among dermatological disorders , erythematous dermatitis , or eczema , and psoriasis are the most common.1 dermatitis is defined as a superficial skin inflammation , characterized by poorly delimited erythema , and usually itchy crusts and scales.2 conventional measures to prevent eczema include avoidance of irritants and potential allergens , as well as continued hydration of the skin with thick emollients . other therapies including phototherapy , antimicrobials , antihistamines , and systemic immunosuppressives are also therapeutic options.1 psoriasis is an autoimmune , chronic , noncontagious , recurrent , inflammatory skin disorder . in western populations , its prevalence is estimated to be as high as 2.8%.3 the typical skin lesions of psoriatic patients are sharply demarcated erythematous plaques covered with silvery or opalescent scales.4 the inflammatory response is supported by the infiltration of polymorphic neutrophils in the skin . neutrophils are triggered by the chemokines and lymphokines released by keratinocytes and t - lymphocytes , respectively , and , in turn , trigger the activity of lymphocytes and keratinocytes , thus generating a vicious cycle limited to acute lesions but linked in any case to the extended inflammation.5 treatments for psoriasis include immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate , cyclosporine , and fumaric acid esters.6 however , advances in mechanistic understanding of signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis have led to the testing of biological therapies . these include immune suppressive drugs ( eg , alefacept ) and anticytokine therapies ( antitumor necrosis factor [ tnf ] therapies [ adalimumab , etanercept , infliximab , ustekinumab]).7 topical application of anti - inflammatory molecules is a feasible alternative to systemic approaches to treat psoriatic and eczematous symptoms by directly acting on inflammatory processes and generating a marked soothing response in skin.8 a recent study on costs of psoriasis medications has demonstrated that biological treatments represent 67% of total medication costs , and only 5% of patients purchase them . in contrast , topical medications are the most commonly purchased treatments and account for the 18% of total costs.9 furthermore , since almost 10% of patients require at least three topical therapy switches over a 1-year period to gain health benefit , the identification and formulation of novel anti - inflammatory compounds that could be used in topical application are a medical need for psoriasis treatment and a possible approach to reduce costs.9 boswellia serrata gum resin extracts ( bses ) ( or olibanum ) are used in traditional ayurvedic medicine to treat inflammatory diseases . the prevalent component of lipophilic fraction of olibanum is represented by the pentacyclic triterpenes boswellic acids ( bas ) , several forms of which have been characterized by analytical techniques , including - and -configured bas ( figure 1 ) . another structural variety is given by the presence of a carbonyl group and an acetyl group in 11-keto bas ( kba ) and 3-o - acetyl - bas ( akba ) , respectively.10 animal studies and pilot clinical trials support the efficacy of bses for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease , rheumatoid arthritis , osteoarthritis , and asthma.1114 in 2002 , the european medicines agency classified bse as an  orphan drug  for the treatment of peritumoral brain edema.15 the main anti - inflammatory properties of bas are attributed to suppression of leukotriene formation via inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase ( 5-lo ) by kba and akba.15 the mechanistic model has to be fully elucidated , but there is some evidence of an indirect action of bas leading to an irreversible inhibition of 5-lo by a ca2 + -mediated pathway.16 bas also inhibit the human leukocyte elastase , released in inflammation- and hypersensitivity - based human disorders , thus further supporting ba s antiphlogistic properties.17 in activated human monocytes , akba conveys inhibition of nuclear factor ( nf)-kb and subsequent downregulation of tnf- expression , via its direct inhibition of i kappa b kinase ( ikk).18 noteworthy is that when the ikk inhibition by bas has been investigated in the cd18 hypomorphic ( cd18[hypo ] ) mouse model of psoriasis , the suppressive effects on nf - kb signaling have been confirmed , thus suggesting that targeting nf - kb with bas may be an effective strategy for the treatment of psoriasis.19 since both psoriasis and erythematous dermatitis present a prevalent