coenurosis , also known as gid or sturdy , is a larval helminth infection of herbivorous animals . adult tapeworm of t. multiceps inhabits small intestine of some domestic and wild carnivores , e.g. dogs , jackals , foxes and coyotes . eggs excreted in the environment by the definitive hosts are ingested by herbivorous intermediate hosts including sheep , goat , horse , cattle , camel , deer and pig . as a result the oncosphere passes through the intestinal wall and via bloodstream primarily localizes in the cns . this causes neurological symptoms and even death in young animals ( 1 - 3).furthermore , coenurosis is a zoonotic disease in which human may be accidentally infected and subsequently be suffered from - serious neurological problems . a few human cases has been reported from different countries including italy , egypt and the united states ( 4 , 5 ) . the infection rate of c. cerebralis , varied from 0.32 - 18.7% in sheep , goat , and wild sheep . ovine cenurosis has been reported in 18.7% ( 6 ) , 9.8% ( 7 ) , 3.8% ( 8) and0.3% ( 9 ) of animals . investigations on de - finitive hosts in different endemic regions of iran indicated rather high rates between 3 and 40% ( 10 - 13 ) in dogs , 7.5% in jackals,18.2% in foxes and 40% in wolves ( 10 , 13 ) . in other parts of the world similar prevalence rates of ovine cenuriasis have been recorded e.g. 3% in jordan ( 1 ) , 1.336.8% in turkey ( 14 , 15 ) , and 2.5% in bangladesh ( 16 ) . recorded prevalence rate ranging from 2.3 to 4.5% of sheep in kenya ( 2 ) . significant economic losses due to livestock morbidity and mortality caused by t. multiceps have been documented in several investigati - onsi - n ende - mic countries ( 17 , 18 ) . in iran the financial damage resulting from the condemnation of meat and viscera of sheep due to coenurosis one accepted method for distinguishing taeniid tapeworms at intra- and inter - specific levels has been the use of larval rostellar hook dimensions particularly total length of large and small hooks ( 19 - 24 ) . due to their keratin - like contents , hook measurement is not a complexprocedure and this makes hook morphometry a suitable tool for identification of different species of tapeworms . hook size is believed to be influenced by a combination of genetic and host factors . using enzyme electrophoresis on six loci in the taeniid tapeworm , echinococcus granulosus , lymbery ( 1998 ) showed that the total larval hook lengths particularly the total length of small hooks was the most affected hook character in the isolatesfrom different intermediate hosts ( 25 ) . for example , in bacteria a sound genetic basis is documented for the flagellar morphology in salmonella and shigella ( 26 ) . in passerine birds microsatellite and mtdna variations have been significantly associated with phenotypic traits like bill length ( 27 ) . however no study has been undertaken to investigate possible association of variability within different genes and the larval rostellar hook length in taeniid cestodes . this study was conducted to investigate the rostellar hook morphometry and the influence of mitochondrial gene variations on the hook length in sheep isolates of t. multiceps . a total of 4500 sheep heads were examined for the presence of t. multiceps metacestodes in the period of october 2010 to may 2011 in three major food processing companies in tehran , alborz and qom provinces of iran.after opening the skulls , coenuri were detached from the brain and were transferred to the helminthology lab in the school of medicine , kerman university of medical sciences . the metacestodes were then rinsed three times in normal saline and the specimens were stored at -20c until used . the fluid - filled coenuri were contained several scoleces surrounded by a thin , transparent membrane . all the scoleces within each coenure were counted and biometric characters based on the larval rostellar hook size were measured . for each metacestode five scoleces were randomly selected . total lengths of each of three large and three small hooks per scolex were measured by a calibrated eyepiece micrometer under medium power magnification ( fig . all measurements were taken by a single person ( s.r).representative mitoch - ondrial co1 and 12s rrna gene sequences of all the isolates were obtained from ncbi genbank to find out possible association between mitochondrial gene variability and hook morphometry . the large and small hook length data as well as the corresponding co1 and 12s rrna haplotypes were managed in the statistical package for the social sciences ( spss , v. 21 ) . cluster analysis