castorini/mr-tydi huggingface dataset:
What is the population of Spain?

title: Demographics of Spain
text: As of 1 January 2018, Spain had a total population of 46,659,302, which represents a 0.28% increase since 2017.[1] The CIA Factbook (2011) gives a racial description of "composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types" under "ethnic groups" instead of the usual breakdown of ethnic composition. This reflects the formation of the modern Kingdom of Spain by the accretion of several independent Iberian realms, like León, Castile, Navarre, the Crown of Aragon, and Granada, among others.
Is dexmethylphenidate addictive?

title: Dexmethylphenidate
text: Methylphenidate is a stimulant with an addiction liability and dependence liability similar to amphetamine. It has moderate liability among addictive drugs;[27][28] accordingly, addiction and psychological dependence are possible and likely when methylphenidate is used at high doses as a recreational drug.[28][29] When used above the medical dose range, stimulants are associated with the development of stimulant psychosis.[30] As with all addictive drugs, the overexpression of ΔFosB in D1-type medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens is implicated in methylphenidate addiction.[29][31]
How many episodes of the British TV show UFO were there?

title: UFO (TV series)
text: A single season of 26 episodes (including the pilot) was filmed over the course of more than a year; a five-month production break was caused by the closure of MGM-British Studios in Borehamwood, where the show was initially made. Production then moved to Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire. UFO was first broadcast in the UK and Canada in 1970, and in US syndication over the next two years.
When was the term gastroenteritis first used?

title: Gastroenteritis
text: The first usage of "gastroenteritis" was in 1825.[79] Before this time it was commonly known as typhoid fever or "cholera morbus", among others, or less specifically as "griping of the guts", "surfeit", "flux", "colic", "bowel complaint", or any one of a number of other archaic names for acute diarrhea.[80] Cholera morbus is a historical term that was used to refer to gastroenteritis rather than specifically cholera.[81]
Are there rounds in freestyle wrestling?

title: Freestyle wrestling
text: Nineteenth century wrestling matches were particularly long, and especially Greco-Roman bouts (where holds below the waist and the use of the legs are not allowed) could last as many as eight to nine hours, and even then, it was only decided by a draw.[3] In the 20th century, time limits were set for matches.[4] For more than forty years into the twentieth century, freestyle and its American counterpart, collegiate wrestling, not have a scoring system that decided matches in the absence of a fall. The introduction of a point system by Oklahoma State University wrestling coach Art Griffith that gained acceptance in 1941 influenced the international styles as well. By the 1960s international wrestling matches in Greco-Roman and freestyle were scored by a panel of three judges in secret, who made the final decision by raising colored paddles at the match's end. Dr. Albert de Ferrari from San Francisco who became vice president of FILA, lobbied for a visible scoring system and a rule for "controlled fall", which would recognize a fall only when the offensive wrestler had done something to cause it. These were soon adopted internationally in Greco-Roman and freestyle.[5] By 1996, before a major overhaul of FILA rules, an international freestyle match consisted of two three-minute periods, with a one-minute rest between periods.[4] Today, wrestlers from Post-Soviet states, Iran, U.S., Bulgaria, Cuba, Turkey, and Japan, have had the strongest showings. Alexander Medved of Belarus won 10 world championships and three Olympic gold medals, in the period of 1964-1972.[6] Many collegiate wrestlers have moved on to freestyle competition, particularly internationally with great success.[7]
When did Joan of Arc die?

title: Joan of Arc
text: Joan of Arc (French: Jeanne d'Arc; French pronunciation:​[ʒan daʁk]; 6 January c.1412– 30 May 1431), nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans" (French: La Pucelle d'Orléans), is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War, and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint. She was born to Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romée, a peasant family, at Domrémy in north-east France. Joan claimed to have received visions of the Archangel Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine of Alexandria instructing her to support Charles VII and recover France from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War. The uncrowned King Charles VII sent Joan to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief mission. She gained prominence after the siege was lifted only nine days later. Several additional swift victories led to Charles VII's coronation at Reims. This long-awaited event boosted French morale and paved the way for the final French victory.
What is the fastest swimming animal?