inflammatory component and bas have a documented inhibitory activity in some pathways with a major role in inflammation , especially in nf - kb pathway , we developed a formulation containing bas with potential efficacy in patients with psoriasis and erythematous dermatitis . in this double - blind study , we compare , for the first time , a novel ba formulation ( containing bosexil , inci : lecithin , bse ) with a placebo formulation in the treatment of psoriasis or eczema . a third arm of the trial received a formulation of vaccinium myrtillus seed oil , which was previously demonstrated as an efficient local treatment for psoriatic lesions.20 this is a randomized , placebo - controlled , double - blind study performed at the department of dermatology at the university of varese ( italy ) in collaboration with velleja research and the local health agency 1 ( asl1 ) in the piacenza ( italy ) area . we separately considered in the study patients who were affected either by psoriasis or by erythematous dermatitis . the diagnosis of erythematous atopic eczema or psoriasis was made by the physician in charge of the department of dermatology involved in the trial . patients had to be free from any topical or systemic anti - inflammatory treatment for at least 3 months . patients were randomly assigned , in a 1:1:1 ratio and according to a computer - generated numerical table , to one of the following groups : bosexil , v. myrtillus seed oil , or placebo . bosexil was formulated according to the phytosome delivery system that is aimed at improving the bioavailability and skin affinity of bioactive molecules.21 all preparations could not be distinguished without a chemical analysis . patients were asked to apply the cream twice a day to the affected areas in a sufficient quantity to cover the whole skin area involved , for a total period of 30 days . other concomitant pharmacological treatments were not interrupted or modified , except for those , dermatological or oral , finalized to treat psoriasis . clinical assessments were carried out at baseline ( t0 ) and at the end of the trial ( t30 ) , and included the evaluation of scales and erythema in the case of psoriasis and the evaluation of itch and erythema in the case of eczema . lesions and clinical manifestations were classified as absent ( score 0 ) , moderate ( score 1 ) , severe ( score 2 ) , or very severe ( score 3 ) . efficacy was statistically assessed through a procedure based on the individual s  permanence  or  migration state  ( primary end point ) depending on the entity of the score assigned to a symptom at t30 in comparison with the corresponding baseline score ( t0 ) . thus , the  change of condition  generated the following categories of patients : in remission : when individuals with scores > 0 at t0 have score = 0 at t30 ; improved : when individuals have lower scores at t30 than at t0 ; unchanged : when individuals have the same scores at t0 and t30 ; worsened : when individuals have higher scores at t30 than at t0 . we validated this statistical procedure in a previous study on the efficacy of v. myrtillus seed oil.20 as an internal control , we compared the effects of bosexil and v. myrtillus with the same placebo . the psoriasis area severity index ( pasi ) and the eczema area and severity index ( easi ) the comparison between groups was performed using pearson s chi - square test ; responses were evaluated with a markov - like procedure . the comparison between groups was performed using pearson s chi - square test ; responses were evaluated with a markov - like procedure . each group consisted of ten patients affected from psoriasis and ten patients with erythematous dermatitis ( except the bosexil group , in which patients with dermatitis numbered nine ) . at t0 , all groups were similar in terms of severity of the disease . however , three patients in the placebo group , one in the v. myrtillus group , and two in the bosexil group suspended the treatment before t30 and were included with a score of 3 in the statistical analysis . no significant difference in terms of age or sex the results from the  change of condition  ( primary end point ) analysis between placebo ( group a ) and two formulations ( bosexil and v. myrtillus seed oil ) are summarized in tables 5 and 6 . in patients with psoriasis ( table 5 ) , signs of scales and erythema improved both with bosexil and with the v. myrtillus seed oil treatment in comparison with placebo . in particular , patients who received placebo had unchanged scales and erythema , and in 10% of cases worsened . treatment with bosexil