bone marrow cells from all 13 mice transplanted with single cd150 hscs gave rise to hematopoiesis after secondary transplantation ( morita et al . , 2010 ) . in contrast , only a minority of single cd150 or cd150 hscs gave rise to significant hematopoiesis in secondary recipients ( morita et al . these findings dovetail with data demonstrating ( with an entirely different hsc enrichment strategy ) that cd150 expression predicts successful repopulation of secondary recipients ( kent et al . , 2009 ) . 2008 ) about whether cd150 hscs exist into perspective and suggest that the answer is to some degree arbitrary . a proportion of hscs lacking cd150 meet the conventional criteria for hsc activity in primary recipients , but these cells largely lack durable self - renewal in secondary transplant assays . morita et al . ( 2010 ) further demonstrate that single cd150 hscs display robust myeloid reconstitution potential upon transplantation , whereas cd150 hscs mediate only faint myeloid , but superior lymphoid , reconstitution ; these patterns appeared stable in secondary transplantations . recently , three other groups independently reported similar findings , even though the enrichment strategies for hscs were quite dissimilar except for the use of cd150 ( kent et al . , 2009 ; 2009 ) examined lymphoid versus myeloid reconstitution patterns associated with the absence or presence of cd150 on hscs ( defined as cd45epcrcd48 ; kiel et al . 2006 ) and report a strong predominance of myeloid or lymphoid reconstitution after transplantation of cd150 or cd150 cells , respectively . challen et al . ( 2010 ) demonstrated that myeloid and lymphoid - biased hscs can be purified based on hoechst dye efflux in combination with the absence of lineage markers and the presence of sca-1 and c - kit ; further separation of these hscs based on cd150 expression enhanced discrimination of the lineage bias . ( 2010 ) used an hsc isolation strategy similar to that used by nakauchi s group and detected the same lineage bias associated with cd150 expression . interestingly , this study revealed that the proportion of cd150 hscs strikingly increases with aging , whereas the proportion of cd150 or cd150 hscs strikingly diminishes with aging , suggesting that the well documented aging - related compromise of lymphopoiesis ( sudo et al . , 2000 ; rossi et al . , 2005 ) is not caused by loss of lymphoid potential by a homogeneous population of stem cells , but rather by expansion of hsc populations with predominantly myeloid potential ( beerman et al . , 2010 ) . this model is also supported by recent experiments using limiting dilution transplantation of total bone marrow ( cho et al . , 2008 ) . collectively , these data suggest that the output of different blood cell types by the hematopoietic system may be influenced by a balance of coexisting stem cell populations with different lineage propensities . the proportions of different stem cells appear to impact the final composition of differentiated blood cell populations even before the separation of distinct lineages occurs ( fig . if different hsc populations coexist , an important question is whether they exist in a hierarchy . in principle , the different populations might be able to convert into each other , or they may derive from a parental stem cell that may or may not persist into adulthood ( challen et al . , 2010 ) . ( 2010 ) demonstrate that cd150 hscs can give rise to cd150 hscs ( themselves ) , as well as to cd150 and cd150 hscs after transplantation , but that cd150 and cd150 hscs fail to give rise to cd150 hscs . thus , cd150 hscs represent the top of the hierarchy . yet , it is unclear at this point whether cd150 hscs continuously replenish cd150 and cd150 hscs during the steady state in adult bone marrow . ( 2009 ) demonstrated that cd150 hscs ( lineage markerc - kitsca-1cd48 ) turn over almost as slowly as cd150 hscs . hence , it is possible that this population can be maintained for long periods of time , even with limited self - renewal capacity . during normal aging , cd150 hsc populations expand while cd150 hsc populations diminish , suggesting that they are differentially regulated ( beerman et al . , 2010 ) . more directly , this notion is supported by the demonstration that lineage - biased hsc subtypes respond differently to transforming growth factor-1 ( challen et al . , 2010 ) . deciphering the regulation of different hsc populations and investigating their potential cross talk is an important task for the future . cd150 hscs harbor an impressive capacity to reconstitute the lymphoid system ( kent et al . , 2009 ; however , their partially preserved self - renewal and the absence of expression of flt-3 clearly distinguish cd150 hscs from the first known major stage of lymphoid differentiation , the lymphoid - primed multipotent progenitor ( lmpp ; adolfsson et al . , 2005 ) . supporting a close developmental relationship between cd150 hscs and lmpps , cd150 hscs give rise to lmpps after transplantation much more efficiently than cd150 hscs ( beerman et al . in addition , cd150 hscs harbor diminished erythroid - megakaryocytic potential in vitro ( morita et al . , 2010 ) . this is intriguing because loss of erythroid - megakaryocytic potential , even if controversial ( forsberg et al . , 2006 ) , was described as a hallmark trait of lmpps ( adolfsson et al . thus , it appears that self - renewal is not always entirely extinguished during the initial steps toward