Voyage (), is a 2013 film by the acclaimed Hong Kong film-maker "Scud", the production-crediting name of Danny Cheng Wan-Cheung. It is described as "a tragic story about love, fate and the struggle of losing loved ones", and received its world premiere on 20 October 2013 at the Chicago International Film Festival. It was filmed in Hong Kong, Mongolia, Malaysia, Australia, Germany and Holland, and is the director's first film partially made outside Asia, and also his first to be filmed mostly in the English language. It explores several themes traditionally regarded as 'taboo' in Hong Kong society in an unusually open, convention-defying way, and features full-frontal male nudity in several scenes. It is the fifth of seven publicly released films by Scud. The six other films are: "City Without Baseball" in 2008, "Permanent Residence" in 2009, "Amphetamine" in 2010, "Love Actually... Sucks!" in 2011, "Utopians" in 2015 and "Thirty Years of Adonis" in 2017. His eighth film, "Naked Nation", is currently in production.
	Voyage centres on a young psychiatrist (played by Ryo van Kooten) who leaves Hong Kong to embark on a long lone voyage from Hong Kong along the coast of South-East Asia to try to overcome the emotional turmoil he has experienced in his relationships with former clients. While travelling, he tries to come to terms with his experiences by making a detailed record of their stories, and decides to visit those places himself.
	The film's director, Scud, explained that the idea for the film "originated from my own thoughts about suicide. One time, I had thought about walking into the central Australian desert until I am exhausted and die in a miserable way. These thoughts caused me to think about similar people in this situation." He continued that "All of the episodes are independent of each other and the stories are based on real experiences which some of the actors appearing in the film have gone through. Having an international cast and locations around the world is appropriate because depression and suicide are universal themes".
	Filming of Voyage began in September 2011 in the city of Hanover in Germany, and was Scud's first film set outside Asia. It stars the Peruvian-Japanese American actor, singer and visual artist Sebastian Castro, very popular in Asia, who was also commissioned to produce some original art for the film.
	Voyage features many of Scud’s colleagues from previous films, such as the actors Byron Pang, Haze Leung, Adrian "Ron" Heung, and Linda So, as well as several technical staff, such as the Director of Photography, Charlie Lam, who worked on Scud’s 2010 film "Amphetamine". During filming, Scud said, "I am really enjoying shooting in Europe because people are so film-friendly.. I can see myself coming back to film again in Europe". The German episode includes appearances by the UK actress Debra Baker (Junkhearts) and the German actress Leni Speidel, who was also the Production Manager for filming in Europe.
	A two-disc Sky Digi Entertainment (Taiwan) edition of "Voyage" was released internationally on DVD on 29 September 2014.

= = = Synthetic virology = = =

	Synthetic virology is a branch of virology engaged specifically in the study and engineering of synthetic, man-made viruses. It is a multidisciplinary research field at the intersection of virology, synthetic biology, computational biology, and DNA nanotechnology, from which it borrows and integrates its concepts and methodologies. There is a wide range of applications for synthetic viral technology such as medical treatments, investigative tools, and reviving organisms.
	Advances in genome sequencing technology and oligonucleotide synthesis paved the way for construction of synthetic genomes based on previously sequenced genomes. Both RNA and DNA viruses can be made using existing methods. RNA viruses have historically been utilized due to the typically small genome size and existing reverse transcription machinery present. The first man-made infectious viruses generated without any natural template were of the polio virus and the φX174 bacteriophage. With synthetic live viruses, it is not whole viruses that are synthesized but rather their genome at first, both in the case of DNA and RNA viruses. For many viruses, viral RNA is infectious when introduced into a cell (during infection or after reverse transcription). These organisms are able to sustain an infectious life cycle upon introduction "in vivo".
	This technology is now being used to investigate novel vaccine strategies. The ability to synthesize viruses has far-reaching consequences, since viruses can no longer be regarded as extinct, as long as the information of their genome sequence is known and permissive cells are available. As of March 2014, the full-length genome sequences of 3,843 different viruses, including the smallpox virus, are publicly available in an online database maintained by the National Institutes of Health. Synthetic viruses have also been researched as potential gene therapy tools.

= = = 1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election = = =

	The West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1967 was held in Indian state of West Bengal in 1967 to elect 280 members to the West Bengal Legislative Assembly. United Front led by Ajoy Mukherjee won majority of seats in the election, and formed first non-Congress government of the state.
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"|
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Political Party
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |No. of candidates
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |No. of elected
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Number of Votes
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seat change
	United Front led by Ajoy Mukherjee formed the Government. United Front was combination of People's United Left Front, an electoral combination of Communist Party of India, the Bangla Congress, the All India Forward Bloc and the Bolshevik Party of India with United Left Front (1967), electoral alliance of The front comprised the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the Samyukta Socialist Party, the Socialist Unity Centre of India, the Marxist Forward Bloc, the Revolutionary Communist Party of India, the Workers Party of India and the Revolutionary Socialist Party.

= = = House at 1487 Loma Vista Street = = =

	The House at 1487 Loma Vista Street is a historic house located at 1487 Loma Vista Street in Pasadena, California. The American Craftsman house was built in 1913 in the city's Pasadena Heights neighborhood. A gable with paired brackets covers the front porch and part of the first story; the gable is supported by three concrete piers topped by decorative lumber uprights. The sides and rear of the house each have gables at both the first and second stories. All of the gables in the house have exaggerated peaks inspired by Asian architecture, wide eaves, and exposed rafter tails. The property includes a similarly-designed garage, which also has an exaggerated gable peak and is considered a contributing building.
	The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 20, 2004.

= = = Bhadarva = = =

	Bhadarva (Bhadarwa) is a village in Savli Taluka in Vadodara District of Gujarat State, India. Bhadarva's pin code is 391780 and postal head office is Bhadarwa.
	bhadarva the state of natvarsinh thakor saheb 
	Bhadarva is located on the banks of the Mahi (Mahisagar) River. It is 27 km north of the district headquarters at Vadodara. 13 km from Savli, and 108 KM from the State capital Gandhinagar.
	The nearest villages to Bhadarva are Poicha (kanoda) ( 4 KM ) , Poicha (raniya) ( 4 KM ) , Ranchhodpura ( 6 KM ) , Moksi ( 6 KM ) , Anjesar ( 6 KM ). Bhadarva is surrounded by Savli Taluka towards the east , Anklav Taluka towards the south , Vadodara Taluka towards the south and Umreth Taluka towards the north .
	Bhadarva is on the border of the Vadodara District and Anand District. Anand is west of this place .
	Gujarati is the local language.
	In 1880, there were more than 3,000 people living in Bhadarva. By 1951, the population was below 5,000. In 2001, there were about 6,000 people living here.
	As per 2011 census total no of households is 1253, total population is 5951, of which 3069 are male and 2882 are female.
	Majority of village population belongs to Kshatriya community. Bhadarva is a beautiful village situated on the bank of river Mahisagar. Surrounded by ravines and forests, it was a princely state in the era of British rule.
	Places of tourist attractions are: 
	Darbar Gadh
	Mahi rover
	Ravines and forests
	GR Bhagat High School
	Chehar Mataji Temple
	Gyatari Mata Temple
	Vasad Jn Rail Way Station (15 km by road), and Ranoli Rail Way Station (13 km by road) are the nearby railway stations to Bhadarva. The nearest major station is Vadodara Jn Railway Station, 22km away.
	Bhadarva is also connected to Savli (11 km) by road.

= = = Kasparov.ru = = =

	Kasparov.ru (titled, but not actually addressed, in Russian as Каспаров.Ru) is a Russian-language website(сreated in 27 May 2005), critical of Vladimir Putin, operated by Garry Kasparov. As of March 2013 it was the 816th most popular website in Russia, but it has fallen down to 4,098 by September 2015.
	The website has been a target of DDoS attacks in the past. The site was censored in Russia in early 2014.

= = = Hangar 1: The UFO Files = = =

	Hangar 1: The UFO Files is an American documentary TV series that premiered on February 28, 2014 on H2. It was produced by Go Go Luckey Productions.
	The Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) provides files from their archives of UFO sightings as the basis for episodes of "Hangar 1".
	Color Key
	Season 1 started on February 28, 2014 on H2 Channel in North America.
	Season 2 started on April 10, 2015.
	The series premiered in Australia on June 11, 2015 on the Australian version of The History Channel.

= = = Caution (Left Spine Down album) = = =

	Caution is the second studio album by the Canadian digital hardcore band Left Spine Down. It was released on August 23, 2011 through Metropolis Records.

= = = Samuel Wear = = =

	Samuel Wear (1753–Apr. 3, 1817) was an American War of Independence soldier who fought at the Battle of Kings Mountain. He was one of the founders of the "Lost State of Franklin", and a drafter of the Constitution of the State of Tennessee.
	Samuel Wear was born in Augusta County, Virginia in 1753. He and his first wife, Mary Thompson, had four children.
	During the War for Independence, Wear and his family settled in the Overmountain town of Henderson Springs, then in Washington County (and later Greene County). Wear fought with the Overmountain Men in the Battle of Kings Mountain in October 1780. During the area's estrangement from North Carolina, Wear's house was the headquarters for the local Sevier County militia, loyal to Franklin president, John Sevier.
	Wear served as a state constitutional delegate and was the first county clerk of Sevier County under the State of Franklin, 1786–1787. Wear kept the county clerk position through the several local, regional, and federal governmental changes that followed, and still held the position when the area received statehood in 1796. In February 1788, Wear, fighting alongside Sevier against Tipton's forces, took part in the siege of Tipton's abode (at the so called "Battle of Franklin").
	In 1782, Wear established a stockade, which was called "Wears Fort," at the entrance to a cove situated in present day Pigeon Forge, at the confluence of Walden Creek and the Little Pigeon River (what is now Pigeon Forge City Park). This is along the Cherokee footpath known as the "Indian Gap Trail," which passed through the valley en route to its junction with the Great Indian Warpath. Wear's fort was erected to protect the early settlers in that vicinity from Indian attacks; but its location along the trail made it a popular target for small bands of Cherokee warriors.
	In 1786, Wear was one of the emissaries to the Cherokee who negotiated the Treaty of Coyatee, re-affirming the 1785 Treaty of Dumplin (which Dragging Canoe's Chickamauga faction had refused to recognize). The new treaty extended the area for white settlement almost as far south as the Little Tennessee River, along which the main "Overhill Cherokee" towns were located. After the conclusion of hostilities with Great Britain, however, continuing encroachment into lands the Cherokee believed to be theirs—by treaty with the Federal government—caused escalating violence in the area, especially south of the French Broad River.
	Wear's Fort was attacked by Chickamauga in 1793. At the time, he was commander of the Sevier County militia, then operating under the Territory South of the River Ohio's territorial-governor, William Blount. Wear led a punitive march against the village of Tallassee shortly thereafter. The expedition killed at least fifteen Cherokee, and captured four females. In 1794, several Cherokee fired on Wear and his two sons just outside Calvins Blockhouse (near Maryville), although the Wears escaped unharmed.
	In 1795, as a constitutional convention delegate appointed by Sevier, Wear and four others met at Wears Fort and drafted the constitution presented to convention delegates in the establishment of the State of Tennessee. Thomas Jefferson stated that of all the constitutions written and adopted by new frontier states, the Tennessee Constitution was the "best written and most in line with the spirit of the United States Constitution."
	Wear commanded the 1st Regiment, East Tennessee Volunteer Militia, from September thru December, 1813, under General James White. The volunteer corp, which was stationed at the new Fort Strother in the Mississippi Territory, fought in the frontier extension of the War of 1812 (known as the "Creek War"), but was disbanded and sent home after the Hillabee Massacre.
	Wear died April 3, 1817 in Sevierville, Tennessee. He is buried in the Ft. Wear cemetery, Henderson Springs, Tennessee. A monument dedicated to Wear reads: "Pioneer, Soldier of four Wars; Colonial, Revolution, Indian,1812; One of the Heroes of Kings Mountain, and a Founder of the State of Franklin. This monument is erected by his decendents."
	Wears Valley is named for Wear. Although the original name of the valley was "Crowson Cove," after its first settler, Aaron Crowson, the valley was using its current name by 1900. The reason for the 19th-century name change is uncertain.

= = = Llamachayuq Qaqa = = =

	Llamachayuq Qaqa (Quechua "llama" llama, "-cha", "-yuq" suffixes, "qaqa" rock, "a rock with a little llama"), Wakan Wayq'u or Wakanwayq'u "(Waqhan Wayq'o, Waqhanhuayq'o, Waqhanwayq'o)" is an archaeological site with rock paintings in Peru. It is situated in the Cusco Region, Canchis Province, Combapata District. The site with paintings of llamas lies in a valley named Wakanwayq'u at a height of about .
	East of Llamachayuq Qaqa there is another site with rock art named Ayamach'ay.

= = = Alexander Briggs House = = =

	The Alexander Briggs House is a historic house located at 210 Jackson St. in Charleston, Illinois. Prominent local stonemason Alexander Briggs built the stone house in 1894; it is the only stone house remaining in Coles County. The house's design incorporates features of the Italianate and Renaissance Revival styles; the combination is unusual, as the Renaissance Revival style was rarely used in small houses. Briggs built the house with multicolored sandstone and used marble and granite to form decorative belt courses and quoins, giving the house its Renaissance Revival appearance. The house's Italianate elements include its tall, narrow arched windows and its gently sloping roof.
	The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 1980.

= = = Sangaldan = = =

	Sangaldan is a town and block in Ramban district in Jammu & Kashmir, India. In the 2011 census it had a population of 876 people in 476 households. Female Population is 47.4%. Village literacy rate is 54.9% and the Female Literacy rate is 21.9%.
	Kashmiri language is mainly spoken by the people of Sangaldan.It is also famous for Sangaldan Railway Station, Sangaldan Town and Sangaldan Tunnel. Beauty of nature is also seen in Sangaldan in Chenab Valley.it is surrounded by mountains and Chenab River flows near Sangaldan.Muslims are in majority.Sangaldan has its own market. It a developing town.
	It is located 35 km towards west from District headquarters Ramban. 108 km from both State capitals Srinagar, Jammu.
	Sangaldan Pin code is 182144 and postal head office is Ramban .Sangaldan is surrounded by Mahore Block towards west, Arnas Block towards west, Ramsoo Block towards East, Ramban Block towards East .Udhampur, Anantnag, Jammu, Rajouri are the nearby Cities to Sangaldan.
	Thip Place is in the border of the Ramban District and Reasi District. Reasi Districi is South towards this place.
	Locality Name : Sangaldan
	Block Name : Sangaldan
	Tehsil : Gool
	District : Ramban
	State/UT : Jammu & Kashmir
	Time Zone: IST (UTC+5:30)
	Elevation / Altitude: 1,071 metres (3,514 ft)
	Assembly Constituency : Gool Arnas
	Member Of Legislative Assembly : Vacant
	Lok Sabha Constituency : Udhampur
	Member Of Parliament : Dr. Jitendra Singh
	Sarpanch Name : Mohd Shafi Khan
	Pin Code : 182144
	Post Office : Sangaldan
	Sangaldan railway station is a proposed railway station in Ramban district, Jammu and Kashmir. Its code is SNGDN. It will serve Sangaldan city. The station proposal includes two platforms. The station lies on Banihal - Katra rail line. The Work on this rail line is expected to be finished year 2020. The station in surrounded by many of long tunnels of Jammu–Baramulla line.
	The Sangaldan Railway Tunnel is a 7.1 km (4.4 mile) railway tunnel between Katra-Banihal section of Jammu–Baramulla line located to the north of Sangaldan town of middle Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir, India near Ramban . The tunnel was completed on 4 December 2010.
	The Sangaldan firing incident refers to the shooting on a protesting crowd of Kashmiri people by J&K police local SHO on 18 July 2013 in the Dharam area of Sangaldan,Gool Ramban district, Jammu & Kashmir. Four people were killed (including Manzoor Ahmed Shan, Javed Manhas) and 44 were injured, according to official sources, although residents claimed that six had been killed.
	Navida Begum was elected Block Development Council Chairperson in 2019.
	Tata Pani is a hot water spring located at Sangaldan in Ramban district  and is deemed by Kashmir based people best cure skin and bone diseases. People from various areas of Kashmir especially from Kulgam and Anantnag districts came for having bath in the spring for curing the diseases in July and August months.
	This place is famous for the sulphur spring whose water is believed to have miraculous healing powers. It is located at about 40kms from the Ramban town. Thousands of people throng the place from June to ending November every year from within and outside the state particularly from neighboring Punjab state to take a dip in these revered spring to get rid themselves of ailments particularly Dermatitis and Arthritis.
	Sangaldan Village Gram Panchayath name is Sangaldan. Sangaldan is 35 km distance from District Headquarter Ramban. Nearest Statutory Town is Ramban in 35 km Distance . Sangaldan Total area is 87.4 hectares, Forest area is 134.4 hectares, Non-Agricultural area is 10.5 hectares,Total irrigated area is 24.3 hectares and Total Water fall area is 0 hectares.
	Private Pre Primary, Govt Primary, Govt Middle, Private Middle and Govt Secondary Schools are available in this Village. Nearest Govt Arts and Science Degree College and Govt ITA College are in Ramban. Nearest Govt Disabled School, Govt Engineering College, Govt Medical College, Govt MBA college and Govt Polytechnic College are in Jammu.
	1 Primary Health care centre , 1 Veterinary Hospital , 4 Medical Shops are available in this village.
	Maize, Patato and Beans are agriculture commodities grow in this village. Carpet HandiCraft item is in this village. 10 hours agricultural power supply in summer and 12 hours agricultural power supply in winter is available in this village. Total irrigated area in this village is 24.3 hectares from canals 24.3 hectares is the Source of irrigation.
	Untreated Tap Water Supply all round the year and in summer available. Hand Pump is other Drinking Water sources. No Drainage System Available in this Village. There is no system to Collect garbage on street. Drain water is discharged directly into water bodies.
	Sub Post Office is available in this Village. Mobile Coverage is available. There is no Internet Centre in less than 10 km. No Private Courier Facility in less than 10 km.
	Public Bus service available in this village. Private Bus service available in this village. There is no Railway Station in less than 10 km.
	No Nearest National Highway in less than 10 km. State Highway passes through this village. District Road passes through this village.
	Pucca road, Kuccha Road and Foot Path are other Roads and Transportation within the village.
	J&K Bank and it's ATM is available.
	Govt Degree College Gool
	Address :Gool, Ramban
	HSS Sangaldan
	Address : "sangaldan , gool , ramban , Jammu & Kashmir . PIN- 182144 , Post - Ramban"
	D P S Sangaldan (ms)
	Address : "sangaldan , gool , ramban , Jammu & Kashmir . PIN- 182144 , Post - Ramban"
	G M A Sangaldan (ms)
	Address : "sangaldan , gool , ramban , Jammu & Kashmir . PIN- 182144 , Post - Ramban"
	GMS Sangaldan
	Address : "sangaldan , gool , ramban , Jammu & Kashmir . PIN- 182144 , Post - Ramban"
	This Village has a Power supply with 14 hour power supply in summer and 10 hour power supply in winter, Anganwadi centre and Polling station are the other amenities in the village.
	6 KILLED, 42 INJURED IN GOOL BSF-POLICE FIRING
	J&K police sub-inspector detained over Ramban firing case
	Census Data 2011 J&K, Ramban
	http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=5711
	Tourist Spots in Ramban (Tatta Pani)
	J&K Bank Sangaldan

= = = Roman Sakin = = =

	Roman Sakin (; born March 17, 1976) is a Russian sculptor. He lives and works in Moscow, Russia.
	Roman was born on 17 March 1976 in Kursk, Russia. Having graduated from V.M.Vasnetsov Art and Industry College in 1997, he graduated from the Department of Monumental-Decorative Sculpture at Stroganov Moscow State University of Arts and Industry in 2005. In 2009 he was nominated for the Kandinsky Prize in "Media Art Project of the Year" nomunation with project "Les". In 2012 he was nominated for the Kandinsky Prize in "Media Art Project of the Year" nomunation with project "Master 3-go razryada".

= = = Michael Lichaa = = =

	Michael Lichaa (born 18 July 1993) is a Lebanon international rugby league footballer who plays as a . 
	He has previously played for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks and the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs in the NRL. Lichaa has played for New South Wales City.
	Lichaa was born in Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
	Lichaa is of Lebanese descent and played his junior football for the Cronulla-Caringbah Junior Rugby League Football Club and Yarrawarrah Tigers, before being signed by the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks.
	From 2011 to 2013, Lichaa played for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks' NYC team On 21 April 2012, he played for the New South Wales under-20s team against Queensland. He was named at hooker in the 2012 NYC Team of the Year. On 13 October 2012, he played for the Junior Kangaroos against the Junior Kiwis.
	On 20 April 2013, he again played for the New South Wales under-20s team against the Queensland under-20s team. He was again named at hooker in the 2013 NYC Team of the Year. On 13 October 2013, he again played for the Junior Kangaroos against the Junior Kiwis. In 2014, he moved on to the Sharks' New South Wales Cup team. In February 2014, he played for the Sharks in the inaugural Auckland Nines tournament.
	In round 2 of the 2014 NRL season, Lichaa made his NRL debut for Cronulla-Sutherland against the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs off the interchange bench in the club's 42-4 loss at ANZ Stadium. Soon after, he signed a 3-year contract with Canterbury starting in 2015. Two days after the signing was made public, he was dropped from the first-grade team by coach Peter Sharp for a "lack of loyalty". Lichaa was brought back into the team in Round 7, playing off the interchange bench. On 4 May, after only playing three NRL games, he played for New South Wales City against New South Wales Country in the 2014 City vs Country Origin match at Apex Oval in Dubbo, playing off the interchange bench in the 26-26 draw. He finished off his debut year in the NRL having played in 15 matches for Cronulla.
	Lichaa made his first pre-season appearance for Canterbury in the 2015 NRL Auckland Nines. In Round 1 of the 2015 NRL season, he made his Canterbury debut against the Penrith Panthers, playing at hooker in the club's 24-18 loss at Penrith Stadium. In Round 4 against the Wests Tigers, he scored his first NRL career try in the Bulldogs' 25-24 golden-point extra time win at ANZ Stadium. In Round 23 against the Gold Coast Titans, he suffered a season ending lower leg injury. He scored 3 tries from 21 matches in his first year with the Bulldogs. He was named in the Lebanon 48-man train-on squad ahead of two 2017 Rugby League World Cup qualifiers against South Africa, however he didn't take part in either match.
	Lichaa finished the 2016 NRL season with him playing in 22 matches and scoring 3 tries for Canterbury-Bankstown.
	In February 2017, Lichaa was selected in Canterbury's 2017 NRL Auckland Nines squad. Towards the end of the season, Lichaa was struggling with form and was told by Des Hasler he was unwanted for next season until Hasler was terminated as Canterbury coach shortly thereafter. Lichaa said to Fox Sports “I got farewelled with three games to go and something clicked in my head and I went out and played my own game, “I think I finished the year showing the type of player that I am, and hopefully come round one, through to round 26 and the finals that’s the player I am, I was lucky enough Deano came on board and I had a relationship with him before. I’m really grateful to still be at the club".
	On 2 May 2018, Lichaa was dropped by new Canterbury coach Dean Pay after struggling for form. On May 6, 2018, Lichaa spoke to the media about being dropped saying “You find out who your really good mates are in these tough times, you look at your phone and you see 30 or 40 messages from people, and you know the guys that are there for you at the end of the day, no matter what, and through thick and thin", “You learn a lot about yourself and who your true friends and family are".
	Lichaa made 13 appearances for Canterbury-Bankstown in the 2019 NRL season as the club finished 12th on the table. On September 16, it was announced that Lichaa would be released by the club after failing to secure a contract for the 2020 season.

= = = Phlegm (artist) = = =

	Phlegm is a Welsh-born Sheffield-based muralist and artist who first developed his illustrations in self-published comics. The name 'Phlegm' came from one of the four temperaments in ancient Greek medicine; blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. Phlegm was believed to be responsible for an apathetic and unemotional temperament.
	Phlegm's work features in the urban landscape, and can mostly be seen in run-down and disused spaces. Phlegm creates surreal illustrations to an untold story, weaving a visual narrative that explores the unreal through creatures from his imagination.
	Phlegm's storybook-like imagery is half childlike, half menacing, set in built up Cityscapes with castles, turrets and winding stairways. At other times the city itself is the setting for his long limbed half-human, half-woodland creatures. In this dream world a viewer comes across impossible flying machines and complex networks of levers, pulleys and cogs, set beside telescopes, magnifying glasses and zephyrs. Working solely in monochrome, his fine technique and intricate detail can be seen as a curiosity cabinet of the mind. Each drawing forms part of a grand narrative that extends worldwide, in countries including Norway, Canada, Switzerland, Sri Lanka, USA, Belgium, Poland, Italy, Slovakia, Spain and Australia. His work has also appeared in a variety of objects such as airplanes, boats, buildings, vehicles and many street art festivals.
	Phlegm's first solo show "The Bestiary" took place at the Howard Griffin Gallery on Shoreditch High Street, London from 1 February to 25 March 2014.
	In April 2019 he hosted 'Mausoleum of the Giants' in Sheffield, attracting over 12,000 visitors.
	In January 2013, Phlegm painted on the Village Underground wall in London, UK.
	In February 2014, Phlegm teamed up with RUN and Christiaan Nagel on a mission to give final moments of vivacious life to yet another to be demolished building in London – the Blithehale Medical Centre in Bethnal Green.
	In April and May 2014, Phlegm was one of several overseas artists to paint a series of murals in Dunedin, New Zealand as part of that city's Urban art festival. Other artists involved included Italy's Pixel Pancho and Poland's Natalia Rak.
	Phlegm was one of around 150 artists to paint murals in the Djerbahood Project in Erriadh, Tunisia, in the summer of 2014.
	In August 2016, Phlegm painted what was billed as the world's tallest mural to that time (8 storeys) in Toronto at 1 St. Clair West. Toronto resident Stephanie Bellefleur was his assistant.

= = = Miguel Gutiérrez (writer) = = =

	Miguel Francisco Gutiérrez Correa (27 July 1940 – 14 July 2016) was a Peruvian writer.
	His works that pick up on the theme of disaffected youth include "El viejo saurio se retira" (The Ancient Lizard Retires; 1969) and "La violencia del tiempo" (The Violence of Time; 1991).

= = = Winnefeld = = =

	Winnefeld is an abandoned village in the district of Northeim in Lower Saxony, Germany.
	The site of the former village lies inmidst the Solling mountain range right at the Bundesstraße 241, where the ground ist made up of Loess. The nearest populated places are Lauenförde and Nienover.
	According to results of archaeological digs by Hans-Georg Stephan and soil studies, the site used to be a wood pasture in the 8th century. Between 1150 and 1250, the Counts of Dassel had the woods cut area-wide, thus allowing agriculture and settlement of people. Some 25 to 40 farms developed there, probably to provide Nienover with food.
	The village was destroyed in 1342 by water of the Reiherbach amidst the St. Mary Magdalene's flood.
	The village had a church that was built of stone in the years around 1200 in romanesque architectural style. The aisle had two bays. The choir was rectangular. The height of the tower was 15 to 20 meters by estimation. In the early modern period, people tore down the church in order to pave the street passing by. In 2006, the local historical society reconstructed the foundation walls of the church.

= = = Benjamin Cuq = = =

	Benjamin René Pierre Cuq (born 24 November 1974) is a French journalist and writer.
	After being in high school in Ecole internationale bilingue and studying sociology at Saint-Denis University, Benjamin Cuq became journalist for the press magazine (Télé 7 Jours) in May 1996. In 1999, he began working on the first French edition of "FHM" as deputy editor. He has worked for many French magazines and newspapers such as "France Dimanche", "Ici Paris", "Union", "Télé Star", "Marianne", "France Soir", and now "Le Parisien" Capital and Management. 
	In May 2004, he wrote a biographical book, "Queen de A à Z", which only sold 3000 copies. In November 2005, a new edition of the book was published, with a new cover.
	In September 2011, Cuq became editor / project manager of the program, "L'Hebdo des JT", produced by Revon & Gateau Productions on behalf of Planète+, the documentary TV channel of the Canal+ group. Since September 2012, he has published auto testings for the "Le Parisien" weekly supplement. In October 2012, he launched, with French journalist Anthony Martin, the film magazine, "See". He also wrote some "Nous nous sommes tant aimés", documentaries about French stars, produced by Revon et Gateau Productions. In October 2013, Benjamin Cuq published his second book, "Le Livre Noir de Renault" ("The Black Book of Renault"). The book got four stars in an Amazon poll. Cuq writes the dark side of the story of Renault: how Louis Renault met Adolf Hitler and worked with the Nazis. The novel goes into Renault's car model failures and why they failed, Renault American history, the murder of worker Pierre Overney, and the assassination of Renault chairman Georges Besse by Action directe.
	On 1 May 2012, experimental filmmaker and French director Gérard Courant filmed Benjamin Cuq for one of his Cinématon chapters, the number 2623. 

= = = Panchgam = = =

	Panchgam is a village in Pulwama district of Jammu and Kashmir state, India. The village became notable after the construction of Panchgam railway station which provides easy access for the people not only living in this village but also to those living in vicinity of Panchgam.

= = = McFarland House (Charleston, Illinois) = = =

	The McFarland House is a historic house located at 895 7th St. in Charleston, Illinois. Architect Charles D. Mitchell designed the Queen Anne house, which was built from 1890 to 1892. The front of the house features a wraparound porch decorated with elliptical bracketing, pendants along the roof line, and partially turned columns. A small second-story porch above the entrance has the same design. A gable at the entrance has a sunburst design; the large gable at the top of the house has a matching sunburst. The attic windows, which are located in the large gable, have a pent roof and are surrounded by decorative woodwork. Queen Anne features inside the house include a stained glass bay window in the parlor, a fireplace decorated with ceramic tiles, decorative spindlework, and wooden door and window surrounds.
	The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 14, 1991.
= = = The Harrowing (Inside No. 9) = = =

	"The Harrowing" is the sixth and final episode of the first series of British dark comedy anthology series "Inside No. 9". It aired on 12 March 2014 on BBC Two. The episode was written by Steve Pemberton and Reece Shearsmith, and stars Shearsmith, Aimee-Ffion Edwards, Helen McCrory, Poppy Rush and Sean Buckley. While comedic in places, "The Harrowing" makes extensive use of gothic horror elements transmuted into a modern context. The plot follows Katy (Edwards), who has been hired to housesit for eccentric siblings Hector (Shearsmith) and Tabitha (McCrory). They rarely leave the house, but have an event to attend. They tell Katy about their bedridden, disabled brother Andras (Buckley), who cannot speak but will ring a bell if he needs assistance. Katy is joined by her friend Shell (Rush) once Hector and Tabitha leave, and, upon hearing Andras's bell, the pair reluctantly head upstairs. The episode takes place in Hector and Tabitha's mansion, which is kept deliberately cold and filled with paintings depicting Hell. The writers experimented with a variety of possible endings, hoping to make the episode's close both interesting and scary.
	Critics agreed that the episode was the most gothic and scary of the series, with journalists writing for "The Sunday Times" saying that "The Harrowing" would be best avoided by those of a nervous disposition. Critics writing in the "Metro" felt that the episode was a poor finale for the series, and that the episode's ending was unsatisfying. By contrast, Alex Hoskins, writing for the "Cheddar Valley Gazette", felt the episode's ending was very strong, and Bruce Dessau described "The Harrowing" as an excellent end to the series. On an Empire Online list, "The Harrowing", particularly its final scene, was selected as the 17th best TV moment of the year. The episode was watched by 833,000 people on its first showing, which was 4.7% of the audience.
	Writers Steve Pemberton and Reece Shearsmith, who had previously worked together on "The League of Gentlemen" and "Psychoville", took inspiration for "Inside No. 9" from "David and Maureen", episode 4 of the first series of "Psychoville". This episode, in turn, was inspired by Alfred Hitchcock's "Rope". "David and Maureen" took place entirely in a single room, and was filmed in only two shots. At the same time, the concept of "Inside No. 9" was a "reaction" to "Psychoville", with Shearsmith saying that "We'd been so involved with labyrinthine over-arcing, we thought it would be nice to do six different stories with a complete new house of people each week. That's appealing, because as a viewer you might not like this story, but you've got a different one next week." As an anthology series with horror themes, "Inside No. 9" also pays homage to "Tales of the Unexpected", "The Twilight Zone" and "Alfred Hitchcock Presents".
	As the format of "Inside No. 9" requires new characters each week, the writers were able to attract actors who may have been unwilling to commit to an entire series. "The Harrowing" starred Aimee-Ffion Edwards as Katy, Helen McCrory as Tabitha, Shearsmith as Hector, Poppy Rush as Shell and Sean Buckley as Andras. "The Harrowing" was the only episode in the series in which Pemberton did not star; Shearsmith played a character in all but "Last Gasp". Comedy critic Bruce Dessau noted that Shearsmith's role was actually relatively minor, saying that the house was the real star.
	Pemberton and Shearsmith are fans of classic horror films, and the episode displays inspiration from the likes of Alfred Hitchcock's filmography and the Hammer Horror films. Pemberton called the episode the "most genre" of the series, while Shearsmith described it as their attempt to produce a "full on ... gothic horror-esque" episode. The writers utilised the horror norm of a gothic mansion rather than bringing horror into a normal home. This route, Shearsmith suggested, has now become atypical. The setting allowed the writers to mix modern elements with traditional gothic horror, sometimes for comedic effect (a reference to "something called broadbands"), and sometimes to add to the horror (mobile phones cannot be used, as the characters are in a "dead zone"). While the writers did want the episode grounded in reality, they also wanted to make more use of gothic horror tropes than they had in other episodes of "Inside No. 9". "The Harrowing" was advertised with a poster homage to classic horror films. The poster was designed by Graham Humphreys, a graphic designer known for his work on horror film posters. The episode's name was taken from the Harrowing of Hell, the story of Jesus Christ's descent to Hell in Christian theology.
	The character Katy is initially hired to babysit, though it turns out that there is no baby. Previous horror films, including "When a Stranger Calls", have made use of a babysitter as a plot device, and an urban legend involves a babysitter downstairs with a threat upstairs. Both the viewer and the babysitter learn about the environment together, with both beginning in a position of ignorance. For Pemberton, the device works because the character has been moved from a safe environment into the unknown. In "The Harrowing", he suggests, it is obvious that there is something in the bedroom. The writers experimented with different endings, in an attempt to make the bedroom's contents interesting and genuinely scary.
	Katy has been hired to take care of Hector and Tabitha's mansion while the two go out for the evening. They usually never leave the house, but have a rare event to attend. Tabitha greets Katy at the door and explains that the house is always kept at −3 °C as Hector and Tabitha's disabled brother, Andras, needs the air to be at this temperature. The paintings on the house's walls depict the Harrowing of Hell. After meeting Hector, Katy is disturbed by Tabitha's descriptions of Andras, who, it is claimed, does not have a mouth. He instead keeps a bell, which he never uses, beside his bed. Katy is told not to go upstairs.
	Hector and Tabitha leave. Katy is spooked by the house, especially when she finds a stuffed cat on the sofa. She sees an old photograph of Hector, Tabitha and Andras as children, but Andras does not look disabled. Katy's friend Shell arrives and plays with Hector's stairlift, sending it upstairs. Katy warns Shell not to break anything, and is startled to see the now-live cat. Katy tries to call her father so she can leave, but the house has no mobile phone signal and the house phone's party line is tied up. As she prepares to leave, the stairlift returns downstairs and Andras's bell rings. Katy is scared of going upstairs, but, at Shell's insistence, the two go to check on him.
	Katy and Shell explore and enter Hector's bedroom, where they find a circle of salt around the bed. They hear the bell again and trace the sound to Andras's room. When Katy opens the bed's curtains, Andras's deformed body is revealed; he is tied to the bed and gagged. Katy goes to untie him, believing that Hector and Tabitha have kept him prisoner. Shell asks how Andras could have rung the bell if his hands were tied. Hector and Tabitha appear and show that it is they who rang the bell. They quote Dante's "Inferno" and explain that Hell is cold, as the text says, so the house must be kept refrigerated for Andras. They say he was possessed at age ten by Castiel, demon of mischief, but Castiel needs a new human host every fifty years, and Andras is now dying. Katy was chosen as the next host after a mutual friend at Tabitha and Hector's church recommended her to them. It is revealed that Shell also attends the church, and she helped them to lure Katy. Shell implies that the church's members protect the earth from being overrun by demons.
	Tabitha and Hector prepare to inject Katy with a sedative, but she fights back. She runs downstairs only to find that the door is locked. Shell arrives and says that Katy cannot escape. Shell says she wanted to be Castiel's new human host, but she is too weak, whereas Katy has the strength of character needed to keep the demon contained. Shell injects Katy, who collapses. Upstairs, Hector strips Katy to her bra and knickers and ties her to a chair as well as gagging her, while Shell feeds Andras his "last supper": rusks and baby milk, the only food he can manage. Hector, Tabitha and Shell leave Katy to become acquainted with Castiel, who, they say, will possess her as Andras dies. Andras advances on Katy. As she screams, Andras repeatedly says: "Mischief!"
	Critics variously called "The Harrowing" the "nastiest", "most Gothic" and most horrorific episode of "Inside No. 9". It was described as "unashamedly macabre" by "Metro" journalists, "genuinely frightening" by David Upton of "PopMatters", and "a genuine fright fest" by Dessau. Despite both reviews characterising "The Harrowing" as one of the weaker episodes of the series, it was called "very creepy" in the "Liverpool Echo", and the closing scene was described as extremely scary in the "Metro". Critics writing for "The Sunday Times" said that the episode "really is best avoided by those of a nervous disposition", and the sentiment was echoed in the "Cheddar Valley Gazette", where it was suggested that the character of Andras "certainly warranted the warning of disturbing scenes" given before the episode.
	Concerning the comedic elements of "The Harrowing", "Sunday Times" critics said that "comedy doesn't come blacker than this". Jack Seale, of the "Radio Times", said that viewers would "marvel at how [the writers could] pepper the elegant script with gags without breaking the spell". Dessau also felt that the script was "great", and commented on a "particularly pithy" joke, "just when you least expect it". Nick Rutherford and Keith Watson, writing for the "Metro", downplayed the comedy of the episode, saying that "the odd defiantly bad joke ... pierced the darkness". They felt that "The Harrowing" was a weak instalment of "Inside No. 9", giving it three out of five stars. The ending, these critics suggested, was "a bit of a cop out" rather than "daring". For them, unlike in other "Inside No. 9" scripts, there was no twist. Alex Hoskins, writing for the "Cheddar Valley Gazette", acknowledged that the "ending will most likely have sparked an online outcry", but felt that "it was fantastic, fearless and a perfect end to [the] series". Dessau shared a positive view, saying that the series ended "on an absolute high", with one of his favourite episodes.
	"The Harrowing" was watched by 833,000 people, which was 4.7% of the audience. This was a recovery from the series low of the previous week's "The Understudy", but was fewer viewers than any of the first four episodes. The average viewing figures for the series were 904,000 people, or 4.9% of the audience, lower than the slot average of 970,000 (5.1% of the audience).
	Due in part to her appearance in the episode, Edwards was shortlisted for WalesOnline's "Daffta" award for best actress, but lost in the public vote to Eve Myles. For Hallowe'en 2014, ezine Den of Geek listed "31 scary TV episodes that truly terrified us". Phoebe-Jane Boyd selected "The Harrowing", commenting on its divergence from previous episodes of "Inside No. 9" and the clash of humour and horror tropes. Describing the character of Andras, she explained that "Seeing him jerkily moving towards [Katy] with glee, hissing 'mischief'...' straight into camera, is shocking, unexpected, and above all, just "horrible"." "The Harrowing", particularly its final scene, was selected as Empire Online's 17th greatest television moment of 2014. "Though there are dark laughs in the episode", it was claimed on the website, "the ending is pure nightmare fodder, the babysitter helpless as a Castiel-possessed man advances, hissing, 'Mischief!' Steve Pemberton and Reece Shearsmith, we both salute you and request you contribute to our therapy bills".

= = = We All Fall Down (2000 film) = = =

	We All Fall Down is a 2000 Canadian drama film directed by Martin Cummins.
	The film stars Darcy Belsher as Michael, a young man whose life enters a downward spiral after the death of his mother. The film's cast also includes Helen Shaver, Françoise Robertson, Nicholas Campbell, René Auberjonois, Barry Pepper, Mike Dopud and Ryan Reynolds.
	Shaver won the Genie Award for Best Supporting Actress at the 21st Genie Awards.

= = = Offit = = =

	Offit is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Tornion Palloveikot = = =

	Tornion Palloveikot, "Torneå PV" or "ToPV" is a Finnish sports club in Tornio, founded in 1935. The club is mainly active playing bandy but also floorball and used to have a section for association football too.
	The club's home games are nowadays played in Gränsvallen, a town near Haparanda in Sweden. Together with the Haparanda-based club Haparanda SKT, a joint team called HaparandaTornio Bandy was created to play in the Swedish league system, but ToPV has also kept on playing in the Finnish Bandyliiga.
	ToPV has been Finnish bandy champions six times for men's teams, in 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007, and their women's team once, in 2010.

= = = Talcher (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency) = = =

	Talcher (Sl. No.: 60) is a Vidhan Sabha constituency of Angul district, Odisha.
	This constituency includes Talcher, Talcher block and 7 GPs (Kaniha, Kamarei, Badatribida, Santribida, Bijigol, Badagunduri and Jarada) of Kaniha block.
	In 2009 election, Independent candidate Braja Kishore Pradhan defeated Biju Janata Dal candidate Mahesh Sahoo by a margin of 8,642 votes.
	Fifteen elections were held between 1951 and 2014. Elected members from the Talcher constituency are:
	In 2014 election, Biju Janata Dal candidate Brajakishore Pradhan defeated Bharatiya Janata Party candidate Kalandi Samal by a margin of 14,322 votes.

