I am a little surprised by the listing in the opening of Ways of knowing sense perception reason emotion authority and language tone symbols nomenclature Not for a moment do I think that revelation cloud reading stirring of entrails and so on and so forth are valid ways of knowing but it is not subject to doubt that many people perhaps a majority of the human race do think of these and methods like them as valid It is probably as true today as it was seventy years ago when Bertrand Russell first made the remark that there are more astrology columns than science columns in newspapers Thus I think a major part of any teachihng of epistemology has to be concerned with methods that are wrong stupid harmful and ignorant as much as with methods that are generally thought to be correct intelligent useful and well informed dlj