lineage differentiation . ( 2010 ) suggests that the cd150 hsc population is still heterogeneous . in the future , first , some stem cells appear to exclusively give rise to myeloid cells and , nevertheless , are capable of repopulating secondary hosts . second , up to 10% of cd150 hscs represent  latent  stem cells , which did not give rise to detectable progeny for at least 3 mo after transplantation , and then produced only low levels of myeloid reconstitution in the primary host . the authors speculate that  latent  hscs may overlap with recently described highly quiescent label - retaining hscs ( wilson et al . such label - retaining hscs , like  latent  hscs , exhibited much stronger reconstitution activity after secondary transplantation ( wilson et al . single - cell transplantation of label - retaining hscs will be necessary to definitively clarify their overlap with  latent  hscs . whether or not they are quiescent , the existence of the latent reconstitution patterns demonstrates that not all hscs contribute to blood formation at all times . this observation is reminiscent of retroviral marking experiments , which suggested that hematopoiesis at any given time is sustained by only very few clones ( lemischka et al . , 1986 these experiments support a clonal succession model , in which most of the cells within the hsc pool remain quiescent , periodically releasing active clones to sustain blood production , as previously active clones exhaust their proliferative capacity . however , a clonal succession model was difficult to reconcile with data from chimeric mice made with different embryonic stem cell founders ( harrison et al . , 1987 ) that showed that hematopoiesis was sustained simultaneously by large numbers of hscs derived from different founder cells . nevertheless , the latter observations do not prove that all or even the majority of hscs produce blood at all times . it is tempting to speculate that latent stem cell behavior may be even more common in the nontransplanted host in the absence of stimulation from cytopenias resulting from myeloablative irradiation . it will likely be possible in the future to directly investigate such issues using conditional clonal genetic marking strategies that do not involve transplantation . at least in primary transplant recipients ,  latent  hscs do not meet widely accepted operational criteria for hsc activity , which set the bar at a > 1% contribution to myeloid and lymphoid progeny in the peripheral blood for 16 wk ( morrison and weissman , 1994 ; miller and eaves , 1997 ; ema et al . , 2005 ) . as ( 2010 ) reasonably emphasize that current criteria for defining hscs may need to be reexamined . in fact , defining hsc activity based on peripheral blood analysis alone is also problematic for biological reasons . although granulocytes are short - lived so that their presence in the blood , indeed , indicates ongoing active cell production , the situation is much more complicated with blood b and t lymphocytes . conditional ablation of b and t cell production by time - controlled disruption of the recombination - activating gene-2 gene has shown that peripheral b and t lymphocytes are maintained for very long time periods , even in the absence of any new production ( hao and rajewsky , 2001 ; bourgeois et al . , 2008 ) . for example , naive follicular b cells are only gradually lost , with a half - life of 4.5 mo , and some smaller b cell subsets remain stable indefinitely ( hao and rajewsky , 2001 ) . as a result , using 1% lymphoid reconstitution as a criterion may lead to considerable overestimates of hsc properties , particularly for hsc populations with predominantly lymphoid output . it is emerging that heterogeneous hsc populations in the bone marrow coexist and coordinately give rise to hematopoiesis . in combination with other markers , the slam family member cd150 allows for the prospective enrichment of hsc populations with distinct characteristics . high expression of cd150 appears to identify cells at the very top of the hematopoietic hierarchy , as it is correlated with high self - renewal and marks the only cells with the potential to give rise to themselves , as well as to all other stem cell populations after transplantation . absence or low expression of cd150 on hscs is associated with the acquisition of powerful lymphoid reconstitution potential . in the future , it will be important to further define the precise regulation , developmental relationships , and cross talk between different hsc populations , as well as to explore their role in disease .
hematopoietic stem cells ( hscs ) save lives in routine clinical practice every day , as they are the key element in transplantation - based therapies for hematologic malignancies . 
 the success of clinical stem cell transplantation critically relies on the ability of stem cells to reconstitute the hematopoietic system for many decades after the administration of the powerful chemotherapy and/or irradiation that is required to eradicate malignant cells , but also irreversibly ablates patients own blood forming capacity . 
 surprisingly , despite enormous efforts and continuous progress in the field , our understanding of the basic biology of hscs is still rather incomplete . 
 several recent studies substantially refine our understanding of the cells at the very top of the hematopoietic hierarchy , and suggest that we may need to revise the criteria we typically use to identify and define hscs .