Innovation Act

To amend title 35, United States Code, and the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act to make improvements and technical corrections, and for other purposes. 1. Short title; table of contents (a) Short title This Act may be cited as the Innovation Act (b) Table of contents The table of contents for this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Definitions. Sec. 3. Patent infringement actions. Sec. 4. Transparency of patent ownership. Sec. 5. Customer-suit exception. Sec. 6. Procedures and practices to implement recommendations of the Judicial Conference. Sec. 7. Small business education, outreach, and information access. Sec. 8. Studies on patent transactions, quality, and examination. Sec. 9. Improvements and technical corrections to the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act. Sec. 10. Effective date. 2. Definitions In this Act: (1) Director The term Director (2) Office The term Office 3. Patent infringement actions (a) Pleading requirements (1) Amendment Chapter 29 section 281 281A. Pleading requirements for patent infringement actions (a) Pleading requirements Except as provided in subsection (b), in a civil action in which a party asserts a claim for relief arising under any Act of Congress relating to patents, a party alleging infringement shall include in the initial complaint, counterclaim, or cross-claim for patent infringement, unless the information is not reasonably accessible to such party, the following: (1) An identification of each patent allegedly infringed. (2) An identification of all claims necessary to produce the identification (under paragraph (3)) of each process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter (referred to in this section as an ‘accused instrumentality’) that is alleged to infringe any claim of each patent that is identified under paragraph (1). (3) For each claim identified under paragraph (2), an identification of each accused instrumentality alleged to infringe the claim. (4) For each accused instrumentality identified under paragraph (3), an identification with particularity, if known, of— (A) the name or model number (or a representative model number) of each accused instrumentality; or (B) if there is no name or model number, a description of each accused instrumentality. (5) For each accused instrumentality identified under paragraph (3), a clear and concise statement of— (A) where each element of each claim identified under paragraph (2) is found within the accused instrumentality; and (B) with detailed specificity, how each limitation of each claim identified under paragraph (2) is met by the accused instrumentality. (6) For each claim of indirect infringement, a description of the acts of the alleged indirect infringer that contribute to or are inducing the direct infringement. (7) A description of the authority of the party alleging infringement to assert each patent identified under paragraph (1) and of the grounds for the court’s jurisdiction. (b) Information not readily accessible If information required to be disclosed under subsection (a) is not readily accessible to a party after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances, as required by Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, that information may instead be generally described, along with an explanation of why such undisclosed information was not readily accessible, and of any efforts made by such party to access such information. (c) Amendment of pleadings Nothing in this section shall be construed to affect a party’s ability to amend pleadings as specified in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Amendments permitted by the court are subject to the pleading requirements set forth in this section. (d) Confidential information A party required to disclose information described under subsection (a) may file, under seal, information believed to be confidential, with a motion setting forth good cause for such sealing. If such motion is denied by the court, the party may seek to file an amended complaint. (e) Exemption A civil action that includes a claim for relief arising under section 271(e)(2) shall not be subject to the requirements of subsection (a). . (2) Conforming amendment The table of sections for chapter 29 section 281 281A. Pleading requirements for patent infringement actions. . (b) Fees and other expenses (1) Amendment Section 285 of title 35, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: 285. Fees and other expenses (a) Award The court shall award, to a prevailing party, reasonable fees and other expenses incurred by that party in connection with a civil action in which any party asserts a claim for relief arising under any Act of Congress relating to patents, unless the court finds that the position and conduct of the nonprevailing party or parties were reasonably justified in law and fact or that special circumstances (such as severe economic hardship to a named inventor) make an award unjust. (b) Certification and recovery Upon motion of any party to the action, the court shall require another party to the action to certify whether or not the other party will be able to pay an award of fees and other expenses if such an award is made under subsection (a). If a nonprevailing party is unable to pay an award that is made against it under subsection (a), the court may make a party that has been joined under section 299(d) with respect to such party liable for the unsatisfied portion of the award. (c) Covenant not to sue A party to a civil action who asserts a claim for relief arising under any Act of Congress relating to patents against another party, and who subsequently unilaterally (i) seeks dismissal of the action without consent of the other party and (ii) extends to such other party a covenant not to sue for infringement with respect to the patent or patents at issue, may be the subject of a motion for attorneys fees under subsection (a) as if it were a non-prevailing party, unless the party asserting such claim would have been entitled, at the time that such covenant was extended, to dismiss voluntarily the action without a court order under Rule 41 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, or the interests of justice require otherwise. . (2) Conforming amendment and amendment (A) Conforming amendment The item relating to section 285 of the table of sections for chapter 29 285. Fees and other expenses. . (B) Amendment Section 273 of title 35, United States Code, is amended by striking subsection (f). (C) Amendment (i) In general Section 273 of title 35, United States Code, as amended by subparagraph (B), is further amended by striking subsection (g). (ii) Effective date The amendment made by this subparagraph shall be effective as if included in the amendment made by section 3(b)(1) of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act ( Public Law 112–29 (3) Effective date Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the amendments made by this subsection shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act and shall apply to any action for which a complaint is filed on or after the first day of the 6-month period ending on that effective date. (c) Joinder of interested parties Section 299 of title 35, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: (d) Joinder of interested parties (1) Joinder Except as otherwise provided under this subsection, in a civil action arising under any Act of Congress relating to patents in which fees and other expenses have been awarded under section 285 to a prevailing party defending against an allegation of infringement of a patent claim, and in which the nonprevailing party alleging infringement is unable to pay the award of fees and other expenses, the court shall grant a motion by the prevailing party to join an interested party if such prevailing party shows that the nonprevailing party has no substantial interest in the subject matter at issue other than asserting such patent claim in litigation. (2) Limitation on joinder (A) Discretionary denial of motion The court may deny a motion to join an interested party under paragraph (1) if— (i) the interested party is not subject to service of process; or (ii) joinder under paragraph (1) would deprive the court of subject matter jurisdiction or make venue improper. (B) Required denial of motion The court shall deny a motion to join an interested party under paragraph (1) if— (i) the interested party did not timely receive the notice required by paragraph (3); or (ii) within 30 days after receiving the notice required by paragraph (3), the interested party renounces, in writing and with notice to the court and the parties to the action, any ownership, right, or direct financial interest (as described in paragraph (4)) that the interested party has in the patent or patents at issue. (3) Notice requirement An interested party may not be joined under paragraph (1) unless it has been provided actual notice, within 30 days after the expiration of the time period during which a certification under paragraph (4)(B) is required to be filed, that the interested party has been identified in the initial disclosure under section 290(b) and that such party may therefore be an interested party subject to joinder under this subsection. Such notice shall be provided by the party who subsequently moves to join the interested party under paragraph (1), and shall include language that— (A) identifies the action, the parties thereto, the patent or patents at issue, and the pleading or other paper that identified the party under section 290(b); and (B) informs the party that it may be joined in the action and made subject to paying an award of fees and other expenses under section 285(b) if— (i) fees and other expenses are awarded in the action against the party alleging infringement of the patent or patents at issue under section 285(a); (ii) the party alleging infringement is unable to pay the award of fees and other expenses; (iii) the party receiving notice under this paragraph is determined by the court to be an interested party; and (iv) the party receiving notice under this paragraph has not, within 30 days after receiving such notice, renounced in writing, and with notice to the court and the parties to the action, any ownership, right, or direct financial interest (as described in paragraph (4)) that the interested party has in the patent or patents at issue. (4) Additional requirements for joinder (A) Initial statement This subsection shall not apply to an action unless a party defending against an allegation of infringement of a patent claim files, not later than 14 days before the date on which a scheduling conference is held or the date on which a scheduling order is due under Rule 16(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a statement that such party holds a good faith belief, based on publicly available information and any other information known to such party, that the party alleging infringement has no substantial interest in the subject matter at issue other than asserting the patent in litigation. (B) Certification This subsection shall not apply to an action if the party alleging infringement files, not later than 45 days after the date on which such party is served with the initial statement described under subparagraph (A), a certification that— (i) establishes and certifies to the court, under oath, that such party will have sufficient funds available to satisfy any award of reasonable attorney’s fees and expenses under section 285 if an award is assessed; (ii) demonstrates that such party has a substantial interest in the subject matter at issue other than asserting the patent in litigation; or (iii) is made under oath that there are no other interested parties. (5) Exception for university technology transfer organizations This subsection shall not apply to a technology transfer organization whose primary purpose is to facilitate the commercialization of technologies developed by one or more institutions of higher education (as defined in section 101(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 1001(a) (6) Interested party defined In this subsection, the term interested party (A) is an assignee of the patent or patents at issue; (B) has a right, including a contingent right, to enforce or sublicense the patent or patents at issue; or (C) has a direct financial interest