ceselder/lots-of-loras-task-definitions huggingface dataset:
Task: You are given a question on logical fallacies. You are also given 4 answer options (associated with "A", "B", "C", "D"), out of which only one is correct. You need to answer the question by selecting the correct option. You should only answer with the choice letter, not the whole answer.
Categories: Question Answering
Domains: Formal Fallacy
Reasoning: Logical Reasoning

Positive examples:
input: A valid disjunctive syllogism has a major premise that:
(A)includes two or more alternatives (B)classifies subjects (C)affirms the antecedent or denies the consequent (D)leads to a valid conclusion
output: A
explanation: A valid disjunctive syllogism has a major premise that includes two or more alternatives; input: Which of the following best describes the fallacy of style over substance?
(A)Changing the meaning of a word or phrase from one part of the argument to another. (B)Confusing figurative language with literal language. (C)Reasoning that ideas presented in an appealing manner are correct, regardless of the content of the message. (D)Using emotionally charged language to create an impression about the subject of a claim, without making an argument that the language fits the subject.
output: C
explanation: Reasoning that ideas presented in an appealing manner are correct, regardless of the content of the message describes the fallacy of style over substance

Negative examples:
input: A valid disjunctive syllogism has a major premise that:
(A)includes two or more alternatives (B)classifies subjects (C)affirms the antecedent or denies the consequent (D)leads to a valid conclusion
output: I dont know.
explanation: Do not generate anything else apart from one of the following characters: 'A', 'B, 'C', 'D'.; input: Which of the following best describes the fallacy of style over substance?
(A)Changing the meaning of a word or phrase from one part of the argument to another. (B)Confusing figurative language with literal language. (C)Reasoning that ideas presented in an appealing manner are correct, regardless of the content of the message. (D)Using emotionally charged language to create an impression about the subject of a claim, without making an argument that the language fits the subject.
output: B,C
explanation: Only one of the following options ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D') is allowed to be the answer. Multiple options can not be correct. The correct answer here would have been 'C'.; input: Another name for the fallacy of begging the question is
(A)Dito simpliciter (B)Bifurcation (C)Reprehensible personality (D)Circular reasoning
output: A
explanation: The fallacy of begging the question is also known as circular reasoning. Hence the correct answer should be 'D'.
Task: In this task, you are given a string of characters. You need to remove duplicate characters from the string if any, and return the resulting string.
Categories: Program Execution
Domains: Mathematics

Positive examples:
input: abCCdDDgGGhi
output: abCdDgGhi
explanation: The input string has 3 duplicate characters and the resulting output string has no duplicate characters.; input: GghHijKWOOJK
output: GghHijKWOJK
explanation: The input string has 1 duplicate character and the resulting output string has no duplicate characters.

Negative examples:
input: gbaRavseEahajSiSngh
output: gbaRavseEahajSiSngh
explanation: The resulting string contains duplicate characters.; input: IsqrRThJAAanVVGjhRox
output: IsqrRThJAanVGjhRox
explanation: The resulting string contains duplicate characters.
Task: You will be given one or more triples. The second part of each triple shows the relation between the first and the third element. Your task is to write a simple and short piece of text (sentence(s)) that describes the triples in natural language.
Categories: Data to Text
Domains: Wikipedia
Reasoning: Relational Reasoning; Commonsense Reasoning

Positive examples:
input: Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol | runwayName | "09/27 'Buitenveldertbaan'"
output: Amsterdam Airport Schipol runway name is 09/27 Buitenvelderbaan.
explanation: The simplest form of input is a single triple. Here the text describes the relationship in natural language.; input: Bacon_sandwich | country | United_Kingdom
Bacon_sandwich | ingredient | Bacon
output: Bacon sandwich is a dish from the United Kingdom and not surprisingly includes bacon as an ingredient.
explanation: These triples describe the country and one of the ingredients of the bacon sandwich. The output consists of two sentences describing the triples.; input: Barny_Cakes | dishVariation | Chocolate
Barny_Cakes | protein | 1.8 g
Barny_Cakes | carbohydrate | 18.0 g
Barny_Cakes | fat | 4.8 g
output: Barny cakes, which can be chocolate flavoured, contain 1.8g of protein, 4.8g of fat and 18g of carbohydrates.
explanation: The given triples show different aspects of "Barny Cake". The textual output correctly puts them all together.