= = = Episparis penetrata = = =

	Episparis penetrata is a species of moth in the family Erebidae.
	The species is found in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria and Sierra Leone

= = = S. Waldy = = =

	Waldemar Caerel Hunter (15 December 1919 – 1968), best known by his stage name S. Waldy, was an Indonesian stage and film actor.
	Waldy was born in Blitar, in Java, on 15 December 1919 and was one of fourteen children born to J. R. Hunter (also known as Osman) and L. W. Winterberg who were of English and German descent, respectively. Both were stage actors with the Sri Permata Opera, and often traveled. Interested in theatre, he ran away from his elementary school in Yogyakarta to join a troupe in Klaten, under the leadership of Djafar Wirjo.
	Although Waldy was taken as a porter, Wirjo taught him stage techniques as well. Waldy's parents ultimately decided to support his career and help him learn to lead a cabaret. In the early 1930s, Waldy joined a variety of troupes, including Faroka Opera and Grand Nooran Opera. He toured the Maritime Southeast Asia, reaching Siam and the Malay Peninsula, and further refined his craft with the input of actors such as Rd Ismail. In 1938, he attempted to establish his own troupe. Named Vaudeville, it was unsuccessful and quickly folded.
	In 1940, Waldy was approached to act in "Zoebaida", a film directed by Njoo Cheong Seng for Oriental Film. He accepted the role, and also served as songwriter for the film. Over the next three years he took a variety of film roles for Star Film, including "Ajah Berdosa", "Lintah Darat", "Tjioeng Wanara", and "Pah Wongso Tersangka" (all 1941).
	After the Japanese occupation began in March 1942, most studios were closed. Waldy migrated back to the stage, first joining Djawa Baru before establishing his own troupe, starring Dewi Mada. By the mid-1940s he had met Sofia, an actress with the Fifi Young troupe; the two were married by 1948.
	Feature film production in the Indies recommenced in 1948, amidst the Indonesian National Revolution, a military and political conflict between the newly proclaimed Republic of Indonesia and the returning Dutch colonial forces. Waldy and Sofia joined Tan & Wong Bros. and made their debut together in "Air Mata Mengalir di Tjitarum"; for this film, Waldy again took the role of songwriter. Film scholar Ekky Imanjaya writes that Tan & Wong Bros attempted to cash in on the success of their previous incarnation, Tan's Film. Sofia was advertised based on her resemblance to Tan's star Roekiah, and Waldy bore a physical resemblance to Roekiah's husband, the comedian Kartolo.
	This was followed by several further films, including "Bengawan Solo" (1949) and "Air Mata Pengantin" (1952). By 1950's "Tirtonadi", Waldy had begun to have a behind the scenes role, serving as cinematographer. In 1953, beginning with "Musafir Kelana", Tan & Wong put Waldy in charge of their subsidiary, Ardjuna Film, and he began to direct regularly – though often taking acting roles in the films he directed. His most active year was 1954 during which he appeared in five films. A 1955 article in "Doenia Film" credited Waldy with the discovery of several rising stars, including Elly Joenara, Zainal Abidin, and Sukarno M. Noor.
	Waldy and Sofia divorced in 1964. The actress remarried quickly, to WD Mochtar. Waldy married Elviana, who took his name, becoming Elviana Waldy. He died four years later, in 1968.

= = = Charles Fitzsimmons (politician) = = =

	Charles Fitzsimmons (1802—1876) was a politician and sugar farmer in Queensland, Australia. He was a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.
	Charles Fitzsimmons was born in 1802 in County Cavan, Ireland, the son of James Fitzsimmons and his wife Margaret (née Lynch).
	Fitzsimmons was elected as Member for Port Curtis in the Queensland Legislative Assembly at the inaugural colonial election on 4 May 1860. He held that seat until he resigned on 3 September 1861; Alfred Sandeman won the resulting by-election on 15 October 1861.
	Under the Additional Members Act 1864, the seats of Clermont, Kennedy, Maryborough, Mitchell, Rockhampton and Warrego were created. By-elections were held to fill the new seats on 18 March 1865. Fitzsimmons was elected in Rockhampton. He held the seat until the 1867 election on 27 June at which he did not contest the seat, saying he desired to retire from public life. However, he did contest the seat of electoral district of Clermont in the same election, and it was speculated that he had been pressured to stand aside in Rockhampton to allow Archibald Archer to be elected there. However, Thomas Henry Fitzgerald won the election in Rockhampton, but resigned immediately as he wanted to contest the electoral district of Kennedy instead. Archer won the resulting by-election in Rockhampton on 27 July 1867 unopposed.
	Fitzsimmons won the election in Clermont on 1 July 1867 and represented that seat until he resigned on 11 May 1868.
	Fitzsimmons died on 24 February 1876 at Nebia Plantation, Mackay, Queensland, following several weeks of prostration due to old age.

= = = Botnia-69 = = =

	Botnia-69 is a Finnish bandy club in Helsinki. The club has won the Finnish championship four times, 1989, 1992, 1997 and 2016. In 1992 they were runners-up of the European Cup. Their home arena is the Oulunkylä Ice Rink.
	In 2012, the club's P13 youth team won the Borlänge Bandy Cup in Sweden.

= = = Episparis hyalinata = = =

	Episparis hyalinata is a species of moth in the family Erebidae.
	The species is found in Democratic Republic of Congo

= = = Dysoxylum densiflorum = = =

	Dysoxylum densiflorum is a tree in the family Meliaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "dense flowers".
	The tree grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is grey-green. The sweetly scented flowers are white. The grey-green fruits are pear-shaped to spindle-shaped, measuring up to long.
	"Dysoxylum densiflorum" is found in Burma, southern China, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. Its habitat is rain forest from sea-level to altitude.

= = = Nie Xiaoqian = = =

	Nie Xiaoqian is a fantasy story in Pu Songling's short story collection "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio", and the name of its female lead character. Pu describes her appearance as "gorgeous; girl in paintings" (). The story has been adapted into numerous films and television dramas. The name is commonly rendered as Nip Siu Sin in Hong Kong adaptations according to its Cantonese pronunciation.
	Nie Xiaoqian is introduced as a beautiful female ghost. She died at the age of 18 and was interred in an old temple in Jinhua, Zhejiang. Nie is coerced to participate in ritual murders in the service of a demon. A pale-faced scholar, Ning Caichen, is going to Beijing to take a civil service examination. Though Nie attempts to prey upon Ning Caichen, he resists her and takes her from her haunt. As Ning's sickly wife slowly dies, Nie fulfills expectations of filial piety as she takes upon the household chores. Once Ning's wife dies, he is free to pursue Nie. Nie's good works earn her humanity back. She and Ning marry and conceive a child, representative of Nie's restoration.

= = = Jim Parsley = = =

	James Roger Parsley (May 4, 1927January 30, 2014) was an American stock car racing driver. Born in Wheaton, Maryland, he competed in the NASCAR Grand National Series in his career, earning five top-ten finishes in eleven races.
	Parsley's NASCAR debut came in 1958, when he finished 30th in points. and had four top ten finishes He debuted at Old Dominion Speedway in Manassas, Virginia where he finished 15th. He would struggle in his next three starts but hit his stride late in the year, earning three straight top-tens and four top-tens overall: 6th place at Richmond International Speedway and at Rochester, 8th place at New Bradford, and 9th place at Reading Fairgrounds. Parsley's final finish came in 1959, when he competed at Reading again where he finished eighth. Parsley also competed in a NASCAR Convertible Division event at Marlboro Motor Raceway in Upper Marlboro, Maryland, and two USAC/ARCO Stock Car races at Willimas Grove Speedway in Mechanicsville, Pennsylvania.
	Parsley's final attempt at competition was on 13 February 1960 when he entered a 1957 Chevy in the 500 mile Modified Sportsman Event at Daytona International Speedway (now notorious for having the largest crash in NASCAR history). While nearing the conclusion of lap 1, Dick Foley's car slid sideways through the final turn. He was able to straighten out and continue the race but some thirty plus cars stacked up behind him. Over 20 cars were eliminated, including Parsley.
	Jim Parsley was one of six children born to Rodger and Elysie (Nichols) Parsley in Layhill, Maryland. After high school he went to work for the U.S. Post Office and was named to the team of five who were the first to experiment with the newly invented 5 digit zip code machine. He joined the U.S. Army in 1945 and served in World War II where he was stationed in Paris as a message center clerk. During the war he received an Army of Occupation Medal and World War II Victory Medal.
	Becoming an entrepreneur, Parsley operated several businesses in and around College Park, Maryland.
	Following his racing career, Parsley retired to New Smyrna Beach, Florida, where he operated Causeway Marina. He died on January 30, 2014 after a brief illness with Alzheimer's.

= = = Dragon in Jail = = =

	Dragon in Jail is a 1990 Hong Kong action film directed by Kent Cheng and starring Andy Lau, Kenny Ho and Gigi Lai.
	Wayne Cheung (Kenny Ho) is a rich heir who impulsively committed a crime because he was unable to accept the fact that his mother remarried. After being sentenced to prison, he is bullied by his inmates but is helped by his roommate Henry (Andy Lau), whom he befriends. After release, Wayne goes to study law in Britain while Henry joins the triads due to his family environment. Two years later, Cheung returns and becomes a lawyer while Henry also becomes a gang leader. Due to his conflict with another triad leader Charlie Ma (William Ho), Henry's pregnant wife Winnie (Gigi Lai) is raped and killed. Henry later takes revenge on Ma, and although successful, he is imprisoned again and Wayne becomes his defensive lawyer. With the help of Wayne and his friend Skinny (John Ching), will Henry be released from prison?
	The film grossed HK$10,451,120 at the Hong Kong box office during its theatrical run from 27 September to 24 October 1990 in Hong Kong.

= = = Curved screen = = =

	Curved screen TVs were introduced to the consumer market in 2013, primarily due to the efforts of Korean companies Samsung and LG, while curved screen projection displays, such as Cinerama, have been around since the 1950s.
	Curved screens are marketed as providing an "immersive" experience, and allowing a wider field of view. 
	Similar to a movie theater having good and bad seats, there is an optimal position when it comes to watching TV at home. This optimal position is directly along the central axis of the TV with the central point of the screen at eye level. Viewers seated in any other position come to experience degradations in picture quality ranging anywhere from minor to severe, the most notable being trapezoidal distortion.
	Manufacturers suggest that curved screens allow greater range in satisfactory viewing angles and offer minimal trapezoidal distortion compared to flat-screens. The claim that curved screens provide a wider field view is disputed, by another claim that a substantial offset from the center provides greater viewing distortion than that of a flat screen. However, the equidistant claim by manufacturers of the various parts of the screen from a centered view is supported. 
	Curved TVs supposedly offer minimized glare from ambient light.
	To reduce outer edge distortions and provide a panoramic view, large curved screens accomplish this free of bezel lines framing each screen, and the alternative was to use multiple flat-screen monitors around the viewer. Curved screens and multi-screens have applications in gaming.
	Backward curved screens have the potential to be used as digital signage that can be installed at various locations to produce marketing exposure.
	When projecting images onto a completely flat screen, the distance light has to travel from its point of origin (i.e., the projector) increases the farther away the destination point is from the screen's center. This variance in the distance traveled results in a distortion phenomenon known as the pincushion effect, where the image at the left and right edges of the screen becomes bowed inwards and stretched vertically, making the entire image appear blurry.
	Curved screens are also widely used in IMAX and standard movie theaters for their ability to produce natural expressions and draw the audience deeper into the scene. A standard IMAX screen is 22m wide and 16m tall, but there are screens with even larger dimensions. IMAX is the most successful large-format, specialized cinematic-film system.
	One of the issues in the use of the curved screen in commercial electronics is how accurately it can work with a touch-sensor. To drive the solution, LG electronics has developed Infrared-based touch solutions for the curved display.
	The world's first curved screen was the Cinerama, which debuted in New York in 1952. Countless theaters, including the Cinerama Dome in Hollywood began to use horizontally curved screens to counter image distortions associated with super-wide formats such as 23:9 CinemaScope.
	21:9 aspect ratio monitors were developed to display the maximum amount of information on a single screen, but the extreme wideness of the screen created severe distortions on the left and right edges of the screen. Curved 21:9 monitors were then developed to address this issue and provide a distortion-free, wide-angle viewing environment.
	The first curved panels were produced by bending flat panels that had already been manufactured. This technique resulted in performance issues, such as oval mura (a clouding effect) and color mixture (which causes color impurity and image distortion) observed at its curved edges.
	Since the introduction of flexible glass, liquid crystal displays (LCDs) can be applied to curved surfaces without bending existing panels.
	The screen technologies used to create curved LCD screens are Vertical Alignment, which helps to reduce any white glow that may affect an angular view, and IPS Panels, which are more susceptible to distortion.

= = = Episparis fenestrifera = = =

	Episparis fenestrifera is a species of moth in the family Erebidae.
	The species is found in Cameroon, Nigeria and Sierra Leone

= = = Morchella australiana = = =

	Morchella australiana is a species of ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. Described as new to science in 2014, it is found in New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria, Australia. The type locality was in the temperate Pilliga Scrub of northwestern New South Wales, west of the Great Dividing Range. Fruit bodies of the fungus resemble those of the European "Morchella elata", but molecular and morphological analyses demonstrated that the Australian species represents a unique lineage.

= = = Malcha Mahal = = =

	Malcha Mahal, also known as Wilayat Mahal, is a Tughlak era hunting lodge in the Chanakyapuri area of New Delhi, India next to the Delhi Earth Station of the Indian Space Research Organisation. It was built by Firuz Shah Tughlaq, who reigned over the Sultanate of Delhi, in 1325. It came to be known as "Wilayat Mahal" after the self-proclaimed "Begum Wilayat Mahal" of Awadh, who claimed to be a member of the Royal family of Oudh who was reportedly given the place by the Government of India in May 1985. On 10 September 1993, Begum died by suicide at the age of 62. The descendants of Wazid Ali Shah in Lucknow claims that the family engaged in fraudulent activities, having been cited by an investigative journalist for the New York Times.
	The building is now mostly in ruins. After Wilayat's death, it continued to be inhabited by the Begum's daughter Sakina Mahal, and son Prince Ali Raza (aka Cyrus). Cyrus died in late 2017; his sister died some years before him, though the exact date is unknown.
	"Malcha Mahal" is located in Malcha, one of the historical villages around Raisina Hill. Malcha, along with Raisina, Todapur, Aliganj, Pillanji, Jaisinghpura, and Kushak villages was moved by the British during the construction of capital New Delhi in 1920s, especially the Viceroy's House, which is now known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan.
	Begum Wilayat Mahal, self-proclaimed great granddaughter of the last Nawab of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah, was reportedly allotted the Mahal in May 1985, following the intervention of the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi in 1984. Begum Wilayat Mahal had been protesting for nine years by living in a waiting room at the New Delhi railway station, demanding compensation for the loss of her ancestral property in Awadh which was seized when Wajid Ali Shah's kingdom was annexed by the British.
	On November 22, 2019, the New England Bureau Chief of "The New York Times", Ellen Barry, published a lengthy piece of investigative journalism in which she said she had discovered that Wilayat Khan in fact had no connection to the Awadh royal family. Rather, she was the widow of the former Registrar of Lucknow University, Inayatullah Butt. Barry found her oldest son, Shahid Butt, living in the UK and he had told her the true story.
	In October 2019, it was reported that INTACH has proposed to undertake restoration of Malcha Mahal.

= = = Cord Sandberg = = =

	Cord William Sandberg (born January 2, 1995) is an American football quarterback for the Auburn Tigers. He previously played Minor League Baseball in the Philadelphia Phillies organization.
	Sandberg played on the varsity baseball team at Manatee High School for four years, and participated in the 2012 Perfect Game USA, one of the most selective baseball recruiting organizations for high schoolers. Sandberg was also a football star, and was a dual threat quarterback for his entire high school career. He committed to attend Mississippi State University on a scholarship to play college football for the Mississippi State Bulldogs, but was expected to be a high draft pick in the 2013 MLB Draft.
	The Philadelphia Phillies selected Sandberg with the 89th pick in the third round of the 2013 Major League Baseball Draft. He signed and spent 2013 with the GCL Phillies where he batted .207 with two home runs and 14 RBIs in 48 games. He spent 2014 with the Williamsport Crosscutters where he slashed .235/.267/345 with six home runs and 24 RBIs in 66 games, 2015 with the Lakewood BlueClaws where he compiled a .255 batting average with five home runs and 59 RBIs in 129 games, and 2016 with the Clearwater Threshers where he posted a .230 batting average with four home runs and 23 RBIs in 94 games. In 2017, Sandberg played for Lakewood, Clearwater, and the Reading Fightin Phils where he batted a combined .268 with nine home runs and 42 RBIs in 105 total games between the three teams.
	Sandberg's father, Chuck, is a former baseball player for the University of Florida and the Boston Red Sox organization.
	Sandberg committed to the Auburn Tigers July 30, 2018 to play quarterback. 

= = = Recess (album) = = =

	Recess is the debut and currently only studio album by American record producer Skrillex, released on March 14, 2014 by Owsla, Big Beat Records, and Atlantic Records. It was recorded between 2013 and 2014 whilst Skrillex was touring around the world.
	"Recess" received mixed reviews from music critics. It charted in multiple countries worldwide and became his highest charting release in the United States and the United Kingdom. "Rolling Stone" later ranked it at number 22 on their 50 Best Albums of 2014 list.
	On March 7, 2014, Skrillex took part in an "ask me anything" online Reddit post. To coincide with this question-and-answer session, his website was changed to redirect to a page featuring a talking alien face, based on the Apple emoji. "The face played short samples from album tracks when you clicked it." He released a mobile app, Alien Ride, on the same day which features an arcade-style objective where the spaceship has to destroy asteroids. The app displayed a countdown.
	When the countdown reached zero, the first song from the album was available to stream through the app. This continued in regular 30 minute intervals until the entire album was streamable for a limited time via the app.
	"Try It Out (Neon Mix)" with Alvin Risk was released as the album's lead single on October 14, 2013 alongside two more mixes of the song. It charted in France at number 185. The title track, "Recess", was added to BBC Radio 1's C-List on March 19, 2014 and entered several countries' iTunes charts including the United States and United Kingdom. The song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 57 upon album release, and was released as a single alongside remixes on July 7, 2014. "Ease My Mind", "All Is Fair in Love and Brostep" and "Dirty Vibe" also entered the iTunes charts in various countries.
	The music video for "Ragga Bomb" was released on April 1, 2014 and the song entered the Flanders Ultratip 100 at number 75. A remix EP entitled "Ease My Mind v Ragga Bomb Remixes" was released on November 24, 2014, with both songs doubling up as the single. "Dirty Vibe" was released as the album's fourth single in the form of another remix EP on December 15, 2014.
	"Doompy Poomp" was released on June 8, 2013 in collaboration with graphic designer Mishka for free download through his website. "Stranger" features on the "Divergent" soundtrack, released shortly before the album.
	The first song, "All Is Fair in Love and Brostep" debuted as a demo on his BBC Radio 1 Essential Mix. The song "Terror Squad" by electronic music producer Zomboy was inspired by the demo version known officially as "untitled DJ tool" or unofficially as "This Much Power". As a result, Skrillex used a sample from "Terror Squad" that says "It's fucking Zomboy", covering up the "Zomboy" with a distorted and pitched down laugh.
	At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 59 based on 15 reviews indicating "mixed or average reviews".
	The album debuted at number four on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, with first week sales of 48,000 copies in the United States. As of January 2015, it has sold 150,000 copies.
	Notes
	Sample credits

= = = Zoe Jarman = = =

	Zoe Anne Jarman (born December 16, 1982) is an American actress, comedian and writer best known for her roles on "Huge" and "The Mindy Project".
	Jarman was raised in Nashville, Tennessee, and is a 2001 graduate from Hillsboro High School.
	Jarman's career has mostly concentrated on comedic performances. Her best known roles are Poppy in the 2010 ABC Family series "Huge", and Betsy Putch on the first two seasons of the FOX sitcom "The Mindy Project". She has also made guest appearances on "The Office", "The Birthday Boys", and "Modern Family".
	Jarman is a regular performer at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in Los Angeles, where she has performed her multiple one-woman shows.
	Jarman is also a screenwriter, and has written for the Comedy Central series "Workaholics" and the Netflix series "Master of None".

= = = Terry Holbrook (ice hockey) = = =

	Terence Eugene Holbrook (born July 11, 1950) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) and World Hockey Association (WHA). Drafted in the third round of the 1970 NHL Amateur Draft by the Los Angeles Kings, Holbrook played parts of two NHL seasons with the Minnesota North Stars. He played the final two seasons of his career with the Cleveland Crusaders of the WHA. Holbrook was born in Petrolia, Ontario, but grew up in Watford, Ontario.

= = = Rastriya Panchayat = = =

	Rastriya Panchayat was the official legislature (parliament) (parliament) during the Panchayat regime of Nepal that effectively functioned from 1960 to 1990. Its head office was at the ""Gallery Baithak"" in Singha Durbar, Kathmandu. In the 1980s, it consisted of more than 120 members among which 105 members were directly elected by the people, while the king was to nominate 20 percent of its members, i.e. 19 members were nominated by the monarch.
	The Rastriya Panchayat was dissolved by King Birendra after the People's Movement I in 1990 and replaced by a bicameral legislature with a fully elected House of Representatives ().

= = = 41 Signal Regiment = = =

	41 Signal Regiment (41 Sig Regt, French: is a reserve communications unit of the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals. It is part of 41 Canadian Brigade Group (41 CBG) in Alberta. The unit consists of:
	The unit parades on Wednesday evenings and Saturdays at the LCol Philip L. Debney Armoury in Edmonton, at the Cormack Armoury in Red Deer, and at in Calgary.
	There are several Royal Canadian Army Cadets units spread across Alberta which are affiliated to the 41 Signal Regiment. Cadets are not soldiers; they are part of an organization dedicated to developing citizenship and leadership among young men and women aged 12 to 18 years of age with a military flavour, and are not required to join the Canadian Armed Forces.
	Cadet units affiliated to signal regiments receive support and also are entitled to wear traditional Signals accoutrements on their uniforms.

= = = Supervasi = = =

	Supervasi is a non-profit organisation and movement based in Maharashtra, India, formed for the purpose of using technology to improve e-governance, business and society. Its vision is to create a connected, abundant and responsible society through technology.
	Supervasi is run by members from various fields, and develops innovative solutions to solve social problems at the root. Volunteers come from various parts of India and Europe, and work on a non-salaried basis. It has developed low-cost medical devices such as the Snakeathon Ambulance and Super Ventilator. It provides job opportunities and apprenticeship programs for the underprivileged indigenous tribals (Adivasis) and hearing disabled. It also provides various educational, medical and legal services to the tribals of Yeoor, Maharashtra.
	Supervasi's funding comes from information technology projects undertaken by the organization, which funds their social projects. Their services include development of enterprise resource planning systems, business software and websites. Supporting services include business process outsourcing and data entry.
	The programs run by the organization target the tribal population of India, which suffer from poor living conditions and lack of livelihood, many of whom are illiterate and uneducated.
	In 2003, a team of 10 volunteers assembled in Mumbai for the development of integrated social systems, from disciplines such as software, electronics, medical, bio-technology, sustainable development & management. They conducted research & development into software, education, healthcare, agriculture, and construction.
	After nearly a decade of research, Supervasi was founded in June 2012 by Glenn Fernandes, a visionary technologist who worked in Siemens India for 20 years before he quit his job to dedicate his life to social work. The organization was registered as a non-profit private company, "Creative Responsible Integrated Systems Foundation" (then known as "CriSys Foundation"). It was officially renamed to "Supervasi Foundation" in March 2017.
	Between 2009-2012, they toured the "Tribal Belt of India", to study and understand the problems of the impoverished tribals living in remote regions. They decided to start with the development of the Yeoor-based tribal population.
	In 2012, they launched the SuperBusiness ERP cloud platform with the "Artificial Intelligence for Business" engine (5th Generation Language), in order to fund the rehabilitation and non-profit activities of the organization. They also began the Jungle BPO program, which provides a complete range of Business Process Outsourcing services wherein work is completed by tribal apprentices. Jungle BPO centers create computer job opportunities in remote regions.
	In 2015, Glenn Fernandes and Dr. Sarita Parikh designed an ultra low-cost ventilator (Super Ventilator), which is an essential component of modern healthcare and many first-aid situations. The device is low-power that imitates natural breathing, and causes no harm or further illness to patients.
	On March 8, 2015 (International Woman's Day), Ms. Apoorva Agwan, VP of Sustainable Development at Supervasi was awarded the Samarth Ti Puraskar Award 2015 from the Samarth Bharat Vyaspeeth institution, for her "outstanding contribution to the field of women empowerment, women education and snakebite management".
	In April 2015, Supervasi conducted a free Vaccination and Health Camp for over 350 tribal residents of Yeoor, in collaboration with Rotary Club of Thane Premium and Mumbai Lakers. They also conducted a free Health Checkup Camp with Salvage Nation NGO, in the same month.
	In August 2015, Supervasi conducted a Free Documents Registration Camp in Yeoor for over 500 tribal residents of Yeoor, to help them obtain vital legal identification such as PAN Card, Voter’s ID, Income Certificate, etc.
	In September 2015, Supervasi and Rotary Club of Thane North jointly conducted a Lung Health Checkup Camp to identify and help treat Tuberculosis (TB) patients in Yeoor. Over 200 people attended. Further lung camps were conducted the same year.
	In October 2016, Supervasi conducted an Eye and Blood Test Camp for over 350 tribal residents of Yeoor. The event was sponsored by Rotary Club of Thane North and Rotary Club of Thane Premium.
	In 2016, they conducted child education and adult literacy courses for the tribal population of Yeoor as part of the Unmol Education program, using multimedia based education.
	On 8 April 2017, Ms. Apoorva Agwan of Supervasi won the Gaurav Stree Kartutvacha 2017 Award from Pudhari Thane, awarded for her outstanding contribution to the Adivasi community of Yeoor, Thane.
	Since 2015, Supervasi has been developing the Super Ventilator, which is an ultra low-cost mechanical ventilator, essential to many first-aid situations. The device is low-power and imitates natural breathing, and causes no harm or further illness to patients. It is an innovative non-invasive ventilator, useful for anyone with respiratory illnesses such as asthma or bronchitis, and even useful in cases of heart-attack, strokes, accidents, poisoning, etc.
	There is an acute shortage of mechanical ventilators in India; based on hospital-bed-to-ventilator statistics, India is short of one million mechanical ventilators. Ventilators are required in seven major departments like medicine, pediatrics, pediatric surgery, surgery, orthopedics, chest medicine and TB, ENT and gynecology.
	Compared to conventional mechanical ventilators that cost around 2.5 Million Indian Rupees (upwards of $20,000), the Super Ventilator costs just 25,000 Indian Rupees, making it affordable by all hospitals and villages. Also, conventional ventilators are often too complex and fragile for use in harsh rural environments. The goal of the device is "one ventilator per bed" in every hospital.
	Since 2014, Supervasi has been training tribal youth in advanced computer skills and foreign languages, in a residential program known as Pratigya Apprenticeship for Community Transformation (PACT). In 2014, it started a pilot PACT center in Yeoor, Maharashtra.
	Apprentices are trained in computer software, graphic design, animation, and digitization of documents. Language experts also volunteer with the organization, to teach apprentices foreign languages like German and Arabic. The apprentices are also developing educational multimedia relevant for tribals, which will be used to provide free education for tribals across the India. The candidates also use their skills to train youth from their local villages, and help them earn a living.
	The trained apprentices are required to help the NGO in carrying out their snakebite project by distributing safety kits developed by it.
	In 2014, Supervasi developed innovative relief measures for victims of snakebite. The primary relief measure is a "mono-wheel ambulance" for areas that lack roads and vehicles, areas that are completely disconnected from the road network.
	The mono-wheel ambulance is a stretcher that can be carried or pulled by a bicycle, with an integrated portable ventilator to provide respiratory support to the victim. Its single-wheel design enables transport on rough and jungle terrain. The relief measures also include a first aid kit. The ambulance kit is to be distributed free of cost to over 300 jungle settlements by June 2014.
	The mono-wheel ambulance is suited for rough and rocky terrain, and the portable low/no power ventilator can be used in villages with no electricity.
	50% of snakebite cases in the world take place in India. In Thane district alone, snakebites claim up to 10 people a day, and in the monsoon season, the toll rises to 20. A close study of the deaths has shown that it was mostly the male members of the family who had died, bringing hardships to the family. Moreover, three of the four victims had died only because they were unable to reach a hospital in time due to lack of roads in rural areas.
	In 2014, Dr. Sarita Parikh and Apoorva Agwan of Supervasi filed a Public Interest Litigation in the Bombay High Court, requesting removal of obstructions in distributing the free mono-wheel ambulance kit to tribal areas. The petition urged for direction to the government to set up an emergency team to organise logistics and funding to help deliver snake-bite kits to all affected persons. The petition also stated that the organization was helping the tribals save their lives, and if an individual or an organisation hindered their life-saving work, it amounted to an offence under section 304-A of the Indian Penal Code (culpable homicide not amounting to murder).
	In response, the High Court stated that it was "quite impressed by the research which has been done by Supervasi", and acknowledged that they had provided "statistical data about snakebites in Maharashtra and the other States in India" and that they gave "a definite proposal how this problem can be resolved". There has been resistance to their NGO work from Anantashram Trust and some adivasis, including an ex-sarpanch and a social worker. The High Court directed the police in Thane, Maharashtra to ensure that members and apprentices of Supervasi are not obstructed by anyone in carrying out their work. 
	Following the PIL filed by Dr. Sarita Parikh, on the increasing number of deaths due to snake bites in rural Maharashtra, the Bombay High Court ordered the state government to consider framing an Emergency Medical Services Act along the lines of the one in Gujarat, that will make emergency medical aid as good as a fundamental right.

= = = Development of Grand Theft Auto V = = =

	A team of approximately 1,000 people developed "Grand Theft Auto V", an action-adventure video game, over several years. Rockstar Games released the game in September 2013 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, in November 2014 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, and in April 2015 for Microsoft Windows, as the fifteenth entry in the "Grand Theft Auto" series. Development began soon after "Grand Theft Auto IV"s release and was led by Rockstar North's core 360-person team, who collaborated with several other international Rockstar Games studios. The team considered the game a spiritual successor to many of their previous projects like "Red Dead Redemption" and "Max Payne 3". After its unexpected announcement in 2011, the game was fervently promoted with press showings, cinematic trailers, viral marketing strategies and special editions. Its release date, though subject to several delays, was widely anticipated.
	The game's open world setting was modelled on Los Angeles and other areas of Southern California. Much of the development work constituted the open world's creation, and the proprietary Rockstar Advanced Game Engine (RAGE) was overhauled to increase its draw distance rendering capabilities. Key team members conducted field trips around Southern California to gather research and footage, and Google Maps projections of Los Angeles were used to help design the city's road networks. For the first time in the series, players control three protagonists throughout the single-player mode. The team found the multiple protagonist design a fundamental change to the gameplay and narrative devices. They refined the shooting and driving mechanics and tightened the narrative's pacing and scope.
	The actors selected to portray the protagonists invested much time and research into character development. Motion capture was used to record the characters' facial and body movements. Like its predecessors, the game features an in-game radio that plays a selection of licensed music tracks. The game is the first in its series to feature an original score, composed over several years by a team of five music producers. They worked in close collaboration, sampling and incorporating different influences into each other's ideas. The game's re-release added first-person view option along with the traditional third-person view. To accommodate first-person, the game received a major visual and technical upgrade, as well as new gameplay features like a replay editor that lets players create gameplay videos.
	Preliminary work on "Grand Theft Auto V" began after "Grand Theft Auto IV"s release in April 2008; full development lasted approximately three years. Rockstar North's core 360-person team co-opted studios around the world owned by parent company Rockstar Games to facilitate development between a full team of over 1,000. These included Rockstar's Leeds, London, Lincoln, New England, San Diego and Toronto studios. Technical director Adam Fowler said that while development was shared between studios in different countries, the process involved close collaboration between the core team and others. This was necessary to avoid difficulties if studios did not communicate with each other as many game mechanics work in tandem. Game development ceased by 25 August 2013, when it was submitted for manufacturing. Media analyst Arvind Bhatia estimated the game's development budget exceeded , and "The Scotsman" reporter Marty McLaughlin estimated that the combined development and marketing efforts exceeded (), making it the most expensive video game ever made at its time.
	The proprietary Rockstar Advanced Game Engine (RAGE) was overhauled for the game to improve its draw distance rendering capabilities, and the Euphoria and Bullet engines handle further animation and environment rendering tasks. The team found they could render the game world with greater detail than in "Grand Theft Auto IV" because they had become familiar with the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360's hardware. Art director Aaron Garbut said that while the consoles' ageing hardware were tiring to work with, the team could still render detailed lighting and shadows and "maintain a consistent look". Vice president Dan Houser agreed and felt that working on "Grand Theft Auto IV" with relatively new hardware was a challenge, but added "now we know what the hardware's capable of, so it's become a lot easier to move things along and a lot more fun, too". The PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions fit onto one Blu-Ray Disc; Xbox 360 copies are distributed on two DVDs and require an 8 GB installation on the HDD or external storage device; while the Microsoft Windows (PC) version takes up seven DVDs. The team asserted that any differences between the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions would be negligible.
	Initial work on "Grand Theft Auto V" constituted the open world creation, where preliminary models were constructed in-engine during pre-production. The game's setting is the fictional US state of San Andreas and city of Los Santos, based on Southern California and Los Angeles respectively. San Andreas was first used as "" setting, which featured three cities separated by open countryside. The team thought that the ambition of including three cities in "San Andreas" was too high, as it did not emulate the cities as well as they had hoped. Houser felt that "to do a proper version of L.A. ... the game has to give you a sense of that sprawlif not completely replicate it", and that dividing the budget and workforce between multiple cities would have detracted from capturing "what L.A. is". Garbut said that PlayStation 2 era technology lacked the technical capabilities to capture Los Angeles adequately, such that "San Andreas" rendition of Los Santos looked like a "backdrop or a game level with pedestrians randomly milling about". The team disregarded "San Andreas" as a departure point for "Grand Theft Auto V" because they had moved on to a new generation of consoles and wanted to build the city from scratch. According to Garbut, with the move to the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 hardware, "our processes and the fidelity of the world [had] evolved so much from "San Andreas"" that using it as a model would have been redundant. The team's focus on one city instead of three meant that they could produce Los Santos in higher quality and at a grander scale than in the previous game.
	Los Angeles was extensively researched for the game. The team organised field research trips with tour guides and architectural historians, and captured around 250,000 photographs and many hours of video footage. Houser said, "We spoke to FBI agents that have been undercover, experts in the Mafia, street gangsters who know the slangwe even went to see a proper prison". He considered the open world's research and creation the most challenging aspects of the game's production. Google Maps and Street View projections of Los Angeles were used by the team to help design Los Santos' road networks. The team studied virtual globe models of the city, census data and documentaries to recreate its geographical and demographic spread. The team opted to condense the city's spread into an area that players could comfortably traverse, and captured "the essence of what's really there in a city, but in a far smaller area", according to Houser. "The New Yorker" Sam Sweet opined that the "exhaustive field work ... wasn't conducted to document a living space. Rather, it was collected to create an extremely realistic version of a Los Angeles that doesn't actually exist. The map of Los Santos is familiar but its contents are condensed". Garbut noted that Los Angeles was used merely as a starting point and that the team were not "dictated by reality" while building Los Santos.
	The open world includes vast tracts of countryside around the city proper. Research took the team to California's rural regions; Garbut recalled a visit he took with Houser to Bombay Beach that inspired them to set Trevor's initial story against the Salton Sea. The team wanted a large world without open, empty spaces, and condensed Southern California's countryside into a diverse and detailed playing space. The game world covers about an eightieth of Los Angeles County. Its scale is greater than Rockstar's previous open world games; Garbut estimated it is large enough to fit "San Andreas", "Grand Theft Auto IV" and "Red Dead Redemption"s worlds combined inside. To accommodate the world's size, the team overhauled the RAGE to improve its draw distance rendering capabilities. The large, open space permitted the re-introduction of fixed-wing aircraft, omitted from "Grand Theft Auto IV" because of its relatively smaller scale. "We wanted somewhere big [to let players] fly properly", Houser explained. The team populated the world with wildlife; lead producer Leslie Benzies felt that "because of the scale of the map and the different kinds of areas involved, a countryside without animals would feel quite hollow".
	"Grand Theft Auto V"s multiple protagonist design was envisioned to improve the series' core mechanics. The team sought to innovate game storytelling and negate stale familiarity by not evolving the gameplay's core structure. "We didn't want to do the same thing over again", said Houser. The multiple protagonist idea was first raised during "San Andreas" development, but contemporaneous hardware restrictions made it infeasible. Garbut explained, "It didn't work from a tech point of view because the three characters need three times as much memory, three types of animation, and so on". After "Grand Theft Auto IV"s release, the team developed "" and "", episodic content packages that followed new protagonists. The three interwoven stories received positive remarks, so the team structured "Grand Theft Auto V" around this model.
	The development team found that players experienced greater freedom when controlling three characters in missions. Lead mission designer Imran Sarwar felt they opened up more strategic manoeuvres. He cited a combat scenario with the lead protagonists where Michael De Santa sets up at a sniper outpost and provides covering fire for Trevor Philips, who makes a frontal assault on the enemy position while Franklin Clinton manipulates flank points. Benzies felt that character switching streamlines the interplay between free roam and linear mission gameplay, as it eliminates "San Andreas" cumbersome long-distance drives to mission start points. Players may "explore the whole map without having to worry about the long drive back", according to Benzies. Houser noted the mechanic's use during missions negated long drives as well. The open world's dynamic mission content is a feature borrowed from "Red Dead Redemption", where it was received positively. Dynamic missions present themselves while players explore the open world, and may be accepted or ignored. The team implemented dynamic content throughout the open world. In Los Santos, for example, players may encounter an armoured van and try to intercept it to steal its contents.
	The team overhauled the game's shooting and driving mechanics to match the standards of its contemporaries. Public reception to the team's previous games (such as "Grand Theft Auto IV", "Red Dead Redemption" and "Max Payne 3") was considered during the process. To increase the pace of shootouts, the team removed hard lockinga central mechanic in "Grand Theft Auto IV" that instantly locks onto the enemy nearest to the crosshair. Associate technical director Phil Hooker found hard locking "too disorientating" and immersion-breaking, "as you didn't have to think about enemy locations". He said that "Grand Theft Auto IV" players "just rely on holding and shooting until a target is dead", so "Grand Theft Auto V" introduces a timer that breaks the lock on a target after a few seconds. The team refined "Red Dead Redemption"s cover system for the game, with increased fluidity moving into and out of cover. Regarding the reworked vehicle mechanics, Houser felt the game took influence from racing games and corrected "Grand Theft Auto IV"s "boat-like" driving controls.
	A single-player story revolving around three lead protagonists was one of "Grand Theft Auto V"s earliest design objectives. Garbut felt that such a deviation from the gameplay's core structure was a risk, and recalled team concern that a departure from "Grand Theft Auto"s traditional, single lead character set-up "might backfire". Early game conceptualisations would have told three separate stories through different protagonists. Later, "Grand Theft Auto IV"s stories inspired the concept that story trajectories would meet throughout the game. Eventually, the concept evolved into three interconnected stories that intertwined through the missions. According to Benzies, the team made the multiple character formula "integral to the structure of the gameplay as well as the narrative". Houser opined that "Grand Theft Auto V" is their "strongest plotted game because the characters are so intertwined" and that the "meeting points [between the characters' stories] are very exciting".
	The game's central story theme is the "pursuit of the almighty dollar". Missions follow the lead characters' efforts to plan and execute complicated heists to accrue wealth for themselves. The team focused on money as the central theme in response to the 2007–08 financial crisis, as its effects turn the main characters back to a life of crime. "We wanted this post-crash feeling, because it works thematically in this game about bank robbers", Houser explained. The positive reaction to "Grand Theft Auto IV"s "Three Leaf Clover" missionin which an elaborate heist is coordinated and executed by lead protagonist Niko Bellic and accomplicesencouraged the team to develop the story around the heists. Houser said that while "Three Leaf Clover" was well-received, the team had not captured the thrill of the robbery to their best abilities and wanted "Grand Theft Auto V" to achieve it. He explained, "We wanted to have a couple of really strong bank robberies ... It felt like that was a good device that we'd never used in the past. Repeating ourselves is a fear when we're doing games where part of the evolution is just technological".
	The team wrote each character to embody a game protagonist archetype; Michael represents greed, Franklin ambition, and Trevor insanity. Houser felt Michael and Trevor were written to juxtapose each other, with Michael "like the criminal who wants to compartmentalise and be a good guy some of the time" and Trevor "the maniac who isn't a hypocrite". He considered that the three lead characters helped move the game's story into more original territory than its predecessors, which traditionally followed a single protagonist rising through the ranks of a criminal underworld. Ned Luke portrayed Michael, Shawn "Solo" Fonteno portrayed Franklin, and Steven Ogg portrayed Trevor. Fonteno first became aware of the acting job through his friend DJ Pooh, who worked on "San Andreas" and was involved in "Grand Theft Auto V"s music production.
	When Luke's agent advised him of the casting call, he initially did not want to audition for the part because it was in a video game. After reading the audition material and learning more about the project, he became interested. He reflected, "I went immediately after reading the material from 'I'm not doing it' to 'nobody else is doing it'. It was just brilliant". During the initial audition process, Ogg noticed on-set chemistry between him and Luke, which he felt helped secure them the roles. "When [Luke] and I went in the room together we immediately had something", he explained. While the actors knew their auditions were for Rockstar Games, it was not until they signed contracts that they learnt it was a "Grand Theft Auto" title.
	Work for the actors began in 2010. Their performances were mostly recorded using motion capture technology. Dialogue for scenes with characters seated in vehicles was recorded in studios. Because the actors had their dialogue and movements recorded on-set, they found their performances no different to film or television roles. Their dialogue was scripted such that they could not ad-lib; however, they sometimes made small changes to the performance with directorial approval. To prepare for his role as Michael, Luke gained 25 pounds and studied Rockstar's previous games, starting with "Grand Theft Auto IV". He considered Michael's characterisation to be an amalgamation of Hugh Beaumont's portrayal of Ward Cleaver in the American sitcom "Leave It to Beaver" (1957–63) and Al Pacino's portrayal of Tony Montana in the 1983 film "Scarface".
	Ogg felt Trevor's characterisation developed over time. He said, "Nuances and character traits that began to appearhis walk, his manner of speech, his reactions, definitely informed his development throughout the game". Ogg cites Tom Hardy's portrayal of English criminal Charles Bronson in the 2008 biopic "Bronson" as a strong stylistic influence. He opined that while Trevor embodies the violent, psychopathic "Grand Theft Auto" anti-hero archetype, he wanted to evoke player sympathy to Trevor's story. "To elicit other emotions was tough, and it was the biggest challenge and it's something that meant a lot to me", Ogg explained. Fonteno felt that growing up in South Los Angeles and being exposed to drug trafficking and gang culture authenticated his portrayal of Franklin. "I lived his life before ... He's been surrounded by drugs, the crime, living with his auntI lived with my grandmotherso there was a lot of familiarity", Fonteno said. Having not worked as an actor since portraying Face in the 2001 film "The Wash", he sought counsel from Luke and Ogg to refine his acting skills.
	"Grand Theft Auto V" is the first game in its series to use an original score. Music supervisor Ivan Pavlovich summarised the original score idea as "daunting", because it was unprecedented for a "Grand Theft Auto" game. Like most previous series entries, the game uses licensed music tracks provided by an in-game radio as well. Pavlovich hoped that the original score would enhance the licensed music use, not detract from it. He further noted the balancing act between the score's "ambient subtext and tensions" and the game's on-screen action. To work on the score, Rockstar engaged The Alchemist, Oh No and Tangerine Dream with Woody Jackson, who had previously worked on "Red Dead Redemption", "L.A. Noire" and "Max Payne 3"s music. The team of producers collaborated over several years to create more than twenty hours of music that scores both the game's missions and dynamic gameplay throughout the single-player and multiplayer modes.
	Early in the game's development, the music team were shown an early build before starting work on the score. Their work was mostly complete later in development, but they continued composing until its final build was submitted for manufacturing. Edgar Froese, Tangerine Dream's founding member, initially rejected the offer of producing music for a video game. After he was flown to the studio and shown the game, he was impressed by its scale and cinematic nature, and changed his mind. Froese's first eight months of work on the score produced 62 hours of music. He recorded with Tangerine Dream in Austria, but further work was conducted at Jackson's United States studio, which The Alchemist and Oh No used as well.
	Jackson's initial role was to provide the score for Trevor's missions, and he took influence from artists such as The Mars Volta and Queens of the Stone Age. When he learnt that the team would be building off each other's work, he voiced concern that the finished product could be disjointed. After sharing his work with the team, however, he was particularly impressed by Froese's contributions. "Edgar evolved the music, made it into a whole other thing", Jackson said. Froese had interpolated funk sounds with Jackson's hip-hop influences. Froese and Jackson then sent their work between The Alchemist and Oh No, who heavily sampled it. The Alchemist opined, "We were sampling, taking a piece form here, a piece from there ... We pitched stuff up, chopped it, tweaked it. Then we chose the tracks that worked and everyone came in and layered on that". DJ Shadow then mixed the team's creations and matched it to the gameplay. Pavlovich considered "how to make the hip-hop and rock score not sound like they were instrumentals of songs on the radio, but rather something unique to the score" a challenge.
	Pavlovich found that while Rockstar assigned the team missions to write music for, some of their random creations influenced other missions and sparked inspiration for further score development. He discussed a "stem-based" system used to make music fit dynamic game factors where the team would compose music to underscore outcomes players could make immediately after completing missions. Each of these stems, Froese reflected, included up to 62 five-minute WAV files, which were sent to Pavlovich in New York. "He then created, very professionally, a mix down for each of the eight stems needed for a mission and sent out the material to the other artists involved", Froese elaborated. Oh No drew from scenes within the game to make his work feel contextually pertinent with the action on-screen. The iconographic introduction of Los Santos early in the game, for example, inspired him to "create a smooth West Coast vibe that embodied" the city. He supplied horns, electric and bass guitars, and percussion parts to fit with the car chase scenes. "We wanted everything to set the right tone", he explained.
	The Rockstar team wanted to synergise the game world's depiction of California with the radio stations by licensing tracks that imparted an appropriate "Cali feel". Pavlovich noted that Los Angeles' cultural saturation of pop music necessitated the Non-Stop-Pop FM station; he said that "the first time you get off an airplane in L.A. and you hear the radio and the pop just seeps out ... We wanted that. It really connects you to the world". He felt that greater discernment was required for licensed music choices than in "Grand Theft Auto IV" because "Grand Theft Auto V"s music plays a pivotal role in generating Californian atmosphere. Music "reflects the environment in which the game is set", he said. Initially, the team planned to license over 900 tracks for the radio, but they refined the number to 241. The tracks are shared between fifteen stations, with an additional two talk-back stations and a radio station for custom audio files on the PC version. Some tracks were written specifically for the game, such as rapper and producer Flying Lotus' original work composed for the FlyLo FM station he hosts. Pavlovich noted how the team would first develop an idea of what each station would sound like, and then select a DJ to match the station's genre, such as Kenny Loggins who hosts the classic rock station Los Santos Rock Radio. He felt that to strike a balance between the radio and the score was a meticulous process, and cited a scenario where players would drive to a mission objective while listening to the radio, with the score taking over once players left the vehicle and proceeded to the mission's next stage.
	At E3 2014, a re-release of the game was announced for PC, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. This enhanced version features an increased draw distance, finer texture details, denser traffic, upgraded weather effects, and new wildlife and vegetation. It features more than 162 new songs across the game's radio stations. Players could transfer "Grand Theft Auto Online" characters and progression between some platforms and gain exclusive activities and in-game discounts on weapons and vehicles. The re-release features a new on-foot first-person view option that players may configure to personal preference (for example, by making the view toggle to third-person when taking cover). Animation director Rob Nelson said that a first-person option was raised during PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 development, but their relatively smaller banks of memory were already being pushed, such that adding new first-person animations would have inhibited the open world render. According to Nelson, the first-person view required more development effort than simply repositioning the camera, because of the need to adapt combat to a different view. The weapons were upgraded to a higher resolution, and new animations including weapon recoil, reload and switch were added. "I think we created 3,000 animations on weapons alone", said Nelson.
	The PlayStation 4 version uses the DualShock 4's touchpad to navigate camera options and speaker to play smartphone calls, while the Xbox One Controller's "Impulse Triggers" may rumble while players use vehicles.<ref name="IGN PS4/XB1 review in progress"></ref> The PC version features the "Rockstar Editor", a replay editor that lets players create video clips of their gameplay. It features a "Director Mode" that lets players record footage with various characters that speak and perform contextual actions at will. Players can adjust the time of day and weather settings, and use cheat codes to access more cinematic effects. An editing suite lets players add music from the game's soundtrack and score, and access various depth of field and filter effects. Finished works may be uploaded directly to YouTube and entered into Rockstar Games Social Club contests. Later, the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions received the Rockstar Editor through a free title update, which added various features such as expanded sound effects and text styles libraries across all three platforms.
	Art director Aaron Garbut said that the addition of first-person inspired the enhanced version's graphical upgrade. Remodelled cars feature interior effects including functional speedometers, fuel gauges and dashboard handbrake lights. The team added new particle and lighting effects, "like fireflies at night in the countryside, or ambient light pollution over Los Santos at night", according to Garbut. "Red Dead Redemption" inspired the team to add more vegetation to "break up the hard edges [and] straight lines" of the open world. The original version's vegetation was replaced with more detailed equivalents in the enhanced version. An upgraded weather system lets tree branches and leaves blow realistically in the wind. The team hand placed weeds along fences and walls, and placed grass over many of the open world's terrains. They then layered flowers, plants, stones, leaves and litter over the grass. An upgraded screen space ambient occlusion (SSAO) system renders dynamic shadows that may cast through weather effects including volumetric fog, and particle effects including light reflections in water bodies or neon reflections in cars at night. The ambient light pollution over nighttime Los Santos may dissipate in poor weather. A dynamic depth of field system sharpens and softens images to emulate camera autofocus, and improved shaders produce new colours in skin and terrain textures.
	Initial development of the PC version began in parallel with PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, but later gave way to focus more on the console releases before returning later to the PC. Because the team had planned a PC version from early on, they made technical decisions in advance to facilitate later development, like support for 64-bit computing and DirectX 11. The art team authored their source art at high resolutions even though they needed to be compressed on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, with the foresight that PC versions would display these assets uncompressed. These early decisions aided the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions' development as well, due to their similar system architectures to the PC. Their similarities helped the team "ramp up" to the PC version, where they could push the visuals and technology further than before. The PC development team consisted of members of the original team and PC specialists from Rockstar's other studios who had brought "Grand Theft Auto IV", "Max Payne 3" and "L.A. Noire" to the platform. The PC's recommended specifications are based on the game running a native 1080p resolution at 60 frames per second (fps); the team suggested 60 fps as the optimal performance benchmark. The PC build supports 4K resolution and uncapped framerates as well. The team opted to give players the choice to configure the game according to their individual system specifications. Players may configure LOD draw distances, anisotropic filtering, textures, lighting, particle effects, reflections and so on. A population density slider affects the density of street-walking pedestrians and cars on the roads.
	During a September 2009 earnings call, Take-Two Interactive CEO Strauss Zelnick was asked about "Grand Theft Auto V", the purported next game in the series. He replied, "We're not going to announce it, we're not going to announce when we are going to announce it, and we are not going to announce a strategy about announcing it or about when we are going to announce it either, or about the announcement strategy surrounding the announcement of the strategy".
	That November, Houser discussed with "The Times" his work on the series and the process that would be undertaken for the next "Grand Theft Auto" game. He expressed plans to co-write a thousand-page script and said that, when developing a new game, the team typically created a city and then from that developed the lead cast. In July 2010, Rockstar North posted seven job advertisements related to a new title. The company wanted to recruit environment artists, physics programmers and character animatorsthe latter advertisement asked for recruits with "professional experience developing a third person action game". Journalists wrote that the job listing was indicative of "Grand Theft Auto V"s existence. In June 2011, anonymous sources allegedly close to the developer told GameSpot that the title was "well under way", with a 2012 release date likely.
	Rockstar Games first confirmed the game's existence on 25 October 2011 in an announcement on its official website and Twitter feed. Take-Two Interactive's share price subsequently increased by seven per cent. Journalists said the announcement ignited significant anticipation within the gaming industry, which they owed to the series' cultural significance.
	The game was extensively marketed through video trailers and press demonstrations. On 3 November 2011, a week after the announcement, the debut trailer was released. It is narrated by Michael and depicts the open world accompanied by the song "Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake" by English rock band Small Faces. A press release published the same day confirmed the game's open world recreation of Southern California and Los Angeles. Almost a year later, "Game Informer" ran a "Grand Theft Auto V" cover story for their December 2012 issue. Rockstar intended to release the second promotional trailer on 2 November. However, these plans were hampered by Hurricane Sandy, which cut power supplies to Rockstar's New York offices. The trailer was eventually released on 14 November; it introduces the lead protagonists' back-stories and features the song "Skeletons" by American musician Stevie Wonder.
	To unveil the cover art, Rockstar contracted artists to paint a mural on a wall in Manhattan on 31 March 2013, followed by the artwork's digital release on 2 April. It showed English model Shelby Welinder portraying a blonde beach-goer. Three trailers were released on 26 April, each focusing on one of the protagonists. The songs "Radio Ga Ga" by English band Queen, "Hood Gone Love It" by American rapper Jay Rock and "Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way" by American musician Waylon Jennings are used in the Michael, Franklin and Trevor trailers respectively.
	A trailer released on 9 July features the first gameplay footage. It demonstrates the shooting and driving mechanics, and the ability to swap between characters instantaneously. "Grand Theft Auto Online" was unveiled in a trailer released on 15 August. The video displayed activities like bank heists, small robberies, "traditional" game modes, purchase of property and bicycle-riding. The final pre-launch trailer was released on 29 August, intended to be a television advertisement. The song "Sleepwalking" by American band The Chain Gang of 1974 was used in this trailer.
	Viral marketing strategies were used to promote the game. Visitors to the website of The Epsilon Programa fictional religious cult within the "Grand Theft Auto" universewere offered a chance to register for that group. After filling in an online membership form, the terms and conditions revealed that the site was a casting call for five people to appear in the game as members of the fictional cult. The official "Grand Theft Auto V" website was redesigned on 13 August 2013 to show a preview of activities and locales within the open world and an examination of the lead protagonists' stories. More information was released on the website on 24 August, 6 September, and 13 September.
	To spur pre-order sales, Rockstar collaborated with several retail outlets to provide special edition versions of the game. The "Special Edition" includes a unique case packaging, a game map and unlock codes for additional content in the single-player and multiplayer modes. The publisher collaborated with Sony to release a 500 GB PlayStation 3 console, which includes a copy of the game, a 30-day trial membership for the PlayStation Plus service and a set of "Grand Theft Auto V"-branded headphones. All game pre-orders granted the purchaser an access code for the in-game Atomic Blimp aircraft. GameStop held a promotional raffle with the chance to win a real-life Bravado Banshee sports car (the game's counterpart of the Dodge Viper). Rockstar collaborated with West Coast Customs to build the vehicle.
	Shortly after the game's release, the iFruit application was released for iOS devices. It lets players customise vehicles, create custom license plates and teach Franklin's dog Chop new tricks, which unlocks additional in-game abilities. Upon its launch, some users reported problems connecting to the application's servers; these problems were resolved with an update on 25 September 2013. iFruit was released for Android on 29 October, and for Windows Phone devices on 19 November.
	"Grand Theft Auto V" did not meet its original projected March–May 2013 release date. By 30 October 2012, promotional posters had spread to the Internet, and a listing by the retailer Game had leaked the projected release date. Rockstar announced that day that the release was scheduled for Q2 2013, and the company began accepting pre-orders on 5 November 2012. On 31 January 2013, the company announced the release date had been postponed until 17 September of that year. "It simply needs a little more polish to be of the standard we and, more importantly, you require", Rockstar stated in a press release. It was released in Japan on 10 October 2013. The PC version, initially scheduled for simultaneous release with the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions, was delayed three times: first to 27 January 2015, later to 24 March 2015, and again to 14 April 2015. According to Rockstar, the game required extra development time for "polishing".
	On 23 August 2013, reports stated that some European PlayStation 3 users who had pre-ordered "Grand Theft Auto V" were able to download parts of the game, including its soundtrack and some character dialogue. Details of the game were leaked later that day and on following days before Sony removed the pre-order file from the European PlayStation Network and released an official apology to Rockstar and its fans. In response, Rockstar stated it was "deeply disappointed by leaks and spoilers being spread in advance of the game's launch".

