the clinician is always in a dilemma to choose which hemostatic solution on the basis of its effect on smear layer . even , relationship between thicknesses of smear layer with ph of the hemostatic solution should be established . this study was planned to evaluate the effect of 21.3% aluminum chloride , 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride , and expasyl paste on smear layer . the study protocol consisted of : 
 determination of ph of three different gingival retraction systemspreparation of tooth specimens for scanning electron microscope ( sem ) examinationprocessing of specimens for sem examination . determination of ph of three different gingival retraction systems preparation of tooth specimens for scanning electron microscope ( sem ) examination processing of specimens for sem examination . ph of 21.3% aluminum chloride , 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride , and expasyl were determined using ph meter . caries free and periodontally sound human premolars extracted for purpose of orthodontic treatment were used for preparing specimens for sem examination . the tooth was longitudinally sectioned into two equal halves , and then the root portion of the teeth was removed to increase accessibility . teeth were prepared using air - rotor with air - water spray to receive full crown restoration [ figure 1 ] . group a - 21.3% aluminum chloride for 10 mingroup b - 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride for 10 mingroup c - expasyl paste for 2 min . group a - 21.3% aluminum chloride for 10 min group b - 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride for 10 min group c - expasyl paste for 2 min . samples prepared for scanning electron microscope examination the samples for groups a and b were immersed in respective solutions for 10 min whereas expasyl was applied on the sample for group c using applicator for 2 min . then , the tooth specimens were rinsed with tap water to remove any residue of test materials . immediately after rinsing with tap water , treated specimens were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 12 h at 4c . after fixation , the specimen were washed with phosphate buffer solution and then dehydrated in ascending grades of alcohol ( 50% , 70% , 90% , and 100% ) for 10 min each at room temperature . after the specimens were air dried , they were mounted on aluminum stubs with araldite and silver paste which is used as a conducting medium as specimen is nonconducting . the specimens were sputter coated with gold - palladium ( 150200 a thick ) using polaron es 2000 , sem auto coating unit . analysis using a cambridge steroscan 250 mk iii sem operated between 10 and 20 kv was done at working distance of 68 mm . each specimen surface was scanned in its entire to obtain on overview of the general surface topography . ph of 21.3% aluminum chloride , 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride , and expasyl were determined using ph meter . caries free and periodontally sound human premolars extracted for purpose of orthodontic treatment were used for preparing specimens for sem examination . the tooth was longitudinally sectioned into two equal halves , and then the root portion of the teeth was removed to increase accessibility . teeth were prepared using air - rotor with air - water spray to receive full crown restoration [ figure 1 ] . group a - 21.3% aluminum chloride for 10 mingroup b - 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride for 10 mingroup c - expasyl paste for 2 min . group a - 21.3% aluminum chloride for 10 min group b - 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride for 10 min group c - expasyl paste for 2 min . samples prepared for scanning electron microscope examination the samples for groups a and b were immersed in respective solutions for 10 min whereas expasyl was applied on the sample for group c using applicator for 2 min . then , the tooth specimens were rinsed with tap water to remove any residue of test materials . immediately after rinsing with tap water , treated specimens were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 12 h at 4c . after fixation , the specimen were washed with phosphate buffer solution and then dehydrated in ascending grades of alcohol ( 50% , 70% , 90% , and 100% ) for 10 min each at room temperature . after the specimens were air dried , they were mounted on aluminum stubs with araldite and silver paste which is used as a conducting medium as specimen is nonconducting . the specimens were sputter coated with gold - palladium ( 150200 a thick ) using polaron es 2000 , sem auto coating unit . analysis using a cambridge steroscan 250 mk iii sem operated between 10 and 20 kv was done at working distance of 68 mm . each specimen surface was scanned in its entire to obtain on overview of the general surface topography . ph of the tested group were as follows : 
