Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2023

To amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to provide for terms and conditions for nonimmigrant workers performing agricultural labor or services, and for other purposes. 1. Short title; table of contents (a) Short title This Act may be cited as the Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2023 (b) Table of contents The table of contents for this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Title I—Securing the Domestic Agricultural Workforce Subtitle A—Temporary status for certified agricultural workers Sec. 101. Certified agricultural worker status. Sec. 102. Terms and conditions of certified status. Sec. 103. Extensions of certified status. Sec. 104. Determination of continuous presence. Sec. 105. Employer obligations. Sec. 106. Administrative and judicial review. Subtitle B—Optional earned residence for long-Term workers Sec. 111. Optional adjustment of status for long-term agricultural workers. Sec. 112. Payment of taxes. Sec. 113. Adjudication and decision; review. Subtitle C—General Provisions Sec. 121. Definitions. Sec. 122. Rulemaking; fees. Sec. 123. Background checks. Sec. 124. Protection for children. Sec. 125. Limitation on removal. Sec. 126. Documentation of agricultural work history. Sec. 127. Employer protections. Sec. 128. Correction of social security records; conforming amendments. Sec. 129. Disclosures and privacy. Sec. 130. Penalties for false statements in applications. Sec. 131. Dissemination of information. Sec. 132. Exemption from numerical limitations. Sec. 133. Reports to Congress. Sec. 134. Grant program to assist eligible applicants. Sec. 135. Authorization of appropriations. Title II—Ensuring an Agricultural Workforce for the Future Subtitle A—Reforming the H–2A Temporary Worker Program Sec. 201. Comprehensive and streamlined electronic H–2A platform. Sec. 202. H–2A program requirements. Sec. 203. Agency roles and responsibilities. Sec. 204. Worker protection and compliance. Sec. 205. Report on wage protections. Sec. 206. Portable H–2A visa pilot program. Sec. 207. Improving access to permanent residence. Subtitle B—Preservation and Construction of Farmworker Housing Sec. 220. Short title. Sec. 221. Permanent establishment of housing preservation and revitalization program. Sec. 222. Eligibility for rural housing vouchers. Sec. 223. Amount of voucher assistance. Sec. 224. Rental assistance contract authority. Sec. 225. Funding for multifamily technical improvements. Sec. 226. Plan for preserving affordability of rental projects. Sec. 227. Covered housing programs. Sec. 228. New farmworker housing. Sec. 229. Loan and grant limitations. Sec. 230. Operating assistance subsidies. Sec. 231. Eligibility of certified workers. Subtitle C—Foreign Labor Recruiter Accountability Sec. 251. Registration of foreign labor recruiters. Sec. 252. Enforcement. Sec. 253. Appropriations. Sec. 254. Definitions. Title III—Electronic Verification of Employment Eligibility Sec. 301. Electronic employment eligibility verification system. Sec. 302. Mandatory electronic verification for the agricultural industry. Sec. 303. Coordination with E-Verify Program. Sec. 304. Fraud and misuse of documents. Sec. 305. Technical and conforming amendments. Sec. 306. Protection of Social Security Administration programs. Sec. 307. Report on the implementation of the electronic employment verification system. Sec. 308. Modernizing and streamlining the employment eligibility verification process. Sec. 309. Rulemaking and Paperwork Reduction Act. I Securing the Domestic Agricultural Workforce A Temporary status for certified agricultural workers 101. Certified agricultural worker status (a) Requirements for certified agricultural worker status (1) Principal aliens The Secretary may grant certified agricultural worker status to an alien who submits a completed application, including the required processing fees, before the end of the period set forth in subsection (c) and who— (A) performed agricultural labor or services in the United States for at least 1,035 hours (or 180 work days) during the 2-year period preceding the date of the introduction of this Act; (B) on the date of the introduction of this Act— (i) is inadmissible or deportable from the United States; or (ii) is under a grant of deferred enforced departure or has temporary protected status under section 244 of the Immigration and Nationality Act; (C) subject to section 104, has been continuously present in the United States since the date of the introduction of this Act and until the date on which the alien is granted certified agricultural worker status; and (D) is not otherwise ineligible for certified agricultural worker status as provided in subsection (b). (2) Dependent spouse and children The Secretary may grant certified agricultural dependent status to the spouse or child of an alien granted certified agricultural worker status under paragraph (1) if the spouse or child is not ineligible for certified agricultural dependent status as provided in subsection (b). (b) Grounds for ineligibility (1) Grounds of inadmissibility Except as provided in paragraph (3), an alien is ineligible for certified agricultural worker or certified agricultural dependent status if the Secretary determines that the alien is inadmissible under section 212(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1182(a) (A) paragraphs (4), (5), (7), and (9)(B) of such section shall not apply; (B) subparagraphs (A), (C), (D), (F), and (G) of such section 212(a)(6) and paragraphs (9)(C) and (10)(B) of such section 212(a) shall not apply unless based on the act of unlawfully entering the United States after the date of introduction of this Act; and (C) paragraphs (6)(B) and (9)(A) of such section 212(a) shall not apply unless the relevant conduct began on or after the date of filing of the application for certified agricultural worker status. (2) Additional criminal bars Except as provided in paragraph (3), an alien is ineligible for certified agricultural worker or certified agricultural dependent status if the Secretary determines that, excluding any offense under State law for which an essential element is the alien’s immigration status and any minor traffic offense, the alien has been convicted of— (A) any felony offense; (B) an aggravated felony (as defined in section 101(a)(43) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(43) (C) two misdemeanor offenses involving moral turpitude, as described in section 212(a)(2)(A)(i)(I) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(I) (D) three or more misdemeanor offenses not occurring on the same date, and not arising out of the same act, omission, or scheme of misconduct. (3) Waivers for certain grounds of inadmissibility For humanitarian purposes, family unity, or if otherwise in the public interest, the Secretary may waive the grounds of inadmissibility under— (A) paragraph (1), (6)(E), or (10)(D) of section 212(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1182(a) (B) subparagraphs (A) and (D) of section 212(a)(2) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(2) (c) Application (1) Application period Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Secretary shall accept initial applications for certified agricultural worker status during the 18-month period beginning on the date on which the interim final rule is published in the Federal Register pursuant to section 122(a). (2) Extension If the Secretary determines, during the initial period described in paragraph (1), that additional time is required to process initial applications for certified agricultural worker status or for other good cause, the Secretary may extend the period for accepting applications for up to an additional 12 months. (3) Submission of applications (A) In general An alien may file an application with the Secretary under this section with the assistance of an attorney or a nonprofit religious, charitable, social service, or similar organization recognized by the Board of Immigration Appeals under section 292.2 of title 8, Code of Federal Regulations. The Secretary shall also create a procedure for accepting applications filed by qualified designated entities with the consent of the applicant. (B) Farm service agency offices The Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture, shall establish a process for the filing of applications under this section at Farm Service Agency offices throughout the United States. (4) Evidence of application filing As soon as practicable after receiving an application for certified agricultural worker status, the Secretary shall provide the applicant with a document acknowledging the receipt of such application. Such document shall serve as interim proof of the alien’s authorization to accept employment in the United States and shall be accepted by an employer as evidence of employment authorization under section 274A(b)(1)(C) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1324a(b)(1)(C) (5) Effect of pending application During the period beginning on the date on which an alien applies for certified agricultural worker status under this subtitle, and ending on the date on which the Secretary makes a final administrative decision regarding such application, the alien and any dependents included in the application— (A) may apply for advance parole, which shall be granted upon demonstrating a legitimate need to travel outside the United States for a temporary purpose; (B) may not be detained by the Secretary or removed from the United States unless the Secretary makes a prima facie determination that such alien is, or has become, ineligible for certified agricultural worker status; (C) may not be considered unlawfully present under section 212(a)(9)(B) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(9)(B) (D) may not be considered an unauthorized alien (as defined in section 274A(h)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1324a(h)(3) (6) Withdrawal of application The Secretary shall, upon receipt of a request from the applicant to withdraw an application for certified agricultural worker status under this subtitle, cease processing of the application, and close the case. Withdrawal of the application shall not prejudice any future application filed by the applicant for any immigration benefit under this Act or under the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq. (d) Adjudication and decision (1) In general Subject to section 123, the Secretary shall render a decision on an application for certified agricultural worker status not later than 180 days after the date the application is filed. (2) Notice Prior to denying an application for certified agricultural worker status, the Secretary shall provide the alien with— (A) written notice that describes the basis for ineligibility or the deficiencies in the evidence submitted; and (B) at least 90 days to contest ineligibility or submit additional evidence. (3) Amended application An alien whose application for certified agricultural worker status is denied under this section may submit an amended application for such status to the Secretary if the amended application is submitted within the application period described in subsection (c) and contains all the required information and fees that were missing from the initial application. (e) Alternative H–2A status An alien who has not met the required period of agricultural labor or services under subsection (a)(1)(A), but is otherwise eligible for certified agricultural worker status under such subsection, shall be eligible for classification as a nonimmigrant described in section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) 102. Terms and conditions of certified status (a) In general (1) Approval Upon approval of an application for certified agricultural worker status, or an extension of such status pursuant to section 103, the Secretary shall issue— (A) documentary evidence of such status to the applicant; and (B) documentary evidence of certified agricultural dependent status to any qualified dependent included on such application. (2) Documentary evidence In addition to any other features and information as the Secretary may prescribe, the documentary evidence described in paragraph (1)— (A) shall be machine readable and tamper resistant; (B) shall contain a digitized photograph; (C) shall serve as a valid travel and entry document for purposes of applying for admission to the United States; and (D) shall be accepted during the period of its validity by an employer as evidence of employment authorization and identity under section 274A(b)(1)(B) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1324a(b)(1)(B) (3) Validity period Certified agricultural worker and certified agricultural dependent status shall be valid for 5 ½ (4) Travel authorization An alien with certified agricultural worker or certified agricultural dependent status may— (A) travel within and outside of the United States, including commuting to the United States from a residence in a foreign country; and (B) be admitted to the United States upon return from travel abroad without first obtaining a visa if the alien is in possession of— (i) valid, unexpired documentary evidence of certified agricultural worker or certified agricultural worker dependent status as described in subsection (a); or (ii) a travel document that has been approved by the Secretary and was issued to the alien after the alien’s original documentary evidence was lost, stolen, or destroyed. (b) Ability To change status (1) Change to certified agricultural worker status Notwithstanding section 101(a), an alien with valid certified agricultural dependent status may apply to change to certified agricultural worker status, at any time, if the alien— (A) submits a completed application, including the required processing fees; and (B) is not ineligible for certified agricultural worker status under section 101(b). (2) Clarification Nothing in this title prohibits an alien granted certified agricultural worker or certified agricultural dependent status from changing status to any other nonimmigrant classification for which the alien may be eligible. (c) Prohibition on public benefits, tax benefits, and health care subsidies Aliens granted certified agricultural worker or certified agricultural dependent status shall be considered lawfully present in the United States for all purposes for the duration of their status, except that such aliens— (1) shall be ineligible for Federal means-tested public benefits to the same extent as other individuals who are not qualified aliens under section 431 of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 ( 8 U.S.C. 1641 (2) are not entitled to the premium assistance tax credit authorized under section 36B 26 U.S.C. 36B (3) shall be subject to the rules applicable to individuals who are not lawfully present set forth in section 1402(e) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( 42 U.S.C. 18071(e) (4) shall be subject to the rules applicable to individuals not lawfully present set forth in section 5000A(d)(3) 26 U.S.C. 5000A(d)(3) (d) Revocation of status (1) In general The Secretary may revoke certified agricultural worker or certified agricultural dependent status if, after providing notice to the alien and the opportunity to provide evidence to contest the proposed revocation, the Secretary determines that the alien no longer meets the eligibility requirements for such status under section 101(b). (2) Invalidation of documentation Upon the Secretary’s final determination to revoke an alien’s certified agricultural worker or certified agricultural dependent status, any documentation issued by the Secretary to such alien under subsection (a) shall automatically be rendered invalid for any purpose except for departure from the United States. 103. Extensions of certified status (a) Requirements for extensions of status (1) Principal aliens The Secretary may extend certified agricultural worker status for additional periods of 5 ½ (A) except as provided in section 126(c), has performed agricultural labor or services in the United States for at least 575 hours (or 100 work days) for each of the prior 5 years in which the alien held certified agricultural worker status; and (B) has not become ineligible for certified agricultural worker status under section 101(b). (2) Dependent spouse and children The Secretary may grant or extend certified agricultural dependent status to the spouse or child of an alien granted an extension of certified agricultural worker status under paragraph (1) if the spouse or child is not ineligible for certified agricultural dependent status under section 101(b). (3) Waiver for late filings The Secretary may waive an alien’s failure to timely file before the expiration of the 120-day period described in paragraph (1) if the alien demonstrates that the delay was due to extraordinary circumstances beyond the alien’s control or for other good cause. (b) Status for workers with pending applications (1) In general Certified agricultural worker status of an alien who timely files an application to extend such status under subsection (a) (and the status of the alien’s dependents) shall be automatically extended through the date on which the Secretary makes a final administrative decision regarding such application. (2) Documentation of employment authorization As soon as practicable after receipt of an application to extend certified agricultural worker status under subsection (a), the Secretary shall issue a document to the alien acknowledging the receipt of such application. An employer of the worker may not refuse to accept such document as evidence of employment authorization under section 274A(b)(1)(C) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1324a(b)(1)(C) (c) Notice Prior to denying an application to extend certified agricultural worker status, the Secretary shall provide the alien with— (1) written notice that describes the basis for ineligibility or the deficiencies of the evidence submitted; and (2) at least 90 days to contest ineligibility or submit additional evidence. 104. Determination of continuous presence (a) Effect of notice To appear The continuous presence in the United States of an applicant for certified agricultural worker status under section 101 shall not terminate when the alien is served a notice to appear under section 239(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1229(a) (b) Treatment of certain breaks in presence (1) In general Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3), an alien shall be considered to have failed to maintain continuous presence in the United States under this subtitle if the alien departed the United States for any period exceeding 90 days, or for any periods, in the aggregate, exceeding 180 days. (2) Extensions for extenuating circumstances The Secretary may extend the time periods described in paragraph (1) for an alien who demonstrates that the failure to timely return to the United States was due to extenuating circumstances beyond the alien’s control, including the serious illness of the alien, or death or serious illness of a spouse, parent, son or daughter, grandparent, or sibling of the alien. (3) Travel authorized by the Secretary Any period of travel outside of the United States by an alien that was authorized by the Secretary shall not be counted toward any period of departure from the United States under paragraph (1). 105. Employer obligations (a) Record of employment An employer of an alien in certified agricultural worker status shall provide such alien with a written record of employment each year during which the alien provides agricultural labor or services to such employer as a certified agricultural worker. (b) Civil penalties (1) In general If the Secretary determines, after notice and an opportunity for a hearing, that an employer of an alien with certified agricultural worker status has knowingly failed to provide the record of employment required under subsection (a), or has provided a false statement of material fact in such a record, the employer shall be subject to a civil penalty in an amount not to exceed $500 per violation. (2) Limitation The penalty under paragraph (1) for failure to provide employment records shall not apply unless the alien has provided the employer with evidence of employment authorization described in section 102 or 103. (3) Deposit of civil penalties Civil penalties collected under this paragraph shall be deposited into the Immigration Examinations Fee Account under section 286(m) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1356(m) 106. Administrative and judicial review (a) Administrative review The Secretary shall establish a process by which an applicant may seek administrative review of a denial of an application for certified agricultural worker status under this subtitle, an application to extend such status, or a revocation of such status. (b) Admissibility in immigration court Each record of an alien’s application for certified agricultural worker status under this subtitle, application to extend such status, revocation of such status, and each record created pursuant to the administrative review process under subsection (a) is admissible in immigration court, and shall be included in the administrative record. (c) Judicial review Notwithstanding any other provision of law, judicial review of the Secretary’s decision to deny an application for certified agricultural worker status, an application to extend such status, or the decision to revoke such status, shall be limited to the review of an order of removal under section 242 of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1252 B Optional earned residence for long-Term workers 111. Optional adjustment of status for long-term agricultural workers (a) Requirements for adjustment of status (1) Principal aliens The Secretary may adjust the status of an alien from that of a certified agricultural worker to that of a lawful permanent resident if the alien submits a completed application, including the required processing and penalty fees, and the Secretary determines that— (A) except as provided in section 126(c), the alien performed agricultural labor or services for not less than 575 hours (or 100 work days) each year— (i) for at least 10 years prior to the date of the enactment of this Act and for at least 4 years in certified agricultural worker status; or (ii) for fewer than 10 years prior to the date of the enactment of this Act and for at least 8 years in certified agricultural worker status; and (B) the alien has not become ineligible for certified agricultural worker status under section 101(b). (2) Dependent aliens (A) In general The spouse and each child of an alien described in paragraph (1) whose status has been adjusted to that of a lawful permanent resident may be granted lawful permanent residence under this subtitle if— (i) the qualifying relationship to the principal alien existed on the date on which such alien was granted adjustment of status under this subtitle; and (ii) the spouse or child is not ineligible for certified agricultural worker dependent status under section 101(b). (B) Protections for spouses and children The Secretary of Homeland Security shall establish procedures to allow the spouse or child of a certified agricultural worker to self-petition for lawful permanent residence under this subtitle in cases involving— (i) the death of the certified agricultural worker, so long as the spouse or child submits a petition not later than 2 years after the date of the worker’s death; or (ii) the spouse or a child being battered or subjected to extreme cruelty by the certified agricultural worker. (3) Documentation of work history An applicant for adjustment of status under this section shall not be required to resubmit evidence of work history that has been previously submitted to the Secretary in connection with an approved extension of certified agricultural worker status. (b) Penalty fee In addition to any processing fee that the Secretary may assess in accordance with section 122(b), a principal alien seeking adjustment of status under this subtitle shall pay a $1,000 penalty fee, which shall be deposited into the Immigration Examinations Fee Account pursuant to section 286(m) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1356(m) (c) Effect of pending application During the period beginning on the date on which an alien applies for adjustment of status under this subtitle, and ending on the date on which the Secretary makes a final administrative decision regarding such application, the alien and any dependents included on the application— (1) may apply for advance parole, which shall be granted upon demonstrating a legitimate need to travel outside the United States for a temporary purpose; (2) may not be detained by the Secretary or removed from the United States unless the Secretary makes a prima facie determination that such alien is, or has become, ineligible for adjustment of status under subsection (a); (3) may not be considered unlawfully present under section 212(a)(9)(B) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(9)(B) (4) may not be considered an unauthorized alien (as defined in section 274A(h)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1324a(h)(3) (d) Evidence of application filing As soon as practicable after receiving an application for adjustment of status under this subtitle, the Secretary shall provide the applicant with a document acknowledging the receipt of such application. Such document shall serve as interim proof of the alien’s authorization to accept employment in the United States and shall be accepted by an employer as evidence of employment authorization under section 274A(b)(1)(C) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1324a(b)(1)(C) (e) Withdrawal of application The Secretary shall, upon receipt of a request to withdraw an application for adjustment of status under this subtitle, cease processing of the application, and close the case. Withdrawal of the application shall not prejudice any future application filed by the applicant for any immigration benefit under this Act or under the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq. 112. Payment of taxes (a) In general An alien may not be granted adjustment of status under this subtitle unless the applicant has satisfied any applicable Federal tax liability. (b) Compliance An alien may demonstrate compliance with subsection (a) by submitting such documentation as the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, may require by regulation. 