three fruiting bodies of t. matsutake were used to measure the number of spores produced from each fruiting body . the samples used for the enumeration of spores were similar in size used for the investigation of spore dispersion , and their veils under each pileus had just started to open . we cut the stem of each mushroom and set the pileus above a piece of aluminum foil for 4 days to obtain spore prints . all of the spores on the foil were collected and measured for weight , and the numbers of spores in a serial - diluted solution were enumerated using a haemacytometer . the experimental site was mainly composed of 65-year - old japanese red pines ( pinus densiflora s. et z. ) , although a few oaks ( quercus variabilis bl . ) occupied less than 20% . the site had been surveyed for mushroom growth for more than 4 yr , and the locations of pine mushroom had been thoroughly documented . only one fruiting body of t. matsutake remained within each site ; all others , including other mycorrhizal mushrooms , were thoroughly removed . we established three sites for study , and the distances from each site were more than 50 m. we established 48 slide glasses coated with glycerin nearby each fruiting body in four directions separated by four different distance intervals at three heights . the distances were set as 50 , 100 , 200 and 500 cm from the fruiting body . at each point , we installed a stick containing three slide glasses that were 0 , 50 and 100 cm above the ground . the dispersed spores were collected from the time immediately after the veils of pileus were torn out . we installed the collecting glasses when the fruiting body was hemispherical and stopped when it became planar , a total of 4 days as described by ka et al . . the slide glasses were installed at 10 am every day and were replaced by a new one after 24 hr . the number of spores on each slide was enumerated by the line - transect method under a microscope ( 400 ) using an image analyzer ( leica , sasem onairtv ) . the plate was overlapped by grids of 116 m118 m for counting , and triplicates were applied for the enumeration . three fruiting bodies of t. matsutake were used to measure the number of spores produced from each fruiting body . the samples used for the enumeration of spores were similar in size used for the investigation of spore dispersion , and their veils under each pileus had just started to open . we cut the stem of each mushroom and set the pileus above a piece of aluminum foil for 4 days to obtain spore prints . all of the spores on the foil were collected and measured for weight , and the numbers of spores in a serial - diluted solution were enumerated using a haemacytometer . the experimental site was mainly composed of 65-year - old japanese red pines ( pinus densiflora s. et z. ) , although a few oaks ( quercus variabilis bl . ) occupied less than 20% . the site had been surveyed for mushroom growth for more than 4 yr , and the locations of pine mushroom had been thoroughly documented . only one fruiting body of t. matsutake remained within each site ; all others , including other mycorrhizal mushrooms , were thoroughly removed . we established three sites for study , and the distances from each site were more than 50 m. we established 48 slide glasses coated with glycerin nearby each fruiting body in four directions separated by four different distance intervals at three heights . the distances were set as 50 , 100 , 200 and 500 cm from the fruiting body . at each point , we installed a stick containing three slide glasses that were 0 , 50 and 100 cm above the ground . the dispersed spores were collected from the time immediately after the veils of pileus were torn out . we installed the collecting glasses when the fruiting body was hemispherical and stopped when it became planar , a total of 4 days as described by ka et al . . the slide glasses were installed at 10 am every day and were replaced by a new one after 24 hr . the number of spores on each slide was enumerated by the line - transect method under a microscope ( 400 ) using an image analyzer ( leica , sasem onairtv ) . the plate was overlapped by grids of 116 m118 m for counting , and triplicates were applied for the enumeration . the fruiting bodies used for spore counting were 230  22 g in fresh weight , 12  0.3 cm in pileus diameter , 15  0.3 cm in stipe length and 3.5  0.1 cm in stipe diameter . although the fruiting bodies were relatively larger and heavier than generally harvested mushrooms as goods , they could be considered as representative fruiting bodies of overmatured mushrooms . the spores collected from each fruiting body reached about 150 mg in total mass and were counted as 4.5~5 billion , which varied depending on the size of the mushroom . although we set the slide glasses at three heights ( 0 , 50 and 100 cm above the ground ) , the data collected from the slides located at 50 and 100 cm above the ground were unusable due to sparseness with large variation . as deering et al .   showed for the airflow surrounding a simulated mushroom , the spores of t. matsutake did not fly at high elevations but instead streamed down along the forest floor . thus , we only used the data from the slides set on the ground for the enumeration . the number of spores increased with time but rapidly dropped as the pileus turned over ( on the fifth day ) ; 475 spores / cm on the first day , 497 spores / cm on the second day , 599 spores / cm on the third day and 836 spores / cm on the fourth day after the veils of pileus opened . ogawa   noted that the most abundant time for spore production is 3~4 days after the veil of pileus is torn down . he noted that spores are immature if the veil is not torn down or the pileus turned over , and the amount of spores also becomes smaller . thus , we used the cumulative numbers of spores over 4 days to compare the differences in the amount of spores among directions and/or distances . the spores dispersed more along the slope compared to those within the slope ( table 1 ) . although we did not measure the intensity of the wind within the forest , the intensity of the wind was stronger along the slope than that within the slope . thus , we estimated that the difference in intensity of the wind resulted in the differences in spore dispersion . the number of spores dispersed downward was about 1.5 times greater than that dispersed upward , which indicates that gravity was another key factor in the dispersion of spores , as noted by deering et al . . although spores may usually spread more toward the lower part of mountains , pine mushrooms are mainly produced on the upper parts . this implies that the decline in the productivity of pine mushroom was not due to an insufficient number of spores but actually other factors , such as unsuitable site conditions for growth . further , the number of spores decreased exponentially as the distance increased from each fruiting body ( fig . 