Hoofmanskap 'n Hoofmanskap is 'n vorm van hiërargiese politieke organisasie in nie-industriële samelewings gewoonlik gebaseer op verwantskap, en waar formele leierskap monopoliseer word deur die wettige senior lede van geselekteerde gesinne of "huise". Hierdie elite vorm 'n politieke-ideologiese aristokrasie met betrekking tot die algemene groep. Berezkin, Yu. E. 1995. "Alternative Models of Middle Range Society" and " 'Individualistic' Asia vs. 'Collectivistic' America?", in Alternative Pathways to Early State, Ed. N. N. Kradin & V. A. Lynsha. Vladivostok: Dal'nauka: 75–83. Carneiro, R. L. 1981. "The Chiefdom: Precursor of the State", The Transition to Statehood in the New World / Ed. by G. D. Jones and R. R. Kautz, pp. 37–79. Cambridge, UK – New York, NY: Cam-bridge University Press. Carneiro, R. L. 1991. "The Nature of the Chiefdom as Revealed by Evidence from the Cauca Valley of Colombia", Profiles in Cultural Evolution / Ed. by A.T. Rambo and K. Gillogly, pp.