113. Adjudication and decision; review (a) In general Subject to the requirements of section 123, the Secretary shall render a decision on an application for adjustment of status under this subtitle not later than 180 days after the date on which the application is filed. (b) Notice Prior to denying an application for adjustment of status under this subtitle, the Secretary shall provide the alien with— (1) written notice that describes the basis for ineligibility or the deficiencies of the evidence submitted; and (2) at least 90 days to contest ineligibility or submit additional evidence. (c) Administrative review The Secretary shall establish a process by which an applicant may seek administrative review of a denial of an application for adjustment of status under this subtitle. (d) Judicial review Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an alien may seek judicial review of a denial of an application for adjustment of status under this title in an appropriate United States district court. C General Provisions 121. Definitions In this title: (1) In general Except as otherwise provided, any term used in this title that is used in the immigration laws shall have the meaning given such term in the immigration laws (as such term is defined in section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1101 (2) Agricultural labor or services The term agricultural labor or services (A) agricultural labor or services as such term is used in section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H)(ii) (B) agricultural employment as such term is defined in section 3 of the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act ( 29 U.S.C. 1802 (3) Applicable Federal tax liability The term applicable Federal tax liability section 6203 (4) Appropriate United States district court The term appropriate United States district court (5) Child The term child 8 U.S.C. 1101(b)(1) (6) Convicted or conviction The term convicted conviction (7) Employer The term employer (8) Qualified designated entity The term qualified designated entity (A) a qualified farm labor organization or an association of employers designated by the Secretary; or (B) any other entity that the Secretary designates as having substantial experience, demonstrated competence, and a history of long-term involvement in the preparation and submission of application for adjustment of status under title II of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1151 et seq. (9) Secretary The term Secretary (10) Work day The term work day 122. Rulemaking; fees (a) Rulemaking Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall publish in the Federal Register an interim final rule implementing this title. Notwithstanding section 553 of title 5, United States Code, the rule shall be effective, on an interim basis, immediately upon publication, but may be subject to change and revision after public notice and opportunity for comment. The Secretary shall finalize such rule not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act. (b) Fees (1) In general The Secretary may require an alien applying for any benefit under this title to pay a reasonable fee that is commensurate with the cost of processing the application. (2) Fee waiver; installments (A) In general The Secretary shall establish procedures to allow an alien to— (i) request a waiver of any fee that the Secretary may assess under this title if the alien demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Secretary that the alien is unable to pay the prescribed fee; or (ii) pay any fee or penalty that the Secretary may assess under this title in installments. (B) Clarification Nothing in this section shall be read to prohibit an employer from paying any fee or penalty that the Secretary may assess under this title on behalf of an alien and the alien’s spouse or children. 123. Background checks (a) Submission of biometric and biographic data The Secretary may not grant or extend certified agricultural worker or certified agricultural dependent status under subtitle A, or grant adjustment of status to that of a lawful permanent resident under subtitle B, unless the alien submits biometric and biographic data, in accordance with procedures established by the Secretary. The Secretary shall provide an alternative procedure for aliens who cannot provide all required biometric or biographic data because of a physical impairment. (b) Background checks The Secretary shall use biometric, biographic, and other data that the Secretary determines appropriate to conduct security and law enforcement background checks and to determine whether there is any criminal, national security, or other factor that would render the alien ineligible for status under this title. An alien may not be granted any such status under this title unless security and law enforcement background checks are completed to the satisfaction of the Secretary. 124. Protection for children (a) In general Except as provided in subsection (b), for purposes of eligibility for certified agricultural dependent status or lawful permanent resident status under this title, a determination of whether an alien is a child shall be made using the age of the alien on the date on which the initial application for certified agricultural worker status is filed with the Secretary of Homeland Security. (b) Limitation Subsection (a) shall apply for no more than 10 years after the date on which the initial application for certified agricultural worker status is filed with the Secretary of Homeland Security. 125. Limitation on removal (a) In general An alien who appears to be prima facie eligible for status under this title shall be given a reasonable opportunity to apply for such status. Such an alien may not be placed in removal proceedings or removed from the United States until a final administrative decision establishing ineligibility for such status is rendered. (b) Aliens in removal proceedings Notwithstanding any other provision of the law, the Attorney General shall (upon motion by the Secretary with the consent of the alien, or motion by the alien) terminate removal proceedings, without prejudice, against an alien who appears to be prima facie eligible for status under this title, and provide such alien a reasonable opportunity to apply for such status. (c) Effect of final order An alien present in the United States who has been ordered removed or has been permitted to depart voluntarily from the United States may, notwithstanding such order or permission to depart, apply for status under this title. Such alien shall not be required to file a separate motion to reopen, reconsider, or vacate the order of removal. If the Secretary approves the application, the Secretary shall notify the Attorney General of such approval, and the Attorney General shall cancel the order of removal. If the Secretary renders a final administrative decision to deny the application, the order of removal or permission to depart shall be effective and enforceable to the same extent as if the application had not been made, only after all available administrative and judicial remedies have been exhausted. (d) Effect of departure Section 101(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1101(g) (1) with advance permission to return to the United States granted by the Secretary under this title; or (2) after having been granted certified agricultural worker status or lawful permanent resident status under this title. 126. Documentation of agricultural work history (a) Burden of proof An alien applying for certified agricultural worker status under subtitle A or adjustment of status under subtitle B has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the alien has worked the requisite number of hours or days required under section 101, 103, or 111, as applicable. The Secretary shall establish special procedures to properly credit work in cases in which an alien was employed under an assumed name. (b) Evidence An alien may meet the burden of proof under subsection (a) by producing sufficient evidence to show the extent of such employment as a matter of just and reasonable inference. Such evidence may include— (1) an annual record of certified agricultural worker employment as described in section 105(a), or other employment records from employers; (2) employment records maintained by collective bargaining associations; (3) tax records or other government records; (4) sworn affidavits from individuals who have direct knowledge of the alien’s work history; or (5) any other documentation designated by the Secretary for such purpose. (c) Exceptions for extraordinary circumstances (1) Impact of COVID–19 (A) In general The Secretary may grant certified agricultural worker status to an alien who is otherwise eligible for such status if such alien is able to only partially satisfy the requirement under section 101(a)(1)(A) as a result of reduced hours of employment or other restrictions associated with the public health emergency declared by the Secretary of Health and Human Services under section 319 of the Public Health Service Act ( 42 U.S.C. 247d (B) Limitation The exception described in subparagraph (A) shall apply only to agricultural labor or services required to be performed during the period that— (i) begins on the first day of the public health emergency described in subparagraph (A); and (ii) ends 90 days after the date on which such public health emergency terminates. (2) Extraordinary circumstances In determining whether an alien has met the requirement under section 103(a)(1)(A) or 111(a)(1)(A), the Secretary may credit the alien with not more than 575 hours (or 100 work days) of agricultural labor or services in the United States if the alien was unable to perform the required agricultural labor or services due to— (A) pregnancy, parental leave, illness, disease, disabling injury, or physical limitation of the alien; (B) injury, illness, disease, or other special needs of the alien’s child or spouse; (C) severe weather conditions that prevented the alien from engaging in agricultural labor or services; (D) reduced hours of employment or other restrictions associated with the public health emergency declared by the Secretary of Health and Human Services under section 319 of the Public Health Service Act ( 42 U.S.C. 247d (E) termination from agricultural employment, if the Secretary determines that— (i) the termination was without just cause; and (ii) the alien was unable to find alternative agricultural employment after a reasonable job search. (3) Effect of determination A determination under paragraph (1)(E) shall not be conclusive, binding, or admissible in a separate or subsequent judicial or administrative action or proceeding between the alien and a current or prior employer of the alien or any other party. (4) Hardship waiver (A) In general As part of the rulemaking described in section 122(a), the Secretary shall establish procedures allowing for a partial waiver of the requirement under section 111(a)(1)(A) for a certified agricultural worker if such worker— (i) has continuously maintained certified agricultural worker status since the date such status was initially granted; (ii) has partially completed the requirement under section 111(a)(1)(A); and (iii) is no longer able to engage in agricultural labor or services safely and effectively because of— (I) a permanent disability suffered while engaging in agricultural labor or services; or (II) deteriorating health or physical ability combined with advanced age. (B) Disability In establishing the procedures described in subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall consult with the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Commissioner of Social Security to define permanent disability 127. Employer protections (a) Continuing employment An employer that continues to employ an alien knowing that the alien intends to apply for certified agricultural worker status under subtitle A shall not violate section 274A(a)(2) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1324a(a)(2) (b) Use of employment records Copies of employment records or other evidence of employment provided by an alien or by an alien’s employer in support of an alien’s application for certified agricultural worker or adjustment of status under this title may not be used in a civil or criminal prosecution or investigation of that employer under section 274A of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1324a (c) Additional protections Employers that provide unauthorized aliens with copies of employment records or other evidence of employment in support of an application for certified agricultural worker status or adjustment of status under this title shall not be subject to civil and criminal liability pursuant to such section 274A for employing such unauthorized aliens. Records or other evidence of employment provided by employers in response to a request for such records for the purpose of establishing eligibility for status under this title may not be used for any purpose other than establishing such eligibility. (d) Limitation on protection The protections for employers under this section shall not apply if the employer provides employment records to the alien that are determined to be fraudulent. 128. Correction of social security records; conforming amendments (a) In general Section 208(e)(1) of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 408(e)(1) (1) in subparagraph (B)(ii), by striking or (2) in subparagraph (C), by inserting or (3) by inserting after subparagraph (C) the following: (D) who is granted certified agricultural worker status, certified agricultural dependent status, or lawful permanent resident status under title I of the Farm Work Modernization Act of 2023, ; and (4) in the undesignated matter following subparagraph (D), as added by paragraph (3), by striking 1990. 1990, or in the case of an alien described in subparagraph (D), if such conduct is alleged to have occurred before the date on which the alien was granted status under title I of the Farm Work Modernization Act of 2023. (b) Effective date The amendments made by subsection (a) shall take effect on the first day of the seventh month that begins after the date of the enactment of this Act. (c) Conforming amendments (1) Social Security Act Section 210(a)(1) of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 410(a)(1) (other than aliens granted certified agricultural worker status or certified agricultural dependent status under title I of the Farm Work Modernization Act of 2023 (2) Internal Revenue Code of 1986 Section 3121(b)(1) (other than aliens granted certified agricultural worker status or certified agricultural dependent status under title I of the Farm Work Modernization Act of 2023 (3) Effective date The amendments made by this subsection shall apply with respect to service performed after the date of the enactment of this Act. (d) Automated system To assign Social Security account numbers Section 205(c)(2)(B) of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 405(c)(2)(B) (iv) The Commissioner of Social Security shall, to the extent practicable, coordinate with the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security to implement an automated system for the Commissioner to assign social security account numbers to aliens granted certified agricultural worker status or certified agricultural dependent status under title I of the Farm Work Modernization Act of 2023. An alien who is granted such status, and who was not previously assigned a social security account number, shall request assignment of a social security account number and a social security card from the Commissioner through such system. The Secretary shall collect and provide to the Commissioner such information as the Commissioner deems necessary for the Commissioner to assign a social security account number, which information may be used by the Commissioner for any purpose for which the Commissioner is otherwise authorized under Federal law. The Commissioner may maintain, use, and disclose such information only as permitted by the Privacy Act and other Federal law. . 129. Disclosures and privacy (a) In general The Secretary may not disclose or use information provided in an application for certified agricultural worker status or adjustment of status under this title (including information provided during administrative or judicial review) for the purpose of immigration enforcement. (b) Referrals prohibited The Secretary, based solely on information provided in an application for certified agricultural worker status or adjustment of status under this title (including information provided during administrative or judicial review), may not refer an applicant to U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, or any designee of either such entity. (c) Exceptions Notwithstanding subsections (a) and (b), information provided in an application for certified agricultural worker status or adjustment of status under this title may be shared with Federal security and law enforcement agencies— (1) for assistance in the consideration of an application under this title; (2) to identify or prevent fraudulent claims or schemes; (3) for national security purposes; or (4) for the investigation or prosecution of any felony not related to immigration status. (d) Penalty Any person who knowingly uses, publishes, or permits information to be examined in violation of this section shall be fined not more than $10,000. (e) Privacy The Secretary shall ensure that appropriate administrative and physical safeguards are in place to protect the security, confidentiality, and integrity of personally identifiable information collected, maintained, and disseminated pursuant to this title. 130. Penalties for false statements in applications (a) Criminal penalty Any person who— (1) files an application for certified agricultural worker status or adjustment of status under this title and knowingly falsifies, conceals, or covers up a material fact or makes any false, fictitious, or fraudulent statements or representations, or makes or uses any false writing or document knowing the same to contain any false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry; or (2) creates or supplies a false writing or document for use in making such an application, shall be fined in accordance with title 18, United States Code, imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both. (b) Inadmissibility An alien who is convicted under subsection (a) shall be deemed inadmissible to the United States under section 212(a)(6)(C)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(6)(C)(i) (c) Deposit Fines collected under subsection (a) shall be deposited into the Immigration Examinations Fee Account pursuant to section 286(m) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1356(m) 131. Dissemination of information (a) In general Beginning not later than the first day of the application period described in section 101(c)— (1) the Secretary of Homeland Security, in cooperation with qualified designated entities, shall broadly disseminate information described in subsection (b); and (2) the Secretary of Agriculture, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, shall disseminate to agricultural employers a document containing the information described in subsection (b) for posting at employer worksites. (b) Information described The information described in this subsection shall include— (1) the benefits that aliens may receive under this title; and (2) the requirements that an alien must meet to receive such benefits. 132. Exemption from numerical limitations The numerical limitations under title II of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1151 et seq. 133. Reports to Congress Not later than 180 days after the publication of the final rule under section 122(a), and annually thereafter for the following 10 years, the Secretary shall submit a report to Congress that identifies, for the previous fiscal year— (1) the number of principal aliens who applied for certified agricultural worker status under subtitle A, and the number of dependent spouses and children included in such applications; (2) the number of principal aliens who were granted certified agricultural worker status under subtitle A, and the number of dependent spouses and children who were granted certified agricultural dependent status; (3) the number of principal aliens who applied for an extension of their certified agricultural worker status under subtitle A, and the number of dependent spouses and children included in such applications; (4) the number of principal aliens who were granted an extension of certified agricultural worker status under subtitle A, and the number of dependent spouses and children who were granted certified agricultural dependent status under such an extension; (5) the number of principal aliens who applied for adjustment of status under subtitle B, and the number of dependent spouses and children included in such applications; (6) the number of principal aliens who were granted lawful permanent resident status under subtitle B, and the number of spouses and children who were granted such status as dependents; (7) the number of principal aliens included in petitions described in section 101(e), and the number of dependent spouses and children included in such applications; and (8) the number of principal aliens who were granted H–2A status pursuant to petitions described in section 101(e), and the number of dependent spouses and children who were granted H–4 status. 134. Grant program to assist eligible applicants (a) Establishment The Secretary shall establish a program to award grants, on a competitive basis, to eligible nonprofit organizations to assist eligible applicants under this title by providing them with the services described in subsection (c). (b) Eligible nonprofit organization For purposes of this section, the term eligible nonprofit organization section 501(c)(3) 42 U.S.C. 2996 et seq. (c) Use of funds Grant funds awarded under this section may be used for the design and implementation of programs that provide— (1) information to the public regarding the eligibility and benefits of certified agricultural worker status authorized under this title; and (2) assistance, within the scope of authorized practice of immigration law, to individuals submitting applications for certified agricultural worker status or adjustment of status under this title, including— (A) screening prospective applicants to assess their eligibility for such status; (B) completing applications, including providing assistance in obtaining necessary documents and supporting evidence; and (C) providing any other assistance that the Secretary determines useful to assist aliens in applying for certified agricultural worker status or adjustment of status under this title. (d) Source of funds In addition to any funds appropriated to carry out this section, the Secretary may use up to $10,000,000 from the Immigration Examinations Fee Account under section 286(m) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1356(m) (e) Eligibility for services Section 504(a)(11) of Public Law 104–134 42 U.S.C. 2996 et seq. 135. Authorization of appropriations There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary, such sums as may be necessary to implement this title, including any amounts needed for costs associated with the initiation of such implementation, for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2026. II Ensuring an Agricultural Workforce for the Future A Reforming the H–2A Temporary Worker Program 201. Comprehensive and streamlined electronic H–2A platform (a) Streamlined H–2A platform (1) In general Not later than 12 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of State, and United States Digital Service, shall ensure the establishment of an electronic platform through which a petition for an H–2A worker may be filed. Such platform shall— (A) serve as a single point of access for an employer to input all information and supporting documentation required for obtaining labor certification from the Secretary of Labor and the adjudication of the H–2A petition by the Secretary of Homeland Security; (B) serve as a single point of access for the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Secretary of Labor, and State workforce agencies to concurrently perform their respective review and adjudicatory responsibilities in the H–2A process; (C) facilitate communication between employers and agency adjudicators, including by allowing employers to— (i) receive and respond to notices of deficiency and requests for information; (ii) submit requests for inspections and licensing; (iii) receive notices of approval and denial; and (iv) request reconsideration or appeal of agency decisions; and (D) provide information to the Secretary of State and U.S. Customs and Border Protection necessary for the efficient and secure processing of H–2A visas and applications for admission. (2) Objectives In developing the platform described in paragraph (1), the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of State, and United States Digital Service, shall streamline and improve the H–2A process, including by— (A) eliminating the need for employers to submit duplicate information and documentation to multiple agencies; (B) eliminating redundant processes, where a single matter in a petition is adjudicated by more than one agency; (C) reducing the occurrence of common petition errors, and otherwise improving and expediting the processing of H–2A petitions; and (D) ensuring compliance with H–2A program requirements and the protection of the wages and working conditions of workers. (b) Online job registry The Secretary of Labor shall maintain a national, publicly accessible online job registry and database of all job orders submitted by H–2A employers. The registry and database shall— (1) be searchable using relevant criteria, including the types of jobs needed to be filled, the date(s) and location(s) of need, and the employer(s) named in the job order; (2) provide an interface for workers in English, Spanish, and any other language that the Secretary of Labor determines to be appropriate; and (3) provide for public access of job orders approved under section 218(h)(2) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. 