was applied to classify the subjects into homogeneous subgroups using interclass correlation coefficient ( icc ) . random effects model was applied to estimate how much of variation in thehook length was attributable to the genetic differences between the subjects . dendrogram and scatter plot were generated based on the large and small hook length using hierarchical cluster analysis . a total of 4500 sheep heads were examined for the presence of t. multiceps metacestodes in the period of october 2010 to may 2011 in three major food processing companies in tehran , alborz and qom provinces of iran.after opening the skulls , coenuri were detached from the brain and were transferred to the helminthology lab in the school of medicine , kerman university of medical sciences . the metacestodes were then rinsed three times in normal saline and the specimens were stored at -20c until used . the fluid - filled coenuri were contained several scoleces surrounded by a thin , transparent membrane . all the scoleces within each coenure were counted and biometric characters based on the larval rostellar hook size were measured . for each metacestode five scoleces were randomly selected . total lengths of each of three large and three small hooks per scolex were measured by a calibrated eyepiece micrometer under medium power magnification ( fig . all measurements were taken by a single person ( s.r).representative mitoch - ondrial co1 and 12s rrna gene sequences of all the isolates were obtained from ncbi genbank to find out possible association between mitochondrial gene variability and hook morphometry . the large and small hook length data as well as the corresponding co1 and 12s rrna haplotypes were managed in the statistical package for the social sciences ( spss , v. 21 ) . cluster analysis was applied to classify the subjects into homogeneous subgroups using interclass correlation coefficient ( icc ) . random effects model was applied to estimate how much of variation in thehook length was attributable to the genetic differences between the subjects . dendrogram and scatter plot were generated based on the large and small hook length using hierarchical cluster analysis . inspection of 4500 sheep brains revealed that 114 ( 2.5% ) heads were infected by t. multiceps metacestodes . the average total length of thelarge and small hooks was 158.9 m ( range : 110 - 195 ) and 112.1 m ( range : 63 - 132 ) , respectively . significant icc s were obtained from random effects models showing that the large and small hook lengths are significantly different among t. multiceps isolates ( p<0.001 , table 1 ) . the results indicated that respectively 57.0% and 22.6% of variation in large and small hook lengths are attributable to different individuals in t. multiceps isolates . this means that based on large and small hook length , statistically significant clusters are distinguishable within the isolates.the results of hierarchical analysis are presented as a dendrogram in fig . the dendrogram contained two main clades one of which comprised 97.1% of the isolates.subclades a , b and c contained the majority of the isolates i.e.44 isolates ( 43.1% ) in the subclade a , 25 isolates ( 24.5% ) in the subclade b and 18 isolates ( 17.6% ) in the subclade c.no associations were found between hook length and co1 gene variability , however 12s rrna variability was significantly associated with theboth large and small hook length ( table 1 ) . coenurus cerebralis is a serious disease of herbivores with a worldwide distribution caused by the larval form of the cestode t. multiceps . different prevalence rates for coenurosis have been reported depending on various geographical , climatic and socio - economic conditions as well as environmental factors and livestock husbandry systems(28 ) . coenurosis is more prevalent in developing countries of africa and asia(2 ) . apparently , estimating precise prevalence of coenurosis is difficult because animal brains are not usually inspected during routine veterinary examinations . according to the present study the prevalence of ovine coenurosis was 2.5%.previous studies in iran indicated a range of relative frequency between 0.3 and 18.7% . the present prevalence is higher than those obtained by yuossefi ( 0.3% ) in iran , abedl - maogood ( 2005 ) in egypt ( 1.5% ) and scala et al . ( 2007 ) in italy ( 0.35%)(9 , 29 , 30).other studies indicated higher prevalences in urmia ( 18.7% ) , tabriz(3.8% ) and shiraz(9.8% ) ( 6 - 8).in the neighboring turkey similar prevalence rates were recorded as 1.3 - 36.8%(14 , 15 ) . in bangaladesh and ethiopia