A consistent conceptualization of phylogenies Phylogenies i e dictomously branching processes are processes that involve things that is objects and as such have to be modeled by Object Oriented Modeling in order to be consistent with the distinction of objects Darwins model of evolution illustrates biological species as objects and is thus no different from phylogenies of other kinds of objects like asexually reproducing cells or mitochondria Now as an Object Oriented Model the model actually represents two consecutive objects i e two objects in a row by each of its internal lines i e lines between nodes one after a node and one before a node the former belonging to the category i e concept objects after nodes and the latter to the category objects before nodes If the model includes all objects of a certain category then both of these make up this category In summary phylogenies consist of two categories i e concepts of objects objects before nodes and objects after nodes and if the phylogeny includes all things of a category then these two categories make up this category Cladistics or cladism as I prefer to call it confuses the concept objects after nodes with the concept objects before nodes by defining lines between nodes as single things thereby confusing category with object that is kind with thing thus confusing conceptualization itself The approach is actually a return to a pre scientific stage this time denying the incompatibility between pattern and process instead of acknowledging it and solving it consistently It is a return alley that no scientist had ever expected anyone to advocate If this approach could ever be proved to be correct then it would mean that reality only exists in our own heads Luckily Einstein s discovery that time is relative to space falsifies the approach i e claim and this it did even before the approach was born Cladism was thus shown to be wrong before it emerged Consist presently at 83 254 20 53