202. H–2A program requirements Section 218 of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1188 218. Admission of temporary H–2A workers (a) Labor certification conditions The Secretary of Homeland Security may not approve a petition to admit an H–2A worker unless the Secretary of Labor has certified that— (1) there are not sufficient United States workers who are able, willing and qualified, and who will be available at the time and place needed, to perform the agricultural labor or services described in the petition; and (2) the employment of the H–2A worker in such labor or services will not adversely affect the wages and working conditions of workers in the United States who are similarly employed. (b) H–2A petition requirements An employer filing a petition for an H–2A worker to perform agricultural labor or services shall attest to and demonstrate compliance, as and when appropriate, with all applicable requirements under this section, including the following: (1) Need for labor or services The employer has described the need for agricultural labor or services in a job order that includes a description of the nature and location of the work to be performed, the material terms and conditions of employment, the anticipated period or periods (expected start and end dates) for which the workers will be needed, and the number of job opportunities in which the employer seeks to employ the workers. (2) Nondisplacement of United States workers The employer has not and will not displace United States workers employed by the employer during the period of employment of the H–2A worker and during the 60-day period immediately preceding such period of employment in the job for which the employer seeks approval to employ the H–2A worker. (3) Strike or lockout Each place of employment described in the petition is not, at the time of filing the petition and until the petition is approved, subject to a strike or lockout in the course of a labor dispute. (4) Recruitment of United States workers The employer shall engage in the recruitment of United States workers as described in subsection (c) and shall hire such workers who are able, willing and qualified, and who will be available at the time and place needed, to perform the agricultural labor or services described in the petition. The employer may reject a United States worker only for lawful, job-related reasons. (5) Wages, benefits, and working conditions The employer shall offer and provide, at a minimum, the wages, benefits, and working conditions required by this section to the H–2A worker and all workers who are similarly employed. The employer— (A) shall offer such similarly employed workers not less than the same benefits, wages, and working conditions that the employer is offering or will provide to the H–2A worker; and (B) may not impose on such similarly employed workers any restrictions or obligations that will not be imposed on the H–2A worker. (6) Workers’ compensation If the job opportunity is not covered by or is exempt from the State workers’ compensation law, the employer shall provide, at no cost to the worker, insurance covering injury and disease arising out of, and in the course of, the worker’s employment which will provide benefits at least equal to those provided under the State workers’ compensation law. (7) Compliance with labor and employment laws The employer shall comply with all applicable Federal, State and local employment-related laws and regulations. (8) Compliance with worker protections The employer shall comply with section 204 of the Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2023. (9) Compliance with foreign labor recruitment laws The employer shall comply with subtitle C of title II of the Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2023. (c) Recruiting requirements (1) In general The employer may satisfy the recruitment requirement described in subsection (b)(4) by satisfying all of the following: (A) Job order As provided in subsection (h)(1), the employer shall complete a job order for posting on the electronic job registry maintained by the Secretary of Labor and for distribution by the appropriate State workforce agency. Such posting shall remain on the job registry as an active job order through the period described in paragraph (2)(B). (B) Former workers At least 45 days before each start date identified in the petition, the employer shall— (i) make reasonable efforts to contact any United States worker the employer employed in the previous year in the same occupation and area of intended employment for which an H–2A worker is sought (excluding workers who were terminated for cause or abandoned the worksite); and (ii) post such job opportunity in a conspicuous location or locations at the place of employment. (C) Positive recruitment During the period of recruitment, the employer shall complete any other positive recruitment steps within a multi-State region of traditional or expected labor supply where the Secretary of Labor finds that there are a significant number of qualified United States workers who, if recruited, would be willing to make themselves available for work at the time and place needed. (2) Period of recruitment (A) In general For purposes of this subsection, the period of recruitment begins on the date on which the job order is posted on the online job registry and ends on the date that H–2A workers depart for the employer’s place of employment. For a petition involving more than one start date under subsection (h)(1)(C), the end of the period of recruitment shall be determined by the date of departure of the H–2A workers for the final start date identified in the petition. (B) Requirement to hire us workers (i) In general Notwithstanding the limitations of subparagraph (A), the employer will provide employment to any qualified United States worker who applies to the employer for any job opportunity included in the petition until the later of— (I) the date that is 30 days after the date on which work begins; or (II) the date on which— (aa) 33 percent of the work contract for the job opportunity has elapsed; or (bb) if the employer is a labor contractor, 50 percent of the work contract for the job opportunity has elapsed. (ii) Staggered entry For a petition involving more than one start date under subsection (h)(1)(C), each start date designated in the petition shall establish a separate job opportunity. An employer may not reject a United States worker because the worker is unable or unwilling to fill more than one job opportunity included in the petition. (iii) Exception Notwithstanding clause (i), the employer may offer a job opportunity to an H–2A worker instead of an alien granted certified agricultural worker status under title I of the Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2023 if the H–2A worker was employed by the employer in each of 3 years during the most recent 4-year period. (3) Recruitment report (A) In general The employer shall maintain a recruitment report through the applicable period described in paragraph (2)(B) and submit regular updates through the electronic platform on the results of recruitment. The employer shall retain the recruitment report, and all associated recruitment documentation, for a period of 3 years from the date of certification. (B) Burden of proof If the employer asserts that any eligible individual who has applied or been referred is not able, willing or qualified, the employer bears the burden of proof to establish that the individual is not able, willing or qualified because of a lawful, employment-related reason. (d) Wage requirements (1) In general Each employer under this section will offer the worker, during the period of authorized employment, wages that are at least the greatest of— (A) the agreed-upon collective bargaining wage; (B) the adverse effect wage rate (or any successor wage established under paragraph (7)); (C) the prevailing wage (hourly wage or piece rate); or (D) the Federal or State minimum wage. (2) Adverse effect wage rate determinations (A) In general Except as provided under subparagraph (B), the applicable adverse effect wage rate for each State and occupational classification for a calendar year shall be as follows: (i) The annual average hourly wage for the occupational classification in the State or region as reported by the Secretary of Agriculture based on a wage survey conducted by such Secretary. (ii) If a wage described in clause (i) is not reported, the national annual average hourly wage for the occupational classification as reported by the Secretary of Agriculture based on a wage survey conducted by such Secretary. (iii) If a wage described in clause (i) or (ii) is not reported, the Statewide annual average hourly wage for the standard occupational classification as reported by the Secretary of Labor based on a wage survey conducted by such Secretary. (iv) If a wage described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) is not reported, the national average hourly wage for the occupational classification as reported by the Secretary of Labor based on a wage survey conducted by such Secretary. (B) Limitations on wage fluctuations (i) Wage freeze for calendar year 2024 For calendar year 2024, the adverse effect wage rate for each State and occupational classification under this subsection shall be the adverse effect wage rate that was in effect for H–2A workers in the applicable State on the date of the introduction of the Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2023. (ii) Calendar years 2025 through 2033 For each of calendar years 2025 through 2033, the adverse effect wage rate for each State and occupational classification under this subsection shall be the wage calculated under subparagraph (A), except that such wage may not— (I) be more than 1.5 percent lower than the wage in effect for H–2A workers in the applicable State and occupational classification in the immediately preceding calendar year; (II) except as provided in clause (III), be more than 3.25 percent higher than the wage in effect for H–2A workers in the applicable State and occupational classification in the immediately preceding calendar year; and (III) if the application of clause (II) results in a wage that is lower than 110 percent of the applicable Federal or State minimum wage, be more than 4.25 percent higher than the wage in effect for H–2A workers in the applicable State and occupational classification in the immediately preceding calendar year. (iii) Calendar years after 2033 For any calendar year after 2033, the applicable wage rate described in paragraph (1)(B) shall be the wage rate established pursuant to paragraph (7)(D). Until such wage rate is effective, the adverse effect wage rate for each State and occupational classification under this subsection shall be the wage calculated under subparagraph (A), except that such wage may not be more than 1.5 percent lower or 3.25 percent higher than the wage in effect for H–2A workers in the applicable State and occupational classification in the immediately preceding calendar year. (3) Multiple occupations If the primary job duties for the job opportunity described in the petition do not fall within a single occupational classification, the applicable wage rates under subparagraphs (B) and (C) of paragraph (1) for the job opportunity shall be based on the highest such wage rates for all applicable occupational classifications. (4) Publication; wages in effect (A) Publication Prior to the start of each calendar year, the Secretary of Labor shall publish the applicable adverse effect wage rate (or successor wage rate, if any), and prevailing wage if available, for each State and occupational classification through notice in the Federal Register. (B) Job orders in effect Except as provided in subparagraph (C), publication by the Secretary of Labor of an updated adverse effect wage rate or prevailing wage for a State and occupational classification shall not affect the wage rate guaranteed in any approved job order for which recruitment efforts have commenced at the time of publication. (C) Exception for year-round jobs If the Secretary of Labor publishes an updated adverse effect wage rate or prevailing wage for a State and occupational classification concerning a petition described in subsection (i), and the updated wage is higher than the wage rate guaranteed in the work contract, the employer shall pay the updated wage not later than 14 days after publication of the updated wage in the Federal Register. (5) Workers paid on a piece rate or other incentive basis If an employer pays by the piece rate or other incentive method and requires one or more minimum productivity standards as a condition of job retention, such standards shall be specified in the job order and shall be no more than those normally required (at the time of the first petition for H–2A workers) by other employers for the activity in the area of intended employment, unless the Secretary of Labor approves a higher minimum standard resulting from material changes in production methods. (6) Guarantee of employment (A) Offer to worker The employer shall guarantee the worker employment for the hourly equivalent of at least three-fourths of the work days of the total period of employment, beginning with the first work day after the arrival of the worker at the place of employment and ending on the date specified in the job offer. For purposes of this subparagraph, the hourly equivalent means the number of hours in the work days as stated in the job offer and shall exclude the worker’s Sabbath and Federal holidays. If the employer affords the worker less employment than that required under this paragraph, the employer shall pay the worker the amount which the worker would have earned had the worker, in fact, worked for the guaranteed number of hours. (B) Failure to work Any hours which the worker fails to work, up to a maximum of the number of hours specified in the job offer for a work day, when the worker has been offered an opportunity to do so, and all hours of work actually performed (including voluntary work in excess of the number of hours specified in the job offer in a work day, on the worker’s Sabbath, or on Federal holidays) may be counted by the employer in calculating whether the period of guaranteed employment has been met. (C) Abandonment of employment; termination for cause If the worker voluntarily abandons employment without good cause before the end of the contract period, or is terminated for cause, the worker is not entitled to the guarantee of employment described in subparagraph (A). (D) Contract impossibility If, before the expiration of the period of employment specified in the job offer, the services of the worker are no longer required for reasons beyond the control of the employer due to any form of natural disaster before the guarantee in subparagraph (A) is fulfilled, the employer may terminate the worker’s employment. In the event of such termination, the employer shall fulfill the employment guarantee in subparagraph (A) for the work days that have elapsed from the first work day after the arrival of the worker to the termination of employment. The employer shall make efforts to transfer a worker to other comparable employment acceptable to the worker. If such transfer is not affected, the employer shall provide the return transportation required in subsection (f)(2). (7) Wage standards after 2033 (A) Study of adverse effect wage rate Beginning in fiscal year 2030, the Secretary of Agriculture and Secretary of Labor shall jointly conduct a study that addresses— (i) whether the employment of H–2A workers has depressed the wages of United States farm workers; (ii) whether an adverse effect wage rate is necessary to protect the wages of United States farm workers in occupations in which H–2A workers are employed; (iii) whether alternative wage standards would be sufficient to prevent wages in occupations in which H–2A workers are employed from falling below the wage level that would have prevailed in the absence of H–2A employment; (iv) whether any changes are warranted in the current methodologies for calculating the adverse effect wage rate and the prevailing wage rate; and (v) recommendations for future wage protection under this section. (B) Final report Not later than October 1, 2031, the Secretary of Agriculture and Secretary of Labor shall jointly prepare and submit a report to the Congress setting forth the findings of the study conducted under subparagraph (A) and recommendations for future wage protections under this section. (C) Consultation In conducting the study under subparagraph (A) and preparing the report under subparagraph (B), the Secretary of Agriculture and Secretary of Labor shall consult with representatives of agricultural employers and an equal number of representatives of agricultural workers, at the national, State and local level. (D) Wage determination after 2033 Upon publication of the report described in subparagraph (B), the Secretary of Labor, in consultation with and the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture, shall make a rule to establish a process for annually determining the wage rate for purposes of paragraph (1)(B) for fiscal years after 2033. Such process shall be designed to ensure that the employment of H–2A workers does not undermine the wages and working conditions of similarly employed United States workers. (e) Housing requirements Employers shall furnish housing in accordance with regulations established by the Secretary of Labor. Such regulations shall be consistent with the following: (1) In general The employer shall be permitted at the employer’s option to provide housing meeting applicable Federal standards for temporary labor camps or to secure housing which meets the local standards for rental and/or public accommodations or other substantially similar class of habitation: Provided, That in the absence of applicable local standards, State standards for rental and/or public accommodations or other substantially similar class of habitation shall be met: Provided further, That in the absence of applicable local or State standards, Federal temporary labor camp standards shall apply. (2) Family housing Except as otherwise provided in subsection (i)(5), the employer shall provide family housing to workers with families who request it when it is the prevailing practice in the area and occupation of intended employment to provide family housing. (3) United States workers Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) and (2), an employer is not required to provide housing to United States workers who are reasonably able to return to their residence within the same day. (4) Timing of inspection (A) In general The Secretary of Labor or designee shall make a determination as to whether the housing furnished by an employer for a worker meets the requirements imposed by this subsection prior to the date on which the Secretary of Labor is required to make a certification with respect to a petition for the admission of such worker. (B) Timely inspection The Secretary of Labor shall provide a process for— (i) an employer to request inspection of housing up to 60 days before the date on which the employer will file a petition under this section; and (ii) annual inspection of housing for workers who are engaged in agricultural employment that is not of a seasonal or temporary nature. (f) Transportation requirements (1) Travel to place of employment A worker who completes 50 percent of the period of employment specified in the job order shall be reimbursed by the employer for the cost of the worker’s transportation and subsistence from the place from which the worker came to work for the employer (or place of last employment, if the worker traveled from such place) to the place of employment. (2) Travel from place of employment For a worker who completes the period of employment specified in the job order or who is terminated without cause, the employer shall provide or pay for the worker’s transportation and subsistence from the place of employment to the place from which the worker, disregarding intervening employment, came to work for the employer, or to the place of next employment, if the worker has contracted with a subsequent employer who has not agreed to provide or pay for the worker’s transportation and subsistence to such subsequent employer’s place of employment. (3) Limitation (A) Amount of reimbursement Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the amount of reimbursement provided under paragraph (1) or (2) to a worker need not exceed the lesser of— (i) the actual cost to the worker of the transportation and subsistence involved; or (ii) the most economical and reasonable common carrier transportation charges and subsistence costs for the distance involved. (B) Distance traveled For travel to or from the worker’s home country, if the travel distance between the worker’s home and the relevant consulate is 50 miles or less, reimbursement for transportation and subsistence may be based on transportation to or from the consulate. (g) Heat illness prevention plan (1) In general The employer shall maintain a reasonable plan that describes the employer’s procedures for the prevention of heat illness, including appropriate training, access to water and shade, the provision of breaks, and the protocols for emergency response. Such plan shall— (A) be in writing in English and, to the extent necessary, any language common to a significant portion of the workers if they are not fluent in English; and (B) be posted at a conspicuous location at the worksite and provided to employees prior to the commencement of labor or services. (2) Clarification Nothing in this subsection is intended to limit any other Federal or State authority to promulgate, enforce, or maintain health and safety standards related to heat-related illness. (h) H–2A petition procedures (1) Submission of petition and job order (A) In general The employer shall submit information required for the adjudication of the H–2A petition, including a job order, through the electronic platform no more than 75 calendar days and no fewer than 60 calendar days before the employer’s first date of need specified in the petition. (B) Filing by agricultural associations An association of agricultural producers that use agricultural services may file an H–2A petition under subparagraph (A). If an association is a joint or sole employer of workers who perform agricultural labor or services, H–2A workers may be used for the approved job opportunities of any of the association’s producer members and such workers may be transferred among its producer members to perform the agricultural labor or services for which the petition was approved. (C) Petitions involving staggered entry (i) In general Except as provided in clause (ii), an employer may file a petition involving employment in the same occupational classification and same area of intended employment with multiple start dates if— (I) the petition involves temporary or seasonal employment and no more than 10 start dates; (II) the multiple start dates share a common end date; (III) no more than 120 days separate the first start date and the final start date listed in the petition; and (IV) the need for multiple start dates arises from variations in labor needs associated with the job opportunity identified in the petition. (ii) Labor contractors A labor contractor may not file a petition described in clause (i) unless the labor contractor— (I) is filing as a joint employer with its contractees, or is operating in a State in which joint employment and liability between the labor contractor and its contractees is otherwise established; or (II) has posted and is maintaining a premium surety bond as described in subsection (l)(1). (2) Labor certification (A) Review of job order (i) In general The Secretary of Labor, in consultation with the relevant State workforce agency, shall review the job order for compliance with this section and notify the employer through the electronic platform of any deficiencies not later than 7 business days from the date the employer submits the necessary information required under paragraph (1)(A). The employer shall be provided 5 business days to respond to any such notice of deficiency. (ii) Standard The job order must include all material terms and conditions of employment, including the requirements of this section, and must be otherwise consistent with the minimum standards provided under Federal, State or local law. In considering the question of whether a specific qualification is appropriate in a job order, the Secretary of Labor shall apply the normal and accepted qualification required by non-H–2A employers in the same or comparable occupations and crops. (iii) Emergency procedures The Secretary of Labor shall establish emergency procedures for the curing of deficiencies that cannot be resolved during the period described in clause (i). (B) Approval of job order (i) In general Upon approval of the job order, the Secretary of Labor shall immediately place for public examination a copy of the job order on the online job registry, and the State workforce agency serving the area of intended employment shall commence the recruitment of United States workers. (ii) Referral of United States workers The Secretary of Labor and State workforce agency shall keep the job order active until the end of the period described in subsection (c)(2) and shall refer to the employer each United States worker who applies for the job opportunity. (C) Review of information for deficiencies Within 7 business days of the approval of the job order, the Secretary of Labor shall review the information necessary to make a labor certification and notify the employer through the electronic platform if such information does not meet the standards for approval. Such notification shall include a description of any deficiency, and the employer shall be provided 5 business days to cure such deficiency. (D) Certification and authorization of workers Not later than 30 days before the date that labor or services are first required to be performed, the Secretary of Labor shall issue the requested labor certification if the Secretary determines that the requirements set forth in this section have been met. (E) Expedited administrative appeals of certain determinations The Secretary of Labor shall by regulation establish a procedure for an employer to request the expedited review of a denial of a labor certification under this section, or the revocation of such a certification. Such procedure shall require the Secretary to expeditiously, but no later than 72 hours after expedited review is requested, issue a de novo determination on a labor certification that was denied in whole or in part because of the availability of able, willing and qualified workers if the employer demonstrates, consistent with subsection (c)(3)(B), that such workers are not actually available at the time or place such labor or services are required. (3) Petition decision (A) In general Not later than 7 business days after the Secretary of Labor issues the certification, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall issue a decision on the petition and shall transmit a notice of action to the petitioner via the electronic platform. (B) Approval Upon approval of a petition under this section, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall ensure that such approval is noted in the electronic platform and is available to the Secretary of State and U.S. Customs and Border Protection, as necessary, to facilitate visa issuance and admission. (C) Partial approval A petition for multiple named beneficiaries may be partially approved with respect to eligible beneficiaries notwithstanding the ineligibility, or potential ineligibility, of one or more other beneficiaries. (D) Post-certification amendments The Secretary of Labor shall provide a process for amending a request for labor certification in conjunction with an H–2A petition, subsequent to certification by the Secretary of Labor, in cases in which the requested amendment does not materially change the petition (including the job order). (4) Roles of agricultural associations (A) Member’s violation does not necessarily disqualify association or other members If an individual producer member of a joint employer association is determined to have committed an act that results in the denial of a petition with respect to the member, the denial shall apply only to that member of the association unless the Secretary of Labor determines that the association or other member participated in, had knowledge of, or reason to know of, the violation. (B) Association’s violation does not necessarily disqualify members (i) If an association representing agricultural producers as a joint employer is determined to have committed an act that results in the denial of a petition with respect to the association, the denial shall apply only to the association and does not apply to any individual producer member of the association unless the Secretary of Labor determines that the member participated in, had knowledge of, or reason to know of, the violation. (ii) If an association of agricultural producers certified as a sole employer is determined to have committed an act that results in the denial of a petition with respect to the association, no individual producer member of such association may be the beneficiary of the services of H–2A workers in the commodity and occupation in which such aliens were employed by the association which was denied during the period such denial is in force, unless such producer member employs such aliens in the commodity and occupation in question directly or through an association which is a joint employer of such workers with the producer member. (5) Special procedures The Secretary of Labor, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture and Secretary of Homeland Security, may by regulation establish alternate procedures that reasonably modify program requirements under this section, when the Secretary determines that such modifications are required due to the unique nature of the work involved. (6) Construction occupations An employer may not file a petition under this section on behalf of a worker if the majority of the worker’s duties will fall within a construction or extraction occupational classification. (i) Non-Temporary or -Seasonal needs (1) In general Notwithstanding the requirement in section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) that the agricultural labor or services performed by an H–2A worker be of a temporary or seasonal nature, the Secretary of Homeland Security may, consistent with the provisions of this subsection, approve a petition for an H–2A worker to perform agricultural services or labor that is not of a temporary or seasonal nature. (2) Numerical limitations (A) First 3 fiscal years The total number of aliens who may be issued visas or otherwise provided H–2A nonimmigrant status under paragraph (1) for the first fiscal year during which the first visa is issued under such paragraph and for each of the following two fiscal years may not exceed 20,000. (B) Fiscal years 4 through 10 (i) In general The total number of aliens who may be issued visas or otherwise provided