the prevalence of t. multiceps metacestode was obtained as 2.5% and 2.7% respectively ( 2 , 16 ) . regarding the relatively high prevalence of ovine cenuriasis in iran and the resulting economic losses due to the disease ( 7 ) , implementation of control and prevention programs in the endemic regions are recommended . the present study revealed that the average number of scoleces in the metacestode is 85 with a range of 40 - 550 scoleces per coenure . our finding is almost similar to the findings of other studies in which the highest number of scoleces per cyst reached 550 ranging from 10 to 370 scoleces per cyst ( 2 , 31 - 33 ) . presence of different numbers of scoleces may be related to the differences in the age of the coenuri . table 2 compares the rostellar hook morphometric characters of t. multiceps derived from existing data in the literature.the results of morphometric study showed that the mean sd total length of the large and small hooks were 158.99.3 m and 112.19.4 m respectively . the range of large hook length was 110.3 - 195.3 m , and 63.0 - 132.3 m for the small hooks . as it is illustrated in the scatter plot ( fig . 3 ) hook lengths of the majority of the isolates were found to be 150 - 165 m and 105 - 120 m for the large and small hooks respectively . the classical work of verster indicates the average large and small hook lengths as 166.7 and 125.0 respectively ( 23 ) . our results are in agreement with those of verster as well as the other published morphometric studies on t. multiceps hooks ( table 2 ) . based on the small and large hook values for each individual isolate , two main clusters were identified in the dendrogram ( fig . most of the isolates were located in the three main sub clades a , b and c. however , morphologically defined variants have not been described in t. multiceps so far . varcasia et al . described genetic diversity within sardinian populations of t. multiceps , however morphometric analysis was not carried out on that population ( 34 ) . obviously more comprehensive morphological studies in other regions are required to clarify possible morphometric diversity within t. multiceps populations from different intermediate hosts . mixed model analysis in the present study established a significant association between 12s rrna variability and larval rostellar hook lengths . according to the results of the present study 38% and 8% of the large and small hook length variations rostellar hooks are known to be made of keratin - like proteins ( 35 , 36 ) , however further genomic studies on keratin - related genes are required to improve our understanding on the genetic basis of larval hook development . hook length analysis revealed statistically significant difference among individual isolates , indicating intraspecific variation within t. multiceps in iran . morphometric analyses in the present study showed an association between the rostellar hook length and sequence variability in the mitochondrial 12s rrna .
backgroundthe purposes of the present study were morphometric characterization of rostellar hooks of taenia multiceps and to investigate the association of hook length variation and the variability within two mitochondrial genes of sheep isolates of the parasite.methodsup to 4500 sheep brains were examined for the presence of c. cerebralis . 
 biometric characters based on the larval rostellar hook size were measured for each individual isolate . 
 representative mitochondrial co1 and 12s rrna gene sequences for each of the isolates were obtained from ncbi genbank . 
 morphometric and genetic data were analyzed using cluster analysis , interclass correlation coefficient ( icc ) and random effects model.resultsone hundred and fourteen sheep ( 2.5% ) were found infected with the coenuri . 
 the minimum and maximum number of scoleces per cyst was 40 and 550 respectively . 
 each scolex contained 2227 hooks arranged in two rows of large and small hooks . 
 the average total length of the large and small hooks was 158.9 and 112.1 m , respectively . 
 using icc , statistically significant clusters of different hook sizes were identified within the isolates . 
 the length of the large and small hooks was significantly associated with the variability in mitochondrial 12s rrna gene.conclusiontaenia multiceps , is a relatively important zoonotic infection in iranian sheep with the prevalence rate of 2.5% . 
 hook length analysis revealed statistically significant difference among individual isolates . 
 associations between the rostellar hook length and variability in the mitochondrial 12s rrna was documented .