Negative examples:
input: Antwerp_International_Airport | cityServed | Antwerp
output: Antwerp International airport city served Antwerp.
explanation: This is not a good output. Your answer should be grammatically correct and fluent.; input: A.F.C._Blackpool | ground | Blackpool
output: A.F.C. Blackpool play at their ground in Blackpool and is part of the North West Counties Football League.
explanation: Your answer should be based on the given triple, and you are not allowed to add extra information.
Task: In this task, you are given a public comment from online platforms. You are expected to classify the comment into two classes: disagree or agree. Classify the comment as disagree if it is likely to raise a certain level of public disagreement, whether healthy or unhealthy. The disagreement can be due to toxic content (for example, disrespect, identity attack, insult, and threat), controversial content, misunderstandings, or conflicting opinions. Classify the comment as agree otherwise.
Categories: Toxic Language Detection
Domains: Social Media

Positive examples:
input: Comment: Why do right wingers have so little respect for the rule of law when the law does not advance their personal interests?  Is it a lack of empathy?  Or a more general lack of basic human decency?  I don't doubt that pBurns9 would be the first one to run to the courts if his rights were violated.
output: Disagree
explanation: This comment expresses strong disagreement with right-wing politics, is disrespectful (accusing right-wingers "lack of basic human decency"), and comes with personal attack (to the user pBurns9). Thus, this comment is likely to raise a certain level of public disagreement from others.; input: Comment: So, was there no other evidence? What about the victim statement? There was apparently enough to keep this person locked up awaiting trial for rape. What happened to the evidence that put him in jail? It did not just go away because the victim died? Surely we can do better in terms of both the memory of the victim as well as other potential victims.
output: Agree
explanation: The comment questions the justice process concerning a rape case. It is not disrespectful and expresses a reasonable criticism. The comment is unlikely to raise wide public disagreement.

Negative examples:
input: Comment: Kind of like the Climate Change believers.
output: Agree
explanation: The topic of climate change conspiracy is controversial. This comment expresses the user's disbelief of climate change, which is against the general consensus. Thus, this comment is likely to raise public disagreement.; input: Comment: Liberals too. If you support this government dogmatically, without looking at what they are doing, and I mean really looking hard, you're not a responsible citizen.
output: Disagree
explanation: The comment relates to politics but expresses a reasonable opinion that is likely to be agreed by the majority, despite their political beliefs. Thus, it is unlikely to raise public disagreement.
Task: In this task, you are given a context sentence containing a blank (_). You are expected to fill the blank with one word to make the sentence convey a cultural stereotype. A stereotype is an over-generalized belief about a particular group of people. Your answer must not contain more than one word.
Categories: Fill in The Blank
Domains: Stereotypes
Reasoning: Commonsense Reasoning

Positive examples:
input: Context: Every commander tends to be _.
output: controlling
explanation: Commanders are controlling is an existing and valid stereotype.; input: Context: Syria is a country filled with _.
output: war
explanation: Syria is unrest with war is an existing and valid stereotype.

Negative examples:
input: Context: I get along well with all the _ Norweigan people.
output: black
explanation: It is not a valid stereotype because black people is not the majority or a representative population of Norway.; input: Context: The software developer is _.
output: tall
explanation: It is not a valid stereotype because there is no correlation between software developer and being tall.
Task: In this task, you are given a sentence. You must find the primary subject in the supplied sentence. The output must be a sub-sequence in the sentence.
Categories: Information Extraction
Domains: Miscellaneous

Positive examples:
input: Rope and its Usage
output: Rope
explanation: The word 'Rope' is the key subject here, while Usage is a property of Rope.; input: In this chapter are described the various types of rope with which a seaman works, and the manner in which he uses them.
output: the various types of rope
explanation: Here, there are several options including "this chapter", "the various types of rope". However, since the rest of the options concern the types of rope, this phrase becomes the primary subject.