in the patent or patents at issue, including the right to any part of an award of damages or any part of licensing revenue, except that a person with a direct financial interest does not include— (i) an employee of the party alleging infringement— (I) whose principal source of income or employment is employment with the party alleging infringement; or (II) whose sole financial interest in the patent or patents at issue is a salary or hourly wage paid by the party alleging infringement; (ii) an attorney or law firm providing legal representation in the civil action described in paragraph (1) if the sole basis for the financial interest of the attorney or law firm in the patent or patents at issue arises from the attorney or law firm’s receipt of compensation reasonably related to the provision of the legal representation; or (iii) a person whose sole financial interest in the patent or patents at issue is ownership of an equity or security interest in the party alleging infringement, unless such person also has the right or ability to direct or control (membership on the board of directors alone is not sufficient to demonstrate such right or ability) the civil action. (7) Substantial interest In this subsection, the term substantial interest (A) invented the subject matter; or (B) commercially practices or implements, made substantial preparations directed particularly to commercially practicing or implementing, or is engaged in research and development in, technology in the field of the subject matter. . (d) Discovery stay (1) Amendment Chapter 29 281B. Stay of discovery pending a preliminary motion. (a) In general Except as provided in subsection (d), in an action for patent infringement under section 271 or an action for a declaratory judgement that a patent is invalid or not infringed, discovery shall be stayed if— (1) the defendant moves to— (A) sever a claim or drop a party for misjoinder under Rule 21 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; (B) transfer the action under section 1404(a) of title 28; (C) transfer or dismiss the action under section 1406(a) of title 28; or (D) dismiss the action pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b); and (2) such motion is filed within 90 days after service of the complaint and includes a declaration or other evidence in support of the motion. (b) Expiration of stay A stay entered under subsection (a) shall expire when all motions that are the basis for the stay are decided by the court. (c) Priority of decision In an action described in subsection (a), the court shall decide a motion to sever a claim or drop a party for misjoinder under Rule 21 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, to transfer under section 1404(a) to title 28, to transfer or dismiss under 1406(a) of title 28, or to dismiss the action pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b) before the earlier of the date on which the court— (1) decides any other substantive motion, provided however that the court may decide a question of its own jurisdiction at any time; or (2) issues a scheduling order under Rule 16(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (d) Exception (1) Discovery necessary to decide motion Notwithstanding subsection (a), the court may allow such discovery as the court determines to be necessary to decide a motion to sever, drop a party, dismiss, or transfer. (2) Competitive harm Subsections (a) and (c) shall not apply to an action in which the patentee is granted a preliminary injunction to prevent harm arising from the manufacture, use, sale, offer for sale, or importation of an allegedly infringing product or process that competes with a product or process made, sold, or offered for sale by the patentee. (3) Consent of the parties The patentee and an opposing party shall be excluded, in whole or in part, from the limitations of subsections (a) and (c) upon such parties’ filing with the court a signed stipulation agreeing to such exclusion. (4) FDA and biological product application Subsections (a) and (c) shall not apply to an action that includes a cause of action described under section 271(e)(2). . (2) Conforming amendment The table of sections for chapter 29 section 281A, 281B. Stay of discovery pending a preliminary motion. . (e) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that it is an abuse of the patent system and against public policy for a party to send out purposely evasive demand letters to end users alleging patent infringement. Demand letters sent should, at the least, include basic information about the patent in question, what is being infringed, and how it is being infringed. Any actions or litigation that stem from these types of purposely evasive demand letters to end users should be considered a fraudulent or deceptive practice and an exceptional circumstance when considering whether the litigation is abusive. (f) Demand letters Section 284 of title 35, United States Code, is amended— (1) in the first undesignated paragraph, by striking Upon finding (a) In general.— (2) in the second undesignated paragraph, by striking When the damages (b) Assessment by court; treble damages.— (3) by inserting after subsection (b), as designated by paragraph (2) of this subsection, the following: (c) Willful infringement A claimant seeking to establish willful infringement may not rely on evidence of pre-suit notification of infringement unless that notification identifies with particularity the asserted patent, identifies the product or process accused, identifies the ultimate parent entity of the claimant, and explains with particularity, to the extent possible following a reasonable investigation or inquiry, how the product or process infringes one or more claims of the patent. ; and (4) in the last undesignated paragraph, by striking The court (d) Expert testimony.— (g) Venue (1) Amendment Subsection (b) of section 1400 of title 28, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: (b) Venue for action relating to patents Notwithstanding subsections (b) and (c) of section 1391 of this title, any civil action for patent infringement or any action for a declaratory judgment that a patent is invalid or not infringed may be brought only in a judicial district— (1) where the defendant has its principal place of business or is incorporated; (2) where the defendant has committed an act of infringement of a patent in suit and has a regular and established physical facility that gives rise to the act of infringement; (3) where the defendant has agreed or consented to be sued in the instant action; (4) where an inventor named on the patent in suit conducted research or development that led to the application for the patent in suit; (5) where a party has a regular and established physical facility that such party controls and operates, not primarily for the purpose of creating venue, and has— (A) engaged in management of significant research and development of an invention claimed in a patent in suit prior to the effective filing date of the patent; (B) manufactured a tangible product that is alleged to embody an invention claimed in a patent in suit; or (C) implemented a manufacturing process for a tangible good in which the process is alleged to embody an invention claimed in a patent in suit; or (6) for foreign defendants that do not meet the requirements of paragraphs (1) or (2), according to section 1391(d) of this title. . (2) Mandamus relief For the purpose of determining whether relief may issue under section 1651 of title 28, United States Code, a clearly and indisputably erroneous denial of a motion under section 1406(a) of such title to dismiss or transfer a case on the basis of section 1400(b) of such title shall be deemed to cause irremediable interim harm. (3) Retailers not eligible for customer stay If a defendant does not meet the definition of a retailer under section 296(a)(6) of title 35, United States Code, as added by section 5, solely because the defendant manufacturers or causes the manufacture of the covered product or process in suit, the retail facilities of such defendant shall not constitute a regular and established physical facility for purposes of section 1400(b)(2) of title 28, United Code, as added by paragraph (1). (4) Teleworkers The dwelling or residence of an employee or contractor of a defendant who works at such dwelling or residence shall not constitute a regular and established physical facility of the defendant for purposes of section 1400(b)(2) of title 28, United Code, as added by paragraph (1). (h) Effective date Except as otherwise provided in this section, the amendments made by this section shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act and shall apply to any action for which a complaint is filed on or after that date. 4. Transparency of patent ownership (a) Amendments Section 290 of title 35, United States Code, is amended— (1) in the heading, by striking suits suits; disclosure of interests (2) by striking The clerks (a) Notice of patent suits.— (3) by adding at the end the following new subsections: (b) Initial disclosure (1) In general Except as provided in paragraph (2), upon the filing of an initial complaint for patent infringement, the plaintiff shall disclose to the Patent and Trademark Office, the court, and each adverse party the identity of each of the following: (A) The assignee of the patent or patents at issue. (B) Any entity with a right to sublicense or enforce the patent or patents at issue. (C) Any entity, other than the plaintiff, that the plaintiff knows to have a financial interest in the patent or patents at issue or the plaintiff. (D) The ultimate parent entity of any assignee identified under subparagraph (A) and any entity identified under subparagraph (B) or (C). (E) A clear and concise description of the principal business, if any, of the party alleging infringement. (F) A list of each complaint filed, of which the party alleging infringement has knowledge, that asserts or asserted any of the patents identified under subparagraph (A). (G) For each patent identified under subparagraph (A), whether a standard-setting body has specifically declared such patent to be essential, potentially essential, or having potential to become essential to that standard-setting body, and whether the United States Government or a foreign government has imposed specific licensing requirements with respect to such patent. (2) Exemption The requirements of paragraph (1) shall not apply with respect to a civil action filed under subsection (a) that includes a cause of action described under section 271(e)(2). (c) Disclosure compliance (1) Publicly traded For purposes of subsection (b)(1)(C), if the financial interest is held by a corporation traded on a public stock exchange, an identification of the name of the corporation and the public exchange listing shall satisfy the disclosure requirement. (2) Not publicly traded For purposes of subsection (b)(1)(C), if the financial interest is not held by a publicly traded corporation, the disclosure shall satisfy the disclosure requirement if the information identifies— (A) in the case of a partnership, the name of the partnership and the name and correspondence address of each partner or other entity that holds more than a 5-percent share of that partnership; (B) in the case of a corporation, the name of the corporation, the location of incorporation, the address of the principal place of business, and the name of each officer of the corporation; and (C) for each individual, the name and correspondence address of that individual. (d) Ongoing duty of disclosure to the Patent and Trademark Office (1) In general A plaintiff required to submit information under subsection (b) or a subsequent owner of the patent or patents at issue shall, not later than 90 days after any change in the assignee of the patent or patents at issue or an entity described under subparagraph (B) or (D) of subsection (b)(1), submit to the Patent and Trademark Office the updated identification of such assignee or entity. (2) Failure To Comply With respect to a patent for which the requirement of paragraph (1) has not been met— (A) the plaintiff or subsequent owner shall not be entitled to recover reasonable fees and other expenses under section 285 or increased damages under section 284 with respect to infringing activities taking place during any period of noncompliance