H–2A nonimmigrant status under paragraph (1) for the first fiscal year following the fiscal years referred to in subparagraph (A) and for each of the following 6 fiscal years may not exceed a numerical limitation jointly imposed by the Secretary of Agriculture and Secretary of Labor in accordance with clause (ii). (ii) Annual adjustments For each fiscal year referred to in clause (i), the Secretary of Agriculture and Secretary of Labor, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, shall establish a numerical limitation for purposes of clause (i). Such numerical limitation may not be lower 20,000 and may not vary by more than 12.5 percent compared to the numerical limitation applicable to the immediately preceding fiscal year. In establishing such numerical limitation, the Secretaries shall consider appropriate factors, including— (I) a demonstrated shortage of agricultural workers; (II) the level of unemployment and underemployment of agricultural workers during the preceding fiscal year; (III) the number of H–2A workers sought by employers during the preceding fiscal year to engage in agricultural labor or services not of a temporary or seasonal nature; (IV) the number of such H–2A workers issued a visa in the most recent fiscal year who remain in the United States in compliance with the terms of such visa; (V) the estimated number of United States workers, including workers who obtained certified agricultural worker status under title I of the Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2023, who worked during the preceding fiscal year in agricultural labor or services not of a temporary or seasonal nature; (VI) the number of such United States workers who accepted jobs offered by employers using the online job registry during the preceding fiscal year; (VII) any growth or contraction of the United States agricultural industry that has increased or decreased the demand for agricultural workers; and (VIII) any changes in the real wages paid to agricultural workers in the United States as an indication of a shortage or surplus of agricultural labor. (C) Subsequent fiscal years For each fiscal year following the fiscal years referred to in subparagraph (B), the Secretary of Agriculture and Secretary of Labor shall jointly determine, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, and after considering appropriate factors, including those factors listed in subclauses (I) through (VIII) of subparagraph (B)(ii), whether to establish a numerical limitation for that fiscal year. If a numerical limitation is so established— (i) such numerical limitation may not be lower than the highest number of aliens admitted under this subsection in any of the three fiscal years immediately preceding the fiscal year for which the numerical limitation is to be established; and (ii) the total number of aliens who may be issued visas or otherwise provided H–2A nonimmigrant status under paragraph (1) for that fiscal year may not exceed such numerical limitation. (D) Emergency procedures The Secretary of Agriculture and Secretary of Labor, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, shall jointly establish by regulation procedures for immediately adjusting a numerical limitation imposed under subparagraph (B) or (C) to account for significant labor shortages. (3) Allocation of visas (A) Bi-annual allocation The annual allocation of visas described in paragraph (2) shall be evenly allocated between two halves of the fiscal year unless the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture and Secretary of Labor, determines that an alternative allocation would better accommodate demand for visas. Any unused visas in the first half of the fiscal year shall be added to the allocation for the subsequent half of the same fiscal year. (B) Reserve for dairy labor or services (i) In general Of the visa numbers made available in each half of the fiscal year pursuant to subparagraph (A), 50 percent of such visas shall be reserved for employers filing petitions seeking H–2A workers to engage in agricultural labor or services in the dairy industry. (ii) Exception If, after 4 months have elapsed in one half of the fiscal year, the Secretary of Homeland Security determines that application of clause (i) will result in visas going unused during that half of the fiscal year, clause (i) shall not apply to visas under this paragraph during the remainder of such calendar half. (C) Limited allocation for certain special procedures industries (i) In general Notwithstanding the numerical limitations under paragraph (2), up to 500 aliens may be issued visas or otherwise provided H–2A nonimmigrant status under paragraph (1) in a fiscal year for range sheep or goat herding. (ii) Limitation The total number of aliens in the United States in valid H–2A status under clause (i) at any one time may not exceed 500. (iii) Clarification Any visas issued under this subparagraph may not be considered for purposes of the annual adjustments under subparagraphs (B) and (C) of paragraph (2). (4) Annual round trip home (A) In general In addition to the other requirements of this section, an employer shall provide H–2A workers employed under this subsection, at no cost to such workers, with annual round trip travel, including transportation and subsistence during travel, to their homes in their communities of origin. The employer must provide such travel within 14 months of the initiation of the worker’s employment, and no more than 14 months can elapse between each required period of travel. (B) Limitation The cost of travel under subparagraph (A) need not exceed the lesser of— (i) the actual cost to the worker of the transportation and subsistence involved; or (ii) the most economical and reasonable common carrier transportation charges and subsistence costs for the distance involved. (5) Family housing An employer seeking to employ an H–2A worker pursuant to this subsection shall offer family housing to workers with families if such workers are engaged in agricultural employment that is not of a seasonal or temporary nature. The worker may reject such an offer. The employer may not charge the worker for the worker’s housing, except that if the worker accepts family housing, a prorated rent based on the fair market value for such housing may be charged for the worker’s family members. (6) Workplace safety plan for dairy employees (A) In general If an employer is seeking to employ a worker in agricultural labor or services in the dairy industry pursuant to this subsection, the employer must report incidents consistent with the requirements under section 1904.39 of title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, and maintain an effective worksite safety and compliance plan to prevent workplace accidents and otherwise ensure safety. Such plan shall— (i) be in writing in English and, to the extent necessary, any language common to a significant portion of the workers if they are not fluent in English; and (ii) be posted at a conspicuous location at the worksite and provided to employees prior to the commencement of labor or services. (B) Contents of plan The Secretary of Labor, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture, shall establish by regulation the minimum requirements for the plan described in subparagraph (A). Such plan shall include measures to— (i) require workers (other than the employer’s family members) whose positions require contact with animals to complete animal care training, including animal handling and job-specific animal care; (ii) protect against sexual harassment and violence, resolve complaints involving harassment or violence, and protect against retaliation against workers reporting harassment or violence; and (iii) contain other provisions necessary for ensuring workplace safety, as determined by the Secretary of Labor, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture. (C) Clarification Nothing in this paragraph is intended to apply to persons or entities that are not seeking to employ workers under this section. Nothing in this paragraph is intended to limit any other Federal or State authority to promulgate, enforce, or maintain health and safety standards related to the dairy industry. (j) Eligibility for H–2A status and admission to the United States (1) Disqualification An alien shall be ineligible for admission to the United States as an H–2A worker pursuant to a petition filed under this section if the alien was admitted to the United States as an H–2A worker within the past 5 years of the date the petition was filed and— (A) violated a material provision of this section, including the requirement to promptly depart the United States when the alien’s authorized period of admission has expired, unless the alien has good cause for such failure to depart; or (B) otherwise violated a term or condition of admission into the United States as an H–2A worker. (2) Visa validity A visa issued to an H–2A worker shall be valid for 3 years and shall allow for multiple entries during the approved period of admission. (3) Period of authorized stay; admission (A) In general An alien admissible as an H–2A worker shall be authorized to stay in the United States for the period of employment specified in the petition approved by the Secretary of Homeland Security under this section. The maximum continuous period of authorized stay for an H–2A worker is 36 months. (B) Requirement to remain outside the United States In the case of an H–2A worker whose maximum continuous period of authorized stay (including any extensions) has expired, the alien may not again be eligible for such stay until the alien remains outside the United States for a cumulative period of at least 45 days. (C) Exceptions The Secretary of Homeland Security shall deduct absences from the United States that take place during an H–2A worker’s period of authorized stay from the period that the alien is required to remain outside the United States under subparagraph (B), if the alien or the alien’s employer requests such a deduction, and provides clear and convincing proof that the alien qualifies for such a deduction. Such proof shall consist of evidence including, but not limited to, arrival and departure records, copies of tax returns, and records of employment abroad. (D) Admission In addition to the maximum continuous period of authorized stay, an H–2A worker’s authorized period of admission shall include an additional period of 10 days prior to the beginning of the period of employment for the purpose of traveling to the place of employment and 45 days at the end of the period of employment for the purpose of traveling home or seeking an extension of status based on a subsequent offer of employment if the worker has not reached the maximum continuous period of authorized stay under subparagraph (A) (subject to the exceptions in subparagraph (C)). (4) Continuing H–2A workers (A) Successive employment An H–2A worker is authorized to start new or concurrent employment upon the filing of a nonfrivolous H–2A petition, or as of the requested start date, whichever is later if— (i) the petition to start new or concurrent employment was filed prior to the expiration of the H–2A worker’s period of admission as defined in paragraph (3)(D); and (ii) the H–2A worker has not been employed without authorization in the United States from the time of last admission to the United States in H–2A status through the filing of the petition for new employment. (B) Protection due to immigrant visa backlogs Notwithstanding the limitations on the period of authorized stay described in paragraph (3), any H–2A worker who— (i) is the beneficiary of an approved petition, filed under section 204(a)(1) (E) or (F) for preference status under section 203(b)(3)(A)(iii); and (ii) is eligible to be granted such status but for the annual limitations on visas under section 203(b)(3)(A), may apply for, and the Secretary of Homeland Security may grant, an extension of such nonimmigrant status until the Secretary of Homeland Security issues a final administrative decision on the alien’s application for adjustment of status or the Secretary of State issues a final decision on the alien’s application for an immigrant visa. (5) Abandonment of employment (A) In general Except as provided in subparagraph (B), an H–2A worker who abandons the employment which was the basis for the worker’s authorized stay, without good cause, shall be considered to have failed to maintain H–2A status and shall depart the United States or be subject to removal under section 237(a)(1)(C)(i). (B) Grace period to secure new employment An H–2A worker shall not be considered to have failed to maintain H–2A status solely on the basis of a cessation of the employment on which the alien’s classification was based for a period of 45 consecutive days, or until the end of the authorized validity period, whichever is shorter, once during each authorized validity period. (k) Required disclosures (1) Disclosure of work contract Not later than the time the H–2A worker applies for a visa, the employer shall provide the worker with a copy of the work contract that includes the disclosures and rights under this section (or in the absence of such a contract, a copy of the job order and proof of the certification described in subparagraphs (B) and (D) of subsection (h)(2)). An H–2A worker moving from one H–2A employer to a subsequent H–2A employer shall be provided with a copy of the new employment contract no later than the time an offer of employment is made by the subsequent employer. (2) Hours and earnings statements The employer shall furnish to H–2A workers, on or before each payday, in one or more written statements— (A) the worker’s total earnings for the pay period; (B) the worker’s hourly rate of pay, piece rate of pay, or both; (C) the hours of employment offered to the worker and the hours of employment actually worked; (D) if piece rates of pay are used, the units produced daily; (E) an itemization of the deductions made from the worker’s wages; and (F) any other information required by Federal, State or local law. (3) Notice of worker rights The employer must post and maintain in a conspicuous location at the place of employment, a poster provided by the Secretary of Labor in English, and, to the extent necessary, any language common to a significant portion of the workers if they are not fluent in English, which sets out the rights and protections for workers employed pursuant to this section. (l) Labor contractors; foreign labor recruiters; prohibition on fees (1) labor contractors (A) Surety bond An employer that is a labor contractor who seeks to employ H–2A workers shall maintain a surety bond in an amount required under subparagraph (B). Such bond shall be payable to the Secretary of Labor or pursuant to the resolution of a civil or criminal proceeding, for the payment of wages and benefits, including any assessment of interest, owed to an H–2A worker or a similarly employed United States worker, or a United States worker who has been rejected or displaced in violation of this section. (B) Amount of bond The Secretary of Labor shall annually publish in the Federal Register a schedule of required bond amounts that are determined by such Secretary to be sufficient for labor contractors to discharge financial obligations under this section based on the number of workers the labor contractor seeks to employ and the wages such workers are required to be paid. (C) Premium bond A labor contractor seeking to file a petition involving more than one start date under subsection (h)(1)(C) shall maintain a surety bond that is at least 15 percent higher than the applicable bond amount determined by the Secretary under subparagraph (B). (D) Use of funds Any sums paid to the Secretary under subparagraph (A) that are not paid to a worker because of the inability to do so within a period of 5 years following the date of a violation giving rise to the obligation to pay shall remain available to the Secretary without further appropriation until expended to support the enforcement of this section. (2) Prohibition against employees paying fees Neither the employer nor its agents shall seek or receive payment of any kind from any worker for any activity related to the H–2A process, including payment of the employer’s attorneys’ fees, application fees, or recruitment costs. An employer and its agents may receive reimbursement for costs that are the responsibility and primarily for the benefit of the worker, such as government-required passport fees. (3) Third-party contracts The contract between an employer and any labor contractor or any foreign labor recruiter (or any agent of such labor contractor or foreign labor recruiter) whom the employer engages shall include a term providing for the termination of such contract for cause if the contractor or recruiter, either directly or indirectly, in the placement or recruitment of H–2A workers seeks or receives payments or other compensation from prospective employees. Upon learning that a labor contractor or foreign labor recruiter has sought or collected such payments, the employer shall so terminate any contracts with such contractor or recruiter. (m) Enforcement authority (1) In general The Secretary of Labor is authorized to take such actions against employers, including imposing appropriate penalties and seeking monetary and injunctive relief and specific performance of contractual obligations, as may be necessary to ensure compliance with the requirements of this section and with the applicable terms and conditions of employment. (2) Complaint process (A) Process The Secretary of Labor shall establish a process for the receipt, investigation, and disposition of complaints alleging failure of an employer to comply with the requirements under this section and with the applicable terms and conditions of employment. (B) Filing A complaint referred to in subparagraph (A) may be filed not later than 2 years after the date of the conduct that is the subject of the complaint. (C) Complaint not exclusive A complaint filed under this paragraph is not an exclusive remedy and the filing of such a complaint does not waive any rights or remedies of the aggrieved party under this law or other laws. (D) Decision and remedies If the Secretary of Labor finds, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, that the employer failed to comply with the requirements of this section or the terms and conditions of employment, the Secretary of Labor may require payment of unpaid wages, unpaid benefits, fees assessed in violation of this section, damages, and civil money penalties. The Secretary is also authorized to impose other administrative remedies, including disqualification of the employer from utilizing the H–2A program for a period of up to 5 years in the event of willful or multiple material violations. The Secretary is authorized to permanently disqualify an employer from utilizing the H–2A program upon a subsequent finding involving willful or multiple material violations. (E) Disposition of penalties Civil penalties collected under this paragraph shall be deposited into the H–2A Labor Certification Fee Account established under section 203 of the Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2023. (3) Statutory construction Nothing in this subsection may be construed as limiting the authority of the Secretary of Labor to conduct an investigation— (A) under any other law, including any law affecting migrant and seasonal agricultural workers; or (B) in the absence of a complaint. (4) Retaliation prohibited It is a violation of this subsection for any person to intimidate, threaten, restrain, coerce, blacklist, discharge, or in any other manner discriminate against, or to cause any person to intimidate, threaten, restrain, coerce, blacklist, or in any manner discriminate against, an employee, including a former employee or an applicant for employment, because the employee— (A) has disclosed information to the employer, or to any other person, that the employee reasonably believes evidences a violation under this section, or any rule or regulation relating to this section; (B) has filed a complaint concerning the employer’s compliance with the requirements under this section or any rule or regulation pertaining to this section; (C) cooperates or seeks to cooperate in an investigation or other proceeding concerning the employer’s compliance with the requirements under this section or any rule or regulation pertaining to this section; or (D) has taken steps to exercise or assert any right or protection under the provisions of this section, or any rule or regulation pertaining to this section, or any other relevant Federal, State, or local law. (5) Interagency communication The Secretary of Labor, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, Secretary of State and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, shall establish mechanisms by which the agencies and their components share information, including by public electronic means, regarding complaints, studies, investigations, findings and remedies regarding compliance by employers with the requirements of the H–2A program and other employment-related laws and regulations. (n) Definitions In this section: (1) Displace The term displace (2) H–2A worker The term H–2A worker (3) Job order The term job order (4) Online job registry The term online job registry (5) Similarly employed The term similarly employed (6) United States worker The term United States worker (A) a citizen or national of the United States; (B) an alien who is lawfully admitted for permanent residence, is admitted as a refugee under section 207, is granted asylum under section 208, or is an immigrant otherwise authorized to be employed in the United States; (C) an alien granted certified agricultural worker status under title I of the Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2023; or (D) an individual who is not an unauthorized alien (as defined in section 274A(h)(3)) with respect to the employment in which the worker is engaging. (o) Fees; authorization of appropriations (1) Fees (A) In general The Secretary of Homeland Security shall impose a fee to process petitions under this section. Such fee shall be set at a level that is sufficient to recover the reasonable costs of processing the petition, including the reasonable costs of providing labor certification by the Secretary of Labor. (B) Distribution Fees collected under subparagraph (A) shall be deposited as offsetting receipts into the immigration examinations fee account in section 286(m), except that the portion of fees assessed for the Secretary of Labor shall be deposited into the H–2A Labor Certification Fee Account established pursuant to section 203(c) of the Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2023. (2) Appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated for each fiscal year such sums as necessary for the purposes of— (A) recruiting United States workers for labor or services which might otherwise be performed by H–2A workers, including by ensuring that State workforce agencies are sufficiently funded to fulfill their functions under this section; (B) enabling the Secretary of Labor to make determinations and certifications under this section and under section 212(a)(5)(A)(i); (C) monitoring the terms and conditions under which H–2A workers (and United States workers employed by the same employers) are employed in the United States; and (D) enabling the Secretary of Agriculture to carry out the Secretary of Agriculture’s duties and responsibilities under this section. . 203. Agency roles and responsibilities (a) Responsibilities of the secretary of labor With respect to the administration of the H–2A program, the Secretary of Labor shall be responsible for— (1) consulting with State workforce agencies to— (A) review and process job orders; (B) facilitate the recruitment and referral of able, willing and qualified United States workers who will be available at the time and place needed; (C) determine prevailing wages and practices; and (D) conduct timely inspections to ensure compliance with applicable Federal, State, or local housing standards and Federal regulations for H–2A housing; (2) determining whether the employer has met the conditions for approval of the H–2A petition described in section 218 of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1188 (3) determining, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture, whether a job opportunity is of a seasonal or temporary nature; (4) determining whether the employer has complied or will comply with the H–2A program requirements set forth in section 218 of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1188 (5) processing and investigating complaints consistent with section 218(m) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1188(m) (6) referring any matter as appropriate to the Inspector General of the Department of Labor for investigation; (7) ensuring that guidance to State workforce agencies to conduct wage surveys is regularly updated; and (8) issuing such rules and regulations as are necessary to carry out the Secretary of Labor’s responsibilities under this Act and the amendments made by this Act. (b) Responsibilities of the secretary of homeland security With respect to the administration of the H–2A program, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall be responsible for— (1) adjudicating petitions for the admission of H–2A workers, which shall include an assessment as to whether each beneficiary will be employed in accordance with the terms and conditions of the certification and whether any named beneficiaries qualify for such employment; (2) transmitting a copy of the final decision on the petition to the employer, and in the case of approved petitions, ensuring that the petition approval is reflected in the electronic platform to facilitate the prompt issuance of a visa by the Department of State (if required) and the admission of the H–2A workers to the United States; (3) establishing a reliable and secure method through which H–2A workers can access information about their H–2A visa status, including information on pending, approved, or denied petitions to extend such status; (4) investigating and preventing fraud in the program, including the utilization of H–2A workers for other than allowable agricultural labor or services; and (5) issuing such rules and regulations as are necessary to carry out the Secretary of Homeland Security’s responsibilities under this Act and the amendments made by this Act. (c) Establishment of account and use of funds (1) Establishment of account There is established in the general fund of the Treasury a separate account, which shall be known as the H–2A Labor Certification Fee Account (A) collected as a civil penalty under section 218(m)(2)(E) of the Immigration and Nationality Act; and (B) collected as a fee under section 218(o)(1)(B) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. (2) Use of fees Amounts deposited into the H–2A Labor Certification Fee Account shall be available (except as otherwise provided in this paragraph) without fiscal year limitation and without the requirement for specification in appropriations Acts to the Secretary of Labor for use, directly or through grants, contracts, or other arrangements, in such amounts as the Secretary of Labor determines are necessary for the costs of Federal and State administration in carrying out activities in connection with labor certification under section 218 of the Immigration and Nationality Act. Such costs may include personnel salaries and benefits, equipment and infrastructure for adjudication and customer service processes, the operation and maintenance of an on-line job registry, and program integrity activities. The Secretary, in determining what amounts to transfer to States for State administration in carrying out activities in connection with labor certification under section 218 of the Immigration and Nationality Act shall consider the number of H–2A workers employed in that State and shall adjust the amount transferred to that State accordingly. In addition, 10 percent of the amounts deposited into the H–2A Labor Certification Fee Account shall be available to the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Labor to conduct audits and criminal investigations relating to such foreign labor certification programs. (3) Additional funds Amounts available under paragraph (1) shall be available in addition to any other funds appropriated or made available to the Department of Labor under other laws, including section 218(o)(2) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. 