in dental literature , cases of transmigrated mandibular canines are uncommon phenomenon.119 however some of them are far more extraordinary than others . although transmigration of a tooth is out of the common , migration generally to apexes of molars is more uncommon event when compared with teeth which generally migrates to apixes of the incisor teeth . besides , bilateral ones in vertical position may be more extreme than the others even though bilateral cases in horizontal position are extreme . likewise , cases which reported in the past were consisted of only maxillary or mandibular canine teeth until camilleri3 discovered that multiple transmigration was also be more extreme than the others . however , we have aimed to present the more extreme cases of the transmigrated mandibular canines . tk , 21 year - old girl , referred to our clinic complaining of a pain arising from her right mandibular permanent first molar . panoramic radiograph revealed that horizontally impacted left mandibular permanent canine migrated crossing the midline located below the apices of the right mandibular second molar . the transmigrated canine located near the mandibular canal but there was no symptom associated with mandibular canal including ; paresthesia , paralysis or pain . the migrated canine also showed no evidence of resorption or pericoronal radiographic changes suggesting cystic degeneration . oral examination revealed that right mandibular canine was missing in the original arch and there was a swelling in the labial aspect of the symphsis . panoramic radiograph revealed that right mandibular canine was impacted and crossing the midline under the apixes of the incisors and there was a compound odontoma in the original position of the right canine . a 28 year old woman turned to our clinic about the examination of her peridontal status . during the oral examination bilaterally overretained deciduous canines panoramic radiograph revealed bilaterally impacted canines lying vertically in the midline in the apices of the incisors . the radiographic appearance was in accordance with type 517 ( figures 3 and 4 ) . a 76 year old woman resorted to our clinic about the pain in right mandibular permanent first molar . the panoramic radiograph indicated that multiple teeth were impacted horizontally with part of the crowns crossing the midline . occlusal radiograph delineated that three teeth were impacted including right mandibular permanent canine and two mandibular permanent incisors , and it confirmed transmigration of these teeth . tk , 21 year - old girl , referred to our clinic complaining of a pain arising from her right mandibular permanent first molar . panoramic radiograph revealed that horizontally impacted left mandibular permanent canine migrated crossing the midline located below the apices of the right mandibular second molar . the transmigrated canine located near the mandibular canal but there was no symptom associated with mandibular canal including ; paresthesia , paralysis or pain . the migrated canine also showed no evidence of resorption or pericoronal radiographic changes suggesting cystic degeneration . a 16 year old girl had pain in the lower right third molar . oral examination revealed that right mandibular canine was missing in the original arch and there was a swelling in the labial aspect of the symphsis . panoramic radiograph revealed that right mandibular canine was impacted and crossing the midline under the apixes of the incisors and there was a compound odontoma in the original position of the right canine . a 28 year old woman turned to our clinic about the examination of her peridontal status . during the oral examination bilaterally overretained deciduous canines were observed and permanent canines were missing in the lower jaw clinically . panoramic radiograph revealed bilaterally impacted canines lying vertically in the midline in the apices of the incisors . the radiographic appearance was in accordance with type 517 ( figures 3 and 4 ) . a 76 year old woman resorted to our clinic about the pain in right mandibular permanent first molar . the panoramic radiograph indicated that multiple teeth were impacted horizontally with part of the crowns crossing the midline . occlusal radiograph delineated that three teeth were impacted including right mandibular permanent canine and two mandibular permanent incisors , and it confirmed transmigration of these teeth . this paper consists of some unusual cases of transmigration of the mandibular permanent canines such as , bilateral cases of the transmigrated canines in vertical position , one of the the most distant migration of canine from original side to contralateral to the apex of the third molar , and multiple transmigration case with transmigrated mandibular canine and impacted mandibular central incisors . the movement of a tooth is always in the direction of the crown , and most often the greatest amount of movement takes place prior to completion of tooth root development or at an earlier stage.8 ando et al15 reported that movement of transmigrated canine was more rapid before the formation of its root . because of patient s age , it can be suggested that the greatest amount of movement occurred before completion of the root formation in case 1 . rarely transmigrated canine was found under the first molar on the opposite side of the dental arch.1,6 auluck reported that presence of a canine migrated apical to the mesial aspect of right third molar.9 it was found that the transmigrated canine was lying horizontally under the second molar on the opposite side as shown in case 1 . the transmigrated canine in this case was