ceselder/lots-of-loras-task-definitions huggingface dataset:
Task: In this task, you are given a list of integers you need to calculate and return the range of the integers which is the difference between maximum and minimum element in the list.
Categories: Program Execution
Domains: Mathematics
Reasoning: Mathematics -> Arithmetic

Positive examples:
input: [1,2,3,4,5,7,34,25]
output: 33
explanation: maximum element is 34 and minimum element is 1, range is equal to the difference between 34 and 1 which is 33.; input: [2,4,6,34,56,76,0]
output: 76
explanation: maximum element is 76 and minimum element is 0, range is equal to the difference between 76 and 0 which is 76.

Negative examples:
input: [23,45,65,76,12,34,98]
output: 22
explanation: Range is incorrectly calculated.; input: [345,435,12,1,67,89,45,47]
output: 78
explanation: Range is incorrectly calculated.
Task: In this task, you are given two questions about a domain. Your task is to combine the main subjects of the questions to write a new, natural-sounding question. For example, if the first question is about the tallness of the president and the second question is about his performance at college, the new question can be about his tallness at college. Try to find the main idea of each question, then combine them; you can use different words or make the subjects negative (i.e., ask about shortness instead of tallness) to combine the subjects. The questions are in three domains: presidents, national parks, and dogs. Each question has a keyword indicating its domain. Keywords are "this national park", "this dog breed", and "this president", which will be replaced with the name of an actual president, a national park, or a breed of dog. Hence, in the new question, this keyword should also be used the same way. Do not write unnatural questions. (i.e., would not be a question someone might normally ask about domains). Do not write open-ended or subjective questions. (e.g., questions that can be answered differently by different people.) If you couldn't find the answer to your question from a single Google search, try to write a different question. You do not have to stick with the original question word for word, but you should try to create a question that combines the main subjects of the question.
Categories: Question Rewriting
Domains: Government and Politics

Positive examples:
input: What college did this president attend? Where did this president meet his wife?
output: Did this president meet his wife in college?
explanation: This is a good question. By combining "meet wife" and "college" we get to a new question.; input: Is this president over 6 feet tall? What college did this president attend?
output: Was this president shorter than six feet when they attended college?
explanation: In this question, by making "tall" in the first question negative and combining it with "attend at college" we get to the new question. Note that the new question sounds natural as well.; input: Is this president in favor of abortion? What college did this president attend?
output: Is this president against abortion even though they attended a liberal arts college?
explanation: In this question, by making "favor of abortion" in the first question negative and combining it with "attend at college" we get to the new question.

Negative examples:
input: Is this president over 6 feet tall? Is this president in favor of abortion?
output: Does this president support abortion and is he taller than 6 feet?
explanation: This question is relatively unnatural and is not something someone would usually ask in one sentence.; input: What college did this president attend? Where did this president meet his wife?
output: Did president meet his wife in college?
explanation: The keywords should be the same as the given question. So the "president" should be replaced with "this president".
Task: We would like you to assess the QUALITY of each of the following argument (discussing Gay Marriage) and determine if the argument is Valid or Invalid. A valid argument is clearly interpretable and either expresses an argument, or a premise or a conclusion that can be used in an argument for the topic of gay marriage. An invalid argument is a phrase that cannot be interpreted as an argument or not on the topic of gay marriage.
Categories: Text Matching
Domains: Government and Politics

Positive examples:
input: It is usually just as religiously important to same-sex couples to be married as it is for opposite-sex couples, and no one should be able to tell those people that the government cannot recognize their relationship.
output: Valid
explanation: It is a clear argument that supports gay marriage by saying it is as religiously important as opposite-sex marriage.; input: We still don't have a government program of free quality childcare for working women.
output: Invalid
explanation: It is not on the topic of gay marriage

Negative examples:
input: The only people who have problems with gays are the people who LET themselves have problems with gays.
output: Invalid
explanation: The answer should be Valid instead since it is an argument that claims people that have problems with gay marriages are specifically against to gays.
Task: Read the passage and find the corresponding person for the given pronoun. The word between ** ** is the target pronoun.
Categories: Coreference Resolution
Domains: Wikipedia

