assertion Cuccinelli wants to ban all birth control devices. Cuccinelli has repeatedly said he has no interest in restricting contraception, which generally works by preventing ovulation or the fertilization of a human egg. NextGen doesn’t have a speck of proof to bolster its incendiary  that Cuccinelli wants to ban all forms of birth control -- even condoms and spermicides. We rate it Pants of Fire.
Statement: 90 percent of fires in Arizona are human-caused.
Speaker: doug ducey
About the speaker: Doug Ducey was elected governor of Arizona in November 2014, replacing Jan Brewer. Ducey is the former state treasurer.
Date: April 13, 2016
Location: arizona
Topics: fires
Context: a press conference on fire season
Fact-check justification: Ducey said that "90 percent of fires in Arizona are human-caused." Ducey’s  is correct when referencing only state and private land. But he wasn’t that specific. Fires "in Arizona" includes federally-managed land, in addition to state and private land. And the percentage of human-caused fires on all those lands combined isn’t 90 percent, it’s 61 percent.   So Ducey has a point that human activity is contributing to wildfires, but the number he cites is a good bit off. On balance, we rate Ducey’s  . https://www.sharethefacts.co/share/525a6335-26e4-476f-8213-ceac74e77b7c
Statement: Says "while serving in the city council, Rachel Zenzinger voted to use tax dollars to take a taxpayer-funded junket to China.
Speaker: colorado citizens for accountable government
About the speaker: Colorado Citizens for Accountable Government is a conservative 527 political group.
Date: June 21, 2016
Location: colorado
Topics: ethics
Context: a political mailer
Fact-check justification: In a political mailer, Colorado Citizens for Accountable Government stated, "While serving in the city council, Rachel Zenzinger voted to use tax dollars to take a taxpayer funded junket to China." As of a member of the Arvada City Council, Zenzinger did vote on a failed motion to send an official delegation to a sister-city event in China. This hardly supports the political group’s accusation. Not only did Zenzinger initiate a successful motion explicitly prohibiting use of taxpayer funds for the delegation to China. She never even went to China! The attack is a gross distortion of the facts. We rate the  ! https://www.sharethefacts.co/share/4fd08161-b4b9-4e50-9bb6-983a18930b5c
Statement: California taxes are "among the highest in the nation.
Speaker: travis allen
About the speaker: Travis Allen is a Republican and a member of the California State Assembly, representing the Orange County area. He is a 2018 candidate for California governor.
Date: June 22, 2017
Location: california
Topics: state budget;states;the 2018 california governor's race;taxes
Context: a campaign video
Fact-check justification: Republican candidate for governor Travis Allen recently claimed California’s taxes are "among the highest in the nation." Allen’s statement is broad and needs clarification. But when looking at some of the most important tax categories, including income, sales and gasoline taxes, there’s a lot of  to his . California has the highest top tier income tax and the highest state sales tax in the nation. It’s important to note that the top rate income tax is paid by only a fraction of households in the state, and that the sales tax rate drops to 10th in the nation when local and state sales taxes are examined state-by-state. Notably, it does not have one of the nation’s highest property tax rates, at 36th highest. Allen’s  is accurate but needs this additional information. We rate it .   – The statement is accurate but needs clarification or additional information. UPDATE: An earlier version of this fact check described California's property tax rate as 0.72 percent. We have clarified that this is the state's average effective property tax rate. Visit our Tracking the  series  here  to see all of our 2018 governor's race fact-checks.  Governor’s race Allen is one of several Republican candidates to announce a run for California governor. The others include John Cox, a venture capitalist from San Diego County and former state Assemblyman David Hadley of Manhattan Beach. S everal prominent Democrats  are also competing in 2018 to succeed Jerry Brown as governor. They include former Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa , California Treasurer John Chiang ; Delaine Eastin, the state’s former superintendent for public instruction; and Gavin Newsom , the state’s current lieutenant governor. A poll released in June 2017 showed a tightening race. Newsom was in the lead among all candidates, with 22 percent support from likely voters. Villaraigosa had 17 percent support, up from his 11 percent three months earlier. Tracking the : Hear a  you want fact-checked? Email us at  [email protected] , tweet us  @CAPolitiFact  or contact us on  Facebook .
Statement: Lifeguard/football player Joe Biden got five draft deferments for asthma during Vietnam.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: September 16, 2022
Location: national
Topics: military;facebook fact-checks
Context: a post
Fact-check justification: A Facebook post says, "Lifeguard/football player Joe Biden got five draft deferments for asthma during Vietnam." The post implies that despite his active lifestyle, Biden used health problems as an excuse to dodge the military draft for the Vietnam War.   Biden did receive five deferments, but they were granted because he was a student, with the last one granted in January 1968. Later, in April 1968, he underwent a medical exam and was then given a 1-Y classification because of his asthma as a teenager.   We rate this  .