with paragraph (1), unless the denial of such damages or fees would be manifestly unjust; and (B) the court shall award to a prevailing party accused of infringement reasonable fees and other expenses under section 285 that are incurred to discover the updated assignee or entity described under paragraph (1), unless such sanctions would be unjust. (e) Definitions In this section: (1) Financial interest The term financial interest (A) means— (i) with regard to a patent or patents, the right of a person to receive proceeds related to the assertion of the patent or patents, including a fixed or variable portion of such proceeds; and (ii) with regard to the plaintiff, direct or indirect ownership or control by a person of more than 5 percent of such plaintiff; and (B) does not mean— (i) ownership of shares or other interests in a mutual or common investment fund, unless the owner of such interest participates in the management of such fund; or (ii) the proprietary interest of a policyholder in a mutual insurance company or of a depositor in a mutual savings association, or a similar proprietary interest, unless the outcome of the proceeding could substantially affect the value of such interest. (2) Proceeding The term proceeding (3) Ultimate parent entity (A) In general Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the term ultimate parent entity (B) Modification of definition The Director may modify the definition of ultimate parent entity . (b) Technical and conforming amendment The item relating to section 290 in the table of sections for chapter 29 290. Notice of patent suits; disclosure of interests. . (c) Regulations The Director may promulgate such regulations as are necessary to establish a registration fee in an amount sufficient to recover the estimated costs of administering subsections (b) through (e) of section 290 of title 35, United States Code, as added by subsection (a), to facilitate the collection and maintenance of the information required by such subsections, and to ensure the timely disclosure of such information to the public. (d) Effective date The amendments made by this section shall take effect upon the expiration of the 6-month period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act and shall apply to any action for which a complaint is filed on or after such effective date. 5. Customer-suit exception (a) Amendment Section 296 of title 35, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: 296. Stay of action against customer (a) Definitions In this section: (1) Covered customer The term covered customer (A) the sale, or offer for sale, of a covered product or covered process without material modification of the product or process in a manner that is alleged to infringe a patent or patents in dispute; or (B) the use by such retailer, the retailer’s end user customer, or an end user of a covered product or covered process without material modification of the product or process in a manner that is alleged to infringe a patent or patents in dispute. (2) Covered manufacturer The term covered manufacturer (3) Covered process The term covered process (4) Covered product The term covered product (A) is alleged to infringe a patent or patents in dispute; or (B) implements a process alleged to infringe the patent or patents in dispute. (5) End user The term end user (6) Retailer The term retailer (b) Stay of action against customer Except as provided in subsection (d), in any civil action in which a party asserts a claim for relief arising under any Act of Congress relating to patents, the court shall grant a motion to stay at least the portion of the action against a covered customer related to infringement of a patent involving a covered product or covered process if the following requirements are met: (1) Party to the action The covered manufacturer is a party to the action or to a separate action (in which a party asserts a claim for relief arising under any Act of Congress relating to patents) involving the same patent or patents related to the same covered product or covered process. (2) Agreement to be bound by issues determined The covered customer agrees to be bound as to issues determined in an action described in paragraph (1) without a full and fair opportunity to separately litigate any such issue, but only as to those issues for which all other elements of the common law doctrine of issue preclusion are met. (3) Deadline to file motion The motion is filed after the first pleading in the action but not later than the later of— (A) the 120th day after the date on which the first pleading or paper in the action is served that specifically identifies the covered product or covered process as a basis for the covered customer’s alleged infringement of the patent and that specifically identifies how the covered product or covered process is alleged to infringe the patent; or (B) the date on which the first scheduling order in the case is entered. (4) Manufacturer consent in certain cases In a case in which the covered manufacturer has been made a party to the action on motion by the covered customer, the covered manufacturer and the covered customer consent in writing to the stay. (c) Lift of stay (1) In general A stay entered under this section may be lifted upon grant of a motion based on a showing that— (A) the action involving the covered manufacturer will not resolve a major issue in the suit against the covered customer (such as a covered product or covered process identified in the motion to lift the stay is not a material part of the claimed invention or inventions in the patent or patents in dispute); or (B) the stay unreasonably prejudices or would be manifestly unjust to the party seeking to lift the stay. (2) Separate manufacturer action involved In the case of a stay entered under this section based on the participation of the covered manufacturer in a separate action described in subsection (b)(1), a motion under paragraph (1) may only be granted if the court in such separate action determines that the showing required under paragraph (1) has been made. (d) Exemption This section shall not apply to an action that includes a cause of action described under section 271(e)(2). (e) Waiver of estoppel effect The court may, upon motion, determine that a consent judgment or an unappealed final order shall not be binding on the covered customer with respect to one or more of the issues that gave rise to the stay based on a showing that such consent judgment or unappealed final order would unreasonably prejudice or be manifestly unjust to the covered customer in light of the circumstances of the case if, following the grant of a motion to stay under this section, the covered manufacturer described in subsection (b)(1)— (1) obtains or consents to entry of a consent judgment relating to such issue that gave rise to the stay; or (2) fails to prosecute to a final, non-appealable judgment such issue that gave rise to the stay. (f) Rule of construction Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit the ability of a court to grant any stay, expand any stay granted under this section, or grant any motion to intervene, if otherwise permitted by law. . (b) Conforming amendment The table of sections for chapter 29 296. Stay of action against customer. . (c) Effective date The amendments made by this section shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act and shall apply to any action for which a complaint is filed on or after the first day of the 30-day period that ends on that date. 6. Procedures and practices to implement recommendations of the Judicial Conference (a) Pilot program for rules and procedures on discovery burdens and costs and case management (1) Definitions In this subsection, the term electronic communication (2) Development of rules and procedures Not later than 3 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts shall designate not fewer than 6 of the district courts of the United States that are participating in the patent cases pilot program established under section 1 of Public Law 111–349 (3) Types of discovery rules and procedures to be considered The discovery rules and procedures required under paragraph (2) shall address each of the following: (A) Discovery of core documentary evidence Whether and to what extent each party to the action is entitled to receive core documentary evidence and should be responsible for the costs of producing core documentary evidence within the possession or control of each such party, and whether and to what extent each party may seek non-core documentary discovery as otherwise provided in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (B) Electronic communication If the parties request discovery of electronic communication, how such discovery should be phased to occur relative to the exchange of initial disclosures and core documentary evidence, and appropriate limitations to apply to such discovery. (C) Scope of documentary evidence The kinds of evidence that should constitute core documentary evidence (4) Specific discovery rules and procedures to be considered for additional document discovery The discovery rules and procedures required under paragraph (2) shall address whether the following provisions, or variations on the following provisions, should apply: (A) In general Whether each party to the action may seek any additional document discovery otherwise permitted under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure beyond core documentary evidence, if such party bears the reasonable costs, including reasonable attorney’s fees, of the additional document discovery. (B) Requirements for additional document discovery Whether, unless the parties mutually agree otherwise, no party may be permitted additional document discovery unless such a party posts a bond, or provides other security, in an amount sufficient to cover the expected costs of such additional document discovery, or makes a showing to the court that such party has the financial capacity to pay the costs of such additional document discovery. (C) Good cause modification Whether a court, upon motion and for good cause shown, may modify the requirements of subparagraphs (A) and (B) and any definition of core documentary evidence. (D) Computer code Whether a court, upon motion and for good cause shown, may determine that computer code should be included in the discovery of core documentary evidence, and whether the discovery of computer code shall occur after the parties have exchanged initial disclosures and other core documentary evidence. (E) Discovery sequence and scope Whether the parties shall discuss and address in the written report filed pursuant to rule 26(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure the views and proposals of each party on the following: (i) When the discovery of core documentary evidence should be completed. (ii) Whether additional document discovery described in subparagraphs (A) and (B) will be sought. (iii) Any issues about infringement, invalidity, or damages that, if resolved before the additional document discovery described in subparagraphs (A) and (B) commences, might simplify or streamline the case. (5) Case management rules and procedures to be considered The rules and procedures required under paragraph (2) shall also address case management procedures for any civil action arising under any Act of Congress relating to patents, including initial disclosure and early case management conference practices that— (A) will identify any potential dispositive issues of the case; and (B) focus on early summary judgment motions when resolution of issues may lead to expedited disposition of the case. (b) Implementation of rules and procedures Within 18 months after the designation by the Director of the Administrative Office of the 6 district courts to develop the rules and procedures pursuant to subsection (a), the 6 district courts shall complete the development of the rules and procedures, and begin to implement them. (c) Expansion of pilot program for rules and procedures on discovery burdens and costs and case management After the rules and procedures developed by the pilot program pursuant to subsection (a) have been in effect for at least 2 years, the Judicial Conference of the United States, using existing resources, may expand the application of some or all of those rules and procedures to be implemented by all the