Honduras Human Rights and Anti-Corruption Act of 2021

To suspend certain United States assistance for the Government of Honduras until corruption, impunity, and human rights violations are no longer systemic, and the perpetrators of these crimes are being brought to justice. 1. Short title; table of contents (a) Short title This Act may be cited as the Honduras Human Rights and Anti-Corruption Act of 2021 (b) Table of contents The table of contents for this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Police or military of the Republic of Honduras defined. Sec. 3. Findings. Sec. 4. Sense of Congress. Sec. 5. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Sec. 6. Imposition of sanctions with respect to the president of Honduras. Sec. 7. Prohibition on commercial export of covered defense articles and services and covered munitions items to the Honduran police or military. Sec. 8. Suspension and restrictions of security assistance extended to the Republic of Honduras unless certain conditions are met. Sec. 9. Sunset. 2. Police or military of the Republic of Honduras defined In this Act, the term police or military of the Republic of Honduras (1) the Honduran National Police; (2) the Honduran Armed Forces; (3) the Military Police of Public Order of the Republic of Honduras; or (4) para-police or paramilitary elements, acting under color of law or having received financing, training, orders, intelligence, weapons, or other forms of material assistance from the forces identified in paragraphs (1) through (3). 3. Findings Congress makes the following findings: (1) Since the 2009 military coup, the Republic of Honduras remains plagued by systemic corruption and human rights violations, exemplified by— (A) widespread collusion among government officials, state and private security forces, organized crime, and members of the private sector, including in the knowledge and perpetration of physical and legal threats, assassinations, forced disappearances, and other abuses against human rights and environmental defenders, members of the political opposition, journalists, and others; (B) the excessive use of force by members of the police or military of the Republic of Honduras, particularly in the context of civil society protests; (C) the failure of the Government of Honduras to protect the rights, interests, and physical security of indigenous peoples in land and natural resources disputes, in contravention of its obligations under the Honduran constitution and under international treaties to which it is a state party; and (D) the failure of the Government of Honduras to enforce the Honduran Labor Code in violation of its obligations under International Labor Organization Conventions, which the Government of Honduras has ratified, guaranteeing freedom of association, the right to collective bargaining, and other fundamental labor protections. (2) There is substantial evidence that President of Honduras Juan Orlando Hernández has engaged in a pattern of criminal activity and use of the state apparatus to protect and facilitate drug trafficking, as exemplified by three high-profile corruption and drug trafficking cases that were tried or are being prosecuted in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, in which the President of Honduras was named as a co-conspirator, including the following: (A) The October 2019 conviction of the President of Honduras’s brother Juan Antonio Hernández, in which Federal prosecutors and multiple witnesses testified that the President of Honduras received $1,500,000 in drug proceeds that were funneled toward his successful 2013 presidential campaign, and that organized crime had infiltrated the Honduran National Police and National Party. (B) The March 2020 indictment of Geovanny Daniel Fuentes, a drug trafficker, in which Federal prosecutors alleged that the President of Honduras accepted $25,000 in bribes in exchange for protecting the defendant from law enforcement intervention against his cocaine trafficking activities and facilitated the use of Honduran military personnel as security for the defendant’s drug trafficking operations. On February 5, 2021, Federal prosecutors filed a court document stating that the President of Honduras was under investigation in connection with the case. (C) The April 2020 indictment of former National Director of Police Juan Carlos El Tigre (3) The President of Honduras has also demonstrated a track record of contempt for the rule of law, exhibited by— (A) his support for the 2009 military coup, repudiated as unlawful by the United Nations, the Organization of American States, the European Union, and numerous foreign governments, while a member of Congress; (B) his support for a 2012 congressional measure, widely viewed as illegal, to replace four Supreme Court justices while the leader of Congress; and (C) his 2017 candidacy for a second presidential term, in violation of the Honduran constitution’s longstanding prohibition on presidential reelection, which in 2015 was nullified in a ruling by the justices referred to in subparagraph (B). (4) In recent months, the executive and legislative branches of the Government of Honduras have taken significant steps to entrench corruption, block oversight by national prosecutors and international investigators, and shield senior officials and parliamentarians from criminal liability, including the following actions: (A) On January 19, 2020, the Government of Honduras announced the closing of the Mission of Support against Corruption and Impunity in Honduras (MACCIH), the anti-corruption mechanism established in 2015 by the Organization of American States and the Government of Honduras. MACCIH brought 14 corruption-related cases against dozens of high-profile criminal defendants and oversaw the creation of an anti-corruption judicial circuit and special prosecutor’s unit that was disbanded following the mission’s closure. (B) On June 25, 2020, the Government of Honduras enacted a new penal code that reduced prison terms for corruption-related crimes, including embezzlement, illicit enrichment, obstruction of justice, and fraud. The measure is retroactive, benefitting Honduran officials already convicted or facing prosecution. (C) On October 16, 2019, the National Congress of