204. Worker protection and compliance (a) Equality of treatment H–2A workers shall not be denied any right or remedy under any Federal, State, or local labor or employment law applicable to United States workers engaged in agricultural employment. (b) Applicability of other laws (1) Migrant and seasonal agricultural worker protection act H–2A workers shall be considered migrant agricultural workers for purposes of the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act ( 29 U.S.C. 1801 et seq. (2) Waiver of rights prohibited Agreements by H–2A workers to waive or modify any rights or protections under this Act or section 218 of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1188 (3) Mediation (A) Free mediation services The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service shall be available to assist in resolving disputes arising under this section between H–2A workers and agricultural employers without charge to the parties. (B) Complaint If an H–2A worker files a civil lawsuit alleging one or more violations of section 218 of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1188 29 U.S.C. 201 et seq. 29 U.S.C. 1801 et seq. (C) Notice Upon filing a request under subparagraph (B) and giving of notice to the parties, the parties shall attempt mediation within the period specified in subparagraph (D), except that nothing in this paragraph shall limit the ability of a court to order preliminary injunctive relief to protect health and safety or to otherwise prevent irreparable harm. (D) 90-day limit The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service may conduct mediation or other nonbinding dispute resolution activities for a period not to exceed 90 days beginning on the date on which the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service receives a request for assistance under subparagraph (B) unless the parties agree to an extension of such period. (E) Authorization of appropriations (i) In general Subject to clause (ii), there is authorized to be appropriated to the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, such sums as may be necessary for each fiscal year to carry out this subparagraph. (ii) Mediation Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service is authorized— (I) to conduct the mediation or other dispute resolution activities from any other account containing amounts available to the Director; and (II) to reimburse such account with amounts appropriated pursuant to clause (i). (F) Private mediation If all parties agree, a private mediator may be employed as an alternative to the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. (c) Farm labor contractor requirements (1) Surety bonds (A) Requirement Section 101 of the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act ( 29 U.S.C. 1811 (e) A farm labor contractor shall maintain a surety bond in an amount determined by the Secretary to be sufficient for ensuring the ability of the farm labor contractor to discharge its financial obligations, including payment of wages and benefits to employees. Such a bond shall be available to satisfy any amounts ordered to be paid by the Secretary or by court order for failure to comply with the obligations of this Act. The Secretary of Labor shall annually publish in the Federal Register a schedule of required bond amounts that are determined by such Secretary to be sufficient for farm labor contractors to discharge financial obligations based on the number of workers to be covered. . (B) Registration determinations Section 103(a) of the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act ( 29 U.S.C. 1813(a) (i) in paragraph (4), by striking or (ii) in paragraph (5)(B), by striking or (iii) in paragraph (6), by striking the period at the end and inserting ; (iv) by adding at the end the following: (7) has failed to maintain a surety bond in compliance with section 101(e); or (8) has been disqualified by the Secretary of Labor from importing nonimmigrants described in section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. . (2) Successors in interest (A) Declaration Section 102 of the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act ( 29 U.S.C. 1812 (i) in paragraph (4), by striking and (ii) in paragraph (5), by striking the period at the end and inserting ; and (iii) by adding at the end the following: (6) a declaration, subscribed and sworn to by the applicant, stating whether the applicant has a familial, contractual, or employment relationship with, or shares vehicles, facilities, property, or employees with, a person who has been refused issuance or renewal of a certificate, or has had a certificate suspended or revoked, pursuant to section 103. . (B) Rebuttable presumption Section 103 of the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act ( 29 U.S.C. 1813 (b) (1) There shall be a rebuttable presumption that an applicant for issuance or renewal of a certificate is not the real party in interest in the application if the applicant— (A) is the immediate family member of any person who has been refused issuance or renewal of a certificate, or has had a certificate suspended or revoked; and (B) identifies a vehicle, facility, or real property under paragraph (2) or (3) of section 102 that has been previously listed by a person who has been refused issuance or renewal of a certificate, or has had a certificate suspended or revoked. (2) An applicant described in paragraph (1) bears the burden of demonstrating to the Secretary’s satisfaction that the applicant is the real party in interest in the application. . 205. Report on wage protections (a) Not later than 3 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 3 years thereafter, the Secretary of Labor and Secretary of Agriculture shall prepare and transmit to the Committees on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and Senate, a report that addresses— (1) whether, and the manner in which, the employment of H–2A workers in the United States has impacted the wages, working conditions, or job opportunities of United States farm workers; (2) whether, and the manner in which, the adverse effect wage rate increases or decreases wages on United States farms, broken down by geographic region and farm size; (3) whether any potential impact of the adverse effect wage rate varies based on the percentage of workers in a geographic region that are H–2A workers; (4) the degree to which the adverse effect wage rate is affected by the inclusion in wage surveys of piece rate compensation, bonus payments, and other pay incentives, and whether such forms of incentive compensation should be surveyed and reported separately from hourly base rates; (5) whether, and the manner in which, other factors may artificially affect the adverse effect wage rate, including factors that may be specific to a region, State, or region within a State; (6) whether, and the manner in which, the H–2A program affects the ability of United States farms to compete with agricultural commodities imported from outside the United States; (7) the number and percentage of farmworkers in the United States whose incomes are below the poverty line; (8) whether alternative wage standards would be sufficient to prevent wages in occupations in which H–2A workers are employed from falling below the wage level that would have prevailed in the absence of the H–2A program; (9) whether any changes are warranted in the current methodologies for calculating the adverse effect wage rate and the prevailing wage; and (10) recommendations for future wage protection under this section. (b) In preparing the report described in subsection (a), the Secretary of Labor and Secretary of Agriculture shall engage with equal numbers of representatives of agricultural employers and agricultural workers, both locally and nationally. 206. Portable H–2A visa pilot program (a) Establishment of pilot program (1) In general Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of Labor and Secretary of Agriculture, shall establish through regulation a 6-year pilot program to facilitate the free movement and employment of temporary or seasonal H–2A workers to perform agricultural labor or services for agricultural employers registered with the Secretary of Agriculture. Notwithstanding the requirements of section 218 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, such regulation shall establish the requirements for the pilot program, consistent with subsection (b). For purposes of this section, such a worker shall be referred to as a portable H–2A worker, and status as such a worker shall be referred to as portable H–2A status. (2) Online platform The Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of Labor and the Secretary of Agriculture, shall maintain an online electronic platform to connect portable H–2A workers with registered agricultural employers seeking workers to perform temporary or seasonal agricultural labor or services. Employers shall post on the platform available job opportunities, including a description of the nature and location of the work to be performed, the anticipated period or periods of need, and the terms and conditions of employment. Such platform shall allow portable H–2A workers to search for available job opportunities using relevant criteria, including the types of jobs needed to be filled and the dates and locations of need. (3) Limitation Notwithstanding the issuance of the regulation described in paragraph (1), the Secretary of State may not issue a portable H–2A visa and the Secretary of Homeland Security may not confer portable H–2A status on any alien until the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of Labor and Secretary of Agriculture, has determined that a sufficient number of employers have been designated as registered agricultural employers under subsection (b)(1) and that such employers have sufficient job opportunities to employ a reasonable number of portable H–2A workers to initiate the pilot program. (b) Pilot program elements The pilot program in subsection (a) shall contain the following elements: (1) Registered agricultural employers (A) Designation Agricultural employers shall be provided the ability to seek designation as registered agricultural employers. Reasonable fees may be assessed commensurate with the cost of processing applications for designation. A designation shall be valid for a period of up to 3 years unless revoked for failure to comply with program requirements. Registered employers that comply with program requirements may apply to renew such designation for additional periods of up to 3 years for the duration of the pilot program. (B) Limitations Registered agricultural employers may employ aliens with portable H–2A status without filing a petition. Such employers shall pay such aliens at least the wage required under section 218(d) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1188(d) (C) Workers’ compensation If a job opportunity is not covered by or is exempt from the State workers’ compensation law, a registered agricultural employer shall provide, at no cost to the worker, insurance covering injury and disease arising out of, and in the course of, the worker’s employment, which will provide benefits at least equal to those provided under the State workers’ compensation law. (2) Designated workers (A) In general Individuals who have been previously admitted to the United States in H–2A status, and maintained such status during the period of admission, shall be provided the opportunity to apply for portable H–2A status. Portable H–2A workers shall be subject to the provisions on visa validity and periods of authorized stay and admission for H–2A workers described in paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 218(j) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1188(j) (B) Limitations on availability of portable H–2A status (i) Initial offer of employment required No alien may be granted portable H–2A status without an initial valid offer of employment to perform temporary or agricultural labor or services from a registered agricultural employer. (ii) Numerical limitations The total number of aliens who may hold valid portable H–2A status at any one time may not exceed 10,000. Notwithstanding such limitation, the Secretary of Homeland Security may further limit the number of aliens with valid portable H–2A status if the Secretary determines that there are an insufficient number of registered agricultural employers or job opportunities to support the employment of all such portable H–2A workers. (C) Scope of employment During the period of admission, a portable H–2A worker may perform temporary or seasonal agricultural labor or services for any employer in the United States that is designated as a registered agricultural employer pursuant to paragraph (1). An employment arrangement under this section may be terminated by either the portable H–2A worker or the registered agricultural employer at any time. (D) Transfer to new employment At the cessation of employment with a registered agricultural employer, a portable H–2A worker shall have 60 days to secure new employment with a registered agricultural employer. (E) Maintenance of status A portable H–2A worker who does not secure new employment with a registered agricultural employer within 60 days shall be considered to have failed to maintain such status and shall depart the United States or be subject to removal under section 237(a)(1)(C)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1188(a)(1)(C)(i) (3) Enforcement The Secretary of Labor shall be responsible for conducting investigations and random audits of employers to ensure compliance with the employment-related requirements of this section, consistent with section 218(m) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1188(m) (4) Eligibility for services Section 305 of Public Law 99–603 other employment rights as provided in the worker’s specific contract under which the nonimmigrant was admitted employment-related rights (c) Report Not later than 6 months before the end of the third fiscal year of the pilot program, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of Labor and the Secretary of Agriculture, shall prepare and submit to the Committees on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the Senate, a report that provides— (1) the number of employers designated as registered agricultural employers, broken down by geographic region, farm size, and the number of job opportunities offered by such employers; (2) the number of employers whose designation as a registered agricultural employer was revoked; (3) the number of individuals granted portable H–2A status in each fiscal year, along with the number of such individuals who maintained portable H–2A status during all or a portion of the 3-year period of the pilot program; (4) an assessment of the impact of the pilot program on the wages and working conditions of United States farm workers; (5) the results of a survey of individuals granted portable H–2A status, detailing their experiences with and feedback on the pilot program; (6) the results of a survey of registered agricultural employers, detailing their experiences with and feedback on the pilot program; (7) an assessment as to whether the program should be continued and if so, any recommendations for improving the program; and (8) findings and recommendations regarding effective recruitment mechanisms, including use of new technology to match workers with employers and ensure compliance with applicable labor and employment laws and regulations. 207. Improving access to permanent residence (a) Worldwide level Section 201(d)(1)(A) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1151(d)(1)(A) 140,000 180,000 (b) Visas for farmworkers Section 203(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1153(b) (1) in paragraph (1) by striking 28.6 percent of such worldwide level 40,040 (2) in paragraph (2)(A) by striking 28.6 percent of such worldwide level 40,040 (3) in paragraph (3)— (A) in subparagraph (A)— (i) in the matter before clause (i), by striking 28.6 percent of such worldwide level 80,040 (ii) by amending clause (iii) to read as follows: (iii) Other workers Other qualified immigrants who, at the time of petitioning for classification under this paragraph— (I) are capable of performing unskilled labor, not of a temporary or seasonal nature, for which qualified workers are not available in the United States; or (II) can demonstrate employment in the United States as an H–2A nonimmigrant worker for at least 100 days in each of at least 10 years. ; (B) by amending subparagraph (B) to read as follows: (B) Visas allocated for other workers (i) In general Except as provided in clauses (ii) and (iii), 50,000 of the visas made available under this paragraph shall be reserved for qualified immigrants described in subparagraph (A)(iii). (ii) Preference for agricultural workers Subject to clause (iii), not less than four-fifths of the visas described in clause (i) shall be reserved for— (I) qualified immigrants described in subparagraph (A)(iii)(I) who will be performing agricultural labor or services in the United States; and (II) qualified immigrants described in subparagraph (A)(iii)(II). (iii) Exception If because of the application of clause (ii), the total number of visas available under this paragraph for a calendar quarter exceeds the number of qualified immigrants who otherwise may be issued such a visa, clause (ii) shall not apply to visas under this paragraph during the remainder of such calendar quarter. (iv) No per country limits Visas described under clause (ii) shall be issued without regard to the numerical limitation under section 202(a)(2). ; and (C) by amending subparagraph (C) by striking An immigrant visa Except for qualified immigrants petitioning for classification under subparagraph (A)(iii)(II), an immigrant visa (4) in paragraph (4), by striking 7.1 percent of such worldwide level 9,940 (5) in paragraph (5)(A), in the matter before clause (i), by striking 7.1 percent of such worldwide level 9,940 (c) Petitioning procedure Section 204(a)(1)(E) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1154(a)(1)(E) or 203(b)(3)(A)(iii)(II) 203(b)(1)(A) (d) Dual intent Section 214(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1184(b) section 101(a)(15)(H)(i) except subclause (b1) of such section clause (i), except subclause (b1), or (ii)(a) of section 101(a)(15)(H) B Preservation and Construction of Farmworker Housing 220. Short title This subtitle may be cited as the Strategy and Investment in Rural Housing Preservation Act of 2023 221. Permanent establishment of housing preservation and revitalization program Title V of the Housing Act of 1949 ( 42 U.S.C. 1471 et seq. 545. Housing preservation and revitalization program (a) Establishment The Secretary shall carry out a program under this section for the preservation and revitalization of multifamily rental housing projects financed under section 515 or both sections 514 and 516. (b) Notice of maturing loans (1) To owners On an annual basis, the Secretary shall provide written notice to each owner of a property financed under section 515 or both sections 514 and 516 that will mature within the 4-year period beginning upon the provision of such notice, setting forth the options and financial incentives that are available to facilitate the extension of the loan term or the option to decouple a rental assistance contract pursuant to subsection (f). (2) To tenants (A) In general For each property financed under section 515 or both sections 514 and 516, not later than the date that is 2 years before the date that such loan will mature, the Secretary shall provide written notice to each household residing in such property that informs them of the date of the loan maturity, the possible actions that may happen with respect to the property upon such maturity, and how to protect their right to reside in federally assisted housing after such maturity. (B) Language Notice under this paragraph shall be provided in plain English and shall be translated to other languages in the case of any property located in an area in which a significant number of residents speak such other languages. (c) Loan restructuring Under the program under this section, the Secretary may restructure such existing housing loans, as the Secretary considers appropriate, for the purpose of ensuring that such projects have sufficient resources to preserve the projects to provide safe and affordable housing for low-income residents and farm laborers, by— (1) reducing or eliminating interest; (2) deferring loan payments; (3) subordinating, reducing, or reamortizing loan debt; and (4) providing other financial assistance, including advances, payments, and incentives (including the ability of owners to obtain reasonable returns on investment) required by the Secretary. (d) Renewal of rental assistance When the Secretary offers to restructure a loan pursuant to subsection (c), the Secretary shall offer to renew the rental assistance contract under section 521(a)(2) for a 20-year term that is subject to annual appropriations, provided that the owner agrees to bring the property up to such standards that will ensure its maintenance as decent, safe, and sanitary housing for the full term of the rental assistance contract. (e) Restrictive use agreements (1) Requirement As part of the preservation and revitalization agreement for a project, the Secretary shall obtain a restrictive use agreement that obligates the owner to operate the project in accordance with this title. (2) Term (A) No extension of rental assistance contract Except when the Secretary enters into a 20-year extension of the rental assistance contract for the project, the term of the restrictive use agreement for the project shall be consistent with the term of the restructured loan for the project. (B) Extension of rental assistance contract If the Secretary enters into a 20-year extension of the rental assistance contract for a project, the term of the restrictive use agreement for the project shall be for 20 years. (C) Termination The Secretary may terminate the 20-year use restrictive use agreement for a project prior to the end of its term if the 20-year rental assistance contract for the project with the owner is terminated at any time for reasons outside the owner’s control. (f) Decoupling of rental assistance (1) Renewal of rental assistance contract If the Secretary determines that a maturing loan for a project cannot reasonably be restructured in accordance with subsection (c) and the project was operating with rental assistance under section 521, the Secretary may renew the rental assistance contract, notwithstanding any provision of section 521, for a term, subject to annual appropriations, of at least 10 years but not more than 20 years. (2) Rents Any agreement to extend the term of the rental assistance contract under section 521 for a project shall obligate the owner to continue to maintain the project as decent, safe and sanitary housing and to operate the development in accordance with this title, except that rents shall be based on the lesser of— (A) the budget-based needs of the project; or (B) the operating cost adjustment factor as a payment standard as provided under section 524 of the Multifamily Assisted Housing Reform and Affordability Act of 1997 ( 42 U.S.C. 1437 (g) Multifamily housing transfer technical assistance Under the program under this section, the Secretary may provide grants to qualified non-profit organizations and public housing agencies to provide technical assistance, including financial and legal services, to borrowers under loans under this title for multifamily housing to facilitate the acquisition of such multifamily housing properties in areas where the Secretary determines there is a risk of loss of affordable housing. (h) Transfer of rental assistance After the loan or loans for a rental project originally financed under section 515 or both sections 514 and 516 have matured or have been prepaid and the owner has chosen not to restructure the loan pursuant to subsection (c), a tenant residing in such project shall have 18 months prior to loan maturation or prepayment to transfer the rental assistance assigned to the tenant’s unit to another rental project originally financed under section 515 or both sections 514 and 516, and the owner of the initial project may rent the tenant’s previous unit to a new tenant without income restrictions. (i) Administrative expenses Of any amounts made available for the program under this section for any fiscal year, the Secretary may use not more than $1,000,000 for administrative expenses for carrying out such program. (j) Authorization of appropriations There is authorized to be appropriated for the program under this section $200,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028. . 222. Eligibility for rural housing vouchers Section 542 of the Housing Act of 1949 ( 42 U.S.C. 1490r (c) Eligibility of households in sections 514, 515, and 516 projects The Secretary may provide rural housing vouchers under this section for any low-income household (including those not receiving rental assistance) residing, for a term longer than the remaining term of their lease in effect just prior to prepayment, in a property financed with a loan made or insured under section 514 or 515 ( 42 U.S.C. 1484 42 U.S.C. 1472(c)(5)(G)(ii)(I) . 223. Amount of voucher assistance Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in the case of any rural housing voucher provided pursuant to section 542 of the Housing Act of 1949 ( 42 U.S.C. 1490r 224. Rental assistance contract authority Subsection (d) of section 521 of the Housing Act of 1949 ( 42 U.S.C. 1490a(d) (1) in paragraph (1), by inserting after subparagraph (A) the following new subparagraph (and by redesignating the subsequent subparagraphs accordingly): (B) upon request of an owner of a project financed under section 514 or 515, the Secretary is authorized to enter into renewal of such agreements for a period of 20 years or the term of the loan, whichever is shorter, subject to amounts made available in appropriations Acts; ; and (2) by adding at the end the following new paragraph: (3) In the case of any rental assistance contract authority that becomes available because of the termination of assistance on behalf of an assisted family— (A) at the option of the owner of the rental project, the Secretary shall provide the owner a period of 6 months before such assistance is made available pursuant to subparagraph (B) during which the owner may use such assistance authority to provide assistance of behalf of an eligible unassisted family that— (i) is residing in the same rental project that the assisted family resided in prior to such termination; or (ii) newly occupies a dwelling unit in such rental project during such period; and (B) except for assistance used as provided in subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall use such remaining authority to provide such assistance on behalf of eligible families residing in other rental projects originally financed under section 515 or both sections 514 and 516 of this Act. . 225. Funding for multifamily technical improvements There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Agriculture $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2024 for improving the technology of the Department of Agriculture used to process loans for multifamily housing and otherwise managing such housing. Such improvements shall be made within the 5-year period beginning upon the appropriation of such amounts and such amount shall remain available until the expiration of such 5-year period. 