district courts, and the United States Court of Federal Claims, for any civil action arising under any Act of Congress relating to patents. (d) Revision of form for patent infringement (1) Elimination of form The Supreme Court, using existing resources, shall eliminate Form 18 in the Appendix to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (relating to Complaint for Patent Infringement), effective on the date of the enactment of this Act. (2) Revised form The Supreme Court may prescribe a new form or forms setting out model allegations of patent infringement that, at a minimum, notify accused infringers of the asserted claim or claims, the products or services accused of infringement, and the plaintiff’s theory for how each accused product or service meets each limitation of each asserted claim. The Judicial Conference should exercise the authority under section 2073 of title 28, United States Code, to make recommendations with respect to such new form or forms. (e) Protection of intellectual-Property licenses in bankruptcy (1) In general Section 1522 of title 11, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: (e) Section 365(n) shall apply to cases under this chapter. If the foreign representative rejects or repudiates a contract under which the debtor is a licensor of intellectual property, the licensee under such contract shall be entitled to make the election and exercise the rights described in section 365(n). . (2) Trademarks (A) In general Section 101(35A) of title 11, United States Code, is amended— (i) in subparagraph (E), by striking or (ii) in subparagraph (F), by striking title 17; title 17; or (iii) by adding after subparagraph (F) the following new subparagraph: (G) a trademark, service mark, or trade name, as those terms are defined in section 45 of the Act of July 5, 1946 (commonly referred to as the Trademark Act of 1946 15 U.S.C. 1127 . (B) Conforming amendment Section 365(n)(2) of title 11, United States Code, is amended— (i) in subparagraph (B)— (I) by striking royalty payments royalty or other payments (II) by striking and (ii) in subparagraph (C), by striking the period at the end of clause (ii) and inserting ; and (iii) by adding at the end the following new subparagraph: (D) in the case of a trademark, service mark, or trade name, the licensee shall not be relieved of any of its obligations to maintain the quality of the products and services offered under or in connection with the licensed trademark, service mark, or trade name, and the trustee shall retain the right to oversee and enforce quality control for such products or services, or both. . (3) Effective date The amendments made by this subsection shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act and shall apply to any case that is pending on, or for which a petition or complaint is filed on or after, such date of enactment. (f) In general Not later than 12 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Judicial Conference of the United States, with the assistance of the Director of the Federal Judicial Center and the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, shall prepare and transmit to the Committees on the Judiciary of the Senate and the House of Representatives a report on discovery proceedings in cases pertaining to litigation involving patent laws of the United States. The report shall contain, after looking at data compiled for the previous two years before the date of the enactment of this Act, the following: (1) The percentage of courts that have distinct phases of discovery in the court rules. (2) A description of at least two of the definitions of such phases. (3) Identify by name any court that does not have such distinct phases and a description of why such courts have not implemented such phases. (4) With regard to proceedings in courts that have phases, in the case of a discovery proceeding that extends beyond the core documents phase, a description of— (A) what additional discovery was requested and any consistent pattern or trend in the reasons or justifications for the request; (B) how much longer, on average, the proceedings lasted than those settled within the first phase; and (C) any patterns for the courts that repeatedly have extended requests. (5) Looking at proceedings in the courts that do not have phase rules, a description of— (A) how long, on average, the discovery proceedings last; and (B) the scope of the requests. 7. Small business education, outreach, and information access (a) Small business education and outreach (1) Resources for small business Using existing resources, the Director shall develop educational resources for small businesses to address concerns arising from patent infringement. (2) Small Business Patent outreach The existing small business patent outreach programs of the Office, and the relevant offices at the Small Business Administration and the Minority Business Development Agency, shall provide education and awareness on abusive patent litigation practices. The Director may give special consideration to the unique needs of small firms owned by disabled veterans, service-disabled veterans, women, and minority entrepreneurs in planning and executing the outreach efforts by the Office. (b) Improving Information Transparency for Small Business and the United States Patent and Trademark Office users (1) Web site Using existing resources, the Director shall create a user-friendly section on the official Web site of the Office to notify the public when a patent case is brought in Federal court and, with respect to each patent at issue in such case, the Director shall include— (A) information disclosed under subsections (b) and (d) of section 290 of title 35, United States Code, as added by section 4(a) of this Act; and (B) any other information the Director determines to be relevant. (2) Format In order to promote accessibility for the public, the information described in paragraph (1) shall be searchable by patent number, patent art area, and entity. 8. Studies on patent transactions, quality, and examination (a) Study on Secondary Market Oversight for Patent Transactions To Promote Transparency and Ethical Business Practices (1) Study required The Director, in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the heads of other relevant agencies, and interested parties, shall, using existing resources of the Office, conduct a study— (A) to develop legislative recommendations to ensure greater transparency and accountability in patent transactions occurring on the secondary market; (B) to examine the economic impact that the patent secondary market has on the United States; (C) to examine licensing and other oversight requirements that may be placed on the patent secondary market, including on the participants in such markets, to ensure that the market is a level playing field and that brokers in the market have the requisite expertise and adhere to ethical business practices; and (D) to examine the requirements placed on other markets. (2) Report on study Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director shall submit a report to the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate on the findings and recommendations of the Director from the study required under paragraph (1). (b) Study on patents owned by the United States Government (1) Study required The Director, in consultation with the heads of relevant agencies and interested parties, shall, using existing resources of the Office, conduct a study on patents owned by the United States Government that— (A) examines how such patents are licensed and sold, and any litigation relating to the licensing or sale of such patents; (B) provides legislative and administrative recommendations on whether there should be restrictions placed on patents acquired from the United States Government; (C) examines whether or not each relevant agency maintains adequate records on the patents owned by such agency, specifically whether such agency addresses licensing, assignment, and Government grants for technology related to such patents; and (D) provides recommendations to ensure that each relevant agency has an adequate point of contact that is responsible for managing the patent portfolio of the agency. (2) Report on study Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director shall submit to the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate a report on the findings and recommendations of the Director from the study required under paragraph (1). (c) Study on Patent Quality and Access to the Best Information during Examination (1) GAO study The Comptroller General of the United States shall, using existing resources, conduct a study on patent examination at the Office and the technologies available to improve examination and improve patent quality. (2) Contents of the study The study required under paragraph (1) shall include the following: (A) An examination of patent quality at the Office. (B) An examination of ways to improve patent quality, specifically through technology, that shall include examining best practices at foreign patent offices and the use of existing off-the-shelf technologies to improve patent examination. (C) A description of how patents are classified. (D) An examination of procedures in place to prevent double patenting through filing by applicants in multiple art areas. (E) An examination of the types of off-the-shelf prior art databases and search software used by foreign patent offices and governments, particularly in Europe and Asia, and whether those databases and search tools could be used by the Office to improve patent examination. (F) An examination of any other areas the Comptroller General determines to be relevant. (3) Report on study Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General shall submit to the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate a report on the findings and recommendations from the study required by this subsection, including recommendations for any changes to laws and regulations that will improve the examination of patent applications and patent quality. (d) Study on Patent Small Claims Court (1) Study Required (A) In general The Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, in consultation with the Director of the Federal Judicial Center and the United States Patent and Trademark Office, shall, using existing resources, conduct a study to examine the idea of developing a pilot program for patent small claims procedures in certain judicial districts within the existing patent pilot program mandated by Public Law 111–349 (B) Contents of study The study under subparagraph (A) shall examine— (i) the necessary criteria for using small claims procedures; (ii) the costs that would be incurred for establishing, maintaining, and operating such a pilot program; and (iii) the steps that would be taken to ensure that the procedures used in the pilot program are not misused for abusive patent litigation. (2) Report on study Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts shall submit a report to the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate on the findings and recommendations of the Director of the Administrative Office from the study required under paragraph (1). (e) Study on demand letters (1) Study The Director, in consultation with the heads of other appropriate agencies, shall, using existing resources, conduct a study of the prevalence of the practice of sending patent demand letters in bad faith and the extent to which that practice may, through fraudulent or deceptive practices, impose a negative impact on the marketplace. (2) Report to congress Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director shall submit a report to the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate on the findings and recommendations of the Director from the study required under paragraph (1). (3) Patent demand letter defined In this subsection, the term patent demand letter (f) Study on business method patent quality (1) GAO study The Comptroller General of the United States shall, using existing resources, conduct a study on the volume and nature of litigation involving business method patents. (2) Contents of study The study required under paragraph (1) shall focus on examining the quality of business method patents asserted in suits alleging patent infringement, and may include an examination of any other areas that the Comptroller General determines to be relevant. (3) Report to congress Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General shall submit to the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate a report on the findings and recommendations from the study required by this subsection, including recommendations for any changes to laws or regulations that the Comptroller General considers appropriate on the basis of the study. (g) Study on Impact of Legislation on Ability of Individuals and Small Businesses To Protect Exclusive Rights to Inventions and Discoveries (1) Study required The Director, in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce, the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, the Director of the Federal Judicial Center, the heads of other relevant agencies, and interested parties, shall, using existing resources of the Office, conduct a study to examine the economic impact of sections 3, 4, and 5 of this Act, and any amendments made by such sections, on the ability of individuals and small businesses owned by women, veterans, and minorities to assert, secure, and vindicate the constitutionally guaranteed exclusive right to inventions and discoveries by such individuals and small business. (2) Report on study Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director shall submit to the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate a report on the findings and recommendations of the Director from the study required under paragraph (1). 