= = = Myrmecia browningi = = =

	Myrmecia browningi is an Australian bull ant species apart of the genus "Myrmecia". They are native to Australia and have primarily only been seen in South Australia.
	The "Myrmecia browningi" looks similar to any bull ant that is similar to the jack jumper ant, excluding that its mandibles and legs are dark colours. The species was first described by Ogata & Taylor in 1991.

= = = When Supernatural Battles Became Commonplace = = =

	The story focuses on Senkō High School's Literature Club, whose five members; Jurai, Tomoyo, Hatoko, Sayumi, and Chifuyu, have all somehow developed superpowers. The superpowers have now become a part of their everyday lives as they battle against others wielding similar powers.
	The first light novel volume was published on June 16, 2012 by SB Creative under their GA Bunko imprint. The series ended with the release of its 13th volume on January 13, 2018.
	A 12-episode anime television series adaptation by Trigger aired in Japan between October 6 and December 22, 2014 and was simulcast by Crunchyroll. It is directed by Masahiko Ōtsuka, who also handled series composition. Satoshi Yamaguchi designed the characters and Elements Garden composed the music. The opening theme is "OVERLAPPERS" by Qverktett:II (Haruka Yamazaki, Saori Hayami, Risa Taneda, and Nanami Yamashita) whilst the ending theme is "You Gotta Love Me!" by Kato＊Fuku (Emiri Katō and Kaori Fukuhara). The series has been licensed by Sentai Filmworks in North America.
[[Category:Slice of life anime and manga]
[[Category:Supernatural anime and manga]]
[[Category:Sentai Filmworks]]
[[Category:Trigger (company)]]
[[Category:TV Tokyo shows]]

= = = Germantown Municipal School District = = =

	The Germantown Municipal School District (GMSD) is the municipal school district for Germantown, Tennessee, in Shelby County.
	The schools included in the district are Dogwood elementary, forest hill elementary, and Farmington elementary schools, Houston Middle School, Riverdale K–8, and Houston High School. Germantown Elementary School, Germantown Middle School, and Germantown High School remain in Shelby County Schools.
	With an enrollment of over 5,900 students by 2017, the district has seen huge increases in enrollment since opening its doors in 2014. In the spring of 2016, Germantown Municipal Schools broke ground on an addition to Riverdale K-8 School. The 64,000 square foot add-on will house the school's middle school population. As enrollment numbers in the elementary school grade bands continues to grow, the district is planning to build a new elementary school which will break ground in the spring of 2018. The high school also saw two additions in its first year: a television studio and a new turf field.
	The school board hired Jason Manuel as the district's first superintendent. The district was named one of twelve "Exemplary Districts" in Tennessee. In 2015, two of its schools performed in the top 15% for performance on standardized tests, and the district as a whole earned the highest ACT average for the entire State of Tennessee in its first and second years (consecutively). Manuel and his staff deliver frequent presentations across the State as to how the District has pulled off such successes in such a short time.
	Germantown Municipal Schools have also been named a Top Place to Work in both 2015 and 2016 by the Commercial Appeal.

= = = Lost Highway Records Australia = = =

	Lost Highway Australia was launched in 2014 by Universal Music Australia as the Australian arm of the original Lost Highway Records, owned by Universal Music Group Nashville.
	Lost Highway Records was the home of Ryan Adams, Lucinda Williams, The Jayhawks, Whiskeytown, Lyle Lovett, Shelby Lynne, the soundtrack of "O Brother, Where Art Thou?", Willie Nelson, Ryan Bingham, Johnny Cash and others. In 2005, Powderfinger’s Bernard Fanning became the first Australian to sign to Lost Highway in the USA.
	Lost Highway Australia will sign country and roots-based music in Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific region starting in 2014, with the announcement of its first release by Australian singer/songwriter Catherine Britt, who has worked with artists such as Paul Kelly, Elton John, Tim Rogers, Shane Nicholson, Kasey Chambers and Kenny Chesney. In the USA, Catherine has charted several singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, she has also been the recipient of Country Music Awards of Australia Golden Guitars Awards, and ARIA and APRA nominations in Australia. In 2014, Britt will release her 6th studio album on Lost Highway Records Australia, which she is writing and recording.

= = = Nina Nayak = = =

	Nina P. Nayak (born 24 November 1953) is a social worker and child rights activist from Dakshina Kannada. She has dedicated her life to the promotion and protection of child rights. She has more than 30 years of experience in the field of child development, child rights protection and as an administrator, practitioner and trainer. Her works have significantly contributed for the recognition of child rights, policy formulation for these rights and their implementation by the Government of India. She has been a driving force in the implementation of ‘Juvenile Justice Act’ and the ‘Protection of Children Against Sexual Offenses Act’.
	She gave a presentation on the role of children in governance in a TEDx event in Bangalore on 6 April 2012. She has authored several articles and books. Nayak was a former Chairperson for Karnataka State Commission for Protection of Child Rights. Previously, she was also the vice-president of the Indian Council for Child Welfare and member of the sub-committee on children in the National Planning Commission of India. As head of the Karnataka State Council for Child Welfare has facilitated several adoptions in the state.
	Nina Nayak has a Master's degree in Social work with specialization in family and child welfare, and a Bachelor's degree in Home Science from University of Madras, with core subjects Child development, Food and Nutrition. She has a certificate in Human Rights from Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU).
	As a child rights activist for the last 30 years she has held several positions of responsibility
	On 10 March 2014 she was Aam Aadmi Party candidate for Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency and received 21403 votes (1.9% of the total votes polled) and lost to Ananth Kumar of BJP 
	Nina Nayak has brought up 2 adopted children.

= = = Mitko Tsenov = = =

	Mitko Tsenov () (born 13 June 1993) is a Bulgarian middle-distance runner who specializes in various events. He represented Bulgaria at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics. As of 2014, Tsenov is the fastest Bulgarian to have ever run the 3000 metres steeplechase, breaking Mikhail Zhelev's national record on June 12, 2014.
	Tsenov made his first major international appearance at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, where he placed 86th out of 106 finishers in the junior men's 8K race. At the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics, he competed in the men's 3000-metre steeplechase, where he narrowly missed qualification to the final round. At the 2012 European Cross Country Championships, he finished second overall in the junior men's race behind Poland's Szymon Kulka, winning Bulgaria's first ever medal in the European Cross Country Championships. At the 2013 European Cross Country Championships, he finished second overall again, except this time in a lengthier-distance U23 race. In 2014, he placed ninth of fifteen competitors in the finals of the men's 3000-meter steeplechase at the 2014 European Athletics Championships.
	In 2015, he began trying several different disciplines for which he had trained less for in the past. On May 17, 2015, at the Elite Meeting in Montgeron, Tsenov won the men's 3000 meters. On June 10, 2015, he won the 1500 meters in Bulgaria's national championship. He fulfilled the 2016 Summer Olympics qualifying standard for the 3000 meters steeplechase on May 29, 2015.

= = = Promise of Power = = =

	Promise of Power may stand for:

= = = Akali Hanuman Singh = = =

	Jathedar Baba Hanuman Singh, also known as Akali Hanuman Singh or Amar Shaheed Baba Hanuman Singh, was a Nihang Singh was 7th Jathedar of Budha Dal and Jathedar of Akal Takhat. He was predecessor of Akali Phula Singh. He attained martyrdom during fight with British and Patiala Rulers in 1845. In November 1755, he was born to Garja Singh and Harnam Kaur at Village Naurang Singh Wala, Zira, Ferozpur. At age of 68, he became Jathedar of Akal Takhat.
	After defeat of Khalsa against British, Jathedar decided to re-group nihang singh fauj against the Britishers at the Patiala Chauni. Raja Karam Singh was ruler of Patiala and other Malwa Kingdom was in alliance with British. There were strict orders to shoot Nihangs on sight. When Jathedar Hanuman Singh arrived at Patiala, Raja Karam Singh launched a cannon attack on Nihangs, in which many nihang singhs were killed. Rest were forced to move to the forests nearby. Hanuman Singh and around 500 Nihang warriors survived this attack, and continued to fight the heavy cannon fire of the British, with swords, bows and arrows, axes and matchlock fire.
	Baba Hanuman Singh was wounded badly and died at Sohana, Mohali at the age of 90. He was succeeded by Jathedar Baba Parladh Singh Nihang Singh. His memorial, Gurdwara Singh Shaheedan, is situated in Sohana. A Kabaddi academy is present in Sohana in his name.

= = = KNEU (Kryvyi Rih Metrotram) = = =

	KNEU (; ) is a station of the Kryvyi Rih Metrotram. The station was originally part of the city's larger tram system, although it was incorporated into the metrotram route along with four other stations on May 25, 2012. It is a station on the metrotram's third route, running from Zarichna to Kiltse KMK.
	The tram line reorganization was initiated in order to eliminate the need for transfer stops for the inhabitants traveling from Kryvyi Rih's northern neighborhoods to the southern end of town, near the ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih plant.
	The KNEU station is located above ground, with platforms running on either side of the metrotram's tracks. Passengers traveling on this station can transfer to the Kiltseva station. The station is named after the Kryvyi Rih National University (KNEU), which has an affiliate (the Kryvyi Rih College of Economics and Management) located in the city.

= = = Zaba, Democratic Republic of the Congo = = =

	Zaba is a community in Kwilu province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

= = = 2014 Albany Great Danes football team = = =

	The 2014 Albany Great Danes football team represented the University at Albany, SUNY in the 2014 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by Greg Gattuso, who was in his first season as head coach, and played their home games Bob Ford Field. The Great Danes were members of the Colonial Athletic Association. They finished the season 7–5, 3–5 in CAA play to finish in ninth place.

= = = Nkara = = =

	Nkara is a community in Kwilu province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

= = = Musenge-Munene = = =

	Musenge-Munene is a community in Kwilu province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

= = = Domagoj Pavičić = = =

	Domagoj Pavičić (born 9 March 1994) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for HNK Rijeka in the Prva HNL.
	Pavičić joined Lokomotiva on loan from Dinamo Zagreb in order to get first team chances. He scored his first goal for the club against Zadar in a 2-0 away win. After returning from loan, it was announced that he would debut against his old club Lokomotiva. He came in the match as a 74th-minute substitute for Junior Fernandes as Dinamo won the match 2-0. Zoran Mamić, the coach of Dinamo Zagreb said: "Pavičić represents the future of Dinamo and maybe soon he will be in a very narrow choice for the first team." On 1 September 2017, Pavičić was loaned to Rijeka until January 2018. In January 2018, following the end of the loan, Pavičić signed a -year contract with Rijeka.

= = = Kilembe, DR Congo = = =

	Kilembe is a community in Kwilu province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

= = = Goa Dalli CID 999 = = =

	GoaDalli CID 999 () is a 1968 Indian Kannada detective - crime spy thriller written, directed and produced by Dorai - Bhagwan duo. The film starred Rajkumar in the lead role as a detective. Popular Indian actress Lakshmi made her debut in Kannada cinema with this film. Sri Lankan based actress Sabeetha Perera also made her Indian movie debut with this film. The film had musical score by G. K. Venkatesh with lyrics by R. N. Jayagopal.The film met with highly positive response upon release and paved the way for many more such Bond style of movies in the combination of the director duo with lead actor Rajkumar.
	The film is the second movie in the "CID 999 Franchise" created along the lines of the "James Bond" and "James Bond - styled" films with the first one being "Jedara Bale". The success of this movie led to two more sequels - "Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999" and "Operation Diamond Racket".
	The 2019 Kannada movie "Bell Bottom" had its protagonist "Diwakara" being influenced by this movie in his childhood to become a detective.
	The music of the film was composed by G. K. Venkatesh with lyrics by R. N. Jayagopal.

= = = Symmachia accusatrix = = =

	Symmachia accusatrix is a butterfly species present in Mexico, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil and French Guiana.

= = = Kisandji = = =

	Kisandji is a community in Kwilu province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

= = = Bobbie Goulding Jr. = = =

	Bobbie Goulding Jr. (born 4 March 1993) is a professional rugby league footballer who has played in the 2010s. He has played at club level for the Dewsbury Rams, in the Super League for the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, in the Canterbury Cup NSW for the Newtown Jets, and the Thatto Heath Crusaders, as .
	Bobbie Goulding Jr. is the son of the rugby league footballer and coach; Bobbie Goulding.

= = = Myrmecia tarsata = = =

	Myrmecia tarsata is a bull ant species native to Australia. The species belongs to the genus "Myrmecia". Their distribution is large, mainly around New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory.
	"Myrmecia tarsata" is quite a large bull ant at 22-24 millimetres long, with the males being slightly smaller. The head, thorax, and other distinct features are mainly black, mandibles are yellow, and legs look to be a reddish yellow colour.
	The species of "Myrmecia tarsata" are known to have the gamergates gene, which workers are able to reproduce. This gene allows their colonies to last awhile without a queen.

= = = Prajna (Hinduism) = = =

	Prajña or Pragya (Sanskrit: प्रज्ञ) as प्रज्ञा, प्राज्ञ and प्राज्ञा is used to refer to the highest and purest form of wisdom, intelligence and understanding. Pragya is the state of wisdom which is higher than the knowledge obtained by reasoning and inference.
	The Sanskrit word प्रज्ञ ("Prajña") is the combination of "प्र ("pra-")" which prefix means – before, forward, fulfiller, and used as the intensifier but rarely as a separate word and "ज्ञ ("jna")" which means - knowing or familiar with. प्रज्ञ ("Prajña"), meaning - wise, prudent, knowing, conversant with, is the root of प्राज्ञ ("Prājña") meaning – wise, learned man, intellectual, clever, intelligence dependent on individuality; प्रज्ञा ("Prajñā") meaning – intelligence, judgement, mental attitude, particular "shakti" or energy, insight, mental disposition, true or transcendental wisdom, awareness, mentality, understanding, discrimination, knowledge; and प्राज्ञा ("Prājñā") meaning – understanding, intelligence.
	In the state of deep sleep, the Atman, limited by Prana, the vital breath, is called "Prājña".
	There are a few Vedic Mantras which hint at Prājña, the wise and the learned intellectual. and so does Isha Upanishad which belongs to the Shukla Yajurveda.
	Dayananda Saraswati, translating and commenting on the Rig Veda, draws attention to a sage of the Rig Veda who tells us –
	that the radiant one, who feeds and nourishes, who ensures births, who desires association with the learned, he surely soon gains wide varied knowledge (and becomes intelligent and aware).
	And, to Vishwamitra who tells us -
	that those who constantly strive to understand the ways and methods of the objective world and its origin and its being surely attain divinity ("aishvarya"). Sayana commenting on mantra III.27.7 observes that the most common meaning of "māyā" are "prajñā" ('intelligence') and "kapata" ('deceit') and that "kratu" of the compound-word "Sukratu" in mantra I.20.8 implies either "karma" (act) or "prajñā" ('knowledge').
	The third chapter of the Aitareya Upanishad teaches – तत्प्रज्ञानेत्रम् प्रज्ञाने प्रतिष्ठितं प्रज्ञानेत्रो लोकः प्रज्ञानं ब्रह्म (III.i.3) that all that exist, all phenomena cosmic and psychical, are rooted in "Prajñā" i.e. Consciousness, and Consciousness is Brahman, in which regard Sankara in his commentary states that Brahman gets the respective names and forms as conditioned by the divergent bodies; it is the same entity that has become diversified under all the conditions and is known in every way and is thought of multifariously by all creatures as well as logicians. And, in the Kaushitaki Upanishad III.iii.4, Indra describes 'Death' as complete absorption in Prana when "Prānā" and "Prajñā" ('consciousness' or 'self'), which together live in the body and together depart, become one. The main theme of Kaushitaki Upanishad is that without "Prajñā" the senses do not work, which is knowledge, for by knowledge one sees clearly; "Prajñā" is Brahman and all things are rooted in Brahman. "Prānā" is "Prajñā", self-consciousness. It is "Prajñā" that takes possession of Speech, and by speech one obtains words; takes possession of the nose, and one obtains odours; takes possession of the eye, and one obtains all forms; takes possession of the ear, and one obtains all sounds; takes possession of the tongue, and one obtains all tastes of food; takes possession of the hands, and one obtains all actions; takes possession of the body, and one obtains pleasure and pain; takes possession of the organ, one obtains happiness, joy and offspring; takes possession of the feet, one obtains all movements and takes possession of mind, and one obtains all thoughts, without "Prajñā", no thoughts succeed.
	The Vedantasara tells us that Brahman is to be thought of as being Nirguna, without attributes; Brahman is the sole reality, everything else is Anatman, non-existence and non-knowledge. Ignorance is two-fold; Brahman in relation of totality of ignorance as Ishvara has all the attributes of the creator and the ruler of the world but in relation to special ignorance is the individual soul, the defective intelligence, "Prājña" (प्राज्ञ) – अस्य प्राज्ञात्वमस्पष्टोपाधितयानतिप्रकाशकत्वात् ||४४||. Intelligence in its invisible form refers to Brahman – आनन्दभुक् चेतोमुखः प्राज्ञः ("Prājña, the enjoyer of bliss, with Consciousness for its aid" (Mandukya Upanishad 5)), the all-knowing reality, in its visible form it is the parviscient Jiva which is able to differentiate itself from Ishvara – सता सोम्य तदा सम्पन्नो भवति ("Then (in dreamless sleep), my dear, he (Jiva) becomes one with Existence (Ishvara) " (Chandogya Upanishad VI.viii.1)).
	Gaudapada, in his Karika on the Mandukya Upanishad, refers to the three states of consciousness, to the one Atman perceived threefold in the same body and the threefold satisfaction; he refers to Vaisvanara – जागरितस्थानो बहिष्प्रज्ञः whose sphere of action is the waking state, to Taijasa – स्वप्नास्थानोऽन्तःप्रज्ञः whose sphere is the dream state, and to "Prājna" (प्राज्ञ), whose sphere in the form of cause only is deep sleep bereft of dreams, as a mass of consciousness, as the Akasha in the heart and as the blissful one. He states that 'Dream' is the wrong apprehension of reality, 'Sleep' is the state in which one does not know what reality is; when the false experience in these two states disappears Turiya is realized (Gaudapada Karika I.vii.15). And, Yajnavalkya in Brihadaranyaka Upanishad advises that the intelligent seeker of Brahman, learning about the Self alone, should practice wisdom ("prajñā") and not think of too many words, for that is exhausting to the organ of speech.
	Swami Gambhirananda explains that the state where the sleeper does not desire any enjoyable thing and does not see any dream is deep sleep, and Prājna is the doorway to the experience of the dream and waking states. "Prājña" is the Self as the universal person in deep sleep. Yajnavlkya tells Janaka that "Chidaksha", the Self of the nature of Consciousness, is consciousness behind intelligent sound and the source of Shabda Brahman whose primary form is Aum which word is to be meditated upon as "Prajñā" ('Knowledge'), the inmost consciousness.
	The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali cover the intellectual plane from the average level of awareness to the enlarged dimension of super consciousness. According to Patanjali, Samadhi is the last aspect of the eight-fold path which leads to realisation of Yoga which unites the mortal with the immortal and "Prajñā" is the state of perfection, the one, total indivisible entity. The perfect "yogi" on attaining this Supreme state becomes a total non-entity. Patanjali states – तस्य वाचकः प्रणवः that the word which express Him is Om but mere repletion of Om is insufficient, for one should also meditate upon its meaning for gaining knowledge of the Atman and destruction of the obstacles to that knowledge on road to reaching "Nirvichara Samadhi" when the mind becomes pure and – ऋतम्भरा तत्र प्रज्ञा in that "Samadhi", knowledge is said to be filled with truth which knowledge goes beyond inference and scriptures.

= = = Wulf Herzogenrath = = =

	Wulf Herzogenrath (born 23 March 1944, Rathenow, Province of Brandenburg), Germany is a German art historian and curator. He is a leading expert in Video art.
	Herzogenrath studied art history, archaeology und ethnology in Kiel, Berlin and Bonn. 1967 - 1968 he edited the exhibition catalog "50 Jahre Bauhaus“. He received his doctorate in 1970 with a thesis on Oskar Schlemmer murals.
	In 1973 the 28-year-old Herzogenrath was hired to be the youngest ever director of a German "Kunstverein" (Art Society) in Cologne, Germany.
	From 1989 he was the chief curator of the National Gallery (Berlin), entrusted with the Hamburger Bahnhof division for contemporary art. Herzogenrath left in 1994 to lead the Kunsthalle Bremen until his retirement in 2011. He relocated to Berlin in 2013.
	Since 2012 he is the director of the visual arts section of the German Academy of Arts, Berlin.
	In 1976 he organized the first European one man show of Nam June Paik at the Kölnischer Kunstverein. He curated the video section of Documenta 6 (1977) with Nam June Paik and Wolf Vostell, and was part of the Documenta 8 (1987) curatorial team.
	in 2006 he initiated 2006 "40jahrevideokunst.de" a collection of 59 seminal video art works from 1963 to 2006. The resulting exhibition series was shown simultaneously in five German museums. A DVD set documents the exhibition and all video works.

= = = The Big Dream (film) = = =

	The Big Dream () is a 2009 Italian drama film directed by Michele Placido. It entered the main competition at the 66th Venice International Film Festival, in which Jasmine Trinca won the Marcello Mastroianni Award.
	In 1968, in Rome, at the famous La Sapienza University, a group of young people occupy the institution, starting a student revolt. The group of students is led by the proletarian Libero, son of unemployed workers of Fiat, who wants to permanently change the future for the youth of the country. The police oppose him, while the upper class student Laura falls in love with Libero. In the meantime, however, the Rome police plan to stifle the student revolt, and among these is the young Nicola, who secretly loves the theater, and wants to star in a famous company. When Laura meets Nicola, she changes perspective and the two fall in love. Nicola is tasked by the police to infiltrate the protesters and to discover the weak points so that the police can more easily attack the students.<br>As soon as the attack begins one day, without warning, Laura discovers the true nature of Nicola, and breaks up with him. While Libero flees to Sicily, avoiding arrest, the young policeman decides to devote himself entirely to the theater.

= = = Naomichi Matsumoto = = =

	Matsumoto has been the editor-in-chief of the scientific journal "Journal of Human Genetics" since 2014.
	Matsumoto was born in Saga Prefecture, Japan, and completed his M.D. in 1986 from Kyushu University School of Medicine. After residency in obstetrics and gynecology at Kyushu University Hospital, he worked as an obstetrician and gynecologist for several years. Wishing to pursue advanced study in medical genetics, he went to Nagasaki University to study as a graduate student under Norio Niikawa, who discovered Kabuki syndrome. He obtained his doctorate in genetics in 1997 from the same institution, before becoming a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Chicago. He was appointed Professor and Chairman of the Department of Human Genetics at Yokohama City University School of Medicine in 2003.

= = = Acid Blue 25 = = =

	Acid Blue 25 (CHNNaOS) is an acid dye that is water-soluble and anionic and used for adsorption researches. The structure is an anthraquinone.
	Acid Blue 25 is powder-like and poorly soluble in water. The dye is soluble in solvents such as acetone and ethanol.
	Acid Blue 25 is used for dyeing wool, silk and mixed fabric and printing them in a direct method.
	The dye is extensively utilized to color leather, paper, cellulose, and PC blends during the manufacturing process.

= = = Hitachi Furyumono = = =

	The Hitachi Furyumono (日立風流物) is a parade in Hitachi city, Japan. It is held during "Hitachi Sakura Matsuri" (日立さくらまつり), the annual cherry blossom festival in April, and the Great Festival at the local once in every seven years in May. It is inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists as a part of "", 33 traditional Japan festivals.
	Furyumono is a puppet show performed onstage on the floats. Each of four local communities - Kita-machi (北町), Higashi-machi (東町), Nishi-machi (西町) and Moto-machi (元町) - has their own float. During the annual festival, one community presents its parade float each year. During the Great Festival at Kamine Shrine, the four communities compete for the most skilled puppeteers and the best hospitality to the local deity. 
	The floats are five tons in weight, 15 meters in height, and from 3 to 8 meters in width. Each of them has a five-storied stage, and on each stage puppets play a scene of one story respectively.
	Each puppet is controlled by three to five puppeteers manipulating the ropes.
	The origin of the parade goes back to 1695. According to Kamine Shrine, Tokugawa Mitsukuni, the second lord of Mito Domain, appointed Kamine Shrine as the "Sou-Chinju", the local tutelary shrine. People held religious festivals and dedicated floats to the shrine.
	In the early 18th century, a puppet show began supposedly imitating "Ningyō jōruri", the puppet theater with chanted narration that was very popular in Edo and Osaka area at that time.
	In 1945, most of the floats were lost in the war disasters, but Furyumono was restored in 1958. In addition, the existing float was registered as the Important Tangible Folk Cultural Property in 1959.
	In 1977, Furyumono was registered as the Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property.
	In 2009, it was inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists with the "Yamahoko" parade of Gion Matsuri.　In 2016, these two parades and 31 traditional festivals were registered on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists as "", the representative examples showing the diversity of Japan local cultures.

= = = 1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election = = =

	Elections to the Assam Legislative Assembly were held on March 27, 1952. This election was officially known as 1951 Assam Legislative Assembly election, even though through delays, actual voting didn't take place until early 1952.
	Assam Legislative Assembly, 1952 consisted of 81 single member constituencies and 13 double member constituencies. A total of 590 nominations were filed out of which 61 were rejected and 74 withdrew their nominations. So a total of 455 candidates contested the first legislative assembly elections in Assam.
	9 National parties along with 10 registered unrecognized parties took part in the assembly election. Indian National Congress contested on 92 seats and won 76 of them. Independent candidates won 14 seats while no other party cross double digit.

= = = Dušan Kljajić = = =

	Dušan Kljajić (, born 12 October 1963) is a retired Serbian football defender.
	A product of Red Star football academy, during his professional career he played for numerous clubs in Yugoslav First League and Yugoslav Second League. After the break-up of Yugoslavia, he moved to Turkey, where he played for Samsunspor, before returning to Serbia in 1994. Since retiring as a player in 2000, Kljajić worked as a manager with several Serbian clubs, including Mladenovac, Big Bull, Morava Ćuprija, Srem and Novi Pazar. Currently, he is the manager of Bežanija.

= = = SpaceCamp (soundtrack) = = =

	The soundtrack to "SpaceCamp" is a release of the film's musical score by John Williams, first released on 45 and LP in 1986, and reissued on CD in 1992 and again in 2010. Although originally released on LP in the United States in 1986 by RCA Victor, it was withdrawn from the market because of the film’s unintentional similarities to the "Challenger" accident that had happened the same year. RCA Records’ German LP release and Japanese 45 release were not likewise affected. A limited Japanese printing of 1000 CDs was re-released in 1992, and the Intrada Special Collection limited a CD printing to 3000 copies in 2010.
	Total Duration: 00:47:06
	Total Duration: 00:48:41
	Total Duration: 00:49:05
	The soundtrack that was released only contained Williams’ instrumental score. Other tracks that appear in the film, but not in the soundtrack, are:

= = = History of the Chinese Americans in Los Angeles = = =

	Historically there has been a population of Chinese Americans in Los Angeles and the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area. As of 2010, there were 393,488 Chinese Americans in Los Angeles County, 4.0% of the county's population, and 66,782 Chinese Americans in the city of Los Angeles (1.8% of the total population).
	The historian William Mason stated that the first Chinese in Los Angeles were Ah Luce and Ah Fou, who arrived in 1850. In his memoirs, Harris Newmark stated that the first Chinese person was the servant of his uncle, Joseph Newmark.
	The Chinese massacre of 1871 was a racially motivated riot which occurred on October 24, 1871 in Los Angeles, when a mob of around 500 white men entered Chinatown to attack, rob, and murder Chinese residents of the city. An estimated 17 to 20 Chinese immigrants were systematically tortured and then hanged by the mob, making the event the largest mass lynching in American history.
	By 1900, there were about 3,000 Chinese in the city. Most residents of the old Chinatown came from Sanyi (San Yup) and Siyi (Sze Yup) in Guangdong. The Old Chinatown began to decline as more Chinese left. Many moved to East Adams around the 1920s and 1930s. The Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal, built in 1933, was built over much of the former Old Chinatown, so a new Chinatown was established after Peter SooHoo Sr. and Herbert Lapham, an agent for the Santa Fe Railway, negotiated a land purchase for what would become the new Chinatown.
	Christine Sterling, a civic leader, developed "China City," a tourist attraction which opened in 1938. Chinese working there also lived there. After two fires, "China City" decayed and was gone by the 1950s. To make way for the Hollywood Freeway, almost all of the remainder of old Chinatown was destroyed in 1951. The remaining portions were parts of Sanchez Alley and Garnier Block.
	More Chinese, especially those from Hong Kong, immigrated to Los Angeles after the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (Hart-Cellar Act) passed. By the end of the 20th Century many Chinese began moving to suburbs such as Monterey Park, Alhambra, Arcadia, and Rosemead. By 2013, large numbers of ethnic Chinese moved into communities in the San Gabriel Valley, including San Gabriel, San Marino, and Walnut.
	The 2015 Rowland Heights, California bullying incident involved Chinese nationals living in the Los Angeles area.
	The San Gabriel Valley has a large Chinese population. Much of the Chinese immigrants are from Taiwan and Hong Kong. The population is concentrated in the cities of Monterey Park and Alhambra.
	The Chinese Historical Society of Southern California is located in Los Angeles, California.
	The Chinese American Museum is located in Downtown Los Angeles.
	As of 2006 most of the Greater Los Angeles Chinese supplementary educational schools are located in Chinese communities, serving mostly ethnic Chinese, in the San Gabriel Valley. The ethnic Chinese students come from various ethnic Chinese backgrounds. The weekend schools have a tendency of attracting clientele from wider areas while daily programs have a tendency of attracting nearby students.
	As of 1993 Saturday morning Chinese language programs in the San Gabriel Valley had about 10,000 Chinese American children as students. That year Chinese schools held classes in four Rowland Unified School District elementary school campuses. As of 2006, the "Southern California Chinese Consumer Yellow Pages" had a listing of such institutes, stating that there were 135 academic after school tutoring establishments, with "buxibans" among them. The same directory listed 90 Chinese language schools, 90 dancing and music schools, and 50 art centers and schools.
	The weekend Chinese schools, in addition to Saturday classes, also held classes on summer weekdays and in after-school periods on other weekdays. As of 1993 the yearly tuition of a weekend Chinese school for children ranged $200 to $300 (with inflation accounted for, $ to $) per person. Classes were generally held from 8:30 AM to 12:30 PM. Some public schools in the San Gabriel Valley distributed foreign language credits to students of Chinese schools.
	11 Los Angeles area Chinese weekend schools in Los Angeles County co-founded the Southern California Council of Chinese Schools in 1976. In 1993 this council operated Chinese schools in California and Arizona, and that year almost all of the San Gabriel Valley Chinese schools belonged to this council.
	The Hacienda Heights Area Chinese School, which opened in 1982, initially held classes in a church and had about 100 students. In 1984 it moved to Dibble Adult School. In 1990 it began holding classes at Cedarlane Junior High School due to an expanding student body. As of 1993 it had about 550 students.
	Michael Chen co-founded the Ming Yuan Institute, held at St. Steven's Catholic School in Monterey Park, in 1987. As of 1993 the school had 750 students in its main Saturday program in Monterey Park and 50 students at a branch campus in Rowland Heights.
	The San Fernando Valley Chinese School was founded in 1971 and had sponsorship from the San Fernando Valley Chinese Cultural Association. As of 1988 it holds its classes in Andasol Elementary School in Northridge.