one of the most migrated teeth concerning literature just as auluck s case . joshi reported that 70.8% of the cases were overretained deciduous canines and 29.2% of the cases were exfoliated in the mandibular arch.1 this observation showed that resorption process of the root of the deciduous canine was rather slow in the absence of the developing permanent mandibular canine under the deciduous canine . in case 1 , there are several reports related to transmigrated teeth pathologies including ; a cyst or an odontoma,10,11 gardner s syndrome,12 or fracture.13 although nodine14 and ando et al15 reported that impacted and migrated mandibular canines were often discovered without producing any apparent symptoms and they did not observe any symptoms such as pain or oppression of mandibular nerve owing to the transmigration of canine in their patients , joshi1 reported that it was difficult to understand whether these pathologies were responsible for the transmigration process or the pathological situations occurred after the migration of the canine . in case 2 , there was a compound odontoma which was associated with impaction or transmigration . in case 4 . etiology was likely to be trauma , but we could not suggest any apparent reason of how or why canines had transmigrated in case 1 and in case 3 . although peck20 reported that canine migration was congenitally inherited , none of closed relatives of the patients had this abnormality . a consensus on exact mechanism of transmigration has not been reached in literature yet . as a consequence camileri3 firstly reported multiple transmigration case including mandibular canine and lateral incisors . a patient with transmigrated mandibular right canine and impacted two lower incisors probably related to earlier trauma but , unfortunately , it is not sure whether these teeth were central or lateral incisor without surgery . according to camileri,3 impacted mandibular lower incisor teeth this case showed that eruption abnormalities might affect more than one type of tooth.16 while most of the transmigrated mandibular canines occurred unilaterally,1,2,4,5,7,9,11,17,19 only 9% of them were bilateral.1,6 although most of the bilateral transmigrated canines lied horizontally , there were no bilateral transmigrated teeth which were in vertical position . in case 3 , while 33 lied vertically in the midline , 43 lied vertically between apices of the 41 and 42 because of inadequate space to cross . it can not be suggested that both canines crossed the midline completely . in bilateral transmigration cases which canines lied in vertical position , it is impossible for both canines to cross the midline simultaneously . transmigrated mandibular canines were classified according to mupparapu.17 it could be summarized as ; type 1 : the impacted canine is mesioangularly acrossing the midline , labial , or lingual to the anterior teeth with the crown portion of the tooth crossing the midline . type 2 : the canine is horizontally impacted near the inferior border of the mandible below the apices of the incisors . type 3 : the canine has erupted either mesial or distal to the opposite canine . type 4 : the canine is horizontally impacted near the inferior border of the mandible below the apices of either premolars or molars on the opposite side . type 5 : the canine is positioned vertically in the midline with the long axis of the tooth crossing the midline . mupparapu s classification consisted of single transmigrated canine . in case 3 , bilateral impacted canines in vertical position located in the midline was in accordance with type 5 . besides the option of surgical removal , transplantation and surgical exposure with orthodontic alignment are treatment alternatives for the transmigrated teeth.2 a long term follow up without symptoms may be an alternative option for patients who are afraid of surgical processes . if it can not be detected early , further treatment alternatives will lessen and the case might get worse . surgical extraction is more appropriate than others in case of a pathological situation . consequently , decision of treatment options relates to pathological conditions , location and position of the transmigrated tooth and patient s desire . in present study , only one of our 4 patients preferred surgical treatment ( in case 2 ) and others went under follow up . the transmigrated canine , which was the subject of case 1 , located near the mandibular canal . the report of brust18 clearly showed that the transmigrated canine maintained its nerve supply from the original site . although the most probable treatment option is to keep the transmigrated teeth under critical observation with periodical panoramic examination , it is necessary to anesthetize the nerve bilaterally before the surgical extraction with local anesthesia in case of unexpected pathological condition . to conclude so far , some cases of them are rather extreme cases even though transmigration of mandibular canine is an unusual event . it is important to diagnose them in earlier stages of migration or abnormality to prevent more complicated situations . from the aspect of genetic factors , a lot of questions about etiology still remains unanswered , therefore detailed mechanisms of the transmigration origin is a subject of further genetic researches .
the canine impaction is not uncommon in dental literature , but the transmigration of mandibular canine is a rare phenomenon , and some of them are far more extreme than others . in this study , we aimed to present the more extreme cases of the four transmigrated mandibular canine cases with special emphasis on their classification .