chengxuphd/liar2 huggingface dataset:
Statement: During the Reagan era, "the richest Americans had their top income tax rate cut in half.
Speaker: michael moore
About the speaker: Michael Moore directed the movie "Capitalism: A Love Story" and is a well-known documentary filmmaker. His movies includes "Roger and Me," "Bowling for Columbine," "Fahrenheit 9/11," and "Sicko." He won the Academy Award for best documentary in 2002 with "Bowling for Columbine," and he was a nominee in 2007 for "Sicko." Michael Moore's Web site is www.MichaelMoore.com.
Date: October 2, 2009
Location: national
Topics: taxes
Context: his movie "Capitalism: A Love Story"
Fact-check justification: In fact, we first began to look at this  from a fact sheet provided on Moore's Web site before the movie was publicly released. And in the fact sheet, it states that "the richest had their taxes cut in half." We were prepared to give that a , as the effective tax rate for the richest was cut by about 10 or 11 percent. But in the movie, Moore describes it as "the top income tax rate," apparently referring to the highest marginal rate. As we said, some may misinterpret that, but we think Moore has been careful enough with his words to get a .
Statement: More than a quarter of mortgage borrowers are underwater, and 11 percent of all homes are vacant.
Speaker: marcia fudge
About the speaker: Rep. Marcia Fudge, a Democrat from Warrensville Heights, is the congresswoman from Ohio's 11th district. Prior to her election to the House of Representatives, she was mayor of Warrensville Heights.
 
Date: December 15, 2011
Location: ohio
Topics: economy;housing
Context: the House of Representatives
Fact-check justification: Her statement that 11 percent of the nation’s homes are vacant is technically accurate. But there are many reasons that those homes are unoccupied and a researcher for the source of her figure, the U.S. Census Bureau, cautioned that its survey of vacant homes would not accurately measure foreclosures. And, the fact that 9 percent of homes were unoccupied in the 2000 survey, long before the foreclosure crisis took hold, indicates a large proportion of the vacancies Fudge cites are not foreclosure-related. That’s important information that puts her  into context. On the -O-Meter, Fudge’s statement rates .
Statement: Ilana Shafran Mandel's stake in Forest City Enterprises "constitutes significantly less than 1 percent" of the company's shares and any implication of a conflict of interest "is legally incorrect.
Speaker: josh mandel
About the speaker: Josh Mandel, a Republican from Lyndhurst, is a Marine veteran who served two tours in Iraq. He served as Ohio treasurer from 2011 to 2019.  Before that, he was a state representative from the 17th Ohio House District. He unsuccessfully challenged Democratic incumbent Sherrod Brown in the 2012 US Senate race. Mandel is running for the GOP nomination for an Ohio U.S. Senate seat in 2022.
Date: November 4, 2011
Location: ohio
Topics: candidate biography;transparency
Context: a news release
Fact-check justification: And it isn’t to say that Democrats won’t look at her roughly half-a-million-dollar stake in Forest City and ask whether her husband should have abstained from voting, strictly on principle. We’re willing to bet on that. But the Mandel campaign is accurate in describing her share of Forest City ownership as minor. And it is correct in citing the 1999 advisory opinion that would appear to apply to Mandel’s legislative vote. On the -O-Meter, that makes Mandel’s statement .
Statement: Muslim nations did not "call out" the people who celebrated the 9/11 attacks.
Speaker: bill o'reilly
About the speaker: Bill O'Reilly hosted The O'Reilly Factor on Fox News until 2017. He formerly worked as a television news reporter and has authored numerous books.
Date: October 6, 2014
Topics: islam;terrorism;punditfact
Context: a broadcast of Fox News' "The O'Reilly Factor"
Fact-check justification: O’Reilly said that Muslim nations did not "call out" the people who celebrated the 9/11 attacks. So far as we can tell, there was no official condemnation of people celebrating the 9/11 attacks. However, Muslim governments, and religious leaders, condemned the attacks themselves, as did many average Muslims. O’Reilly’s statement is accurate as far as it goes, but it leaves out important information that might lead someone to reach a different conclusion. That meets our definition of .