= = = 2014 Elon Phoenix football team = = =

	The 2014 Elon Phoenix football team represented Elon University in the 2014 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by-first year head coach Rich Skrosky and played their home games at Rhodes Stadium. They were first-year members of the Colonial Athletic Association. They finished the season 1–11, 0–8 in CAA play to finish in last place.

= = = Ijele Masquerade = = =

	Ijele Masquerade, known as the biggest Masquerade in Sub-Saharan Africa, is a tradition of the Igbo people of Nigeria and was listed in the UNESCO Archives as an intangible cultural element in need of urgent safeguarding. In many communities in the state of Anambra in South-Eastern Nigeria, celebrations, burial ceremonies and other special occasions during the dry season to evoke fertility and a bountiful harvest feature the performance of the Ijele masquerade.
	That Ijele originated from old Anambra State in Nigeria many centuries ago is not in doubt. According to UNESCO recent commentary on the Origin of Ijele Masquarade, It is believed that a dance group called Akunechenyi from Umuleri & Aguleri communities along the eastern tributaries of the River Niger in Anambra State gave rise to Ijele. It was originally intended to intimidate and scare away the early missionaries as well as celebrate royalty and greatness in Igboland.
	However, the origin of Ijele according to available Oral story, emanated from Akwunechenyi dance group belonging to Umudiana Village of Ikenga Umueri. It was this very group that performed the first "izi egwu ijele"(introduction of the Mask) to other communities. The first Village to be introduced was Umuatuolu Village of Umueri, subsequently followed by Igboezunu Aguleri, Nsugbe, Nneyi Umueri, Nando, Awkuzu etc. Its pertinent to note that Igboezunu Aguleri was instrumental to introduction of the masquarade to Ivite Aguleri, Igbariamu, Nteje, and some other Villages outside Omabala areas.
	In recognizing the roles played by Umueri in the Origin of Ijele, the Old Anambra State Government unanimously selected Umueri Ijele Cultural troupe, to represent the State in Festival of Art & Culture known as FESTAC 1977 of which the groups won various Awards & accolades for excellence from the Federal Government in 1977.
	Ijele is the largest mask system ever to enter the history of the world masking tradition. It comprises two segments: the upper and the lower segments, divided at the centre by a big python. The upper segment is called Mkpu Ijele while the lower segment is called Akpakwuru Ijele or Ogbanibe and the centre is called Eke - Ogba (Python). Ijele towers about 15 ft to 12 ft based on gravitational balance construction. It is built around the intricacy of multicolor cloths, bamboo sticks and canes in line with a creative hand element. Due to its weighty size, an outdoor big house must be prepared for Ijele anywhere it will perform. It takes about 100 men to work for six months in preparation of Ijele costumes and house before an outing performance.
	Ijele is a special masquerade in Anambra and Enugu State, Nigeria. It is the King of all Masquerades and as such has 45 different other masquerades perform on top of it in the olden days. Presently, the 45 masquerades are represented by the 45 figurines seen on top of Ijele. The myth and size of Ijele is wholesome as every aspect of life is depicted on Ijele. It is the climax of all masquerades hence performs alone and mostly last. Ijele is a family of 4: the mother; father; police and palm wine taper which will be discussed under the Ijele family below.
	Nne Ijele meaning "Mother of Ijele". She is a usually beautiful lady masquerade that holds a big ox tail with a carved enamel plate. It performs dances to flute and soft music.
	Ijele Father called "Onuku": It has a big face and dresses in chieftaincy regalia.
	Ijele Police: they are usually six. Their duty is to ensure that the people do not encroach on Ijele father or mother.
	Ijele Palm Wine Tapper: It accompanies Ijele for the sole purpose of picking its rear as it performs. Another significant personality is the Ijele fan carrier of Akupe carrier. It is not really a masquerade but it plays crucial role of leading the Ijele with its symbolic powerful fan called Akupe. Once the Ijele loses sight of the fan and its carrier, it gets lost and it signifies danger. Ijele moves when the fan carrier moves and also stops when it stops.
	Ijele has a special brand of band group that entertains it whenever he performs. It dances majestically to the royal band group called and known as "Igba-eze" - Royal Band group or literally known as drums of the Kings popularly called "Akunechenyi" in Igbo language. The musical instruments includes 4 drums, ogene, ubom, uyo, Ekwe, flute (Oja - ufele), wooden clapper (aja - oja) amongst others.
	Ijele Mirror: This mysterious mirror picks and sees anyone with charm or destructive weapons. The mirror magnets the person to Ijele for punishment. This mirror is reflective and creates an aesthetic beauty. 
	Ijele Python: This is a big snake signifying royalty and mightiness of Ijele.
	Ijele Cloth / Fabrics: Ijele fabrics popularly known as Ododo is expensive, colorful velvety materials. Ijele has all colors but yellow, black and red are pronounced.
	Ijele Trees, Animals, White men, Carved Human Activities:
	All these signifies wholesomeness of Ijele as every aspect of human life is depicted on Ijele masquerade.
	Mermaid Objects: Ijele is crowned up with mermaid objects signifying Ijele as the greatest of all masquerades.
	Ijele Horse: The horse represents majesty and greatness.
	The Societal Impact & Significance of Ijele
	Ijele has political, spiritual, social, psychological and recreational significance.
	Spiritual / Social: Ijele performs at the burial ceremonies of great and powerful kings or special men and women in Igboland. It also performs at the burial ceremony of any member of the Ijele family or at the death of the oldest man in the community. Ijele mostly perform during the dry season to mark fertility and annual bountiful harvest. It can equally perform at special festivals and occasions.
	Political: Ijele gives the people the opportunity to re-affirm their loyalty. This affirmation comes in different ways, for example, dancing alongside the Ijele as it pays homage to a Chief or King, show ones total loyalty. If Ijele can bow, who else can not bow!
	Psychological: The appearance depicts a high tone of events when different facet of Igbo recreational activities is displayed. Though in some communities in Anambra State, it is restricted to young boys and girls singing and dancing to the tune of Akunechenyi music, which features very prominently during this session.
	Recreational: Its appearance depicts a high tone of events when different facet of Igbo recreational activities is displayed. Though in some Communities in Anambra State, it is restricted to young boys and girls singing and dancing to the Akunechenyi music which features very prominently during the festivals.
	Its worth to note that Ijele will never step out to perform unless Seven (7) Cannon gunshot are released to the air alongside the sound of its royal music. Therefore, its would be nice to sum it up that Ijele is a Spiritual bond between a range of Communities in Anambra State of Nigeria which is harbinger of peace, amity, dialogue and a high sense of communality.

= = = Golmaal Radhakrishna = = =

	Golmaal Radhakrishna is a 1990 Indian Kannada comedy film directed and written by Om Sai Prakash. The film starred Anant Nag in the title role along with Chandrika and Vanitha Vasu in leading roles. The music of the film was composed by M. Ranga Rao.
	Produced by K. Chidambara Shetty under Chitra Productions banner, the film was released in 1990 and met with positive response from critics and audience. The film was a remake of Telugu film "Chalaki Mogudu Chadastapu Pellam".
	The film's soundtrack was composed by M. Ranga Rao.
	A sequel to this film titled "Golmaal Radhakrishna-2" was released in 1991 with Anant Nag and Chandrika reprising their roles. Actress Tara and Vanitha Vasu were also seen in the prominent roles. Much of the cast and crew were repeated in the sequel too barring the music director Ranga Rao replaced by Upendra Kumar.

= = = Singireddy Harivardhan Reddy = = =

	Singireddy Harivardhan Reddy (born in Hyderabad, India) is an Indian politician and the ex-Corporator of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation(GHMC) of Habsiguda, Hyderabad.
	Singireddy Harivardhan Reddy was born in gowdavally village to Singireddy Madhav Reddy and Kamalamma.

= = = Paula Weinstein = = =

	Paula Weinstein is an American film and TV producer.
	Weinstein was raised in a Jewish family, the daughter of film producer Hannah Weinstein (née Dorner) and Pete Weinstein, a reporter for The Brooklyn Eagle; her parents divorced in 1955. She was married to producer Mark Rosenberg until his death in 1992 at age 44. She often works with Steve Kloves, Lasse Hallström, and Barry Levinson.
	In 2013, Weinstein has been named the Executive Vice President of Tribeca Enterprises.
	"All films, she was producer unless otherwise noted."

= = = Symmachia basilissa = = =

	Symmachia basilissa is a butterfly species of the family Riodinidae. It is present in Brazil and French Guiana.

= = = Netherlands Rugby League Bond = = =

	The Netherlands Rugby League Bond is the governing body for the sport of rugby league football in Netherlands. The Association was formed during 2006.

= = = Ultimatum (2009 film) = = =

	Ultimatum is a 2009 French-Italian-Israeli drama film directed by Alain Tasma.

= = = Birmaharajpur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency) = = =

	Birmaharajpur (Sl. No.: 64) is a Vidhan Sabha constituency of Subarnapur district, Odisha.
	This constituency includes Binika NAC, Birmaharajpur block, Ullunda block and 13 GPs (Babupalli, Bankigirdi, Bausuni, Bhandar, Charda, Kaintara, Mahadevpalli, Meghala, Seledi, Shankara, Silati, Sindurpur and Singhijuba) of Binika block.
	Eleven elections were held between 1951 and 2014 including a by-election in 2003.
	Elected members from the Birmaharajpur constituency are:
	In 2014 election, Biju Janata Dal candidate Padmanabh Behera defeated Bharatiya Janata Party candidate Ananda Barik by a margin of 31,290 votes.
	In 2009 election, Biju Janata Dal candidate Padmanabh Behera defeated Indian National Congress candidate Binod Patra by a margin of 21,401 votes.

= = = Symmachia calligrapha = = =

	Symmachia calligrapha is a butterfly species of the family Riodinidae. It is present in Brazil (Pará) and French Guiana.

= = = Panoweaver = = =

	Panoweaver supports telephoto, normal, wide angle and fisheye lens images into full 360*180 spherical panoramic image. Panoweaver also supports exporting 360 panoramic images into Flash VR, QuickTime VR, Java-based VR tours and swf, and publish on Facebook.
	The 'free trial version' of Panoweaver is fully functional but creates panoramas with embedded visible watermarks.
	Panoweaver pro also includes HDR and tone mapping support.
	Hugin is an open source alternative also based on Panorama Tools

= = = Symmachia calliste = = =

	Symmachia calliste is a butterfly species of the family Riodinidae. It is present in Colombia, Brazil, Nicaragua and French Guiana.

= = = José Antonio González = = =

	José Antonio González may refer to:

= = = 1916 New Year Honours = = =

	The New Year Honours 1916 were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by members of the British Empire. They were announced on 1 January 1916.
	A number of the honours were gazetted as being in recognition of the services of officers during the War. These are noted with a # below.

= = = Best Friend (Foster the People song) = = =

	"Best Friend" is a song by American indie pop band Foster the People. The song is featured as the seventh track on the band's second studio album "Supermodel" and was released as the record's third single by Columbia Records on March 10, 2014. "Best Friend" was remixed by Australian future bass producer Wave Racer.
	A lyric video for "Best Friend", animated by Young & Sick, was uploaded to YouTube on March 11, 2014. The song's official video was directed by Ben Brewer.
	The film opens with a supermodel waking up from the floor with a cigarette in her hand, with Mark Foster watching from a chair. She prepares and heads to a photo shoot for a cover of a fashion magazine. The band is seen playing in the animated background. The supermodel is then shown in a restroom, in regret. Another supermodel is shown alongside her, and when Foster screams; "It dries up", the supermodel turns to cannibalism, eating the other supermodel alive and whole, except her dress, and coughs up her rings and necklace. She then gains physical features, and is shown on a magazine article differently in style.
	While the model is at the gym, she notices a women with slim legs (preferably when a magazine shows her quote: "I'd KILL For LEGS Like Yours!"). In animated scene, The woman leaves and the model mutates into a hideous beast, devouring the woman and gaining her features. She is shown with Mark Pontius at a bar, whom she shows her legs to, which grow in size. Various advertisements show her with her enlarged legs. Through an advertisement, we learn that she has eaten another model.
	The film then cuts to the supermodel altering her physical features; smooth skin, enlarged neck, and broader eyes. We then see the three models she has eaten: the one without the dress, the gymnast, and the other supermodel. One throws up a shoe, and the model coughs it up. She then alters her features more, with a bigger and slimmer abdomen. Another advertisement shows her all altered features.
	Through a sign, we can see that the model has signed up for a fashion show, with Foster watching from the crowd. While the other models are being showcased, the supermodel is shown taking drugs, in her original form, due to a limited amount of time to showcase her altered features. A model walks downstairs and enters her room. The supermodel is then shown swallowing her, with her jaw enlarged and a slimy snake-like tongue being used. The legs of the woman who is being eaten alive start kicking more and more frantically the more she is swallowed.
	Finally, the supermodel walks down the stage as a grotesque, freakish looking humanoid, horrifying the audience. While there, she vomits up a dress, and stretched, wavy arms and hands are photographing the supermodel. The model withers back to her original form, and while Foster is singing the last lines, she is shown gasping for air, and dies.
	Foster the People
	Additional personnel

= = = Tenor Fly = = =

	Jonathan Sutter (7 July 1967 – 17 June 2016), better known by his stage name Tenor Fly, was a British singer and rapper. He rose to prominence in the ragga movement of the early 1990s.
	Sutter was a solo artist and later a member of Freestylers. Fly was active in the music business from 1988, and was best known for his work with other artists, such as Rebel MC, Top Cat, Barrington Levy and Sir Coxson Sound.
	Sutter died on 17 June 2016 with no details regarding his death made public.

= = = 2014 Akron Zips football team = = =

	The 2014 Akron Zips football team represented the University of Akron in the 2014 NCAA Division I FBS football season. They were led by third-year head coach Terry Bowden and played their home games at InfoCision Stadium–Summa Field. They were members of the East Division of the Mid-American Conference. They finished the season 5–7, 3–5 in MAC play to finish in a tie for fourth place in the East Division.

= = = Gopi Krishna (1992 film) = = =

	Gopi Krishna () is a 1992 Indian Kannada romantic comedy film directed and enacted by Ravichandran in the lead role. Also starring Rupini, Sumithra and Lokesh, The film was a remake of 1962 Hindi film "Professor".
	Music and lyrics was composed by Hamsalekha. The film was produced by N. Veeraswamy for his home banner Eshwari Productions.
	The film and music composed by Hamsalekha was well received and the audio sales hit a record high.

= = = Praščevac = = =

	Praščevac is a village in Croatia. It is connected by the Ž2231 road with Farkaševac and Cirkvena.

= = = Rae Taylor = = =

	Rae Martin Taylor (born 1935) is a retired senior Australian public servant and policymaker.
	Taylor is a University of Sydney graduate, with a bachelor's degree in Economics (with honours).
	Rae Taylor joined the Commonwealth Public Service at the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics in 1956. He subsequently was employed in the Department of Primary Industry, the Department of Trade and Industry, the Department of Territories and the Department of Housing. In 1969 Taylor joined the Department of Shipping and Transport, becoming a Deputy Secretary of the Department in 1975.
	Taylor was appointed to his first Secretary role in December 1978, becoming head of the Department of Employment and Youth Affairs.
	In May 1982, Taylor was shifted to a position as head of the Department of Transport and Construction. After the Hawke Government was elected in the 1983 federal election, Taylor was retained in only an acting role overseeing Commonwealth construction functions, becoming Acting Secretary of the Department of Housing and Construction. and Secretary of the Department of Transport.
	Between February 1986 and July 1987, Taylor was Secretary of the Department of Aviation.
	Taylor's final Secretary appointment was as head of the Department of Industrial Relations between July 1987 and March 1989.
	In 1994, Taylor was appointed Board Chairman of the National Centre for Vocational Education Research Ltd.
	In 1999 he was appointed Chairman of a steering group to oversee the second stage review of the Commonwealth Navigation Act.
	Taylor was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in January 1987 for his public service.

= = = Thomas Atkinson (Australian politician) = = =

	Thomas Atkinson (6 July 1822 – 15 October 1906) was a pioneer farmer in the Willunga, South Australia and for nine years was a representative for that district in Parliament. In later life he was frequently referred to as "Captain Atkinson".
	Thomas Atkinson was the fourth son of Robert Anderson, a farmer of Snitterby, Lincolnshire. His parents died when he was nine years old, and his oldest brother William for a while managed the farm but, suffering ill health and seeking a warmer climate, decided they should emigrate, so sold up and on 12 November 1839 arrived at Holdfast Bay on the barque "Singapore" under Captain Hamilton, with three experienced farmers as future employees.
	At first they settled in Kangarilla, but found the land at Willunga more fertile and moved again, founding a mixed farm while breeding sheep, dairy cattle and bullocks. At first the going was hard; their first livestock were expensive (the first 40 head of cattle which they purchased cost them from £16 to £20 each, and their horses from £65 to £95 per head), then recession hit and their progeny were virtually worthless and they were producing more butter than the market could bear, but then copper was found at Burra, and bullocks were in high demand so the brothers prospered. They dissolved their partnership and Thomas, who had received some instruction in architecture and bricklaying in England, built the Bush Inn at Willunga in 1840, and purchased Ashley Farm, where he and his wife (a daughter of Stephen Bastian) lived the rest of their lives.
	Thomas was a good farmer, an early adopter of improved farming techniques; he was one of the first to employ seed drills and manure drills, and paid attention to scientific breeding of his cattle. The only time he exhibited in the Adelaide Show he won first prize for his Durham bull. He was also keen on thoroughbred racing, but though he employed a jockey and trainer, his only real successes were in country meetings. He was a longtime member of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society of South Australia and for many years a committee member. He was a fine judge of horses and cattle and was employed in that capacity in most of the Shows throughout South Australia until 1898, when at 76 years of age he resigned from all his commitments.
	He was one of South Australia's first Justices of the Peace, and was also appointed one of the first Road Commissioners (a predecessor of district councils) during Sir Henry Young's time, then was a member of the Willunga District Council for 28 years. He was a commissioner for the Sydney and Melbourne exhibitions, and for many years a member of the School Board of Advice. In 1860 he was appointed captain of the Willunga Rifle Volunteer Force, and in 1895 honorary captain of the Mounted Volunteer Force (both militias of the Colony in the years before Federation). He took Sir John Colton's place in Parliament as member for Noarlunga in September 1878, and continued as a member until 1887, when Dashwood beat him by 13 votes. Though an able raconteur, he was not fond of public speaking and was referred to in Parliament as the "silent member".
	Thomas's brothers who migrated to South Australia were: William (1814 – November 1840); Robert (1820 – 8 June 1862); Joseph (1824 – 25 September 1878). All died at Willunga. A sister Susanna (1828 – 31 May 1894) also made the trip and married James Holman (ca. 1827 – 1 May 1903) on 9 September 1852; they lived at Napperby, near Port Pirie.
	Atkinson married Jane Bastian (1 April 1824 – 24 July 1910) on 20 May 1847.
	Both died at "Ashley Farm" and were buried in St. Stephen's (Anglican) cemetery, Willunga.
	Their adopted son, Thomas Arthur Palmer, was born in 1868 and died on 7 March 1885. They had no other children.

= = = Symmachia emeralda = = =

	Symmachia emeralda is a butterfly species in the family Riodinidae. It is present in Ecuador and French Guiana.

= = = Davion Berry = = =

	Davion Lamont Berry (born November 1, 1991) is an American professional basketball player for BC Enisey of the VTB United League. He played college basketball for the Weber State Wildcats where he was named Big Sky Conference Player of the Year in 2014.
	Berry attended Hayward High School where he led his team to a 21-9 record his senior season. He was the named the team MVP and an All-League First Team selection that season.
	After graduating, Berry attended Cal State Monterey Bay for two years where he averaged 18.3 points and 4.1 rebounds per game and twice earned All-Conference First Team honors. Later he transferred to Weber State where, after sitting for the 2011–2012 season per NCAA rules, he played and started 68 games for the Wildcats, ranking 15th in WSU history in career scoring with 1,160 career points and also fifth in career 3-point field goal percentage and 10th in career 3-pointers. In his two years at Weber state, he twice earned Big Sky All-Conference First Team honors and First Team All-District honors and was named the 2013-14 Big Sky MVP and the 2012-13 Big Sky Newcomer of the Year.
	After going undrafted in the 2014 NBA draft, Berry joined the Portland Trail Blazers for the 2014 NBA Summer League. On July 25, 2014, he signed with PMS Torino for the 2014–15 Serie A2 Gold season. However, in late January 2015, he was replaced on the roster by Ian Miller after appearing in 19 games. He officially parted ways with Torino on March 3, 2015, and the following day, he was acquired by the Maine Red Claws of the NBA Development League.
	In July 2015, Berry joined the NBA D-League Select Team for the 2015 NBA Summer League. In October 2015, he signed with the Changwon LG Sakers of the Korean Basketball League. However, he managed just three games for Changwon, with his final game coming on November 8. He was released by the club and returned to the United States, where on November 17, he was reacquired by the Maine Red Claws. Three days later, he made his season debut for the Red Claws in a 112–93 win over Raptors 905, recording six points, four assists and one steal in 12 minutes. On March 4, 2016, he was traded to Raptors 905 in exchange for a 2016 third-round draft pick and the returning player rights to Abdul Gaddy. On March 11, he made his debut for Raptors 905 in a 102–98 win over the Iowa Energy, recording three rebounds and three assists in 21 minutes off the bench.
	On August 1, 2016, Berry joined Kolossos Rodou. On October 8, he made his debut for Kolossos in a 74–66 loss to Rethymno Cretan Kings, recording 17 points, one rebound and one assist in 30 minutes. Nine days later, he was waived by Kolossos.
	On August 4, 2018, he signed with Panionios of the Greek Basket League.
	On July 30, 2019, he has signed with BC Enisey of the VTB United League. 
	In the summer of 2017, Berry played in The Basketball Tournament on ESPN for The Wasatch Front (Weber State Alumni). He competed for the $2 million prize, and for The Wasatch Front, he scored 16 points in their first round loss to Team Challenge ALS 97-81.
	Berry majored in Technical Sales at Weber State.
	Berry is the brother of Kamara Pitts

= = = Symmachia falcistriga = = =

	Symmachia falcistriga is a butterfly species in the family Riodinidae. It is present in Bolivia, Brazil and French Guiana.

= = = Sonepur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency) = = =

	Sonepur (Sl. No.: 65) is a Vidhan Sabha constituency of Subarnapur district, Odisha.
	This constituency includes Sonepur, Tarbha, Sonepur block, Tarbha block, Dunguripali block and two GPs (Julunda and Mahada) of Binika block.
	Fifteen elections were held between 1951 and 2014. Elected members from the Sonepur constituency are:
	In 2019 election:
	In 2014 election, Biju Janata Dal candidate Niranjan Pujari defeated Bharatiya Janata Party candidate Pramod Kumar Mahapatra by a margin of 51,485 votes.
	In 2009 election, Biju Janata Dal candidate Niranjan Pujari defeated Bharatiya Janata Party candidate Nabakrushna Danta by a margin of 28,307 votes.

= = = Norio Niikawa = = =

	Niikawa made an important contribution in the field of medical genetics. In 1981, he discovered a novel syndrome, Kabuki syndrome, and later he and his colleagues also identified a gene for the syndrome. In 2006, his research group identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the ABCC11 gene is the determinant of human earwax type.
	Niikawa obtained his medical degree in 1967 from Hokkaido University School of Medicine. After residency in Pediatrics at Hokkaido University Hospital, he worked as a pediatrician in Japan for several years. From 1972 to 1975, Niikawa served as a research associate in the embryology and cytogenetics laboratory at the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in the Cantonal Hospital, Geneva University.
	From 1984 to 2007, Niikawa was Professor and Chairman of the Department of Human Genetics at Nagasaki University School of Medicine. He led several medical students and researchers, including Naomichi Matsumoto. After retiring from the position in Nagasaki and becoming Professor Emeritus in 2007, he became Professor and Director at the Research Institute of Personalized Health Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, where he served as President of the University from 2010 to 2016.

= = = Alan Williams (basketball) = = =

	Alan Travis Williams (born January 28, 1993) is an American professional basketball player for Lokomotiv Kuban of the VTB United League. He played college basketball for UC Santa Barbara before beginning his professional career with the Qingdao DoubleStar Eagles of the Chinese Basketball Association in 2015.
	Williams attended North High School. After playing in just one game as a freshman and averaging just 3.5 points as a sophomore, Williams averaged 12.5 points, 10.9 rebounds and 3.3 blocks per game as a junior in 2009–10. As a senior in 2010–11, he averaged 22.1 points, 16.2 rebounds, 4.5 blocks, 2.0 steals, and 1.5 assists, leading North to a Metro Region championship and to the Class 5A quarterfinals. He was named Arizona State Player of the Year that season.
	Williams played four seasons of college basketball for UC Santa Barbara between 2011 and 2015, finishing his career as the Gauchos' all-time leader in rebounds and second all-time leading scorer. As a junior in 2013–14, he was named the Big West Conference Player of the Year. He also earned first-team All-Big West honors as a sophomore, junior and senior, and led the NCAA in rebounding as a junior and senior. In 112 games (101 starts) over his four-year career, Williams averaged 15.5 points, 10.0 rebounds, 1.0 assists, 1.0 steals and 1.9 blocks in 27.0 minutes per game.
	After going undrafted in the 2015 NBA draft, Williams played for the Charlotte Hornets (three games in Orlando) and Houston Rockets (four games in Las Vegas) during the 2015 NBA Summer League. For his play with the Rockets in Las Vegas, he earned All-NBA Summer League Second Team honors.
	On July 25, 2015, Williams signed a one-year deal with the Qingdao DoubleStar Eagles of the Chinese Basketball Association. He appeared in 35 of the team's 38 games during the 2015–16 season, as the Eagles missed a playoff berth with a 16–22 win/loss record. Over those 35 games, he averaged 20.8 points, a league-leading 15.4 rebounds, 2.1 assists, 1.3 steals and 1.6 blocks per game.
	On March 8, 2016, Williams signed a 10-day contract with the Phoenix Suns. He made his NBA debut on March 17 during a 103–69 loss to the Utah Jazz, recording one point and one steal in two minutes. The following day, he signed a multi-year deal with the Suns. On April 9, he recorded a then season-high seven rebounds in a 121–100 win over the New Orleans Pelicans. In the Suns' season finale on April 13, Williams recorded his first double-double in the NBA with season highs of 14 points and 12 rebounds (alongside 3 blocks) in a 114–105 win over the Los Angeles Clippers.
	With the Suns' Summer League team in 2016, Williams was the only player to average a double-double throughout the event, averaging 11.8 points and a league-leading 11.2 rebounds over six games, which earned him All-NBA Summer League First Team honors. On September 1, 2016, his contract for the 2016–17 season was fully guaranteed by the Suns. On November 18, 2016, he had a season-best game with 15 points and 15 rebounds in a 116–96 win over the Indiana Pacers. On December 14, he was assigned to the Northern Arizona Suns of the NBA Development League. He was recalled the next day. On February 10, 2017, he had 14 points and 11 rebounds to go with a season-high four blocks in a 115–97 win over the Chicago Bulls. With Tyson Chandler sustaining an injury early in the game and Alex Len missing the game with a suspension, Williams made the most of his 24 minutes on the court. On February 24, 2017, he scored a then season-high 16 points on 8-of-9 shooting in 15 minutes off the bench in a 128–121 overtime loss to the Chicago Bulls. Two days later, he scored a career-high 17 points and tied his career high with 15 rebounds in a 100–96 loss to the Milwaukee Bucks, becoming just the 10th NBA player with multiple 15/15 games in his first 35 career games in the past 19 seasons. On March 5, Williams had 11 points and matched his career best with 15 rebounds in a 109–106 win over the Boston Celtics. On March 9, he had 16 points and 10 rebounds for his fifth straight double-double off the bench in a 122–110 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers. He became the first player in Suns history with five straight double-doubles off the bench. On April 5, 2017, he scored 16 and grabbed a career-best 17 rebounds in a 120–111 loss to the Golden State Warriors.
	On July 26, 2017, Williams re-signed with the Suns to a multi-year contract. On September 25, 2017, he was ruled out for six months after undergoing a meniscus repair of his right knee. On March 15, 2018, he was assigned to the Northern Arizona Suns. He was recalled on March 16, reassigned on March 20, and recalled again on March 25. On March 26, he made his season debut for Phoenix against the Boston Celtics. In 16 minutes off the bench, he recorded three points and five rebounds in a 102–94 loss.
	On July 2, 2018, Williams was waived by the Suns.
	On September 24, 2018, Williams signed a two-way contract with the Brooklyn Nets. Under the terms of the deal, he split his time between Brooklyn and their NBA G League affiliate, the Long Island Nets.
	On January 2, 2019, Williams was waived by the Brooklyn Nets. He appeared in 17 games for the Long Island Nets, where he averaged 21.0 points and a league-leading 14.7 rebounds in 26.9 minutes per contest. Williams did not appear in a game for Brooklyn during his first stint. Nine days later the Brooklyn Nets re-signed Williams to another two-way contract. and he made his debut for the Brooklyn Nets on the same day, coming off the bench in a 122–105 loss to the Toronto Raptors with eight points, eight rebounds and two assists.
	On July 5, 2019, Williams was reported to have signed with Shaanxi Xinda of the National Basketball League (NBL).
	On August 13, 2019, he has signed with Lokomotiv Kuban of the VTB United League.
	Williams' father, Cody Sr., is a Justice of the Peace for Maricopa County, while his mother, Jeri, is the Chief of Police in Phoenix. His younger brother, Cody Jr., also attended the University of California, Santa Barbara.

= = = Symmachia estellina = = =

	Symmachia estellina is a butterfly species in the family Riodinidae. It is present in French Guiana and Brazil.

= = = Multimedia database = = =

	A Multimedia database (MMDB) is a collection of related for multimedia data. The multimedia data include one or more primary media data types such as text, images, graphic objects (including drawings, sketches and illustrations) animation sequences, audio and video.
	A Multimedia Database Management System (MMDBMS) is a framework that manages different types of data potentially represented in a wide diversity of formats on a wide array of media sources. It provides support for multimedia data types, and facilitate for creation, storage, access, query and control of a multimedia database.
	A Multimedia Database (MMDB) hosts one or more multimedia data types (i.e. text, images, graphic objects, audio, video, animation sequences). 
	These data types are broadly categorized into three classes: 
	Additionally, a Multimedia Database (MMDB) needs to manage additional information pertaining to the actual multimedia data. 
	The information is about the following: 
	The last three types are called metadata as they describe several different aspects of the media data. The media keyword data and media feature data are used as indices for searching purpose. The media format data is used to present the retrieved information.
	Like the traditional databases, Multimedia databases should address the following requirements:
	Multimedia databases should have the ability to uniformly query data (media data, textual data) represented in different formats and have the ability to simultaneously query different media sources and conduct classical database operations across them. "(Query support)"
	They should have the ability to retrieve media objects from a local storage device in a good manner. "(Storage support)"
	They should have the ability to take the response generated by a query and develop a presentation of that response in terms of audio-visual media and have the ability to deliver this presentation. "(Presentation and delivery support)"
	Examples of multimedia database application areas:

= = = Jeremy Ingram = = =

	Jeremy Jerod Ingram (born April 4, 1992) is an American professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the North Carolina Central Eagles after the 2013–14 season. Ingram was named MEAC Player of the Year in 2014. He was also a member of the Eagles team that made their first NCAA Division I appearance.
	Following the close of his college career, Ingram signed his first professional contract with the Adanaspor Tigers of the Turkish Basketball Second League.

= = = Pierre Perron = = =

	Pierre Perron (born March 14, 1959) is a Canadian econometrician at Boston University. Perron is known for the Phillips–Perron test of a unit root in time series regression, which was the result of his Ph.D. studies under Peter C. B. Phillips.

= = = Mesorhizobium tamadayense = = =

	Mesorhizobium tamadayense is a bacterium from the genus Mesorhizobium.

= = = András Rajnai = = =

	András Rajnai was a Hungarian TV director and screenwriter who worked for Hungarian Television (Magyar Televízió Müvelödési Föszerkesztöség: MTV) between 1958 and 1996. He was born on July 7, 1934 in Budapest, Hungary, and died on January 28, 2004 (age 69), also in Budapest. He was known for his use of blue-screen special effects techniques which he applied to television adaptations of science fiction and fantasy stories, by authors such as Stanislaw Lem, Isaac Asimov, Alexei Tolstoy, Jonathan Swift, Dante Alighieri and others.
	His director credits (according to IMDb, except where otherwise indicated), are 

= = = Sarah Cooper (soccer) = = =

	Sarah Raymond (; born 8 October 1969) is the former captain of Australia women's national association football team.
	Cooper played more than 50 matches for her country and represented Australia at the 1995 and 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup.
	Cooper posed nude with some of her teammates in the controversial "The Matildas: the new fashion in football: 2000 Olympic year calendar" in an effort to increase visibility of the team and raise money for their Olympic Games preparation. A royalty from the sale of each calendar was used to support the team's 2000 Summer Olympic Games preparation.

= = = Karvel Anderson = = =

	Karvel Anderson (born June 3, 1991) is an American basketball player for Montakit Fuenlabrada of the Liga ACB. He is from Elkhart, Indiana. Anderson played two years, from 2010–12, at Glen Oaks Community College then from 2012–14 at the D-I level for the Robert Morris Colonials of the Northeast Conference. Anderson was named Northeast Conference Player of the Year in 2014.
	Anderson faced much adversity during his youth in Elkhart, Indiana. After graduating from Elkhart Memorial High School, Anderson spent time at Butler Community College, Lake Michigan Community College, and Glen Oaks Community College. At Glen Oaks, he averaged 24.9 points per game and shot 48 percent from the field. He was signed by Robert Morris coach Andy Toole, after Toole visited Anderson during a workout.
	Following the close of his college career in 2014, Anderson signed with Entersport, a top tier professional basketball agency. In August of that same year, Anderson signed with Andrea Costa Imola in Italy's second division.

= = = List of television festivals = = =

	This is a list of notable television festivals.

= = = J. J. Mann = = =

	John Stuart "J. J." Mann (born June 12, 1991) is an American basketball player, who currently plays for Okapi Aalstar.
	He played college basketball for the Belmont Bruins. As a senior during the 2013–14 season, Mann was named Ohio Valley Conference Player of the Year. He was also a First Team Academic All-American in 2013–14.
	Mann signed a pro deal to play with King Wilki Morskie Szczecin in Poland on July 24, 2014. However, on August 25 he moved to the Oberwart Gunners in Austria without playing a game in Poland.
	He joined Phoenix Hagen on August 13, 2015.
	J.J. Mann played for Team Showtime in the 2018 edition of The Basketball Tournament. In two games, he averaged 4.5 points per game, 2.5 assists per game and 1.5 steals per game. Team Showtime reached the second round before falling to Louisiana United.

= = = Manuela Sykes = = =

	Manuela Audrey Penelope Heather Sykes (24 January 1925 – 19 September 2017) was a British Liberal Party politician who later joined the Labour Party.
	Born to Arthur Darrel Sykes and Baroness Manuela Ottilie Von Hundelshausen, she was educated at Richmond County School for Girls and University College London. She served in the Women's Royal Naval Service during the Second World War. She worked as a lecturer, writer, and public relations adviser.
	Her introduction to politics came at University College London where she was secretary of the students union. She was a student of international affairs. She was Vice-president of the World Federation of Liberal and Radical Youth. She was a member of the executive of the World Assembly of Youth. She first stood for parliament as Liberal candidate for Finchley at the 1955 General Election. Finchley was a Conservative seat that the Liberals had not won since 1923 and had not come second since 1935. The Liberal party in 1955 was electorally at its lowest point in its history. Despite this, Sykes managed to increase the Liberal vote and save her deposit;
	This performance brought her to the attention of the party nationally. When a by-election occurred in Ipswich she was chosen as the Liberal candidate. Ipswich was not promising territory for the Liberals who had not run a candidate at the two previous elections. However, the party wanted a good candidate as the by-election was expected to attract media attention as the former Liberal MP Dingle Foot was standing as the Labour candidate. She polled 21.4% the highest Liberal percentage vote in Ipswich since 1929;
	This result encouraged her to contest Ipswich again at the following general election rather than return to fight Finchley. She managed to improve slightly on her by-election vote share;
	She started to rise to prominence in the Liberal party nationally and was elected a member of the Liberal Party Council. She was then elected as a member of the Liberal Party National Executive. She took a particular interest in the situation in South Africa and was an executive member of the Anti-Apartheid Movement. With the Liberal party experiencing something of a mini-revival she contested Ipswich for a third time at the 1964 General Election. Although she again managed to increase the Liberal vote share, she was unable to make the same sort of advance the Liberals were making elsewhere;
	For the 1966 General Election, Sykes switched constituencies to contest the Cornish seat of Falmouth and Camborne. Although the seat was in a part of the country where the Liberals were much stronger, she was again starting from third place. With the Liberal vote dropping slightly across the country, Sykes experienced for the first time that same shift in support;
	She became disillusioned with the Liberal party but not much on policy grounds. Her only real difference came in her opposition to the Liberal policy of Britain joining the Common Market. In March 1967 she announced that she had left the Liberal party to join the Labour party. She did not contest the 1970 General Election. Two years later she did stand again as a candidate, but this time for the Labour party in Uxbridge. Labour were hoping to regain a seat they had lost to the Conservatives in 1970 and Sykes had her best chance of being elected to parliament. However, the swing of 2% she achieved was not enough to gain the seat;
	She fought Uxbridge again at the following general election but again without success;
	She stood down as Labour candidate and did not contest the general election eight months later and did not stand for parliament again. She did however stand for election to local government and was elected to Westminster City Council in 1974.
	She was diagnosed with dementia and campaigned for the rights of people diagnosed with dementia. Having been placed in a care home herself, she campaigned for her right to be allowed to live in her own home. She took the case to court and in 2014 won her right to live at home.

= = = Cameron Ayers = = =

	Cameron Alexander Ayers (born September 18, 1991) is an American professional basketball player for Trefl Sopot of PLK. He played college basketball for Bucknell.
	In his four-year career at Bucknell, Ayers played 133 games (99 starts) and averaged 11.5 points, 3.2 rebounds and 1.7 assists in 30.0 minutes per game. As a senior in 2013–14, he was named the Patriot League Player of the Year.
	After going undrafted on the 2014 NBA draft, Ayers joined the New Orleans Pelicans for the 2014 NBA Summer League. On September 1, 2014, he signed with Enel Brindisi of Italy for a tryout period. He parted ways with the club a month after signing with them.
	On January 21, 2015, Ayers was acquired by the Reno Bighorns of the NBA Development League. On October 19, he signed with Šiauliai.
	On October 31, 2016, Ayers was re-acquired by the Reno Bighorns, but was waived on November 30. In seven games he averaged 3.3 points in 15.9 minutes. On January 9, 2017, he was acquired by the Maine Red Claws and three days later, he made his debut for the Red Claws in a 110–94 loss to Raptors 905, recording three points, six rebounds and one steal in 19 minutes off the bench.
	For the 2017–18 season, Ayers signed with Turów Zgorzelec of the Polish Basketball League. Ayers averaged 17.2 points per game while shooting 44% from the three-point arc. He inked with Italian club Pallacanestro Trapani on July 11, 2018.
	On July 23, 2019, he has signed with Trefl Sopot of PLK. 
	Ayers is the son of Randy and Carol Ayers. His father played basketball at Miami (Ohio) and is the former head coach of the Philadelphia 76ers and Ohio State. His brother, Ryan, played basketball at Notre Dame and was team captain as a senior in 2008–09.

= = = List of Chinese films of 2015 = = =

	The following is a list of Chinese films first released in 2015.
	These are the top 10 grossing Chinese films that were released in China in 2015:

= = = Jacob Parker = = =

	Jacob Parker (born July 9, 1993) is an American basketball player. He competed collegiately for the Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks. Parker was named Southland Conference Player of the Year in 2014.
	On July 29, 2015, Parker signed a contract with Slovenian champions KK Šentjur of the Telemach League and the ABA League.

= = = Belron = = =

	Belron is a vehicle glass repair and replacement group operating worldwide across 34 countries and employing over 25,000 people. Belron's brands include Autoglass and Autoglass bodyrepair in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, Carglass in most of Europe, Safelite in the United States, O'Brien in Australia, Smith & Smith in New Zealand, and Lebeau and Speedy Glass in Canada.
	Belron brands repair and replace damaged vehicle glass. In many countries, Belron brands are able to repair and replace a customer’s windscreen 24-hours-a-day through branch-based and mobile services.
	Belron was first founded as a family business in 1897 as Jacobs & Dandor in Cape Town, South Africa. The company was purchased and renamed Plate Glass Bevelling and Silvering in 1899. In 1917, City Glass Bevelling & Silvering Works bought Plate Glass; the companies were merged in 1919 and went ahead to gain success in the windscreen industry by securing the business rights to the curved windscreen production technology in 1953 and introducing laminated rear windows in 1958.
	The company began its international expansion in 1971, starting with the acquisition of O’Brien in Australia. In 1990, international acquisitions were grouped together under the name Belron. Gary Lubner was named CEO of Belron in 2000; both his father and grandfather had also led the business.
	In 2015 Belron (94.85% owned by D'Ieteren) had some 2,400 branches and 10,000 mobile vans, trading under ten major brands including Carglass and Safelite, serving customers in 33 countries. Revenues in 2015 were €3.1 billion

= = = Volodymyr Doronin = = =

	Volodymyr Doronin (; born 15 January 1993 in Donetsk, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian footballer currently playing as a midfielder for Arsenal Kyiv.
	He is a product of the FC Shakhtar Donetsk sportive school system, but then played for the Ukrainian First League club FC Olimpik Donetsk.

= = = Aaric Murray = = =

	Aaric Murray (born July 3, 1989) is an American basketball player who last played for Panelefsiniakos of the Greek Basket League. Murray played college basketball for the Texas Southern, as well as La Salle and West Virginia. Murray was named the Southwestern Athletic Conference Player of the Year in 2014.
	Murray was brought up in North Philadelphia. He didn't begin playing basketball until relatively late, since he didn't want to be made fun of for his height and not knowing how to play the game. Murray was sent to the Glen Mills School, a school for court-adjudicated children, due to being frequently truant. He was the number 31 overall prospect in the class of 2009 according to Scout.com.
	Murray started his collegiate career at La Salle. Despite being a promising prospect, he clashed with Explorers coach John Giannini. "I just had a little attitude problem, I guess," Murray said. "I was young or something, I don't know." As a sophomore, Murray averaged 15.2 points and 7.7 rebounds. Giannini forced Murray to transfer after his sophomore year.
	Murray opted to transfer to West Virginia. During his redshirt year, he was arrested for possessing marijuana. He was also suspended in 2012 by coach Bob Huggins for a disciplinary violation. In his junior year, Murray averaged 8.8 points, 5.9 rebounds and 1.5 blocks on a 13-19 Mountaineers team. Murray acknowledged that he partied too much and got into trouble at West Virginia. After the season, he decided to transfer again, this time to Texas Southern.
	At Texas Southern, Murray worked out with John Lucas. Lucas recalled that Murray at first resisted his training regimen, but eventually came to accept it. On December 18, 2013, Murray scored 48 points against Temple in a one-point upset at the Liacouras Center, setting records for the most points scored against Temple by one player as well as a new arena record. He was named the Southwestern Athletic Conference Player of the Year in 2014. He also picked up SWAC Defensive Player of the Year honors after averaging 21 points and almost 8 rebounds a game on a team that captured the automatic bid to the NCAA tournament.
	Following the close of his college career, Murray signed with Panelefsiniakos of the Greek Basket League.