 group a - 21.3% aluminum chloride - 1.82group b - 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride - 6.44group c - expasyl paste - 3.86 . group a - 21.3% aluminum chloride - 1.82 group b - 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride - 6.44 group c - expasyl paste - 3.86 . representative samples of untreated and all the three treated groups were examined under sem at 2400 to evaluate the effect of three different gingival retraction chemical agents on smear layer . in the untreated sample , scanning electron microscope photograph of control group in group a , i.e. , 21.3% aluminum chloride treated samples , dentinal tubules were wide open . some of the dentinal tubules were partially occluded indicating complete removal of smear layer with opened dentinal tubules and visible etching of dentin [ figure 3 ] . scanning electron microscope photograph of group a , i.e. , 21.3% aluminum chloride in group b , i.e. , 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride treated samples , amorphous mass of debris was seen . the debris was accumulated in clusters indicating intact smear layer [ figure 4 ] . scanning electron microscope photograph of group b , i.e. , 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride in group c , i.e. , expasyl paste treated samples , mass of debris along with that , some of the dentinal tubules were showing recognizable tubular pattern with cracks across tubular opening . this group revealed partially removed smear layer with occluded dentinal tubules [ figure 5 ] . scanning electron microscope photograph of group c , i.e. , expasyl paste sem examination revealed that group b produced no alteration to smear layer followed by minimum alteration by group c and complete removal of smear layer with etching of dentin with group a. ph of the tested group were as follows : 
 group a - 21.3% aluminum chloride - 1.82group b - 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride - 6.44group c - expasyl paste - 3.86 . group a - 21.3% aluminum chloride - 1.82 group b - 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride - 6.44 group c - expasyl paste - 3.86 . representative samples of untreated and all the three treated groups were examined under sem at 2400 to evaluate the effect of three different gingival retraction chemical agents on smear layer . in the untreated sample , scanning electron microscope photograph of control group in group a , i.e. , 21.3% aluminum chloride treated samples , dentinal tubules were wide open . some of the dentinal tubules were partially occluded indicating complete removal of smear layer with opened dentinal tubules and visible etching of dentin [ figure 3 ] . scanning electron microscope photograph of group a , i.e. , 21.3% aluminum chloride in group b , i.e. , 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride treated samples , amorphous mass of debris was seen . the debris was accumulated in clusters indicating intact smear layer [ figure 4 ] . scanning electron microscope photograph of group b , i.e. , 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride in group c , i.e. , along with that , some of the dentinal tubules were showing recognizable tubular pattern with cracks across tubular opening . this group revealed partially removed smear layer with occluded dentinal tubules [ figure 5 ] . scanning electron microscope photograph of group c , i.e. , expasyl paste sem examination revealed that group b produced no alteration to smear layer followed by minimum alteration by group c and complete removal of smear layer with etching of dentin with group a. researchers have confirmed that tooth preparation by rotary instrumentation would results in the production of smear layer on the remaining dentin ; the thickness of smear layer may vary from 0.5 to 15 um depending upon the method of instrumentation . according to pashley , the smear layer acts as a beneficial cavity liner instrumental in protecting the tooth from postpreparation sensitivity , even better than commercially available cavity liners . on the contrary , brnnstrm advocated the removal of smear layer so as to provide better adaptation of lining and luting materials . some investigators recommend removal of smear layer to improve the bond strength of certain dentin bonding agents while other are in favor to maintain the thickness of smear layer composite resin restoration placed without glass ionomer liners . researchers have confirmed that chemical agents remove the smear layer to various degrees such as use of 37% phosphoric acid for 15 s , 10% of polyacrylic acid for 20 s , and even 25% of tannic acid for 60 s. land et al . concluded that 21.3% aluminum chloride and 8% racemic epinephrine hydrochloride the removed greatest amount of smear layer . new hemostatic agents such as 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride or 0.025% tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride are also effective hemostatic solutions . cordless displacement material such as expasyl had been introduced as an alternative to liquid hemostatic solutions , and it proved to be effective and more user - friendly . hence , in this study , it was decided to evaluate the effect of these chemical agents on smear layer . researches have also found relationship between ph and amount of smear layer removal . in this study , to establish the relationship between thicknesses of smear layer with ph of the hemostatic solutions , the ph of all the three groups were determined using ph meter . laufer et al . through their study concluded that to achieve a crevicular width of 0.2 mm , cord should remain in the gingival crevice for an optimum time of 