Right to Vote Act

Protecting the right to vote in elections for Federal office, and for other purposes. 1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Right to Vote Act 2. Undue burdens on the ability to vote in elections for Federal office prohibited (a) In general Every citizen of legal voting age shall have the fundamental right to vote in elections for Federal office. (b) Retrogression A government may not diminish the ability to vote in an election for Federal office unless the law, rule, standard, practice, procedure, or other governmental action causing the diminishment is the least restrictive means of significantly furthering an important, particularized government interest. (c) Substantial impairment A government may not substantially impair the ability to vote in an election for Federal office unless the law, rule, standard, practice, procedure, or other governmental action causing the impairment significantly furthers an important, particularized governmental interest. A substantial impairment is a non-trivial impairment that makes it more difficult to vote than if the law, rule, standard, practice, procedure, or other governmental action had not been adopted or implemented. An impairment may be substantial even if the voter or other similarly situated voters are able to vote notwithstanding the impairment. 3. Judicial review (a) Civil action An action challenging a violation of the rights created by this Act may be brought in the district court for the District of Columbia, or the district court for the district in which the violation took place or where any defendant resides or does business, at the selection of the plaintiff, to obtain all appropriate relief, whether declaratory or injunctive, or facial or as-applied. Process may be served in any district where a defendant resides, does business, or may be found. (b) Standards To be applied Courts adjudicating actions brought to enforce the rights created by this Act shall apply the following standards: (1) Retrogression (A) A plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of retrogression by demonstrating by a preponderance of the evidence that a rule, standard, practice, procedure, or other governmental action diminishes the ability, or otherwise makes it more difficult, to vote. (B) Once a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case as described in subparagraph (A), the government shall be provided an opportunity to demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that the diminishment is necessary to significantly further an important, particularized governmental interest. (C) If the government meets its burden under subparagraph (B), the challenged rule, standard, practice, procedure, or other governmental action shall nonetheless be deemed invalid if the plaintiff demonstrates by a preponderance of the evidence that the government could adopt or implement a less-restrictive means of furthering the particular important governmental interest. (2) Substantial Impairment (A) A plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of substantial impairment by demonstrating by a preponderance of the evidence that a rule, standard, practice, procedure, or other governmental action substantially impairs the ability, or makes it substantially difficult, to vote. (B) Once a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case as described in subparagraph (A), the government shall be provided an opportunity to demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that the impairment significantly furthers an important, particularized governmental interest. (c) Duty To expedite It shall be the duty of the court to advance on the docket and to expedite to the greatest reasonable extent the disposition of the action and appeal under this section. (d) Attorney’s fees Section 722(b) of the Revised Statutes ( 42 U.S.C. 1988(b) (1) by striking or section 40302 section 40302 (2) by striking , the court , or the Right to Vote Act 4. Definitions In this Act— (1) the term covered entity (2) the terms election Federal office 52 U.S.C. 30101 (3) the term government (4) the term vote 5. Rules of construction (a) Burdens not authorized Nothing in this Act may be construed to authorize a government to burden the right to vote in elections for Federal office. (b) Other rights and remedies Nothing in this Act shall be construed as indicating an intent on the part of Congress to alter any rights existing under a State constitution or the Constitution of the United States, or to limit any remedies for any other violations of Federal, State, or local law. (c) Other provision Nothing in this Act shall be construed as conflicting with section 1403 (“Rights of Citizens”) of H.R. 1 of the 117th Congress as passed by the House of Representatives on March 3, 2021. 6. Severability If any provision of this Act or the application of such provision to any citizen or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this Act and the application of the provisions of such to any citizen or circumstance shall not be affected thereby. 7. Effective dates (a) Retrogression Subsection (b) of section 2 shall apply to any law, rule, standard, practice, procedure, or other governmental action that was not in effect during the November 2020 Federal election but that will be in effect with respect to elections for Federal office occurring on or after January 1, 2022, even if such law, rule, standard, practice, procedure, or other governmental action is already in effect at the time this Act is enacted. (b) Substantial impairment Subsection (c) of section 2 shall apply to any law, rule, standard, practice, procedure, or other governmental action in effect with respect to elections for Federal office occurring on or after January 1, 2022.

Summary: Right to Vote Act This bill addresses the right to vote in federal elections. Specifically, the bill declares that every citizen of legal voting age shall have the fundamental right to vote in federal elections. In addition, the bill prohibits federal, state, and local governments from substantially impairing the ability to vote in federal elections unless the government action furthers an important and particularized governmental interest. Further, the bill specifies that a government may not diminish the ability to vote in federal elections unless the action uses the least restrictive means to achieve such an interest. A violation of rights created by the bill may be challenged in district court, and a prevailing plaintiff may receive attorney fees. The bill outlines judicial review standards for challenges to voting practices.