rare fungi have recently been implicated in human infections ranging from colonisation to invasive fungal infections ( ifis ) in immunocompromised patients , accounting for < 10% of all isolated fungal pathogens.1 
 pseudozyma species ( spp . ) are basidiomycetous yeast classified in the family ustilaginaceae , and its members are close relatives of ustilago maydis and other smut fungi . infections in humans have rarely been reported after the first description as a human pathogen in 2003.3 data regarding the clinical characteristics and pathogenicity in humans remain insufficient . recently , we experienced a case of pseudozyma aphidis fungaemia with invasive fungal pneumonia after reinduction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia ( aml ) . here , we describe this case and review the global literature . mary 's hospital approved this case report and waived the need for patient consent ( no . a 51yearold man who was diagnosed with aml and had not experienced remission after the first induction chemotherapy started reinduction chemotherapy with 100 mg m cytarabine for 7 days and 90 mg m daunorubicin for 3 days . on day seven after reinduction chemotherapy ( d7 ) , neutropenic fever ( up to 38.0 c ) developed as measured using an axillary thermometer . laboratory data included a white blood cell count of 220 l ( absolute neutrophil count , 0 l ) and creactive protein level of 8.60 mg dl . empirical antibiotic therapy with ceftazidime ( 2 g twice a day ) and isepamicin ( 400 mg once a day ) was initiated after performing blood cultures . on d8 , the results of the blood culture revealed presumptive growth of grampositive cocci ( gpc ) . teicoplanin ( 12 mg kg a day after loading with 12 mg kg every 12 h for three doses ) was added based on the culture results . although the patient had no respiratory symptoms , infiltration was suspected in the right lower lung field on the chest radiograph on d9 . lowdose computed tomography of the lung was performed , which showed consolidation with surrounding ground glass opacity at the medial segment of the right middle lobe ( rml ) ( fig . the patient received fluconazole instead of posaconazole as the primary antifungal prophylaxis ; because he had participated in a clinical trial using a thrombopoietin receptor agonist during the same period , a drug interaction was possible . then , the antifungal prophylaxis was empirically changed to caspofungin ( 50 mg a day after the loading dose ) for the possibility of fungal pneumonia according to the revised definition of ifi from the european organization for the research and treatment of cancer / mycoses study group ( eortc / msg).4 
  low dose computed tomography of the lung . consolidation with surrounding ground glass opacity at the medial segment of the right middle lobe . the gpc from the blood culture was identified as vancomycinresistant enterococcus faecium ( 3 of 4 bottles ) , using vitek 2 ( biomrieux , hazelwood , mo , usa ) . however , the neutropenic fever persisted , and yeastlike organisms were noted from central blood culture ( 1 of 2 bottles ) performed on the same day ( d11 ) . this culture result was reported after 2 days of incubation , using bd bactec fx blood culture system ( bd diagnostics , sparks , md , usa ) . colonies observed on the blood agar plate were white , dry or wrinkled ( fig . the species could not be identified using either vitek 2 or api 20c ( biomrieux ) . therefore , further identification was performed using rdna gene sequencing analysis with the following primers : internally transcribed spacer ( its)1 ( forward primer [ 5tcc gta ggt gaa cct gcg g3 ] and reverse primer [ 5gct gcg ttc atc gat3 ] ) , its2 ( forward primer [ 5gca tcg atg aag aac gca3 ] and reverse primer [ 5tcc tcc gct tat tga tat3 ] ) , and d1/d2 domain ( forward primer [ 5gca tat caa taa gcg gag3 ] and reverse primer [ 5ggt ccg tgt ttc aag acg g3]).5 the isolated gene sequence showed 100% concordance with the p. aphidis strain ( genbank accession number : kf443199.1 and kf443201.1 ) . because the fungaemia developed during the caspofungin therapy and pneumonia was aggravated with persistent neutropenic fever , caspofungin was changed to liposomal amphotericin b ( 5 mg kg per day ) on d15 . yeastlike colonies that are dry , creamy , brightly coloured , and glabrous in texture ; ( b ) gram stain showing yeast with branching pseudohyphae ( arrow ) . the followup blood culture performed on transbronchial lung biopsy and bronchial washing and brushing were performed at the rml bronchus to identify the pathogens of fungal pneumonia . pathology specimens showed inflammatory changes with necrosis and dichotomous hyphae with a septum , suggestive of organising pneumonia with a fungal infection ( fig . as the neutropenia recovered , the patient improved clinically and was discharged with itraconazole capsules ( 200 mg twice a day ) . at the outpatient clinic , chest radiography revealed little change in the rml consolidation despite 3 weeks of continued itraconazole . considering the possibility of both proven invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and fungal pneumonia due to pseudozyma spp . the patient sequentially received consolidation chemotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation ( sct ) while continuing the voriconazole . during the voriconazole treatment , serum level of voriconazole was within the therapeutic range . the pneumonia resolved after 4 months of voriconazole treatment , with complete remission of aml after successful sct . ( a ) haematoxylin and eosin stain , 100 ; ( b ) haematoxylin and eosin stain , 400 ; ( c ) silver stain , 400 . invasive fungal infections remain a major cause of significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients , especially those with hematologic malignancies . of the ifis , a rare fungus is difficult to treat in the aspects of the early diagnosis and appropriate treatment , which might be related to the severity of the patient 's condition and often challenging intrinsic susceptibility pattern of the pathogens.6 
