ceselder/lots-of-loras-task-definitions huggingface dataset:
Task: In this task you are given a sentence. You must judge whether the main verb of the sentence is in present or past tense. Label the instances as "Present" or "Past" based on your judgment. If there is no verb in the given text, answer "Present".
Categories: Linguistic Probing
Domains: Narrative
Reasoning: Grammatical Reasoning

Positive examples:
input: She shone her light around the space, following the glow of the flashlight's ray along the walls.
output: Past
explanation: The verb "shone" is in past tense.; input: Teddy hollered, unwilling to be put off.
output: Past
explanation: The verb "hollered" is in past tense.; input: " Don't be an ass, " I mutter.
output: Present
explanation: The verb "mutter" is in present tense.; input: " Your nickel. "
output: Present
explanation: You should answer with "Present" when you don't find a verb.

Negative examples:
input: " It was a secret, " she explains, adjusting her gaze back to me.
output: Past
explanation: The verb "was" is in past tense. but "was" isn't this sentence main verb, "explains" is the main verb which is in present tense.; input: " Ugh... " he mumbled.
output: Present
explanation: The verb "mumbled" is in past tense. This is an incorrect answer.
Task: In this task, you are given a date in a particular format and you need to convert to another format. If given format is "dd/mm/yyyy" then convert to "mm/dd/yyyy". If given format is "mm/dd/yyyy" then convert to "dd/mm/yyyy".
Categories: Program Execution
Domains: Commonsense -> Concepts and Relations
Reasoning: Commonsense Reasoning

Positive examples:
input: 10/05/1847, input_format=dd/mm/yyyy
output: 05/10/1847
explanation: The month(mm) is 05, day(dd) is 10 and year(yyyy) is 1847, so the output should be 05/10/1847.; input: 02/18/1602, input_format=mm/dd/yyyy
output: 18/02/1602
explanation: The day(dd) is 18, month(mm) is 02 and year(yyyy) is 1602, so the output should be 18/02/1602.

Negative examples:
input: 08/07/1628, input_format=dd/mm/yyyy
output: 08/07/1628
explanation: The input date has not been converted to the correct format. The correct output format should be 07/08/1628.; input: 10/17/2009, input_format=mm/dd/yyyy
output: 2009/10/17
explanation: The input date has not been converted to the correct format. The correct output format should be 17/10/2009.
Task: In this task your given two statements. You must judge whether the second sentence is the cause or effect of the first one. Label the instances as "cause" or "effect" based on your judgment. The sentences are separated by a newline character.
Categories: Cause Effect Classification
Domains: Narrative
Reasoning: Commonsense Reasoning

Positive examples:
input: The women met for coffee.
They wanted to catch up with each other.
output: cause
explanation: The women met for coffee because they wanted to catch up with each other.; input: The physician misdiagnosed the patient.
The patient filed a malpractice lawsuit against the physician.
output: effect
explanation: The patience filed a lawsuit against the physician is the effect of the physician misdiagnosing him/her.; input: The guests of the party hid behind the couch.
It was a surprise party.
output: cause
explanation: The guests hid behind the couch because it was a surprise party.

Negative examples:
input: My body cast a shadow over the grass.
The sun was rising.
output: effect
explanation: The rising of the sun isn't an effect of casting a shadow over the grass.; input: I took antibiotics.
My infection cleared up.
output: cause
explanation: clearing up infection is the effect of taking antibiotics and it can't be the reason of that. So, the output should be effect.
Task: In this task the focus is on physical knowledge about the world. Given the provided goal task in the input, describe a process that would lead to the asked outcome. This process often involves physical motions with objects, such as moving them, arranging them in a certain way, mixing them, shaking them, etc. 
Categories: Question Answering
Domains: Commonsense -> Concepts and Relations -> Physical Commonsense
Reasoning: Commonsense Reasoning -> Spatial Reasoning; Commonsense Reasoning