Negative examples:
input: The chapter has been divided into seven sections, headed as follows:
output: The chapter
explanation: While we talk about the chapter's division, the seven sections should be the focus here, given that we intend to describe them with "headed as follows."; input: Construction and characteristics of vegetable fibre cordage.
output: Construction and characteristics
explanation: "Construction and characteristics" are merely features of vegetable fibre cordage. Hence, the primary subject here is "vegetable fibre cordage" instead.
Task: In this task, you will be given sentences in which your task is to recognize the name of the drug or medicine. Drugs are substances that change a person's mental or physical state. They can affect how your brain works, how you feel and behave, your understanding, and your senses. Although there might be several correct answers, you need to write one of them.
Categories: Named Entity Recognition
Domains: Biology -> Clinical Knowledge; Healthcare

Positive examples:
input: Acute pain was observed after taking MTX
output: MTX
explanation: MTX is a medicine which has been mentioned here, and hence the name should be tagged.; input: METHODS: We report two cases of pseudoporphyria caused by naproxen
output: naproxen
explanation: Naproxen is the medicine which causes the disorder pseudoporphyria.

Negative examples:
input: She was suffering from gastric cancer for a prolonged period of time.
output: gastric cancer
explanation: Gastric cancer is a disorder which has been reported to occur among the patients, and hence should not be categorized as drug.; input: We describe the side effects of 5-FU in a colon cancer patient
output: 5-FU in a colon cancer patient
explanation: Reference of the type of patients, on which the side effects are described, are irrevalent to tag the drug names, and hence should not be tagged.
Task: In this task, you are given a tuple, comprising Head and Tail, separated with <sep>. The Head and the Tail events are short phrases possibly involving participants. The names of specific people have been replaced by generic words (e.g., PersonX, PersonY, PersonZ). PersonX is always the subject of the event. You have to determine whether, as a result of the Head, PersonX will be seen as what is mentioned in the Tail or not. In this task, PersonX will be seen as the Tail if the Tail describes PersonX's persona or attribute as perceived by others given an event. In the gift-giving example, X may be seen as generous or giving. In contrast, in an event such as PersonX steals a car, PersonX may be perceived as evil. Classify your answers into "Yes" and "No". The phrase may also contain "___", a placeholder that can be an object, a person, and/or an action.
Categories: Commonsense Classification
Domains: Sociology; Commonsense -> Concepts and Relations -> Social Commonsense
Reasoning: Relational Reasoning; Reasoning on Social Interactions; Commonsense Reasoning -> Social Situations

Positive examples:
input: Head: PersonX gives PersonY the number<sep>Tail: Adventurous
output: Yes
explanation: This is a good example. As a result of the Head, PersonX will be seen as Adventurous.; input: Head: PersonX asks PersonY to say<sep>Tail: to observe PersonX
output: No
explanation: In this example, if PersonX asks PersonY to say, PersonX won't be seen as someone to observe PersonX. So this output is correct.; input: Head: PersonX eventually got ___<sep>Tail: avenged
output: Yes
explanation: If PersonX eventually got something, personX will be seen as avenged. Thus, this example should be classified as "Yes".

Negative examples:
input: Head: PersonX affords PersonY protection<sep>Tail: spends money
output: Yes
explanation: If PersonX affords PersonY protection, PersonX won't be seen as someone who spends money. So the output should be "No".; input: Head: PersonX improves PersonY's ___ as understood<sep>Tail: intelligent
output: No
explanation: If PersonX improves PersonY's ___ as understood, PersonX won't be seen as intelligent, and the output should be "Yes".
Task: In this task, you are given two phrases: Head and Tail, separated with <sep>. The Head and the Tail events are short phrases possibly involving participants. The names of specific people have been replaced by generic words (e.g., PersonX, PersonY, PersonZ). PersonX is always the subject of the event. You have to determine whether, as a result of the Head, PersonX wants what is mentioned in the Tail or not. In this task, wanting is a postcondition desire on the part of PersonX, respectively. As a result of PersonX giving PersonY gifts, PersonX may also desire to hug PersonY. Classify your answers into "Yes" and "No". The phrase may also contain "___", a placeholder that can be an object, a person, and/or an action.
Categories: Commonsense Classification
Domains: Sociology; Commonsense -> Concepts and Relations -> Social Commonsense
Reasoning: Relational Reasoning; Reasoning on Social Interactions; Commonsense Reasoning -> Social Situations