226. Plan for preserving affordability of rental projects (a) Plan The Secretary of Agriculture (in this section referred to as the Secretary (1) set forth specific performance goals and measures; (2) set forth the specific actions and mechanisms by which such goals will be achieved; (3) set forth specific measurements by which progress towards achievement of each goal can be measured; (4) provide for detailed reporting on outcomes; and (5) include any legislative recommendations to assist in achievement of the goals under the plan. (b) Advisory committee (1) Establishment; purpose The Secretary shall establish an advisory committee whose purpose shall be to assist the Secretary in preserving section 515 properties and section 514 properties owned by nonprofit or public agencies through the multifamily housing preservation and revitalization program under section 545 and in implementing the plan required under subsection (a). (2) Member The advisory committee shall consist of 16 members, appointed by the Secretary, as follows: (A) A State Director of Rural Development for the Department of Agriculture. (B) The Administrator for Rural Housing Service of the Department of Agriculture. (C) Two representatives of for-profit developers or owners of multifamily rural rental housing. (D) Two representatives of non-profit developers or owners of multifamily rural rental housing. (E) Two representatives of State housing finance agencies. (F) Two representatives of tenants of multifamily rural rental housing. (G) One representative of a community development financial institution that is involved in preserving the affordability of housing assisted under sections 514, 515, and 516 of the Housing Act of 1949. (H) One representative of a nonprofit organization that operates nationally and has actively participated in the preservation of housing assisted by the Rural Housing Service by conducting research regarding, and providing financing and technical assistance for, preserving the affordability of such housing. (I) One representative of low-income housing tax credit investors. (J) One representative of regulated financial institutions that finance affordable multifamily rural rental housing developments. (K) Two representatives from non-profit organizations representing farmworkers, including one organization representing farmworker women. (3) Meetings The advisory committee shall meet not less often than once each calendar quarter. (4) Functions In providing assistance to the Secretary to carry out its purpose, the advisory committee shall carry out the following functions: (A) Assisting the Rural Housing Service of the Department of Agriculture to improve estimates of the size, scope, and condition of rental housing portfolio of the Service, including the timeframes for maturity of mortgages and costs for preserving the portfolio as affordable housing. (B) Reviewing current policies and procedures of the Rural Housing Service regarding preservation of affordable rental housing financed under sections 514, 515, 516, and 538 of the Housing Act of 1949, the Multifamily Preservation and Revitalization Demonstration program (MPR), and the rental assistance program and making recommendations regarding improvements and modifications to such policies and procedures. (C) Providing ongoing review of Rural Housing Service program results. (D) Providing reports to the Congress and the public on meetings, recommendations, and other findings of the advisory committee. (5) Travel costs Any amounts made available for administrative costs of the Department of Agriculture may be used for costs of travel by members of the advisory committee to meetings of the committee. 227. Covered housing programs Paragraph (3) of section 41411(a) of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 ( 34 U.S.C. 12491(a)(3) (1) in subparagraph (I), by striking and (2) by redesignating subparagraph (J) as subparagraph (K); and (3) by inserting after subparagraph (I) the following new subparagraph: (J) rural development housing voucher assistance provided by the Secretary of Agriculture pursuant to section 542 of the Housing Act of 1949 ( 42 U.S.C. 1490r . 228. New farmworker housing Section 513 of the Housing Act of 1949 ( 42 U.S.C. 1483 (f) Funding for farmworker housing (1) Section 514 farmworker housing loans (A) Insurance authority The Secretary of Agriculture may, to the extent approved in appropriation Acts, insure loans under section 514 ( 42 U.S.C. 1484 (B) Authorization of appropriations for costs There is authorized to be appropriated $75,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2033 for costs (as such term is defined in section 502 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 ( 2 U.S.C. 661a (2) Section 516 grants for farmworker housing There is authorized to be appropriated $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2033 for financial assistance under section 516 ( 42 U.S.C. 1486 (3) Section 521 housing assistance There is authorized to be appropriated $2,700,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2033 for rental assistance agreements entered into or renewed pursuant to section 521(a)(2) ( 42 U.S.C. 1490a(a)(2) . 229. Loan and grant limitations Section 514 of the Housing Act of 1949 ( 42 U.S.C. 1484 (j) Per project limitations on assistance If the Secretary, in making available assistance in any area under this section or section 516 ( 42 U.S.C. 1486 . 230. Operating assistance subsidies Subsection (a)(5) of section 521 of the Housing Act of 1949 ( 42 U.S.C. 1490a(a)(5) (1) in subparagraph (A) by inserting or domestic farm labor legally admitted to the United States and authorized to work in agriculture migrant farmworkers (2) in subparagraph (B)— (A) by striking Amount Amount (i) Housing for migrant farmworkers In any fiscal year ; (B) by inserting providing housing for migrant farmworkers any project (C) by inserting at the end the following: (ii) Housing for other farm labor In any fiscal year, the assistance provided under this paragraph for any project providing housing for domestic farm labor legally admitted to the United States and authorized to work in agriculture shall not exceed an amount equal to 50 percent of the operating costs for the project for the year, as determined by the Secretary. The owner of such project shall not qualify for operating assistance unless the Secretary certifies that the project was unoccupied or underutilized before making units available to such farm labor, and that a grant under this section will not displace any farm worker who is a United States worker. ; and (3) in subparagraph (D), by adding at the end the following: (iii) The term domestic farm labor 42 U.S.C. 1484(f)(3) . 231. Eligibility of certified workers Subsection (a) of section 214 of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1980 ( 42 U.S.C. 1436a (1) in paragraph (6), by striking or (2) by redesignating paragraph (7) as paragraph (8); and (3) by inserting after paragraph (6) the following: (7) an alien granted certified agricultural worker or certified agricultural dependent status under title I of the Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2023, but solely for financial assistance made available pursuant to section 521 or 542 of the Housing Act of 1949 ( 42 U.S.C. 1490a . C Foreign Labor Recruiter Accountability 251. Registration of foreign labor recruiters (a) In general Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Labor, in consultation with the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Homeland Security, shall establish procedures for the electronic registration of foreign labor recruiters engaged in the recruitment of nonimmigrant workers described in section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) (b) Procedural requirements The procedures described in subsection (a) shall— (1) require the applicant to submit a sworn declaration— (A) stating the applicant’s permanent place of residence or principal place of business, as applicable; (B) describing the foreign labor recruiting activities in which the applicant is engaged; and (C) including such other relevant information as the Secretary of Labor and the Secretary of State may require; (2) include an expeditious means to update and renew registrations; (3) include a process, which shall include the placement of personnel at each United States diplomatic mission in accordance with subsection (g)(2), to receive information from the public regarding foreign labor recruiters who have allegedly engaged in a foreign labor recruiting activity that is prohibited under this subtitle; (4) include procedures for the receipt and processing of complaints against foreign labor recruiters and for remedies, including the revocation of a registration or the assessment of fines upon a determination by the Secretary of Labor that the foreign labor recruiter has violated the requirements of this subtitle; (5) require the applicant to post a bond in an amount sufficient to ensure the ability of the applicant to discharge its responsibilities and ensure protection of workers, including payment of wages; and (6) allow the Secretary of Labor and the Secretary of State to consult with other appropriate Federal agencies to determine whether any reason exists to deny registration to a foreign labor recruiter or revoke such registration. (c) Attestations Foreign labor recruiters registering under this subtitle shall attest and agree to abide by the following requirements: (1) Prohibited fees The foreign labor recruiter, including any agent or employee of such foreign labor recruiter, shall not assess any recruitment fees on a worker for any foreign labor recruiting activity. (2) Prohibition on false and misleading information The foreign labor recruiter shall not knowingly provide materially false or misleading information to any worker concerning any matter required to be disclosed under this subtitle. (3) Required disclosures The foreign labor recruiter shall ascertain and disclose to the worker in writing in English and in the primary language of the worker at the time of the worker’s recruitment, the following information: (A) The identity and address of the employer and the identity and address of the person conducting the recruiting on behalf of the employer, including each subcontractor or agent involved in such recruiting. (B) A copy of the approved job order or work contract under section 218 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, including all assurances and terms and conditions of employment. (C) A statement, in a form specified by the Secretary— (i) describing the general terms and conditions associated with obtaining an H–2A visa and maintaining H–2A status; (ii) affirming the prohibition on the assessment of fees described in paragraph (1), and explaining that such fees, if paid by the employer, may not be passed on to the worker; (iii) describing the protections afforded the worker under this subtitle, including procedures for reporting violations to the Secretary of State, filing a complaint with the Secretary of Labor, or filing a civil action; and (iv) describing the protections afforded the worker by section 202 of the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 ( 8 U.S.C. 1375b (4) Bond The foreign labor recruiter shall agree to maintain a bond sufficient to ensure the ability of the foreign labor recruiter to discharge its responsibilities and ensure protection of workers, and to forfeit such bond in an amount determined by the Secretary under subsections (b)(1)(C)(ii) or (c)(2)(C) of section 252 for failure to comply with the provisions of this subtitle. (5) Cooperation in investigation The foreign labor recruiter shall agree to cooperate in any investigation under section 252 of this subtitle by the Secretary or other appropriate authorities. (6) No retaliation The foreign labor recruiter shall agree to refrain from intimidating, threatening, restraining, coercing, discharging, blacklisting or in any other manner discriminating or retaliating against any worker or their family members (including a former worker or an applicant for employment) because such worker disclosed information to any person based on a reason to believe that the foreign labor recruiter, or any agent or subcontractee of such foreign labor recruiter, is engaging or has engaged in a foreign labor recruiting activity that does not comply with this subtitle. (7) Employees, agents, and subcontractees The foreign labor recruiter shall consent to be liable for the conduct of any agents or subcontractees of any level in relation to the foreign labor recruiting activity of the agent or subcontractee to the same extent as if the foreign labor recruiter had engaged in such conduct. (8) Enforcement If the foreign labor recruiter is conducting foreign labor recruiting activity wholly outside the United States, such foreign labor recruiter shall establish a registered agent in the United States who is authorized to accept service of process on behalf of the foreign labor recruiter for the purpose of any administrative proceeding under this title or any Federal court civil action, if such service is made in accordance with the appropriate Federal rules for service of process. (d) Term of registration Unless suspended or revoked, a registration under this section shall be valid for 2 years. (e) Application fee The Secretary shall require a foreign labor recruiter that submits an application for registration under this section to pay a reasonable fee, sufficient to cover the full costs of carrying out the registration activities under this subtitle. (f) Notification (1) Employer notification (A) In general Not less frequently than once every year, an employer of H–2A workers shall provide the Secretary with the names and addresses of all foreign labor recruiters engaged to perform foreign labor recruiting activity on behalf of the employer, whether the foreign labor recruiter is to receive any economic compensation for such services, and, if so, the identity of the person or entity who is paying for the services. (B) Agreement to cooperate In addition to the requirements of subparagraph (A), the employer shall— (i) provide to the Secretary the identity of any foreign labor recruiter whom the employer has reason to believe is engaging in foreign labor recruiting activities that do not comply with this subtitle; and (ii) promptly respond to any request by the Secretary for information regarding the identity of a foreign labor recruiter with whom the employer has a contract or other agreement. (2) Foreign labor recruiter notification A registered foreign labor recruiter shall notify the Secretary, not less frequently than once every year, of the identity of any subcontractee, agent, or foreign labor recruiter employee involved in any foreign labor recruiting activity for, or on behalf of, the foreign labor recruiter. (g) Additional responsibilities of the secretary of State (1) Lists The Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Labor shall maintain and make publicly available in written form and on the websites of United States embassies in the official language of that country, and on websites maintained by the Secretary of Labor, regularly updated lists— (A) of foreign labor recruiters who hold valid registrations under this section, including— (i) the name and address of the foreign labor recruiter; (ii) the countries in which such recruiters conduct recruitment; (iii) the employers for whom recruiting is conducted; (iv) the occupations that are the subject of recruitment; (v) the States where recruited workers are employed; and (vi) the name and address of the registered agent in the United States who is authorized to accept service of process on behalf of the foreign labor recruiter; and (B) of foreign labor recruiters whose registration the Secretary has revoked. (2) Personnel The Secretary of State shall ensure that each United States diplomatic mission is staffed with a person who shall be responsible for receiving information from members of the public regarding potential violations of the requirements applicable to registered foreign labor recruiters and ensuring that such information is conveyed to the Secretary of Labor for evaluation and initiation of an enforcement action, if appropriate. (3) Visa application procedures The Secretary shall ensure that consular officers issuing visas to nonimmigrants under section 101(a)(1)(H)(ii)(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 11001(a)(1)(H)(ii)(a) (A) provide to and review with the applicant, in the applicant’s language (or a language the applicant understands), a copy of the information and resources pamphlet required by section 202 of the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 ( 8 U.S.C. 1375b (B) ensure that the applicant has a copy of the approved job offer or work contract; (C) note in the visa application file whether the foreign labor recruiter has a valid registration under this section; and (D) if the foreign labor recruiter holds a valid registration, review and include in the visa application file, the foreign labor recruiter’s disclosures required by subsection (c)(3). (4) Data The Secretary of State shall make publicly available online, on an annual basis, data disclosing the gender, country of origin (and State, county, or province, if available), age, wage, level of training, and occupational classification, disaggregated by State, of nonimmigrant workers described in section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. 252. Enforcement (a) Denial or revocation of registration (1) Grounds for denial or revocation The Secretary shall deny an application for registration, or revoke a registration, if the Secretary determines that the foreign labor recruiter, or any agent or subcontractee of such foreign labor recruiter— (A) knowingly made a material misrepresentation in the registration application; (B) materially failed to comply with one or more of the attestations provided under section 251(c); or (C) is not the real party in interest. (2) Notice Prior to denying an application for registration or revoking a registration under this subsection, the Secretary shall provide written notice of the intent to deny or revoke the registration to the foreign labor recruiter. Such notice shall— (A) articulate with specificity all grounds for denial or revocation; and (B) provide the foreign labor recruiter with not less than 60 days to respond. (3) Re-registration A foreign labor recruiter whose registration was revoked under subsection (a) may re-register if the foreign labor recruiter demonstrates to the Secretary’s satisfaction that the foreign labor recruiter has not violated this subtitle in the 5 years preceding the date an application for registration is filed and has taken sufficient steps to prevent future violations of this subtitle. (b) Administrative enforcement (1) Complaint process (A) Filing A complaint may be filed with the Secretary of Labor, in accordance with the procedures established under section 251(b)(4) not later than 2 years after the earlier of— (i) the date of the last action which constituted the conduct that is the subject of the complaint took place; or (ii) the date on which the aggrieved party had actual knowledge of such conduct. (B) Decision and penalties If the Secretary of Labor finds, after notice and an opportunity for a hearing, that a foreign labor recruiter failed to comply with any of the requirements of this subtitle, the Secretary of Labor may— (i) levy a fine against the foreign labor recruiter in an amount not more than— (I) $10,000 per violation; and (II) $25,000 per violation, upon the third violation; (ii) order the forfeiture (or partial forfeiture) of the bond and release of as much of the bond as the Secretary determines is necessary for the worker to recover prohibited recruitment fees; (iii) refuse to issue or renew a registration, or revoke a registration; or (iv) disqualify the foreign labor recruiter from registration for a period of up to 5 years, or in the case of a subsequent finding involving willful or multiple material violations, permanently disqualify the foreign labor recruiter from registration. (2) Authority to ensure compliance The Secretary of Labor is authorized to take other such actions, including issuing subpoenas and seeking appropriate injunctive relief, as may be necessary to assure compliance with the terms and conditions of this subtitle. (3) Statutory construction Nothing in this subsection may be construed as limiting the authority of the Secretary of Labor to conduct an investigation— (A) under any other law, including any law affecting migrant and seasonal agricultural workers; or (B) in the absence of a complaint. (c) Civil action (1) In general The Secretary of Labor or any person aggrieved by a violation of this subtitle may bring a civil action against any foreign labor recruiter, or any employer that does not meet the requirements under subsection (d)(1), in any court of competent jurisdiction— (A) to seek remedial action, including injunctive relief; and (B) for damages in accordance with the provisions of this subsection. (2) Award for civil action filed by an individual (A) In general If the court finds in a civil action filed by an individual under this section that the defendant has violated any provision of this subtitle, the court may award— (i) damages, up to and including an amount equal to the amount of actual damages, and statutory damages of up to $1,000 per plaintiff per violation, or other equitable relief, except that with respect to statutory damages— (I) multiple infractions of a single provision of this subtitle (or of a regulation under this subtitle) shall constitute only one violation for purposes of this subsection to determine the amount of statutory damages due a plaintiff; and (II) if such complaint is certified as a class action the court may award— (aa) damages up to an amount equal to the amount of actual damages; and (bb) statutory damages of not more than the lesser of up to $1,000 per class member per violation, or up to $500,000; and other equitable relief; (ii) reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs; and (iii) such other and further relief as necessary to effectuate the purposes of this subtitle. (B) Criteria In determining the amount of statutory damages to be awarded under subparagraph (A), the court is authorized to consider whether an attempt was made to resolve the issues in dispute before the resort to litigation. (C) Bond To satisfy the damages, fees, and costs found owing under this paragraph, the Secretary shall release as much of the bond held pursuant to section 251(c)(4) as necessary. (3) Sums recovered in actions by the secretary of labor (A) Establishment of account There is established in the general fund of the Treasury a separate account, which shall be known as the H–2A Foreign Labor Recruiter Compensation Account (B) Use of funds Amounts deposited into the H–2A Foreign Labor Recruiter Compensation Account and shall be paid directly to each worker affected. Any such sums not paid to a worker because of inability to do so within a period of 5 years following the date such funds are deposited into the account shall remain available to the Secretary until expended. The Secretary may transfer all or a portion of such remaining sums to appropriate agencies to support the enforcement of the laws prohibiting the trafficking and exploitation of persons or programs that aid trafficking victims. (d) Employer safe harbor (1) In general An employer that hires workers referred by a foreign labor recruiter with a valid registration at the time of hiring shall not be held jointly liable for a violation committed solely by a foreign labor recruiter under this subtitle— (A) in any administrative action initiated by the Secretary concerning such violation; or (B) in any Federal or State civil court action filed against the foreign labor recruiter by or on behalf of such workers or other aggrieved party under this subtitle. (2) Clarification Nothing in this subtitle shall be construed to prohibit an aggrieved party or parties from bringing a civil action for violations of this subtitle or any other Federal or State law against any employer who hired workers referred by a foreign labor recruiter— (A) without a valid registration at the time of hire; or (B) with a valid registration if the employer knew or learned of the violation and failed to report such violation to the Secretary. (e) Parole To pursue relief If other immigration relief is not available, the Secretary of Homeland Security may grant parole to permit an individual to remain legally in the United States for time sufficient to fully and effectively participate in all legal proceedings related to any action taken pursuant to subsection (b) or (c). (f) Waiver of rights Agreements by employees purporting to waive or to modify their rights under this subtitle shall be void as contrary to public policy. (g) Liability for agents Foreign labor recruiters shall be subject to the provisions of this section for violations committed by the foreign labor recruiter’s agents or subcontractees of any level in relation to their foreign labor recruiting activity to the same extent as if the foreign labor recruiter had committed the violation. 253. Appropriations There is authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for the Secretary of Labor and Secretary of State to carry out the provisions of this subtitle. 