Statement: On U.S.-Israeli relations, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu "set the record straight — he said, our two countries have 'exactly the same policy' (and) 'our security cooperation is unprecedented.'
Speaker: john kerry
About the speaker: John Kerry is the secretary of state. He previously was a senator from Massachusetts and the Democratic Party's nominee for president in 2004.
Date: September 6, 2012
Location: florida
Topics: israel
Context: a speech at the Democratic National Convention
Fact-check justification: During his speech at the DNC, Kerry answered Romney’s criticism of Obama’s Israel policy with these words: "But Prime Minister Netanyahu set the record straight—he said, our two countries have ‘exactly the same policy…’—’our security cooperation is unprecedented...’" Kerry did accurately quote Netanyahu’s remarks in 2011 and 2012. But Kerry omitted any discussion of the real tensions that exist between Obama and Netanyahu, particularly about Obama’s 2011 comments on Israel’s 1967 borders. And Kerry ignored Netanyahu’s statements in 2012 that showed he wasn’t keen on waiting for diplomacy to work in Iran for much longer. For cherry-picking and lack of context, we rate this  . PolitiFact Florida is partnering with 10 News for the election. See video fact-checks here .
Statement: As state treasurer, Alexi Giannoulias "lost $73 million in our kids' college savings.
Speaker: mark kirk
About the speaker: Mark Kirk is a U.S. senator from Illinois, having defeated Democratic State Treasurer Alexi Giannoulias for the seat formerly occupied by President Barack Obama in 2010. Kirk was formerly a U.S. congressman from Illinois’ 10th district.
Date: October 18, 2010
Location: national
Topics: economy;education;message machine 2010
Context: a TV ad
Fact-check justification: It's less clear, though, that it's accurate to  Giannoulias lost that money. Yes, the Tribune story suggests Giannoulias had concerns early on about the aggressive investment strategy in the fund -- but that he opted to stick with the firm's strategy on the advice of Oppenheimer managers and an outside consultant. But analysts also credited Illinois with reacting more quickly to the issues than other states, and Giannoulias helped get a settlement with Oppenheimer to recoup half the losses. There's a lot of context to consider here on both sides of the equation. Having done that, we rate the ad's  .
Statement: Texas leads "the nation in the percentage of residents without health insurance.
Speaker: paul krugman
About the speaker: Paul Krugman is a columnist for the New York Times and professor of Economics and International Affairs at Princeton University. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2008. He describes himself as liberal.
Date: January 6, 2011
Location: texas
Topics: health care
Context: an op-ed column
Fact-check justification: California landed fifth, with 21.9 percent. And Massachusetts, which requires residents older than 18 to have health coverage, ranked again as the state with the smallest percentage of uninsured residents: 4.9 percent. Gallup said it interviewed 176,193 adults from Jan. 2-June 30, 2010. By available indicators, Texas has the nation’s highest percentage of uninsured residents. We rate Krugman’s statement as .
Statement: Democrats just elected (include)… a man who preys on underage prostitutes … and an anti-semitic racist who beats women.
Speaker: bloggers
About the speaker: Blog posting on the Internet
Date: November 7, 2018
Topics: fake news;facebook fact-checks
Context: a post on Facebook
Fact-check justification: There’s a lot to unpack here. The allegations in this Facebook post range from the —comparing Ocasio-Cortez to an amphibian—to the incendiary. But all of the claims, including the ones we didn’t check, are  because they’re presented as if they are uncontested facts, and that’s not the case. The burden of proof is high in claiming someone paid a minor for sex, and in the case of Menendez, that proof is missing. The allegations against Ellison are murkier. We know that, while in law school, Ellison wrote an  article defending Louis Farrakhan against claims that Farrakhan was anti-semitic. Ellison then went on to renounce the Nation of Islam while also addressing those criticisms head-on in an opinion piece for the Washington Post. It seems clear that while this  contains an element of , it ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. As to the  that Ellison "beats women," we know that Ellison has not been convicted of assault in a court of law. However, his former partner hasn’t backed down from claims that he harmed her in what was clearly a volatile relationship. Without more , it is hard to rule on this matter. Still, the  does not come out of nowhere. While it contains an element of , this  ignores critical facts that would give a different impression. Together, the charges in this post are problematic and, in the end, range from incindiary to largely unsubstantiated. We rate this viral Facebook post .
