lower urinary tract symptoms ( luts ) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia ( bph ) are one of the most common diseases in elderly males . patients in general are prescribed an alpha - blocker first and then , if necessary , are treated by transurethral resection of the prostate ( turp ) if not enough response to the alpha - blocker is shown . turp has been accepted as the gold standard for the surgical management of symptomatic bph . even though several excellent alpha - blockers are in use , some patients with severe luts require surgical therapy . our county 's guidelines recommend surgical management for patients with bph with repeated urinary retention or bladder stone formation . recently , surgical therapy has come to include methods thought to be relatively less invasive than turp . these new methods have resulted in lower morbidity and excellent improvements in voiding and storage symptoms . for example , holmium laser enucleation of the prostate ( holep ) has become a widespread and well - accepted treatment modality with excellent outcomes compared to other conventional treatment modalities such as turp and open prostatectomy . because this surgical procedure is comparatively new , surgeons tend to concentrate on the completion of the surgery , and most previous reports regarding holep have described the efficacy of the procedure for patients ' urination . as a next step , surgeons need to consider whether this procedure can be performed safely with a comparatively lower rate of adverse events than turp . this new technique should not only be less invasive and offer better efficacy for urination but also show a lower ratio of adverse events , especially in terms of postoperative infectious diseases . in this study , we retrospectively examined the incidence of postoperative infectious complications ( pics ) in our early experience with holep for bph with a particular focus on the kind and duration of prophylactic antibiotic administration ( paa ) . a retrospective study was conducted in 90 patients complaining of luts who underwent holep combined with morcellation at our institute between february 2008 and march 2011 . briefly , a modified 26-fr continuous - flow resectoscope ( karl storz gmbh & co. , tuttlingen , germany ) was used for enucleation of the prostate . a 550-m end - firing laser fiber ( slimline 550 ; lumenis inc . , yoqneam , israel ) was engaged with an 80 w holmium : yttrium - aluminum - garnet laser ( versapulse select , lumenis inc . , energy power was usually set at 72 to 80 w ( 1.8 to 2.4 j and 30 to 40 hz ) and at 0.2 j and 40 hz for hemostasis . tissue morcellation was performed with a versacut morcellator ( versacut system , lumenis inc . ) through a 6-degree rectangular nephroscope ( karl storz gmbh & co. ) . during the transurethral procedure , the outer sheath was always in the urethra , because the resectoscope and nephroscope were exchangeable in the outer sheath . after completion of the morcellation , a urethral catheter was inserted for continuous bladder irrigation with normal saline . the kind and the dosing duration of paa were based on the physicians ' discretion . pics were diagnosed according to the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) guidelines ; in short , a pic was defined as a febrile ( body temperature 38 ) complication caused by a surgical procedure at a surgical site , such as urinary tract infection ( uti ) , that occurred within 30 days after surgery . we analyzed the relationship between the emergence of pics and the kind or duration of paa . statistical analysis was conducted with the jstat java virtual machine statistics monitoring tool with use of the chi - square test ( sun microsystems inc . , santa clara , ca , usa ) . a retrospective study was conducted in 90 patients complaining of luts who underwent holep combined with morcellation at our institute between february 2008 and march 2011 . briefly , a modified 26-fr continuous - flow resectoscope ( karl storz gmbh & co. , tuttlingen , germany ) was used for enucleation of the prostate . a 550-m end - firing laser fiber ( slimline 550 ; lumenis inc . , yoqneam , israel ) was engaged with an 80 w holmium : yttrium - aluminum - garnet laser ( versapulse select , lumenis inc . , energy power was usually set at 72 to 80 w ( 1.8 to 2.4 j and 30 to 40 hz ) and at 0.2 j and 40 hz for hemostasis . tissue morcellation was performed with a versacut morcellator ( versacut system , lumenis inc . ) through a 6-degree rectangular nephroscope ( karl storz gmbh & co. ) . during the transurethral procedure , the outer sheath was always in the urethra , because the resectoscope and nephroscope were exchangeable