9. Improvements and technical corrections to the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (a) Post-Grant review amendment Section 325(e)(2) of title 35, United States Code is amended by striking or reasonably could have raised (b) Reform of Patent Trial and Appeal Board proceedings (1) Inter partes review Section 316(a) of title 35, United States Code, is amended— (A) in paragraph (12), by striking ; and (B) in paragraph (13), by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and (C) by adding at the end the following new paragraphs: (14) providing that for all purposes under this chapter— (A) each claim of a patent shall be construed as such claim would be in a civil action to invalidate a patent under section 282(b), including construing each claim of the patent in accordance with the ordinary and customary meaning of such claim as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art and the prosecution history pertaining to the patent; and (B) if a court has previously construed the claim or a claim term in a civil action in which the patent owner was a party, the Office shall consider such claim construction; and (15) providing that a review may not be instituted unless the petitioner certifies that the petitioner and the real parties in interest of the petitioner— (A) do not own and will not acquire a financial instrument (including a prepaid variable forward contract, equity swap, collar, or exchange fund) that is designed to hedge or offset any decrease in the market value of an equity security of the patent owner or an affiliate of the patent owner, during a period following the filing of the petition to be determined by the Director; and (B) have not demanded payment, monetary or otherwise, from the patent owner or an affiliate of the patent owner in exchange for a commitment not to file a petition under section 311 with respect to the patent that is the subject of the petition, unless the petitioner or the real party in interest of the petitioner has been sued for or charged with infringement of the patent, during a period to be determined by the Director. . (2) Post-grant review Section 326(a) of title 35, United States Code, is amended— (A) in paragraph (11), by striking ; and (B) in paragraph (12), by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and (C) by adding at the end the following new paragraphs: (13) providing that for all purposes under this chapter— (A) each claim of a patent shall be construed as such claim would be in a civil action to invalidate a patent under section 282(b), including construing each claim of the patent in accordance with the ordinary and customary meaning of such claim as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art and the prosecution history pertaining to the patent; and (B) if a court has previously construed the claim or a claim term in a civil action in which the patent owner was a party, the Office shall consider such claim construction; and (14) providing that a review may not be instituted unless the petitioner certifies that the petitioner and the real parties in interest of the petitioner— (A) do not own and will not acquire a financial instrument (including a prepaid variable forward contract, equity swap, collar, or exchange fund) that is designed to hedge or offset any decrease in the market value of an equity security of the patent owner or an affiliate of the patent owner, during a period following the filing of the petition to be determined by the Director; and (B) have not demanded payment, monetary or otherwise, from the patent owner or an affiliate of the patent owner in exchange for a commitment not to file a petition under section 311 with respect to the patent that is the subject of the petition, unless the petitioner or the real party in interest of the petitioner has been sued for or charged with infringement of the patent, during a period to be determined by the Director. . (3) Technical and conforming amendment Section 18(a)(1)(A) of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act ( Public Law 112–29 35 U.S.C. 321 Section 321(c) Sections 321(c) and 326(a)(13) (4) Declaration evidence (A) Preliminary response to petition for inter partes review Section 313 of title 35, United States Code, is amended by striking the period at the end and inserting , including affidavits or declarations of supporting evidence and opinions. (B) Preliminary response to petition for post-grant review Section 323 of title 35, United States Code, is amended by striking the period at the end and inserting , including affidavits or declarations of supporting evidence and opinions. (5) Right of due process (A) Inter partes review Section 316(b) of title 35, United States Code, is amended by striking and the ability the rights to due process of the patent owner and the petitioner, and the ability (B) Post-grant review Section 326(b) of title 35, United States Code, is amended by striking and the ability the rights to due process of the patent owner and the petitioner, and the ability (6) Serial or redundant petitions The Director shall designate as precedential (and may change the designation as the Director determines to be appropriate), with respect to the application of subsections (d) and (e) of section 325 of title 35, United States Code, the decisions of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board in each of the following decisions: (A) Dell Inc. Electronics and Telecomms. Research Inst. (B) Zimmer Holdings, Inc. Bonutti Skeletal Innovations LLC (C) Prism Pharma Co., Ltd Choongwae Pharma Corp. (D) Unilever, Inc. The Procter & Gamble Co. (7) Preliminary response to inter partes review amendment (A) Amendment Section 313 of title 35, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new sentence: The Director may accept a reply by the petitioner to new issues raised in the preliminary response, upon request by the petitioner to file such reply, within a time period set by the Director. (B) Conforming amendments Section 314 of title 35, United States Code, is amended— (i) in subsection (a), by striking any response any response or reply (ii) in subsection (b)— (I) in paragraph (1), by striking receiving a preliminary response to the petition receiving the later of a preliminary response to the petition or a reply to such preliminary response (II) by amending paragraph (2) to read as follows: (2) if— (A) no such preliminary response is filed, the last date on which such response may be filed; and (B) such preliminary response is filed and no such reply is requested, the last day on which such reply may be requested. . (8) Effective date, regulations, and transition for short sales (A) Effective date Sections 316(a)(15) and 326(a)(14) of title 35, United States Code, as added by paragraphs (1) and (2) shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act. (B) Regulations required Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director shall issue regulations to carry out sections 316(a)(15) and 326(a)(14) of title 35, United States Code, as added by paragraphs (1) and (2). (C) Transition During the period that begins on the date of the enactment of this Act and ends on the date of the issuance of the regulations required pursuant to subparagraph (B), a petition filed under chapter 31 or 32 of title 35, United States Code, on or after the date of the enactment of this Act may not be instituted unless the petitioner certifies that the petitioner and the real parties in interest of such petitioner— (i) do not own a financial instrument described in sections 316(a)(15) and 326(a)(14) of title 35, United States Code, as added by paragraphs (1) and (2), during the one-week period following the date on which the petition is filed; and (ii) have not demanded anything of value from the patent owner or an affiliate of the patent owner during the period between September 16, 2012, and the date of the filing of the petition. (9) Effective date Except as otherwise provided, the amendments made by this subsection shall take effect upon the expiration of the 90-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act, and shall apply to any proceeding under chapter 31 or 32 of title 35, United States Code, as the case may be, for which the petition for review is filed on or after such effective date. (c) Codification of the double-patenting doctrine (1) Amendments (A) Conditions for patentability; novelty Section 102 of title 35, United States Code, is amended by inserting at the end the following new subsection: (e) Double-patenting prior art If a first claimed invention in a first patent was effectively filed on or before the effective filing date of a second claimed invention in a second patent or in the application on which the second patent issues, and the first claimed invention is not otherwise prior art to the second claimed invention under this section, then the first claimed invention shall, notwithstanding the other subsections of this section, constitute prior art to the second claimed invention under this subsection unless— (1) the second claimed invention is consonant with a requirement for restriction under the first sentence of section 121 with respect to the claims issued in the first patent; or (2) an election has been recorded in the Office by the owner of the second patent or the application on which the second patent issues disclaiming the right to bring or maintain a civil action under section 281 to enforce the second patent, except that such disclaimer shall not apply if— (A) the relief being sought in the civil action would not constitute a cause of action barred by res judicata had the asserted claims of the second patent been issued in the first patent; and (B) the owner of the first patent or the application on which the first patent issues has recorded an election limiting the enforcement of the first patent relative to the second patent in the manner described in this paragraph, the owner of the first patent is a party to the civil action, or a separate action under section 281 to enforce the first patent can no longer be brought or maintained. . (B) Divisional applications Section 121 of title 35, United States Code, is amended by striking the third sentence. (C) Limitations Paragraph (2) of section 154(b) of title 35, United States Code, is amended by inserting at the end the following new subparagraph: (D) Patents subject to election If a patent is subject to an election as described in section 102(e)(2) with respect to one or more other patents, the adjusted term of the patent under this subsection may not exceed a period of 17 years from the date of issuance of any of such other patents and the portion of any adjustment of the term of the patent under this subsection that extends beyond the expiration of such 17-year period years shall be void. . (2) Effective date, implementation, and other transition provisions (A) In general The