CREATES Act of 2016

To provide for certain causes of action relating to delays of generic drugs and biosimilar biological products. 1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Creating and Restoring Equal Access to Equivalent Samples Act of 2016 CREATES Act of 2016 2. Findings Congress finds the following: (1) It is the policy of the United States to promote competition in the market for drugs and biological products by facilitating the timely entry of low-cost generic and biosimilar versions of those drugs and biological products. (2) Since their enactment in 1984 and 2010, respectively, the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 ( Public Law 98–417 Public Law 111–148 (3) In order for these pathways to function as intended, developers of generic drugs and biosimilar biological products (referred to in this section as generic product developers covered product (A) a prospective generic drug is bioequivalent to the covered product in accordance with subsection (j) of section 505 of the Federal, Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 355 (B) a prospective biosimilar biological product is biosimilar to or interchangeable with its reference biological product under section 351(k) of the Public Health Service Act ( 42 U.S.C. 262(k) (4) For drugs and biological products that are subject to a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, another essential component in the creation of low-cost generic and biosimilar versions of covered products is the ability of generic product developers to join the manufacturer of the covered product (referred to in this section as the license holder 21 U.S.C. 355–1 (5) Contrary to the policy of the United States to promote competition in the market for drugs and biological products by facilitating the timely entry of lower-cost generic and biosimilar versions of those drugs and biological products, certain license holders are preventing generic product developers from obtaining quantities of the covered product necessary for the generic product developer to support an application for approval by the Food and Drug Administration, including testing to show bioequivalence, biosimilarity, or interchangeability to the covered product, in some instances based on the justification that the covered product is subject to a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy with elements to assure safe use under section 505–1 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 355–1 (6) The Director of the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research at the Food and Drug Administration has testified that some manufacturers of covered products have used REMS and distribution restrictions adopted by the manufacturer on their own behalf as reasons to not sell quantities of a covered product to generic product developers, causing barriers and delays in getting generic products on the market. The Food and Drug Administration has reported receiving significant numbers of inquiries from generic product developers who were unable to obtain samples of covered products to conduct necessary testing and otherwise meet requirements for approval of generic drugs. (7) The Chairwoman of the Federal Trade Commission has testified that the Federal Trade Commission continues to be very concerned about potential abuses by manufacturers of brand drugs of REMS or other closed distribution systems to impede generic competition. (8) Also contrary to the policy of the United States to promote competition in the market for drugs and biological products by facilitating the timely entry of lower-cost generic and biosimilar versions of those drugs and biological products, certain license holders are impeding the prompt negotiation and development on commercially reasonable terms of a single, shared system of elements to assure safe use, which may be necessary for the generic product developer to gain approval for its drug or licensing for its biological product. (9) While the antitrust laws may address the refusal by some license holders to provide quantities of a covered product to a generic product developer, a more tailored legal pathway would help ensure that generic product developers can obtain necessary quantities of a covered product in a timely way for purposes of developing a generic drug or biosimilar biological product, facilitating competition in the marketplace for drugs and biological products. (10) While the antitrust laws may address actions by license holders who impede the prompt negotiation and development on commercially reasonable terms of a single, shared system of elements to assure safe use, a more tailored legal pathway would help ensure that license holders negotiate such agreements in good faith and in a timely manner, facilitating competition in the marketplace for drugs and biological products. 3. Actions for delays of generic drugs and biosimilar biological products (a) Definitions In this section— (1) the term covered product (A) means— (i) any drug approved under subsection (b) or (j) of section 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 355 42 U.S.C. 262 (ii) any combination of a drug or biological product described in clause (i); or (iii) when reasonably necessary to demonstrate sameness, biosimilarity, or interchangeability for purposes of section 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 355 42 U.S.C. 262 (B) does not include any drug or biological product that the Secretary has determined to be currently in shortage and that appears on the drug shortage list in effect under section 506E of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 356e (i) as demonstrated by the fact that the drug or biological product has been in shortage for more than 6 months; or (ii) as otherwise determined by the Secretary; (2) the term device 21 U.S.C. 321 (3) the term eligible product developer 21 U.S.C. 355 42 U.S.C. 262(k) (4) the term license holder 21 U.S.C. 355 42 U.S.C. 262 (5) the term REMS 21 U.S.C. 355–1 (6) the term REMS with ETASU 21 U.S.C. 355–1 (7) the term Secretary (8) the term single, shared system of elements to assure safe use 21 U.S.C. 355–1 (9) the term sufficient quantities (A) conduct testing to support an application— (i) for approval under subsection (b)(2) or (j) of section 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 355 (ii) for licensing under section 351(k) of the Public Health Service Act ( 42 U.S.C. 262(k) (B) fulfill any regulatory requirements relating to such an application for approval or licensing. (b) Civil actions (1) Failure to provide sufficient quantities of a covered product (A) In general An eligible product developer may bring a civil action against the license holder for a covered product seeking relief under this paragraph in an appropriate district court of the United States alleging that the license holder has declined to provide sufficient quantities of the covered product to the eligible product developer on commercially reasonable, market-based terms. (B) Elements (i) In general To prevail in a civil action brought under subparagraph (A), an eligible product developer shall prove, by a preponderance of the evidence— (I) that— (aa) the covered product is not subject to a REMS with ETASU; or (bb) if the covered product is subject to a REMS with ETASU— (AA) the eligible product developer has obtained a covered product authorization from the Secretary in accordance with clause (ii); and (BB) the eligible product developer has provided a copy of the covered product authorization to the license holder; (II) that, as of the date on which the civil action is filed, the product developer has not obtained sufficient quantities of the covered product on commercially reasonable, market-based terms; (III) that the eligible product developer has requested to purchase sufficient quantities of the covered product from the license holder; and (IV) that the license holder has not delivered to the eligible product developer sufficient quantities of the covered product on commercially reasonable, market-based terms— (aa) for a covered product that is not subject to a REMS with ETASU, by the date that is 31 days after the date on which the license holder received the request for the covered product; and (bb) for a covered product that is subject to a REMS with ETASU, by 31 days after the later of— (AA) the date on which the license holder received the request for the covered product; or (BB) the date on which the license holder received a copy of the covered product authorization issued by the Secretary in accordance with clause (ii). (ii) Authorization for covered product subject to a REMS with ETASU (I) Request An eligible product developer may submit to the Secretary a written request for the eligible product developer to be authorized to obtain sufficient quantities of an individual covered product subject to a REMS with ETASU. (II) Authorization Not later than 90 days after the date on which a request under subclause (I) is received, the Secretary shall, by written notice, authorize the eligible product developer to obtain sufficient quantities of an individual covered product subject to a REMS with ETASU for purposes of— (aa) development and testing that does not involve human clinical trials, if the eligible product developer has agreed to comply with any conditions the Secretary determines necessary; or (bb) development and testing that involves human clinical trials, if the eligible product developer has— (AA) submitted protocols, informed consent documents, and informational materials for testing that include protections that provide safety protections comparable to those provided by the REMS for the covered product; or (BB) otherwise satisfied the Secretary that such protections will be provided. (III) Notice A covered product authorization issued under this clause shall state that the provision of the covered product by the license holder under the terms of the authorization will not be a violation of the REMS for the covered product. (C) Affirmative defense In a civil action brought under subparagraph (A), it shall be an affirmative defense, on which the defendant has the burden of persuasion by a preponderance of the evidence— (i) that, on the date on which the eligible product developer requested to purchase sufficient quantities of the covered product from the license holder— (I) neither the license holder nor any of its agents, wholesalers, or distributors was engaged in the manufacturing or commercial marketing of the covered product; and (II) neither the license holder nor any of its agents, wholesalers, or distributors otherwise had access to inventory of the covered product to supply to the eligible product developer on commercially reasonable, market-based terms; or (ii) that— (I) the license holder sells the covered product through agents, distributors, or wholesalers; (II) the license holder has placed no restrictions, explicit or implicit, on its agents, distributors, or wholesalers to sell covered products to eligible product developers; and (III) the covered product can be purchased by the eligible product developer in sufficient quantities on commercially reasonable, market-based terms from the agents, distributors, or wholesalers of the license holder. (D) Remedies (i) In general If an eligible product developer prevails in a civil action brought under subparagraph (A), the court shall— (I) order the license holder to provide to the eligible product developer without delay sufficient quantities of the covered product on commercially reasonable, market-based terms; (II) award to the eligible product developer reasonable attorney fees and costs of the civil action; and (III) award to the eligible product developer a monetary amount sufficient to deter the license holder from failing to provide other eligible product developers with sufficient quantities of a covered product on commercially reasonable, market-based terms, if the court finds, by a preponderance of the evidence— (aa) that the license holder delayed providing sufficient quantities of the covered product to the eligible product developer without a legitimate business justification; or (bb) that the license holder failed to comply with an order issued under subclause (I). (ii) Maximum monetary amount A monetary amount awarded under clause (i)(III) shall not be greater than the revenue that the license holder earned on the covered product during the period— (I) beginning on— (aa) for a covered product that is not subject to a REMS with ETASU, the date that is 31 days after the date on which the license holder received the request; or (bb) for a covered product that is subject to a REMS with ETASU, the date that is 31 days after the later of— (AA) the date on which the license holder received the request; or (BB) the date on which the license holder received a copy of the covered product authorization issued by the Secretary in accordance with subparagraph (B)(ii); and (II) ending on the date on which the eligible product developer received sufficient quantities of the covered product. (iii) Avoidance of delay The court may issue an order under clause (i)(I) before conducting further proceedings that may be necessary to determine