in the outer sheath . after completion of the morcellation , a urethral catheter was inserted for continuous bladder irrigation with normal saline . the kind and the dosing duration of paa were based on the physicians ' discretion . pics were diagnosed according to the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) guidelines ; in short , a pic was defined as a febrile ( body temperature 38 ) complication caused by a surgical procedure at a surgical site , such as urinary tract infection ( uti ) , that occurred within 30 days after surgery . we analyzed the relationship between the emergence of pics and the kind or duration of paa . statistical analysis was conducted with the jstat java virtual machine statistics monitoring tool with use of the chi - square test ( sun microsystems inc . , santa clara , ca , usa ) . twenty - three ( 25.6% ) had an indwelling catheter owing to urinary retention ( table 1 ) . diabetes was seen in 19 patients ( 21.1% ) , heart disease in 17 ( 18.9% ) , and hypertension in 15 ( 16.7% ) . urological cancer was seen in 3 patients ( 2 patients had bladder cancer and 1 renal cancer ) . there were 18 patterns regarding the kind and duration of paa ; the details are shown in table 3 . the most frequently used paa was sulbactam / ampicillin ( sbt / abpc ; n=32 , 35.6% ) , followed by cefazolin ( n=18 , 20.0% ) and cefotiam ( n=9 , 10.0% ) . we examined the influence of the kind or duration of dosing of paa on pcc occurrence . our statistical data showed that there were no significant differences between 2 or fewer days and 3 or more days of paa dosing with regard to pic occurrence . there were also no significant differences between sbt / abpc , which was most frequently used in this study , and other antibiotics for paa with regard to pic occurrence ( tables 4 , 5 ) . pic was diagnosed in 7 cases , and the paa of the cases was 3 sbt / abpc , 2 tazobactam / piperacillin , 1 cefazolin , and 1 cefotiam ( table 4 ) . there were 3 cases of prostatitis , 2 cases of pyelonephritis , and 2 cases of epididymitis . one case was diagnosed as sepsis after prostatitis caused by klebsiella pneumoniae and was cured by use of doripenem , cefazolin , and levofloxacin . in all , 2 cases of serratia marcescens , 1 case of proteus mirabilis , and 1 case of k. pneumonia were cultured , and these were quite different from the preoperative culture data shown above , which suggested that preoperative treatments might be effective ( table 6 ) . twenty - three ( 25.6% ) had an indwelling catheter owing to urinary retention ( table 1 ) . diabetes was seen in 19 patients ( 21.1% ) , heart disease in 17 ( 18.9% ) , and hypertension in 15 ( 16.7% ) . urological cancer was seen in 3 patients ( 2 patients had bladder cancer and 1 renal cancer ) . there were 18 patterns regarding the kind and duration of paa ; the details are shown in table 3 . the most frequently used paa was sulbactam / ampicillin ( sbt / abpc ; n=32 , 35.6% ) , followed by cefazolin ( n=18 , 20.0% ) and cefotiam ( n=9 , 10.0% ) . we examined the influence of the kind or duration of dosing of paa on pcc occurrence . our statistical data showed that there were no significant differences between 2 or fewer days and 3 or more days of paa dosing with regard to pic occurrence . there were also no significant differences between sbt / abpc , which was most frequently used in this study , and other antibiotics for paa with regard to pic occurrence ( tables 4 , 5 ) . pic was diagnosed in 7 cases , and the paa of the cases was 3 sbt / abpc , 2 tazobactam / piperacillin , 1 cefazolin , and 1 cefotiam ( table 4 ) . there were 3 cases of prostatitis , 2 cases of pyelonephritis , and 2 cases of epididymitis . one case was diagnosed as sepsis after prostatitis caused by klebsiella pneumoniae and was cured by use of doripenem , cefazolin , and levofloxacin . in all , 2 cases of serratia marcescens , 1 case of proteus mirabilis , and 1 case of k. pneumonia were cultured , and these were quite different from the preoperative culture data shown above , which suggested that preoperative treatments might be effective ( table 6 ) . holep for bph has become widespread in the urological field and has recently been performed at many institutions . holep may involve less stress to patients   and should offer a lower rate of surgical site infection and postsurgical complications than open surgery or turp . this surgery has the benefit of less extensive injury to prostatic tissue than turp ; thus , postsurgical local inflammation may not be as severe as with turp . inflammation could be one risk factor for pics , such as prostatitis , and therefore holep may also be beneficial for suppressing