the common iliac arteries start from the aortic bifurcation and terminate by dividing into the external and internal iliac arteries ( figure 1 ) . the length of the common iliac artery constitutes the distance between its more variable origin and its more stable termination [ 13 ] . it is of note that these 2 points indicate an age - related shift in relation to the spine . during prenatal life , both the origin and termination of the common iliac arteries apparently ascend in relation to the spine ( pseudoascensus ) . on the contrary , in adults the aortic bifurcation undergoes a downward shift ( pseudodescensus ) due to osteoporosis of the vertebrae , degenerative changes of the intervertebral discs , and reduction in the length of the spine . in adults the left common iliac artery is shorter than the right one , because it begins on the left side of vertebra l4 . the common iliac arteries develop from proximal segments of the primary umbilical arteries , in direct extension of the dorsal aortas . as reported by mansfield and howard , in case of complete absence of the common iliac arteries , the abdominal aorta is divided directly into 4 branches : the 2 internal and the 2 external iliac arteries . presented aplasia of the right common iliac artery in an asymptomatic patient , in whom both the right pelvis and lower limb were supplied by an anomalous branch from the left internal iliac artery . some authors therefore   argued that congenital absence of the common iliac arteries should be included in the differential diagnosis for intermittent claudication of the legs ( leriche syndrome ) . advances in perinatal medicine have required an extensive knowledge of fetal aorto - iliac quantitative morphology . the normative morphometric data of the common iliac arteries in human fetuses may be useful as a reference for future doppler studies in the prenatal diagnosis and monitoring of congenital abnormalities ( aneurysms , idiopathic infantile arterial calcification ) that include discordant diameters of the aorta and its branches [ 1114 ] . although morphometric values of the common iliac arteries in human fetuses have been presented by gocicka et al . , and zgner and sulak , to data , growth curves for the common iliac artery dimensions have not been reported in the professional literature . because of this , in the present study we aimed to determine : age - specific reference intervals for length , external diameter and volume of the 2 common iliac arteries at varying gestational age , and the normal growth curves for each morphometric feature . the examinations were carried out on 124 human fetuses of both sexes ( 60 males , 64 females ) derived from spontaneous abortions or stillbirths in the years 19892001 . legal and ethical considerations had been approved by the university research ethics committee ( kb/217/2006).on macroscopic examination , both internal and external anatomical malformations were ruled out in all the included specimens , which were diagnosed as normal . in no case was the cause of fetal death related to congenital cardiovascular or non - cardiovascular anomalies . the sample included fetuses which were the outcome of causes of intra - uterine growth restriction . gestational ages were determined from measurements of the crown - rump length on the basis of iffy tables . for statistical analysis , the fetuses were divided into 6 monthly groups , related to the 49 months of gestation . the arterial bed was filled with white latex lbs 3060 through a catheter stericath ( diameter of 0.51 mm ) , which was introduced by lumbar access into the abdominal aorta . the fetal arteries were filled under a controlled pressure of 5060 mm hg , using a syringe infusion pump sep 11s ( ascor sa , medical equipment , warsaw 2001 ) . all specimens were immersed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution for 424 months for preservation , and then dissected under 10-fold magnification using a stereoscope with huygens ocular . in each fetus , the dissected common iliac arteries in situ with a millimeter scale were placed vertically to the optical lens axis , then recorded using a camera ( nikon coolpix 8400 ) , and digitalized to tiff images ( figure 1 ) . next , digital pictures of the common iliac arteries were assessed by 1 researcher using digital image analysis ( leica qwin pro 16 , cambridge ) , which semi - automatically estimated length , external diameter and volume of the marked common iliac arteries . each measurement was performed 3 times and the mean of them was then used . briefly , measurements of the parameters examined were derived by assuming that the filled common iliac arteries constituted a flexible cylinder . diameter measurements were derived by assuming that the filled vessels were circular in cross - section . in order to calculate the arterial volume from a 2d image , it was assumed that each vessel of varying diameter can be divided into a large number of small irregular cylinders [ 1719 ] with both varying diameter ( d ) and height ( h ) . their volumes could be described by the following equation : ( v  volume , 3.14 , d the sum of the volumes of such cylinders approximating the vessel was given in mm as the common iliac artery volume . for each fetus , on both sides , the 3 following parameters of the common iliac artery were assessed : length in mm  distance between the aortic