4 min prior to impression making . however , contemporary textbooks recommended that the cord should remain in the gingival crevice for an optimum time of 10 min . hence , liquid hemostatic solution , i.e. , groups a and b , was allowed to remain in contact with prepared tooth for 10 min . in our study , ph of all three groups were determined by ph meter and found that group a , i.e. , 21.3% aluminum chloride had least ph of 1.82 followed by group c , i.e. , expasyl paste containing kaolin and aluminum chloride , of 3.86 . it is a logical relationship that with acidic ph of retraction agents , the smear layer is bound to be altered . with more acidity , there is more alteration of smear layer and dentin . therefore , to avoid this alteration , alternative would be to use a retraction agent that has a neutral / alkaline ph . however , chemicals used for retraction are not stable in alkaline ph and therefore , some alteration of the smear layer and dentin is to be expected . hence , from the ph meter reading , one can propose that 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride ( ph-6.44 ) would alter the tooth structure minimally , and 21.3% aluminum chloride ( ph-1.82 ) would have maximum effects . expasyl paste containing of kaolin and aluminum chloride ( ph-3.86 ) would have intermediate changes . to observe the effect of these retraction agents has on the prepared tooth structure , an sem observation was felt necessary . sem examination of representative sample revealed that group a , i.e. , 21.3% aluminum chloride sample showed complete removal of smear layer with opened dentinal tubules and visible etching of dentin . sem observation of group b , i.e. , 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride treated sample showed intact smear layer . the results of this study are similar to woody et al . where they concluded that oxymetazoline hydrochloride and tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride have a more acceptable ph and this revealed that group b produced no alteration to smear layer followed by minimum alteration by group c and complete removal of smear layer with etching of dentin with group a. the results of this study are in consistent with the results obtained by land et al . indicating that more the hemostatic solution is acidic , more the smear layer removal . as expasyl had higher ph than 21.3% aluminum chloride and lower ph than 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride , it showed intermediate changes . the period of 2 min further reduced the effect that aluminum chloride in paste form might have . results of this study need to be verified with other chemicals with variation in timeresults of the study are to be evaluated on other teeth of both maxillary and mandibular arch . results of this study need to be verified with other chemicals with variation in time results of the study are to be evaluated on other teeth of both maxillary and mandibular arch . results of this study need to be verified with other chemicals with variation in timeresults of the study are to be evaluated on other teeth of both maxillary and mandibular arch . results of this study need to be verified with other chemicals with variation in time results of the study are to be evaluated on other teeth of both maxillary and mandibular arch . from the sem examination , it is evident that group b , i.e. , knitted cord impregnated with 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride produced no alteration to smear layer followed by minimum alteration by group c , i.e. , expasyl paste retraction system . complete removal of smear layer with etching of dentin was demonstrated in group a sample i.e. , knitted cord impregnated with 21.3% aluminum chloride . hence , showing that oxymetazoline hydrochloride and expasyl are kind to smear layer and tooth structure . each scientific discovery increases man 's ability to predict the consequences of his actions and thus his ability to control future events with scientific research being its lifeline .
background : chemical agents used for gingival retraction affects the smear layer.aim:to determine the effect of three different chemical agents used for gingival retraction systems on smear layer.materials and methods : four human premolars were prepared using air - rotor with air - water spray to receive full crown restoration . 
 three of them were treated with 21.3% aluminum chloride for 10 min , 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride for 10 min , and expasyl for 2 min , respectively . 
 one sample was left untreated . 
 then , the tooth specimens were rinsed with tap water to remove any residue of test materials . 
 all the samples ( treated and untreated ) were processed by scanning electron microscope ( sem ) . 
 processed samples were examined under sem at 2400 to evaluate the effect of chemical agents on smear layer.results:sem examination revealed that 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride for 10 min produced no alteration to smear layer followed by minimum alteration by expasyl for 2 min and complete removal of smear layer with etching of dentin with 21.3% aluminum chloride for 10 min.conclusion:0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride and expasyl are kind to smear layer .