Positive examples:
input: How do you remove keys from a computer keyboard for cleaning?
output: Place the tip of a knife under the corner of a key and gently twist to pop it off.
explanation: The process of removing keys from a keyboard for cleaning is descriptive and logical.; input: How can you dry wet replacement computer keyboard keys?
output: by arranging paper towels on the counter and evenly spacing out each key to dry, face side up, on top of them.
explanation: The steps involved in the process of drying wet replacement keyboard keys are logical.; input: To coat small plastic objects like replacement keyboard keys with soap
output: place them, water and liquid dishsoap in a sealed container. Shake vigorously until the container is completely full of foam.
explanation: The process of coating small plastic objects like replacement keys is descriptive and logical.; input: How do you cut gnocchi without a knife?
output: Press the edge of a spoon down into the dough to cut it.
explanation: The answer is quite detailed about the method to cut gnocchi when knife is not available.; input: How do you taste something?
output: Place it in your mouth to taste.
explanation: To taste something one has to keep it in contact with the tongue. Hence it is logical to put it in the mouth to taste.; input: How do you wear a bracelet?
output: Put it on around your wrist.
explanation: Bracelet is worn around wrists. Hence it is correct answer.

Negative examples:
input: How do you remove keys?
output: pry them off with a knife.
explanation: The process is too generic: How do you pry the keys off?; input: How can you dry wet replacement computer keyboard keys?
output: Place them in the oven on low
explanation: True but unlikely: This might work or might melt your keys and would require very detailed instructions to be correct.; input: To coat small plastic objects like replacement keyboard keys with soap
output: place them, water and liquid dishsoap in a container. Shake vigorously until the container is completely full of foam.
explanation: Details are missing like the type of container to be used. It must be a sealed container to shake it; input: How to avoid danger?
output: Only engage in risky behaviors.
explanation: This is absolutely opposite to what needs to be done to avoid danger. Hence it is incorrect.; input: How do you keep vegetables fresh ?
output: Send them to your friend over email.
explanation: The answer is clearly not related to the goal since one cannot keep vegetables fresh by sending over email.
Task: Indicate a text span in the passage about which an inquisitive question is asked. (note, don't answer the question).
Categories: Question Answering
Domains: News

Positive examples:
input: Sentence: The Obama administration is developing additional screening protocols for airline passengers both overseas and in the United States to control infectious diseases such as Ebola, President Barack Obama said Monday .<sep>Question: What was the duration of the Obama administration?
output: Obama administration
explanation: It guesses the right span of the sentence where the question is from.; input: Sentence: Planetary scientists dream of sending a geologist to Mars to study its rocks by hand .<sep>Question: Why do Planetary scientists want to study rocks of Mars only?
output: to Mars
explanation: It guesses the right span of the sentence where the question is from.

Negative examples:
input: Sentence: The Obama administration is developing additional screening protocols for airline passengers both overseas and in the United States to control infectious diseases such as Ebola, President Barack Obama said Monday .<sep>Question: Why are they creating additional screening protocols?
output: Obama administration
explanation: It is not able to guess the correct span of the sentence where the question is from.; input: Sentence: Planetary scientists dream of sending a geologist to Mars to study its rocks by hand .<sep>Question: What does Planetary scientist mean?
output: to Mars
explanation: It is not an inquisitive question and can be answered from the sentence itself sentence.
Task: In this task, you are given a paragraph, and your task is to construct a question from the given passage. Construct question in such a way that (i) it is well explained in the paragraph, (ii) the words may/may not be present in the paragraph, (iii) it should start with what/how/describe. Avoid creating a question that (i) is just relevant to one or two sentences, and (ii) not relevant to passage. 
Categories: Question Generation
Domains: Natural Science

Positive examples:
input:  Magma rises from deep in the earth. The magma goes into volcanos. The volcanos pressure the magma upwards. The pressure causes the magma to push through the surface of the volcano. The lava cools. The lava forms new rock. New magma is pressured to the surface of the volcano. The volcano bursts through the rock the formed after the last eruption. 
output:  What causes a volcano to erupt? 
explanation: The process paragraph explains in steps about - the cause for volcano eruption. The keywords in the question are relevant to the process paragraph given. So, this is a good question.; input:  Water from the ocean washes onto beaches in waves. The waves contain sediment from the ocean. The water and particles in it hit rocks and sand on the beach. The wind and current sometimes push the water and particles harder. Tiny parts of the rocks on the shore come off the larger rocks. The waves pick up sand and small rocks from the beach. The waves go back out into the ocean. The waves carry the new particles with them. Rocks and the beach look a little different. 
output:  What happens during erosion by the ocean? 
explanation: The process paragraph explains in steps about - the sequence of events during erosion by the ocean. The keywords in the question are relevant to the process paragraph given. So, this is a good question.