formulation improved scales ( 70% of cases , p=0.0001 ) and erythema ( 60% of cases , p=0.0281 ) without any case of worsening . treatment with v. myrtillus seed oil formulation improved erythema in 10% of cases , but 30% of patients were in remission at the end of therapy , therefore indicating that v. myrtillus seed oil treatment had positive effects on psoriatic erythema in 40% ( p=0.253 ) of cases . in terms of scales , v. myrtillus seed oil improved the symptomatology in 80% of patients , and 20% was unchanged ( p=0.0003 ) . in patients with erythematous eczema ( table 6 ) , the bosexil - containing formulation improved both itch ( 60% of cases , p=0.0115 ) and erythema ( 60% of cases , p=0.0115 ) , without any case of worsening . v. myrtillus seed oil treatment improved itch and erythema in 66.7% ( p=0.0020 ) and 77.8% ( p=0.0068 ) of patients , respectively . the pasi and easi scores observed in the three groups are reported in tables 7 and 8 , respectively . figure 2 shows pictures of some psoriasis patients  one treated with bosexil , one treated with v. myrtillus seed oil , and the other assigned to placebo . the results from the  change of condition  ( primary end point ) analysis between placebo ( group a ) and two formulations ( bosexil and v. myrtillus seed oil ) are summarized in tables 5 and 6 . in patients with psoriasis ( table 5 ) , signs of scales and erythema improved both with bosexil and with the v. myrtillus seed oil treatment in comparison with placebo . in particular , patients who received placebo had unchanged scales and erythema , and in 10% of cases worsened . treatment with bosexil formulation improved scales ( 70% of cases , p=0.0001 ) and erythema ( 60% of cases , treatment with v. myrtillus seed oil formulation improved erythema in 10% of cases , but 30% of patients were in remission at the end of therapy , therefore indicating that v. myrtillus seed oil treatment had positive effects on psoriatic erythema in 40% ( p=0.253 ) of cases . in terms of scales , v. myrtillus seed oil improved the symptomatology in 80% of patients , and 20% was unchanged ( p=0.0003 ) . in patients with erythematous eczema ( table 6 ) , the bosexil - containing formulation improved both itch ( 60% of cases , p=0.0115 ) and erythema ( 60% of cases , p=0.0115 ) , without any case of worsening . v. myrtillus seed oil treatment improved itch and erythema in 66.7% ( p=0.0020 ) and in patients with psoriasis ( table 5 ) , signs of scales and erythema improved both with bosexil and with the v. myrtillus seed oil treatment in comparison with placebo . in particular , patients who received placebo had unchanged scales and erythema , and in 10% of cases worsened . treatment with bosexil formulation improved scales ( 70% of cases , p=0.0001 ) and erythema ( 60% of cases , p=0.0281 ) without any case of worsening . treatment with v. myrtillus seed oil formulation improved erythema in 10% of cases , but 30% of patients were in remission at the end of therapy , therefore indicating that v. myrtillus seed oil treatment had positive effects on psoriatic erythema in 40% ( p=0.253 ) of cases . in terms of scales , v. myrtillus seed oil improved the symptomatology in 80% of patients , and 20% was unchanged ( p=0.0003 ) . in patients with erythematous eczema ( table 6 ) , the bosexil - containing formulation improved both itch ( 60% of cases , p=0.0115 ) and erythema ( 60% of cases , p=0.0115 ) , without any case of worsening . v. myrtillus seed oil treatment improved itch and erythema in 66.7% ( p=0.0020 ) and 77.8% ( p=0.0068 ) of patients , respectively . the pasi and easi scores observed in the three groups are reported in tables 7 and 8 , respectively . figure 2 shows pictures of some psoriasis patients  one treated with bosexil , one treated with v. myrtillus seed oil , and the other assigned to placebo . this study aimed to compare , for the first time to our knowledge , the efficacy of topical preparation of bosexil and v. myrtillus seed oil vs a placebo in individuals with a diagnosis of psoriasis or erythematous dermatitis . indeed , these formulations are particularly rich in polyunsatured fatty acids ( v. myrtillus seed oil ) or bas ( bosexil ) that exert anti - inflammatory effects , thus may provide benefits in skin inflammatory diseases . bas in bosexil formulation were more active in the treatment of psoriatic scales than erythema , and were similarly efficient to treat itch and erythema in patients affected by eczema . this formulation was designed according to the phytosome delivery system21 in order to improve the bioavailability