Positive examples:
input: Head: PersonX arranges a date<sep>Tail: to find a nice restaurant.
output: Yes
explanation: This is a good example. As a result of the Head, PersonX wants to find a nice restaurant.; input: Head: PersonX affects children 's ___<sep>Tail: bad
output: No
explanation: In this example, bad is not what PersonX wants. So the output is correct.; input: Head: PersonX gives PersonY bread<sep>Tail: to eat a piece of bread
output: Yes
explanation:  As a result of the Head, personX wants to eat a piece of bread. Thus, this example should be classified as "Yes".

Negative examples:
input: Head: PersonX blesses PersonY's heart<sep>Tail: to call person y
output: Yes
explanation: The Tail is not what PersonX wants as a result of the Head. So the output should be "No".; input: Head: PersonX asks PersonY's mother<sep>Tail: to write down the solution to the problem
output: No
explanation: If PersonX asks PersonY's mother; as a result, PersonX wants to write down the solution to the problem, and the output should be "Yes".
Task: Two analogies that relate places/locations to the associated travel mode is given in the form "A : B. C : ?". "A : B" relates place A to travel mode B. Your task is to replace the question mark (?) with the appropriate travel mode for the given place C, following the "A : B" relation.
Categories: Word Analogy
Domains: Commonsense; Public Places
Reasoning: Relational Reasoning; Commonsense Reasoning; Analogical Reasoning

Positive examples:
input: moon : rocket. france : ?
output: airplane
explanation: Rockets are used to travel to the moon - hence the given analogy relates places/locations to the associated travel mode , and the answer also does the same; input: mall : bus. theater : ?
output: car
explanation: A bus can be used to travel to the mall - hence the given analogy relates places/locations to the associated travel mode , and the answer also does the same; input: australia : airplane. portland : ?
output: car
explanation: If an airplane can be used to travel to australia - the given analogy relates places/locations to the associated travel mode , and the answer also does the same

Negative examples:
input: park : bicycle. school : ?
output: students
explanation: The given analogy relates places/locations to the associated travel mode , BUT the answer does not model the same; input: restaurant : taxi. downtown : ?
output: rocket
explanation: If a taxi can be used to travel to restaurant - rocket is not the right answer for travelling to downtown; input: airport : car. bermuda : ?
output: bicycle
explanation: If a car can be used to travel to an airport - bicycle is not the right answer for travelling to bermuda. The airplane or boat could have been the correct answer.
Task: In this task you will be given a string of characters. You should remove all vowels from the given string. Vowels are: i,e,a,u,o. The character 'y' or 'Y' does not count as a vowel.
Categories: Program Execution
Domains: Code; Mathematics

Positive examples:
input: hNarAik
output: hNrk
explanation: The three vowels in the input 'a, 'A', and 'i' are removed.; input: iOytEYBad
output: ytYBd
explanation: The characters 'y' and 'Y' were not counted as vowels and they were not removed.; input: sMmFTBZ
output: sMmFTBZ
explanation: There are no vowels in the input, so the output is the same as the input.

Negative examples:
input: BAaOAIIBfMj
output: BAaOAIIBfMj
explanation: The output is the same as the input even though there are vowels in the input. None of the vowels in the input string were removed.; input: UOatEzBid
output: UOaEi
explanation: The output is a string of the vowels that were in the input string, these vowels should have been removed from the input.; input: ByaOAYIBfMj
output: BBfMj
explanation: The characters 'y' and 'Y' were counted as vowels and removed. They should not have been removed from the input.
Task: You are given a question on virology. You are also given 4 answer options (associated with "A", "B", "C", "D"), out of which only one is correct. You need to answer the question by selecting the correct option. You should only answer with the choice letter, not the whole answer.
Categories: Question Answering
Domains: Biology -> Virology
Reasoning: Scientific Reasoning