pics . basically , holep is thought to cause the patients less stress in addition to having higher efficacy for luts . however , the present study had 7 cases of pics , and this ratio may be comparatively higher than in other reports . there are several possible reasons for this ; 1 ) our 90 cases were performed by 7 surgeons including beginners with less than 5 cases of experience with holep . even though it is not clear whether there is a significant relationship between longer surgical time and a higher ratio of pic occurrence , beginners or less - experienced surgeons take more time to accomplish the surgery than experienced surgeons , both to finish the surgical procedures such as enucleation or tissue morcellation and to avoid surgery - related adverse events . 2 ) paa may not have included the most appropriate kind of antibiotics or duration of dosing . this is because the cdc guidelines and japanese guidelines recommend that first - generation cephalosporins be administered every 2 to 3 hours during surgery and that penicillins , first - generation or second - generation cephalosporins , and aminoglycosides be administered within 72 hours in turp , respectively . in addition , discrepancies may exist between paa performance and guideline recommendations in individual cases . this is because , for instance , the japanese guideline recommends first - generation or second - generation cephalosporins , penicillins , and aminoglycosides for turp as mentioned above but has not yet established guidelines for holep . our most often used paa is sbt / abpc and the duration of dosing is recommended to be within 72 hours . however , our cases tended to have a longer duration of dosing with a higher ratio of pic occurrence than in other reports , even in preoperative nonpyuria cases . our statistical data showed that pic occurrence did not depend on the kind or duration of paa , which suggests that we may be able to shorten the duration of paa , which may lead to the control of unnecessary antibiotic use . regarding causative bacteria , the pic cases included 2 cases of s. marcescens , 1 case of p. mirabilis , and 1 case of k. pneumonia . our comparatively broader spectrum paa than recommended in guidelines or other reports , or preoperative intervention against preoperative pyuria cases , might have accounted for this difference . this was a retrospective study and the number of cases was not enough for making definitive conclusions . second , some of our cases were performed by surgeons who were less experienced with holep and showed a comparatively higher ratio of pic . third , our paa duration of dosing tended to be longer and the kind of antibiotics tended to be broad spectrum , which could lead to the emergence and spread of resistant strains . the results of this retrospective study showed that pic occurrence did not depend on the duration or the kind of paa in our early experience with holep . further prospective study is necessary for the evaluation and establishment of prophylactic measures for pic .
purposethe objective of this study was to retrospectively investigate postoperative infectious complications ( pics ) in our early experience with holmium laser enucleation of the prostate ( holep ) followed by mechanical morcellation for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia.materials and methodsa retrospective review was performed of the clinical data for 90 consecutive patients who underwent holep at our institution between february 2008 and march 2011 . all patients were evaluated for the emergence of pics , including prophylactic antibiotic administration ( paa ) and the influence of the kind or duration of paa on pic . 
 the details of cases with pics were also examined.resultsthe patients ' mean age was 71 years ( range , 50 to 95 years ) , and their mean prostate volume was 60 ml ( range , 2 to 250 ml ) . 
 there were 7 cases ( 7.78% ) with pics ; in detail , 3 patients were diagnosed with prostatitis , 2 with pyelonephritis , and 2 with epididymitis . 
 three patients had positive urine cultures : 1 had serratia marcescens / proteus mirabilis , 1 had s. marcescens , and 1 had klebsiella pneumonia ; only one case had urological sepsis . 
 our statistical data showed no significant differences between 2 or fewer days and 3 or more days of paa and pic occurrence . 
 there was also no significant effect on pic occurrence of sulbactam / ampicillin compared with other antibiotics.conclusionsthe results of this retrospective study showed that pic occurrence did not depend on the duration or the kind of paa . 
 further prospective study is necessary for the evaluation and establishment of prophylactic measures for pics .