Statement: If you read the Arizona (immigration) law, what it says is if you are stopped for violating the law and they have a suspicion that you're illegal, they can ask you if you're legal.
Speaker: rick scott
About the speaker: Rick Scott, a wealthy Florida businessman, was first elected Florida's 45th governor on Nov. 2, 2010 and re-elected Nov. 4, 2014. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2018 and is running for re-election in 2024.
Date: June 3, 2010
Location: florida
Topics: immigration
Context: a CBS4 interview
Fact-check justification: It is a requirement, not an authorization." Scott is not alone -- many political leaders have stumbled over the often-convoluted layers of the Arizona immigration law. And with judicial challenges already underway, it's too soon to say for sure how the law will be carried out in practice. Ultimately, Scott's statement falls short on two counts -- on failing to communicate the full range of violations that could trigger a police stop, and on suggesting that the law gives wider discretion to officers on when it should be enforced. So we find Scott's statement .
Statement: Just a reminder that right before Ukraine was invaded, Hillary was found to be guilty of spying on a sitting U.S. president.
Speaker: facebook posts
About the speaker: Posters on Facebook and other social media networks.
 
Date: March 14, 2022
Location: national
Topics: legal issues;facebook fact-checks
Context: a Facebook post
Fact-check justification: The indictment alleged that Sussmann told the FBI he was not acting on behalf of clients, when the indictment claimed, he was secretly acting on the Clinton campaign’s behalf. He has pleaded not guilty and denied wrongdoing. Clinton has been neither indicted on any charges stemming from the matter, nor found guilty of alleged spying. We found no credible  to support the Facebook post. We rate this  .
Statement: Joe Biden's "$4 trillion" Build Back Better bill is "the largest expansion of welfare programs in 60 years.
Speaker: carla sands
About the speaker: Carla Sands is a 2022 Republican candidate for the U.S. Senate in Pennsylvania. She was President Donald Trump's ambassador to Denmark.
Date: January 19, 2022
Location: pennsylvania
Topics: federal budget;welfare;ad watch
Context: an ad
Fact-check justification: Sands said Biden's "$4 trillion" Build Back Better bill is "the largest expansion of welfare programs in 60 years." The legislation would spend $1.75 trillion, not $4 trillion, over 10 years. Experts said the legislation would be among the most significant expansions of social welfare programs since the 1960s, helping low-income as well as middle-income people. But definitions of what constitutes a welfare program vary, and there are a few different ways to make historical comparisons of legislation. The analysis cited by Sands is based on spending on programs that use means testing, and it shows the bill would be the largest such expansion.  The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context. We rate it .
Statement: President Reagan did it (raised the debt ceiling) 18 times.  George W. Bush did it seven times.
Speaker: barack obama
About the speaker: Barack Obama is the former president of the United States. Obama also served as a U.S. senator from Illinois. He was born in 1961 in Hawaii, where his parents met as students at the University of Hawaii. Obama's father is from Kenya and his mother is from Kansas. He graduated from Columbia University and received his law degree from Harvard Law School. Obama previously served in the Illinois state Senate and was an instructor at the University of Chicago Law School. He and his wife, Michelle, have two daughters, Malia and Sasha.
Date: July 25, 2011
Location: national
Topics: bipartisanship;federal budget
Context: a televised address
Fact-check justification: Typically, the party that controls the White House has had to take the difficult vote to raise the limit, while the other party was free to criticize. An analysis of the past 10 years of  votes on the debt limit  from the nonpartisan Tax Policy Center shows the vote usually splits along partisan lines, with the president's party voting in support. Nonetheless, Obama is correct that raising the debt ceiling has been an issue repeatedly tackled by Republicans and Democrats alike. President Reagan raised the debt ceiling 18 times and George W. Bush did it seven times. We rate his  .