254. Definitions For purposes of this subtitle: (1) Foreign labor recruiter The term foreign labor recruiter 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) (2) Foreign labor recruiting activity The term foreign labor recruiting activity (3) Recruitment fees The term recruitment fees (4) Person The term person III Electronic Verification of Employment Eligibility 301. Electronic employment eligibility verification system (a) In general Chapter 8 of title II of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1321 et seq. 274E. Requirements for the electronic verification of employment eligibility (a) Employment eligibility verification system (1) In general The Secretary of Homeland Security (referred to in this section as the Secretary System 8 U.S.C. 1324a 8 U.S.C. 1324a (A) respond to inquiries made by persons or entities seeking to verify the identity and employment authorization of individuals that such persons or entities seek to hire, or to recruit or refer for a fee, for employment in the United States; and (B) maintain records of the inquiries that were made, and of verifications provided (or not provided) to such persons or entities as evidence of compliance with the requirements of this section. (2) Initial response deadline The System shall provide confirmation or a tentative nonconfirmation of an individual’s identity and employment authorization as soon as practicable, but not later than 3 calendar days after the initial inquiry. (3) General design and operation of system The Secretary shall design and operate the System— (A) using responsive web design and other technologies to maximize its ease of use and accessibility for users on a variety of electronic devices and screen sizes, and in remote locations; (B) to maximize the accuracy of responses to inquiries submitted by persons or entities; (C) to maximize the reliability of the System and to register each instance when the System is unable to receive inquiries; (D) to protect the privacy and security of the personally identifiable information maintained by or submitted to the System; (E) to provide direct notification of an inquiry to an individual with respect to whom the inquiry is made, including the results of such inquiry, and information related to the process for challenging the results, in cases in which the individual has established a user account as described in paragraph (4)(B) or an electronic mail address for the individual is submitted by the person or entity at the time the inquiry is made; and (F) to maintain appropriate administrative, technical, and physical safeguards to prevent misuse of the System and unfair immigration-related employment practices. (4) Measures to prevent identity theft and other forms of fraud To prevent identity theft and other forms of fraud, the Secretary shall design and operate the System with the following attributes: (A) Photo matching tool The System shall display the digital photograph of the individual, if any, that corresponds to the document presented by an individual to establish identity and employment authorization so that the person or entity that makes an inquiry can compare the photograph displayed by the System to the photograph on the document presented by the individual. (B) Individual monitoring and suspension of identifying information The System shall enable individuals to establish user accounts, after authentication of an individual’s identity, that would allow an individual to— (i) confirm the individual’s own employment authorization; (ii) receive electronic notification when the individual’s social security account number or other personally identifying information has been submitted to the System; (iii) monitor the use history of the individual’s personally identifying information in the System, including the identities of all persons or entities that have submitted such identifying information to the System, the date of each query run, and the System response for each query run; (iv) suspend or limit the use of the individual’s social security account number or other personally identifying information for purposes of the System; and (v) provide notice to the Department of Homeland Security of any suspected identity fraud or other improper use of personally identifying information. (C) Blocking misused social security account numbers (i) In general The Secretary, in consultation with the Commissioner of Social Security (referred to in this section as the Commissioner (ii) Notice If the Secretary blocks or suspends a social security account number under this subparagraph, the Secretary shall provide notice to the persons or entities that have made inquiries to the System using such account number that the identity and employment authorization of the individual who provided such account number must be re-verified. (D) Additional identity authentication tool The Secretary shall develop, after publication in the Federal Register and an opportunity for public comment, additional security measures to adequately verify the identity of an individual whose identity may not be verified using the photo tool described in subparagraph (A). Such additional security measures— (i) shall be kept up to date with technological advances; and (ii) shall be designed to provide a high level of certainty with respect to identity authentication. (E) Child-lock pilot program The Secretary, in consultation with the Commissioner, shall establish a reliable, secure program through which parents or legal guardians may suspend or limit the use of the social security account number or other personally identifying information of a minor under their care for purposes of the System. The Secretary may implement the program on a limited pilot basis before making it fully available to all individuals. (5) Responsibilities of the Commissioner of Social Security The Commissioner, in consultation with the Secretary, shall establish a reliable, secure method, which, within the time periods specified in paragraph (2) and subsection (b)(4)(D)(i)(II), compares the name and social security account number provided in an inquiry against such information maintained by the Commissioner in order to validate (or not validate) the information provided by the person or entity with respect to an individual whose identity and employment authorization the person or entity seeks to confirm, the correspondence of the name and number, and whether the individual has presented a social security account number that is not valid for employment. The Commissioner shall not disclose or release social security information (other than such confirmation or nonconfirmation) under the System except as provided under this section. (6) Responsibilities of the Secretary of Homeland Security (A) In general The Secretary of Homeland Security shall establish a reliable, secure method, which, within the time periods specified in paragraph (2) and subsection (b)(4)(D)(i)(II), compares the name and identification or other authorization number (or any other information determined relevant by the Secretary) which are provided in an inquiry against such information maintained or accessed by the Secretary in order to validate (or not validate) the information provided, the correspondence of the name and number, and whether the individual is authorized to be employed in the United States. (B) Training The Secretary shall provide and regularly update training materials on the use of the System for persons and entities making inquiries. (C) Audit The Secretary shall provide for periodic auditing of the System to detect and prevent misuse, discrimination, fraud, and identity theft, to protect privacy and assess System accuracy, and to preserve the integrity and security of the information in the System. (D) Notice of System changes The Secretary shall provide appropriate notification to persons and entities registered in the System of any change made by the Secretary or the Commissioner related to permitted and prohibited documents, and use of the System. (7) Responsibilities of the Secretary of State As part of the System, the Secretary of State shall provide to the Secretary of Homeland Security access to passport and visa information as needed to confirm that a passport or passport card presented under subsection (b)(3)(A)(i) confirms the employment authorization and identity of the individual presenting such document, and that a passport, passport card, or visa photograph matches the Secretary of State’s records, and shall provide such assistance as the Secretary of Homeland Security may request in order to resolve tentative nonconfirmations or final nonconfirmations relating to such information. (8) Updating information The Commissioner, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Secretary of State shall update records in their custody in a manner that promotes maximum accuracy of the System and shall provide a process for the prompt correction of erroneous information, including instances in which it is brought to their attention through the tentative nonconfirmation review process under subsection (b)(4)(D). (9) Mandatory and voluntary System uses (A) Mandatory users Except as otherwise provided under Federal or State law, such as sections 302 and 303 of the Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2023, nothing in this section shall be construed as requiring the use of the System by any person or entity hiring, recruiting, or referring for a fee, an individual for employment in the United States. (B) Voluntary users Beginning after the date that is 30 days after the date on which final rules are published under section 309(a) of the Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2023, a person or entity may use the System on a voluntary basis to seek verification of the identity and employment authorization of individuals the person or entity is hiring, recruiting, or referring for a fee for employment in the United States. (C) Process for non-users The employment verification process for any person or entity hiring, recruiting, or referring for a fee, an individual for employment in the United States shall be governed by section 274A(b) unless the person or entity— (i) is required by Federal or State law to use the System; or (ii) has opted to use the System voluntarily in accordance with subparagraph (B). (10) No fee for use The Secretary may not charge a fee to an individual, person, or entity related to the use of the System. (b) New hires, recruitment, and referral Notwithstanding section 274A(b), the requirements referred to in paragraphs (1)(B) and (3) of section 274A(a) are, in the case of a person or entity that uses the System for the hiring, recruiting, or referring for a fee, an individual for employment in the United States, the following: (1) Individual attestation of employment authorization During the period beginning on the date on which an offer of employment is accepted and ending on the date of hire, the individual shall attest, under penalty of perjury on a form designated by the Secretary, that the individual is authorized to be employed in the United States by providing on such form— (A) the individual’s name and date of birth; (B) the individual’s social security account number (unless the individual has applied for and not yet been issued such a number); (C) whether the individual is— (i) a citizen or national of the United States; (ii) an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence; or (iii) an alien who is otherwise authorized by the Secretary to be hired, recruited, or referred for employment in the United States; and (D) if the individual does not attest to United States citizenship or nationality, such identification or other authorization number established by the Department of Homeland Security for the alien as the Secretary may specify. (2) Employer attestation after examination of documents Not later than 3 business days after the date of hire, the person or entity shall attest, under penalty of perjury on the form designated by the Secretary for purposes of paragraph (1), that it has verified that the individual is not an unauthorized alien by— (A) obtaining from the individual the information described in paragraph (1) and recording such information on the form; (B) examining— (i) a document described in paragraph (3)(A); or (ii) a document described in paragraph (3)(B) and a document described in paragraph (3)(C); and (C) attesting that the information recorded on the form is consistent with the documents examined. (3) Acceptable documents (A) Documents establishing employment authorization and identity A document described in this subparagraph is an individual’s— (i) United States passport or passport card; (ii) permanent resident card that contains a photograph; (iii) foreign passport containing temporary evidence of lawful permanent residence in the form of an official I–551 (or successor) stamp from the Department of Homeland Security or a printed notation on a machine-readable immigrant visa; (iv) unexpired employment authorization card that contains a photograph; (v) in the case of a nonimmigrant alien authorized to engage in employment for a specific employer incident to status, a foreign passport with Form I–94, Form I–94A, or other documentation as designated by the Secretary specifying the alien’s nonimmigrant status as long as such status has not yet expired and the proposed employment is not in conflict with any restrictions or limitations identified in the documentation; (vi) passport from the Federated States of Micronesia or the Republic of the Marshall Islands with Form I–94, Form I–94A, or other documentation as designated by the Secretary, indicating nonimmigrant admission under the Compact of Free Association Between the United States and the Federated States of Micronesia or the Republic of the Marshall Islands; or (vii) other document designated by the Secretary, by notice published in the Federal Register, if the document— (I) contains a photograph of the individual, biometric identification data, and other personal identifying information relating to the individual; (II) is evidence of authorization for employment in the United States; and (III) contains security features to make it resistant to tampering, counterfeiting, and fraudulent use. (B) Documents establishing employment authorization A document described in this subparagraph is— (i) an individual’s social security account number card (other than such a card which specifies on the face that the issuance of the card does not authorize employment in the United States); or (ii) a document establishing employment authorization that the Secretary determines, by notice published in the Federal Register, to be acceptable for purposes of this subparagraph, provided that such documentation contains security features to make it resistant to tampering, counterfeiting, and fraudulent use. (C) Documents establishing identity A document described in this subparagraph is— (i) an individual’s driver’s license or identification card if it was issued by a State or one of the outlying possessions of the United States and contains a photograph and personal identifying information relating to the individual; (ii) an individual’s unexpired United States military identification card; (iii) an individual’s unexpired Native American tribal identification document issued by a tribal entity recognized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs; (iv) in the case of an individual under 18 years of age, a parent or legal guardian’s attestation under penalty of law as to the identity and age of the individual; or (v) a document establishing identity that the Secretary determines, by notice published in the Federal Register, to be acceptable for purposes of this subparagraph, if such documentation contains a photograph of the individual, biometric identification data, and other personal identifying information relating to the individual, and security features to make it resistant to tampering, counterfeiting, and fraudulent use. (D) Authority to prohibit use of certain documents If the Secretary finds that any document or class of documents described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) does not reliably establish identity or employment authorization or is being used fraudulently to an unacceptable degree, the Secretary may, by notice published in the Federal Register, prohibit or place conditions on the use of such document or class of documents for purposes of this section. (4) Use of the System to screen identity and employment authorization (A) In general In the case of a person or entity that uses the System for the hiring, recruiting, or referring for a fee an individual for employment in the United States, during the period described in subparagraph (B), the person or entity shall submit an inquiry through the System described in subsection (a) to seek verification of the identity and employment authorization of the individual. (B) Verification period (i) In general Except as provided in clause (ii), and subject to subsection (d), the verification period shall begin on the date of hire and end on the date that is 3 business days after the date of hire, or such other reasonable period as the Secretary may prescribe. (ii) Special rule In the case of an alien who is authorized to be employed in the United States and who provides evidence from the Social Security Administration that the alien has applied for a social security account number, the verification period shall end 3 business days after the alien receives the social security account number. (C) Confirmation If a person or entity receives confirmation of an individual’s identity and employment authorization, the person or entity shall record such confirmation on the form designated by the Secretary for purposes of paragraph (1). (D) Tentative nonconfirmation (i) In general In cases of tentative nonconfirmation, the Secretary shall provide, in consultation with the Commissioner, a process for— (I) an individual to contest the tentative nonconfirmation not later than 10 business days after the date of the receipt of the notice described in clause (ii); and (II) the Secretary to issue a confirmation or final nonconfirmation of an individual’s identity and employment authorization not later than 30 calendar days after the Secretary receives notice from the individual contesting a tentative nonconfirmation. (ii) Notice If a person or entity receives a tentative nonconfirmation of an individual’s identity or employment authorization, the person or entity shall, not later than 3 business days after receipt, notify such individual in writing in a language understood by the individual and on a form designated by the Secretary, that shall include a description of the individual’s right to contest the tentative nonconfirmation. The person or entity shall attest, under penalty of perjury, that the person or entity provided (or attempted to provide) such notice to the individual, and the individual shall acknowledge receipt of such notice in a manner specified by the Secretary. (iii) No contest (I) In general A tentative nonconfirmation shall become final if, upon receiving the notice described in clause (ii), the individual— (aa) refuses to acknowledge receipt of such notice; (bb) acknowledges in writing, in a manner specified by the Secretary, that the individual will not contest the tentative nonconfirmation; or (cc) fails to contest the tentative nonconfirmation within the 10-business-day period beginning on the date the individual received such notice. (II) Record of no contest The person or entity shall indicate in the System that the individual did not contest the tentative nonconfirmation and shall specify the reason the tentative nonconfirmation became final under subclause (I). (III) Effect of failure to contest An individual’s failure to contest a tentative nonconfirmation shall not be considered an admission of any fact with respect to any violation of this Act or any other provision of law. (iv) Contest (I) In general An individual may contest a tentative nonconfirmation by using the tentative nonconfirmation review process under clause (i), not later than 10 business days after receiving the notice described in clause (ii). Except as provided in clause (iii), the nonconfirmation shall remain tentative until a confirmation or final nonconfirmation is provided by the System. (II) Prohibition on termination In no case shall a person or entity terminate employment or take any adverse employment action against an individual for failure to obtain confirmation of the individual’s identity and employment authorization until the person or entity receives a notice of final nonconfirmation from the System. Nothing in this subclause shall prohibit an employer from terminating the employment of the individual for any other lawful reason. (III) Confirmation or final nonconfirmation The Secretary, in consultation with the Commissioner, shall issue notice of a confirmation or final nonconfirmation of the individual’s identity and employment authorization not later than 30 calendar days after the date the Secretary receives notice from the individual contesting the tentative nonconfirmation. (E) Final nonconfirmation (i) Notice If a person or entity receives a final nonconfirmation of an individual’s identity or employment authorization, the person or entity shall, not later than 3 business days after receipt, notify such individual of the final nonconfirmation in writing, on a form designated by the Secretary, which shall include information regarding the individual’s right to appeal the final nonconfirmation as provided under subparagraph (F). The person or entity shall attest, under penalty of perjury, that the person or entity provided (or attempted to provide) the notice to the individual, and the individual shall acknowledge receipt of such notice in a manner designated by the Secretary. (ii) Termination or notification of continued employment If a person or entity receives a final nonconfirmation regarding an individual, the person or entity may terminate employment of the individual. If the person or entity does not terminate such employment pending appeal of the final nonconfirmation, the person or entity shall notify the Secretary of such fact through the System. Failure to notify the Secretary in accordance with this clause shall be deemed a violation of section 274A(a)(1)(A). (iii) Presumption of violation for continued employment If a person or entity continues to employ an individual after receipt of a final nonconfirmation, there shall be a rebuttable presumption that the person or entity has violated paragraphs (1)(A) and (a)(2) of section 274A(a). (F) Appeal of final nonconfirmation (i) Administrative appeal The Secretary, in consultation with the Commissioner, shall develop a process by which an individual may seek administrative review of a final nonconfirmation. Such process shall— (I) permit the individual to submit additional evidence establishing identity or employment authorization; (II) ensure prompt resolution of an appeal (but in no event shall there be a failure to respond to an appeal within 30 days); and (III) permit the Secretary to impose a civil money penalty (not to exceed $500) on an individual upon finding that an appeal was frivolous or filed for purposes of delay. (ii) Compensation for lost wages resulting from government error or omission (I) In general If, upon consideration of an appeal of a final nonconfirmation, the Secretary determines that the final nonconfirmation was issued in error, the Secretary shall further determine whether the final nonconfirmation was the result of government error or omission. If the Secretary determines that the final nonconfirmation was solely the result of government error or omission and the individual was terminated from employment, the Secretary shall compensate the individual for lost wages. (II) Calculation of lost wages Lost wages shall be calculated based on the wage rate and work schedule that were in effect prior to the individual’s termination. The individual shall be compensated for lost wages beginning on the first scheduled work day after employment was terminated and ending 90 days after completion of the administrative review process described in this subparagraph or the day the individual is reinstated or obtains other employment, whichever occurs first. (III) Limitation on compensation No compensation for lost wages shall be awarded for any period during which the individual was not authorized for employment in the United States. (IV) Source of funds There is established in the general fund of the Treasury, a separate account which shall be known as the Electronic Verification Compensation Account (iii) Judicial review Not later than 30 days after the dismissal of an appeal under this subparagraph, an individual may seek judicial review of such dismissal in the United States district court in the jurisdiction in which the employer resides or conducts business. (5) Retention of verification records (A) In general After completing the form designated by the Secretary in accordance with paragraphs (1) and (2), the person or entity shall retain the form in paper, microfiche, microfilm, electronic, or other format deemed acceptable by the Secretary, and make it available for inspection by officers of the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Justice, or the Department of Labor during the period beginning on the date the verification is completed and ending on the later of— (i) the date that is 3 years after the date of hire; or (ii) the date that is 1 year after the date on which the individual’s employment is terminated. (B) Copying of documentation permitted Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a person or entity may copy a document presented by an individual pursuant to this section and may retain the copy, but only for the purpose of complying with the requirements of this section. (c) Reverification of previously hired individuals (1) Mandatory reverification In the case of a person or entity that uses the System for the hiring, recruiting, or referring for a fee an individual for employment in the United States, the person or entity shall submit an inquiry using the System to verify the identity and employment authorization of— (A) an individual with a limited period of employment authorization, within 3 business days before the date on which such employment authorization expires; and (B) an individual, not later than 10 days after receiving a notification from the Secretary requiring the verification of such individual pursuant to subsection (a)(4)(C). (2) Reverification procedures The verification procedures under subsection (b) shall apply to reverifications under this subsection, except that employers shall— (A) use a form designated by the Secretary for purposes of this paragraph; and (B) retain the form in paper, microfiche, microfilm, electronic, or other format deemed acceptable by the Secretary, and make it available for inspection by officers of the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Justice, or the Department of Labor during the period beginning on the date the reverification commences and ending on the later of— (i) the date that is 3 years after the date of reverification; or (ii) the date that is 1 year after the date on which the individual’s employment is terminated. (3) Limitation on reverification Except as provided in paragraph (1), a person or entity may not otherwise reverify the identity and employment authorization of a current employee, including an employee continuing in employment. (d) Good faith compliance (1) In general Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, a person or entity that uses the System is considered to have complied with the requirements of this section notwithstanding a technical failure of the System, or other technical or procedural failure to meet such requirement if there was a good faith attempt to comply with the requirement. (2) Exception for failure to correct after notice Paragraph (1) shall not apply if— (A) the failure is not de minimis; (B) the Secretary has provided notice to the person or entity of the failure, including an explanation as to why it is not de minimis; (C) the person or entity has been provided a period of not less than 30 days (beginning after the date of the notice) to correct the failure; and (D) the person or entity has not corrected the failure voluntarily within such period. (3) Exception for pattern or practice violators Paragraph (1) shall not apply to a person or entity that has engaged or is engaging in a pattern or practice of violations of paragraph (1)(A) or (2) of section 274A(a). (4) Defense In the case of a person or entity that uses the System for the hiring, recruiting, or referring for a fee an individual for employment in the United States, the person or entity shall not be liable to a job applicant, an employee, the Federal Government, or a State or local government, under Federal, State, or local criminal or civil law, for any employment-related action taken with respect to an employee in good-faith reliance on information provided by the System. Such person or entity shall be deemed to have established compliance with its obligations under this section, absent a showing by the Secretary, by clear and convincing evidence, that the employer had knowledge that an employee is an unauthorized alien. (e) Limitations (1) No national identification card Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize, directly or indirectly, the issuance or use of national identification cards or the establishment of a national identification card. (2) Use of records Notwithstanding any other provision of law, nothing in this section shall be construed to permit or allow any department, bureau, or other agency of the United States Government to utilize any information, database, or other records assembled under this section for any purpose other than the verification of identity and employment authorization of an individual or to ensure the secure, appropriate, and non-discriminatory use of the System. (f) Penalties (1) In general Except as provided in this subsection, the provisions of subsections (e) through (g) of section 274A shall apply with respect to compliance with the provisions of this section and penalties for non-compliance for persons or entitles that use the System. (2) Cease and desist order with civil money penalties for hiring, recruiting, and referral violations Notwithstanding the civil money penalties set forth