Honduras passed a law that restored immunity to all parliamentarians for crimes related to legislative activities and a law that blocked the Attorney General’s office from investigating cases involving the improper use of state funds for up to 7 years. (5) These recent measures follow a longer pattern of congressional decrees of amnesty or immunity for crimes perpetrated by authorities in Honduras, including for those committed during the 2009 coup and its aftermath, those perpetrated by state security forces, and those involving the misuse of public funds by former and current legislators, contributing to a climate of impunity. (6) Space for civil society to operate in the Republic of Honduras remains severely constrained, with rights activists and journalists subject to acute levels of violence, surveillance, harassment, and intimidation. The Republic of Honduras ranks as the deadliest country in the world for human rights and environmental defenders on a per capita basis and third in the number of assassinations, with 31 defenders killed in 2019 and 204 defenders killed since 2009. (7) The 2019 United States Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, international human rights bodies, and numerous monitoring groups have reported that the Honduran police and military commit human rights violations with impunity, including unlawful killings, torture, and the use of unnecessary force and lethal weapons against protestors and civilian bystanders. Individuals with documented records of human rights violations and links to drug trafficking continue to serve in high-ranking positions within the Honduran police and military, and few of the alleged cases of human rights abuses perpetrated by police and military personnel are prosecuted or tried in court. (8) The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have documented the use of arbitrary detentions, forced disappearances, and specious judicial proceedings to criminalize indigenous and human rights activists, environmental defenders, journalists, opposition politicians, and others, including— (A) members of the Tocoa Municipal Committee for the Defense of Common and Public Assets, who since September 2019 have been detained pending trial following their protest of an illegal mining concession affecting the Guapinol and San Pedro rivers; (B) four Afro-indigenous Garífuna land defenders, who on July 18, 2020, were abducted from their homes and reportedly forced into unmarked vehicles at gunpoint by armed men in police uniforms without a warrant and remain forcibly disappeared; and (C) opposition lawmaker María Luisa Borjas, who on July 21, 2020, was convicted of defamation and sentenced to nearly three years in prison for naming Ficohsa bank president Camilo Atala as an intellectual author of the 2016 assassination of environmental and indigenous rights activist Berta Cáceres. (9) The vilification and criminalization of civil society actors and human rights defenders by Honduran authorities has continued unabated under the cover of COVID–19 pandemic response. On March 16, 2020, the Government of Honduras first notified the Organization of American States of its derogation from treaty obligations under the American Convention on Human Rights and has since suspended nine constitutional guarantees, including the rights to freedom of assembly and expression, the latter of which was restored after international outcry. At least 34,000 citizens have been detained for violating curfew and lockdown restrictions, and journalists and human rights defenders have been impeded in their efforts to report on and expose human rights abuses during the pandemic. 4. Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that— (1) systemic corruption, impunity, and human rights violations by national government officials, private citizens, and members of the police and military of the Republic of Honduras deplete public resources and fuel widespread impoverishment, citizen insecurity, and forced displacement; (2) the President should impose sanctions on President of Honduras Juan Orlando Hernández for acts of significant corruption and human rights violations and determine under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Sanctions Regulations under part 598 of title 31, Code of Federal Regulations, whether the President of Honduras is a specially designated narcotics trafficker; (3) the President and Secretary of State should seek to ensure that security assistance from the United States and exports of munitions by United States entities are not complicit in human rights abuses perpetrated by the police and military of the Government of Honduras, or misused to impede peaceful protestors, human rights and environmental defenders, and others from exercising the right to freedom of expression, association, or assembly; (4) the Government of Honduras should immediately initiate discussions with the United Nations to negotiate the mandate for a new, independent mechanism to combat corruption and impunity with a mission comparable to that of MACCIH, equipped with— (A) the authority to initiate cases, in coordination with the Specialized Prosecutor’s Unit against Networks of Corruption (UFERCO), against any citizen of the Republic of Honduras, irrespective of their office, rank, position, or title; (B) the unimpeded authority to investigate, including the authority to subpoena documents, interview witnesses and suspects, and conduct surveillance; (C) the ability to propose laws, constitutional amendments, and regulatory changes to the Attorney General’s office and other institutions within the justice sector that are assured expeditious consideration and debate by the National Congress; and (D) the requirement to conduct regular and transparent consultations with a broad range of civil society members with the goal of promoting the mandate’s successful implementation; (5) the Government of Honduras should continue to pursue MACCIH’s ongoing anti-corruption cases and adopt legal and institutional reforms to strengthen judicial independence and protect human rights recommended by MACCIH, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, and UFERCO; (6) the United States should support credible national and international efforts to combat corruption and human