Rural Physician Workforce Production Act of 2023

To amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to support rural residency training funding that is equitable for all States, and for other purposes. 1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Rural Physician Workforce Production Act of 2023 2. Elective rural sustainability per resident payment for residents training in rural training locations (a) In general Section 1886 of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 1395ww (u) Elective rural sustainability per resident payment amount for residents training in rural training locations (1) Determination of elective rural sustainability per resident payment amount (A) In general The elective rural sustainability per resident payment amount determined under this subsection for an applicable hospital (as defined in paragraph (7)(A)) that makes an election under paragraph (2), with respect to each full-time-equivalent resident in an approved medical residency training program that receives training in a rural training location (as defined in paragraph (7)(C)), is an amount equal to the difference between— (i) the total elective rural sustainability amount determined under subparagraph (B) (or, in the case of an applicable hospital not located in a rural area, the total elective rural sustainability amount or urban total elective rural sustainability amount, as applicable, determined under such subparagraph); and (ii) the amount (if any) the applicable hospital otherwise receives for direct graduate medical education costs under subsection (h) or section 1814(l), as applicable, with respect to each such resident. (B) Total elective rural sustainability amount (i) Establishment for initial cost reporting periods (I) In general Subject to subclause (II), for cost reporting periods beginning during the first year beginning on or after the date of the enactment of this subsection, the Secretary shall establish a total elective rural sustainability amount for time spent by each full-time-equivalent resident in an approved medical residency training program that receives training in a rural training location. Such amount shall be the amount that the Secretary determines is equal to the median national direct GME training costs per full-time-equivalent resident for 2015 described in table 9 on page 33 of the March 2018 GAO report on Physician Workforce (GAO–18–240), updated for each subsequent year through the first year beginning on or after the date of the enactment of this subsection, by the annual percentage increase in the consumer price index for all urban consumers (all items; United States city average). (II) Application to urban hospitals For cost reporting periods beginning during the first year beginning on or after the date of the enactment of this subsection, in the case of an applicable hospital that is not located in a rural area— (aa) with respect to such residents that receive training in a rural track or an integrated rural track, the total elective rural sustainability amount per resident shall be equal to the amount established under subclause (I); and (bb) with respect to such residents that receive training in a rural training location and who are not participating in a rural track or an integrated rural track, the total elective rural sustainability amount per resident shall be equal to 50 percent of the amount established under subclause (I) (referred to in this subsection as the urban total elective rural sustainability amount (ii) Updating for subsequent cost reporting periods For each subsequent cost reporting period, the total elective rural sustainability amount under clause (i)(I) and clause (i)(II)(aa) and the urban total elective rural sustainability amount under clause (i)(II)(bb), respectively, are equal to such amounts determined under such clause for the previous cost reporting period updated, through the midpoint of the period, by projecting the estimated percentage change in the consumer price index for all urban consumers (all items; United States city average) during the 12-month period ending at that midpoint, with appropriate adjustments to reflect previous under- or over-estimations under this clause in the projected percentage change in the consumer price index for medical care services. (C) Clarification The total elective rural sustainability amount, the urban total elective rural sustainability amount, and the elective rural sustainability per resident payment amount determined under this paragraph shall not be discounted or otherwise adjusted based on the Medicare patient load (as defined in subsection (h)(3)(C)) of an applicable hospital or discharges in a diagnosis-related group. (2) Election For cost reporting periods beginning on or after the date that is 1 year after the date of the enactment of this subsection, an applicable hospital may elect to receive the elective rural sustainability per resident payment amount for each full-time-equivalent resident in an approved medical residency training program that receives training in a rural training location in accordance with this subsection. An applicable hospital may make an election under the preceding sentence regardless of whether the applicable hospital is otherwise eligible for a payment or adjustment for indirect and direct graduate medical education costs under subsections (d)(5)(B) and (h) or section 1814(l), as applicable, with respect to such residents. (3) Application The provisions of this subsection, or the application of such provisions to an applicable hospital— (A) shall not result in— (i) the establishment of a limitation on the number of residents in allopathic or osteopathic medicine for purposes of subsections (d)(5)(B) and (h) with respect to an approved medical residency training program of an applicable hospital (or be taken into account in determining such a limitation during the cap building period of an applicable hospital); or (ii) the counting of any resident with respect to which the applicable hospital receives an elective rural sustainability per resident payment amount under this subsection towards the application of the limitation described in clause (i) for purposes of subsections (d)(5)(B) and (h); and (B) shall not have any effect on the determination of— (i) the additional payment amount under subsection (d)(5)(B); or (ii) hospital-specific approved FTE resident amounts under subsection (h). (4) Allocation of payments In providing for payments under this subsection, the Secretary shall provide for an allocation of such payments between parts A and part B (and the trust funds established under the respective parts) as reasonably reflects the proportion of such costs associated with the provision of services under each respective part. (5) Eligibility for payment (A) In general An applicable hospital shall be eligible for payment of the elective rural sustainability per resident payment amount under this subsection for time spent by a resident training in a rural training location if the following requirements are met: (i) The resident spends the equivalent of at least 8 weeks over the course of their training in a rural training location. (ii) The hospital pays the salary and benefits of the resident for the time spent training in a rural