in section 274A(e)(4), with respect to a violation of paragraph (1)(A) or (2) of section 274A(a) by a person or entity that has hired, recruited, or referred for a fee, an individual for employment in the United States, a cease and desist order— (A) shall require the person or entity to pay a civil penalty in an amount, subject to subsection (d), of— (i) not less than $2,500 and not more than $5,000 for each unauthorized alien with respect to whom a violation of either such subsection occurred; (ii) not less than $5,000 and not more than $10,000 for each such alien in the case of a person or entity previously subject to one order under this paragraph; or (iii) not less than $10,000 and not more than $25,000 for each such alien in the case of a person or entity previously subject to more than one order under this paragraph; and (B) may require the person or entity to take such other remedial action as appropriate. (3) Order for civil money penalty for violations With respect to a violation of section 274A(a)(1)(B), the order under this paragraph shall require the person or entity to pay a civil penalty in an amount, subject to paragraphs (4), (5), and (6), of not less than $1,000 and not more than $25,000 for each individual with respect to whom such violation occurred. Failure by a person or entity to utilize the System as required by law or providing information to the System that the person or entity knows or reasonably believes to be false, shall be treated as a violation of section 274A(a)(1)(A). (4) Exemption from penalty for good faith violation (A) In general A person or entity that uses the System is presumed to have acted with knowledge for purposes of paragraphs (1)(A) and (2) of section 274A(a) if the person or entity fails to make an inquiry to verify the identity and employment authorization of the individual through the System. (B) Good faith exemption In the case of imposition of a civil penalty under paragraph (2)(A) with respect to a violation of paragraph (1)(A) or (2) of section 274A(a) for hiring or continuation of employment or recruitment or referral by a person or entity, and in the case of imposition of a civil penalty under paragraph (3) for a violation of section 274A(a)(1)(B) for hiring or recruitment or referral by a person or entity, the penalty otherwise imposed may be waived or reduced if the person or entity establishes that the person or entity acted in good faith. (5) Mitigation elements For purposes of paragraphs (2)(A) and (3), when assessing the level of civil money penalties, in addition to the good faith of the person or entity being charged, due consideration shall be given to the size of the business, the seriousness of the violation, whether or not the individual was an unauthorized alien, and the history of previous violations. (6) Criminal penalty Notwithstanding section 274A(f)(1) and the provisions of any other Federal law relating to fine levels, any person or entity that is required to comply with the provisions of this section and that engages in a pattern or practice of violations of paragraph (1) or (2) of section 274A(a), shall be fined not more than $5,000 for each unauthorized alien with respect to whom such a violation occurs, imprisoned for not more than 18 months, or both. (7) Electronic Verification Compensation Account Civil money penalties collected under this subsection shall be deposited in the Electronic Verification Compensation Account for the purpose of compensating individuals for lost wages as a result of a final nonconfirmation issued by the System that was based on government error or omission, as set forth in subsection (b)(4)(F)(ii)(IV). (8) Debarment (A) In general If a person or entity is determined by the Secretary to be a repeat violator of paragraph (1)(A) or (2) of section 274A(a) or is convicted of a crime under section 274A, such person or entity may be considered for debarment from the receipt of Federal contracts, grants, or cooperative agreements in accordance with the debarment standards and pursuant to the debarment procedures set forth in the Federal Acquisition Regulation. (B) No contract, grant, agreement If the Secretary or the Attorney General wishes to have a person or entity considered for debarment in accordance with this paragraph, and such a person or entity does not hold a Federal contract, grant or cooperative agreement, the Secretary or Attorney General shall refer the matter to the Administrator of General Services to determine whether to list the person or entity on the List of Parties Excluded from Federal Procurement, and if so, for what duration and under what scope. (C) Contract, grant, agreement If the Secretary or the Attorney General wishes to have a person or entity considered for debarment in accordance with this paragraph, and such person or entity holds a Federal contract, grant, or cooperative agreement, the Secretary or Attorney General shall advise all agencies or departments holding a contract, grant, or cooperative agreement with the person or entity of the Government’s interest in having the person or entity considered for debarment, and after soliciting and considering the views of all such agencies and departments, the Secretary or Attorney General may refer the matter to the appropriate lead agency to determine whether to list the person or entity on the List of Parties Excluded from Federal Procurement, and if so, for what duration and under what scope. (D) Review Any decision to debar a person or entity in accordance with this subsection shall be reviewable pursuant to part 9.4 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation. (9) Preemption The provisions of this section preempt any State or local law, ordinance, policy, or rule, including any criminal or civil fine or penalty structure, relating to the hiring, continued employment, or status verification for employment eligibility purposes, of unauthorized aliens, except that a State, locality, municipality, or political subdivision may exercise its authority over business licensing and similar laws as a penalty for failure to use the System as required under this section. (g) Unfair immigration-Related employment practices and the System (1) In general In addition to the prohibitions on discrimination set forth in section 274B, it is an unfair immigration-related employment practice for a person or entity, in the course of utilizing the System— (A) to use the System for screening an applicant prior to the date of hire; (B) to terminate the employment of an individual or take any adverse employment action with respect to that individual due to a tentative nonconfirmation issued by the System; (C) to use the System to screen any individual for any purpose other than confirmation of identity and employment authorization as provided in this section; (D) to use the System to verify the identity and employment authorization of a current employee, including an employee continuing in employment, other than reverification authorized under subsection (c); (E) to use the System to discriminate based on national origin or citizenship status; (F) to willfully fail to provide an individual with any notice required under this title; (G) to require an individual to make an inquiry under the self-verification procedures described in subsection (a)(4)(B) or to provide the results of such an inquiry as a condition of employment, or hiring, recruiting, or referring; or (H) to terminate the employment of an individual or take any adverse employment action with respect to that individual based upon the need to verify the identity and employment authorization of the individual as required by subsection (b). (2) Preemployment screening and background check Nothing in paragraph (1)(A) shall be construed to preclude a preemployment screening or background check that is required or permitted under any other provision of law. (3) Civil money penalties for discriminatory conduct Notwithstanding section 274B(g)(2)(B)(iv), the penalties that may be imposed by an administrative law judge with respect to a finding that a person or entity has engaged in an unfair immigration-related employment practice described in paragraph (1) are— (A) not less than $1,000 and not more than $4,000 for each individual discriminated against; (B) in the case of a person or entity previously subject to a single order under this paragraph, not less than $4,000 and not more than $10,000 for each individual discriminated against; and (C) in the case of a person or entity previously subject to more than one order under this paragraph, not less than $6,000 and not more than $20,000 for each individual discriminated against. (4) Electronic Verification Compensation Account Civil money penalties collected under this subsection shall be deposited in the Electronic Verification Compensation Account for the purpose of compensating individuals for lost wages as a result of a final nonconfirmation issued by the System that was based on government error or omission, as set forth in subsection (b)(4)(F)(ii)(IV). (h) Clarification All rights and remedies provided under any Federal, State, or local law relating to workplace rights, including but not limited to back pay, are available to an employee despite— (1) the employee’s status as an unauthorized alien during or after the period of employment; or (2) the employer’s or employee’s failure to comply with the requirements of this section. (i) Definition In this section, the term date of hire . (b) Conforming amendment The table of contents for the Immigration and Nationality Act is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 274D the following: Sec. 274E. Requirements for the electronic verification of employment eligibility. . 302. Mandatory electronic verification for the agricultural industry (a) In general The requirements for the electronic verification of identity and employment authorization described in section 274E of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as inserted by section 301 of this Act, shall apply to a person or entity hiring, recruiting, or referring for a fee an individual for agricultural employment in the United States in accordance with the effective dates set forth in subsection (b). (b) Effective dates (1) Hiring Subsection (a) shall apply to a person or entity hiring an individual for agricultural employment in the United States as follows: (A) With respect to employers having 500 or more employees in the United States on the date of the enactment of this Act, on the date that is 6 months after completion of the application period described in section 101(c). (B) With respect to employers having 100 or more employees in the United States (but less than 500 such employees) on the date of the enactment of this Act, on the date that is 9 months after completion of the application period described in section 101(c). (C) With respect to employers having 20 or more employees in the United States (but less than 100 such employees) on the date of the enactment of this Act, on the date that is 12 months after completion of the application period described in section 101(c). (D) With respect to employers having one or more employees in the United States (but less than 20 such employees) on the date of the enactment of this Act, on the date that is 15 months after completion of the application period described in section 101(c). (2) Recruiting and referring for a fee Subsection (a) shall apply to a person or entity recruiting or referring for a fee an individual for agricultural employment in the United States on the date that is 12 months after completion of the application period described in section 101(c). (3) Transition rule Except as required under subtitle A of title IV of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 ( 8 U.S.C. 1324a 8 U.S.C. 1324a 8 U.S.C. 1324a (4) E-Verify voluntary users and others desiring early compliance Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prohibit persons or entities, including persons or entities that have voluntarily elected to participate in the E-Verify Program described in section 403(a) of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 ( 8 U.S.C. 1324a (5) Delayed implementation The Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture, may delay the effective dates described in paragraphs (1) and (2) for a period not to exceed 180 days if the Secretary determines, based on the most recent report described in section 133 and other relevant data, that a significant number of applications under section 101 remain pending. (c) Rural access to assistance for tentative nonconfirmation review process (1) In general The Secretary of Homeland Security shall coordinate with the Secretary of Agriculture, in consultation with the Commissioner of Social Security, to create a process for individuals to seek assistance in contesting a tentative nonconfirmation as described in section 274E(b)(4)(D) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as inserted by section 301 of this Act, at local offices or service centers of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2) Staffing and resources The Secretary of Homeland Security and Secretary of Agriculture shall ensure that local offices and service centers of the U.S. Department of Agriculture are staffed appropriately and have the resources necessary to provide information and support to individuals seeking the assistance described in paragraph (1), including by facilitating communication between such individuals and the Department of Homeland Security or the Social Security Administration. (3) Clarification Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to delegate authority or transfer responsibility for reviewing and resolving tentative nonconfirmations from the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Commissioner of Social Security to the Secretary of Agriculture. (d) Document establishing employment authorization and identity In accordance with section 274E(b)(3)(A)(vii) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as inserted by section 301 of this Act, and not later than 12 months after the completion of the application period described in section 101(c) of this Act, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall recognize documentary evidence of certified agricultural worker status described in section 102(a)(2) of this Act as valid proof of employment authorization and identity for purposes of section 274E(b)(3)(A) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as inserted by section 301 of this Act. (e) Agricultural employment For purposes of this section, the term agricultural employment 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H)(ii) 303. Coordination with E-Verify Program (a) Repeal (1) In general Subtitle A of title IV of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 ( 8 U.S.C. 1324a (2) Clerical amendment The table of sections, in section 1(d) of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, is amended by striking the items relating to subtitle A of title IV. (3) References Any reference in any Federal, State, or local law, Executive order, rule, regulation, or delegation of authority, or any document of, or pertaining to, the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Justice, or the Social Security Administration, to the E-Verify Program described in section 403(a) of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 ( 8 U.S.C. 1324a 8 U.S.C. 1324a (4) Effective date This subsection, and the amendments made by this subsection, shall take effect on the date that is 30 days after the date on which final rules are published under section 309(a). (b) Former E-Verify mandatory users, including Federal contractors Beginning on the effective date in subsection (a)(4), the Secretary of Homeland Security shall require employers required to participate in the E-Verify Program described in section 403(a) of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 ( 8 U.S.C. 1324a (c) Former E-Verify voluntary users Beginning on the effective date in subsection (a)(4), the Secretary of Homeland Security shall provide for the voluntary compliance with the requirements of section 274E of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as inserted by section 301 of this Act, by employers voluntarily electing to participate in the E-Verify Program described in section 403(a) of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 ( 8 U.S.C. 1324a 304. Fraud and misuse of documents Section 1546(b) of title 18, United States Code, is amended— (1) in paragraph (1), by striking identification document, identification document or document meant to establish employment authorization, (2) in paragraph (2), by striking identification document identification document or document meant to establish employment authorization, (3) in the matter following paragraph (3) by inserting or section 274E(b) section 274A(b) 305. Technical and conforming amendments (a) Unlawful employment of aliens Section 274A of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1324a (1) in paragraph (1)(B)(ii) of subsection (a), by striking subsection (b). section 274B. (2) in the matter preceding paragraph (1) of subsection (b), by striking The requirements referred Except as provided in section 274E, the requirements referred (b) Unfair immigration-Related employment practices Section 274B(a)(1) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1324b(a)(1) including misuse of the verification system as described in section 274E(g) referral for a fee, 306. Protection of Social Security Administration programs (a) Funding under agreement Effective for fiscal years beginning on or after October 1, 2023, the Commissioner and the Secretary shall ensure that an agreement is in place which shall— (1) provide funds to the Commissioner for the full costs of the responsibilities of the Commissioner with respect to employment eligibility verification, including under this title and the amendments made by this title, and including— (A) acquiring, installing, and maintaining technological equipment and systems necessary for the fulfillment of such responsibilities, but only that portion of such costs that are attributable exclusively to such responsibilities; and (B) responding to individuals who contest a tentative nonconfirmation or administratively appeal a final nonconfirmation provided with respect to employment eligibility verification; (2) provide such funds annually in advance of the applicable quarter based on an estimating methodology agreed to by the Commissioner and the Secretary (except in such instances where the delayed enactment of an annual appropriation may preclude such quarterly payments); and (3) require an annual accounting and reconciliation of the actual costs incurred and the funds provided under the agreement, which shall be reviewed by the Inspectors General of the Social Security Administration and the Department of Homeland Security. (b) Continuation of employment verification in absence of timely agreement In any case in which the agreement required under subsection (a) for any fiscal year beginning on or after October 1, 2023, has not been reached as of October 1 of such fiscal year, the latest agreement described in such subsection shall be deemed in effect on an interim basis for such fiscal year until such time as an agreement required under subsection (a) is subsequently reached, except that the terms of such interim agreement shall be modified to adjust for inflation and any increase or decrease in the volume of requests under the employment eligibility verification system. In any case in which an interim agreement applies for any fiscal year under this subsection, the Commissioner and the Secretary shall, not later than October 1 of such fiscal year, notify the Committee on Ways and Means, the Committee on the Judiciary, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Finance, the Committee on the Judiciary, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate of the failure to reach the agreement required under subsection (a) for such fiscal year. Until such time as the agreement required under subsection (a) has been reached for such fiscal year, the Commissioner and the Secretary shall, not later than the end of each 90-day period after October 1 of such fiscal year, notify such Committees of the status of negotiations between the Commissioner and the Secretary in order to reach such an agreement. 307. Report on the implementation of the electronic employment verification system Not later than 24 months after the date on which final rules are published under section 309(a), and annually thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report that includes the following: (1) An assessment of the accuracy rates of the responses of the electronic employment verification system established under section 274E of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as inserted by section 301 of this Act (referred to in this section as the System (2) An assessment of any challenges faced by persons or entities (including small employers) in utilizing the System. (3) An assessment of any challenges faced by employment-authorized individuals who are issued tentative or final nonconfirmation notices. (4) An assessment of the incidence of unfair immigration-related employment practices, as described in section 274E(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as inserted by section 301 of this Act, related to the use of the System. (5) An assessment of the photo matching and other identity authentication tools, as described in section 274E(a)(4) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as inserted by section 301 of this Act, including— (A) an assessment of the accuracy rates of such tools; (B) an assessment of the effectiveness of such tools at preventing identity fraud and other misuse of identifying information; (C) an assessment of any challenges faced by persons, entities, or individuals utilizing such tools; and (D) an assessment of operation and maintenance costs associated with such tools. (6) A summary of the activities and findings of the U.S. Citizenship and Immigrations Services E-Verify Monitoring and Compliance Branch, or any successor office, including— (A) the number, types and outcomes of audits, investigations, and other compliance activities initiated by the Branch in the previous year; (B) the capacity of the Branch to detect and prevent violations of section 274E(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as inserted by this Act; and (C) an assessment of the degree to which persons and entities misuse the System, including— (i) use of the System before an individual’s date of hire; (ii) failure to provide required notifications to individuals; (iii) use of the System to interfere with or otherwise impede individuals’ assertions of their rights under other laws; and (iv) use of the System for unauthorized purposes; and (7) An assessment of the impact of implementation of the System in the agricultural industry and the use of the verification system in agricultural industry hiring and business practices. 308. Modernizing and streamlining the employment eligibility verification process Not later than 12 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in consultation with the Commissioner, shall submit to Congress a plan to modernize and streamline the employment eligibility verification process that shall include— (1) procedures to allow persons and entities to verify the identity and employment authorization of newly hired individuals where the in-person, physical examination of identity and employment authorization documents is not practicable; (2) a proposal to create a simplified employment verification process that allows employers that utilize the employment eligibility verification system established under section 274E of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as inserted by section 301 of this Act, to verify the identity and employment authorization of individuals without also having to complete and retain Form I–9, Employment Eligibility Verification, or any subsequent replacement form; and (3) any other proposal that the Secretary determines would simplify the employment eligibility verification process without compromising the integrity or security of the system. 309. Rulemaking and Paperwork Reduction Act (a) In general Not later than 180 days prior to the end of the application period defined in section 101(c) of this Act, the Secretary shall publish in the Federal Register proposed rules implementing this title and the amendments made by this title. The Secretary shall finalize such rules not later than 180 days after the date of publication. (b) Paperwork reduction act (1) In general The requirements under chapter 35 Paperwork Reduction Act (2) Electronic forms All forms designated or established by the Secretary that are necessary to implement this title and the amendments made by this title shall be made available in paper and electronic formats, and shall be designed in such a manner to facilitate electronic completion, storage, and transmittal. (3) Limitation on use of forms All forms designated or established by the Secretary that are necessary to implement this title, and the amendments made by this title, and any information contained in or appended to such forms, may not be used for purposes other than for enforcement of this Act and any other provision of Federal criminal law.

Summary: Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2023 This bill addresses issues relating to visas for farmworkers, including provisions establishing a certified agricultural worker (CAW) status and changing the H-2A temporary worker program. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) may grant CAW status to an applying non-U.S. national (alien under federal law) who (1) performed at least 1,035 hours of agricultural labor during the two-year period prior to June 23, 2023; (2) on that date was inadmissible, deportable, or under a grant of deferred enforced departure or temporary protected status; and (3) has been continuously present in the United States from that date until receiving CAW status. The bill imposes additional crime-related inadmissibility grounds on CAW applicants and makes some other grounds inapplicable. CAW status shall be valid for 5.5 years and may be extended. The applicant's spouse or children may receive CAW dependent status. A CAW applicant may not be detained or removed by DHS and shall be authorized for employment until DHS makes a final decision on the application. A CAW status recipient (and dependents) may apply for lawful permanent resident status (sometimes known as a green card) after meeting various requirements, including performing a certain amount of agricultural labor for a number of years. The bill also makes various changes to the H-2A program, such as (1) modifying the method for calculating and making adjustments to the H-2A worker minimum wage, (2) specifying how an employer may satisfy requirements that it attempted to recruit U.S. workers, (3) requiring H-2A employers to guarantee certain minimum work hours, (4) making the program available for agricultural work that is not temporary or seasonal, and (5) reserving a visa allocation for the dairy industry. DHS shall establish a pilot program allowing certain H-2A workers to apply for portable status, which gives the worker 60 days after leaving a position to secure new employment with a registered H-2A employer. DHS must also establish an electronic system patterned on the E-Verify Program for employers to verify an individual's identity and employment authorization. Employers hiring individuals for agricultural employment must use the system. This bill permanently establishes the Housing Preservation and Revitalization Program, which provides financing assistance for rural rental housing and off-farm labor housing and rental assistance for qualified tenants of such housing. It also authorizes the Department of Agriculture to provide various assistance, including funding for insuring loans and grants for new farmworker housing.