Statement: Says "96 percent of (Google News) results on 'Trump News' are from National Left-Wing Media.
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: August 28, 2018
Location: national
Topics: technology
Context: a tweet
Fact-check justification: Trump tweeted that "96 percent of (Google News) results on ‘Trump News’ are from National Left-Wing Media." This figure is based on a non-scientific study from a conservative website that categorized any media outlet not expressly conservative as being part of the "left." These outlets include wire services, broadcast networks and most major newspapers and collectively account for a large percentage of original news reports produced in the United States. The methodology essentially preordains that a large percentage of coverage captured by Google will be what the study defines as "left," which is . We rate the statement .
Statement: A provision of the Senate immigration bill would require you to have government permission to get a second job.
Speaker: charles kuck
About the speaker: Charles Kuck is a prominent Atlanta immigration attorney, board member of Georgia Assocation of Elected Officials and a frequent featured speaker on national news programs.
Date: July 13, 2013
Location: georgia
Topics: immigration;jobs;government regulation
Context: an immigration forum
Fact-check justification: But program and independent data show that most workers are automatically confirmed in the E-Verify system. It is possible that an employee whose Social Security number, for example, being used for one job could be flagged when that same number is used to secure another job. But it would most likely occur with multiple uses of the same information. Kuck’s statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details. We rated his  .
Statement: Says Joe Biden said "Why am I doing this? Why? What is my real aim?
Speaker: donald trump
About the speaker: Donald Trump is the former president of the United States. He was elected the 45th president of the United States on Nov. 8, 2016.  He has been a real estate developer, entrepreneur and host of the NBC reality show, "The Apprentice." Trump's statements were awarded PolitiFact's 2015, 2017 and 2019 Lie of the Year. In November 2022, he announced he would run for president in 2024.
Date: October 27, 2020
Topics: elections
Context: a tweet by Trump War Room
Fact-check justification: The snippet gives the  impression of Biden’s remarks. Biden was quoting part of Pope Francis’ Oct. 3 encyclical letter. We rate it . This fact check is available at IFCN’s 2020 US Elections #Chatbot on WhatsApp. Click here , for more.
Statement: Says Sen. Rob Portman says Ted Strickland earned $400,000 a year as a lobbyist after leaving Ohio for Washington.
Speaker: rob portman
About the speaker: Rob Portman was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2010. He is a former Republican congressman who also was a U.S. trade representative and director of the Office of Management and Budget under President George H.W. Bush.
Date: October 17, 2016
Location: ohio
Topics: wealth;workers
Context: Columbus, Ohio
Fact-check justification: Portman said Strickland "went to Washington, D.C., and he became a lobbyist. He made $400,000 a year." Technically Strickland wasn’t a lobbyist; he oversaw a liberal think tank’s lobbying and activism arm. As for his income, if you add his disclosed earnings, figures from public IRS forms and retirement income, you get an estimate around $357,000. Not everyone would tally up annual wealth this way. Portman’s statement is partially accurate but a bit sloppy in the details, so we rate his statement .
Statement: Says Lincoln Chafee "settled a union strike by giving the teachers a 19-percent-raise.
Speaker: frank caprio
About the speaker: Frank T. Caprio Jr. served as Rhode Island's general treasurer from 2007 through 2010. He ran an unsuccessful campaign for governor in 2010 and ran for treasurer again in 2014, losing in the Democratic primary. Prior to that, he served as a state senator from 1995-2006 and as a state representative from 1991 to 1994. He is married and has two children.
Date: October 6, 2010
Location: rhode island
Topics: economy;education
Context: a gubernatorial debate
Fact-check justification: To reach a ruling, we focused on three key points: Caprio understated the teachers' overall pay increase and incorrectly said the settlement came during a strike. But his intended message -- that Chafee was overly generous to the teachers -- was clear. He ignored the economic context of the era -- and the turmoil in the city's schools -- when the deal was reached. And he neglected to mention that the teachers' agreement covered six years, which we consider a significant  omission. On balance, we find the statement .