Statement: Every time we've increased the minimum wage, we've seen a growth in jobs.
Speaker: ben cardin
About the speaker: Sen. Ben Cardin is a Democrat from Maryland. He has served in the Senate since 2007.
Date: November 2, 2014
Location: national
Topics: economy;income;jobs;labor;small business;workers
Context: an interview on "Fox News Sunday"
Fact-check justification: Cardin said, "Every time we've increased the minimum wage, we've seen a growth in jobs, not a loss of jobs." We looked at nationwide employment data in the years following minimum wage increases since 1978, and sometimes there was job growth, and sometimes there was job loss. Modern research tends to show that raising the minimum wage has little significant impact -- positive or negative -- on employment. Cardin got carried away when he said increasing the minimum wage is always followed by job growth. We rate his  .
Statement: After President Barack Obama's health care law takes full effect, "100 percent" of Americans will "depend on some form of federal payment, some form of government benefit to help provide for them.
Speaker: rick santorum
About the speaker: Rick Santorum is running for the Republican nomination for president in 2016. He is a former U.S. senator from Pennsylvania and was a Republican presidential candidate in 2012.
Date: March 6, 2012
Location: national
Topics: children;families;health care;medicaid;medicare
Context: Steubenville, Ohio
Fact-check justification: I think that’s a reasonable conjecture. But it’s not the law as is." The Santorum campaign did not respond to our request for comment. Our rating It’s likely that the new health care law will increase the number of Americans receiving benefits from the federal government, but it’s highly unlikely that it will push the percentage beyond 60 percent -- far from the 100 percent Santorum claims. We rate his  .
Statement: The economic impact of new Atlanta Braves stadium includes 9,241 new jobs and $295 million in wages.
Speaker: revitalize cobb
About the speaker: Revitalize Cobb is a nonprofit group that supports the Atlanta Braves moving to Cobb County.
Date: November 22, 2013
Location: georgia
Topics: baseball;jobs;sports
Context: a mailer
Fact-check justification: But the mailer published by Revitalize Cobb uses its findings in a confusing way that could give the impression that a new stadium’s impact on Cobb is greater than the study predicts. While the interest group tried to provide context through the mailer, it didn’t do enough. It also added projected "nonprofit" positions to its jobs figures, which gives an inflated impression of the number of jobs the stadium is estimated to provide.   The pro-stadium mailer had an element of , but was a less-than-accurate portrayal of a flawed study commissioned by stadium boosters. Revitalize Cobb earns a .
Statement: Austin school district "teachers are the lowest paid of any urban" Texas district and the "lowest paid of any surrounding school district.
Speaker: gina hinojosa
About the speaker: Gina Hinojosa, a Democrat, was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 2016 to represent Texas House District 49.
Date: May 6, 2015
Location: texas
Topics: education;state budget
Context: an interview with Kiah Collier, Austin American-Statesman reporter
Fact-check justification: Hinojosa said Austin school district "teachers are the lowest paid of any urban" Texas district and the "lowest paid of any surrounding school district." Hinojosa relied on research not extending to all urban or all nearby districts nor did it roll in teachers with advanced degrees. Those gaps aside, the pay contrasts aren’t entirely clear-cut. Inexperienced and very experienced Austin teachers were paid more in 2014-15 than peers in some or most nearby districts and if you count Social Security contributions, Austin teachers in general were compensated better on average than teachers in nearby districts. On the other hand, all Austin district teachers were paid less than counterparts in comparable urban districts across the state--even after taking into account Social Security contributions. On balance, we rate this  .  – The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: Says gubernatorial candidate Rebecca Kleefisch "worked with Scott Walker to sign five abortion restrictions into law that took away services and threatened doctors with prison time for providing safe and legal abortions.
Speaker: kelda helen roys
About the speaker: Kelda Helen Roys, a Madison Democrat, was elected to the Wisconsin Assembly in 2008 and served until 2012. In 2012, she lost to Mark Pocan in the race for the Democratic nomination for the U.S. House of Representatives. She is running for the Democratic nomination for governor in 2018. An attorney, Roys is the former executive director of NARAL Pro-Choice Wisconsin, which supports abortion rights.