rights violations in the Republic of Honduras, including UFERCO, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, and organizations working to defend human rights and expose and prevent corruption, with the necessary resources for holding private and government actors accountable under the law and supporting independent monitoring by a free press and civil society, provided that they demonstrate sufficient political autonomy and willingness to prosecute high-level cases, including against senior officials and legislators of the Republic of Honduras; and (7) the Secretary of State should develop, in consultation with a broad range of representatives of civil society and human rights organizations in Honduras, as appropriate, comprehensive and specific guidelines to use United States diplomacy and assistance to protect human rights and environmental defenders in the Republic of Honduras from physical, legal, or financial reprisals and threats, including by government, police, and military officials or their associates. 5. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights In addition to amounts otherwise appropriated for such purposes, there is authorized to be appropriated $2,000,000 in voluntary contributions to support the work of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Honduras to monitor and document human rights violations, issue public reports and recommendations, and promote international human rights standards. 6. Imposition of sanctions with respect to the president of Honduras (a) Imposition of sanctions Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the President shall impose the sanctions described in subsection (b) with respect to the President of Honduras, Juan Orlando Hernández. (b) Sanctions described The sanctions described in this subsection are the following: (1) Asset blocking The President shall exercise all of the powers granted to the President under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act ( 50 U.S.C. 1701 (2) Ineligibility for visas, admission, or parole (A) Visas, admission, or parole Juan Orlando Hernández is— (i) inadmissible to the United States; (ii) ineligible to receive a visa or other documentation to enter the United States; and (iii) otherwise ineligible to be admitted or paroled into the United States or to receive any other benefit under the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1101 (B) Current visas revoked (i) In general Juan Orlando Hernández is subject to revocation of any visa or other entry documentation regardless of when the visa or other entry documentation is or was issued. (ii) Immediate effect A revocation under clause (i) shall— (I) take effect immediately; and (II) cancel any other valid visa or entry documentation that is in Juan Orlando Hernández’s possession. (c) Implementation; penalties (1) Implementation The President may exercise all authorities provided under sections 203 and 205 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act ( 50 U.S.C. 1702 (2) Penalties A person that violates, attempts to violate, conspires to violate, or causes a violation of subsection (b)(1), or any regulation, license, or order issued to carry out that subsection, shall be subject to the penalties set forth in subsections (b) and (c) of section 206 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act ( 50 U.S.C. 1705 (d) Waiver The President may waive the application of sanctions under this section if the President determines and certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that such a waiver is important to the national interest of the United States. (e) Exceptions (1) Exception to comply with international obligations and for law enforcement activities Sanctions under subsection (b)(2) shall not apply if admitting or paroling Juan Orlando Hernández into the United States is necessary— (A) to permit the United States to comply with the Agreement regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations, signed at Lake Success June 26, 1947, and entered into force November 21, 1947, between the United Nations and the United States, or other applicable international obligations; or (B) to carry out or assist law enforcement activity in the United States. (2) Exception relating to the importation of goods (A) In general The authorities and requirements to impose sanctions authorized under this section shall not include the authority or a requirement to impose sanctions on the importation of goods. (B) Good defined In this paragraph, the term good (f) Termination of sanctions The President may terminate the application of sanctions under this section if the President determines and reports to the appropriate congressional committees not later than 15 days before the termination takes effect that— (1) credible information exists that Juan Orlando Hernández did not engage in the activity for which sanctions were imposed; (2) Juan Orlando Hernández has been prosecuted appropriately for the activity for which sanctions were imposed; or (3) Juan Orlando Hernández has credibly demonstrated a significant change in behavior, has paid an appropriate consequence for the activity for which sanctions were imposed, and has credibly committed to not engage in an activity for which the sanctions were imposed in the future. (g) Definitions In this section: (1) Admission; admitted The terms admission admitted 8 U.S.C. 1101 (2) Appropriate congressional committees The term appropriate congressional committees (A) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate; and (B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives. (3) United States person The term United States person (A) an individual who is a United States citizen or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence to the United States; (B) an entity organized under the laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within the United States, including a foreign branch of such an entity; or (C) any person in the United States. 