title: Fastest animals
text: The fastest land animal is the cheetah, which has a recorded speed of 109.4–120.7km/h (68.0–75.0mph).[1] The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird and the fastest member of the animal kingdom with a diving speed of 389km/h (242mph).[2] The fastest animal in the sea is the black marlin, which has a recorded speed of 129km/h (80mph).[3]
Is Latvia in the Euro zone?

title: Eurozone
text: The eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. Other EU states (except for Denmark and the United Kingdom) are obliged to join once they meet the criteria to do so.[8] No state has left, and there are no provisions to do so or to be expelled.[9] Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City have formal agreements with the EU to use the euro as their official currency and issue their own coins.[10][11][12] Kosovo and Montenegro have adopted the euro unilaterally,[13] but these countries do not officially form part of the eurozone and do not have representation in the European Central Bank (ECB) or in the Eurogroup.[14]
When did the NFL first introduce its television blackout policies?

title: National Football League television blackout policies
text: From 1973 through 2014, the NFL maintained a blackout policy that states that a home game cannot be televised in the team's local market if 85% of the tickets are not sold out 72hours prior to its start time. This makes the NFL the only major professional sports league in the US that requires teams to sell out tickets in order to broadcast a game on television locally. Although nationally televised games in the other leagues are often blacked out on the national networks on which the game is airing in the local markets of the participating teams, they can still be seen on the local broadcast TV station or regional sports network that normally holds their local/regional broadcast rights. The league blackout policy has been suspended on a year-to-year basis since 2015.
What is a crime drama?

title: Crime film
text: Crime films, in the broadest sense, are a cinematic genre inspired by and analogous to the crime fiction literary genre. Films of this genre generally involve various aspects of crime and its detection. Stylistically, the genre may overlap and combine with many other genres, such as drama or gangster film[1], but also include comedy, and, in turn, is divided into many sub-genres, such as mystery, suspense or noir.
When did Issac Asimov publish his rules on robotics?

title: Three Laws of Robotics
text: In The Rest of the Robots, published in 1964, Asimov noted that when he began writing in 1940 he felt that "one of the stock plots of science fiction was... robots were created and destroyed their creator. Knowledge has its dangers, yes, but is the response to be a retreat from knowledge? Or is knowledge to be used as itself a barrier to the dangers it brings?" He decided that in his stories robots would not "turn stupidly on his creator for no purpose but to demonstrate, for one more weary time, the crime and punishment of Faust."[2]
What is the most common breed of chicken used for commercial meat production?

title: Broiler
text: A broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) is any chicken that is bred and raised specifically for meat production.[1] Many typical broilers have white feathers and yellowish skin. Most commercial broilers reach slaughter-weight between four[2] and seven weeks of age, although slower growing breeds reach slaughter-weight at approximately 14 weeks of age. Due to extensive breeding selection for rapid early growth and the husbandry used to sustain this, broilers are susceptible to several welfare concerns, particularly skeletal malformation and dysfunction, skin and eye lesions and congestive heart conditions. Management of ventilation, housing, stocking density and in-house procedures must be evaluated regularly to support good welfare of the flock. The breeding stock (broiler-breeders) do grow to maturity but also have their own welfare concerns related to the frustration of a high feeding motivation and beak trimming. Broilers are usually grown as mixed-sex flocks in large sheds under intensive conditions.
When was the Tokyo Dome built?

title: Tokyo Dome
text: Tokyo Dome(東京ドーム,Tōkyō Dōmu, TYO: ) is a stadium in Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan. Construction on the stadium began on May 16, 1985, and it opened on March 17, 1988. It was built on the site of the Velodrome, adjacent to the predecessor ballpark, Kōrakuen Stadium. It has a maximum total capacity of 57,000 depending on configuration, with an all-seating configuration of 42,000.[3][4][5]
Is Zac MacGuire married?

