in modern society , the fashion of wearing tight clothes for stylish dressed states or 
 comeliness is getting very popular1 . however , specialists reported that excessively pressing certain areas of the human body 
 could cause many problems in the cardiovascular systems and visceral organs1 . in addition to this pressure inflicted on 
 the human body may deform muscles , the skeletal system , and even the overall body type2 , 3 . jeans that are too tight compress a nerve that cuts off sensation to the thighs , and this is 
 consistent with human anatomy and physiology4 . trousers that are too tight can squeeze a sensory nerve under the 
 hip bone , causing a tingling , burning sensation called paresthesia1 , 4 , 5 . with this as the background , the present study aimed to understand 
 the hazards of the habit of wearing tightly fitting clothes in relation to deformations of 
 the musculoskeletal system and the movement of the lumbar spine and pelvis for the purpose 
 of providing basic data regarding proper habits in wearing clothes for the prevention of 
 pain in the musculoskeletal systems2 , 3 . so the present study evaluated the effect 
 of wearing tight pants on the trunk flexion and pelvic tilting angles in stand - to - sit 
 movement and in a seated posture . this study was performed on nine males aged 2027  years ( 23.22.0  years , meansd ) whose 
 height and weight were 175.13.2  cm and 62.13.4  kg , respectively . subjects with conditions 
 that might affect trunk mobility , such as injury or neurologic deficits of the hip and lower 
 extremities during the past year , were excluded from study . the study purpose and methods 
 were explained to all the subjects , who provided informed consent according to the 
 principles of the declaration of helsinki before participating . data were collected at a sampling rate of 100  hz with a motion capture system 
 ( vicon mx , oxford metrics , oxford , uk ) that consisted of eight infrared cameras . sixteen reflective markers were 
 attached to the lower body according to the plug - in - gait marker set ( oxford metrics ) using 
 double - sided tape . the software used for kinematic data collection was nexus 1.4.1 ( oxford 
 metrics ) , and the data were analyzed with the polygon 3.1 software ( oxford metrics ) . the 
 experimental protocol required the completion of two stand - to - sit trials for each of the two 
 pants conditions . the worn pants were made from the same material , cotton , woven into a 
 rugged cotton textile . we used general and tight pants from the same company ( g company ) . the pants were worn under two conditions in this study : ( 1 ) general pants , worn with sizes 
 equivalent to 105110% of the subjects hip , thigh , and calf circumferences , and ( 2 ) tight 
 pants , worn with sizes equivalent to 9095% of the subjects hip , thigh , and calf 
 circumferences . each subject was asked to stand up at a 
 self - selected speed from a seated posture and to stand in an erect spine posture . for time 
 normalization , the time required for a complete stand - to - sit movement cycle , that is , from 
 movement onset to completion , was considered to be 100% ; values were determined for each 2% 
 of the movement , beginning at 0% . the changes in trunk flexion and pelvic posterior tilting 
 angles were calculated based on the difference between the maximal and initial angles . as 
 the analysis was performed with a withwn - subject design , the paired t - test was conducted to 
 test for differences in pelvic and trunk kinematics values during the maneuver . all 
 significance levels were set at p<0.05 , and spss version 12.0 ( spss , chicago , il , usa ) 
 was used for statistical analyses . the change in the posterior pelvic tilting angle ( 9.3 4.1 ) during the stand - to - sit 
 movement when wearing the tight pants increased significantly compared with that when 
 wearing the general pants ( 7.0 3.3 ) ( p<0.05 ) . the change of the trunk flexion angle 
 ( 19.3 5.4 ) during the stand - to - sit movement when wearing the tight pants increased 
 significantly compared with that when wearing the general pants ( 12.0 3.8 ) ( p<0.05 ) . 
 the change in the posterior pelvic tilting angle ( 13.3 3.2 ) in the seated posture when 
 wearing the tight pants increased significantly compared with that when wearing of the 
 general pants ( 10.3 2.9 ) ( p<0.05 ) . the change in the trunk flexion angle ( 25.3 6.1 ) 
 in the seated posture when wearing the tight pants increased significantly compared with 
 that when wearing of the general pants ( 20.1 5.4 ) ( p<0.05 ) . park and yoo reported that the tightness of a waist belt might restricts forward movement 
 of the center of mass and that pelvic inclination might be increased as a compensatory 
 mechanism2 . they showed that the wearing 
 a tight belt could interrupt normal lumbo - pelvic coordination , which might contribute to 
 muscle imbalance2 . elevated abdominal 
 pressure has been shown to cause multidirectional stiffness of the spine5 , 6 . a 
 previous study that used a wide belt reported that the intramuscular pressure on the erector 
 spinae could influence spinal stiffness separately from muscle7 . the results of the present study showed that the trunk flexion and 
 posterior pelvic tilting angles during the stand - to - sit movement when wearing tight pants 
 significantly increased when compared with wearing general pants . also , the trunk flexion 
 and posterior pelvic tilting angles in the seated posture when wearing tight pants 
 significantly increased when compared with those when wearing of general pants . the lumbar 
 and hip rhythm and interaction between the lumbar spine and hip are important kinematic 
 factors that are used not only in experimental research but also in clinical 
 examination8 , 9 . wearing tight jeans induced excessive lumbar flexion during stand 
 to sit movement and in the seated posture . the exaggerated lumbar flexion may overstretch 
 posterior connective tissues , such as the interspinous ligament , apophyseal joint capsule , 
 and thoracolumbar fascia , or increase stress on discs and apophyseal joints5 . posterior pelvic tilt decreases lordosis 
 via flexion of the lumbar spine , causes posterior movement of the nucleus pulposus , and 
 increases the diameter of the intervertebral foramina5 , 8 . slump sitting reduces the 
 activation of the spinal stabilizing muscles and is associated with increases in loading on 
 the intervertebral disc and connective tissue8 , 9 . therefore , wearing tight pants could 
 produce musculoskeletal disorders via abnormal movement and posture in the lumbar spine and 
 pelvis . so the effects of wearing tight pants need to be investigated in further studies to 
 reveal their direct relationship to musculoskeletal problems . the effects of tight clothes 
 and accessory items on the human body should also be investigated in order to provide basic 
 data for proper use . further studies will become the starting point for studies regarding 
 the effects of wearing tight clothes and tight fashion accessories on the musculoskeletal 
 system .
[ purpose ] the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of wearing the tight pants 
 on the trunk flexion and pelvic tilting angles in the stand - to - sit movement and a seated 
 posture . 
 [ subjects ] nine male subjects were recruited . 
 [ methods ] the trunk flexion angle 
 and pelvic posterior tilting angle were measured using a motion - capture system during the 
 stand - to - sit movement and in a seated posture . [ results ] the trunk flexion and the 
 posterior pelvic tilting angles during the stand - to - sit movement and in the seated posture 
 when wearing tight pants significantly increased compared with those when wearing of 
 general pants . 
 [ conclusion ] therefore , wearing tight pants could produce musculoskeletal 
 disorders via abnormal movement and posture in the lumbar spine and pelvis . 
 so the effects 
 of wearing tight pants need to be investigated in further studies to reveal their direct 
 relationship to musculoskeletal problems .