drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms ( dress ) is a life - threatening reaction that necessitates determination and discontinuation of the offending drug.the aromatic structure of teicoplanin is shared by most other medications involved in dress.the use of additional treatment including intravenous immunoglobulins , corticosteroids and antivirals is generally based on experience rather than proven benefits drawn from well - designed clinical trials . drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms ( dress ) syndrome is defined as an idiosyncratic , rare , and life - threatening reaction . the clinical features of the syndrome , including fever , rash , facial edema , lymphadenopathy , hematological abnormality , and internal organ involvement , arise 1030  days following drug exposure . this late onset of symptoms discriminates dress from some other drug - induced skin reactions such as erythema morbilliform [ 1 , 2 ] . the most common suspected medicines causing dress include aromatic anticonvulsants ( carbamazepine , phenytoin , phenobarbital , and lamotrigine ) , allopurinol , and antibiotics ( sulfasalazine , vancomycin , and minocycline ) . to the best of our knowledge , there are limited reports of teicoplanin - induced dress in the literature [ 26 ] . here a 37-year - old woman was admitted to hospital with redness and edema of inguinal area . the involved area was tender and warm on examination . with a presumptive diagnosis of cellulitis , after 24  h , due to the acceptable clinical state of the patient , treatment was planned to be completed in the ambulatory setting . vancomycin was replaced with teicoplanin , considering its ease of administration as an intramuscular injection ( 400  mg every 12  h for three doses , then 400  mg daily ) . on the 14th day of treatment , the patient developed generalized maculopapular rash ( fig .  1 ) , accompanied by fever ( 39  c ) , wheezing , shortening of breath , and cervical and axillary lymphadenopathy . lab tests revealed abnormal liver enzymes [ alanine aminotransferase ( alt ) 134  iu / l , aspartate transaminase ( ast ) 141 iu / l ] , leukocytosis ( white blood cell count 17,000/l ) with eosinophilia to more than 8% ( 1360/l ) , a blood urea nitrogen ( bun ) value of 24  mg / dl , and a serum creatinine ( scr ) value of 0.8  mg / dl . the follow - up lab test performed 1  month later indicated resolution of liver dysfunction ( alt 22  u / l , ast 18  u / l).fig . 1generalized maculopapular rash on the neck and trunk 
  generalized maculopapular rash on the neck and trunk with respect to diversity in scoring systems and differential diagnoses , the exact incidence of dress , as a life - threatening skin reaction , remains unknown . this could be partially because there is no gold - standard test for diagnosis of dress , and as a result , the diagnosis remains a challenge and is mainly based on conventional proposed scoring systems . the most common scoring systems to stratify dress are regiscar , the japanese group s criteria for diagnosis of dress / drug - induced hypersensitivity syndrome ( dihs ) , and a system proposed by kardaun et al . ( table  1).table  1kardaun et al.s scoring system reproduced from kardaun et al . , with permissionitempresentabsentpatient s scorefever 38.5  c ( 101.3  f)010enlarged lymph nodes ( > 1  cm size , at least two sites)101eosinophilia : 700 or 10% ( leucopenia ) ; 1500 or 20% ( leucopenia)1 ; 201atypical lymphocytes100rash 50% of body surface area101rash suggestive ( 2 of facial edema , purpura , infiltration , desquamation)100skin biopsy suggesting alternative diagnosis100organ involvement : 1 ; 21 ; 202disease duration > 15  days020investigation for alternative cause ( blood cultures , ana * , serology for hepatitis viruses , mycoplasma , chlamydia ) , 3 done and negative100total score5total score < 2 : excluded ; 23 : possible ; 45 : probable ; 6 : definite*ana antinuclear antibody 
  kardaun et al.s scoring system   reproduced from kardaun et al . , with permission total score < 2 : excluded ; 23 : possible ; 45 : probable ; 6 : definite * ana antinuclear antibody dress is classified as a type iv drug - induced hypersensitivity reaction that is characterized by delayed onset of symptoms . the rising of eosinophil count and non - necrotizing lesions differentiate dress from other type iv drug - induced hypersensitivity reactions such as stevens - johnson syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis ( sjs / ten ) . in regard to delayed onset of signs and symptoms including skin rash ( more than 50% of body surface area ) , fever ( more than 38.5  c ) , and enlarged lymph node ( more than 1  cm in two sites ) , dress was highly suspected . these findings are in concordance with previous reports of teicoplanin - induced dress [ 3 , 4 , 6 ] . additional work - up was performed to evaluate hematological abnormalities and organ involvement , which revealed leukocytosis with eosinophilia and liver involvement . chest x - ray or computerized tomography ( ct ) scan and skin biopsy were not performed due to patient non - compliance . testing for human herpesvirus-6 , human herpesvirus-7 , and epstein - barr virus antibodies was not requested because of limited resources . in general , our presumptive diagnosis was mainly based on clinical signs and symptoms and accessible lab tests . on the basis of the scoring systems mentioned above , the reaction was rated as probable ( score  =  4 ) according to regiscar and possible ( score  =  5 ) according to kardaun et al.s scoring system . since presence of atypical lymphocytes and reactivation of human herpesvirus were not investigated , dress was not confirmed by the japanese group s criteria for diagnosis of dress / dihs . the aromatic structure of vancomycin and teicoplanin may explain the occurrence of dress with these agents . in this case , teicoplanin was used instead of vancomycin according to the summary of product characteristics ( available at http://www.sanofi.com.au ) . given the similar structure of vancomycin and teicoplanin , . the implementation of additional treatment including intravenous immunoglobulins , corticosteroids and antivirals is generally based on experience rather than proven benefits drawn from well - designed clinical trials [ 1113 ] . administration of corticosteroids in severe pulmonary involvement seems to be reasonable according to results from some studies [ 13 , 14 ] . however , we did not implement these interventions , considering the lack of proven benefit and the patient s overall state of health . sholeh ebrahimpour , mehdi mohammadi , and kheirollah gholami declare that they have no conflicts of interest relating to the content of this article .
intramuscular teicoplanin ( 400  mg every 12  h for three doses , then 400  mg daily , intramuscularly ) was prescribed for a 37-year - old woman with presumptive diagnosis of cellulitis . on the 14th day of treatment , she developed generalized maculopapular rash , accompanied by fever , wheezing , shortening of breath , and lymphadenopathy . 
 lab tests revealed abnormal liver enzymes , leukocytosis , and eosinophilia . 
 the treatment was interrupted with suspicion of drug reaction . 
 fever subsided after 48  h. skin eruption and respiratory symptoms began to resolve within 2  weeks . 
 the follow - up lab tests performed 1  month later indicated resolution of liver dysfunction . 
 with respect to delayed onset of symptoms including fever , generalized rash , lymphadenopathy , and organ involvement , drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms ( dress ) was highly suspected . 
 the causality was evaluated by conventional scoring systems . 
 the reaction was rated as probable ( score  =  5 ) according to regiscar and possible ( score  =  5 ) based on kardaun et al.s scoring system . 
 however , dress was not confirmed by the japanese group s criteria for diagnosis of dress / drug - induced hypersensitivity syndrome ( dihs ) .