whether the eligible product developer is entitled to an award under subclause (II) or (III) of clause (i), or the amount of any such award. (2) Failure to reach agreement on shared system (A) In general An eligible product developer may bring a civil action against the license holder for a covered product seeking relief under this paragraph in an appropriate district court of the United States alleging the license holder— (i) failed to reach agreement with respect to a single, shared system of elements to assure safe use with respect to the covered product; or (ii) refused to allow the eligible product developer to join a previously approved system of elements to assure safe use with respect to that product. (B) Elements To prevail in a civil action brought under subparagraph (A), an eligible product developer shall prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that— (i) the eligible product developer has sought approval of an application for approval under subsection (b)(2) or (j) of section 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 355 42 U.S.C. 262(k) (ii) the covered product is subject to a REMS with ETASU that requires a single, shared system of elements to assure safe use with respect to the covered product; (iii) at least 120 days have elapsed since the developer first initiated an attempt to reach an agreement with the license holder that would allow the product developer to participate in a single, shared system of elements to assure safe use; (iv) the license holder and eligible product developer have not reached an agreement that would allow the eligible product developer to participate in a single, shared system of elements to assure safe use on commercially reasonable terms; and (v) the Secretary has not waived the requirement for the covered product to be part of such a single, shared system. (C) Remedies (i) In general If an eligible product developer prevails in a civil action brought under subparagraph (A), the court shall— (I) order the license holder to— (aa) with the approval of the Secretary, enter into a single, shared system of elements to assure safe use with the eligible product developer on commercially reasonable terms; (bb) with the approval of the Secretary, allow the eligible product developer to join a previously approved system of elements to assure safe use with respect to the covered product on commercially reasonable terms; or (cc) demonstrate that the Secretary has waived the requirement for the covered product to be part of a single, shared system of elements to assure safe use; (II) award to the eligible product developer reasonable attorney fees and costs of the civil action; and (III) award to the eligible product developer a monetary amount sufficient to deter the license holder from failing to reach agreements that would allow other eligible product developers to participate in a single, shared system of elements to assure safe use on commercially reasonable terms if the court finds, by a preponderance of the evidence— (aa) that the license holder, without a legitimate business justification, delayed— (AA) the entry of the eligible product developer into a single, shared system of elements to assure safe use with respect to the covered product; or (BB) the securing of a waiver of the requirement of a single, shared system of elements to assure safe use with respect to the covered product; or (bb) that the license holder failed to comply with an order issued under subclause (I). (ii) Maximum monetary amount A monetary amount awarded under clause (i)(III) shall not be greater than the revenue that the license holder earned on the covered product during the period— (I) beginning on the date that is 121 days after the date on which the product developer first initiated an attempt to reach an agreement with the license holder that would allow the product developer to participate in a single, shared system of elements to assure safe use with respect to the covered product; and (II) ending on the date on which the eligible product developer and license holder reached an agreement that would allow the product developer to participate in a single, shared system of elements to assure safe use with respect to the covered product. (iii) Avoidance of delay The court may issue an order under clause (i)(I) before conducting further proceedings that may be necessary to determine whether the eligible product developer is entitled to an award under subclause (II) or (III) of clause (i), or the amount of any such award. (c) Limitation of liability A license holder shall not be liable for any claim arising out of the failure of an eligible product developer to follow adequate safeguards to assure safe use of the covered product during development or testing activities described in this section, including transportation, handling, use, or disposal of the covered product by the eligible product developer. (d) Rule of construction (1) Definition In this subsection, the term antitrust laws (A) has the meaning given the term in subsection (a) of the first section of the Clayton Act ( 15 U.S.C. 12 (B) includes section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act ( 15 U.S.C. 45 (2) Antitrust laws Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit the operation of any provision of the antitrust laws.

Summary: Creating and Restoring Equal Access to Equivalent Samples Act of 2016 or the CREATES Act of 2016 This bill permits the developer of a drug or biological product to bring a civil action against the license holder of an approved medication alleging that the license holder: (1) declined to make available sufficient quantities of the approved medication for the developer's testing; or (2) failed to agree on, or refused to allow the developer to join, a single, shared system of elements to assure safe use (ETASU) of the medication. (Under current law, a generic version of a medication with ETASU must join the brand name medication's system of ETASU unless the developer of the generic has a waiver from the Food and Drug Administration.) The bill does not apply to medications for which there is a shortage, unless the shortage will not be promptly resolved. In a civil action regarding the availability of sufficient quantities of a medication, it is an affirmative defense that the license holder: (1) is not manufacturing or marketing the medication and does not have access to a supply of the medication to make available, or (2) sells the medication without restrictions through other entities and the developer can purchase sufficient quantities of the medication from those entities.