bifurcation and the common iliac artery bifurcation , proximal external diameter in mm - immediately below the aortic bifurcation , and the length , proximal external diameter and volume of the common iliac arteries were correlated to fetal age so as to establish their growth . the relative growth of the common iliac arteries was expressed as the length - to - proximal external diameter ratio . as the first step in the statistical analysis , student s t test was used to examine the influence of sex on the values of the parameters studied . the morphometric results were evaluated by one - way anova test for unpaired data and post - hoc rir tukey test . regression analysis was used to derive the line of best fit for each morphometric feature of the common iliac arteries and gestational age . no significant differences were found in the values of morphometric parameters of the common iliac arteries according to sex ( p>0.05 ) . therefore , the values obtained for the right ( table 2 ) and left ( table 3 ) common iliac arteries have been summarized without regard to sex . by contrast , there were significant correlations between all the parameters studied and gestational age ( p=0.0000 ) . although the right - left differences for the whole group were not found to be statistically significant ( p>0.05 ) , the results for each common iliac artery are presented separately because of their great inter - individual variability ( tables 2 and 3 ) and a strong trend towards greater values on the right side . the values of the common iliac artery length increased from 4.761.05 to 15.381.60 mm on the right , and from 4.921.33 to 14.911.25 mm on the left for the 4-month group and 9-month group of gestation , respectively . in 75 ( 60.5% ) specimens the individual values of the common iliac artery length were greater on the right side . with regard to fetal age , the lengths of the right ( figure 2a ) and left ( figure 2b ) common iliac arteries increased according to the linear functions : y=3.598 + 0.585age 1.522 ( r=0.83 ) and y=3.107 + 0.554age 1.444 ( r=0.83 ) , respectively . the proximal external diameter of the common iliac artery took the values from 0.660.19 to 2.300.42 mm on the right , and from 0.660.14 to 2.160.42 mm on the left at the fetal ages of 4 and 9 months , respectively . the individual values of the proximal external diameter of the right common iliac artery were greater in 79 ( 63.7% ) fetuses . their growth followed the quadratic models : y=1.3920.110age+0.004age 0.285 ( r=0.77 ) and y=1.2830.099age+0.004age 0.238 ( r= 0.81 ) for the right ( figure 3a ) and left ( figure 3b ) common iliac arteries . nevertheless , on the right and left sides both the length and external diameter of the common iliac artery did not rise proportionally during the study period , because they did not have the same rate of growth through the analyzed fetal ages . this change of rate is illustrated in figure 4 , in which the length - to - proximal external diameter ratio of the common iliac arteries was found to increase until the age of 6 months , after which its value decreased . in fetuses aged 4 and 9 months of gestation , the values of the common iliac artery volume were increasing from 1.931.74 to 66.9529.31 mm on the right , and from 1.911.65 to 56.8625.17 mm on the left , respectively . in 84 ( 67.7% ) fetuses the individual values of the common iliac artery volume were greater on the right side . the volumetric growth of the common iliac artery generated the quadratic functions : y=99.6910.60age+0.287age 14.40 ( r=0.67 ) on the right ( figure 5a ) , and y=82.628.86age+0.242age 11.60 ( r= 0.71 ) on the left ( figure 5b ) . after reviewing the professional literature on the common iliac arteries in human fetuses we managed to find only limited reference data for their dimensions . the existing data in the literature has focused on the length and diameter , with no information about their growth curves . therefore , the present anatomical , digital and statistical study provides reference values for length , external diameter and volume of the common iliac arteries in normal human fetuses . in fact , because these spontaneous abortions and stillbirths were related to intra - uterine growth restriction , the measurements of the common iliac arteries may be somewhat smaller than normal . however , the aortic root diameter was reported to remain normal in most cases of intra - uterine growth retardation . the lack of such quantitative information in the literature concerning the common iliac arteries limits discussion on this subject . furthermore , tissue shrinkage related to neutral buffered formalin fixation has little influence on the measurements of the filled common iliac arteries in situ , the wall of which is mainly composed of elastic connective tissue . the autopsy findings of szpinda   showed only 0.51% shrinkage in elastic fetal arteries in situ , which were filled with latex and then immersed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution for 424 months . in the current study , no significant male - female differences concerning the 3 morphometric parameters of the common iliac arteries were found , in keeping with the results of some authors concerning both the length and diameter of the common iliac arteries in fetuses   and adults . although no laterality differences for the 3 parameters within the whole