training location. (B) Treatment of time spent in rural tracks or integrated rural tracks An applicable hospital shall be eligible for payment of the elective rural sustainability per resident payment amount under this subsection for all time spent by residents in an approved medical residency program (or separately defined track within a program) that provides more than 50 percent of the total residency training time in rural training locations, regardless of where the training occurs and regardless of specialty. (6) Determination of full-time-equivalent residents The determination of full-time-equivalent residents for purposes of this subsection shall be made in the same manner as the determination of full-time-equivalent residents under subsection (h)(4), but not taking into account the limitation under subparagraph (F) of such subsection. (7) Definitions In this subsection: (A) Applicable hospital The term applicable hospital (B) Approved medical residency training program; direct graduate medical education costs; resident The terms approved medical residency training program direct graduate medical education costs resident (C) Rural training location The term rural training location (i) The training occurs in a location that is a rural area (as defined in section 1886(d)(2)(D)). (ii) The training occurs in a location that has a rural-urban commuting area code equal to or greater than 4.0. (iii) The training occurs in a sole community hospital (as defined in subsection (d)(5)(D)(iii)) or in a location that is within 10 miles of a sole community hospital. (8) Budget neutrality requirement The Secretary shall ensure that aggregate payments for direct medical education costs and indirect medical education costs under this title, including any payments under this subsection, for each year (effective beginning on or after the date that is 1 year after the date of enactment of this subsection) are not greater than the aggregate payments for such costs that would have been made under this title for the year without the application of this subsection. For purposes of carrying out the budget neutrality requirement under the preceding sentence, the Secretary may make appropriate adjustments to the amount of such payments for direct graduate medical education costs and indirect medical education costs under subsections (h) and (d)(5)(B), respectively. . (b) Treatment of critical access hospitals and sole community hospitals (1) Critical access hospitals Section 1814(l) of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 1395f(l) (6) For cost reporting periods beginning on or after the date that is 1 year after the date of enactment of this paragraph, the following shall apply: (A) A critical access hospital may elect to be treated as a hospital or as a non-provider setting for purposes of counting resident time for indirect medical education costs and direct graduate medical education costs for the time spent by the resident in that setting under subsections (d)(5)(B) and (h), respectively, of section 1886. (B) Direct medical education costs shall not be considered reasonable costs of a critical access hospital for purposes of payment under paragraph (1), to the extent that the critical access hospital is treated as a non-provider setting of another hospital or another hospital receives payment for such costs for the time spent by the resident in that setting pursuant to subsection (d)(5)(B), subsection (h), or subsection (u) of section 1886. . (2) Sole community hospitals Section 1886(d)(5)(D) of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 1395ww(d)(5)(D) (vi) For cost reporting periods beginning on or after the date that is 1 year after the date of enactment of this paragraph, the hospital-specific payment amount determined under clause (i)(I) with respect to a sole community hospital shall not include direct medical education costs, to the extent that the sole community hospital receives payment for such costs for the time spent by the resident in that setting pursuant to subsection (u). . (c) Conforming amendments (1) Section 1886 of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 1395ww (A) in subsection (d)(5)(B), in the matter preceding clause (i), by striking The Secretary Subject to subsection (u), the Secretary (B) in subsection (h)— (i) in paragraph (1), by inserting subject to subsection (u) 1861(v), (ii) in paragraph (3), in the flush matter following subparagraph (B), by striking subsection (k) subsection (k) or subsection (u) 3. Supporting new, expanding, and existing rural training tracks (a) Direct graduate medical education Section 1886(h) of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 1395ww(h) (1) in paragraph (4)— (A) in subparagraph (F)(i)— (i) by striking 130 percent for cost reporting periods beginning on or after October 1, 1997, and before the date that is 1 year after the date of enactment of the Rural Physician Workforce Production Act of 2023 (ii) by adding at the end the following: For cost reporting periods beginning on or after the date that is 1 year after the date of enactment of the Rural Physician Workforce Production Act of 2023 (B) in subparagraph (H)— (i) in clause (i), in the second sentence, by inserting the following before the period: , in accordance with the second sentence of clause (i) of such subparagraph (ii) in clause (iv), by inserting the following before the period: , in accordance with the second sentence of clause (i) of such subparagraph (2) in paragraph (5), by adding at the end the following new subparagraph: (L) Special rules regarding application of elective rural sustainability per resident payment amount For special rules regarding application of the elective rural sustainability per resident payment amount under subsection (u), see paragraph (3) of such subsection. . (b) Indirect medical education Section 1886(d)(5)(B)(v) is amended— (1) by striking 130 percent for cost reporting periods beginning on or after October 1, 1997, and before the date that is 1 year after the date of enactment of the Rural Physician Workforce Production Act of 2023 (2) by adding at the end the following: For cost reporting periods beginning on or after the date that is 1 year after the date of enactment of the Rural Physician Workforce Production Act of 2023

Summary: Rural Physician Workforce Production Act of 2023 This bill allows certain hospitals to receive additional payment under Medicare for full-time equivalent residents who receive training in rural areas. Specifically, hospitals, critical access hospitals, sole community hospitals, and rural emergency hospitals may elect to receive payment for time spent by a resident in a rural training location if the resident trains for at least eight weeks in the location and the hospital pays the salary and benefits of the resident during this time. Additionally, hospitals may receive payment for all time spent by residents in a residency program in which 50% of all training is in rural locations, regardless of where the training occurs or specialty. Payments are based on the difference between the total amount of eligible payments (as determined by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services) and the amount of graduate medical education payments received (if applicable).