title: Zac MacGuire
text: Zac tries to support Leah when the courts decide to give custody of Billie's daughter Luc to Ash. Despite his acts of goodwill, Leah is convinced their marriage is at breaking point and files for divorce, much to Zac's shock and disbelief. Zac continually tries to win her back but his attempts prove futile and he fails. After having a chat and a drink with Nate Cooper, Zac ends up drunk and heads over to Leah's. He climbs onto the roof and Roo and Leah watch him in shock. After making a heartwarming speech to Leah that he will always love her, Zac trips and falls from the roof, sustaining near fatal injuries. He is rushed into hospital afterwards and manages to make a full recovery. Hunter visits him whilst he is resting and Zac makes a remark about when he and Charlotte broke up, causing Hunter to question whether Zac is really his father. Zac eventually finds out about the test and reassures Hunter that he is his father by telling him that he and Charlotte were in an on-off relationship around the time of his conception, ridding Hunter of all doubt. Hunter bins the test but curiosity takes him over and he reads it, finding out that Zac is in fact not his father. Zac goes to leave the bay, wanting to take Hunter with him, but Hunter tells him he is not his father and convinces him to just leave the Bay. With his marriage to Leah no longer functional and hit by Hunter not being his son, Zac then leaves for his new teaching post in Vietnam to join Evie and Matt.
Why did Hideo Kojima leave Konami?

title: Hideo Kojima
text: At the 2013 Game Developers Conference, Kojima unveiled Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain, which was set to be his final Metal Gear work, noting that this time unlike previous announcements that he had stopped working on the series, was very serious about leaving.[63] In March 2015, reports began to surface that Kojima would part ways with longtime publisher Konami after the release of The Phantom Pain.[64] Konami later stated that they were auditioning for new staff for future Metal Gear titles and removed Kojima's name from the series' marketing material.[65] Despite reports that Kojima left the company in October 2015, a spokesman for Konami stated that he was "taking a long time off from work."[66] At The Game Awards 2015, Metal Gear Solid V won the awards for Best Action Game and Best Score/Soundtrack, but Kojima did not attend the event, being reportedly barred from attending by Konami.[67] Instead, it was accepted by Kiefer Sutherland on his behalf.[67]
How fast is the fastest horse in the world?

title: List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses
text: It is common to compare racehorses on multiple factors such as their overall race record, the quality of the horses they beat and the brilliance of their wins. Comparison of raw times is generally unreliable between horses of different eras or even in different countries due to a variety of factors such as the racing surface and the pace at which the race is run. Timeform ratings, introduced in 1948,[1] and Beyer Speed Figures, introduced in the United States in 1992, are relatively recent attempts to compensate for such variables.[2] Thoroughbred Winning Brew holds the Guinness world record for the fastest speed for a Thoroughbred racehorse, at 70.76km/h (43.97mph) over two furlongs,[3] although Quarter Horses attain higher speeds over shorter distances than Thoroughbreds.[4] Looking at average speeds for longer distances may be misleading as many races are run with a slow initial pace followed by a sprint in the stretch drive.
What is the temperature on Mars?

title: Climate of Mars
text: Differing in situ values have been reported for the average temperature on Mars,[21] with a common value being −63°C (210K; −81°F).[22][23] Surface temperatures may reach a high of about 20°C (293K; 68°F) at noon, at the equator, and a low of about −153°C (120K; −243°F) at the poles.[24] Actual temperature measurements at the Viking landers' site range from −17.2°C (256.0K; 1.0°F) to −107°C (166K; −161°F). The warmest soil temperature estimated by the Viking Orbiter was 27°C (300K; 81°F).[25] The Spirit rover recorded a maximum daytime air temperature in the shade of 35°C (308K; 95°F), and regularly recorded temperatures well above 0°C (273K; 32°F), except in winter.[26]
Why is tar used to seal cracks?

