maintenance of low serum urate ( sua ) levels is important for the management of gout.1 achieving the recommended sua levels of less than 6.0 mg / dl2,3 is difficult in elderly ( 65 years of age and older ) patients with renal impairment . allopurinol has been used as a first - line drug for the treatment of hyperuricemia.3 adverse reactions such as hepatic disorder , hypersensitivity vasculitis , and bone marrow depression have been reported.48 moreover , the dose of allopurinol requires reduction according to the degree of renal impairment.9,10 febuxostat is a nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase that forms a very stable interaction with both the oxidized and reduced forms of the enzyme.11 becker et al reported superior efficacy of febuxostat compared with that of allopurinol in diabetic gout patients.12 however , the efficacy of febuxostat was not superior to that of allopurinol in the febuxostat versus allopurinol controlled trial,6 and there was no significant difference between the two drugs with respect to the rate of adverse events ( aes).6,13,14 febuxostat has been shown to be efficacious in elderly patients;13 however , the efficacy and safety of febuxostat in elderly female patients with hyperuricemia remain unclear . to promote proper use of febuxostat elderly japanese patients ( 65 years of age or older ) who were treated with febuxostat at fujita health university hospital from january 2012 to december 2013 were included in the study . patients treated with hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis , those treated with anticancer or immunosuppressive therapies , those with baseline sua levels of less than 7.0 mg / dl , and those for whom sua levels were not measured within 16 weeks after starting febuxostat therapy were excluded . this retrospective cohort study used information from the electronic medical records of fujita health university hospital . these values were calculated using the modified isotope dilution mass spectrometry - traceable modification of diet in renal disease study equation.15 the treatment goal was defined as achievement of sua levels of 6.0 mg / dl or less16 within 16 weeks ; this was the primary end point in the present study . aes of febuxostat were defined as more than twofold increases in common terminology criteria for adverse events scores compared with baseline . we focused on aes commonly observed at high frequency when using xanthine oxidase inhibitors.68,17 among them , leukopenia hepatic disorder , thrombocytopenia , and anemia were selected for use as secondary end points in the present study . continuous data are presented as the mean ( range ) , and nominal data are presented as percentages . continuous and nominal data were analyzed with student s t - test and chi - square test , respectively . the mean time to achievement of the treatment goal was measured from the initiation of febuxostat treatment until the first observation of sua levels of 6.0 mg / dl or less . time - to - event curves were plotted using the kaplan  meier method , and comparisons among groups were performed with the log - rank test . in these tests , spss version 22.0 software ( ibm corporation , armonk , ny , usa ) was used for statistical analysis . elderly japanese patients ( 65 years of age or older ) who were treated with febuxostat at fujita health university hospital from january 2012 to december 2013 were included in the study . patients treated with hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis , those treated with anticancer or immunosuppressive therapies , those with baseline sua levels of less than 7.0 mg / dl , and those for whom sua levels were not measured within 16 weeks after starting febuxostat therapy were excluded . this retrospective cohort study used information from the electronic medical records of fujita health university hospital . these values were calculated using the modified isotope dilution mass spectrometry - traceable modification of diet in renal disease study equation.15 the treatment goal was defined as achievement of sua levels of 6.0 mg / dl or less16 within 16 weeks ; this was the primary end point in the present study . aes of febuxostat were defined as more than twofold increases in common terminology criteria for adverse events scores compared with baseline . we focused on aes commonly observed at high frequency when using xanthine oxidase inhibitors.68,17 among them , leukopenia hepatic disorder , thrombocytopenia , and anemia were selected for use as secondary end points in the present study . continuous data are presented as the mean ( range ) , and nominal data are presented as percentages . continuous and nominal data were analyzed with student s t - test and chi - square test , respectively . the mean time to achievement of the treatment goal was measured from the initiation of febuxostat treatment until the first observation of sua levels of 6.0 mg / dl or less . time - to - event curves were plotted using the kaplan  meier method , and comparisons among groups were performed with the log - rank test . in these tests , spss version 22.0 software ( ibm corporation , armonk , ny , usa ) was used for statistical