Positive examples:
input: The current members of Crime have also performed in San Francisco under the band name ''Remote Viewers``. Strike has published two works of fiction in recent years: Ports of Hell, which is listed in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Library, and A Loud Humming Sound Came from Above. Rank has produced numerous films (under **his** real name, Henry Rosenthal) including the hit The Devil and Daniel Johnston.
output: Henry Rosenthal
explanation: The person's name is referenced next to the pronoun itself. Therefore it is clear 'Henry Rosenthal' is the correct answer.; input: Killian in 1978--79, an assistant district attorney for Brunswick Judicial Circuit in 1979--80, and a practicing attorney in Glynn County in 1980--90. Williams was elected a Superior Court judge in 1990, taking the bench in 1991. In November 2010 Williams competed against Mary Helen Moses in **her** most recent bid for re-election.
output: Williams
explanation: The sentence lists the career growth of Williams and then mentions that she competed against Mary Helen Moses which makes it clear that the 'her' refers to Williams.; input: In 1987, Alison Krauss asked Brown to join her band, Union Station. Brown spent three years with Krauss. In 1990, **she** moved to Tennessee, and was named International Bluegrass Music Association Banjo Player of the Year in 1991.
output: Brown
explanation: The first sentence mentions Alison Krauss asked Brown to join her band, which defines that 'she' moved refers to Brown.

Negative examples:
input: Alleway played 857 minutes in 11 matches including 9 starts. The defence conceded a total of only 5 goals in the regular season and the finals. In March 2016, Alleway and Melbourne City teammate Steph Catley joined the NWSL's newest expansion club the Orlando Pride. Orlando Pride coach Tom Sermanni gave Alleway **her** first cap for Australia when he was coach of the Matildas in 2010.
output: Tom Sermanni
explanation: Tom Sermanni is referred to by the pronoun 'he' in the same sentence and so he cannot refer to the pronoun 'her' so this is incorrect.; input: The rest of the group find out what has happened to Case and decide to band together and take on Justin at the Beatdown to avenge their mentor. With each facing their own trials to reach the final match, it comes down to only one of them versus their own. Mike defeats Zack, while Justin injures Tim in the restroom - thus eliminating **him** from the tournament.
output: Justin
explanation: The pronoun 'him' refers to Tim as Tim is injured and he is the one to be eliminated. Hence this is incorrect.
Task: In this task, you are given two phrases: Head and Tail, separated with <sep>. The Head and the Tail events are short phrases possibly involving participants. The names of specific people have been replaced by generic words (e.g., PersonX, PersonY, PersonZ). PersonX is always the subject of the event. You have to determine whether the Head includes an event or an action in the Tail or not. This happens when the Tail denotes a step within the larger head event. Classify your answers into "Yes" and "No". The phrase may also contain "___", a placeholder that can be an object, a person, and/or an action.
Categories: Commonsense Classification
Domains: Sociology; Commonsense -> Concepts and Relations -> Physical Commonsense; Commonsense -> Concepts and Relations -> Social Commonsense
Reasoning: Relational Reasoning; Reasoning on Social Interactions; Commonsense Reasoning -> Social Situations

Positive examples:
input: Head: have conversation<sep>Tail: choose subject to discuss
output: Yes
explanation: This is a good example. The Head includes the event of choosing a subject the Tail.; input: Head: PersonX allergic to bees<sep>Tail: none
output: No
explanation: In this example, there isn't any action or event in the Tail. So the output should be"No".; input: Head: design software<sep>Tail: check design
output: Yes
explanation: In this example, designing software includes checking the design. Thus, this example should be classified as "Yes".

Negative examples:
input: Head: PersonX asks to go home<sep>Tail: to go rest
output: Yes
explanation: Asking to go home doesn't include going rest. So the output should be "No".; input: Head: communicate<sep>Tail: gather thoughts
output: No
explanation: The communicate includes gathering the thoughts, and the output should be "Yes".
Task: Read the given message of a sender that is intended to start a conversation, and determine whether it was written by a 'Bot' or by a 'Human'. Typically, bots will have a more disjointed manner of speaking, and will make statements that don't relate to each other, don't make coherent sense, or otherwise appear unnatural. Human will make statements in a more or less coherent and logical way. Since these messages are supposed to be conversation openers, humans will generally start sensibly with a hello or an introduction. Humans may also ask why the other person is not responding. Bots, however, may act as if they are in the middle of a nonsensical conversation.
Categories: Speaker Identification
Domains: Dialogue
Reasoning: Reasoning on Social Interactions

Positive examples:
input: hello

output: Human
explanation: This is an example of correct classification because the sender really was a human. To start with a hello is a normal thing for a human to do. Frequently bots don't start with hello, or if they do, they follow it with non-sequiturs.; input: I work as a mechanic, i work as a mechanic

output: Bot
explanation: This is a good example of correct classification because the sender was indeed a bot. You can tell by the odd repetition the sender employs; humans would most probably not start a conversation by repeating themselves awkwardly.