= = = Taylor Braun = = =

	Taylor Braun (born July 6, 1991) is an American professional basketball player for the Brisbane Bullets of the National Basketball League (NBL). He played college basketball for North Dakota State University before playing professionally in Belgium, Germany, Italy and Israel. Standing at , he primarily plays at the small forward position.
	Braun attended Newberg High School in Newberg, Oregon, where he averaged 19 points, nine rebounds and four assists per game in his senior year. Braun led the Tigers to a 19-8 record and advanced to the state quarterfinals in Class 6A, the state's largest division. He was named Pacific 6 Conference Player of the Year, all-state first team, and finished third in the state Player of the Year voting.
	Braun played college basketball for North Dakota State University's Bison, where he averaged 17.6 points, 5.4 rebounds, 3.7 assists and 1.5 steals per game, shooting 47.1 percent from the field and 41.4 percent from 3-point range in his senior year. Braun ranked fourth in free throws made (454), seventh in points (1,651), eighth in steals (153), ninth in three-pointers (125), and ninth in rebounds (671), becoming the first player in school history to rank among the career top 15 in points, rebounds and assists.
	In his senior year at North Dakota, Braun was named was named AP Honorable Mention All-American, Summit League Player of the Year and 2014 Summit League Tournament MVP.
	After going undrafted in 2014 NBA Draft, Braun joined the Phoenix Suns for the 2014 NBA Summer League.
	On July 20, 2014, Braun started his professional career with the Belgian team Okapi Aalstar, signing a one-year deal. On November 18, 2014, Braun recorded a career-high 27 points, shooting 11-of-14 from the field, along with six rebounds in a 92–83 win over the Bakken Bears. Braun helped Okapi Aalstar to reach the 2015 Belgian League Semifinals, where they eventually lost to Belfius Mons-Hainaut.
	On June 30, 2015, Braun joined the Orlando Magic white team for the 2015 NBA Summer League.
	On July 6, 2015, Braun signed with the German team ratiopharm Ulm for the 2015–16 season. On November 21, 2015, Braun recorded a season-high 24 points, shooting 10-of-14 from the field, along with six rebounds, three assists and three steals in a 95-67 win over BG Göttingen. Braun helped Ulm to reach the 2016 BBL Finals, where they eventually lost to Brose Bamberg.
	On June 16, 2016, Braun signed a one-year contract extension with Ulm. Braun helped Ulm to reach the 2017 BBL Semifinals, as well as the 2017 EuroCup Top 16. In 53 games played during the 2016–17 season, Braun averaged 8 points, 3.7 rebounds and 1.6 assists per game.
	On September 26, 2017, Braun was signed by the Utah Jazz of the NBA as a part of their training camp roster. Braun participated in two pre-season games for the Jazz before getting waived on October 7, 2017. On October 23, 2017, Braun joined the Salt Lake City Stars, The Utah Jazz G-League affiliate. In 45 games played for the Stars, Braun averaged 10.2 points, 5.4 rebounds, 2.9 assists and 1.5 steals per game.
	On March 26, 2018, Braun signed with the Italian team VL Pesaro for the rest of the season. On April 8, 2018, Braun recorded a season-high 21 points, shooting 7-of-14 from the field, along with eight rebounds and five steals in an 80-72 win over Flexx Pistoia. He was subsequently named LBA Round 25 MVP.
	On July 16, 2018, Braun signed with the Israeli team Hapoel Be'er Sheva for the 2018–19 season. On October 15, 2018, Braun recorded a career-high 8 steals and a season-high 24 points, shooting 5-of-7 from 3-point range, along with seven rebounds, four assists in a 105–73 blowout win over Hapoel Tel Aviv. He was subsequently named Israeli League Round 2 MVP. In 28 games played for Be'er Sheva, he led the team in efficiency rating with 17.9 per game, to go with 14.9 points, 6 rebounds, 3.7 assists and 1.8 steals per game. Braun helped Be'er Sheva reach the 2019 Israeli League Playoffs, where they eventually were eliminated by Hapoel Jerusalem in the Quarterfinals.
	On July 2, 2019, Braun signed with the Brisbane Bullets in Australia for the 2019–20 NBL season.
	On February 20, 2018, Braun was named a member of the United States national team for the 2019 FIBA World Cup qualification. Braun helped the US to victories over Cuba and Puerto Rico.

= = = List of Olympic medalists in sailing by class = = =

	This is a list of Olympic medalists in sailing.
	List of Olympic medalists in sailing by class

= = = List of Olympic medalists in sailing by discipline = = =

	This is a list of Olympic medalists in sailing.
	List of Olympic medalists in sailing by discipline
	Note before this the Skiff was an open event.
	None

= = = Purani Jeans = = =

	Purani Jeans () is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language coming-of-age drama film directed by Tanushri Chattrji Bassu. The film stars Tanuj Virwani, Aditya Seal and Izabelle Leite. It tells the story of young boy who returns to his hometown and reconnects with his old friends. The soundtrack was composed by Ram Sampath. The first look of the film was revealed on 8 March 2014, ahead of film's release on 2 May 2014.
	As an adult, Sid's mother dies. He collects his lost bag at an airport where a girl from a publication house tells him that she read his diary and he is quite a writer which revives some old memories for him. He then goes to India to sell his mother's cottage in Kasauli. Sid finds himself looking back at a past that haunted him for years.
	In a flashback, all 4 self-proclaimed cowboys execute the plans to welcome their hero Sam (Aditya Seal). They then go to the station to welcome him, where Sid (Tanuj Virwani) run into Nayantara (Izabelle Leite). Then feeling sorry for themselves they begin to make their way home when they are struck by a black car. After chasing the car it is revealed that it is Sam. He apologises to Zizo and promises to fix his father's car.
	They begin their fun by partying, throwing eggs at everyone's house. Sam's relationship with Sid's mom is very strong. Sam's father left him when he was six and in shock of it, his mother became an alcoholic and remarried.
	After a few days, Sid runs into Nayantara in a music store; he begins to fall for her. Sam meets and falls for Nayantara in a club with her sister. Also Bobby is shown dancing with her sister.
	The flashbacks eventually lead to revealing that Sam committed suicide for which Sid thinks of himself as the cause. Sam's death was due to his troubled past and his relationship with his mother, not because of his best friend Sid. Upon finding this out, Sid and Nayantara reunite.
	There is a reunion between the remaining cowboys as they remember the past and the cherished moments they spent with each other and with their friend Sam, because if Sam were alive, that is exactly what he would've done as some friendships last forever.
	The teaser of Purani Jeans was released on 17 March 2014,while the theatrical trailer was released on 19 March 2014. The song Dil aaj kal was shooted in Panchgani hostel named Fidai Academy on 27 October 2013.
	Purani Jeans music is composed by Ram Sampath.

= = = Stephan Coetzee = = =

	Stephanus Hendrik Coetzee (born 9 January 1992 in Worcester) is a South African rugby union player for the Seattle Seawolves in Major League Rugby in the United States. His regular playing position is hooker.
	Coetzee represented at various youth levels, playing at the Under-16 Grant Khomo Week in 2008, the Under-18 Academy Week in 2009 and the Under-18 Craven Week in 2010. He joined the Western Province Rugby Institute in 2011 and played for in the 2011 Under-19 Provincial Championship competition and for in the 2012 and 2013 Under-21 Provincial Championship competitions, winning the competition in 2013 and scoring two tries during the season.
	He was included in the squad for the 2013 Vodacom Cup and made his senior debut when he started in their opening match of the season against neighbours in Ceres. He played in eight matches during the competition, starting six of them.
	After one more appearance during the 2014 Vodacom Cup, Coetzee was flown to New Zealand to link up with the ' Super Rugby squad for their match against the , following a torn calf muscle suffered by first-choice hooker Scarra Ntubeni. Coetzee was subsequently named on the bench for the clash.
	He moved to Kimberley for the 2015 season to join .
	Coetzee joined Major League Rugby side Seattle Seawolves prior to the 2019 season., having a prominent performance with 8 tries assists in regular season and qualifying seawolves to playoff for the second time.

= = = Daniel Mullings = = =

	Daniel Mullings (born July 26, 1991) is a Canadian basketball player for Elitzur Yavne of the Israeli National League. He played college basketball for New Mexico State before playing professionally in Germany, China, Finland and Israel.
	Mullings attended Sir Wilfrid Laurier Collegiate Institute in Scarborough, Toronto.
	He played college basketball for the New Mexico State Aggies. Mullings was named Western Athletic Conference Player of the Year in 2014.
	He had begun his professional career with Medi Bayreuth of the German Bundesliga in 2015.
	On August 8, 2016, Mullings signed with Kataja in Finland, where he averaged 13.4 points, 7.1 rebounds, 2.9 assists and 2 steals per game in 48 games played during the 2018–19 season.
	On August 5, 2019, Mullings signed a one-year deal with Elitzur Yavne of the Israeli National League.

= = = Nils Horner = = =

	Nils Horner (5 December 1962 – 11 March 2014) was a Swedish Radio journalist. Horner was the chief correspondent for Sveriges Radio's Asia division and had covered multiple stories surrounding the War in Afghanistan (2001–present), as well as natural disasters.
	Nils Horner was born in Borås, Västra Götaland County, Sweden, to Ragnar Georg Vilhelm Horner and Jean Horner. He had one sister, Ingrid, who was four years older. At the age of 10, Nils' family moved into a home in Brämhult, but never really settled down in one place until he accepted his position in Hong Kong. Following his death, his body was laid to rest in his hometown of Borås.
	Prior to his work with Sveriges Radio, Horner worked for Borås Tidning and Svenska Dagbladet in the 1980s. From there, he moved to the United States and United Kingdom in the 1990s where he worked as a freelance writer before ultimately joining Sveriges in 2001. During his career, he covered stories including the decline of the Taliban, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, and the Fukushima disaster. Horner served as the South Asia correspondent for Sveriges Radio at the time of his death.
	He acknowledged the danger he was sometimes in when he spoke in 2011 to a co-worker at Swedish Radio about his decision to stay on the front lines of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster: "Most journalists are not interested in risking their lives for a story. Some do, but I don't think it's in our culture here at Swedish Radio to take insane risks to do the story and also as radio journalists we don't have to be extremely close to people shooting. As a TV cameraman they have to be very close to get the pictures but we don't feel the same pressure to be always in the middle of some firefight or something but of course we want to be as close as possible and in Japan, I wanted to come close to the people who were thinking of whether they should evacuate or not, so you almost have to ask yourself everyday, is it worth taking the risk or is it not?"
	Author Scott Taylor, who describes himself as a "“maverick war reporter”", described working beside Horner while they investigated the killing of civilians in Kosovo, during its civil war with the former Yugoslavia.
	Horner died on 11 March 2014 following a gunshot to the head while outside of a previously attacked restaurant in Kabul. Horner was there to follow up on a terrorist attack the restaurant had suffered two months prior. While on his way to investigate the story, two men shot Horner execution style in the middle of a street in the Wazir Akbar Khan, Kabul district. A division of the Taliban, Fidai Mahaz, claimed the murder citing the theory that Horner was a British spy; however, it is unclear whether these claims are factual or not. The two suspects were caught on video fleeing the area; however, no arrests were made in connection to the murder.
	Two months before Horner's death, the Taliban had attacked the same Lebanese restaurant Taverna du Liban, which was a popular spot for "westerners." On 17 January 2014 a suicide bomber led the attack with an explosion near the entrance. This was followed by gunmen who entered the restaurant and began shooting the patrons. Twenty-one people were killed within the restaurant. Only eight of these were locals. The restaurant was destroyed. Horner had returned in March 2014 to interview the cook of the restaurant about the event when he was killed.
	According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, Horner is among almost three dozen journalists who have been killed on the job in Afghanistan alone. Of the 30 journalists' deaths, 87 percent of them happened while they were covering stories about the war.
	Irina Bokova, director-general of UNESCO, said, "I call on the authorities to investigate this crime and bring the culprits to justice. Media workers must be able to carry out their work and keep society informed. They nurture informed public debate which is essential in carrying out the reconstruction that Afghanistan is striving to achieve."
	Director of Swedish Radio Cilla Benkö followed with similar remarks saying, "It is shameful that so little is done to safeguard the working conditions of journalists. Unesco’s report indicates that, especially in the Arab world and many countries in Africa, deaths are frighteningly common with a very low rate of solving cases of killed journalists. The figure is between 1% and 3%. That compares to approximately 40% in Europe, but even there a majority of the cases remain unsolved. There ought to be more than enough reasons for politicians to challenge these truly lamentable percentages and work towards finding ways of improving them. Journalists who do not have to fear, and who can work without risking being silenced, are fundamental for functioning democracies."
	Since Horner's murder in 2014, an award and sculpture have been put in place in his honour. Borås Tidning and the Tore G Wärenstam Foundation, as well as the Radio and journalism education programme at the University of Gothenburg, have since awarded one journalist each year that exemplifies Horner's spirit with a cash prize. It is called the Nils Horner Prize.

= = = Ferris Aircraft = = =

	Ferris Aircraft, also known as Ferris Air, is an aerospace, defense, and later airline company featured in the DC Comics universe. It is owned and founded by Carl Ferris and run by businesswoman Carol Ferris, who is the employer of test pilot Hal Jordan until he is recruited by the Green Lantern Corps.
	Ferris Aircraft is a top aviation corporation in the United States working on advanced aircraft and experimental aviation concepts. It is one of the largest employers in Coast City, California. Ferris Air was a long time employer of Hal Jordan, who would later become Green Lantern. It was a Ferris plane that exploded taking the life of test pilot Martin Jordan, Hal's father.
	Carl Ferris and Conrad Bloch were friends since childhood, he shared the dream of creating a business together, Ferris-Bloch Air-Cargo, Ltd. Ferris was a business man, Bloch a pilot. Together they became profitable against the odds. However, as time went on, Ferris was constantly working, building up the business while Bloch played around, seeing many women and drinking.
	The company was a leader in the industry but it also had legal problems. This was due to Bloch's alcoholism. Carl Ferris ended his partnership with Bloch.
	Due to declining health Carl had left the everyday operations to Carol Ferris his daughter, but the company was almost bankrupt. She spent the next few years battling to keep the business afloat.
	An alien peace officer named Abin Sur of the Green Lantern Corps crash lands in the middle of the California desert close to Ferris Aircraft. As he lay dying, he commands his power ring to seek out a worthy successor. Test pilot Hal Jordan is examining a flight simulator when a corona of green light envelops him, pulling him along with the simulator to the spot of Abin Sur's crashed vessel. Abin Sur tells Hal that the power of the ring selected him to take on the role of the Green Lantern. Hal agrees to accept the responsibility of wielding the ring in the cause of justice, and with that, Abin Sur passes away. Hal Jordan is now Green Lantern. 
	Carol was kidnapped in a New York City hotel and without a representative of Ferris Aircraft appearing in Washington D.C., the governmental panel assumed Ferris offered no contest to their decision. Citing the record number of accidents at Ferris Aircraft, it was decided all government contracts with Ferris Aircraft would be cancelled. Back in Ferris Aircraft's Coast City facilities, a series of bombs were detonated. The testing facilities were totalled. 
	The company had to deal with saboteurs such as Demolition Team hired by Bloch and his sons, but Green Lantern has intervened and helped battle the threat. 
	Ferris Aircraft is one of the companies providing sponsorship to the superhero team The Conglomerate. The other sponsors included American Steel, Dante Foods, Dupree Chemical, LexCorp, S.T.A.R. Labs, Ovel Oil, Pax Entertainment, Stagg Enterprises.
	Carol later changed the outlook of the business by developing aircraft for the Blackhawk Squadron. It was with Carol's influence that the company went in a new direction creating FerrisAir, with a fleet of commercial airliners.

= = = 2014 Tirreno–Adriatico = = =

	The 2014 Tirreno–Adriatico was the 49th edition of the Tirreno–Adriatico cycling stage race, often known as the "Race of the Two Seas". It started on 12 March in Donoratico and ended on 18 March in San Benedetto del Tronto, and consisted of seven stages, including a team time trial to begin the race and an individual time trial to conclude it. It was the third race of the 2014 UCI World Tour season.
	The race was won by Spain's Alberto Contador of , who took the lead after winning his second successive stage on the fifth stage – following on from a win in the race's queen stage to Cittareale – and held the lead until the finish in San Benedetto del Tronto, to become the first Spanish rider to win the race since Óscar Freire in 2005. Contador won the general classification by two minutes and five seconds over runner-up Nairo Quintana of the , while Contador's teammate Roman Kreuziger completed the podium, nine seconds behind Quintana and two minutes and fourteen seconds down on Contador.
	In the race's other classifications, 's Peter Sagan was the winner of the red jersey for the points classification, amassing the highest number of points during stages at intermediate sprints and stage finishes, and Marco Canola was the winner of the mountains classification for the team. Quintana also won the white jersey for the young rider classification, as he was the highest placed rider born in 1989 or later, while the squad won the team classification, placing riders Jean-Christophe Péraud and Domenico Pozzovivo inside the top ten overall.
	The final time trial was almost irrelevant from the winner's point of view as Alberto Contador had more than two minutes in hand on next best placed rider Nairo Quintana of the . There were some changes further down the GC as a result of the time trial though as Jean-Christophe Péraud moved above Julián Arredondo in to 4th place and Michele Scarponi moved up to the top ten as a result of a strong ride.
	As Tirreno–Adriatico is a UCI World Tour event, all 18 UCI ProTeams are invited automatically and obligated to send a squad. Four other squads were given wildcard places to the race, completing the 22-team peloton.
	The 22 teams that are scheduled to compete in the race are:

= = = 2008 Carmarthenshire County Council election = = =

	The fourth election to the Carmarthenshire County Council was held on 1 May 2008. It was preceded by the 2004 election and followed by the 2012 election. While the Independent councillors again had the largest number of seats, Plaid Cymru gained considerable ground, notably in the Llanelli and Ammanford areas. The Independents formed a coalition with Labour.
	Full results of the election were published in the local press.
 
 
 
 
 
	John Paul Jenkins was elected as a Conservative in 2004 but subsequently became an Independent
 
 
 
 
 
	Anthony Davies was elected at a by-election following the death of the previous Independent councillor, Mary Thomas.
 
 
 
 
	Two Independent former Labour councillors defended their seats but one of those seats was lost to Plaid Cymru whose candidate, Meilyr Hughes had served as a councillor previously.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	A by-election was held in Llanegwad on 23 June 2011 following the retirement of long-serving Independent councillor Dillwyn Williams.

= = = Blond (surname) = = =

	Blond is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Rei Naito = = =

	Naito's art is also showcased in The museum of für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt am Main, the Museum of Modern art in New York, the Israel Museum, and the national Museum of Art, Osaka. 

= = = Jean Koning = = =

	Jean Paul Koning (born 19 April 1976) is a Dutch actor, director, musician and author. 
	In the early 1990s, Koning was a model in the Amsterdam gay scene, performed as a stage actor, and played in an industrial avant-punk band called !JP, which released numerous albums. Koning is known for his outspoken views and generally sarcastic nature.
	Despite his traditional actor training by Piet Teeling at the Children Theatre Academy and at the Kimball Institute, he is considered to be a method actor, known for his constant devotion to and research of his roles.
	In his acclaimed book "Visions", he writes about his personal life in both Amsterdam and New York. Describing political issues, disappointing love affairs and drug abuse, in a witty voice, With "Visions" Koning reached a widespread audience. Koning returned to writing with two Dutch novels, "Noppen" and "Anoniem", which are written from a fictional character's point of view, but seem to deal with personal grief at the same time.
	Jean Koning was born in Zaandam, Netherlands. At an early age, Koning's parents moved further north to the hamlet West-Knollendam.
	According to genealogy, conducted for the Dutch TROS network, for their program , he is a cousin of performer Danny de Munk.
	Halfway during the 1980s, Koning enrolled into the Children Theatre Academy in Purmerend. His first part was as a party-guest in a French Play, which played local theatres. After that, Koning made a move to Amsterdam where he began working with numerous theatre-companies.
	During the artistic explosion in the 1990s, he further developed his career as stage-actor and performed in numerous (mostly experimental) plays. In 1998 he shifted his acting-career to a lower level, focusing mainly on his music-career.
	In 2005 he returned to stage-acting. In 2006 he played Mikheil Saakashvili in "Het Meisje En De Macht" by theatre-company Toetssteen. He played this part with his back facing the audience, which enhanced his obscurity and waywardness as an actor.
	In 2013 he played both Borg in "Het Tijdgat" and Lev Sergeyevich Termen in ""LEV"", two of his most appreciated parts in the theatre.
	In 2014 and 2015 he toured with the critically acclaimed solo-play "Étonne-Moi", in which he played the legendary Vaslav Nijinsky. Stated to be a convincing and fascinating play with a wide variety of facial expressions and body language. Koning elevated the play to a stage-filling spectacle.
	Koning played electric guitar and sang in garage band !JP. Halfway during the 1990s, Koning made a shift to New York City, to pursuit a solo career in music.
	In 2003 Koning starts a musical side project called ILUNGA PI. This band takes the avant garde songs from the !JP catalogue and plays them in a more commercial sounding way. That same year, this project-band wins the NH Glorie Public Choice Award for best band and best performance.
	In 2009 Koning signed with the New York City based independent label Coffee&CheeseCake Records and commences his solo-career in 2010 with "Man Enough To Be A Woman", on Eden Records. In 2011 Koning released his Coffee&CheeseCake-debut, "Wake Up in L.A". In 2012, Koning was one of the musicians performing during the election campaign for Dutch political party Groen Links. With his third album "Industrial City In The Clouds", Koning focused on a more commercial sound. The album contains songs about the history of his birth town and was highly appreciated.
	Feature films
	Short films

= = = Isao Kiso = = =

	He was born in Onomichi, Hiroshima Prefecture in 1952, and moved to Fukuyama, another city in Hiroshima Prefecture, in 1959. After graduating from Fukuyama Junior and Senior High School Attached to Hiroshima University in 1970, he entered the University of Tokyo in 1971, where he graduated in 1975 with a bachelor's degree in law. The following year, he started his career at the Ministry of Education, Sports, Science and Culture.

= = = Attilio Fontana = = =

	Attilio Fontana (born 28 March 1952) is an Italian politician from Varese, Lombardy. A member of Lega Nord, he has served as President of Lombardy since 2018.
	A long-time member of Lega Lombarda and Lega Nord (LN), he was Mayor of Induno Olona from 1995 to 1999. Fontana, with LN, was elected in the 2000 regional election and 2005 regional election to the Regional Council of Lombardy, of which he functioned as President until July 2006. He stepped down from that office after being elected Mayor of Varese with 57.8% of the vote in the first round of 28 May 2006. He was re-elected in May 2011 with 53.8% of the vote in a run-off. Fontana, ineligible to run for reelection due to term limits, left the office in June 2016. In 2007 Fontana was the lawyer of Andrea Mascetti in the case against the left-wing journalist Michele Santoro from who they won.
	Some journalists in July 2016 speculated a nomination of Fontana as LN candidate in 2018 election for President of Lombardy if the incumbent President of Region Roberto Maroni (who was elected in 2013 regional election for a 5 year term with the support of Lega Lombarda and Lega Nord – the parties of Maroni and Fontana – and with the support of the other parties members of the 2013 center right coalition) will not run for a second consecutive (and final) term; in January 2018, when Maroni announced his retirement from politics, Fontana was selected as Centre-right (composed by FI, LN, FdI, EpL, NcI and his civic personal list named "Fontana List" composed by members of PP, RC, MNS and also by civic, independent and non-partisans members) candidate to the Presidency of Lombardy. 
	On 15 January 2018, Fontana stated that the white race and the Western culture were in danger due to the migration flows from Africa. This created lot of protests and criticisms from the centre-left Democratic Party (PD) and the anti-establishment Five Star Movement (M5S). After the controversy he apologised for his remarks, declaring that it was a slip and an expressive error, not racism. Fontana's principal rivals were Giorgio Gori (PD) and Dario Violi (M5S). On 4 March 2018 Fontana won 50% (Gori 29%, Violi 17%) in the regional election.

= = = Burlington County Sheriff's Department = = =

	The Burlington County Sheriff’s Department is the principal law enforcement agency in Burlington County, New Jersey. The department is headed by a sheriff elected to a three-year term. The sheriff is Jean E. Stanfield. She was first elected in 2001.
	The department is headquartered in the Main County Complex in Mount Holly, New Jersey. It is a member of the New York-New Jersey Regional Fugitive Task Force.
	The department has an Operations Division and a Courts Division. 
	The Operations Division is headed by an undersheriff and includes Sheriff, Undersheriff, and Sheriff’s Officer Chief. The division is split into a Warrants Unit and a Courts Division 
	The Courts Division is headed by an undersheriff and includes a sheriff’s officer, a lieutenant, four sergeants and forty-seven officers. This section provides security to the courts and runs the Sheriff’s Emergency Response Team, a Warrant Unit and a Community Policing Unit. The Warrant Unit includes the department’s canine unit.

= = = John Lynch (Fenian) = = =

	John Lynch (c. 1832 − 1866) was an Irish nationalist. He was a resident of the city of Cork and an alleged member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood.
	John was very active in the early days of the Cork Fenian movement. He organised nationalist celebrations on St. Patrick's night 1862 at the Athenaeum club, Cork. Lynch worked as an accountant. 
	The marriage of the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) and Alexandra of Denmark on 10 March 1863 was an occasion for loyalist celebrations in Cork. Houses and shops had their windows illuminated. This increased nationalistic unrest, with windows being smashed and the mayor being roughly handled. Several rioters were prosecuted, including Lynch and James Mountaine. Both were acquitted due to lack of evidence.
	He was again arrested in Sept 1865, as part of the general purge of Fenian leaders, based on information provided by John Warner, an ex-military pensioner. The trial of John Lynch and co-defendant Brian Dillon starting on 18 December 1865 with Isaac Butt as their legal counsel. The charges were "in one indictment with having conspired to depose the Queen, &c., and with illegally drilling and being drilled in furtherance of that design". Lynch was accused of being a captain (denoted as "B") in the Irish Republican Brotherhood. Both were found guilty, based primarily on the testimony of informants although John Warner's account was very weak and unsatisfactory under cross examination. At this time, John Lynch was seriously ill from tuberculosis. At his sentencing, John disputed the testimony of John Warner, saying he had never learned to use a rifle and said "If, having served my country honestly and sincerely be treason, I am not ashamed of it. I am now prepared to receive any punishment British law can inflict on me." Both defendants were sentenced to 10 years' penal servitude.
	In January 1866, he was transferred from Mountjoy Prison, Dublin to Pentonville Prison, London where the conditions were very harsh. Because of his condition, he was transferred to Woking Prison hospital, Surrey, where he died on 2 June 1866. He is commemorated on the National Memorial in the city of Cork and at Brookwood Cemetery, UK where he is buried.

= = = Richard De Vere = = =

	Richard De Vere (18 June 1967 – 10 March 2014) was a British showman who performed for 21 consecutive seasons at Blackpool Pleasure Beach.
	De Vere was from Bolton, the grandson of Arthur Holt, the Liberal Member of Parliament for Bolton West and President of the Liberal Party. De Vere was an illusionist, magician and showman. He took up magic when at school in Bolton. He told the "Blackpool Gazette" in 2006: “With a lot of practice it became a skill – making it interesting enough for people to want to watch was as much the skill as performing the trick or illusion.” His showbusiness mentor, the late comedian Bernie Winters, bequeathed to him his trusty St Bernard, Schnorbitz.
	Master illusionist De Vere took the centre stage headliner for much of the proceedings and featured many illusions and tricks. Various glamorous attendants popped in and out of claustrophobic boxes, bewildering the audience.
	De Vere starred in his own show, "Beyond Belief", from 2008 until 2013 in the Horseshoe Bar at Blackpool Pleasure Beach. The show was written and produced by De Vere himself, featuring vocalist Marc Lawlor and dancers, Schnorbitz and iCloud the Cat.
	De Vere played his first panto villain in Liverpool at the Empire in 1989 with American television star Mr T. De Vere was a veteran pantomime villain who made several appearances at Liverpool's Royal Court theatre, along with his trusty St Bernard Schnorbitz.
	De Vere died at the age of 46 whilst on holiday in Thailand on 10 March 2014. He died after contracting pneumonia and suffering a heart attack.

= = = Pesthouse Common, Richmond = = =

	Pesthouse Common, Richmond is an area of public open space on Queen's Road, Richmond in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. It is bordered by mature lime and horse chestnut trees and is managed by Richmond upon Thames London Borough Council to promote nature conservation.
	The common is so called as it had a pest house, a structure used for quarantining people with communicable diseases. The common, which used to belong to the Crown, originally extended from the bottom of Queen's Road to the gates of Richmond Park. It had, near the site of the present "Lass o' Richmond Hill" public house on Queen's Road, a "pound overt" (open pound). Goods or cattle belonging to those had failed to pay fines imposed by the local courts were put there.
	A 1785 Act of Parliament granted the common to Richmond vestry, and it was then enclosed for a workhouse and burial ground, except for a small portion next to the lower part of Queen's Road. The pest house itself was pulled down in 1787.

= = = Wilgils = = =

	He is known mainly from the "Life of St Willibrord" by Alcuin, but is also mentioned by Secgan and Bede.
	Alcuin says he was a churl or "a non-servile peasant", and calls him a Saxon of Northumbria which was predominantly Angle at the time.
	St Willibrord, born c 658 AD, the Apostle to Frisia and patron saint of the Netherlands and Luxembourg was his son. Alcuin also writes that Wilgils was "paterfamilias" of Alcuin's own family and that he (Alcuin) had inherited Wilgils' oratory and church by inheritance, indicating a close familial relationship. Wilgisl was also distantly related to Beornred, the abbot of Echternach and Bishop of Sens.
	Wilgils entrusted his son to the church, and settled on the banks of the River Humber where he lived as a hermit. His fame increased and he was granted royal patronage that allowed him to found an oratory and church at the mouth of the Humber.

= = = Hubertus Antonius van der Aa = = =

	Hubertus Antonius van der Aa (5 July 1935, in Tilburg – 7 May 2017) was a Dutch mycologist who described several genera and species of fungi. He studied at Utrecht University where he received his PhD in 1973 with the dissertation " Studies in phyllosticta I".

= = = List of National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election = = =

	National Democratic Alliance is an Indian political party coalition led by Bharatiya Janata Party.
	For the 2014 Indian general election, the NDA's candidates for the "Lok Sabha" constituencies are as follows.

= = = Galin Dimov = = =

	Galin Dimov (; born 29 October 1990) is a Bulgarian footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Neftochimic Burgas. His twin brother Plamen is also footballer. They are sons of Diyan Petkov.

= = = Lycopsis = = =

	Lycopsis is an extinct genus of South American metatherian, that lived during the Miocene in Argentina and Colombia.
	The cladogram after the analysis of Suárez "et al"., 2015, looks as follows:
	Fossils of "Lycopsis" have been found in:

= = = Mutsuo Sugiura = = =

	Sugiura graduated from Tokyo Polytechnic University in 1938 and then joined Olympus Corporation. While working at this company, he first developed an Esophagogastroduodenoscope in 1950. He died in 1986 at the age of 68.

= = = 1993–94 Middlesbrough F.C. season = = =

	During the 1993–94 English football season, Middlesbrough F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.
	In the 1993–94 season, Middlesbrough started promisingly with 6 wins from their first 12 league games and by near the end of October where in 3rd place but a poor run of just 1 win in their next 11 league games, saw Middlesbrough slide down to 13th and end their hopes of automatic promotion which saw them finish in a disappointing 9th place and on 2 May 1994, Lawrence confirmed his departure at the end of the season. Upon leaving he helped young chairman Steve Gibson contact his replacement Bryan Robson.
	Also at the end of the season, Henderson was succeeded as chairman of the club by lifelong fan Steve Gibson, who helped save Middlesbrough from liquidation in 1986 by forming a consortium and seven years later bought Scottish & Newcastle's shares in the club as well as now owning roughly 90% of the club.
	"Middlesbrough's score comes first"

= = = 2014 Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold = = =

	The 2014 Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold was the fourth grand prix gold and grand prix tournament of the 2014 BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix. The tournament was held in Stadium Perbandaran Pasir Gudang, Johor Bahru, Malaysia from 25–30 March 2014 and had a total purse of $120,000.

= = = Simosthenurus occidentalis = = =

	Simosthenurus occidentalis is a species of sthenurine marsupial that existed in Australia during the Pliocene, becoming extinct in the Pleistocene epoch around 42 000 years ago. A large herbivorous biped that resembles large kangaroos, the species had a heavier body than the modern roo. The structure of the skull and teeth indicates it consumed tough vegetation, resembling koalas and panda bears, and is referred to as a short-faced kangaroo.
	The type specimen was collected by E. A. Le Souef and noted in a report to the state's Caves Board, then revised and published by Ludwig Glauert as "Sthenurus occidentalis" in 1910. This holotype is fossil material preserving the left and right dentary of an adult found at Mammoth Cave in Southwest Australia.
	The specific epithet "occidentalis", meaning "of the west", refers to the discovery of this species in Western Australia.
	A mid-sized species of "Simosthenurus", known as 'short-faced' kangaroos, one of several genera in a macropodid lineage that diversified in Pliocene Australia. The mass of adults is estimated to have around 118 kilograms, standing at a similar height to larger modern roos but with a heavier and more robust body. The dentition contains molars set close to the jaw, which combined with the cranial structure, strongly indicates an animal capable of consuming tough vegetation. The short jaw and facial anatomy clearly distinguishes their appearance from the surviving lineage of kangaroos, which usually graze on grasses rather than a browsing diet, and more closely resembles the habits of the modern koala "Phascolarctos cinereus".
	A set of powerful molars located close to the hinge of jaw, similar to but further back than a koala, improved the mechanical advantage and a potential enlargement of the zygomaticomandibularis muscles would have reduced the hazard of dislocation while biting with the rear molars.
	Modelling of the bite force and the skulls resistance to torsional forces suggests that the species was able to consume tough material, such as leaves, bark and branches, that could be torn with the claws of the long forelimbs. 
	The diamond-like shape of the forehead and reinforced cheek bones was able to distribute the forces applied by large muscles to the rear molars at one side of the jaw, strongly suggesting that browsing habit included an ability to tear and chew hardy and fibrous material.
	The morphology of the skull and dentition was found to be most comparable to Asian mammal "Ailuropoda melanoleuca" (panda), an animal that primarily feeds as a browser of tough plant material.
	The species is represented in the records of many southern fossil sites in Australia, including Tasmania. The type locality is located in Southwest Australia, at Mammoth Cave, and evidence from another site in the southwest indicates it existed until about 42 000 years ago. Fossils assigned to the species have been obtained at sites in the Southwest, southern regions of Central Australia and the southeast of the continent. In Tasmania "S. occidentalis" has been identified at fossil sites in the northeast and central regions, the species has also been found at the nearby King Island.
	Their distribution in the Pleistocene is dated to late-middle to late deposits.

= = = Martin Albrecht (businessman) = = =

	Martin Carl Albrecht AC, FTSE, FIE Aust, FAICD, FAIM, is a prominent Australian businessman, best known for his service as Chairman, previously CEO (1985–2000), of Thiess Pty Ltd. In June 2002 he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia "For service to the construction industry, to the development of export markets, to the engineering profession, and to the community in the areas of education, corporate social responsibility and industrial safety."

= = = Puffin's Club = = =

	Puffin's is a private members' luncheon club, established in the 1960s by the historian Sir Iain Moncreiffe of That Ilk. Named after his first wife, Diana Hay, 23rd Countess of Erroll (whose nickname was 'Puffin'), it started as an informal social gathering of Scots clan chiefs and aristocrats at Edinburgh.
	Originally, Puffin's met weekly on Tuesdays or Wednesdays in Edinburgh. It now convenes monthly on a Thursday, both in Edinburgh and London. Membership is strictly by invitation and open only to those whose families fought at the Battle of Flodden or "would have had they been there".
	It is believed that Puffin's throughout the 1960s and 1970s counted half the crowned heads of Europe in its circle, being variously described as distinguished and eccentric. In addition to former King Zog of Albania, Prince Juan of the Asturias and Archduke Otto von Habsburg (the last Austro-Hungarian Imperial Crown Prince), among other notable members were Prince Giulio Rospigliosi, Don Fernando Fitz-James Stuart, the actor Terence Stamp, Sir Patrick Leigh Fermor, Sir Nicholas Fairbairn, Sir Donald Cameron, Sir David Stirling, baronets Sir Fitzroy Maclean and Sir George Dick-Lauder, the Duke of Atholl, the Marquess of Ailsa, ex-British PM Lord Home of The Hirsel, the Earl of Selkirk, Lord Burton, Lord Dacre, Lord Lovat and Lord Strange, who attended from time to time.
	Nowadays among its membership are the founder's two sons, the Earl of Erroll and the Hon. Peregrine Moncreiffe of That Ilk, David Campbell Bannerman MEP and former MPs Michael Ancram, Major Narindar Saroop, Viscount Thurso and Lord James Douglas-Hamilton, authors Roddy Martine and Donald Adamson, and clan chiefs including the Earl of Crawford and the Earl of Lauderdale, as well as businessmen.

= = = The Time Traveler's Almanac = = =

	The Time Traveler's Almanac (British title: "The Time Traveller's Almanac") is a 2013 anthology edited by Ann and Jeff VanderMeer. It contains stories that focus on time travel. It was released on November 2013 in the UK and on March 18, 2014 in the US.
	Regarding the motivation behind "Time Traveler's Almanac", Ann VanderMeer said that there were two main reasons. First was that Ann and Jeff needed "a break from the seriousness of "The Weird"." Secondly, they felt they could offer something different from existing time travel anthologies.
	Sixty-five short stories and five essays are featured in "The Time Traveler's Almanac".
	Stories are listed in alphabetical order by author.

= = = List of postage stamps of Pakistan from 2007 to 2017 = = =

	This is a list of commemorative stamps issued by Pakistan Post between the years 2007 and 2016.
	In 2007 the post office issued 9 commemorative stamps.
	As per Siddiqui Stamps Catalogue 2014 Edition in 2008 Pakistan Post Office issued 6 Stamps and 3 Souvenir Sheets on 5 different occasions.

= = = Fernando Montaño = = =

	Fernando Rodriguez Montaño (born 6 March 1985) is a Colombian ballet dancer, and soloist with the Royal Ballet, based at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London. On November 19, 2015 he made his debut in a principal role when he performed 'the lover' in The Two Pigeons.
	He is the first Colombian to dance with the company having joined them in 2006. Fernando has performed in many different countries including Mexico, Russia, Japan, China, Jamaica, Spain, Italy and US, works regularly with the British fashion designer Dame Vivienne Westwood, and produces and choreographs his own shows around the world. He was described by BBC TV in 2013 as 'the Colombian Billy Elliot'.
	In 2016 Fernando took a sabbatical and returned to Colombia to visit his family and be a judge on 52 episodes of the first ever Colombian series of Dancing with the Stars, known locally as Bailando con las Estrellas.
	He was also the subject of a BBC documentary, 'Dancing for Peace', that was broadcast in the UK and around the world in 2016. On September 10th 2016 Montaño premiered 'Foot-Ba', his new fusion of dance and football, at the globally televised opening ceremony of the 2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup in Cali.
	Montaño was born in Buenaventura on the Pacific coast of Colombia into very poor area of the country but at the age of 14 won a scholarship to the National Ballet School of Cuba where he won several prizes at the International Ballet Contest in Havana, Cuba, and then joined the Cuban National Ballet. He also trained at La Scala and Teatro Nuovo di Torino, Italy where he was spotted by the Director of the English Ballet School, Jane Hucker and Niurka de Saa and invited to the UK to audition, following which he joined the Royal Ballet in 2006 where he was mentored by Carlos Acosta.
	In 2010 Montaño was promoted to First Artist and has been featured in increasingly higher profile roles. His repertory includes Colas (La Fille mal gardée), Jester (Cinderella), Bluebird (The Sleeping Beauty), Caterpillar (Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland), Benvolio and the balcony pas de deux (Romeo and Juliet), pas de six (Giselle), pas de trois (Fool’s Paradise) and roles in La Vivandière, Raymonda Act III and Chroma.
	On February 9, 2014 Montaño produced the world premiere of Narcissus, at the Hippodrome Theatre in London. An evening of live ballet, opera, poetry and classical music concluded with the screening of the new short dance film by Italian director and choreographer Giorgio Madia and starring Montaño. It was filmed at Hotel Therme Vals in Switzerland and set to the music of Claude Debussy’s 1894 composition ‘Prelude to the afternoon of a Faun’.
	Dame Vivienne Westwood designed the costumes and was guest of honour at the premiere. Composer Carl Davis was also in attendance to see Montaño premiere his newly choreographed dance to Davis's The Lady of the Camellias which he performed with his colleague from the Royal Ballet, Yasmine Naghdi.
	In the summer of 2014 he was promoted to Soloist and toured Russia, China and Taiwan with the Royal Ballet. In July he led a group of nine dancers from the Royal Ballet and English National Ballet to Colombia where they performed three shows with him at the Teatro Colon after he officially re-opened the National Opera House in Bogota in the company of President Santos.
	During the 2015-16 season his appearances included Romeo and Juliet, Carmen, The Two Pigeons and The Nutcracker.
	In October 2015 the Colombian/Puerto Rican feature film 'Fragmentos de Amor' was released. Directed by Fernando Vallejo it was the screen debut of Montaño in a small role as a Salsa Dancer.
	On November 19, 2015 he made his debut in a Principal role with the Royal Ballet as The Lover during their performance of Frederick Ashton's 'The Two Pigeons'
	In the summer of 2016 he toured Japan with the Royal Ballet and was the co-producer and lead performer in 'Vicenza in Lirica 2016 - Shakespeare e Da Porto, lirica d'Amore' at the Teatro Olimpico theatre in Vicenza. During the evening Fernando performed the Balcony and Death scenes from Romeo and Juliet with Roberta Marquez
	The 2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup was awarded to Colombia and on September 10th 2016 the opening ceremony was staged at the 18,000 seater Colisea El Pueblo indoor arena in Cali. Montaño was asked to create a new dance and used the occasion to debut 'Foot-Ba', his new mix of dance and football based on the moves and personalities of some of the world's most iconic players. He was supported by 40 dancers from local dance group Swing Latino.
	In January 2018 he spoke and performed at The Hay Festival in Cartagena.
	He took a one year sabbatical from the Royal Ballet from October 2019 and has performed since that time with the Cuban National Ballet as well as dancing in shows in the USA, Peru, Paris and Colombia.
	Fernando is the Patron of 'Children Change Colombia', formally known as 'Children of the Andes'.
	In May 2013 he produced and starred in a gala event in the Matcham Room Theatre at the Hippodrome in London which raised £28,000 for the charity Children of the Andes. He repeated the event in June 2014 and more than £15,000 was raised for the charity. As well as hosting a wide range of Latin America performers he performed two specially created rock-ballet duets with Roxy Music guitarist Phil Manzanera
	On October 21, 2014 he produced 'Fernando Montano's Classical Cabaret' at the Hippodrome Theatre in London where he brought together rising stars from the worlds of dance, opera and classical music including mezzo-soprano Justina Gringyte.
	On October 29, 2014, at the invitation of President Juan Santos, he made a brief visit to Colombia where he performed 'The Dying Swan' at the Presidential Palace for the President, HRH Prince Charles and HRH Duchess of Cornwall during their State Dinner.
	In September 2015 he directed and choreographed 'Fernando Montano and Friends' at the Britten Theatre in London, to raise funds for 'Children Change Colombia' and 'Playing For Change Foundation'. Performers included Elena Gurjidze and Dorothea Herbert and costumes were provided by Dame Vivienne Westwood, Edward Lidster and Elizabeth Emanuel.
	In December 2015 he read the BBC Radio 4 Charity Appeal on behalf of Children Change Colombia.
	In 2016 he organised and performed in Charity events for 'Children Change Colombia' whilst in Colombia.
	Fernando is an ambassador for Colin Jackson's prostate cancer charity, Go Dad Run and The Errol McKellar Foundation.
	In August 2016 he performed a charity show in Jamaica at Hanover Grange. It was hosted by Theresa Roberts with all proceeds going to the MoBay City Run education projects, the University of the West Indies Western Jamaica Campus Ambassadorial Corps Fund and the Glenhope Place of Safety a Caribbean Producers Jamaica (CPJ)-aided project.
	In October 2018 he was made a Patron of The Amy Winehouse Foundation and performed at their annual fundraising gala in London.
	On July 18, 2019, he staged 'Fernando Montano and Friends - Dance for the Sea' at the Susie Sainsbury Theatre at the Royal Academy of Music in partnership with the Marine Conservation Society charity. Performers included Oliver Tompsett, Justina Gringyte and Reinis Zarins and the event was hosted by Siân Lloyd with production design by Edward Lidster.
	In 2009 he received a Citation of Honor (New York) in recognition of his outstanding work in the arts
	In both 2013 and 2014 he was voted Personality of the Year at the prestigious LUKAS Awards.
	In 2014 he was named one of the top 100 most notable Colombians and was invited by the country's President Santos to Bogota to receive the award.
	In 2019 he was made an Honorary Doctor of Arts by The University of Bath.
	On March 15th 2019 his autobiography, Una Buena Ventura, was published in Spanish by Penguin Random House

= = = Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – 20+ ton = = =

	The 20+ ton was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics program in Le Havre. The race was planned for August 2, 1900. However, as result of the storm that was unleashed on the port and the poor condition of the sea the race was postponed to Sunday August 3, 1900. 14 boats, from 4 nations registered for the competition. Due to the weather conditions only four of them started and finished the race. Originally this race was not a part of the Olympic competition but was part of the "l’Exposition universelle". Later it was incorporated in the Olympic history.
	For the 20+ ton the course off the coast of Le Havre was used.
	The 1900 Olympic scoring system was used. Handicaps were added to each boat's actual time to give a total adjusted time.
	In the second round, "Formosa", which was ahead of its competitors, had its spinnaker gone in a burst, which was significant set back.
	The races drew a considerable number of spectators and the large amount of yachts to watch the races in le Havre. The Harbour was packed with different tonnage vessels. Offshore the Fleurus, Cassini, and Mangini destroyers were present. Most of the members of the international Jury followed the races aboard of the "Almee", a yacht owned by Henri Menier. 