Negative examples:
input:  Water from oceans, lakes, swamps, rivers, and plants turns into water vapor. Water vapor condenses into millions of tiny droplets that form clouds. Clouds lose these droplets through rain or snow, also caused precipitation. Precipitation is either absorbed into the ground or runs off into rivers. Water that was absorbed into the ground is taken up by plants. Plants lose water from their surfaces as vapor. The vapor goes back into the atmosphere. Water that runs off into rivers flows into ponds, lakes, or oceans. The water evaporates back into the atmosphere. 
output:  Describe the process of precipitation 
explanation: This is an example of a bad question because it is not answerable from the given passage. Instead create a question that can be answerable from the given passage. The process paragraph is explaining about water cycle and not precipitation.; input:  Different kinds of rocks melt into magma. Magma cools in the crust. Magma goes to the surface and becomes lava. Lava cools. Cooled magma and lava become igneous rock. 
output:  How does sedimentary rock form? 
explanation: This is an example of a bad question because it is not answerable from the given passage. Instead create a question that can be answerable from the given passage. The process paragraph is explaining about igneous rock and not sedimentary.
Task: In this task, you are given a country name and you need to return the barcode prefix of the given country. A barcode prefix is a 3-digit number at the begining of all the barcodes on products from a company or country. Some countries have ranges of barcode prefixes such as, 730 - 739; in such a case, a number from within that range will be considered as a valid output.
Categories: Misc.
Domains: Countries

Positive examples:
input: Bulgaria
output: 380
explanation: 380 is the barcode prefix of Bulgaria.; input: Slovenia
output: 383
explanation: 383 is the barcode prefix of Slovenia.

Negative examples:
input: Kosovo
output: 120
explanation: 120 is not the barcode prefix of Kosovo. However, 390 is the barcode prefix of Kosovo.; input: Kyrgyzstan
output: 87
explanation: 87 is not the barcode prefix of Kyrgyzstan. However, 470 is the barcode prefix of Kyrgyzstan.
Task: Given a broad category, generate a trivia-type question based on a specific entity in that category. The question should be non-ambiguous. External resources such as Wikipedia could be used to obtain the facts.
Categories: Question Generation
Domains: Wikipedia

Positive examples:
input: boat
output: In 1907, which ill-fated liner of the Cunard Line made its maiden voyage?
explanation: The question is asking about a boat/ship.; input: internet
output: Who created Facebook in 2004?
explanation: The question is about a Facebook which fall under the internet.

Negative examples:
input: location
output: Ben Collins was 'outed' in January 2009 as which mysterious TV character?
explanation: The question is not related to the topic in hand.; input: people
output: Which actress won the Best Actress Oscar for the 1989 film 'Driving Miss Daisy'?
explanation: Even though the question is about people, 'film' is the general category for this question.
Task: In this task, you need to answer the given multiple-choice question on the gain. Gain is the value by which to multiply the input. Classify your answers into 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', and 'e'.
Categories: Question Answering
Domains: Mathematics
Reasoning: Quantitative Reasoning; Numerical Reasoning; Mathematics -> Arithmetic

Positive examples:
input: Problem: on a sum of money , the simple interest for 2 years is rs . 330 , while the compound interest is rs . 340 , the rate of interest being the same in both the cases . the rate of interest is 
Options: a ) 15 % , b ) 14.25 % , c ) 6.06 % , d ) 10.5 % , e ) 11.5 %
explanation: "explanation : the difference between compound interest and simple interest on rs . p for 2 years at r % per annum = ( r ã — si ) / ( 2 ã — 100 ) difference between the compound interest and simple interest = 340 - 330 = 10 ( r ã — si ) / ( 2 ã — 100 ) = 10 ( r ã — 330 ) / ( 2 ã — 100 ) = 10 r = 6.06 % answer : option c"
output: c; input: Problem: rani bought more apples than oranges . she sells apples at ₹ 23 apiece and makes 15 % profit . she sells oranges at ₹ 10 apiece and makes 25 % profit . if she gets ₹ 653 after selling all the apples and oranges , find her profit percentage q . 
Options: a ) 16.8 % , b ) 17.4 % , c ) 17.9 % , d ) 18.5 % , e ) 19.1 %
explanation: given : selling price of an apple = 23 - - > cost price = 23 / 1.15 = 20 selling price of an orange = 10 - - > cost price = 10 / 1.25 = 8 a > o 23 * ( a ) + 10 * ( o ) = 653 653 - 23 * ( a ) has to be divisible by 10 - - > units digit has to be 0 values of a can be 1 , 11 , 21 , 31 , . . . . - - > 1 can not be the value between 11 and 21 , if a = 11 , o = 30 - - > not possible if a = 21 , o = 17 - - > possible cost price = 20 * 21 + 8 * 17 = 420 + 136 = 556 profit = 653 - 556 = 97 profit % q = ( 97 / 556 ) * 100 = 17.4 % answer : b
output: b