1 ) . more than 95% of the spores dropped within a meter of the fruiting body , with about 75% of them within 0.5 m ( table 2 ) . however , the spores dispersed over 5 m from the fruiting body could not be discounted as they numbered more than 50 million , considering that the number of spores produced by a fruiting body is about 5 billion . the pattern of spore dispersion was also dependent upon the stand density and other micro - environmental factors ( table 3 ) . as stand density increased , the number of dropped spores on the sampled slides decreased ( 2,605 spores / cm for dense , 2,089 spores / cm for middle and 1,670 spores / cm for sparse ) , which indicates that stand density might have affected air flow and therefore spore dispersion . ogawa   reported that spore dispersion is largely dependent upon the climatic conditions or fructification time . he mentioned that the amount of mature spores would be quite few if the air temperature is very high or low . in addition , he stated that relative humidity is a key factor in spore dispersion ; for example , colonized spores are high in number after rain or fog . in some cases , a spore print was formed on the surface of litter , which indicates that the spores were not widely spread out . thus , stand density and other site factors could be major factors in the dispersal of spores , but microclimatic factors such as wind are more important in spore dispersion . the fruiting bodies used for spore counting were 230  22 g in fresh weight , 12  0.3 cm in pileus diameter , 15  0.3 cm in stipe length and 3.5  0.1 cm in stipe diameter . although the fruiting bodies were relatively larger and heavier than generally harvested mushrooms as goods , they could be considered as representative fruiting bodies of overmatured mushrooms . the spores collected from each fruiting body reached about 150 mg in total mass and were counted as 4.5~5 billion , which varied depending on the size of the mushroom . although we set the slide glasses at three heights ( 0 , 50 and 100 cm above the ground ) , the data collected from the slides located at 50 and 100 cm above the ground were unusable due to sparseness with large variation . as deering et al .   showed for the airflow surrounding a simulated mushroom , the spores of t. matsutake did not fly at high elevations but instead streamed down along the forest floor . thus , we only used the data from the slides set on the ground for the enumeration . the number of spores increased with time but rapidly dropped as the pileus turned over ( on the fifth day ) ; 475 spores / cm on the first day , 497 spores / cm on the second day , 599 spores / cm on the third day and 836 spores / cm on the fourth day after the veils of pileus opened . ogawa   noted that the most abundant time for spore production is 3~4 days after the veil of pileus is torn down . he noted that spores are immature if the veil is not torn down or the pileus turned over , and the amount of spores also becomes smaller . thus , we used the cumulative numbers of spores over 4 days to compare the differences in the amount of spores among directions and/or distances . the spores dispersed more along the slope compared to those within the slope ( table 1 ) . although we did not measure the intensity of the wind within the forest , the intensity of the wind was stronger along the slope than that within the slope . thus , we estimated that the difference in intensity of the wind resulted in the differences in spore dispersion . the number of spores dispersed downward was about 1.5 times greater than that dispersed upward , which indicates that gravity was another key factor in the dispersion of spores , as noted by deering et al . . although spores may usually spread more toward the lower part of mountains , pine mushrooms are mainly produced on the upper parts . this implies that the decline in the productivity of pine mushroom was not due to an insufficient number of spores but actually other factors , such as unsuitable site conditions for growth . further , the number of spores decreased exponentially as the distance increased from each fruiting body ( fig . 1 ) . more than 95% of the spores dropped within a meter of the fruiting body , with about 75% of them within 0.5 m however , the spores dispersed over 5 m from the fruiting body could not be discounted as they numbered more than 50 million , considering that the number of spores produced by a fruiting body is about 5 billion . the pattern of spore dispersion was also dependent upon the stand density and other micro - environmental factors ( table 3 ) . as stand density increased , the number of dropped spores on the sampled slides decreased ( 2,605 spores / cm for dense , 2,089 spores / cm for middle and 1,670 spores / cm for sparse ) , which indicates that stand density might have affected air flow and therefore spore dispersion . ogawa   reported that spore dispersion is largely dependent upon the climatic conditions or fructification time . he mentioned that the amount of mature spores would be quite few if the air temperature is very high or low . in addition , he stated that relative humidity is a key factor in spore dispersion ; for example , colonized spores are high in number after rain or fog . in some cases , a spore print was formed on the surface of litter , which indicates that the spores were not widely spread out . thus , stand density and other site factors could be major factors in the dispersal of spores , but microclimatic factors such as wind are more important in spore dispersion .
the spore of tricholoma matsutake is considered to be the starting point of the mushroom growth cycle , but the mechanism of mycelial development from the spore stage is not yet clarified . in this study , we tried to measure how far the spores of t. matsutake disperse from a fruiting body located at a pinus densiflora stand in korea . 
 we established 16 slide glasses coated with glycerin near a fruiting body in four directions separated by four different distance intervals within a mushroom productive stand after removing all other fruiting bodies from three plots . 
 the number of dispersed spores increased with time from the first day ( 475 spores / cm2 ) to the fourth day ( 836 spores / cm2 ) after the pileus opened . 
 the number of spores dispersed downward was about 1.5 times greater than that dispersed toward the ridge . 
 the number of dispersed spores decreased exponentially as the distance from each fruiting body increased . 
 more than 95% of the spores dropped within a meter from the fruiting body , with 75% dropping within 0.5 m. even so , the number of spores dispersed over 5 m from the fruiting body was more than 50 million when considering the total number of spores produced by a fruiting body is about 5 billion .