title: Oakum
text: Oakum can be used to seal cast iron pipe drains. After setting the pipes together, workers pack oakum into the joints, then pour molten lead into the joint to create a permanent seal. The oakum swells and seals the joint, the "tar" in the oakum prevents rot, and the lead keeps the joint physically tight. Today, modern methods, such as rubber seals (for example, gaskets or o-rings) are more common.[5]
What is Massachusetts average income?

title: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income
text: Massachusetts is the third richest state in the United States of America, with a per capita income of $25,952 (2000) and a personal per capita income of $39,815 (as of 2003). Many of the state's wealthiest towns are located in the suburban area around Boston with a high concentration of wealthy cities and towns just to the west of Boston, in the MetroWest area, and along the northern and southern coastal regions that have easy access to the city, in particular the North Shore of Boston which is known as the region's "Gold Coast" (see North Shore (Massachusetts)). Many wealthy summer communities are located along the shores of Cape Cod and there are several other wealthy communities located farther west than the Boston Metro area clustered in suburban areas around Worcester and in rural areas in far western parts of the state. All data is from the 2009-2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.[1][2][3]
How large is the human cerebellum?

title: Cerebellum
text: The unusual surface appearance of the cerebellum conceals the fact that most of its volume is made up of a very tightly folded layer of gray matter: the cerebellar cortex. Each ridge or gyrus in this layer is called a folium. It is estimated that, if the human cerebellar cortex were completely unfolded, it would give rise to a layer of neural tissue about 1meter long and averaging 5centimeters wide—a total surface area of about 500square cm, packed within a volume of dimensions 6cm × 5cm × 10cm.[8] Underneath the gray matter of the cortex lies white matter, made up largely of myelinated nerve fibers running to and from the cortex. Embedded within the white matter—which is sometimes called the arbor vitae (tree of life) because of its branched, tree-like appearance in cross-section—are four deep cerebellar nuclei, composed of gray matter.[10]
What's the national flower of Taiwan?

title: National Flower of the Republic of China
text: The National Flower of the Republic of China was officially designated as the plum blossom by the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China on July 21, 1964.[1] The plum blossom, known as the meihua (Chinese:梅花; pinyin:méihuā), is symbol for resilience and perseverance in the face of adversity, because plum blossoms often bloom most vibrantly even amidst the harsh winter snow.[2][3] As the plum tree can usually grow for a long time, ancient trees are found throughout China. Huangmei county (Yellow Mei) in Hubei features a 1,600-year-old plum tree from the Jin Dynasty which is still flowering. The three stamens represents Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People, while the five petals symbolize the five branches of the government: Executive Yuan, Legislative Yuan, Judicial Yuan, Examination Yuan and Control Yuan.[1][3] The flower has also been proposed to be one of the national flowers for the People's Republic of China.[4]
How many people died in the Pugachev's Rebellion?

title: Pugachev's Rebellion
text: By late 1774 the tide was turning, and the Russian army's victory at Tsaritsyn left 9,000-10,000 rebels dead. Russian General Panin's savage reprisals, after the capture of Penza, completed their discomfiture. By early September, the rebellion was crushed. Yemelyan Pugachev was betrayed by his own Cossacks when he tried to flee in mid-September 1774. He was beheaded and dismembered on 21 January 1775, in Moscow.
When did George Orwell write Homage to Catalonia?

title: Homage to Catalonia
text: The first edition was published in the United Kingdom in 1938. The book was not published in the United States until February 1952, when it appeared with an influential preface by Lionel Trilling. The only translation published in Orwell's lifetime was into Italian, in December 1948.[1] A French translation by Yvonne Davet—with whom Orwell corresponded, commenting on her translation and providing explanatory notes—in 1938–39, was not published until five years after Orwell's death.[2] .
How long did the Aksumites rule in Ethiopia?