analysis . we evaluated 82 patients treated with febuxostat during the observation period and classified them into male ( n=53 ) and female ( n=29 ) groups . the mean body weight and body surface area of the female group were significantly lower than those of the male group . baseline renal function was lower in the female group , whereas liver function and sua levels were similar between the 2 groups . morbidity rates for hypertension and diabetes mellitus were not significantly different between the 2 groups . the results of mean time to achievement of the treatment goal are presented in figure 1 . the mean time in the female group ( 53 days ; 95% confidence interval , 3968 days ) was significantly shorter than that in the male group ( 71 days ; 95% confidence interval : 6083 days ) . aes after treatment with febuxostat are indicated in table 2 , and the grades of aes are shown in table 3 . there were no significant differences in all terms between the 2 groups . the dose of febuxostat commonly prescribed in japan ( 1020 mg / day ) is lower than that prescribed in other countries , and there was a time lag preceding the drug s introduction in japan . moreover , the majority of patients with hyperuricemia are male . thus , clinical evidence of the suitability of febuxostat for elderly female patients in japan is less than that accumulated in many other countries . to increase the usefulness of febuxostat , we evaluated the efficacy and safety of febuxostat in elderly female patients in japan . although achievement of the treatment goal was difficult in patients with renal impairment , more than 70% of the female patients achieved sua levels of 6.0 mg / dl or less within 16 weeks . furthermore , the mean time to achievement of the treatment goal was shorter in female patients than in male patients . khosravan et al concluded that neither age nor sex has a clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics , pharmacodynamics , or safety of febuxostat.18 their results are in conflict with those of the present study . khosravan et al investigated these parameters in healthy subjects and assessed the parameters after 7 days,18 whereas the present study focused on elderly patients using low doses of febuxostat and observed the parameters for 16 weeks . therefore , their subjects , doses , and duration of evaluation were different from those of the present study . moreover , renal function and body surface area levels in female patients in the present study were low ; thus , the blood concentrations of febuxostat are expected to have been higher than those observed in the previous study . some previous reports have suggested that the efficacy of febuxostat13,19,20 increases in a dose - dependent manner , whereas its safety in elderly patients is not affected by high doses.13 although the blood concentration of febuxostat may be increased in female patients , the incidence of aes in female patients was similar to that in male patients . these results suggest that a low dose of febuxostat is safe and efficacious in elderly female patients . therefore , larger , prospective , multicenter studies ( eg , febuxostat versus allopurinol controlled trial ) will be needed to further validate our results . further studies that focus on the pharmacodynamics of febuxostat in elderly patients will be needed . in the present study , we demonstrated that the efficacy of febuxostat in elderly female patients is superior to that in elderly male patients , whereas the safety is equivalent .
backgroundmaintenance of low serum urate levels is important for the management of gout . 
 achieving the recommended serum urate levels of less than 6.0 mg / dl is difficult in elderly ( 65 years of age or older ) patients with renal impairment . 
 xanthine oxidase inhibitors allopurinol and febuxostat are used for this purpose . 
 although febuxostat had been shown to be efficacious in elderly patients , its safety and efficacy in elderly female patients with hyperuricemia remain unclear.objectivethe aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of febuxostat in elderly female patients.methodswe studied a retrospective cohort study . 
 the study included elderly japanese patients ( 65 years of age or older ) who were treated with febuxostat at fujita health university hospital from january 2012 to december 2013 . 
 the treatment goal was defined as achievement of serum urate levels of 6.0 mg / dl or lower within 16 weeks ; this was the primary endpoint in the present study . 
 adverse events of febuxostat were defined as more than twofold increases in common terminology criteria for adverse events scores from baseline.resultswe evaluated 82 patients treated with febuxostat during the observation period and classified them into male ( n=53 ) and female ( n=29 ) groups . 
 the mean time to achievement of the treatment goal was significantly shorter in the female group ( 53 days ) than in the male group ( 71 days ) . 
 there were no significant differences in adverse events between the 2 groups.conclusionour findings suggest that the efficacy of febuxostat in elderly female patients is superior to that in elderly male patients and that the safety is equivalent .