 pseudozyma spp . was first described as a possible human pathogen in 2003 , when it was identified from blood cultures from three thai patients , as p. antarctica , p. parantarctica , and p. thailandica.3 the first case of p. aphidis human infection was reported in a 7yearold girl with short gut syndrome in 2008.7 
 
 pseudozyma spp . is classified under the family ustilaginaceae , phylum basidiomycota , subphylum ustilaginomycotina , class ustilaginomycetes , and order ustilaginales.2 , 8 ustilaginales are plant pathogens that can infect corn plants to produce tumourlike galls . of the pseudozyma spp . aphidis is known as the most common human pathogen . however , due to the rare isolation of p. aphidis in human infections , this rare fungus species can not be identified using commercial systems that are available in routine diagnostic laboratories . however , sequencing and phylogenetic analysis can help with the direct detection of a fungus from blood or tissues because yeast taxonomy is continually evolving . we retrospectively reviewed the global literature to identify the possible risk factors , clinical presentation , and optimal treatment strategies for pseudozyma infection ; in addition to the present case , 14 case reports were found ( table 1).3 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 since 2014 when previous literature review was reported by prakash et al . therefore , we present a updated literature review with some modifications and adding recent cases . of the 15 cases , level identification , and the remaining six cases were nonaphidis pseudozyma isolates that were all different spp . from thailand . of the nine cases with reported underlying medical conditions , three had gastrointestinal ( gi ) tract problems such as short bowel syndrome or intestinal surgery,4 , 9 , 13 and three had neutropenia7 , 14 , 15 which can damage the gut mucosa . of the seven patients for whom the presence or absence of a central venous catheter ( cvc ) was reported , six patients had a cvc . the risk factors are thought to be similar to those of other less common yeast infections including gi tract problems , the presence of a cvc , and neutropenia . we could not identify the exact social history or dietary history to determine potential exposure to plants or crops . however , crop exposure was identified in two cases : a farmer with mycetoma of the leg and a paediatric patient who had eaten corn chips.8 , 10 in the present case , the possible port of entry for the p. aphidis fungaemia is uncertain . while the fungaemia met the definition of a catheterrelated bloodstream infection because p. aphidis was isolated only from central blood , the origin of p. aphidis is unclear . literature review of pseudozyma species infections in human amb , amphotericin b ; aml , acute myeloid leukaemia ; cas , caspofungin ; cvc , central venous catheter ; flc , fluconazole ; itc , itraconazole ; lamb , liposomal amphotericin b ; mic , minimal inhibitory concentration ; n / a , not available ; tpn , total parenteral nutrition ; vrc , voriconazole ; 5fc , flucytosine . histopathology of deep tissue from the foot showed grains surrounded by inflammatory cells , periodic acidschiff stain showed clustered yeastlike cells , and tissue cultures showed septate hyaline hyphae on a wet mount . the major manifestation of pseudozyma infection is fungaemia ( 12 of 15 cases , 80% ) ; others ( n = 3 ) have been isolated from a brain abscess that developed after brain surgery , deep biopsy of mycetoma of the leg , and pleural fluid.9 , 10 , 11 in our case , we proved p. aphidis fungaemia with fungal pneumonia from lung tissue . however , our case has a limitation , in that we could not identify the fungal pathogen from the lung tissue . antifungal susceptibility testing was performed in 11 cases of human infections caused by pseudozyma spp . , p. aphidis was susceptible to itraconazole , voriconazole , and amphotericin b ; had varying susceptibility to fluconazole ; and was resistant to echinocandines and flucytosine.7 , 8 , 11 , 14 , 15 nonaphidis pseudozyma spp . seemed to have susceptibility to amphotericin b only.13 in all reported cases , pseudozyma spp . , we described a case of a 51yearold male patient with aml who suffered from neutropenic fever during chemotherapy with a defined bacterial and fungal infection that was finally diagnosed as p. aphidis fungaemia and concurrent invasive fungal pneumonia without genus level identification . many other fungal pathogens show subtle morphological differences between forms found in tissue and in culture this case is worth reporting in the aspect that p. aphidis fungaemia developed during neutropenic fever with concurrent invasive fungal pneumonia in an aml patient .
summary 
 pseudozyma species rarely cause invasive diseases in humans , which are usually isolated from plants . 
 there have been anecdotal reports regarding pseudozyma species infections in patients with underlying diseases or in neonates 
 . however , clinical data and the pathogenicity in humans are still insufficient . 
 we experienced a case of pseudozyma aphidis fungaemia with invasive fungal pneumonia that developed during reinduction chemotherapy in a 51yearold male with acute myeloid leukaemia ( aml ) . 
 p. aphidis was suspected based on the morphology of the yeast isolated from the blood and was confirmed via rdna gene sequencing analysis . 
 the patient successfully underwent stem cell transplantation with continuing antifungal treatment and finally completely recovered from both the aml and infectious complications . here , we report a case of p. aphidis infection that developed during neutropenia in an aml patient and review the global literature .