group were observed , the individual anatomical parameters of the right common iliac artery were found to be greater than those of the left one in relation to its length ( in 60.5% of individuals ) , external diameter ( in 63.7% of fetuses ) , and volume ( in 67.7% of cases ) . similarly , zgner and sulak   demonstrated no laterality differences in both the length and external diameter of the common iliac arteries . our findings are in disagreement with gocicka et al . , who emphasized that the left common iliac arteries were always both thinner and longer than the right ones . as pointed out in the introduction , the vertebral levels at which the common iliac arteries start and bifurcate obviously influence the length of the common iliac arteries . in cases having both high aortic bifurcation and low bifurcation of the common iliac arteries , the common iliac artery tends to be longer . studied skeletopy of the common iliac arteries in relation to the spine in 70 fetuses aged 49 months . pseudoascensus of the common iliac arteries was found with advanced fetal age . during the study period , the origin of the common iliac artery was displaced upwards half the distance of the vertebral body and projected from the level of the upper half of vertebra l5 to the lower half of vertebra l4 . at the same time , the termination of the common iliac artery shifted from the level of the lower border of vertebra s1 to the lower border of vertebra l5 . according to these authors , the common iliac artery bifurcation displaced upwards in a double fashion due to the development of both the longitudinal dimension of the spine and the transverse pelvic dimension . some authors [ 23 , 25 , 26 ] revealed that the abdominal aorta length was negatively related to the length of the common iliac arteries , therefore the shorter common iliac arteries were correlated with the longer abdominal aortas . we found that the common iliac artery length rose from 4.761.05 to 15.381.60 mm , and from 4.921.33 to 14.911.25 mm , and generated the linear patterns : y = 3.598 + 0.585age 1.522 and y=3.107 + 0.554age 1.444 for the right and left sides , respectively . the mean values for the length of the common iliac arteries recorded by gocicka et al . were slightly greater in fetuses aged 4 and 9 months , and much smaller in fetuses aged 58 months , when compared to our results . these differences may be attributed in part to the inter - individual variability and methodological differences in measurements . according to findings of zgner and sulak , the lengths of the common iliac arteries in 3 trimesters ( 912 weeks , 1325 weeks , 2637 weeks ) and in full - term ( 3840 weeks ) fetuses were 2.100.4 mm , 6.131.8 mm , 12.721.6 mm and 19.602.3 mm on the right , and 1.920.4 mm , 6.001.8 mm , 12.71.8 mm and 19.441.8 mm on the left side , respectively . of note , we found that proximal external diameters of the right and left common iliac arteries varied from 0.660.19 to 2.300.42 mm , and from 0.660.14 to 2.160.42 mm for fetuses at the ages of 4 and 9 months , which were given by the quadratic patterns : y=1.3920.110age+0.004age 0.285 and y=1.2830.099age+0.004age 0.238 , respectively . these quadratic functions were the best models for the diameter growth , because the coefficients of determination between the diameter and fetal age attained the greatest values for the right ( r=0.77 ) and left ( r=0.81 ) common iliac arteries . although the mean values for external diameters of the common iliac arteries reported by gocicka et al . correspond reasonably well to our numerical data , these authors presented a quasi - linear relationship . to our knowledge , no other angiometric study dealt with a quadratic pattern for any diameter growth , which was always presented in a linear fashion [ 3,11,12,15,1820,2729 ] . in the material of zgner and sulak   with the 4 above - mentioned groups of fetuses , external diameters of the common iliac artery attained the following values : 0.920.1 mm , 1.690.3 mm , 3.060.5 mm and 4.130.3 mm for the right one , and 0.920.7 mm , 1.630.3 mm , 2.940.5 mm and 4.070.3 mm for the left one . because the size of the specimens varied , we took into account the relative growth of each common iliac artery , expressed as the length - to - proximal external diameter ratio . as indicated in figure 4 , their relative growth turned out to be not proportional . first , until the age of 6 months , the length of the common iliac artery grew faster than its external diameter , being expressed by the positive increment of the length - to - proximal external diameter ratio . later , in contrast , the external diameter grew faster than the length of the common iliac artery , which was indicated by the decrement of the value of the length - to - proximal external diameter ratio . in our view , because the length and proximal external diameter of the common iliac arteries do not grow at the same rate all the time , the specific individual variations in growth may produce the specific adult forms in particular individuals . thus , in adults the origin of the common iliac arteries was most often ( 80% ) noted at the level of the lower ( 48% ) , middle ( 12% ) or upper ( 12% ) part of vertebra l4 , rarely ( 12% ) at the level of vertebra l5 , and occasionally ( 8% ) between l3 and l4 vertebrae . the common iliac arteries were found to start as low as the upper part