amendments made by paragraph (1) shall be effective as if included in the amendment made by section 3(b)(1) of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act ( Public Law 112–29 (B) Savings clause If a second claimed invention in a second patent issued before the date of the enactment of this Act is subject to the amendments made by paragraph (1) and would not have been invalid had the amendments made by paragraph (1) and the provisions of this paragraph not been enacted, then, notwithstanding section 102(e) of title 35, United States Code, as added by paragraph (1), prior art under such section 102(e) may not be considered in determining the validity of such second claimed invention. (C) Provisional rejections to continue If a first claimed invention in a first application for patent subject to the amendments under paragraph (1) would, if issued as a patent, constitute prior art under section 102(e) of title 35, United States Code, as added by paragraph (1), with respect to a second claimed invention in a second application, the first claimed invention may be provisionally cited by the Office as prior art in a notice under section 132 of title 35, United States Code, in connection with the examination of the second claimed invention. (D) Patent term; rule of construction (i) In general If the term of a patent is based upon the amendments made to subsection (a) of section 154, title 35, United States Code, by the Uruguay Round Agreements Act ( Public Law 103–465 (I) the patent term as provided under subsection (a) of such section 154, any adjustment to said term as provided under subsection (b) of such section 154, and any extension of such term as provided under section 156 of title 35, United States Code, shall not constitute, nor be deemed by the Office or the courts to constitute, an unjustified period of protection under the patent or an unjustified extension of the right to exclude under the patent relative to an earlier-expiring patent; (II) the Office shall not condition the issuance of such a patent on a disclaimer of any portion of the term of the patent; and (III) the Office may condition the issuance of such a patent on the making of an election as described in section 102(e)(2) of title 35, United States Code, as added by paragraph (1) in lieu of the filing of a disclaimer with respect to the ownership or separate enforcement of the patent that would otherwise be required by the Office in cases of non-statutory double patenting. (ii) Disclaimers in pending applications A terminal disclaimer made in connection with an application for patent with respect to one or more other applications or patents shall be given no effect and shall be treated as having never been made if— (I) within one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, an election as described in section 102(e)(2) of title 35, United State Code, as added by paragraph (1), has been made in connection with the application or any patent issuing thereon and has effect with respect to each such other application or patent with respect to which the disclaimer was made; (II) the application was pending before the Office on or after July 1, 2015; and (III) the term of a patent issued on the application would be based upon the amendments made to subsection (a) of section 154 of title 35, United States Code, by the Uruguay Round Agreements Act. (iii) Disclaimers otherwise unaffected Except as provided in clause (ii), nothing in this subsection shall be construed to negate the effect of a terminal disclaimer limiting the enforcement of a patent issued on or before the date of the enactment of this Act. (iv) Terminal disclaimer defined In this subparagraph, the term terminal disclaimer (E) Exclusive rules (i) First-inventor-to-file patents A claimed invention of a patent described in section 3(n)(1) of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act ( 35 U.S.C. 100 (ii) First-to-invent patents A claimed invention of a patent not described in section 3(n)(1) of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act and issued before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this Act may not be held invalid with respect to a claimed invention of another patent based on any nonstatutory double patenting ground if one of the claimed inventions is prior art to the other claimed invention under section 102 of title 35, United States Code, as in effect on the day prior to the effective date of the amendments made by section 3(b)(1) of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act. (F) Effect of rule of construction and exclusive rules Subparagraphs (D) and (E) shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act, except that they shall not apply to any defense raised in a civil action brought before such date. (d) PTO patent reviews (1) Clarification (A) Scope of prior art Section 18(a)(1)(C)(i) of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act ( 35 U.S.C. 321 section 102(a) subsection (a) or (e) of section 102 (B) Effective date The amendment made by subparagraph (A) shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act and shall apply to any proceeding pending on, or filed on or after, such date of enactment. (2) Authority to waive fee Subject to available resources, the Director may waive payment of a filing fee for a transitional proceeding described under section 18(a) of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act ( 35 U.S.C. 321 (3) Proceeding consolidation clarification Section 315(c) of title 35, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: (c) Joinder (1) Joinder of party If the Director institutes an inter partes review, the Director, in his or her discretion, may join as a party to that inter partes review any person who meets the requirement of properly filing a petition under section 311 that the Director, after receiving a preliminary response under section 313 or the expiration of the time for filing such a response, determines warrants the institution of an inter partes review under section 314. (2) Joinder of later filed petition For good cause shown, the Director may allow a party who files a petition that meets the requirement described in paragraph (1) and concerns the patent of a pending inter partes review to join the petition to the pending review. . (e) Clarification of jurisdiction (1) In general An action or claim arises under an Act of Congress relating to patents if such action or claim— (A) necessarily requires resolution of a disputed question as to the validity of a patent or the scope of a patent claim; or (B) is an action or claim for legal malpractice that arises from an attorney’s conduct in relation to an action or claim arising under an Act of Congress relating to patents (including as described in paragraph (1)). (2) Applicability Paragraph (1)— (A) shall apply to all cases filed on or after, or pending on, the date of the enactment of this Act; and (B) shall not apply to a case in which a Federal court has issued a ruling on whether the case or a claim arises under any Act of Congress relating to patents or plant variety protection before the date of the enactment of this Act. (f) Patent Pilot Program in Certain District Courts Duration (1) Duration Section 1(c) of Public Law 111–349 28 U.S.C. 137 (c) Duration The program established under subsection (a) shall be maintained using existing resources, and shall terminate 20 years after the end of the 6-month period described in subsection (b). . (2) Effective date The amendment made by paragraph (1) shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act. (g) Management of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (1) In general Section 3(b)(1) of title 35, United States Code, is amended in the first sentence— (A) by striking be vested with the authority to act in the capacity of the serve as Acting, (B) by inserting before the period or in the event of a vacancy in the office of the Director (2) Effective date The amendments made by paragraph (1) shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act and shall apply with respect to appointments and vacancies occurring before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this Act. (h) Technical corrections (1) Novelty (A) Amendment Section 102(b)(1)(A) of title 35, United States Code, is amended by striking the inventor or joint inventor or by another the inventor or a joint inventor or another (B) Effective date The amendment made by subparagraph (A) shall be effective as if included in the amendment made by section 3(b)(1) of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act ( Public Law 112–29 (2) Inventor’s oath or declaration (A) Amendment The second sentence of section 115(a) of title 35, United States Code, is amended by striking shall execute may be required to execute (B) Effective date The amendment made by subparagraph (A) shall be effective as if included in the amendment made by section 4(a)(1) of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act ( Public Law 112–29 (3) Assignee filers (A) Benefit of earlier filing date; right of priority Section 119(e)(1) of title 35, United States Code, is amended, in the first sentence, by striking by an inventor or inventors named that names the inventor or a joint inventor (B) Benefit of earlier filing date in the United States Section 120 of title 35, United States Code, is amended, in the first sentence, by striking names an inventor or joint inventor names the inventor or a joint inventor (C) Effective date The amendments made by this paragraph shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act and shall apply to any patent application, and any patent issuing from such application, that is filed on or after September 16, 2012. (4) Derived patents (A) Amendment Section 291(b) of title 35, United States Code, is amended by striking or joint inventor or a joint inventor (B) Effective date The amendment made by subparagraph (A) shall be effective as if included in the amendment made by section 3(h)(1) of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act ( Public Law 112–29 (5) Specification Notwithstanding section 4(e) of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act ( Public Law 112–29 (6) Time limit for commencing misconduct proceedings (A) Amendment Section 32 of title 35, United States Code, is amended by striking the fourth sentence and inserting the following new sentences: A proceeding under this section shall be commenced not later than the earlier of either the date that is 10 years after the date on which the misconduct forming the basis for the proceeding occurred, or 18 months after the date on which the Director of the Office of Enrollment and Discipline received a written grievance (as prescribed in the regulations established under section 2(b)(2)(D)) about a specified individual that describes the misconduct forming the basis for the proceeding. If the misconduct that forms the basis for the proceeding under this section is at issue in a court or administrative-agency proceeding, the 18-month period for commencing the proceeding under this section shall be tolled until the court or agency’s decision regarding the misconduct becomes final and non-appealable. The 18-month period for commencing a proceeding under this section also may be tolled by agreement between the parties. (B) Effective date The amendment made by this paragraph shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act and shall apply to any action in which the Office files a complaint on or after such date of enactment. (7) Patent owner response (A) Conduct of inter partes review Paragraph (8) of section 316(a) of title 35, United States Code, is amended by striking the petition under section 313 the petition under section 311 (B) Conduct of post-grant review Paragraph (8) of section 326(a) of title 35, United States Code, is amended by striking the petition under section 323 the petition under section 321 (C) Effective date The amendments made by this paragraph shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act. (8) International applications (A) Amendments Section 202(b) of the Patent Law Treaties Implementation Act of 2012 ( Public Law 112–211 (i) by striking paragraph (7); and (ii) by redesignating paragraphs (8) and (9) as paragraphs (7) and (8), respectively. (B) Effective date The amendments made by subparagraph (A) shall be effective as if included in title II