Statement: 78702 is the second-most gentrified ZIP code in the entire country.
Speaker: daniel llanes
About the speaker: Daniel Llanes is an East Austin resident long involved in community issues.
Date: October 12, 2013
Location: texas
Topics: housing;poverty;urban
Context: an opinion column
Fact-check justification: Llanes said 78702 is the nation’s second-most gentrified ZIP code. According to one breakdown, that East Austin area experienced the nation’s second-greatest urban increase in white residents from 2000 to 2010. However, changes in white residents alone are not an accurate way to measure gentrification, which is multi-factored. By other indicators, including changes in poverty, median household income and the value of single-family homes, 78702 has become more prosperous. Stacked up against other ZIP codes, though, it is not No. 2 nationally. Gentrified? Sure. Second most, nationally? Most  indicates otherwise. We rate this  as .  – The statement is not accurate. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.
Statement: Says Sen. Robert Cowles, her recall opponent, supported the sale of state-owned power plants "not to the highest bidder, but to the biggest donors" with no oversight.
Speaker: nancy nusbaum
About the speaker: Nancy Nusbaum served as the mayor of De Pere, Wis., and as the county executive of Brown County, the home of Green Bay. She twice ran unsuccessfully for Congress -- once as a Democrat and once as a Republican. In 2011, as a Democrat, she unsuccessfully challenged state Sen. Robert Cowles, R-Allouez, in a recall election.
Date: July 25, 2011
Location: wisconsin
Topics: energy;state budget
Context: a television ad
Fact-check justification: It would have allowed a no-bid process for the sale, but did not designate any specific buyer. Beyond that, the ad has other problems. Cowles never even had a chance to vote on the plan in 2011, apparently backed taking it out and has a history of opposition to slipping the plan into the budget. These are readily available facts on a very high-profile issue, making the ad’s claims -- and its implication of a scandal -- . Thus, we rate the  from Nusbaum against Cowles as .
Statement: Images of a woman having bloody makeup applied show "fake combatant photos" in Ukraine.
Speaker: instagram posts
About the speaker: Posters on Instagram, where people share photos and graphics and sometimes add filters.
Date: November 27, 2022
Topics: corrections and updates;facebook fact-checks;ukraine;russia
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: An Instagram post claims that photos of war wound makeup being applied to a woman are  combat photos, implying the violence in Ukraine isn’t real. But the photos can be traced to an Instagram user who described herself as a combat medic veteran. She shared at least one of the images on Instagram in 2016. A woman with the same handle on Twitter wrote that the photos were from training sessions and were being misrepresented by "enemy propagandists."  There is no  the photos were staged to show an injury from the current battle in Ukraine. We rate the  . UPDATE, Dec. 1, 5:30 p.m. ET:  The story was updated Dec. 1 to add the response from an Instagram user received after publication of this article.
Statement: The government caused a fire at Hillandale Farms in Connecticut "so that they can force us into eating their fake GMO meats, or starve us into compliance.
Speaker: viral image
About the speaker: Graphics, pictures and charts shared on social media give chain emails a run for their money when it comes to spreading too-good-to-be-true claims all over the Internet. A common form is is the "Internet macro," which uses an easily recognized and repurposed image (called a meme) wth superimposed text to make a funny but political argument. Sometimes these images are passed across social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Reddit so widely that the original source is nearly impossible to determine.
Date: January 30, 2023
Topics: food;facebook fact-checks
Context: an Instagram post
Fact-check justification: Most of the cited incidents involving fires and "destroyed" poultry weren’t suspicious, according to authorities. And, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, there are currently no nationwide food shortages or widespread disruptions reported in the supply chain, although "in some cases the inventory of certain foods at your grocery store might be temporarily low before stores can restock. "  We looked for credible news reports or other sources suggesting that this fire was suspicious and found none. We also unearthed no sign that this fire was part of a government plot; that  is unfounded.   We rate it .