Negative examples:
input: Problem: 18 litres of mixture contains 20 % alcohol and the rest water . if 3 litres of water be mixed with it , the percentage of alcohol in the new mixture would be ? 
Options: a ) 16.67 % , b ) 17.14 % , c ) 18.3 % , d ) 19.75 % , e ) 21.23 %
explanation: "alcohol in the 18 litres of mix . = 20 % of 18 litres = ( 20 * 18 / 100 ) = 3.6 litres water in it = 18 - 3.6 = 14.4 litres new quantity of mix . = 18 + 3 = 21 litres quantity of alcohol in it = 3.6 litres percentage of alcohol in new mix . = 3.6 * 100 / 21 = 17.14 % answer is b". Hence, option a is incorrect.
output: a; input: Problem: a gambler has won 40 % of his 40 poker games for the week so far . if , all of a sudden , his luck changes and he begins winning 70 % of the time , how many more games must he play to end up winning 60 % of all his games for the week ? 
Options: a ) 50 , b ) 60 , c ) 70 , d ) 80 , e ) 90
explanation: "let x be the number of additional games the gambler needs to play . 0.4 ( 40 ) + 0.7 x = 0.6 ( x + 40 ) 0.1 x = 8 x = 80 the answer is d .". Hence, option b is incorrect.
output: b
Task: Given a short bio of a person, find the minimal text span containing the date of birth of the person. The output must be the minimal text span that contains the birth date, month and year as long as they are present. For instance, given a bio like 'I was born on 27th of Decemeber 1990, and graduated high school on 23rd October 2008.' the output should be '27th of December 1990'.
Categories: Information Extraction
Domains: Pop Culture

Positive examples:
input: Basinger was born in Athens, Georgia, on December 8, 1953
output: December 8, 1953
explanation: The output is correct as it is a valid text span, is of minimal length and is the correct date of birth.; input: Keitel was born in New York City, on May 13, 1939, the son of Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants; his mother, Miriam (née Klein), was from Romania, and his father, Harry Keitel, was from Poland
output: May 13, 1939
explanation: The output is correct as it is a valid text span, is of minimal length and is the correct date of birth.; input: Hawke was born in 1970 in Austin, Texas, to Leslie (née Green), a charity worker, and James Hawke, an insurance actuary
output: 1970
explanation: The output is a valid text span, and it is the correct date of birth. Since the month and day of birth are not present, just the year of birth constitutes a valid output. The output is also of minmum length.; input: Scott was born 25 November 1965 in Glenrothes, Fife, the son of Elma, a nurse, and Alan Scott, a travelling salesman of refrigerators and freezers, and a former actor
output: 25 November 1965
explanation: The output is the correct date of birth, which is supported by the word born that precedes it, it also doesn't have any extra characters and is a valid text span.

Negative examples:
input: Rachel Anne McAdams was born on November 17, 1978, in London, Ontario, Canada, to nurse Sandra (née Gale) and truck driver Lance McAdams
output: November 17, 1978, in London
explanation: The given output is incorrect because it is not the minimal date of birth text span. The minimal span would've been 'November 17, 1978' instead.; input: Weisz was born on 7 March 1970 in Westminster, London, and grew up in Hampstead Garden Suburb
output: March 1970
explanation: The given output is incoorrect because it is incomplete. It misses out the day of birth which is 7. The correct output would've been '7 March 1970'.; input: Emilia Isobel Euphemia Rose Clarke was born on 23 October 1986 in London
output: 23 October, 1986
explanation: The output is incorrect because it is not a valid text span. The given output contains a comma after 23 October, which is not present in the original sentence. The correct output would've been '23 October 1986'.; input: Baldwin was born April 3, 1958, in Amityville, New York, and raised in the Nassau Shores neighborhood of nearby Massapequa, the eldest son of Carol Newcomb (née Martineau; born December 15, 1929) from Syracuse and Alexander Rae Baldwin Jr
output: December 15, 1929
explanation: Baldwin the celebrity in question was born on April 3, 1958 and not December 15, 1929, which is the date of birth of his father, so the given putput is incorrect.
Task: You will be given a trivia clue, and the category it belongs to. You should answer with the best answer that belongs in the category and is described by the clue. For simplicity, answers should be in all lower cased letters.
Categories: Misc.
Domains: Knowledge Base