7. Prohibition on commercial export of covered defense articles and services and covered munitions items to the Honduran police or military (a) In general Not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the President shall prohibit the issuance of licenses to export covered defense articles and services and covered munitions items to the police or military of the Republic of Honduras. (b) Termination The prohibition under subsection (a) shall terminate on the date on which the President determines and reports to the appropriate congressional committees that the police or military of the Republic of Honduras have not engaged in gross violations during the one-year period ending on the date of such determination. (c) Waiver The prohibition under subsection (a) shall not apply to the issuance of a license with respect to which the President submits to the appropriate congressional committees a written certification that the exports to be covered by such license are important to the national interests and foreign policy goals of the United States, including a description of the manner in which such exports will promote such interests and goals. (d) Definitions In this section: (1) Appropriate congressional committees The term appropriate congressional committees (A) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and (B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives. (2) Covered defense articles and services The term covered defense articles and services 22 U.S.C. 2778(a)(1) (3) Covered munitions items The term covered munitions items 8. Suspension and restrictions of security assistance extended to the Republic of Honduras unless certain conditions are met (a) Suspension of security assistance No assistance may be made available for the police or military of the Republic of Honduras, including assistance for equipment and training. (b) Loans from multilateral development banks and the united states international development finance corporation The Secretary of the Treasury shall— (1) instruct United States representatives at multilateral development banks to use their voice and vote to oppose any loans for the police or military of the Republic of Honduras; and (2) instruct the United States Executive Director of each international financial institution and the Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corporation to promote human rights due diligence and risk management in connection with any loan, grant, policy, or strategy related to the Republic of Honduras, in accordance with the criteria specified in subsection 7029(d) of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2020 (division G of Public Law 116–94 (c) Conditions for lifting suspensions and restrictions The provisions of this section shall terminate on the date on which the Secretary of State determines and reports to the Committees on Foreign Relations and Appropriations of the Senate and the Committees on Foreign Affairs and Appropriations of the House of Representatives that the Government of Honduras has— (1) pursued all legal avenues to bring to trial and obtain a verdict of all those who ordered, carried out, and covered up— (A) the March 2, 2016, murder of Berta Cáceres; (B) the killings of over 100 small-farmer activists in the Aguán Valley; (C) the killings of 22 people and forced disappearance of 1 person by state security forces in the context of the 2017 post-electoral crisis; (D) the killings of at least 6 people by state security forces in the context of anti-government demonstrations between March and July of 2019; (E) the killings of at least 21 journalists and media workers between October 2016 and July 2020; (F) the July 18, 2020, forced disappearances of 4 Garífuna community leaders from Triunfo de la Cruz; and (G) the December 26, 2020, killing of indigenous Lenca leader and environmental activist Félix Vásquez at his home in La Paz, and the December 29, 2020, killing of indigenous Tolupan leader and environmental activist Adan Mejía in Yoro; (2) investigated and successfully prosecuted members of military and police forces who are credibly found to have violated human rights and ensured that the military and police cooperated in such cases, and that such violations have ceased; (3) withdrawn the military from domestic policing and ensured that all domestic police functions are separated from the command and control of the Armed Forces of Honduras and are instead directly responsible to civilian authority; (4) established that it protects effectively the rights of trade unionists, journalists, small farmers, human rights and environmental defenders, indigenous and Afro-indigenous community members and rights activists, women’s and LGBTQI rights activists, critics of the government, and other members of civil society to operate without interference or repression; and (5) taken effective steps to establish the rule of law and to guarantee a judicial system that is capable of investigating, prosecuting, and bringing to justice members of the police and military who have committed human rights abuses. 9. Sunset This Act shall terminate on the date that is 5 years after the date of the enactment of this Act.

Summary: Honduras Human Rights and Anti-Corruption Act of 2021 This bill temporarily imposes sanctions and other penalties on Honduran president Juan Orlando Hernandez and the government of Honduras for systemic corruption and human rights violations, with particular focus on the Honduran police and military. Specifically, the President must impose asset- and visa-blocking sanctions on Juan Orlando Hernandez due to his corrupt practices, including the use of the state apparatus to protect and facilitate drug trafficking. Additionally, the President must prohibit, within 30 days, the issuance of licenses to export defense articles and services and specified munitions to the Honduran police or military. The bill also (1) makes Honduras ineligible for security assistance to equip and train police and military, and (2) requires U.S. representatives at multilateral development banks to oppose any loans for Honduran police or military. Furthermore, the Department of the Treasury must instruct U.S. leadership of international financial institutions and the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation to promote human rights due diligence and risk management in any loan, grant, policy, or strategy related to Honduras. The sanctions and other penalties put in place under this bill terminate in five years but may be lifted earlier if specified conditions are met.