Negative examples:
input: hello
i'm a baby delivery nurse.
hi
i love disneyland.

output: Bot
explanation: This is an example of incorrect classification. The sender is actually a human. You should tell it's a human by it's attempts to say 'hello' then 'hi' again after the other person doesn't respond. The facts they give about themselves should be interpreted as an honest attempt at introducing themselves, which humans sometimes do when trying to start a conversation about their interests.; input: In High School, even a family holiday can inspire gossip.

output: Human
explanation: This is an example of misclassification because the sender is actually a bot. You can tell by the lack of any hello or even introduction. Instead, the sender sends a nonsense sentence about high school and family, which makes no sense given it's supposed to be the start of a conversation. This is a good indicator that the sender is a bot.
Task: Given two entities as input, classify as "yes" if second entity is the part of the first entity. Otherwise classify them as "no". These are entities of meronym In linguistics, meronymy is a semantic relation between a meronym denoting a part and a holonym denoting a whole. In simpler terms, a meronym (i.e., second entity) is in a part-of relationship with its holonym (i.e., first entity).
Categories: Entity Relation Classification
Domains: Natural Science
Reasoning: Relational Reasoning

Positive examples:
input: Entity 1: plant 
 Entity 2: leaf
output: yes
explanation: The answer is correct. Because the leaf is part of the plant. Therefore, here leaf is meronym and the plant is holonym.; input: Entity 1: soil 
 Entity 2: moon
output: no
explanation: Soil is part of most of the celestial objects. Not visa versa. Hence, the answer "no" is correct.; input: Entity 1: cheese 
 Entity 2: protein
output: yes
explanation: The answer is correct because cheese contains various proteins, fats, and minerals. Therefore, these are the entities of the meronym.; input: Entity 1: wasp 
 Entity 2: feather
output: no
explanation: Wasp is an insect. And it does not have any feathers. Therefore, they do not have part-of relationship. Hence, the answer is correct.

Negative examples:
input: Entity 1: food chain 
 Entity 2: nitrogen
output: no
explanation: Nitrogen is part of the various plants, and animals. And they are parts of the food chain. Hence, nitrogen is also part of the food chain. Therefore, the answer should be "yes".; input: Entity 1: leaf 
 Entity 2: carpel
output: yes
explanation: This is wrong answer because carpel is part of flowers not plants. Hence, right answer is "no".
Task: The task is reading a paragraph containing numbers as digits. The digits can be used to represent Quantity, Dates and Time, Addresses or Positions. Convert the digits into their text equivalents. If a number has a prefix, postfix or punctuation preserve it in the text equivalent. 100000 is translated as hundred thousand, Roman numerals are also translated. If multiple numbers are present convert all instances.
Categories: Number Conversion
Domains: Books

Positive examples:
input: The boy placed 13th in class.
output: The boy placed thirteenth in class.
explanation: Here the number represents the position of the person, and hence we use the 'th' form of the number.; input: The great leader was born in 1967.
output: The great leader was born in nineteen sixty seven.
explanation: Here the number represents a date(year) and therefore we used this format.; input: The shopkeeper asked for 5067 bucks.
output: The shopkeeper asked for five thousand sixty seven bucks.
explanation: Here the number represents a quantity so we simply translate the number into text.