= = = Bouteldja Belkacem = = =

	Bouteldja Belkacem (5 April 1947 – 1 September 2015 in Oran) was an Algerian raï songwriter, lyricist and composer.
	Bouteldja Belkacem grew up in the El Hamri neighborhood of Oran in Algeria. He is considered a pillar of modern raï. One of those who modernized the raï with Messaoud Bellemou, in the 1960s, he began to use the accordion in place of the zamr, which allowed a rai performer to play and sing at the same time. But since the accordion could not play quarter tones, Bouteldja transformed it by changing the length of the strips of metal inside, making it compatible with the traditional Algerian melodic system.
	On 9 December 1965, he recorded at Brahim El Feth's, his first tape followed by a disk with two hits. In 1968, his editor left for Paris, and Belkacem Bouteldja to honor his contract had an obligation to go back and forth to record three discs. In late 1969 his encounter with Messaoud Bellemou upset the traditional raï; their 1974 record marked the effective birth of pop-raï. Their collaboration endured until the end of 1979. Bouteldja withdrew for a while returning in 1985, for the first held Rai Festival in Oran, with representatives of the new wave such as Cheb Khaled, Hamid and many others.
	In 1993, summarizing the history of rai, Belkacem Bouteldja would say: "Life is like that. To each his own time: Cheikh Hamada in the 30s, Rimitti in the 50s, Bouteldja in the 60s, Bellemou in the 70s, Khaled in the 80s, Hasni and Nasro in the 90s."

= = = Divisible profit = = =

	Edit
	Profit or a portion of profit that can be legally distributed as a dividend to the shareholders is known as Divisible Profit. All profit of the company is not divisible and number of factors should be considered while determining divisible profit of the company.
	Following are some factors that influence the value of divisible profit.

= = = First Presbyterian Church (Houston) = = =

	The First Presbyterian Church is a church in the Museum District of Houston, Texas. it had 3,567 members. The church has been located in the Museum District since 1948.
	The church was founded in 1839 by Rev. James Weston Miller. He was from Pennsylvania as a foreign missionary in the Republic of Texas. The congregation consisted of 13 charter members. Initially, the church met in the Senate Chamber of the Republic of Texas, moving nearby to its first building in 1842. Later the congregation become a prominent member of the Southern Presbyterian Church, and planted several Presbyterian congregations in Houston. The church grew rapidly. First Presbyterian begun mission efforts to South Korea and Brazil.
	The church moved to its current location in 1948. The new sanctuary building was the first air-conditioned sanctuary in Texas.
	In 2001 B. William Vanderbloemen was elected as the church's pastor. Vanderbloemen resigned in January 2007 after taking leave in December 2006.
	In February 2014 the church voted whether or not to sever ties with the PCUSA, following a policy change in which the latter organization opened the possibility of the ordination of openly gay ministers. First Presbyterian narrowly voted to stay with the denomination.
	In November 2016, despite the election results, the church session decided to leave the PCUSA and align with ECO: A Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians.
	The senior pastor is Jim Birchfield.
	Presbyterian School is on the grounds of the church.

= = = Urgench State University = = =

	Urgench State University (UrSU) (; ) is a major university in Urgench, Uzbekistan established by the decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Islam Karimova dated 1 September 1992 in the city of Urgench. The university is commonly known as Urgench University (in Uzbek Urganch universiteti)
	The university was originally organized in 1942 as the Khorezm State Pedagogical Institute. In 1991—2017, the University was named after mathematician and philosopher Al-Khorezmi (alternative transliteration Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi) as Urgench State University after named Al-Khorezmi.
	In 2017, the Urgench State University after named Al-Khorezmi was finally renamed the Urgench State University, a name it keeps to date. The rector of the university since 2016 is Dr. Bakhrom Ismoilovich Abdullayev.
	Currently, the University comprises the following faculties: 

= = = Christianagaram = = =

	Christianagaram is a village in Thoothukudi District in Tamil Nadu, India.

= = = Myrmecia flavicoma = = =

	Myrmecia flavicoma is an ant species native to Australia. This species is a part of the genus "Myrmecia". "Myrmecia flavicoma"s distribution is only around the state of Queensland and some areas of New South Wales.
	The size of the "Myrmecia flavicoma" is 21-22 millimetres long. Head, thorax, node, and extra features are in a red colour and the mandibles are yellow. Some other features of the "Myrmecia flavicoma" are black, like the antennae's and legs.

= = = Collierville Schools = = =

	Bailey Station Elementary School, Collierville Elementary School, Crosswind Elementary School, Sycamore Elementary School, Tara Oaks Elementary School and Schilling Farms Elementary School are the district's elementary schools. Collierville Middle School and West Collierville Middle School are its middle schools. Collierville High School is the district's high school. 
	Due to overcrowding at the start of the 2018-19 school year, the high school moved from an old campus on North Byhalia road to a new campus off of Highway 385. Schilling Farms Middle School moved into the former Collierville High School building and was renamed West Collierville Middle School, and the old Schilling Farms Middle School building was turned into Schilling Farms Elementary School that same year.
	The district selected former superintendent John Aikten of Shelby County Schools as superintendent of the Collierville School District.

= = = Tristan Antico = = =

	Sir Tristan Venus Antico, AC (25 March 192326 December 2004), was a prominent Australian industrialist, horse breeder, and patron of the arts.
	He was knighted in 1973 "in recognition of service to industry", and was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1983 "In recognition of service to industry and the community".
	He is best known as founder of Pioneer Concrete and as the one-time owner of Baramul Stud.

= = = Joe Sugg = = =

	Joseph Graham Sugg (born 8 September 1991) is an English YouTuber, actor, television personality and author. In August 2012, he began posting videos on the YouTube channel ThatcherJoe, and has since amassed over 8 million subscribers. In 2018, he was a finalist on the sixteenth series of "Strictly Come Dancing", and in 2019, he performed the role of Ogie Anhorn in the West End production of "Waitress".
	Sugg created his "ThatcherJoe" channel in November 2011 and was able to reach the 1 million subscriber mark two years later. , he has over 8 million subscribers and over 1 billion video views. His videos consist of challenges, pranks, and impressions. He created a "YouTuber Innuendo Bingo", similar to the BBC Radio 1 segment, and was later invited to appear on the Radio 1 segment himself.
	Sugg was a member of the YouTube Boyband that raised money for Comic Relief and was featured in "The Guardian". He also featured on the 2014 single "Do They Know It's Christmas?" as part of the Band Aid 30 charity supergroup, raising money for the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa. In September 2018, Sugg released a single as a result of a video in which he and fellow vloggers Byron Langley and Conor Maynard attempted to write a song in one hour. Consequently, the "1 Hour Band" released "You Want My Sister."
	Sugg made an uncredited cameo voiceover as a seagull along with flatmate Caspar Lee, comic Alan Carr and singer Stacey Solomon in the 2015 UK version of the film "". Also in 2015, Sugg appeared alongside Caspar Lee in the direct-to-DVD film "Joe and Caspar Hit the Road", which was shown on British television channel E4 in April 2016. A second DVD, "Joe & Caspar Hit the Road USA", was released in 2016. Alongside fellow YouTubers Alfie Deyes and Marcus Butler, Sugg starred in an episode of the British television show "Release the Hounds". The episode aired on 2 March 2017. Sugg voiced Gus in the UK version of "Wonder Park" (2019).
	In 2018, Sugg became the first "social media star" to appear on "Strictly Come Dancing", and was partnered with professional dancer Dianne Buswell. The pair reached the finale and finished as runners up. Shortly after the 2018 final of "Strictly Come Dancing", the BBC announced Sugg as co-presenter of "New Year Live" alongside Stacey Dooley. On 22 February 2019 Sugg co-hosted "The One Show", on BBC One, alongside Alex Jones with guest Mathew Morrison. On 25 February it was announced that Sugg would be one of the hosts for the Red Nose Day telethon on the BBC on 15 March 2019. 
	Sugg was a guest on the BBC One cooking show, "Saturday Kitchen" on 6 April 2019. The following month it was announced that he would guest star on the Cartoon Network show, "The Amazing World of Gumball" in the role of Azreal. In July, Sugg announced via Instagram that he would have a cameo voiceover as a character called Pizza Boy in the 2019 film "".
	Sugg is the author of the graphic novel "Username: Evie", published in 2015 by Hodder & Stoughton. The writing is by Matt Whyman, with artist Amrit Birdi, colourist Joaquin Pereyra, and letterer Mindy Lopkin. The story tells of bullied teenage schoolgirl Evie, who dreams of a place she can be herself. Her terminally ill father creates a virtual reality for her but dies before it is completed. After he leaves her an app that allows entry, Evie is transported into a world where everything is influenced by her personality. A second graphic novel, "Username: Regenerated", was published in 2016 as a sequel to "Username: Evie". In 2017, Sugg announced a third and final graphic novel in the "Username" series titled "Username: Uprising". It was released on 21 September 2017.
	In late 2016 Sugg and his sister, Zoella, released a range of branded merchandise called 'Sugg Life', created in collaboration with The Creator Store, a company owned by Alfie Deyes and Dominic Smales. The term 'Sugg Life' is a play on 'Thug life', a phrase popularised by Tupac Shakur and more recently an internet meme. The online shop offered a range of products such as hoodies, stickers and phone cases. In August 2017, The Creator Store opened a pop-up shop in Covent Garden which, for ten days, sold limited edition 'Sugg Life X PB' merchandise; a collaboration of Sugg Life and Deyes' 'Pointless Blog' brands. The Sugg Life online shop became inactive in May 2018.
	In August 2019, Sugg was cast as Ogie Anhorn in the musical "Waitress" in London's West End. He debuted in the role on 9 September 2019, and gave his final performance on 30 November 2019.
	In 2019, Sugg announced a multi-date variety show with Dianne Buswell. The show will be a combination of music, comedy and dance. 21 dates were announced, at venues across the U.K., in March and April 2020.
	From 8 September 2018, Sugg participated in the sixteenth series of "Strictly Come Dancing", partnered with Australian dancer Dianne Buswell. In the final on 15 December, they were runners-up.
	Sugg, along with his professional dancing partner Dianne Buswell, joined the "Strictly Come Dancing Live!" Tour lineup. The two made Strictly Live Tour history by winning 25 shows in a row against six other couples, later becoming the overall tour winners having won 28 of the 29 shows. The tour started on 18 January 2019 and ended on 10 February.
	On 5 November 2019, it was announced that Sugg would be participating in the 2019 Christmas special episode. A week later it was announced that he would be dancing with Dianne Buswell as he did in series 16 of the show.
	The name of Sugg's YouTube channel is derived from his training as a roof thatcher. He is the younger brother of Zoe Sugg, who is also a blogger and internet personality, known on YouTube as Zoella. Until early 2016, Sugg lived in an apartment in London with fellow YouTuber Caspar Lee. From July 2017 to January 2019, Sugg lived with South African musician, Byron Langley.
	Sugg has been in a relationship with Dianne Buswell, his dancing partner from "Strictly Come Dancing", since late 2018.
	Sugg is an ambassador for the charity Age UK.

= = = Institutional analysis and development framework = = =

	The Institutional Analysis and Development framework (IAD) was developed by Elinor Ostrom, an American political scientist, who was the first woman to receive the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2009. The IAD relates a set of concepts to help in the analysis of commons, such as fishery stocks, woodlands. Ostrom explored which institutional structures support arrangements that handle those resource stocks in a sustainable way, balancing individuals' use with the interest of a wider public. Under the rational choice models, the IAD was devised in an attempt to "explain and predict" outcomes by formally exploring and documenting the governance structures, the actors' positions, and the informal and formal rules devised for individuals to extract resources from the commons resource. Thus, the IAD is a systematic method to document policy analysis functions similar to analytic technique commonly used in physical and social sciences and understand how institutions operate and change over a period of time. 
	Ostrom thought of the IAD as a "multi-level conceptual map" with which one could zoom in and out of particular hierarchical parts of the governance structures in a social system. 
	The IAD framework helps to perceive complex collective action problems by dividing them into 'action arenas', that are smaller pieces of practically understandable function. The analyst assumes that the structure of the action situation is fixed in the short-term. For an action situation to exist, there must be "actors in positions" (the number of possible roles that are available in this recurring interaction situation). Actors have choices within the existing (rule) structure. In the study of outcomes from collective choice situations, actors are influenced by the institutional arrangements, the socio-economic conditions, and the physical environment. The institutional arrangements can be studied by seven rule types (as per below).

= = = Constantine Keroularios = = =

	Constantine Keroularios () was a high-ranking Byzantine official in the third quarter of the 11th century.
	Constantine was a nephew of the powerful Michael Keroularios, Patriarch of Constantinople in 1043–1059. The name of his father is unknown. A friend and correspondent of Michael Psellos, Constantine and his brother Nikephoros were among the supporters of Isaac I Komnenos when he rose in revolt to seize the throne in 1057, and went on to occupy senior offices in the Byzantine hierarchy. In his correspondence with Psellos, Constantine is variously referred to by the high court ranks of "sebastos", "proedros", "protoproedros", and "magistros", the senior fiscal offices of "sakellarios" and "genikos logothetes", and the judicial offices of "epi ton kriseon" and "droungarios tes viglas". It was probably under Constantine's tenure that the latter office acquired the epithet ""megas"" ("grand"), and was confirmed as the Empire's senior-most judicial authority. Constantine was apparently also the first person to hold the title of "sebastos". A seal which may be attributable to him further records the titles of ""vestarches", judge of the Velum, and grand curator of the Mangana".
	Constantine was also a cousin of Eudokia Makrembolitissa, who married Isaac's lieutenant and successor as emperor, Constantine X Doukas, as she too is referred to as a niece of the patriarch. In 1067, Constantine X was dying. Eudokia, as empress-dowager and mother of Constantine's under-age sons, would lead the regency, but Constantine X feared that she might well include her relatives, who already held high posts in court, in the regency, thus posing a potential threat to the succession of Constantine X's own children. He therefore had Eudokia swear publicly that she would not remarry nor appoint any co-regents over her under-age sons with Constantine other than the latter's brother John Doukas, an oath that she would soon break, however, with her marriage to Romanos IV Diogenes.
	Constantine Keroularios died sometime under Nikephoros III Botaneiates (ruled 1078–1081), as his will was the subject of an investigation at this time.
	According to genealogy of the 12th-century writer John Tzetzes, Constantine Keroularios married a Georgian lady, a relative of the empress Maria of Alania. The couple had a daughter, who was eventually adopted by Eudokia Makrembolitissa. She married a tax official named George, and gave birth to Tzetzes' own mother. Constantine had also several sons, of whom Michael Keroularios was the most prominent: he likewise became "megas droungarios tes viglas" and married into the Komnenos dynasty, but defrauded his other brothers of their father's inheritance.

= = = Bartlett City Schools = = =

	Bartlett City Schools is a municipal school district in Bartlett, Tennessee, United States, in Greater Memphis.
	In February 2014, the school district moved its headquarters from Bartlett City Hall into the former special education offices at Bartlett High School.
	Following the merger of Memphis City Schools and Shelby County Schools in 2013, a referendum was put forth to the residents of Bartlett to form their own school district. In July 2013, the residents of Bartlett approved the referendum and Bartlett City Schools was created. On December 20, 2013, the Bartlett City Schools board voted unanimously to appoint former Shelby County Schools Deputy Superintendent, David Stephens, as Superintendent. On August 4, 2014, Bartlett City Schools officially opened for their first day of classes.
	Bartlett City Schools serves the following schools:
	Elementary
	Middle
	High
	In February 2014, the district approved an open enrollment policy for students who do not live in the City of Bartlett.

= = = Sofie Oyen = = =

	Sofie Oyen (born 4 February 1992) is a Belgian former tennis player.
	In her career, Leopoldsburg-born Oyen won three singles titles and three doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. On 23 August 2010, she reached her best singles ranking of world number 403. On 21 December 2015, she peaked at number 526 in the WTA doubles rankings.
	Playing for Belgium at the Fed Cup, Oyen has a win–loss record of 0–2.

= = = Gowdru = = =

	Gowdru () is a 2004 Kannada drama film directed by S. Mahendar. The film features Ambareesh, Devaraj and Shruti in the lead roles along with Meena in a guest role. Gowdru marks the 200th film of Ambareesh and the 100th film of Shruti. The film featured original score and soundtrack composed and written by Hamsalekha. The film is an unofficial remake of Tamil film "Kizhakku Cheemayile".
	Hamsalekha composed the film's background score and music for its soundtrack. The album consists of six tracks.

= = = Roland Robert = = =

	Roland Robert (born 5 March 1937) is a Réunionese politician. 
	He became mayor of La Possession in 1971 and general councillor of La Réunion in 1973.

= = = A Little Lumpen Novelita = = =

	A Little Lumpen Novelita ("Una novelita lumpen" in Spanish) is a novel by the Chilean author Roberto Bolaño. A translation from the Spanish by Natasha Wimmer was published by New Directions in September 2014.
	The book is divided into sixteen short chapters, told in first person by the protagonist Bianca, who recalls her childhood, adolescence and early adulthood.
	"Il Futuro", a 2013 film directed by Alicia Scherson and starring Manuela Martelli and Rutger Hauer, was based on this novel.

= = = Walton, Lahore = = =

	Walton is a cantonment area outside Lahore city of Pakistan. It is located near Model Town. It is the house of the Defence Housing Authority, Walton railway stati
	n, Pakistan Railways Academy, and old Airport of Lahore.

= = = Kantox = = =

	Kantox is a UK based multinational "FinTech" company that offers foreign currency exchange and international payment applications for corporate clients. Kantox has its headquarters in the City of London and offices in Torre Mapfre Barcelona, Spain, and currently works with 92 currencies and operates in more than 50 countries worldwide. Kantox is a founding member of both France Fintech and the Spanish Association for Financial Technology (Asociación Española de Technología Financiera) which lobby for a greater role of FinTech in their respective countries' financial sectors.
	Kantox was founded in 2011 by Philippe Gelis and Antonio Rami, ex-consultants in Deloitte. The name of the company takes inspiration from the surname of Georg Cantor, the creator of the theory of transfinite numbers, a fundamental theory in the transformation of mathematical study in the late nineteenth century. Operating in the FX market, where daily turnover has been estimated by the Bank for International Settlements at $5.3 trillion, In 2014, Kantox raised €6.4 million in investment and one year later, announced reaching $1 billion in total corporate foreign exchange transactions.
	In 2014, Kantox was awarded with Deloitte's Award for Innovation, named ESADE Alumni-Banco Sabadell Start-up of the Year 2014 Award and received FICOD's - International Forum for Digital Content - prize for digital entrepreneurship. In 2015, Kantox was named European FinTech of the Year at the European ICT Spring Awards. The company has also received media coverage from international finance publications including Financial Times, The Wall Street Journal and Forbes.
	Kantox has received financing through various rounds of investment. Investors include venture capital firms Partech Ventures, IDinvest Partners and Cabiedes Partners, in addition to private financiers and web entrepreneurs. Most recently, in May 2015, Kantox raised $11 million from its existing investors.

= = = Oberer Mannenberg Castle = = =

	Oberer Mannenberg Castle () is a ruined castle in the municipality of Zweisimmen of the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.
	Nothing is known about the original builder of the castle, but in 1190 the Herren von Siebenthal may have lived in Mannenberg. In 1270 the castle "Mamerberg" was owned by the knight Peter von Raron. Under the von Raron family the estate was divided into the Mannenberg Castle and the Herrschaft of Mannenberg-Reichenstein. The castle is first mentioned in 1304 as "castrum de Mannenberg" and around that time Peter von Raron sold it to Heinrich IV von Strättlingen. The castle was sold to the Counts of Gruyères in 1336 while the estate passed to the heirs of the von Raron family following their extinction. In 1456 the Freiherr von Bubenberg acquired the Herrschaft and in 1494 sold it to the city of Bern.
	The castle was held by the Counts who attempted to expand their power in the Simmental (Simme valley). At some point, probably in the 14th century, they built Unterer Mannenberg Castle as an expansion of the Oberer castle. In 1339 the Counts of Gruyères supported the city of Fribourg against Bern in the Battle of Laupen. The Bernese victory and their expanding power in the Simmental created tension between the Counts and the surrounding farmers. In 1350 Bernese troops attacked and partially destroyed Oberer Mannenberg Castle. It was apparently rebuilt, because in 1356 the Counts of Gruyères sold the castles to the Fribourg supporting Düdingen family. The Düdingens already held nearby Blankenburg Castle, so Mannenberg reinforced their power in the area. However, their hold was short lived. In 1376 the villagers of the surrounding communities rose up against the Fribourg nobility, forcing the Düdingens to sell Mannenberg and Blankenburg to the city of Fribourg.
	Tensions continued to rise between Bern and Fribourg leading to the Battle of Sempach in 1386. Following the Bernese victory in the Battle, Fribourg lost their holdings in the Simmental. Bern combined the Herrschaft of Mannenberg-Reichenstein with the castles and appointed a vogt to oversee the lands. The vogt settled in Blankenburg Castle and made it into the center of government. Both Mannenberg castles were allowed to fall into ruin.
	During the 20th century several archeological expeditions explored portions of the ruins, but they remained generally covered in brush. In 2007 the Burg Mannerberg Foundation was established to restore and maintain the ruins. The project was initially projected to cost about 770,000 CHF with the Swiss Federal government and the Canton of Bern providing the majority of the funds, while the Foundation provided about 194,000 CHF. The project was completed in 2011 at a total cost of about 880,000 CHF. Today several walls and parts of a round tower are free of the earth and stand in a clearing. The ruins of the castle are topped with a sight seeing platform.

= = = Myrmecia nobilis = = =

	Myrmecia nobilis is species of ant. It belongs to the genus "Myrmecia", and was described by John S. Clark in 1943. Native to Australia, "Myrmecia nobilis" has only been observed in Victoria, particularly the Melbourne Metropolitan Area.
	"Myrmecia nobilis" looks like "M. froggatti" and "M. maura" and appears to be closely related to them, but all are distinct species. "Myrmecia nobilis" is around 10-14 millimetres long. Its mandibles are yellowish red, and its mesonotum, epinotum and node are red.

= = = Consulegis = = =

	CONSULEGIS is an international network of independent law firms, in-house lawyers and related professional advisors.
	The principal objective of CONSULEGIS is to provide its members with legal resources for their clients throughout the world, with a particular emphasis on professionalism, mutual trust and reliability, i.e., to arm its members, whose clients have commercial and litigation requirements extending beyond their own borders, with the ability to refer clients to known and trusted colleagues in all corners of the commercial world. A basic principle of CONSULEGIS, emphasizing independence and integrity, is that it is not exclusive as its members are at liberty to refer their clients to any law firm that might best serve the needs of its clients, whether within or outside the network.
	CONSULEGIS seeks to attract and include members in most cities across the world that it considers to be of strategic, commercial and economic importance in an effort to allow each firm to enhance its legal footprint based on personal international resources. English is the official language. Member firms, which are initially admitted on the basis of quality, reputation, size and volume of international work, as a basic tenet, have no formal association with each of the other member firms, i.e., each is independent, thus giving each firm access to firms all over the world to assist with its clients’ legal matters with little likelihood that there will be a conflict of interest.
	CONSULEGIS maintains its headquarters in Munich, Germany, with a Managing Director and staff responsible for coordination among firms, semi-annual conferences, member development and processing of applicants, marketing and all administrative activities.
	The network started with approximately a dozen local members and now includes members in more than 45 countries and 150 cities globally. CONSULEGIS was established in 1990 in Hamburg, Germany, as a European Economic Interest Group (EEIG), to enable lawyers in Germany to have access, through network colleagues, to the courts in other cities at a time when lawyers could not themselves practice outside their own jurisdictions. CONSULEGIS has since expanded into all of Western, Central and Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, North and South America, Australia, Asia, Japan, the Pacific Rim, the Middle East and Africa.

= = = Lee Reynolds = = =

	Lee Reynolds may refer to:

= = = Chris Luck = = =

	Air Vice-Marshal Christopher James Luck, (born 1965) is a British charity executive and retired Royal Air Force officer. He was Commandant of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell from 2013 to 2016, and Commandant of the Joint Services Command and Staff College from 2017 to 2019. Since 2019, he has been CEO of the Shaw Trust.
	Luck was born in 1965 in London, England. He graduated from the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, a graduate school of the United States Air Force, with a Master of Arts (MA) degree in 2003 and a Master of Philosophy (MPhil) degree in 2007.
	On 11 October 1984, Luck was commissioned into the General Duties Branch, Royal Air Force, as an acting pilot officer. He then undertook flying training on the Chipmunk and Jet Provost, before training on helicopters. Upon completion of training, he was posted to No. 33 Squadron RAF, a Puma squadron based at RAF Odiham in Hampshire. He was promoted to flying officer on 11 October 1986. During his early career, he underwent deployments to Northern Ireland and Belize.
	He was promoted to flight lieutenant on 11 April 1990. He was posted to Iraq as part of Operation Granby, the British operation during the 1991 Gulf War. In 1992, he underwent training to become a qualified helicopter instructor at RAF Shawbury. He was then posted to No. 230 Squadron RAF, based at RAF Aldergrove, Northern Ireland, with whom he served from 1992 to 1996. In recognition of his "gallant and distinguished services in Northern Ireland", Luck was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in November 1996.
	He was deployed to Bosnia during the Bosnian War as part of the United Nations' force.
	As part of the half yearly promotions, he was promoted to squadron leader on 1 July 1996. He then returned to RAF Odiham to become officer commanding of the Puma Operational Conversion Unit Flight, part of No. 27 (Reserve) Squadron. In 1998, the end of this posting, saw the Pumas of No. 27 (Reserve) Squadron leave to join No. 33 Squadron RAF at RAF Benson. In 1999, he was posted to RAF Strike Command as the Rotary desk officer; this post soon moved to the newly formed Joint Helicopter Command. From August 2001 to 2003, he was attached to the Kuwait Air Force as an advisor and helicopter instructor, and was based at Ali Al Salem Air Base.
	As part of the half yearly promotions, he was promoted to wing commander on 1 January 2003. He then attended the United States Air Force Air Command and Staff College at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama. From July 2004 to June 2006, he remained at the college as a member of the directing staff as Deputy Director of Strategy and War. In 2006, he attended the USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies; he was the first non-American to attend the school. He graduated with a Master of Arts in strategic air power.
	In 2007, he returned to the United Kingdom and was appointed officer commanding No. 33 Squadron RAF based at RAF Benson. This tour included a posting to Iraq as part of Operation Telic. In June 2009, he was promoted to group captain and posted to the Permanent Joint Headquarters as Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff. He had specific responsibility for the Middle East region and global counter terrorism. In November 2011, he became Commanding Officer of RAF Shawbury, home to the Defence Helicopter Flying School. From September to November 2013, he studied at the Royal College of Defence Studies. In December 2013, he was appointed Commandant of Royal Air Force College Cranwell, a post he held until August 2016 when he was succeeded by Air Commodore Peter Squires. Promoted to air vice marshal, he was Commandant of the Joint Services Command and Staff College from February 2017 to May 2019.
	Luck has over 5000 military flying hours, of which 4300 hours have been on the Puma. He was appointed Aide-de-Camp (ADC) to Queen Elizabeth II on 20 January 2010. He relinquished the appointment on 9 September 2013, but was appointed once more on 16 December the same year. He was appointed Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts 2012. He was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 2019 Birthday Honours.
	Since May 2019, Luck has been chief executive officer of the Shaw Trust, a charity that that people into education work and independent living.
	Luck is a keen horse rider; he is the President of the RAF Equitation Association, Chairman of UK Armed Forces Equestrianism and Vice Chairman of UK Armed Forces Polo.
 

= = = Storage Wars (season 5) = = =

	The fifth season of the reality television show "Storage Wars" aired on A&E from March 18, 2014 to September 30, 2014, with one episode held for airing during the sixth season on November 18, 2014. The season included 29 regular episodes and six new compilation episodes.
	Beginning this season, "The Collector" Barry Weiss is no longer with the show, having been spun off into his own series, "Barry'd Treasure". However, Barry was mentioned in the episode "Grin And Barry It". Ivy Calvin and the husband-and-wife team of Rene and Casey Nezhoda joined the regular cast in this season, both of whom made multiple appearances in Season 4. Jarrod Shultz and Brandi Passante, Darrell and Brandon Sheets, and auctioneers Dan and Laura Dotson returned Season 5. Nezhoda and Lloyd did not appear in the final nine episodes of the season, replaced by Mary Padian for episodes 22-29 and the long-awaited return of Dave Hester in episodes 25-29.
<onlyinclude></onlyinclude>
	Although revealed at the end of the episode, the totals are not always reflective and exact of the value of items in the lockers. In many cases, the values of items are estimates made on the spot by the cast members, and are not necessarily actual profits or losses. Some of the episodes were not aired in the order that they were filmed. Therefore, the * column in each season's episode list indicates the sequential order of that episode.

= = = Carex gholsonii = = =

	Carex gholsonii is a plant species native to Florida, Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina and South Carolina.
	"Carex gholsonii" grows in wet places such as marshes, floodplains, stream banks, etc. It is a monoecious, perennial herb up to 75 cm tall. Leaves are green, up to 30 cm long. Pistillate and staminate flowers are borne in separate spikes on the same plant. Perigynia are ellipsoid, olive to brownish-green, up to 4 mm long with a beak up to 0.5 mm long. Achenes are up to 3 mm long.

= = = David Stubbs (RAF officer) = = =

	Air Vice Marshal David John Stubbs, is a senior Royal Air Force officer. He previously served as the Commandant of Royal Air Force College Cranwell from 2012 to 2013, and the Air Secretary from 2013 to 2016.
	From 2006 to 2008, Stubbs was Commanding Officer of RAF Aldergrove and the Senior RAF Officer for Northern Ireland. He served as Commandant of Royal Air Force College Cranwell from March 2012 to November 2013. In November 2013, he was appointed Air Secretary.
	Stubbs was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 2016 Birthday Honours.
	Stubbs is Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the RAF Club, a gentlemen's club in London.
 

= = = Allen Maxwell = = =

	Allen Maxwell (April 19, 1943 – March 10, 2014) was an American politician.
	From Warren, Arkansas, Maxwell went to University of Arkansas at Monticello and was a human resource manager for Southwestern Bell. He then served in the Arkansas House of Representatives from 2004 to 2010. Maxwell then served as Mayor of Monticello, Arkansas and died from a heart attack while still serving office.

= = = FK Rotalis Vilnius = = =

	SFK Rotalis, is a Lithuanian football club from the city of Vilnius.
	The team was founded in 2005. After playing in the local Vilnius league, the team started playing in the LFF II lyga from the year 2012.
	As of March 2016

= = = Turpal Tokaev = = =

	Turpal Tokaev (born 20 November 1984) is Russian kickboxer and actor of Chechen descent. Also known as Bahadir Sari and Theodore Sariyev, ISKA oriental kickboxing rules heavyweight world champion in 2010.
	He was Kazakhstan captain of national Muay Thai team, winning medals at practically all the competitions he participated. He fought for Kazakhstan under name of Teodor Sariyev, fought for Turkey under name of Bahadir Sari and now fighting and living in Russia under the name of Turpal Tokaev.

= = = Lakeland School System = = =

	The Lakeland School System (LSS) is a municipal school district in Lakeland, Tennessee in Greater Memphis. Lakeland Elementary School is within the district.
	In December 2013 the district selected as its superintendent Dr. Ted Horrell, the principal of Germantown High School, and a former principal of Millington Central High School.
	As of January 2014 the school district established a survey on Surveymonkey to gauge parental attitudes on several issues. As of that year, the residents are served by Shelby County Schools with elementary students attending Lakeland Elementary School and more than 1,200 students from Lakeland in higher grades attending campuses in Arlington and Bartlett.
	Lakeland Middle Preparatory School is being built on 94 acres of land located northeast of Highway 70 and Canada Road. The school, which will serve grades 5-8, is expected to open for the 2017-2018 school year.
	In early 2014, some residents of the Bolton community sought annexation with Lakeland, partly so the unincorporated area could join a municipal school district. Bolton includes Barret's Chapel Elementary School and Bolton High School. The vote for annexation went before the Lakeland City Board on June 12, 2014 and failed. One resident of the community told the Board that "10 times more residents have petitioned you "not" to annex than have petitioned you "to" annex."
	Lakeland Elementary, , opened in 2001 as a school within Shelby County Schools. It has a capacity of 1,000 students. Lela Garlington of the "Memphis Commercial Appeal" stated that the school "could have roughly 820 or so students for its kindergarten to fifth-grade classes."
	Lakeland Middle Preparatory School opened in the Fall of 2017 under the leadership of its first principal, Mr. Matt Adler.

= = = Encrasima = = =

	Encrasima is a genus of moths in the family Autostichidae.

= = = Helional (disambiguation) = = =

	Helional may refer to:

= = = Zoomcar = = =

	Zoomcar is a self-drive car rental company headquartered in Bangalore, India. The company was founded in 2013 by David Back and Greg Moran . As of April, the company operates in 45 cities across the country.
	American duo David Back & Greg Moran, met while studying at the University of Pennsylvania, where both graduated in 2007. After graduating, Back studied at Harvard Law School and Moran worked on energy financing projects. The pair also attended business school; Moran at the University of Southern California and Back at the Judge Business School at Cambridge University.
	Back and Moran both dropped out of business school to move to India and pursue a venture in car rentals. In May 2015, Back resigned from the self-drive car rental company, and decided to move back to the US citing personal reasons.
	Zoom officially launched operations in Bangalore in February 2013. Zoom started with $215,000 in capital and a fleet of seven cars.
	Zoom initially raised capital from individual investors including Former US Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers, Chair of the UK Institute of Directors Lady Barbara Judge, Vice-Dean of International Legal Studies at Harvard Law School William P. Alford, Wharton Statistics Chair Edward George, and the former Director of the Cambridge Centre for Entrepreneurial Studies Shai Vyakarnam. Back met Summers at Harvard University, where Back was a teaching assistant to Summers.
	Zoomcar's institutional investors include: Mahindra&Mahindra, Ford Motor Company, Sequoia Capital, Nokia Growth Partners, FundersClub, Basset Investment Group, Athene Capital, Empire Angels, Venture Souk, OurCrowd, Globevestor., and Cyber Carrier CL. Zoomcar has also raised money from former Infosys CFO T.V. Mohandas Pai and his business partner Abhay Jain.
	At Ford's investor day presentation in September 2016, CEO Mark Fields described difficulties with Ford's prior strategy in India, but commented "Our new mobility business could be a factor that plays in there. That's why you saw us about a month ago take an equity position in Zoomcar, which is the largest car sharing service in India."
	Zoomcar has raised a total funding of Rs. 673 Cr. and it has been valued at Rs. 1778 Cr. in its latest round of funding.
	Zoomcar faces competition from Revv, Drivezy, MylesCars (backed by Carzonrent) and other similar car rental companies.
	Zoom partnered with the auto manufacturers like Ford & Mahindra which allowed them to become the first car rental company in India to offer an electric vehicle (the Mahindra REVA E2O by Mahindra) and the Ford EcoSport "urban SUV by Ford" in 2013. Zoom also works with locally established real estate developers, universities, hotels, and corporate IT parks to secure parking for its vehicles and offer pick-up points to its members.
	In November 2013, Zoom, Uber, and the Ashoka Foundation launched a month-long campaign in Bangalore called RideSmartBLR to encourage car-rental and discourage drunk driving for its health, economical and environmental benefits.
	Zoom was a member of Microsoft's Accelerator Plus program in Bangalore in Spring 2014. This program is designed to provide more tailored assistance to later-stage start-ups as they scale their business and raise capital.
	In July 2015, Zoomcar issued caution information to its customers following opposition from the Ladakh taxi union. Following an incident in which a convoy of 15 cars rented from the company was reportedly attacked by members of the union with stones and iron rods, Zoomcar issued a cautionary mail to customers traveling to Khardung La and Nubra valley. The following week Zoom issued an update stating that the situation had aggravated and the company urged extreme caution to customers traveling to the region. The taxi unions of Gulmarg and Ladakh continue to resist entry of non-local commercial cars in the region.
	In December 2015, the Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) banned 54 controversial Indian ads which included a video advertisement by Zoomcar. The ad was found to be in violation of India's Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 by the council, following which the advertisement was pulled off by the company.

= = = Golden House (TV series) = = =

	Golden House () is a 2010 South Korean television series starring Shin Ha-kyun, Lee Bo-young, and Baek Yoon-sik. It aired on cable channel tvN from March 5 to May 27, 2010 on Fridays at 23:00 for 20 episodes.
	When the owner of a shabby, soon-to-be-demolished villa in a run-down part of Seoul mysteriously dies, it sets in motion a chain of events that touches many lives. His son Oh Bok-gyu (Shin Ha-kyun), a struggling actor who was previously completely unaware of his inheritance, arrives to take possession of Apartment Number 201, only to find that rumors are swirling everywhere that his father has left a huge fortune of in gold bars hidden somewhere in the villa — and that his father was murdered. As Bok-gyu navigates his way through the web of mystery surrounding his father's death, he encounters intrusive neighbors, oddball residents, a hardcore gangster and a beautiful girl — any of whom may have their eyes set on his money. When he meets orphaned, lovely Yoon Seo-rin (Lee Bo-young), he thinks that she's the girl of his dreams, but is unsure whether to trust her.
	Director Jo Hyun-tak won the New Media Award at the 3rd Korea Drama Awards in 2010.

= = = Albert Shelton = = =

	Albert Leroy Shelton (1875-1922) was an American medical doctor and a Protestant missionary in China, especially in Batang in the Kham region of eastern Tibet, from 1903 until 1922. He authored a popular book about his experiences and collected Tibetan cultural items and sold them to museums. He was shot and killed by brigands in 1922 while traveling by mule near Batang.
	Shelton was born 9 June 1875 in Indianapolis, Indiana to Joseph O. Shelton, a carpenter, and Emma Rosabelles Belles. In 1880 the family moved to a farm in Bourbon County, Kansas, in 1884 to Harper County, Kansas, and in 1892 to Grant County, Kansas on the Great Plains of western Kansas. 
	He married Flora Flavia Beal (b. 28 September 1871) on 27 April 1899.
	Shelton attended Emporia State University in Emporia, Kansas and studied medicine at the University of Kentucky, graduating in 1903. That same year he was appointed as a missionary to China by the Foreign Christian Missionary Society (FCMS) of the Disciples of Christ denomination. He was ordained as a minister in San Francisco prior to his departure for China by ship on 29 September 1903.
	The Sheltons had two children: Dorris Shelton Still, born 25 August 1904 and Dorothy Madelon, born 27 May 1907, both in Kangding, China.
	The Sheltons traveled to China with medical doctor Susanna Carson Rijnhart, who had attempted to visit Lhasa, Tibet in 1898. Her husband and infant child died in that attempt.
	On arrival in China, the Sheltons and Rijnhart traveled up the Yangtze River by boat, foot, and horseback through the rugged eastern ranges of the Himalayas reaching the frontier trading center of Kangding, then called Tachienlu, on March 15, 1904.
	In 1908, the Sheltons and another missionary family, the Ogdens, established a mission at Batang, a town of 350 Tibetan families, in the Kham region of Tibet, a seventeen-day overland journey westward from Kangding. This was the first Christian mission to be established in Batang. In 1909 medical missionary Zenas Sanford Loftis joined the Sheltons and Ogdens, but he perished from smallpox two months after his arrival.
	Shelton was an indefatigable traveler via muleback who utilized his medical knowledge to gain access to both Chinese and Tibetan officials and to ensure his welcome throughout the region. Kham was a battleground between China, attempting to gain control of the area, and the Khampa Tibetans resisting the Chinese.
	In 1910, the Shelton family returned to the U.S. on furlough. It took 89 days for them to travel from Batang to San Francisco. Shelton brought home with him a collection of Tibetan art and curios which he sold to the Newark, New Jersey museum for $2,000. He spoke extensively across the United States in a fund-raising campaign for the expansion of the overseas FCMS's missions and achieved the status of a "missionary-hero." His wife, Flora, published her first book, "Sunshine and Shadow on the Tibetan Border".
	The Shelton's return to China was delayed until 1913 by war and chaos in Kham. They returned to Batang along with two other FCMS missionary families, the Ogdens and the Hardys, in July 1914. The missionaries financed the construction of a large comfortable compound in the small Tibetan town in which they lived and worked. Shelton continued to take photographs and collect Tibetan art to sell to museums. He also treated a great variety of patients, including Chinese soldiers wounded in fighting with Tibetans. He traveled widely over a large area. The Shelton family became "Tibetanized" in many ways. Shelton was abducted by brigands in early 1920 and held prisoner for about two months before being rescued.
	Shelton and his family returned to the US in 1920. He was now a famous man, touted by the FCMS as a hero for his travels and his exploits in a war torn land. National Geographic magazine published an article by him, "Life among the People of Eastern Tibet," in 1921 and his book "Pioneering in Tibet" was published in the same year. He had continued collecting Tibetan art and artifacts and sold them and his photographs to the Newark Museum for more than $4,000—about triple the average yearly salary of a minister in the United States. The museum held a special exhibition of his Tibetan items. He had dinner with John D. Rockefeller and sold his wife some Tibetan jewelry.
	Shelton returned in Batang in late 1921. His wife accompanied him to China, but did not continue on to Batang. Their two children remained in the U.S. for school. Shelton's objective was to establish missions deeper into Tibet, ultimately to travel to Lhasa, but initially to Markam Gartok (called "Gatuo Town" today). On February 16, 1922, en route to Markam, he was ambushed by brigands a few miles outside Batang. He died of a gunshot wound the next day and was buried in Batang.
	After Shelton's death, the FCMS mission in Batang began to disintegrate because of internal dissension and was closed in 1932.
	Shelton's book "Tibetan Folk Tales" was published posthumously in 1925. Flora Shelton published several additional books about Tibet.
	Shelton, in the words of his biographer, was "a man who craved both adventure and social esteem; a doctor who practiced medicine intermittently; a missionary who seldom preached; a devout family man who endangered himself and his family in a perilous post."