and skin affinity of bas . consistently with previous results,20 this study confirmed the efficacy of v. myrtillus seed oil preparation in the treatment of major symptoms in both psoriasis and eczema , such as erythema and scales and erythema and itch , respectively . noteworthy is that v. myrtillus seed oil was associated with three remissions in the treatment of erythema in psoriatic patients . bilberry fruits contain small seeds rich in alpha - linolenic acid and linoleic acid , which are considered essential nutrients ( the human body , in fact , lacks the necessary enzymes to introduce an unsaturation beyond position omega-9 ) . linoleic acid and alpha - linolenic acid are involved in the skin barrier function.22 one issue in the management of chronic diseases such as psoriasis is the adherence to treatment . few data are available in literature , but the most frequently mentioned reasons for nonadherence to topical treatment are low efficacy , time consumption , and poor cosmetic characteristics of topical agents.23 this study has tested a twice - daily administration which determined an effective improvement of disease . however , the study lasted a short period of time and included an overall limited number of patients ; therefore , long - term , larger studies should be recommended to assess the adherence to this protocol in real life . moreover , earlier assessments ( eg , at day 15 ) could have been performed to collect information on the early efficacy of both bosexil and v. myrtillus seed oil . last , other end points ( eg , patient - related severity score or the dermatology life quality index ) have not been evaluated in this study . in addition to the anti - inflammatory / barrier - protecting effects of polyunsatured fatty acids or bas , a cosmeceutical formulation of these creams may provide the adjunctive benefits that can restore and protect the skin barrier function , increase the remission times between flare - ups , and enhance the pharmaceutical effects of active compounds.24 in conclusion , bas contained in bosexil and formulated according to the phytosome delivery system21 may be eligible components for the formulation of preparation with anti - inflammatory properties for the treatment of psoriatic and eczematous symptoms . we speculate that this formulation could also be applied to other inflammatory skin disorders , including contact , atopic , seborrheic , nummular , chronic palmoplantar , and generalized exfoliative or chronic lichen simplex dermatitis .
backgroundboswellic acids ( bas ) show anti - inflammatory properties in a variety of inflammatory diseases , including rheumatoid arthritis , osteoarthritis , and asthma . 
 a topical administration route is currently used to deliver active compounds in psoriatic and eczematous patients . in this double - blind study 
 we compare a novel ba formulation ( containing bosexil , inci [ international nomenclature of cosmetic ingredients ] : lecithin , boswellia serrata resin extract ) with a placebo formulation . 
 a third arm of the trial received a formulation of vaccinium myrtillus seed oil , previously demonstrated as an effective local treatment for psoriatic lesions.methodspatients with psoriasis or erythematous eczema were randomly assigned , in a 1:1:1 ratio , to bosexil , v. myrtillus seed oil , or placebo . in order to evaluate the effects of treatment , the changes of scales and erythema from diagnosis to the end of treatment 
 were scored in psoriatic patients , while changes in itch and erythema were analyzed for erythematous eczema patients . 
 psoriasis area severity index and eczema area and severity index scores were also calculated.resultsin patients with psoriasis , scales and erythema improved both with bosexil and the v. myrtillus seed oil treatment in comparison with placebo . in particular , the treatment with bosexil formulation improved scales ( 70% of cases ) and erythema ( 50% of cases ) without any case of worsening . in patients with eczema , the administration of placebo did not result in any improvement in 90% of cases , and in the remaining 10% worsened both itch and erythema . 
 bosexil formulation improved both itch ( 60% of cases ) and erythema ( 60% of cases ) without any case of worsening . 
 v. myrtillus seed oil improved itch and erythema in 66.7% and 77.8% of patients , respectively.conclusiona topical formulation of bosexil may be promising for the treatment of psoriasis and erythematous eczema . 
 long - term studies are recommended to evaluate the adherence to this topical treatment and its clinical benefits in real life .