Negative examples:
input: The man is 67 years old.
output: The man is six seven years old.
explanation: Since this is a quantity the translation should be the sixty seven form of the number.; input: Marie placed 2nd in class.
output: Marie placed third in class.
explanation: The number translated is a different number from the digit.
Task: Given a scientific question and its correct answer, generate supporting facts for the answer. This supporting fact can be an explanation for the answer to the given question.
Categories: Explanation
Domains: Natural Science -> School Science Textbooks
Reasoning: Commonsense Reasoning; Scientific Reasoning

Positive examples:
input: Question: What term refers to a list of the elements that will replace the ones below them in single-replacement reactions? Answer: activity series
output: A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions.
explanation: This is a valid supporting statement since it connects both the answers and question to generate the supporting fact; input: Question: What cause many human diseases by killing host cells or disturbing their homeostasis? Answer: viruses
output: Viruses cause many human diseases by killing host cells or disturbing their homeostasis. Viruses are not affected by antibiotics. Several viral diseases can be treated with antiviral drugs or prevented with vaccines.
explanation: This is a valid supporting fact since it mentions viruses as the cause for human disease and also the last sentences mentions that diseases are caused by viruses.

Negative examples:
input: Question: Decomposers break down dead organisms into nutrients and what? Answer: gases
output: Decomposers break down dead organisms into nutrients and poison so that they can be used by other organisms.
explanation: The generated supporting fact does not support the answer: gases.; input: Question: What science specialty, with a set of like-named scientific laws, refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter? Answer: thermodynamics.
output: Geology is the study of rocks and is boring.
explanation: The output neither doesn't support the answer.
Task: Given a part of privacy policy text, identify the purpose for which the user information is collected/used. The purpose should be given inside the policy text, answer as 'Not Specified' otherwise
Categories: Information Extraction
Domains: Law

Positive examples:
input: The site collects your IP address or device IDs for advertising. Collection happens when you implicitly provide information on the website.
output: Advertising
explanation: The given policy text states that it uses user information for 'advertising' explicitly; input: Another part of the company or institution does not do something outside of our label scheme with your unspecified personal information for a basic service or feature. The data is personally identifiable.
output: Basic service/feature
explanation: The purpose of using user information is clearly stated in the given policy text as 'for basic service or feature'; input: You can use privacy configuration settings (in your browser or on your device) to control the use of location information by an unspecified party for an unspecified purpose.
output: Location
explanation: The given policy text states that it uses user information for 'location' explicitly; input: An unnamed third party does receive unspecified information about you for legal requirements. The data is personally identifiable.
output: Legal requirement
explanation: The purpose of using user information is clearly stated in the given policy text as 'for legal requirements'

Negative examples:
input: An unnamed third party does not receive unspecified information about you for an unspecified purpose. The data is personally identifiable. You can opt in for data collection for the collection or sharing of your information.
output: Location
explanation: The given policy text does not state that the user information is used for location. It is stated that the information is used for 'unspecified purpose'; input: The site collects your generic personal information for marketing purposes. Collection happens on the website.
output: Advertising
explanation: The given policy text does not state that the user information is used for advertising, but states that it is used for 'marketing purposes'; input: An unspecified third party does receive your unspecified personal information for legal requirements.
output: Additional service/feature
explanation: The given policy text does not state that the user information is used for additional service or feature. It is stated that the information is used for 'legal requirements'.; input: You can choose not to use a service or feature to avoid the use of unspecified information by the site, which collects it for an additional (non-basic) service or feature.
output: Marketing
explanation: The given policy text does not state that the user information is used for marketing, but states that it is used for 'additional (non-basic) service or feature'
Task: In this task, you are given a post in English from online platforms. You are expected to identify whether the post is hateful against immigrants and women. A hateful post expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or a group. If a post is hateful but not towards immigrants and women, it should be labeled as non-hateful. Answer "hateful" or "Non-hateful". Note that the URLs in the text have been replaced with [Link].
Categories: Toxic Language Detection
Domains: Social Media -> Twitter

Positive examples:
input: Post: If I was a woman I would probably be a hoe lol they have so much fun and niggas pay them for stupid shit
output: Hateful
explanation: This is a hateful post against women because it contains explicit language that disrespects women.; input: Post: @RobertPlant have you seen this? Immigrant Songbirds
output: Non-hateful
explanation: This is a non-hateful post because it discusses immigrant songbirds and is unrelated to hate or immigrants.

Negative examples:
input: Post: In my culture, that's a way of saying 'Suck a dick you bitch punk cunt'
output: Yes
explanation: You are expected to return "Hateful" or "Non-hateful". This post is hateful against women because it contains explicit language and disrespects woman.; input: Post: When you're on your way to a dick appointment
output: Hateful
explanation: This post should be non-hateful against women, although it is sexual explicit.