Date: September 28, 2021
Location: wisconsin
Topics: health care;women
Context: Email
Fact-check justification: In that endorsement, the Susan B. Anthony List president thanked Kleefisch for her leadership alongside Walker and the Legislature in defunding Planned Parenthood of more than $1 million dollars.   Our ruling  Roys said Kleefisch worked with Walker to pass five abortion restrictions that took away services and threatened abortion providers with prison time.   The five rules did restrict abortion services, and one carried a punishment of prison time. Though Kleefisch did not herself sign them into law, she’s been credited with helping to push them through.   We rate this  .
Statement: Social Security has nothing to do with the federal deficit.
Speaker: hank johnson
About the speaker: Hank Johnson, a Democrat, represents Georgia's 4th Congressional District
Date: December 18, 2012
Location: georgia
Topics: federal budget;social security
Context: a twitter post
Fact-check justification: But the program has run a deficit each year since then and is taking money from its bonds to cover the gap. Federal officials are also worried about the long-term impact of future deficits on the program. Johnson has a reasonable argument since Social Security is taking money from its bond interest to pay to cover the current gap. But these gaps do have an impact on other parts of the federal budget, and the projections are that the problem is going to get worse. We rate this  .
Statement: Members of Congress passed a pay raise for themselves of $10,000 over two years even as they voted not to raise Social Security benefits for 2010 and 2011.
Speaker: chain email
About the speaker: Chain emails circulate on the Internet, usually anonymously, making a variety of political claims.
Date: January 21, 2010
Location: national
Topics: medicare;retirement;social security
Context: a chain e-mail
Fact-check justification: To its credit, the e-mail is correct that Congress has acted to increase its own pay, that Social Security recipients will not see a cost-of-living increase this year and that some recipients may in fact see a decrease in their checks from rising Medicare premiums. But the e-mail got many key details . It cherry-picked its data in a way that overstated the increase in congressional salaries; it wrongly blamed Congress for killing the Social Security COLA (when in fact many lawmakers and the president are working to reverse that development); it vastly overstated the number of people who will be hit by rising Medicare premiums; and it used an extreme case in constructing its example of income being lost. If the author of the e-mail had been more careful in vetting the statistics, this missive could have been informative. But since the author was not, we will rate it .
Statement: These are real ads running in New York City calling for the removal of 'trash' which includes white people, Trump supporters, and Christians.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: November 5, 2019
Topics: city government;religion;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: That’s because, as Gothamist reported last year , these aren’t NYC Sanitation Department ads but the work of graphic artist Winston Tseng .    On Oct. 26, 2018, NYC Sanitation tweeted : "Unauthorized posters illegally affixed to some litter baskets are being removed." Other images Tseng created as part of the "Trash Free" campaign showed a man in a MAGA hat holding a Chick-fil-A hat and a New England Patriots fan holding a beer.   Those weren’t "real ads" either, as the Facebook post claims.   We rate it .
Statement: Executive Order 14067 will allow the federal government to "turn on and turn off your money.
Speaker: tiktok posts
About the speaker: Posts on the video-sharing platform TikTok.
Date: August 29, 2022
Location: national
Topics: financial regulation
Context: a video
Fact-check justification: A TikTok video claimed that Executive Order 14067 allows the federal government to "turn on and turn off your money." The order does not implement a digital currency or give the government the power to electronically control it. It also doesn’t eliminate physical currency. Instead, the order directed the Federal Reserve to weigh the risks of using digital currency and research the possibility of using a central bank digital currency.   We rate this  .
Statement: A recent drop in the unemployment rate is questionable because it was calculated "over two days of the Thanksgiving week.
Speaker: rush limbaugh
About the speaker: Rush Limbaugh is a conservative radio talk show host. His website describes him as "America's Truth Detector; the Doctor of Democracy; the Most Dangerous Man in America; the All-Knowing, All-Sensing, All-Everything Maha Rushie; defender of motherhood, protector of fatherhood and an all-around good guy."
Date: December 8, 2009
Location: national
Topics: economy;pundits;workers
Context: his radio show
Fact-check justification: Limbaugh can perhaps take a measure of vindication, but it should not obscure the fact that his  of holiday bias is . Skepticism about the seasonal adjustment methodology could lead someone to believe that the initial jobless  numbers were skewed by the holiday week. But it would be a stretch for Limbaugh to argue that he was referring to initial jobless claims rather than the unemployment rate. Not only is the unemployment rate the most commonly cited unemployment statistic, but Obama, in the taped lead-in, clearly refers to the "unemployment rate." Since this statistic uses data about what was happening two weeks before Thanksgiving -- and since both measures are seasonally adjusted to eliminate factors such as holidays -- we rate Limbaugh's statement .