Positive examples:
input: Category: HOMOPHONIC PAIRS 
Clue: It's a notation on a percussion store to clash
output: cymbal symbol
explanation: "Cymbal" and "symbol" both have the same pronunciations but different meanings, hence they are homophonic pairs. A symbol is the notation and a cymbal is a percussion instrument that clashes and rings.; input: Category: EPITAPHS & TRIBUTES 
Clue: Signer of the Dec. of Indep., framer of the Constitution of Mass., second President of the United States
output: john adams
explanation: There are only two presidents who signed the United States Declaration of Independence: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. However, the Massachusetts Constitution was framed by John Adams and not Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson primarily worked for the state of Virginia.; input: Category: LOOK OUT "BELL"OW 
Clue: Sailors wore these long before the groovy folks in the '60s
output: bell-bottoms
explanation: Notice how the category involves wordplay on both the clue and the answer. A common saying for sailors is "look out below" while bell-bottoms contains "bell" in the category. Bell-bottoms are also what the "groovy folks" like the hippies wore in the 1960s.; input: Category: BEASTLY RHYME TIME 
Clue: A chunky flying mammal
output: fat bat
explanation: This is correct answer, since it rhymes(based on the category) and is also a chunky flying animal.

Negative examples:
input: Category: ALL THAT JAZZ 
Clue: "Miles Ahead" is a 1957 album by this jazz trumpeter
output: john coltrane
explanation: John Coltrane was a jazz saxophonist while Miles Davis was a jazz trumpeter. The title of the album is also a play on words of Miles Davis's name.; input: Category: FAMOUS WOMEN 
Clue: She's the Bronte sister who wrote "Wuthering Heights"
output: charlotte bronte
explanation: The correct answer is actually Emily Bronte. Charlotte Bronte is famous for writing "Jane Eyre" whereas Emily Bronte is famous for writing "Wuthering Heights".
Task: In this task, you are given two phrases: Head and Tail, separated with <sep>. The Head and the Tail events are short phrases possibly involving participants. The names of specific people have been replaced by generic words (e.g., PersonX, PersonY, PersonZ). PersonX is always the subject of the event. You have to determine whether The Tail is the intention of the PersonX from the Head or not. The intention is the likely intent or desire of PersonX behind the execution of an event. For example, given the Head PersonX gives PersonY gifts, an intention might be that PersonX wanted to be thoughtful. Classify your answers into "Yes" and "No". The phrase may also contain "___", a placeholder that can be an object, a person, and/or an action.
Categories: Commonsense Classification
Domains: Sociology; Commonsense -> Concepts and Relations -> Social Commonsense
Reasoning: Relational Reasoning; Reasoning on Social Interactions; Commonsense Reasoning -> Social Situations

Positive examples:
input: Head: PersonX plays a song<sep>Tail: to hear music.
output: Yes
explanation: This is a good example. PersonX plays a song because PersonX wanted to hear music.; input: Head: PersonX becomes distracted<sep>Tail: occupied
output: No
explanation: In this example, occupied is not the intention of PersonX's distraction. So this output is correct.; input: Head: PersonX brings PersonX's kids<sep>Tail: to take them to play
output: Yes
explanation: PersonX brings PersonX's kids because PersonX wants to take them to play. Thus, this example should be classified as "Yes".

Negative examples:
input: Head: PersonX addresses PersonY audience<sep>Tail: excited
output: Yes
explanation: Being excited is not the intention of PersonX in the Head sentence. So the output should be "No".; input: Head: PersonX saves the money<sep>Tail: to buy something special
output: No
explanation: PersonX saves the money because PersonX wanted to buy something special, and the output should be "Yes".