Mesopotamia (Larabci: بِلَاد ٱلرَّافِدَيْن Bilād ar-Rāfidayn; Girkanci na dā: Μεσοποταμία; Classical Syriac: ܐܪܡ Ā ārām-Nahrīn ko ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ Bēṯ Nahrīn) yanki ne na tarihi na Yammacin Asiya da ke cikin yankin Tigris-Euph, a arewacin bangaren jinni. Ta mamaye yankin Iraki na yanzu, da wasu sassan Iran, Turkiya, Syria da Kuwait. Sumerians da Akkadians (gami da Assuriyawa da Babilawa) sun mamaye Mesopotamia daga farkon rubutaccen tarihin (c. 3100 BC) zuwa faɗuwar Babila a 539 BC, lokacin da Daular Achaemenid ta ci ta da yaƙi. Ya fada hannun Alexander the Great a 332 BC, kuma bayan mutuwarsa, ta zama wani bangare na Daular Seleucid ta Girka. Daga baya Suriyawa suka mamaye manyan sassan Mesofotamiya (c. 900 BC - 270 AD) Kusan 150 BC, Mesopotamia yana ƙarƙashin ikon Daular Parthian. Mesofotamiya ya zama filin yaƙi tsakanin Romawa da Parthians, tare da Yammacin Mesofotamiya waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon Roman. A AD 226, yankunan gabashin Mesofotamiya sun faɗi ga Farisa na Sassanid.