= = = Henricus exploratus = = =

	Henricus exploratus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica. The habitat consists of cloud forests.

= = = Henricus ellampus = = =

	Henricus ellampus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.
	The wingspan is about 19 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is whitish cream, strigulated (finely streaked) with cream and suffused with pale brownish cream at the base and subdorsally. The hindwings are pale cream grey.

= = = Donald Norman McLeod = = =

	Donald Norman McLeod (10 June 1848 – 25 October 1914) was an Australian pastoralist and politician, a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly.
	McLeod was born on Borhoneyghurk station along the Moorabool River near Portland in Victoria and was the second son of John Norman McLeod who had represented the seat of Portland in the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1859 to 1860. McLeod grew up in Portland and finished his schooling at Scotch College in Melbourne. At age 16 he moved to his uncle's property, near Apsley to learn about sheep farming. By 1872 McLeod, in partnership with John Hancock, shipped stock to Nickol Bay, near Roebourne and McLeod set up Chirritta Station. In 1879 McLeod married Charlotte Harriet Bussell
	McLeod sold Chirritta in 1883 and returned to Portland to set up a dairy farm named Yannarie. He sold Yannarie in 1892 but remained in the area as the member for Portland in the Victorian Legislative Assembly from July 1894 to October 1900. McLeod left the area in 1899 and took up Minilya Station in the Mid West of Western Australia. He died in Perth on 25 October 1914 and was survived by his wife, six daughters and five sons.

= = = Yegor Altman = = =

	Georgiy (Yegor) Ilyich Altman () born on April 22, 1975, Moscow. Well-known Russian and Israeli public person, media manager and an art dealer. He is a three times winner of the "Media Manager of Russia", an ex-adviser, an ex-former Deputy Director General of the management company United Media (radio station Business FM), a founder and a current President of the Group of campanies the AltCommunication Group (PR agency AltComGroup and international modern art gallery Altmans Gallery). He is also the Head of the Public Council of the Russian Jewish Congress (RJC), the Vice-President of the Russian Association of Communication Agencies (RACA), member of the Academic Council of the Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center. Altman is a founder and President of the Igor Vulokh Creative Legacy Foundation. Besides, he is a producer, a collector, an author and an organizer of art projects in the field of contemporary art.
	Pedagogical education ("History"), core education - International Institute of Advertising ("Advertising") and management education - Stockholm School of Economics ("Strategic Business Management, Marketing")
	Altman has been in media for many years since 1991. At different times he held senior positions in different advertising and media companies. He participated in marketing strategies development: VTB 24, Vnesheconombank, Gazprombank, Renaissance Investment Management, Aton Capital, Antigrippin Maximum, TEZ-tour, Forex Club, Econika. «Our home is Russia». He also took part in creation of such successful projects as Kommersant-Weekend, portal BFM.ru, series of programs on the Silver Rain Radio and Echo of Moscow. About 25-years he was one of the founders and former president of the PR agency AltCommunication Group (until 2009 as a large Advertising Syndicate HIDALGO).
	Business FM is the first business conversational radio in Russia where the global tendencies of economic development are discussed. The radio station is the first one that fulfilled the concept of Breaking News, Stream News: the news is broadcast live right after their appearance in the information agencies feed or after development occurred in the world. It is the first example of a continuous stream of news in the business media of Russia. Yegor Altman is one of the founders and former shareholder of the management company United Media (radio Business FM, portal BFM.ru, radio "98 hits"). Together with Dmitriy Solopov and Daniil Kupsin he stood at its origin. Also he participated in the launching of Business FM radio stations network in Saint Petersburg, Ufa and other cities. In 2009, he became an owner of Business FM radio station in Kaliningrad and Sovetsk. Business FM radio station was recognized as one of the most successful projects on the Russian media market. On March 5, 2015, the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs awarded Business FM as the best Russian media in business journalistic. Earlier in 2010, Business FM was awarded with the same Award nominated in “Best Business Media of Russia”. In 2012, Altman became a producer and a hero of the book “Hooligans in business: the story of Business FM success”. The book is the first Russian business case on the media business establishment (“Hooligans in business: the story of Business FM success”).
	AltCommunication Group was founded in 1996 by Yegor Altmans and his partners. Today AltCommunication Group includes the PR Agency AltComGroup and the international network of contemporary art galleries Altmans Gellery.
	AltComGroup (AltCommunication Group) is an PR Agency that was formed by reorganization of the management structure of an Advertising Syndicate HIDALGO(TOP-30 world rating of media agencies Qualitativе Evaluation RUSSIA)in 2015. Member of the international network of Independent advertising agencies TAAN (Transworld Advertising Agency Network), which includes more than 50 agencies around the world. It is also an official representative of the Quadric International Agency in Russia and countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. AltCommunication Group ranks 11th in the ranking of the largest holdings in terms of media purchases in 2017. Among the clients of the agency are the largest international and Russian companies. They include VTB group of companies, pharmaceutical company Pfizer, developer company Capital Group, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Bank “FK Otkrytie” “Prosvescheniye” Education Holding and others.
	In 2015 Egor Altman with partner founded the first Gallery in Moscow, which is focused on the most famous names prints. The gallery displays genuine art works of Marc Chagall, Salvador Dalí, Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Andy Warhol, Takashi Murakami, Fernand Léger and others. In spring 2017 Egor Altman founded his Gallery in Tel Aviv. Today, the Altmans Gallery network has four galleries. The gallery maintains an active exhibition activity.
	Yegor Altman is the known producer. He initiated the idea to create a series of author's porcelain painted under designs of cultic abstractionist Igor Vulokh. Together with Altman, the Russian-Israeli artist Michail Grobman created a series of collector's plates in a second wave avant-garde style. His educational programs in art are also known.
	Since the opening the gallery hosts a lot of exhibitions. The list of Altmans gallery`s exhibition organized by Altman:
“Passion. Blood. Wine. Woman”, the exhibition of Pablo Picasso’s works, combining unique works from private collections, previously inaccessible to the general public, as well as paintings from the gallery's collection, related by the theme of passion. At the exhibition there were displayed such series as Lysistrata, Vollard Suite, Toros y Toreros, Suite 347, and Karmen (autumn 2017, Moscow);
“My Life,” the exhibition of Marc Chagall’s works, dedicated to the 130th anniversary of the artist’s birth. Chagall’s graphics from the famous Tanakh series, lithographs on antique plots, works dedicated to Paris, Vitebsk and the artist’s childhood memories were on display. The exposition is based on color and black and white lithographs of the artist from the gallery’s collection, rare signed lithographs by Marc Chagall, as well as the unique signed monotype Le Bouffon from 1965, printed in a single copy (November 2017, Tel Aviv);
	At the same time, at the Altmans Gallery in Moscow and at Mihail Chemiakin Center in St. Petersburg, exhibition “The History of Legends. Chemiakin and Vysotsky” was opened. The exhibition was dedicated to the creative tandem of the artist and poet and timed to coincide with the 80th anniversary of Vladimir Vysotsky’s birth. The exposition includes works from the series Le Ventre de Paris (January 2018, Moscow-St. Petersburg);
	The “Mystery of Picasso” exhibition, combining the works from such series as Cocteau, Vollard Suite, Lysistrata, Toros y Toreros and one of the portraits of Jacqueline Rock, the last wife of Picasso (March 2018, Tel Aviv); 
	The “Starting Point” exhibition by Joan Miró dedicated to the 125th anniversary of the artist’s birth. There were presented about 30 lithographs of the famous surrealist, which relate to the late period of the artist's work, starting from the 1960s (May 2018, Moscow);
	The “Lovers” exposition of Marc Chagall. The thematic interior design was created by Julia Napolova architect, founder of P.S. Culture Bureau. A surprise for the vernissage guests was an opportunity[8] to get the original copy of “Prophet Daniel with Lions” (1965) lithograph by Marc Chagall as a gift(spring 2018, Moscow);
	First exhibition of Yuri Norstein in Israel. The “Poet's Desk” exposition consisted of drawings and giclee of the famous animator. It took Yuri Norshtein, maestro of the gallery, several months to create space design: drawings based on famous cartoons “Tale of Tales” and “Hedgehog in the Fog,” a gramophone with favorite characters known from childhood, as well as a decorative element on the ceiling based on “Tale of Tales.” Yuri Norshtein opened the exhibition. As part of the exhibition project, he also gave two lectures: in Givatayim and Haifa (October 2018, Tel Aviv);
	The exhibition of lithographs by French artists (Henri Matisse, Edgar Degas, Pablo Picasso, Marс Chagall, Georges Braque, Jacques Villon, Kees van Dongen, Eugène-Louis Boudin, Jean Carzou). At the same time, an Israeli exhibition of Salvador Dali graphics took place at the same time: “A surreal life” – immersion in the world of love and surrealism of the great master. The exposition consisted of 30 etchings from the series Romeo and Juliet, Tristan and Iseult, Les Diners de Gala, Twelve Signs of the Zodiac, as well as single gravures (spring 2019, Moscow);
“Passion for Color,” the exposition dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the famous French artist, leader of the Fauvism movement (from French fauve - wild) Henri Matisse. The new Altmans Gallery project was the only anniversary exhibition of Henri Matisse not only in Russia, but in all of Eastern Europe. Besides, “Passion for Color” is the first mono-exhibition of the artist's lithographs in Moscow (autumn 2019, Moscow).
	Yegor Altman is a producer, author of art-projects in contemporary art. He is a President of Igor Vulokh Creative Legacy Foundation, which regularly organizes exhibitions of the artist’s works together with collectors and largest museums and galleries of the world. Igor Vulokh is a stepfather of Yegor Altman, world-known artist, nonconformist of 60-s, one of the classists of contemporary art abstractions. His artistic biography counts more than 50 personal exhibitions around the world. Vulokh’s paintings are presented in the leading auctions, including Sotheby’s and MacDougall’s. The works of Vulokh are in the museums and collections in Russia and abroad. Some of them can be seen in the Tretyakov Gallery and Russian museum. 
	The Vulokh Foundation (for short) was created to support and development of projects dedicated to the life and creative work of the cultic artist.In 2008, at the ART4.RU Museum there was a large-scale exhibition coincided with the 70th anniversary of the artist Igor Vulokh. The exhibition has shown more than 120 paintings and sheets of graphics. Yegor Altman was an idea initiator and exhibition organizer. In 2013, with Altman's active engagement the retrospective exhibition of classic Russian abstraction by Igor Vulokh was opened at the Moscow Museum of Modern Art. In 2015, a personal exhibition “REPATRIATION” was held in the Cultural Foundation EKATERINA. At its core were 43 works that had been returned to Russia from Germany a year earlier. The first art-repatriation was held featuring Altman and Igor Vulokh's family. 23 years later the artist's works were handed over to the Igor Vulokh Creative Legacy Foundation.
	Yegor Altman is a member of the Academic Council of the Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center.
	Also Yegor Altman is a member of Russian Jewish Congress (RJC) – a leading secular Jewish organization of Russia and largest Jewish charitable find in the country. Founded in 1996, the RJC unifies leading art patrons, public characters, and cultural elite representatives, supports dozens of social, educational and cultural programs. Yegor Altman is the Head of the Public Council of RJC and takes active part in RJC’s events, promoting the positive image of this charitable organization.
	Among the most remarkable events, organized with the active participation of Yegor Altman. For example “Week of memory” – a complex of memorial and educational events, confined to the International Holocaust Remembrance Day, which is annually organized by RJC with the support of the Government of Moscow;
	Also it was a “Marshak’s readings” - a charity event in support of children of vulnerable families, a big program of RJC, which covers 18 cities and within the framework of which 883 children receive different kinds of assistance; 
	Moscow Jerusalem day 2016 in the centre of Moscow. About 5000 of people participated in the event; Moscow Israel days – in honor of 25-years anniversary of Israeli-Russian diplomatic relations RJC supported a range of events in early June in Moscow, he also organized the meeting of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu with the leaders of wish Jewish community in Israel; 
	First Moscow International Conference on Combating Anti-Semitism– an important world-scale event, which gathered together world-class experts, which marked a creation of a new direction of work – provision of security for Jewish community in Russia and tolerant society; 
	Commemoration meetings of Righteous Among the Nations – a new RJC project which unified this year two events, with the participation and support of members of RLC Social council of together with the Polish and Japanese Embassies; And other.
	In December 2017, the Embassy of Israel in the Russian Federation held a reception at Altmans Gallery dedicated to the 130th birthday of Marc Chagall [10].The event was organized with the participation of the Russian Jewish Congress. The key event of the evening was the lighting of the 8th candle of Hanukkah by Pinchas Goldschmidt, Chief Rabbi of Moscow, the head of the rabbinical court in Russia, the CIS and Baltic countries, the chairman of the Conference of European Rabbis.
	Within Marc Chagall's exhibition “My life” in spring 2016 in cooperation with Russian Jewish Congress a charitable auction of works of Marc Chagall and Russian musician Andrey Makarevich was a great success. All the money was transferred to the Jewish vulnerable families with children. Also in spring 2017, within the framework of social partnership of the Gallery, +1 project and platform “And all for one” there was an evening, which witnessed a charitable auction. All the money was transferred to the accounts of four charitable organizations: Program of charitable assistance to severely ill children “Line of Life”, Charitable Fund of art community support “Artist”, Program “Ski of dream” for ICP children rehabilitation, and Charitable Fund of Konstantin Khabensky that helps children with oncology and other severe cerebrum diseases.
	Yegor Altman is a three times winner of the "Media Manager of Russia". In 2008 and 2012, the award had been given for creation of the unique format of the first business radio and dynamic development of Business FM radio station, and for the idea and producing of Russia's first book ( "Hooligans in business : the story of Business FM success") on the media business establishment. In 2016, Yeagor Altman won the “Head of the PR agency in advertising and marketing communication” award for continuous and progressive financial growth of the company on the background of advertising market stagnation. In 2012, Altaman was awarded with the diploma "The year with Kommersant" for the development of the idea of "Kommersant of a year", which first took place in the summer 2011 as part of St. Petersburg International Economic Forum. In 2010, he became one of the "Main persons of the advertising market" according to the results of the 20th anniversary version Sostav.ru. In 2007, he entered the top five CFOs media business according to PH "Kommersant".
	1. ↑ Biography: Yegor Altman. // Vedomosti Person
	2. ↑ Atlas of media managers: Yegor Ilyich Altman // Atlas of media.
	3. ↑ Russians entered to the network of international PR agencies // RBC. Morning.-May 18, 2012

= = = Henricus ophryodes = = =

	Henricus ophryodes is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.

= = = Henricus ademonia = = =

	Henricus ademonia is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.

= = = 2014 in Spain = = =

	Events of 2014 in Spain

= = = Madagascarctia feminina = = =

	Madagascarctia feminina is a moth of the Arctiinae family.
	This moth is only known from Madagascar.

= = = Myrmecium bifasciatum = = =

	Myrmecium bifasciatum is an ant-mimicking spider species found in Brazil and French Guiana.

= = = C2Cl3F3 = = =

	The molecular formula CClF may refer to:

= = = Dominic Harris = = =

	Dominic Harris (born 16 November 1976) is a British artist known for integrating modern technology and classical design in his interactive artworks.
	Dominic Harris was born in London on 16 November 1976, and grew up in London, Brussels, and Michigan before returning to London in 1995. Harris attended the Cranbrook Kingswood Upper School, and then trained as an architect at the Bartlett School of Architecture, and has been ARB registered since 2011.
	Harris designs and fabricates his artworks at Dominic Harris Studio, a multi-disciplinary practice he founded in 2007. This studio consists of 30 people with diverse backgrounds including architecture, product design, electronics, programming, graphic design, and workshop skills.
	Harris uses the resources of his studio for the ongoing development, prototyping and production of his artworks. Harris also oversees the studio's international projects where his fascinations are translated into larger scale projects that span residential, retail, and public art projects. In 2015, Harris was granted permission by the Walt Disney Company to use their Intellectual Property for the purpose of making new interactive artworks. Harris is the only artist to gain permission to use Disney's back catalogue of characters, and led him to creating his interactive versions of "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" and "Mickey and Minnie: An Interactive Diptych". 
	Harris is also the founding partner of a sister studio in London called Cinimod Studio that creates large commissioned installations, interactive events and lighting designs for large brands.
	The works of Dominic Harris have been exhibited internationally, both through direct representation and gallery representation.
	Solo shows:
	Recent exhibitions include:
	The majority of Harris's work has been bought by private collectors. Since 2012 Harris's work is also being acquired by several large institutional collections, including the Borusan Contemporary Art Collection in Istanbul. Harris's artworks include some of the biggest and most respected international art collectors and are also displayed in public spaces. 

= = = G. Rohini = = =

	G. Rohini was the Chief justice of Delhi High Court. On 21 April 2014, she became the first woman chief Justice of the Delhi high court. Previously, she was the judge at Andhra Pradesh High Court. She retired as the Chief justice of Delhi High Court on 13.04.2017 on attaining superannuation. Justice Gita Mittal has been appointed as the Acting Chief Justice in her place.
	G. Rohini was born on 14 April 1955 in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. She completed her bachelor's degree in science at Osmania University and law at Andhra University College of Law, Visakhapatnam. She was appointed as the judge at Andhra Pradesh High Court in 2001. She previously worked as an advocate, has taken issues like protection of the girl child and working women. She was involved in legal journalism, as a reporter and executive editor of Andhra Pradesh Law Journals.
	In October 2017, Rohini was appointed by President of India to examine sub categorization of OBC under Article 340 of Indian Constitution. This decision has been taken to achieve greater social justice and inclusion for all, and specifically members of the Other Backward Classes.

= = = Henricus ateleutus = = =

	Henricus ateleutus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Durango, Mexico.

= = = Jay Lewis House = = =

	The Jay Lewis House is a historic house at 12 Fairview Drive in McGehee, Arkansas. The two story wood frame house was built in 1955 to a design by Edward Durell Stone, an Arkansas native and a leading proponent of new formalism. It is the only Stone-designed house in Desha County, and one of only five in the state. The exterior of the house is clad in vertical cypress boards, with a porch that wraps completely around the house, and a breezeway connecting to a carport, built at the same time. The porch roof is supported by six Douglas fir beams. The interior of the house is based on Stone's modern reinterpretation of the traditional Arkansas dog trot form, with the central living/dining/kitchen area acting as the central element of that form. Other rooms of the house connect to this section, and are separated from it by Shōji screens. The house's basic design is similar to that of another house Stone designed in Englewood, New Jersey. The house is largely unchanged since its construction; one chimney has been replaced due to storm damage.
	The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

= = = Die Gstettensaga: The Rise of Echsenfriedl = = =

	Die Gstettensaga: The Rise of Echsenfriedl (The Gstetten Saga: The Rise of Echsenfriedl) is a 2014 Austrian science fiction and fantasy film directed by Johannes Grenzfurthner and starring Sophia Grabner, Lukas Tagwerker and Jeff Ricketts.
	The absurdist comedy deals with the politics and hype behind media technology and nerd culture. Grenzfurthner calls his film a contemporary way to talk about the critique of the spectacle and commodity fetishism. The film was co-produced by art group monochrom and the media collective "Traum & Wahnsinn", and created for the Austrian television channel ORF III. It features music by Kasson Crooker, Starpause, and many others.
	The growing tension between the last two remaining superpowers - China and Google - escalates in the early 21st century, and results in the global inferno of the "Google Wars". But as the decades go by, radioactive dust settles on old battlegrounds, and a New World rises from the ashes of the old.
	Fratt Aigner, a seedy journalist, and Alalia Grundschober, a nerdy technician, live and work in Mega City Schwechat: the biggest semi-urban sprawl in the foothills of what remained of the Alps. Thurnher von Pjölk, who invented the printing press and runs the only newspaper around, feels threatened by the rise of a new generation of tech-savvy DIY nerds, who he fears will ruin his monopoly. He gives Alalia and Fratt the task to venture into the depths of Niederpröll and conduct a tele-o-vision interview with Echsenfriedl; a mythical genius that has a large fan base among the nerds.
	Pjölk sends off Alalia and Fratt equipped with a broadcasting vehicle (a wheelbarrow full of recording equipment) to live broadcast the interview with Echsenfriedl on tele-o-vision. Fratt is very skeptical of leaving the safety of the Mega City, but Alalia is a huge fan of Echsenfriedl and has investigated into his hiding place on earlier occasions. She sees this as a golden opportunity to find Echsenfriedl and boost her agenda of social change through technology.
	The road to finding Echsenfriedl is not an easy task and things start to go wrong as soon as they reach the border, which is protected by the Postal Service, who try to uphold civilization and fight structurelessness. The Postal Service confiscates their recording equipment and send Alalia and Fratt away in despair. They are abducted by a group of barbarians: descendants of farmers, in a cargo cult based on relics of office material, bureaucracy and vague memories of European Union agricultural grants. Alalia and Fratt have to blast their way out and manage to escape before they end up as a sacrifice.
	Aliana and Fratt wander the post-nuclear boondocks until they stumble upon a mining colony. They find shelter in a seemingly-abandoned underground structure, but discover a wondrous old lady, Philine-Codec Comtesse de Cybersdorf, who used to be married to Pjölk until he tried to kill her in a rage, which ends in her losing a leg. She tells Aliana and Fratt that it was actually Echsenfriedl who was the re-inventor of the printing press, and he the creative brain behind Pjölk's ideas and thoughts. Pjölk was the man in public only because it was impossible for Echsenfriedl. The Comtesse is about to tell them crucial information about Echsenfriedl, but then cannibalizing undead striking miners invade the room and kill her before she gets the chance to reveal the truth.
	Having managed to escape the working-class zombie miners, they encounter the bearded libertarian drag queen Heinz Rand of Raiká, who leads a group of tinsel-dressed free market enthusiasts living on trading useless pre-war electronics for more useless pre-war electronics. Alalia sees that Heinz has the equipment that the Postal Service took from them and she trades it back by helping the group to get their useless electronics working again. Having helped out Heinz, he then tells them where to find Echsenfriedl and even offers his daughter Ayn as a guide to the location.
	Alalia and Fratt, with the guidance of Ayn, finally reach their destination and prepare for the live broadcast. They contact Pjölk, who happily commands them to begin the transmission, then he turns off his tele-o-visor and sits down in front of his typewriter to create the headline article for tomorrow's issue of his tabloid. He fabricates an entire story based on how he is distressed for being responsible for killing the nerd viewers, and where he makes a statement saying that there should be a law banning tele-o-vision forever. Not yet aware of the danger they are putting themselves in, Alalia and Fratt start broadcasting and begin their quest through the lair, following Ayn of Raiká.
	On seeing Echsenfriedl, Ayn gets turned into stone: Echsenfriedl is a basilisk. Hiding behind a corner and out of view, Echsenfriedl tells Alalia and Fratt about his life. By dating the Comtesse, he upset his greedy partner Pjölk. Pjölk's sinister plan was to murder all the early adopters of tele-o-vision with a single broadcast of Echsenfriedl's deadly eyes. The nerds can hear the audio of this broadcast, and react with repulsion and anger, attacking Pjölk's office. Echsenfriedl hires Alalia and Fratt as his crew to build a new media empire based on his marvelous new technologies. The films ends with Alalia and Fratt live broadcasting a lynch mob of book-burning nerds, who are the fervent supporters of Echsenfriedl's New World Order of technological dominance.
	The basic script, although many scenes were improvised, was written by Johannes Grenzfurthner and Roland Gratzer in a couple of days in November 2013, based on their theatre performance "Campaign" (Volkstheater, 2006). Some of the ideas were brainstromed at a coffee shop in Vienna with the entire production crew. The film contains dialogues in English, German, a variety of slangs, dialects, accents, and fictitious languages. Subtitles are an integral part of the story.
	The film was commissioned by Austrian broadcasting station ORF III as part of the series "Artist-in-Residence" for a budget of approximately 5000 EUR. It can therefore be considered microfilmmaking or guerrilla filmmaking.monochrom also used an embedded prank to raise money. The movie contains a text insert similar to watermarks used in festival viewing copies. The text insert asks the viewer to report the film as copyright infringement by calling a premium-rate phone number (1.09 EUR/minute). The film aired on Austrian national television in March 2014. Grenzfurthner co-financed the film with proceeds from the premium-rate number. According to Telepolis he calls this new strategy 'crowdratting.'
	Principal photography commenced on December 2, 2013 and ended January 19, 2014, but only a total of 5 days of principal photography. That left around 5 weeks for post-production and editing.
	Due to the fast production process and the financial limitations, no film score was composed for "Die Gstettensaga: The Rise of Echsenfriedl". Grenzfurthner instead uses an assortment of 8bit, synth pop and electronica tracks. Grenzfurthner chose songs with a specific retro quality because "they may sound old-school to us, but not in the world of the Gstettensaga, where all retro electronic music is still impossible and futuristic."The film features music by Symbion Project (Kasson Crooker), Max Beseda, Yakov, Robot City, Robert Glashüttner, Christoph Burstup Weiss, Krach der Roboter, BLEO and Starpause, Stefan Franke, Leigh Howells.
	The film first aired on March 10, 2014 in Austria on ORF III.It screens at film festivals and conventions like Gen Con 2014, Fright Night Film Fest 2014, Hackers on Planet Earth 2014, "Roswell Filmfest and Cosmicon" 2014, "PhutureCon" 2014, "NYC Independent Film Festival", the "International Filmmaker Festival of World Cinema" 2015 (London).The film was released online on December 25, 2015.
	Amy R. Handler of Film Threat gave the film 5 (of 5) stars: "Grenzfurthner's outspoken, swiftly flying little flick is the must-see indie of 2014, as far as I'm concerned. Everyone, be they intellectuals, political-types, or simply those that love great blackly comic, sensual horror, will fall madly in love with 'Die Gstettensaga: The Rise of Echsenfriedl'. See it, as soon as possible, and I promise you'll never be bored at the movies again." Net culture magazine Furtherfield calls it a "hackploitation art house film" that reimagines "the makerspace as grindhouse", a "retro-futuristic post-cyberpunk adventure in the tradition of cinema grotesque". Gstettensaga's "fascinating cinematic pastiche is more than just a firework of rhizomatic intertextuality, a symptom of the depthlessness of postmodern aesthetics or excessive enthusiasm for experimentation in the field of form. In their infamous 1972 book "Anti-Oedipus", Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari have identified the technique of bricolage as the characteristic mode of production under 'schizophrenic' capitalism, a facet triumphantly magnified by the filmmakers." Hacker magazine interprets the film as a call to class consciousness for hackers: "Setting the film in the future forces hackers to confront a choice: Will we let ourselves and our ingenuity be recuperated by all-consuming market forces? Or will we come together - as is our potential - as the class that ends capitalism's conquest to secure all means of production?" Pop culture theorist Stefan Tiron comments that he is "overenthusiastic about Gstettensaga - because it distracts the Hollywood canon, because it is such a genre bender, a satiric H bomb, a horror movie and ex-auction house vaudeville going for the unexpected dialectical turns of current history, and leading us into the untrodden and definitely outrageous wastelands that could be populated by the likes of "Surf Nazis Must Die", "Escape from New York", "Steel Dawn" or "America 3000"." Jason Scott Sadofsky calls it "the best kind of low-budget filmmaking", it is like "watching an absurdist play by Beckett, if Beckett decided to work on the Mad Max franchise." V. Vale was "struck by the beautiful imagery and sound, mythological plot dimensions" and Richard Kadrey calls it a "mad post-collapse satire of information culture and tech fetishism, in a weird sort of melding of "Stalker", "Network", and "The Bed-Sitting Room"." Political scholar Sebastian Vetter interprets the satirical dimension of the plot: "The old world has been reduced to ashes by the earlier beacons of hope (China stands for Maoism and Google for alternative culture). All that remains are stretches of land governed by idiocy and dialects. As Marxists, the people from Monochrom know that only the revolution can free us from capitalism. And yet the revolution is no more alive than unicorns are." Film critic Bonni Rambatan says that the film "forces us to think deeper about the fact that much of today's romanticized revolutions often go eerily hand in hand with the development of digital capitalism. Few films today, if any, manage to do such a feat." German online magazine Telepolis praised the eclectic, multi-layered humor.The film has a fan following in the hacker and tech community.
	The film won "Best Foreign Horror Feature" at the 2014 "Indie Gathering International Film Festival", won "Best Hacker Feature" at the 2014 "PhutureCon Festival", won "Best Foreign Cult Movie" at the 2014 "Fright Night Film Fest" and won "Best Narrative Feature" at the Maker Film Festival. It was nominated for "Best Feature" at "Colortape International Film Festival" and "Best Foreign Language Feature Film", "Best Director of a Foreign Language Film" and "Best Soundtrack" at the 2015 International Filmmaker Festival of World Cinema (London). "Microfilmmaker Magazine" awarded the movie an "Award of Superiority" (9.5/10). "The Indie Fest" awarded the movie an "Award of Merit". The 2015 'DIY Film Festival' in Los Angeles awarded the film a 'honorable mention'.

= = = Henricus attalus = = =

	Henricus attalus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Puebla, Mexico.

= = = McGehee National Guard Armory = = =

	The McGehee National Guard Armory is a historic armory building at 1610 South First Street in McGehee, Arkansas. The armory, built in 1954, is a single story cinder block building faced in brick veneer. The metal gable roof is supported by a steel frame, with clerestory awning windows on either side. The large central area is surrounded on three sides by single story flat-roofed sections housing offices, kitchen space, and other support areas. The design of the building is typical of those produced by the Arkansas National Guard at that time. The building was used by the National Guard until 2005, and was given to the city the following year.
	The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

= = = Operation Malaya (film) = = =

	Operation Malaya is a 1953 British documentary about the actions of British troops during the Malayan Emergency.
	It was also known as Terror in the Jungle.
	The film portrays the actions of British and Commonwealth troops against Communist insurgents in Malaya, focusing around the tracking down of a group of communists who killed a rubber planter. Scenes included:
	David MacDonald had previously made a documentary movie about World War II, "Desert Victory". He approached the Colonial Office for money to help make a similar movie about the Malayan Emergency but was refused by Sir Gerald Templer on the grounds it was a commercial venture. Instead MacDonald obtained commercial funding from Sir Alex Korda.
	The film mixed genuine documentary footage with dramatic re-enactments of real life incidents. The voices of professional actors were used, including Chips Rafferty. The film was shot partly in Merton Park Studios.
	The film debuted at the Edinburgh Festival but struggled to find commercial distribution in England. The "Manchester Guardian" called it "an honest-to-goodness attempt to describe the course of politico-military events in post-war Malaya" but "it often looks and sounds quite unnecessarily bogus." C. A. Lejeune of the "Observer" thought the film was less effective than David MacDonald's earlier "Desert Victory" because of all the "reconstructed school of documentary" scenes but did succeed as "a picture of hard work and good soldiering gradually overcoming the fears of the native population, the incredibly difficult terrain, and a relentless enemy shielded by the jungle."
	American rights to the film were bought by the American Releasing Corporation, the forerunner of American International Pictures in 1955. It was one of the first movies released by that company. Herman Cohen was credited as producer for this version.

= = = 2014 Copa de la Reina de Balonmano = = =

	The 2014 Copa de la Reina de Balonmano was the 35th edition of the Copa de la Reina de Balonmano. It took place in Alcobendas, city of the Community of Madrid, from 14 to 16 March. The matches were played at Pabellón Amaya Valdemoro, with 1,894 capacity seating. It was hosted by Federación Madrileña de Balonmano, Comunidad de Madrid, Alcobendas municipality & RFEBM. Alcobendas hosted Copa de la Reina for first time.
	BM Bera Bera won its fourth title after defeating Ro'Casa ACE G.C. in the Final, being the second title in a row.
	The qualified teams were the top eight teams on standings at midseason. 

= = = Mago chickeringi = = =

	Mago chickeringi is a jumping spider species found in French Guiana.

= = = Henricus cognata = = =

	Henricus cognata is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Mexico (Veracruz) and the southern United States.

= = = Francesco De Nittis = = =

	Francisco De Nittis (3 July 1933 – 10 March 2014) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church, an archbishop and a diplomat.
	Born in Vieste, Italy, De Nittis was ordained a priest on 15 July 1956. 
	To prepare for a diplomatic career he entered the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1959.
	On 7 March 1981, he was named titular archbishop of Tunes, apostolic nuncio to Papua New Guinea and apostolic delegate to the Solomon Islands. He received his episcopal consecration on 2 May 1981 from Cardinal Agostino Casaroli.
	De Nittis was appointed apostolic nuncio to El Salvador on 24 January 1985 and to Honduras on 10 April 1986. In October 1987, he hosted peace talks between Salvadoran President Jose Napoleon Duarte and anti-government rebels.
	He was appointed apostolic nuncio to Uruguay on 25 June 1990.
	He resigned in 1999.
	He died on 10 March 2014.

= = = Myrmecia hilli = = =

	Myrmecia hilli is an ant species native to Australia. It belongs to the genus of "Myrmecia", and described by John S. Clark in 1943. Specimens observed were mainly found in the Northern Territory.
	The size of "Myrmecia hilli" species is around 14 millimetres. The head is coloured black, mandibles yellow, and antennae, legs, thorax, and most features are in a reddish yellow colour. The legs are also quite long.

= = = McGehee City Jail = = =

	The former McGehee City Jail is a historic building at South First and Pine Streets in McGehee, Arkansas. The small single story brick building was built in 1908, and served as the city jail until 1935. The building's roof is made of concrete, and it has three cells, each with a separate outside door. All openings in the building are covered with heavy metal bars, and the doors are solid metal. Even though this building has sat vacant since 1935, it has survived the jail that was built to replace it.
	The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

= = = Hoxwinder Hall = = =

	Hoxwinder Hall is an American comic strip by Daniel Boris, who started the strip while in art school in the 1980s at Art Institute of Pittsburgh.
	Byron Hoxwinder gets much more than he bargains for when he secretly brings a baby alligator home from a family vacation in Florida. Hoxwinder Hall is about two brothers, an unlikely pet alligator named Dozi, and the law of unintended consequences.
	The comic strip's main characters:
	Hoxwinder Hall first gained attention when it was selected as a Top 10 finalist in the Washington Post's 2010 "America's Next Great Cartoonist" contest.
	The contest judges included Stan Lee, Richard Thompson, and Gene Weingarten. The strip was then voted a Top 5 finalist by the public.
	In early 2011, the comic strip was the runner-up in the Cartoonist Studio's "So You Wanna Be A Cartoonist" competition.
	As a result of this contest, Boris was awarded a mentorship with syndicated cartoonist Rick Kirkman, co-creator of the very successful syndicated Baby Blues comic strip.
	In December 2011, Hoxwinder Hall was signed to a syndication agreement with Ink Bottle Syndicate to print and distribute the comic throughout the U.S. through a weekly newspaper called "Funnies Extra!".

= = = Mar Y Sol: The First International Puerto Rico Pop Festival (album) = = =

	Mar Y Sol: The First International Puerto Rico Pop Festival is the live album of the 1972 Mar Y Sol Pop Festival. Released on Atlantic Records label as a set of 2 LPs in 1972. This album was never released on CD. Some tracks from this album were later released by their respective performers including Allman Brothers Band, Cactus, Nitzinger, John Baldry and Mahavishnu Orchestra. 
	A 3 song sampler/EP was released with the same album art as the LP but in black and white.
	Because this album was discontinued some artists released their songs on their own albums.

= = = Vejjavatapada = = =

	Vejjavatapada, the Buddhist medical doctor's oath, is an oath to be taken by Buddhist doctors and other professionals working with the sick. 
	Composed by Shravasti Dhammika using text from the Pāḷi Canon, it serves as an ethical commitment similar to that of the Hippocratic Oath, the Japanese Seventeen Rules of Enjuin and the Jewish Oath of Asaph. The original oath is in Pāḷi, a Middle Indo-Aryan language current in north-east India during the first half of the first millennium BCE, and now the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism. The oath consists of a preamble followed by seven articles, each of them derived from four passages from the Pāḷi Canon. 
	The original Pāḷi reads:
	Vuttāni hetāni Bhagavatā: "Ārogyaparamā lābhā" ti ceva: "Yo maṁ upaṭṭhaheyya so gilānaṁ upaṭṭhaheyyā" ti ca.
(A) Aham-pi: "Ārogyaparamā lābhā" ti maṭṭāmi, Tathāgataṁ upaṭṭhātukāmomhi, tasmāhaṁ mayhaṁ vejjakammena ārogyabhāvaṁ vaḍḍhemi ceva gilānaṁ hitāya dayena anukampāya upaṭṭhahāmi.
(B) Paṭibalo bhavissāmi bhesajjaṁ saṁvidhātuṁ.
(C) Sappāyāsappāyaṁ jānissāmi, asappāyaṁ apanāmessāmi; sappāyaṁ upanāmessāmi, asappāyaṁ nāpanāmessāmi.
(D) Mettacitto gilānaṁ upaṭṭhahissāmi, no āmisantaro.
(E) Ajegucchī bhavissāmi uccāraṁ vā passāvaṁ vā vantaṁ vā kheḷaṁ vā nīharituṁ.
(F) Paṭibalo bhavissāmi, gilānaṁ kālena kālaṁ, Dhammiyā kathāya sandassetuṁ samādapetuṁ samuttejetuṁ sampahaṁsetuṁ.
(G) Sace gilānaṁ sappāyabhojanehi vā sappāyabhessajjehi vā sappāyūpaṭṭhānena vā na vuṭṭhāheyya, aham-pi kho tassa gilānassa anukampāya patirūpo upaṭṭhāko bhavissāmī ti.
	Rendered in English, this is translated as:
	The Lord said: "Health is the greatest gain." He also said: "He who would minister to me should minister to the sick."
	I too think that health is the greatest gain and I would minister to the Buddha. Therefore:
(A) I will use my skill to restore the health of all beings with sympathy, compassion and heedfulness.
(B) I will be able to prepare medicines well.
(C) I know what medicine is suitable and what is not. I will not give the unsuitable, only the suitable.
(D) I minister to the sick with a mind of love, not out of desire for gain.
(E) I remain unmoved when I have to deal with stool, urine, vomit or spittle.
(F) From time to time I will be able to instruct, inspire, enthuse, and cheer the sick with the Teaching.
(G) Even if I cannot heal a patient with the proper diet, proper medicine and proper nursing I will still minister to him, out of compassion.
	The Vejjavatapada is derived from four passages from the Pāḷi Canon dating from between circa 5th and the 3rd centuries BCE, each of them attributed to the Buddha. The preamble contains two quotes from the Pali Canon, the first line of verse 204 of the Dhammapada, and from the Vinaya, where the Buddha, after having attended to a sick monk neglected by his fellows, instructed his monks to care for each other when they are sick.
	The Pāḷi Canon contains a considerable amount of information about sickness, health, medicine, healing, medical care and medical ethics. Because early Buddhism did not claim that all physical conditions, injury and illness included, are necessarily caused by past karma, it saw the physicians role to be a vital one. 
	The Buddha mentioned a range of causes of sickness of which only one is karma; the others being an imbalance in one or another of the four humors; i.e. bile ("pitta"), phlegm ("sema"), wind ("vāta"); an imbalance of all three ("sannipāta"), seasonal changes ("utu"), stronger than normal stress ("visamaparihāra"), and external agencies ("opakkamika"), e.g. accidents. On other occasions the Buddha mentioned that inappropriate diet and overeating can likewise cause sickness while intelligent eating habits can contribute to "freedom from sickness and affliction, health, strength and comfortable living."
	The Buddha praised the competent physician and nurse in these words: "Those who tend the sick are of great benefit (to others)." Because the Pāḷi Canon predates the separation and specialization of the medical profession as presented in āyurvedic treatises, it rarely makes a distinction between the doctor or physician ("bhisakka", "tikicchaka", "vejja") and the nurse ("gilānaupaṭṭhāka"). At that time the doctor probably performed all the functions in the sick room, including that of nursing patients.
	Of the following articles, the first five are based closely on a discourse in which the Buddha lays down the attitudes and skills which would make "one who would wait on the sick qualified to nurse the sick.". The final article is taken from the discourse in which the Buddha describes three types of patients according to their response to treatment:
	In the case of this first type, he or she should still be treated and nursed out of compassion and just in case there is a chance, no matter how slim, of recovery.
	Of the seven articles in the Vejjavatapada, the first highlights the importance of care ("hita"), kindness ("dayā") and compassion ("anukampā") in the healing process. 
	The second concerns the physician's responsibility to be fully trained in and skilled in the administration of drugs, given that the physician's raison d'être is effective healing and that some medicines and surgical procedures can be potentially dangerous. According to Dhammika, this second article is equivalent to the Hippocratic Oath's third and fourth stipulation that the physician shall never do anything to harm a patient, even if asked to do so. It is the "primum non nocere" of Western medical ethics.
	The fourth article counsels the physician to put their welfare above his or her personal gain.
	The fifth article recognizes that at times it might be necessary to deal with the loathsome aspects of the human body and that the physician should do this with detachment, both for his or her own mental balance and so as not to embarrass the patient. 
	The sixth article recognizes the fact that spiritual counseling or comfort can have a part to play in healing and that the physician needs to have at least some abilities in this area. There are several discourses which describe the Buddha doing just this.
	The seventh and final article requires the physician to minister to the patient even if all the signs indicate that he or she is not responding to the treatment and will probably die. Even a dying patient may need palliative care and made to be physically and mentally comfortable. In an interesting comparison to this, Suśruta, the father of Indian medicine, advises the physician not to treat a patient he suspects of being incurable so as not to be blamed for the patient's death and injure his reputation.