of s1 , and as high as the level of l2 . according to kornreich et al . , the position of the aortic bifurcation showed an age - related downward shift with increasing age , which was more pronounced in women ( r=0.26 ) than in men ( r=0.13 ) . with each increasing decade of life there was a decline equivalent to 17.5% and 9.5% of the vertebral height for women and men , respectively . in turn , the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries in 60% of specimens projected on the lower margin of vertebra l5 , in 30% of fetuses it projected slightly above , and in 10% of the remaining fetuses it projected slightly below this level . in the only previous report related to the common iliac artery volume in human fetuses , gocicka et al . did not present any growth curves for its development . according to these authors , the mean volume of the common iliac arteries in fetuses aged 49 months varied from 2.14 to 74.82 mm on the right , and from 2.08 to 60.82 mm on the left . thus , when compared to theirs , the volumetric data in the material under examination turned out to be smaller on both sides in fetuses aged 4 and 9 months , similar on both sides in fetuses aged 5 months , and on the left side in fetuses aged 6 months , and greater in the remaining fetuses . our findings demonstrated that the common iliac artery volume increased from 1.931.74 to 66.9529.31 mm on the right , and from 1.911.65 to 56.8625.17 mm on the left . it is noteworthy that several transformations were generated to find the most precise mathematical model for the volumetric growth of the common iliac artery . we have proved that the best fit correlation between the volumetric growth of the common iliac artery and gestational age is a parabola . this fact was confirmed by the quadratic regressions : y=99.6910.60age+0.287age 14.40 and y=82.628.86age+0.242age 11.60 in relation to the right and left common iliac arteries , respectively . of note , we did not come across any study dealing with the growth curves for the common iliac artery volume . in the fetuses examined , the common iliac artery volume rose 35-fold on the right , and 30-fold on the left . these data were related to the product of the length and the squared external diameter , which increased approximately 3.2- and 3.5-fold for the right common iliac artery , and 3.0- and 3.3-fold for the left one . the present study describes the normal growth of the length , external diameter and volume of the common iliac arteries , providing mathematical models for their growth curves . a particular strength of this study is the large number ( n=124 ) of normal specimens used to generate the growth curves . in spite of the fact that this study was performed on autopsy material , the detailed morphometric data as a database for intra - uterine examination of the common iliac arteries may be useful in the early diagnosis , monitoring and management of aorto - iliac malformations in obstetrics , perinatology , and fetal pathology departments . there are no significant differences between sexes for the morphometric parameters of the common iliac arteries . the common iliac arteries grow linearly in length , and parabolically in both diameter and volume . the right common iliac artery constitutes a predominant vessel in relation to its length ( 60.5% ) , external diameter ( 63.7% ) and volume ( 67.7% ) . the morphometric data on the common iliac arteries may serve as a useful reference to professionals working in the area of congenital aorto - iliac abnormalities and morphologists teaching human developmental anatomy .
summarybackgroundthe present study was carried out to compile normative data for dimensions of the common iliac arteries at varying gestational ages.material/methodswe used anatomical dissection , digital - image analysis ( system of leica qwin pro 16 ) and statistical analysis ( student t test , one - way anova , post - hoc rir tukey test , and regression analysis ) to examine the increase in length ( mm ) , proximal external diameter ( mm ) , and volume ( mm3 ) of the common iliac arteries in 124 ( 60 males , 64 females ) spontaneously aborted human fetuses aged 1534 weeks.resultsneither sex nor right - left significant differences were found ( p>0.05 ) . 
 the length ranged from 4.761.05 to 15.381.60 mm on the right , and from 4.921.33 to 14.911.25 mm on the left , according to the linear functions y=3.598 + 0.585age 1.522 ( r2=0.83 ) and y=3.107 + 0.554age 1.444 ( r2=0.83 ) . 
 the proximal external diameter increased from 0.660.19 to 2.300.42 mm on the right , and from 0.660.14 to 2.160.42 mm on the left , according to the quadratic models y=1.3920.110age+0.004age2 0.285 ( r2=0.77 ) and y=1.2830.099age+0.004age2 0.238 ( r2=0.81 ) . 
 the volumes were increasing from 1.931.74 to 66.9529.31 mm3 on the right , and from 1.911.65 to 56.8625.17 mm3 on the left , given by the quadratic functions : y=99.6910.60age+0.287age2 14.40 ( r2=0.67 ) and y=82.628.86age+0.242age2 11.60 ( r2=0.71).conclusionsthe common iliac arteries grow linearly in length , and parabolically in both diameter and volume . 
 the right common iliac artery constitutes a predominant vessel in relation to its length , external diameter and volume . 
 the morphometric data on the common iliac arteries may serve as a useful reference in the prenatal diagnosis and monitoring of congenital aorto - iliac abnormalities .