title: Kingdom of Aksum
text: The Kingdom of Aksum (also known as the Kingdom of Axum, or the Aksumite Empire) was an ancient kingdom located in what is now Tigray Region (northern Ethiopia) and Eritrea.[2][3]. Axumite Emperors were powerful sovereigns, styling themselves King of kings, king of Aksum, Himyar, Raydan, Saba, Salhen, Tsiyamo, Beja and of Kush.[4] Ruled by the Aksumites, it existed from approximately 100 AD to 940 AD. The polity was centered in the city of Axum and grew from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period around the 4th century BC to achieve prominence by the 1st century AD. Aksum became a major player on the commercial route between the Roman Empire and Ancient India. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency, with the state establishing its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush. It also regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian Peninsula and eventually extended its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom. The Manichaei prophet Mani (died 274 AD) regarded Axum as one of the four great powers of his time, the others being Persia, Rome, and China.[2][5]
How many red blood cells are in the human body?

title: Red blood cell
text: Adult humans have roughly 20–30 trillion red blood cells at any given time, constituting approximately 70% of all cells by number.[18] Women have about 4–5 million red blood cells per microliter (cubic millimeter) of blood and men about 5–6 million; people living at high altitudes with low oxygen tension will have more. Red blood cells are thus much more common than the other blood particles: there are about 4,000–11,000 white blood cells and about 150,000–400,000 platelets per microliter.
Are cows sacred in Hindu?

title: Cattle in religion and mythology
text: Many ancient and medieval Hindu texts debate the rationale for a voluntary stop to cow slaughter and the pursuit of vegetarianism as a part of a general abstention from violence against others and all killing of animals.[13][14] According to Harris, the literature relating to cow veneration became common in 1st millennium CE, and by about 1000 CE vegetarianism, along with a taboo against beef, became a well accepted mainstream Hindu tradition.[5] This practice was inspired by the beliefs in Hinduism that a soul is present in all living beings, life in all its forms is interconnected, and non-violence towards all creatures is the highest ethical value.[5][8] Vegetarianism is a part of the Hindu culture. The god Krishna and his Yadav kinsmen are associated with cows, adding to its endearment.[5][8]
Who won the 85th 24 Hours of Le Mans?

title: 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans
text: The race was won by the No. 2 Porsche driven by Timo Bernhard, Brendon Hartley and Earl Bamber after taking the lead of the race in the final two hours. It was the second victory at Le Mans for Bamber and Bernhard, and Hartley's first. Toyota's Sébastien Buemi, Kazuki Nakajima, and Anthony Davidson finished in eighth place after starting on second position, and were the only other competitor in the LMP1 field to finish the event. The LMP2 category was won by Ho-Pin Tung, Thomas Laurent, and Oliver Jarvis in the No. 38 Jackie Chan DC Racing Oreca, who led the race outright for several hours before finishing in second place overall. The second DC Racing entry of David Cheng, Tristan Gommendy, and Alex Brundle were three laps behind for third overall, followed by the No. 35 Signatech Alpine of Nelson Panciatici, Pierre Ragues, and André Negrão.
Is amnesia real?

title: Amnesia
text: Amnesia is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma.[1] Amnesia can also be caused temporarily by the use of various sedatives and hypnotic drugs. The memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that was caused.[2] There are two main types of amnesia: retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation.[3] In some cases the memory loss can extend back decades, while in others the person may lose only a few months of memory. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store. People with this type of amnesia cannot remember things for long periods of time. These two types are not mutually exclusive; both can occur simultaneously.
When did the Holy Roman Empire end?

title: Holy Roman Empire
text: The Holy Roman Empire (Latin: Sacrum Romanum Imperium; German: Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.[3] The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of Germany, though it also came to include the neighboring Kingdom of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Burgundy, the Kingdom of Italy, and numerous other territories.[4][5][6]
When did Rubén Darío die?

title: Rubén Darío
text: Félix Rubén García Sarmiento (January 18, 1867 – February 6, 1916), known as Rubén Darío (Spanish pronunciation:[ruˈβen daˈɾi.o]), was a Nicaraguan poet who initiated the Spanish-American literary movement known as modernismo (modernism) that flourished at the end of the 19th century. Darío has had a great and lasting influence on 20th-century Spanish literature and journalism. He has been praised as the "Prince of Castilian Letters" and undisputed father of the modernismo literary movement.[1]