of the Patent Law Treaties Implementation Act of 2012 ( Public Law 112–21 (9) Global worksharing (A) Amendment Section 122 of title 35, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: (f) Foreign or International Filing (1) Provision of information The Director may provide information concerning an application for patent to a foreign or international intellectual property office if a corresponding application is filed with such foreign or international intellectual property office. If the corresponding application is an international application, such information may also be provided to an International Searching Authority, an International Preliminary Examining Authority, or the International Bureau. (2) Definitions For purposes of this subsection, the terms international application International Searching Authority International Preliminary Examining Authority International Bureau . (B) Conforming amendment Section 122(a) of title 35, United States Code, is amended by striking subsection (b) subsections (b) and (f) (C) Effective date The amendments made by this paragraph shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act and shall apply to applications for patent that are pending on, or filed on or after, such effective date. (10) Jurisdiction for appeals of trademark cases (A) Court of appeals Section 1295(a)(4)(C) of title 28, United States Code, is amended by striking title 35 title 35 or section 21(b) of the Act of July 5, 1946 (commonly referred to as the Trademark Act of 1946 15 U.S.C. 1071(b) (B) Conforming amendment Section 39(a) of the Act of July 5, 1946 (commonly referred to as the Trademark Act of 1946 15 U.S.C. 1121(a) under this Act under this Act (except as provided in section 1295(a)(4) of title 28, United States Code) (C) Effective date The amendment made by subparagraph (A) shall apply in any case in which a final judgment is entered by the district court on or after the date of enactment of this Act. (11) Officers and employees amendment (A) Amendment Section 3(b)(3)(A) of title 35, United States Code, is amended by striking appoint appoint, or nominate for appointment by the Secretary of Commerce, (B) Applicability Section 3(b)(3)(B) of title 35, United States Code, as added by subparagraph (A) shall apply to all officers nominated for appointment by the Secretary of Commerce before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this Act. (i) Extension of fee-setting authority Section 10(i)(2) of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act ( Public Law 112–29 35 U.S.C. 41 7-year 17-year 10. Effective date Except as otherwise provided in this Act, the provisions of this Act shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act, and shall apply to any patent issued, or any action filed, on or after that date. July 29, 2015 Reported with an amendment, committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union, and ordered to be printed

Summary: Innovation Act (Sec. 3) Directs a party alleging patent infringement in a civil action to include in the court pleadings, unless the information is not accessible after a reasonable inquiry, specified details concerning: all claims necessary to produce the identification of each process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter ("accused instrumentalities") alleged to infringe any claim of each patent allegedly infringed; the name, model number, or description of each accused instrumentality; where each element of each claim is found within, and how each limitation of each claim is met by, the accused instrumentality; for each claim of indirect infringement, the acts of the alleged indirect infringer that contribute to, or are inducing, a direct infringement; and the authority of the party alleging infringement to assert each patent and the grounds for the court's jurisdiction. Requires courts to award prevailing parties reasonable fees and other expenses incurred in connection with such actions, unless: (1) the position and conduct of the nonprevailing party was reasonably justified in law and fact; or (2) special circumstances, such as severe economic hardship to a named inventor, make an award unjust. Directs courts, upon a motion of a party, to require another party to certify whether it will be able to pay any award of such fees and expenses. Allows the court, if a nonprevailing party is unable to pay such a fee, to make a joined party liable for the unsatisfied portion. Subjects a party claiming a patent in a civil action who subsequently unilaterally seeks dismissal of the action without consent of the other party, and who extends to such other party a covenant not to sue for infringement, to a motion for attorney's fees as if it were a nonprevailing party, unless: (1) the party asserting such claim would have been entitled, at the time that such covenant was extended, to dismiss voluntarily the action without a court order; or (2) the interests of justice require otherwise. Removes a provision that prohibits a patent from being deemed invalid based on novelty, prior art, or nonobvious subject matter solely because a defense is raised or established based on prior commercial use. Requires the court, upon a motion by a prevailing party defending against an allegation of infringement in a case in which the nonprevailing party alleging infringement is unable to pay an award of fees and expenses, to join an interested party under specified conditions if the prevailing party shows that the nonprevailing party has no substantial interest in the subject matter at issue other than asserting the patent claim in litigation. Defines "substantial interest" to include an interest in the subject matter of a patent at issue if the party: (1) invented the subject matter; or (2) commercially practices or implements, made substantial preparations directed particularly to commercially practicing or implementing, or is engaged in research and development in, technology in the field of the subject matter. Allows to be joined as an interested party a person, other than the party alleging infringement, that: (1) is an assignee of the patent; (2) has a right, including a contingent right, to enforce or sublicense the patent; or (3) has a direct financial interest in the patent, including the right to any part of an award of damages or licensing revenue. Exempts from joinder certain employees of the alleging party, legal representatives in the matter, and owners of equity or security interests in the alleging party. Permits a court to deny a joinder motion if: (1) the interested party is not subject to service of process, or (2) the joinder would deprive the court of subject matter jurisdiction or make venue improper. Prohibits an interested party from being joined unless it has been provided actual notice that it may be an interested party subject to joinder. Requires such notice to be provided by the party who subsequently moves to join the interested party after fees and expenses have been awarded and the nonprevailing party alleging infringement is unable to pay. Requires the court to deny a joinder motion if the interested party, after receiving such notice, renounces any ownership, right, or direct financial interest in the patents at issue. Bars joinder unless a party defending against a claim of infringement files before the scheduling order a statement, based on publicly available information and any other information known to such party, that the party alleging infringement has no substantial interest in the subject matter at issue other than asserting the patent in litigation. Prohibits joinder if the party alleging infringement certifies that: (1) such party will have sufficient funds available to satisfy any award of attorney's fees and expenses, (2) such party has a substantial interest other than asserting the patent in litigation, or (3) there are no other interested parties. Exempts from joinder procedures a technology transfer organization whose primary purpose is to facilitate the commercialization of technologies developed by one or more institutions of higher education if such organization is alleging infringement on behalf of an entity that would not be subject to such joinder. Establishes procedures to stay discovery pending a preliminary motion, subject to exceptions for: (1) motions to sever, drop a party, dismiss, or transfer; (2) actions in which a patentee is granted a preliminary injunction to prevent competitive harm; (3) consent of the parties; or (4) certain drug and biological product applications. Expresses the sense of Congress that: (1) parties who send purposely evasive demand letters to end users alleging patent infringement are abusing the patent system in a manner that is against public policy, and (2) actions or litigation stemming from such purposeful evasion should be considered a fraudulent or deceptive practice and an exceptional circumstance when considering whether the litigation is abusive. Prohibits a claimant seeking to establish willful infringement from relying on evidence of pre-suit notification of infringement unless the notification provides specific information regarding the particular patent, claimant, and infringement. Amends the federal judicial code to restrict the venues where patent actions may be brought to judicial districts where: the defendant has its principal place of business or is incorporated, has committed an act of infringement and has a regular and established physical facility that gives rise to the act of infringement, or has agreed or consented to be sued in the instant action; an inventor named on the patent conducted research or development; or a party has a regular and established physical facility and has managed significant research and development for the invention claimed in the patent, has manufactured a tangible product alleged to embody that invention, or has implemented a manufacturing process for a tangible good in which the process is alleged to embody the invention. Prohibits from being considered a regular and established physical facility: (1) the retail facilities of a defendant that manufactures certain products or processes, or (2) the dwelling or residence of an employee or contractor of a defendant. Allows venue for certain foreign defendants to be determined based on standards for personal jurisdiction or most significant contacts that currently apply to corporations in states with multiple districts. (Sec. 4) Requires plaintiffs, upon filing an initial complaint, to disclose to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), the court, and each adverse party: the assignee of the patents at issue; any entity with a right to sublicense or enforce the patent; any entity that the plaintiff knows to have a specified financial interest in the patent or the plaintiff; the ultimate parent entity of any such identified assignee or entity; the principal business of the party alleging infringement; each complaint filed that asserts any of the same patents; and whether the patent is essential or has potential to become essential to a standard-setting body, as well as whether the United States or a foreign government has imposed any specific licensing requirements. Directs plaintiffs, or subsequent owners of the patent, to provide the USPTO with updates after the initial disclosure. (Sec. 5) Requires courts to grant a motion to stay an action against a retailer or end user accused of infringing a patent based on the sale, offer for sale, or use of a product or process without material modification under specified conditions when: (1) the manufacturer is a party to the action or to a separate action involving the same patent related to the same product or process; and (2) the retailer or end user agrees to be bound as to issues determined in the action to which the manufacturer is a party, without a full and fair opportunity to separately litigate any such issue, but only as to those issues for which all other elements of the common law doctrine of issue preclusion are met. Authorizes the court, upon motion, to determine that a consent judgment or an unappealed final order is not be binding on the retailer or end user with respect to one or more of the issues that gave rise to the stay based on a showing that it would be unreasonably prejudicial or manifestly unjust if, following the grant of the stay, the manufacturer: (1) obtains or consents to a consent judgment