Positive examples:
input: How many human polyomaviruses are known at present?
(A)100 (B)1 (C)10 (D)unknown
output: A
explanation: 100 human polyomaviruses are known at present; input: AIDS activism in the U.S. resulted in:
(A)Food and Drug Administration reforms (B)Easier access to investigational drugs (C)Changes in the way medicine was practiced in the U.S. (D)All of the above
output: D
explanation: Options A,B,C are all correct. This is indicated in option D

Negative examples:
input: How many human polyomaviruses are known at present?
(A)100 (B)1 (C)10 (D)unknown
output: I dont know.
explanation: Do not generate anything else apart from one of the following characters: 'A', 'B, 'C', 'D'.; input: AIDS activism in the U.S. resulted in:
(A)Food and Drug Administration reforms (B)Easier access to investigational drugs (C)Changes in the way medicine was practiced in the U.S. (D)All of the above
output: B,C
explanation: Only one of the following options ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D') is allowed to be the answer. Multiple options can not be correct. The correct answer here would have been 'D'.; input: Which of the following is the most important for controlling disease caused by norovirus?
(A)A norovirus vaccine (B)Attention to handwashing and hygiene (C)Quarantine (D)New antiviral drugs
output: A
explanation: Attention to handwashing and hygiene is most important for controlling disease caused by norovirus. Hence the correct answer should be 'B'.
Task: Formulate questions about the information mentioned in a given passage.
Categories: Question Generation
Domains: Commonsense -> Concepts and Relations
Reasoning: Commonsense Reasoning

Positive examples:
input: context: A person is trying to roll an apple, a ball, a block, and a bottle.
output: What is the person trying to do?
explanation: This question can be directly answered from the context.; input: context: A person is trying to stack coins, boxes, eggs, and blocks.
output: What is the person trying to do?
explanation: This question can be directly answered from the context.; input: context: A person paints a circle around a table, a microwave, a book, and a house.
output: What did the person paint?
explanation: This question can be directly answered from the context.

Negative examples:
input: context: A person is trying to stack flowers, eggs, bottles, and blocks.
output: How old is the person?
explanation: This question can't be directly answered from the context.; input: context: A brick, an egg, a leaf, and a coin moving at identical speeds each collide with a static hockey puck.
output: What happened to the brick after the collision?
explanation: This question can't be directly answered from the context.; input: context: A brick, an egg, a microwave, and a leaf moving at identical speeds each collide with a static hockey puck.
output: How much did the static hockey stick move after the collision?
explanation: This question can't be directly answered from the context.
Task: In this task, you are given two sets, and a question. You need to find whether an element is at the intersection of two given sets.  A Set is shown by two curly braces and comma-separated numbers inside, like {1, 2, 3}. The intersection of two given sets is the largest set which contains all the elements that are common to both sets. An element is at the intersection of two given sets, A and B, if common to both A and B. Classify your answers into 'Yes' or 'No'.
Categories: Program Execution
Domains: Mathematics
Reasoning: Numerical Reasoning; Quantitative Reasoning; Mathematics -> Arithmetic

Positive examples:
input: Set1: '{1, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16}', Set2: '{1, 2, 4, 6, 11, 14, 15, 20}'. Is the element '11' in the intersection of Set1 and Set2 ?
output: No
explanation: The intersection of Set1 and Set2 is {1, 6, 14, 15}. 11 is not an element of this set. So, the answer is No.; input: Set1: '{1, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16}', Set2: '{1, 2, 4, 6, 11, 14, 15, 20}'. Is the element '6' in the intersection of Set1 and Set2 ?
output: Yes
explanation: The intersection of Set1 and Set2 is {1, 6, 14, 15}. 6 is an element of this set. So, the answer is Yes.

Negative examples:
input: Set1: '{8, 11, 2, 10}', Set2: '{1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 15}'. Is the element '2' in the intersection of Set1 and Set2 ?
output: No
explanation: The intersection of Set1 and Set2 is {2, 10, 11}. '2' is an element of this set. So, the answer should have been 'Yes' instead of 'No'.