relating to such issue that gave rise to the stay, or (2) fails to prosecute such issue to a final, nonappealable judgment. (Sec. 6) Directs the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (AOUSC) to designate at least six of the district courts participating in the patent cases pilot program to develop and implement procedural rules for discovery and case management in patent actions. Allows the Judicial Conference of the United States to expand the rules to all district courts and the U.S. Court of Federal Claims after the procedures have been in effect in the pilot districts for at least two years. Requires the discovery rules to address whether, or the extent to which, parties are: (1) entitled to receive evidence categorized as core documentary evidence, (2) responsible for the costs of producing core documentary evidence within their possession or control, and (3) permitted to seek non-core documentary discovery otherwise permitted under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure if the requesting party bears the reasonable costs of the additional discovery. Directs the courts to consider a prohibition that would bar additional document discovery unless: (1) the parties mutually agree otherwise; or (2) the requesting party posts a bond, or provides security, in an amount sufficient to cover the expected costs or shows that it has the financial capacity to pay such costs. Requires the procedures to address discovery of electronic communications and computer code. Requires consideration of initial disclosure and early case management conference practices to: (1) identify potential dispositive issues, and (2) focus on early summary judgment motions for expedited disposition of cases. Requires the Supreme Court to eliminate the model patent infringement complaint form currently provided in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Permits the Supreme Court to prescribe new model allegations that would notify accused infringers of specific information about patent claims. Requires courts in cross-border bankruptcy cases involving the recognition of a foreign proceeding under the Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency to apply U.S. bankruptcy laws relating to the retention or termination of licensed intellectual property rights after a trustee has rejected an executory contract. Allows a licensee to elect to retain its right to intellectual property if a foreign representative rejects or repudiates a contract under which the debtor is the licensor. Expands the definition of "intellectual property" as it applies to the federal bankruptcy code to include trademarks, service marks, or trade names, thereby providing for trademark licenses to be retained instead of voided in bankruptcy. Requires, if a trademark licensee elects to retain such rights, that: (1) the licensee not be relieved of its obligations to maintain the quality of the products and services offered under, or in connection with, the mark; and (2) the trustee retain the right to oversee and enforce quality control for such products or services. Directs the Judicial Conference to report to Congress on discovery proceedings in patent cases, including data regarding courts that have distinct discovery phases, courts that do not have phase rules, the scope of discovery and the types of additional discovery requested beyond core documents, and the length of discovery proceedings. (Sec. 7) Requires the USPTO to develop educational resources for small businesses to address patent infringement concerns. Requires education and awareness on abusive patent litigation practices to be provided through existing USPTO small business patent outreach programs along with the Small Business Administration and the Minority Business Development Agency. Directs the USPTO to notify the public on its website when a patent case is brought in federal court, including by providing information about the patent owners, the assignees of the patent and their ultimate parent entities, and entities with a financial interest in, or a right to sublicense or enforce, the patent. (Sec. 8) Requires the USPTO to study and report to Congress with recommendations regarding: (1) secondary market patent transactions, including transparency, accountability, licensing, and other oversight requirements; (2) patents owned by the U.S. government, including an examination of how such patents are licensed and sold, whether restrictions should be placed on patents acquired from the U.S. government, and whether agencies owning such patents maintain adequate records and a point of contact responsible for managing such portfolios; (3) the prevalence of patent demand letters (indicating that the recipient or anyone affiliated with the recipient is or may be infringing the patent) sent in bad faith and the extent to which such practices may, through fraudulent or deceptive practices, impose a negative impact on the marketplace; and (4) the economic impact of this Act on individuals and small businesses owned by women, veterans, and minorities. Requires reports from the Government Accountability Office concerning: (1) technologies available to improve USPTO patent examination and patent quality, including an examination of best practices at foreign patent offices, procedures to prevent double patenting through applicant filings in multiple art areas, and prior art databases and search software; and (2) business method patents, including the volume and nature of litigation involving such patents and an examination of the quality of such patents asserted in suits alleging infringement. Directs the AOUSC to study and report to Congress with recommendations regarding the potential development of a pilot program for patent small claims procedures in certain judicial districts. (Sec. 9) Amends the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA) to: limit the grounds for invalidity of a patent claim that a post-grant review petitioner is prohibited, by estoppel, from asserting in subsequent civil actions or certain U.S. International Trade Commission proceedings to only those grounds that the petitioner actually raised during post-grant review; require claims of patent in post-grant and inter partes review proceedings to be construed in the same manner as a court would construe such claims in a civil action to invalidate the patent, including by interpreting the claim in accordance with its ordinary and customary meaning and considering the prosecution history and any previous claim construction; allow affidavits or declarations of supporting evidence and opinions in preliminary responses to review petitions; require the USPTO to consider the due process rights of the patent owner and petitioner when prescribing regulations; revise the transitional covered business method patent review program to expand the scope of prior art that may serve as the basis of a challenge and permit the USPTO to waive filing fees; and allow the USPTO, for good cause, to allow a party to join a new petition to a pending inter partes review to which it is already a party. Prohibits post-grant or inter partes review unless the petitioner certifies that the petitioner and its real parties in interest: (1) do not own and will not acquire, for a specified period after the certification, a financial instrument to hedge or offset any decrease in the market value of an equity security of the patent owner or its affiliates; and (2) has not demanded payment in exchange for a commitment not to file an inter partes review petition, unless they are sued for or charged with infringement. Requires the USPTO to designate certain previous decisions of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board as precedential for purposes of estoppel or the rejection of petitions based on previously presented prior art or arguments. Codifies double patenting restrictions to replace current judicial doctrine for first-inventor-to-file patents under the AIA in cases where a first claimed invention in a first patent is effectively filed on or before the effective filing date of a second claimed invention in a second patent, or in the application on which the second patent issues, and the first claimed invention is not otherwise prior art to the second claimed invention. Restricts double patenting in such circumstances by requiring the first claimed invention to be considered prior art that would make the second claimed invention ineligible for issuance of a second patent on nonobvious subject matter grounds unless:  (1) the second claimed invention follows a first patent that was issued after the USPTO required a multiclaim application to be restricted to one of the claimed inventions; or (2) an election has been recorded in the USPTO by the owner of the second patent, or the application on which the second patent issues, disclaiming the right to bring or maintain a civil action to enforce the second patent. Makes such a disclaimer inapplicable if: (1) the relief being sought in the civil action would not constitute a cause of action barred by res judicata had the asserted claims of the second patent been issued in the first patent; and (2) the owner of the first patent or the application on which the first patent issues has recorded an election limiting the enforcement of the first patent relative to the second patent, the owner of the first patent is a party to the civil action, or a separate action to enforce the first patent can no longer be brought or maintained.Limits to 17 years from the issuance date of the other patent the adjusted term of patents subject to an election disclaiming the right to enforcement for purposes of double patenting. Authorizes the USPTO to cite a first claimed invention in a provisional rejection in connection with the examination of the second claimed invention. Prohibits the USPTO from conditioning issuance of patents subject to the 20-year patent term under the Uruguay Round Agreements Act on the filing of a terminal disclaimer that disclaims the part of a second patent term that would extend beyond the term of a prior patent. Allows the USPTO to instead condition the issuance of such a patent on an election disclaiming the right to enforce the second patent in a civil action. Declares that an action or claim arises under an Act of Congress relating to patents if it: (1) necessarily requires resolution of a disputed question as to the validity of a patent or the scope of a patent claim, or (2) is an action or claim for legal malpractice that arises from an attorney's conduct in relation to such an action or claim arising under such an Act of Congress relating to patents. Extends by an additional 10 years: (1) the duration of the patent pilot program under which certain U.S. district court judges can request to be assigned to patent cases, and (2) the USPTO's authority under the AIA to set or adjust its own fees. Authorizes the USPTO Deputy Director to serve as Acting Director in the event of the absence or incapacity of the Director or a vacancy in the office of the Director. Revises time limits and procedures for USPTO to commence a misconduct proceeding to suspend or exclude a person from practicing before the USPTO. Requires proceedings to be commenced within 18 months after the date on which the Office of Enrollment and Discipline receives a written grievance about a specified individual that describes the misconduct forming the basis for the proceeding (currently, a proceeding must be commenced within one year after the misconduct forming the basis for the proceeding is made known to a USPTO officer or employee). Provides for the 18-month deadline to be tolled: (1) until a court or administrative agency proceeding concerning the misconduct becomes final and nonappealable, or (2) by agreement between the parties. Reestablishes a requirement that international applications be filed in English. Allows the USPTO to share information about a pending application with a foreign or international intellectual property office if a corresponding application has been filed with such office. Provides the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit with exclusive jurisdiction of an appeal from a decision of a district court to which a trademark registrability case was directed under the Trademark Act of 1946. Allows the USPTO Director to nominate officers for appointment by the Secretary of Commerce.