= = = Khodzhakuli Narliev = = =

	Khodzhakuli Narliev (born 21 January 1937 in Ashgabat) is a Turkmenistani film director, actor, screenwriter and producer, and the first secretary of the Film Union of Turkmenistan.
	Narliev graduated from Moscow's Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography (VGIK) in 1960. His first film of note was working with director Bulat Mansurov on "The Competition" in 1963, a notable film in the development of Turkmen national cinema.
	He garnered critical acclaim for his 1972 film "Nevestka" ("Daughter-in-Law") which is considered to be "the film that put Turkmen film on the map" and the most important film in Turkmen cinema. Narliyev's movies typically deal with issues surrounding women in Soviet society and Sovietization.
	As an actor, Narliyev appeared in "Kto byl nichem... " (1974), "Kogda zhenshchina osedlaet konya" (1974), "Derevo Dzhamal" (1981) (also directed and wrote) and "Nichevo ne sluchilos'" (1989). "Derevo Dzhamal" was entered into the 12th Moscow International Film Festival. Actress Maya-Gozel Aimedova won the award for Best Actress, and he received a Golden Prize nomination.

= = = PSIPRED = = =

	PSI-blast based secondary structure PREDiction (PSIPRED) is a method used to investigate protein structure. It uses artificial neural network machine learning methods in its algorithm. It is a server-side program, featuring a website serving as a front-end interface, which can predict a protein's secondary structure (beta sheets, alpha helixes and coils) from the primary sequence.
	PSIPRED is available as a web service and as software. The software is distributed as source code, licensed technically as proprietary software. It allows modifying, but enforces freeware provisions by forbidding for-profit distribution of the software and its results.
	Secondary structure is the general three-dimensional form of local segments of biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA). It does not, however, describe specific atomic positions in three-dimensional space, which are considered to be the tertiary structure. Secondary structure can be formally defined by the hydrogen bonds of the biopolymer, as observed in an atomic-resolution structure. In proteins, the secondary structure is defined by the patterns of hydrogen bond between backbone amino and carboxyl groups. Conversely, for nucleic acids, the secondary structure consists of the hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases. The hydrogen bonding patterns may be significantly distorted, which makes automatic determination of secondary structure difficult. Efforts to use computers to predict protein secondary structures, based only on their given primary structure sequences, have been ongoing since the 1970s.
	Secondary structure prediction involves a set of methods in bioinformatics that aim to predict the local secondary structures of proteins and RNA sequences based only on knowledge of their primary structure – amino acid or nucleotide sequence, respectively. For proteins, a prediction consists of assigning regions of the amino acid sequence as highly probable alpha helixes, beta strands (often noted as "extended" conformations), or turns. The success of a prediction is determined by comparing it to the results of the DSSP algorithm applied to the crystal structure of the protein; for nucleic acids, it may be determined from the hydrogen bonding pattern. Specialized algorithms have been developed to detect specific well-defined patterns such as transmembrane helixes and coiled coils in proteins, or canonical micro-RNA structures in RNA.
	The idea of this method is to use the information of the evolutionarily related proteins to predict the secondary structure of a new amino acid sequence. PSIBLAST is used to find related sequences and to build a position-specific scoring matrix. This matrix is processed by an artificial neural network, which was constructed and trained to predict the secondary structure of the input sequence; in short, it is a machine learning method.
	The prediction method or algorithm is split into three stages: "generating a sequence profile", "predicting initial secondary structure", and "filtering the predicted structure". PSIPRED works to normalize the sequence profile generated by PSIBLAST.
	Then, by using neural networking, initial secondary structure is predicted. For each amino acid in the sequence, the neural network is fed with a window of 15 acids. Added information is attached, indicating if the window spans the N or C terminus of the chain. This results in a final input layer of 315 input units, divided into 15 groups of 21 units. The network has one hidden layer of 75 units and 3 output nodes (one for each secondary structure element: helix, sheet, coil).
	A second neural network is used to filter the predicted structure of the first network. This network is also fed with a window of 15 positions. The indicator on the possible position of the window at a chain terminus is also forwarded. This results in 60 input units, divided into 15 groups of four. The network has one hidden layer of 60 units and results in three output nodes (one for each secondary structure element: helix, sheet, coil).
	The three final output nodes deliver a score for each secondary structure element for the central position of the window. Using the secondary structure with the highest score, PSIPRED generates the protein prediction. The Q3 value is the fraction of residues predicted correctly in the secondary structure states, namely helix, strand, and coil.

= = = Henricus comes = = =

	Henricus comes is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Mexico (Veracruz) and the United States (Arizona and Texas).
	The wingspan is about 16 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing in April and August.

= = = 1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election = = =

	Elections to the Odisha Legislative Assembly were held on March 27, 1952. This election was officially known as 1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, even though through delays, actual voting didn't take place until early 1952.
	6 National parties along with All India Gantantra Parishad and 3 registered unrecognized parties took part in the assembly election. Indian National Congress emerged as the single largest party while All India Gantantra Parishad emerged as the main opponent to the Congress party.
	In these elections, Congress emerged as the largest party, but didn't got majority to form the government. Nabakrushna Choudhuri of the Congress party became the first Chief Minister of Odisha, after a series of re-alignments among independents.

= = = 2008 PFC CSKA Moscow season = = =

	The 2008 Russian football season, saw CSKA Moscow competed in the Russian Premier League, finishing 2nd behind Rubin Kazan, and in Russian Cup. CSKA won the 2007/08 Russian Cup and progressed to the Quarter-finals of the 2008-09 Cup by the end of the 2007 season.
	In:
	Out:
	In:
	Out:
	"Quarterfinal" took place during the 2009 season.

= = = Arlington Community Schools = = =

	Arlington Community Schools is the municipal school district in Arlington, Tennessee in Greater Memphis.
	After Memphis City Schools and Shelby County Schools were merged in March 2011 (effective beginning 2013-2014 school year), several local municipalities attempted to create their own districts. After a protracted legal battle, several municipalities won the right to create their own school districts.
	Arlington Community Schools provides K-12 education for students residing within the municipal boundaries of the Town of Arlington. Through an Interlocal Agreement between Arlington Community Schools and Lakeland School System, high (9-12) school students in the neighboring municipality of Lakeland attend Arlington High School.
	In December 2013 the district selected as its superintendent Tammy Mason, the former principal of Arlington High School.

= = = Millington Municipal Schools = = =

	Millington Municipal Schools is an educational district serving Millington and the "Millington Reserve", an unincorporated area in Shelby County, both within the Greater Memphis area of Tennessee, United States.
	The district's schools are E.A Harold Elementary School, Millington Elementary, Millington Middle and Millington Central High School.

= = = McGehee Post Office = = =

	The former McGehee Post Office building is a historic post office facility at 201 North Second Street in McGehee, Arkansas. The single story masonry building was designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect under Louis A. Simon, and built in 1937. A Colonial Revival building, it features a cupola with round-arch louvered vents, and a front entry that is flanked by Doric columns supporting a cornice with a golden eagle. The building served as a post office until 1999, after which it was purchased by the McGehee Industrial Foundation.
	The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

= = = Boutaiba Sghir = = =

	Boutaiba Sghir (born June 4, 1945) is an Algerian raï singer and songwriter.
	In 1963, he released his first single, at 18, Chetek el Berah. In 1963, he gave his first concert "Scène d'été" in Chaabet El Ham and Aïn Témouchent. His first success came in 1968 with the single "El Caoucaou". Then he was a violinist for the orchestra of Oran radio from 1967 to 1969. In 1969, "Raba Raba" and "El Fermliya" are released and are still appreciated to this day by the public.
	Like a lot of raï artists of his generation, he began his raï singer career at the end of 60s with Melhoun Bedoui music (also called old raï)
	With Boussouar El Maghnaoui, Bouteldja Belkacem and the musician Gana El Maghnaoui, he was one of the fathers of modern raï (also called pop Bedoui or pop raï). Boutaiba Sghir has also worked with Messaoud Bellemou a notorious Algerian trumpeter.
	Boutaiba Sghir will inspire many singers like Cheb Khaled. Cheb Khaled would said about him: ""I am not the king of rai, I'm the ambassador. The real king is Boutaiba Sghir, it was he who taught me everything"."
	In an interview for an Algerian video about the Raï History only in Algeria (see external links), Boutaiba Sghir declared to an Algerian journalist "" The raï music was prohibited in all algerian medias (radios and TV) during the 70's"". It's why there is not video of Algerian raï singers in Algerian TV or radios archives in 70s. He has also declared in different videos on YouTube that Cheb Hasni is not a Raï Singer but an "Asri Singer" and that the pop raï (also called modern Bedoui or modern raï) existed before the coming of the trumpeter Bellemou.
	In September 2010, Boutaiba Sghir was invited in Paris by Cheb Khaled with Maurice El Medioni, Cheb Sahraoui and Chaba Zahouania for a concert in tribute to Oran, entitled "Oran Café".

= = = List of The Only Way Is Essex cast members = = =

	The following is a list of cast members of the British semi-reality television programme "The Only Way Is Essex".
	This is a list of the current cast members appearing in the show in order of their first appearance.
	This is a list of the former cast members appearing in the show in order of their last appearance.
	As well as appearing in "The Only Way Is Essex", some of the cast members have competed in other reality TV shows including "Celebrity Big Brother", "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", "Let's Sing and Dance", "Splash!", "Dancing on Ice", "Celebrity Super Spa", "The Jump", "Tumble", "Strictly Come Dancing", "Get Your Act Together", "Celebrity MasterChef", "Celebrity Island with Bear Grylls", "Dance Dance Dance", "Love Island", "Celebs on the Farm", "Celebrity Coach Trip", "Celebs on the Ranch" and "".

= = = Flight 321 = = =

	Flight 321 may refer to:

= = = Fleshwrought = = =

	Fleshwrought (formerly known as Fleshrot) is an American technical death metal band, formed in 2003 by Navene Koperweis. They released their debut album, "Dementia/Dyslexia" in 2010, and are in the process of recording their second album. The band is noted for its founder Navene Koperweis, a multi-instrumentalist who engineers, produces, and plays all the instruments for the band's recordings.
	Fleshwrought formed when Navene Koperweis teamed up with Nic Gauthier and made a demo at a friend's home. A live lineup followed, consisting of Koperweis, Gauthier, and Chase Fraser, with whom Koperweis had previously played in Animosity. The band played several shows in Santa Cruz, California, but later slowed down due to Animosity's high frequency tour schedule. Koperweis moved to San Francisco and continued writing material with his newly equipped gear, which included seven-string guitars, computers, and recording software.
	Koperweis met Jonny Davy (of Job for a Cowboy) while on a tour with Animosity, and invited him to join the band. They started working on material that would become "Dementia/Dyslexia". Because Koperweis was living in San Francisco while Davy was living in Phoenix, Arizona, they sent demos to each other via internet, before grouping out again in Koperweis' studio to finish the recording. "Dementia/Dyslexia" was released in 2010 and received mostly positive reviews.
	The band is influenced by a wide range of musical genres, including electronic, progressive, and experimental music. Some of the bands and artists that influenced Fleshwrought include Necrophagist, Decrepit Birth, Origin, Mats/Morgan Band, Special Defects, Frank Zappa, Squarepusher, Corneilius, and Siriusmo.

= = = Bou (name) = = =

	Bou is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:
	Fictional characters:

= = = Denis Cristofovici = = =

	Denis Cristofovici is a Moldovan goalkeeper who currently is playing for FC Olimpia Bălți.
	http://moldova.sports.md/denis_cristofovici/stats/

= = = Shooting at the 2002 Asian Games – Men's 50 metre rifle prone = = =

	The men's 50 metre rifle prone competition at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea was held on 5 October at the Changwon International Shooting Range.

= = = Pillsbury Memorial Hall = = =

	Pillsbury Memorial Hall, located at 93 Main Street, is the town hall of Sutton, New Hampshire. It was built in 1891, funded by a gift from New Hampshire native John Sargent Pillsbury, founder of the Pillsbury Company and a leading Minnesota politician. It is the only Romanesque style town hall building in Merrimack County. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.
	Pillsbury Memorial Hall is located in the village center of Sutton, on the south side of Main Street east of Newbury Road. It is a single-story masonry structure, built out of brick and granite. Romanesque features include a two-story turret at the front, capped by a pyramidal roof, an arcade of rounded arches forming a recessed porch to its left that extends around to the side. The main hall of the building, where town meetings are held, is a single story element at its rear, with the selectmen's office on the ground floor of the tower, and a large steel vault between it and the auditorium. A room originally used as a library is located in the northeast corner.
	The hall was built in 1891 to a design by Minnesota architect Leroy S. Buffington. The building was a gift of John Sargent Pillsbury, who was born in Sutton before achieving business and political success in Minnesota. Sutton had previously held its town meetings in private homes (from incorporation in 1749 until the 1790s), alternating in two privately erected meetinghouses until the 1830s, and then a variety of locations prior to construction of this hall. It has served as the center of town government since.

= = = Gap-dong = = =

	Gap-dong () is a 2014 South Korean television series starring Yoon Sang-hyun, Sung Dong-il, Kim Min-jung, Kim Ji-won and Lee Joon. It aired on cable channel tvN from April 11 to June 14, 2014 on Fridays and Saturdays at 20:40 for 20 episodes.
	The series is based on the real-life Hwaseong serial murders.
	In 1996, the (fictional) city of Iltan in Gyeonggi Province: A young girl gets brutally murdered by an unknown person on a dark night. As the city is gripped by a succession of serial killings, a total of nine murders within a twelve-kilometer radius since 1993, the police conclude that a man they've nicknamed "Gap-dong" is behind the crimes. Detective Yang Cheol-gon is convinced that the actual killer is Ha Il-sik, a resident of the town who is intellectually challenged. His attempt to arrest the suspect fails as Ha commits suicide to prove his innocence. His death inspires his son Moo-yeom to become a police officer to clear his father's name and restore his honor.
	Seventeen years later, Moo-yeom is a police detective who spends his career chasing dead ends and helping juvenile delinquents. After the statute of limitations on the case expires, Moo-yeom becomes resigned to the belief that Gap-dong is dead. But then a series of incidents occur in the town that bear an eerie resemblance to Gap-dong's crimes. Cheol-gon, now a well-decorated officer, has recently transferred back to Iltan, and to his dismay, Moo-yeom joins his investigation team to catch Gap-dong once and for all.
	In this table, represent the lowest ratings and represent the highest ratings.

= = = Henricus contrastana = = =

	Henricus contrastana, the contrasting henricus moth, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found from Michigan and Connecticut to Florida, in the south west to California.
	The wingspan is 17–21 mm. The forewings are dark grey at the base and in a strip along the inner margin. The colour is mostly whitish or cream elsewhere. The hindwings are pale grey with a yellowish tinge. Adults have been recorded on wing from April to July.

= = = Cloud load balancing = = =

	Cloud load balancing is a type of load balancing that is performed in cloud computing. Cloud load balancing is the process of distributing workloads across multiple computing resources. Cloud load balancing reduces costs associated with document management systems and maximizes availability of resources. It is a type of load balancing and not to be confused with Domain Name System (DNS) load balancing. While DNS load balancing uses software or hardware to perform the function, cloud load balancing uses services offered by various computer network companies.
	Cloud load balancing has an advantage over DNS load balancing as it can transfer loads to servers globally as opposed to distributing it across local servers. In the event of a local server outage, cloud load balancing delivers users to the closest regional server without interruption for the user.
	Cloud load balancing addresses issues relating to TTL reliance present during DNS load balancing. DNS directives can only be enforced once in every TTL cycle and can take several hours if switching between servers during a lag or server failure. Incoming server traffic will continue to route to the original server until the TTL expires and can create an uneven performance as different internet service providers may reach the new server before other internet service providers. Another advantage is that cloud load balancing improves response time by routing remote sessions to the best performing data centers.
	Cloud computing brings advantages in "cost, flexibility and availability of service users." Those advantages drive the demand for Cloud services. The demand raises technical issues in Service Oriented Architectures and Internet of Services (IoS)-style applications, such as high availability and scalability. As a major concern in these issues, load balancing allows cloud computing to "scale up to increasing demands" by efficiently allocating dynamic local workload evenly across all nodes.
	Opportunistic Load Balancing (OLB) is the algorithm that assigns workloads to nodes in free order. It is simple but does not consider the expected execution time of each node.
	Workload and Client Aware Policy (WCAP) is "implemented in a dis-centralized manner with low overhead." It specifies the unique and special property (USP) of requests and computing nodes. With the information of USP, the schedule can decide the most suitable node to complete a request. WCAP makes the most of computing nodes by reducing their idle time. Also, it reduces performance time through searches based on content information.
	Biased Random Sampling bases its job allocation on the network represented by a directed graph. For each execution node in this graph, in-degree means available resources and out-degree means allocated jobs. In-degree will decrease during job execution while out-degree will increase after job allocation.
	Active Clustering is a self-aggregation algorithm to rewire the network.
	The experiment result is that"Active Clustering and Random Sampling Walk predictably perform better as the number of processing nodes is increased" while the Honeyhive algorithm does not show the increasing pattern.
	Load balancer forwards packets to web servers according to different workloads on servers. However, it is hard to implement a scalable load balancer because of both the "cloud's commodity business model and the limited infrastructure control allowed by cloud providers." Client-side Load Balancer (CLB) solve this problem by using a scalable cloud storage service. CLB allows clients to choose back-end web servers for dynamic content although it delivers static content.

= = = Josef Kainar = = =

	Josef Kainar (June 29, 1917 in Přerov, Austria-Hungary – November 16, 1971 in Dobříš, Czechoslovakia) was a Czech poet, lyrics writer, dramatic author and translator, but also a musician, illustrator, artist and journalist. He was a member of artistic group Skupina 42 and literary group Ohnice.
	Josef studied Czech and French languages at Charles University in Prague between 1938 and 1939. After the closure of colleges during World War II he undertook several jobs. He worked as a script editor in Divadlo satiry. He also worked as a journalist; his jokes, images and poetry were published in the newspaper Rovnost. After the war he worked in radio, movies and the theater. For example, he created a so-called ″rozhlásky″ for the Czechoslovak Radio; this was news for younger listeners. After 1947 he devoted himself fully to literature.
	He was also musically talented; he played in concerts on piano, guitar and violin. His style was based above all in jazz and he even mentions it in his poems.
	His resting place is Vyšehrad cemetery.
	In 2007 a high school was named in his memory in the town of Hlučín, where he studied.
	Initially his work was influenced mainly by existentialism. Irony, even bordering on mockery, is typical to his work. His work being highly lyrical was able to connect with music; it was colloquial, sometimes even vulgar in its opposing conservatism. He aimed at keeping his verse truthful, to depict the harshness of the world and he also went even for scepticism. His poems contain short stories, which impel the reader to reflection.
	Beside his literary work he wrote movie scenarios and did photography.
	In the early 40s he wrote lyrics mainly to American swing classics (George Gershwin, R. Rodgers, D. Ellington, H. Carmichael et al.). During the occupation the Nazis condemned it as "Jewish-Bolshevik filth", which was nevertheless played among the youth, particularly on tramping meetings. Kainar put some of his texts to music himself—e.g. the songs "Černá kára", "Starý mrtvý vrabec", "Blues železničního mostu". He also wrote the lyrics to the jazz rock masterpiece "Kure v Hodincach", published by the rock band Flamengo in 1971.
	He translated poetry, especially from French and German.

= = = Sanjay Kishan Kaul = = =

	Sanjay Kishan Kaul is a judge of the Supreme Court of India. He assumed charge as the Chief Justice of Madras High Court on 26 July 2014. He was the Chief Justice of Punjab and Haryana High Court before and also worked as judge at Delhi High Court.
	A native of Srinagar, Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul was born on 26 December 1958. Kaul hails from the family of the Dattatreya Kauls of Srinagar. His great-great-grandfather, Raja Suraj Kishan Kaul, was the Revenue minister in the Regency council of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. His great-grandfather, Sir Daya Kishan Kaul, was a statesman and diplomat who served as the finance minister of Jammu & Kashmir state. His grandfather, Raja Upinder Kishen Kaul, had a distinguished career in public service. Justice Kaul's brother, Neeraj Kishan Kaul, was also a judge of the Delhi High court, having been appointed in the summer of 2009.
	After schooling in Modern School, New Delhi, Sanjay Kishan Kaul graduated in Economics (Hons.) from Delhi University, studying in St. Stephen's College, Delhi. He then took a degree in law, studying at the Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, taking the LLB in 1982.
	Justice Kaul is a member of various prestigious institutions like Indian International center, India Law Institute, India Habitat Center, Roshanara club amongst others. Theatre, music, Golf & reading, including subjects unrelated to law are amongst his other areas of interest.
	During his 19-year career, he handled mainly commercial, civil & writ matters in Delhi high court & Supreme court of India.
	Justice Kaul was appointed additional judge of Delhi high court on 3 May 2001, and was made a permanent judge in 2003. He was also the acting chief justice of Delhi high court in September 2012.
	He became Chief Justice of Punjab and Haryana High Court in June 2013.
	As a chancellor
	The chancellor of TNNLS is the Chief Justice of Madras high court. And hence he is currently serving also as the chancellor of TNNLS.And he has also visited the college and addressed the students.
	In the year 2017, on 24 August, Justice Kaul along with eight brother judges ruled in favour of Privacy being a Fundamental Right, which is a watershed moment in the history of Constitutional Jurisprudence of India.
	8.http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/Process-of-selecting-V-C-for-law-school-under-way-says-Chief-Justice/article15422011.ece

= = = 1952 Bhopal Legislative Assembly election = = =

	Elections to the Bhopal Legislative Assembly were held on 27 March 1952.
	The Bhopal Legislative Assembly consisted of 30 seats distributed in seven two-member constituencies and sixteen single-member constituencies. Total 91 contestants were in fray for these 30 seats. Silwani legislative assembly had the maximum number of contestants (8 candidates), while Ichhawar had the minimum contestants (only 1 candidate, which was elected unopposed).
	4 National parties along with Kisan Mazdoor Mandal took part in the assembly election. Indian National Congress emerged as the single largest party while no other party cross the double digit.
	On 1 November 1956, Bhopal State was merged into Madhya Pradesh under States Reorganisation Act, 1956.

= = = Andrei Marina = = =

	Andrei Marina is a Moldovan football player who currently is playing for FC Olimpia Bălți.
	http://moldova.sports.md/andrei_marina/stats/

= = = Henricus edwardsiana = = =

	Henricus edwardsiana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in the United States in Arizona and California.

= = = Transreality game = = =

	A transreality game, sometimes written as trans-reality game, describes a type of video game or a mode of gameplay that combines playing a game in a virtual environment with game-related, physical experiences in the real world and vice versa. In this approach a player evolves and moves seamlessly through various physical and virtual stages, brought together in one unified game space. Alongside the rising trend of gamification, the application of game mechanics to tasks that are not traditionally associated with play, a transreality approach to gaming incorporates mechanics that extend over time and space, effectively playing through a players day-to-day interactions.
	The essential part of transreality gaming is considered to be the fluidity between physical and virtual stages of gameplay, making it more and more difficult to see the distinction between what is allegedly 'virtual' and what is allegedly 'real' while playing. Looking at a transreality game from that perspective it may also integrate (big) data feeds into the storylines of games as a means to make the gameplay more immersive, like in the setup of Liping Xie's experimental scientific simulations in which a population of sample individuals search a real-world optimum in a virtual problem space, driven by real world forces in that space. Further on it could benefit from new layers of reality mining, connected intelligence and ubiquitous computing that incorporate machines into our lives like the Internet of things and wearable computing (both using sensors that are able to immediately re-create the actual world on and around a player on his or her device), cryptocurrencies, micropayments and nanopayments (for handling transmedial game credits), deployment of cleverbots, mind files and intelligent agent systems (to enhance the natural feel and learning skills of game characters) and games using kinetics (through motion controllers or through haptics).
	Different authors have used the adjective 'transreal' as a starting point for the design of location-based games (like pervasive games, mixed reality games and augmented reality games) and cross media games (like simulation games, LARP and alternate reality games). All of these genres offer game experiences integrated with everyday routines and social networks. Its applications are to be found in serious games (education, awareness, skill training), gamification (like in production centers, marketing, research and testing) as well as in mobile multiplayer trans-reality games, MMTRG (including gamification of Foursquare), using the actual geolocation of the player in the gameplay, like in games such as Ingress, "Pokémon Go", "Shadow Cities", "Zombies, Run!", "YouCatch", "Roads of San Francisco", "City Race Munich" and "Parallel Kingdom".
	From a broader perspective it is argued that different location aware and transmedial game formats may also be considered to merely provide a facilitating infrastructure for transreality gaming in a broader sense, positioned as a new way of looking at the design of game spaces, meant to be played across different realities rather than across different media.

= = = Yao Di (actress) = = =

	Yao Di (, born 17 March 1982) is a Chinese actress.
	Yao was born in Tongxiang, Jiaxing, Zhejiang on March 17, 1982. She graduated from Beijing Film Academy.
	At the age of 18, Yao entered the entertainment industry.
	Yao rose to fame for her roles in television series "The Dream of Red Mansions" (2010).
	In 2011, Yao starred in the romance drama "Naked Marriage". The TV drama became a national sensation, and Yao was given the title of "Nation's Girlfriend" by the Chinese media.
	The following year, Yao starred in the youth drama "Beijing Youth", about teens in Beijing struggling against the strict and traditional culture of their parents. The drama was well received among young Chinese mainland audiences.
	In 2013, Yao's fame continued to rise after she starred in two TV dramas, "New Dating Era" and "Love Is Not Blind", which is adapted from a 2011 Chinese movie of the same name. She was named the Most Popular Actress by Youku.
	However, in 2014, her affair with actor Wen Zhang was exposed. Her reputation was greatly damaged, and this temporarily halted her film career.
	In 2014, Yao was found to have an affair with actor Wen Zhang while Wen's legal wife Ma Yili just gave birth to their second daughter. Some rumors suggested that their secret romance began when Ma was pregnant. Wen apologized to his family when he was caught by the media while Yao was widely blamed by the public through social media. Yao chose to keep silent after the disputed event and tried to escape from the public.

= = = ArcGIS Viewer for Flex = = =

	ArcGIS Viewer for Flex is geographic information system (GIS) software made by Esri. ArcGIS Viewer for Flex is used for creating GIS Web applications. ArcGIS for Flex is typically deployed on-premises within the organization’s service-oriented architecture (SOA).

= = = Cornelis Kaimu = = =

	Cornelis Kaimu is an Indonesian professional footballer who currently plays as a forward for Persijap Jepara in the Indonesia Super League.
	He scored his first goal for Persijap in a 1–0 win against Persik Kediri.

= = = Burmannia biflora = = =

	Burmannia biflora, common name northern bluethread, is a plant species native to Cuba, the Bahamas and to the southeastern United States. It has been reported from Puerto Rico, eastern Texas, Louisiana, southwestern Arkansas (Hempstead County), southern Mississippi, southern Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and southeastern Virginia.
	"Burmannia biflora" grows in wet areas (bogs, swamps, ditches, lake shores, etc.) at elevations less than 100 m. It is an annual herb up to 20 cm tall. Flowers are borne in a loose cyme of up to 12 flowers, blue, 3-winged, sometimes white around the edges.

= = = BG Crucis = = =

	BG Crucis is a suspected binary star system in the southern constellation of Crux. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint yellow-white hued point of light with an apparent visual magnitude that fluctuates around 5.49. The system is located at a distance of approximately 1,830 light years from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −19 km/s.
	The visible component is a supergiant star that pulsates between spectral types F5Ib and G0p. It is a small amplitude classical Cepheid variable with an apparent magnitude ranges from 5.34 down to 5.58 over a period of 3.3428 days. On the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram of temperature versus luminosity, it is located near the blue (hotter) edge of the Cepheid instability strip. Models indicate the cepheid region is relatively small in this star, so there are no shock waves produced as a result of the instability.
	BG Crucis is 64 million years old with four to six times the mass of the Sun. Having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core, it has expanded to 39 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating over a thousand times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,253 K.

= = = Hema Gamang = = =

	Hema Gamang (born 31 March 1961) is a political and social worker and a Member of Parliament elected from the Koraput constituency in the Indian state of Odisha as an Indian National Congress candidate.
	Gamang was born on 31 March 1961 in Khilapadar in Koraput district, Odisha. Gamang is an intermediate graduate and completed her schooling from Rama Devi Women's College, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha. She married Giridhar Gamang on 4 April 1975 and has two sons and a daughter.
	Gamang was elected to the 13th Lok Sabha in 1999. From 1999-2000, she was a member on the Committee on Urban and Rural Development. Then, from 2000–2004, she served as a member on Consultative Committee, Ministry of Steel. She was also a Member of Telephone Advisory Committee, Odisha.

= = = Natalija Kočergina = = =

	Natalija Kočergina (born 17 April 1985) is a Lithuanian biathlete and cross-country skier.
	She finished 91st (individual) and 98th (sprint) in the 2011 World Biathlon Championships. In 2012, she was 72nd in individual and 89th in sprint. During the 2013 World championships she did not finish in the individual event and placed 99th in sprint.
	In 2013, she participated in the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, where she finished 54th in the Women's 10 km freestyle and 20th in the team sprint. 
	In 2014, she became Lithuanian champion in biathlon for the first time.

= = = VPID = = =

	VPID may refer to:

= = = Pineground Bridge = = =

	The Pineground Bridge, also known as the Depot Road Bridge or the Thunder Bridge, is a through-type lenticular truss bridge that formerly carried Depot Road over the Suncook River in Chichester, New Hampshire. The bridge was built in 1887 by the Berlin Iron Bridge Co., and is the only one of its type (and only one of for lenticular truss bridges of any type, as of 2004) in the state. It is long and wide, and rises above the river. It is mounted on abutments made of unmortarted ashlar granite. The decking and rails are made of wood. The bridge has not undergone major alterations since its construction. Some of its stringers were replaced during the 1981-2 restoration, wooden parts were also replaced, and a number of decorative parts have been lost over the years.
	The bridge was built on the site of earlier bridges that gave access to the "pine ground", an area with a large number of pine trees, and the eventual site of a saw mill. When the railroad arrived in the area in the late 1860s, Depot Road was run across the bridge to connect the town to the station. The previous bridge, in bad condition even before the arrival of the railroad, was probably subjected to heavier traffic afterward, and the town decided to replace it in 1887. The bridge was closed to vehicular traffic in 1978 and restored for pedestrian, bicycle, and snowmobile use in 1981-2.
	The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

= = = Paul Codman Cabot = = =

	Paul Codman Cabot (October 21, 1898 – September 1, 1994) was an American businessman. He served as chief executive and chairman of the State Street Investment Corporation. He was also treasurer of Harvard University.
	A Boston Brahmin and a member of the Cabot family, Cabot was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. His father, Henry Bromfield Cabot, was a lawyer and investor. His brother was Charles Codman Cabot.
	Cabot was educated at Harvard College and then Harvard Business School from which he graduated cum laude.
	In 1924, he formed the State Street Investment Corporation. which was the second open-end mutual fund legally incorporated but the first to operate. He was one of the first practitioners of fundamental equity research including on-site management interviews and also among the first to favor the price-earnings ratio in his valuation work over dividend yield. These innovations contributed to outstanding investment performance for decades. During the 1920s he uncovered the unethical practices of certain other funds. Due to the fame this gained him he was able to influence important New Deal securities legislation such as the Revenue Act of 1936 and the Investment Company Act of 1940.
	He was treasurer of Harvard University between 1948 and 1965, during which period the university's endowment grew from $177 million to over $1 billion.
	He retired as chief executive of State Street in 1958, although he retained his position as chairman.
	In September 1924, Cabot was married to Virginia Converse, a daughter of Frederick S. Converse, a prominent American composer. Together, they had five children.
	He died on September 1, 1994 at Deaconess-Glover Hospital in Needham.

= = = Joe Cross (filmmaker) = = =

	Joe Cross (born May 30, 1966) is an Australian entrepreneur, author, filmmaker, and wellness advocate. He is most known for his documentary "Fat, Sick & Nearly Dead" in which he tells the story of his 60-day juice fast. He is the founder and CEO of Reboot with Joe, a health and lifestyle brand at the same time Joe was also an engineer working with different companies on a rig.
	Following the release of his documentary, Cross has published six books about juicing. In February 2014, Cross released his book titled "The Reboot with Joe Juice Diet: Lose Weight, Get Healthy and Feel Amazing" that became a New York Times best-seller but right now he's focused on his engineering.
	In 2005, Cross weighed 22 stone (310 pounds = 140 kilograms) and suffered from an autoimmune condition, chronic urticaria, for which he had been taking medications such as the steroid prednisone for years. He spent his 30s trying traditional and non-traditional medicine to solve his illness. and unsuccessfully tried various diets in fits and starts. His daily diet mainly consisted of processed foods. Cross was a smoker and consumed alcohol regularly. According to Cross, he believed that his eating habits had caused his illness and he wanted to change his lifestyle. He wanted to get off medication as he believed that the medication or doctors were not able to offer a cure for his condition. In 2005 when he was 39, the doctors told him that with his health, he would die early and he decided to consume only juice for 60 days in order to improve his health. Under the supervision of his doctor and a team that monitored his blood work regularly, he started the juice fast in May 2005. For his juice fast, he decided to travel across America while talking to people about their attitudes toward food. He travelled in a truck with a cameraman, a sound guy, a juicer and a generator. Cross survived on nothing but juices for 60 days during his juice fast.
	He used an 80/20 rule, according to which he used 80 percent vegetables and 20 percent fruit in the juice that he made to avoid getting too much sugar into his system. Cross used a special juice that he prepared called the Mean Green Juice - a mixture of kale, apples, lemon, cucumber, celery and ginger. However, he kept changing the fruits and vegetables used in the juice to ensure he consumed different plants and vegetables.
	According to Cross, he felt groggy and unstable the first three to five days. However after consuming only juice for five days, he started feeling well both physically and mentally. After 49 days, he lost 67 pounds (30 kg), his total cholesterol dropped from 204 to 135 and his LDL cholesterol went from 132 to 86. By day 61, Cross had lost 82 pounds and decreased his medicine dosage after reporting a complete loss of his urticaria symptoms. Following the 60-day juice fast, he consumed only foods derived from plants and no animal-based or processed food for 90 days.
	As of March 2013, Cross weighed 240 pounds (109 kg), a weight that he maintained for the past five years. He hit an all-time low of 210 pounds (95 kg) near the end of his first five months on the diet. Cross’s future plan includes a juicing launch in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Russia, Brazil and Chile.
	Cross does not recommend the diet as a long term solution and only recommends it as a reboot for the body. According to him, he took up the diet because he wanted a circuit breaker to stop what he was doing and not to adopt it as a permanent lifestyle. One of the misconceptions that Cross tries to correct is that people think he consumes nothing but juice. "That’s not a proper, healthy way to live," adds Cross.
	Cross filmed his juice and travel through America, and released a documentary, "Fat, Sick & Nearly Dead", in 2011. In the movie, while travelling, Cross meets people and talks to them about their eating habits. The movie features interview segments with people who were inspired to follow his example. He charts his progress with an itemized list of what day of the fast it is, what city and what state Cross is filming in, how much weight he’s lost (both in pounds and kilograms) and what kind of medication he’s taking. During his road-trip Cross meets and inspires Phil Staples, a morbidly obese truck driver from Sheldon, Iowa, in a truck stop in Arizona to try juice fasting. The movie was originally called "Death By Fat". Then it became "Faster". However, after Cross came to America to shoot the movie, he had to completely change the concept and the idea of the movie.
	The film has been credited with doubling the sales of Breville juicers since the documentary launched on Netflix in the US in July 2011. After completing work on "Fat, Sick & Nearly Dead", he continued to travel around the world to promote juicing and also plans to make a second movie about life after juicing. Cross is also involved in negotiations with media companies in the US about a TV series.
	A sequel to the film, "Fat Sick and Nearly Dead 2" was released in 2014. The sequel follows the lives of people from the first movie, includes expert interviews and shows Cross's effort to maintain his weight. In 2016, Cross produced another health documentary entitled "The Kids Menu", which focuses on stopping childhood obesity at its wake.
	After "Fat, Sick & Nearly Dead" was released in 2010, Cross founded Reboot with Joe, a health and lifestyle brand that provides information and support to people looking to make diet and lifestyle changes. The brand is focused on consuming more fruits and vegetables for improving health. Cross currently serves as the CEO of the organization.
	The website of the organization offers guides for starting a juice fast and which fruits and vegetables to select. The organization has a medical advisory board to collect data and conduct research about benefits of juicing.
	Cross released his first book titled "Fat, Sick & Nearly Dead" in 2011 followed by a second book titled "Reboot with Joe Recipe Book (Plant-Based Recipes to Supercharge Your Life)" in 2012. He released a third book titled "101 Juice Recipes" in 2013.
	In February 2014, he released his book titled "The Reboot with Joe Juice Diet: Lose Weight, Get Healthy and Feel Amazing". In this book, he shared the plan that he used for his juice fast and subsequent diet as well as stories of some other people who have lost weight with a juice fast. It also includes three-day, five-day, 10-day, 15-day and 30-day programs, healthy-eating plans and exercise tips. According to Cross, when somebody is not eating, they are giving their body a break and supplying it with micro and macro nutrients. Cross recommends using more vegetables and fewer fruits in order to avoid sugar present in the fruits.
	His latest book is titled Juice It to Lose It: Lose Weight and Feel Great in Just 5 Days and had been released in April 2016.

= = = Hearing Link = = =

	Hearing Link is part of Hearing Dogs for Deaf People, a UK-wide charitable organisation for adults with hearing loss, their family and friends. The head office is in Saunderton, Buckinghamshire. Its Royal Patron is The Princess Royal. 
	Hearing Link promotes and encourages peer support, so services are largely driven and delivered by people with personal experience of hearing loss:
	Hearing Link was formed in 2008 through the merger of two national organisations: Hearing Concern and the LINK Centre for Deafened People.
	Hearing Concern was originally called BAHOH – The British Association of the Hard of Hearing. It was renamed in the 1990s. It grew out of a number of informal gatherings that sprang up after the First World War when soldiers returned home deafened by gunfire. Over the years it did a huge amount of work, all focused on promoting the need for more and better support to be available for hard of hearing adults. This includes encouraging hard of hearing groups to be established and pushing for subtitles on TV and deaf awareness at government level.
	The LINK Centre for Deafened People, meanwhile, was set up in 1972 and focused on developing and delivering unique and specialised rehabilitation programmes for profoundly deafened adults and their families. The approach was holistic and involved the wider health and circumstances of the individual, including their family.
	For a short period after the merger the organisation was called Hearing Concern LINK. In January 2011, the organisation re-launched as Hearing Link. 
	In August 2017, Hearing Link merged with Hearing Dogs for Deaf People, another leading hearing loss charity.

= = = Dragutin Keserović = = =

	Dragutin Keserović (Serbian Cyrillic: Драгутин Кесеровић; 21 November 1896 – 17 August 1945) was a Yugoslav Chetnik military commander holding the rank of lieutenant colonel and "vojvoda" during World War II. Keserović was probably the most active commander of Mihailović's Chetniks in Serbia. 
	Immediately after the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, then-Major Keserović joined the Pećanac Chetniks under the command of Kosta Pećanac, a World War I "voivode". In August, Pećanac concluded a collaborationist agreement with the Germans. Keserović then transferred to the Chetniks of Draža Mihailović.
	Representatives of the Chetniks held meetings with representatives of the communist Partisan forces in the village of Bovan and made a plan to attack Kruševac. According to this plan, it was agreed that the date of the attack would be 23 September 1941, that Kruševac would be blocked before the attack, that Keserović and his Chetniks would attack the town from the west and south across Bagdala, and that communists would attack from the north and east.
	According to post-war Yugoslav sources, the Partisan Rasina detachment and the Chetniks' commander Keserovic agreed to attack Kruševac together, on 23 September 1941. On 24 September, Keserović's Chetnik detachment attacked German troops in the Kruševac district, killing 23 soldiers. The fighting between attacking rebels and the Axis garrison had lasted for four days when Kosta Pećanac personally, with a large force of his Black Chetniks, came to release the Axis garrison. The post-war Yugoslav sources blamed Keserović for the failure of the attack on Kruševac. These sources accuse Kesrović of attacking German garrison earlier than agreed and of halting the attack when Partisan communist forces joined the attack. At the end of September, Chetniks and Partisans published a printed flyer against Kosta Pećanac and signed it "People's Liberation Movement of Chetniks and Partisans" ().
	According to some sources, Keserović protected a group of Jewish refugees hosted at the beginning of 1942 in the village of Dankoviće on Kopaonik. In late 1944, Keserović released a captured member of the enemy forces whose name was Alija Izetbegović (who would in 1996 became the first President of Bosnia and Herzegovina), based on intervention by a group of Serbs who informed him that Izetbegović's grandfather had saved the lives of 40 Serbs in 1914 during an anti-Serb pogrom that followed the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
	Initially, the headquarters of Keserović's forces was in the village of Kupci, between Kruševac and Brus, and later in the village of Kriva Reka, Brus, on Kopaonik. In August 1942, Mihailović issued his first orders that took a "definite position against the occupying powers". These orders were British-inspired and included orders to prepare to sabotage the railways in occupied Serbia. After these orders, Keserović issued a general direction urging peasants in his area of operations to hide grain, livestock, and fodder from the occupying forces. In August 1942, the joint Axis forces of German and Bulgarian troops attacked Major Keserović's Chetniks on Kopaonik and captured nine members of his headquarters; three of them were members of the British mission and were executed when they were leaving the village of Kriva Reka. In 1942, he maintained communication with Nikolaj Velimirović. Shortly before Italian capitulation in September 1943, Keserović raided two German railway transports and pushed back German attacks to Mihailović's headquarters.
	From 11–14 October 1942, the Military Commander in Serbia launched a large-scale Axis offensive against Mihailović's Chetniks under command of Keserović in the region around Kriva Reka on Kopaonik mountain. The operation was a punitive expedition aimed against Mihailović's Chetniks, the chief target of German commanders who wanted to secure control of Serbia before important battles in North Africa. 
	Operation Kopaonik was part of a larger plan of the Axis forces to disarm Chetnik units. The Military Commander in Serbia prepared a list of 24 Chetnik officers to be arrested by the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen, one of them being Keserović. Keserović was probably the most active commander of Mihailović's Chetniks in Serbia. This operation was the first large-scale engagement of the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen under command of Artur Phleps, who personally commanded the Axis forces during Operation Kopaonik. The SS division had three regiments: two infantry and one artillery regiment. The German forces were also supported by several Bulgarian battalions of 1,000 men, and 300 men from the Russian Protective Corps. Keserović was informed about the attack and successfully retreated units of his detachment.
	In January 1943, Axis forces launched Case White, a combined strategic offensive aimed at destroying the Yugoslav Partisan resistance in the neighboring Independent State of Croatia. Two corps of Chetniks were sent from occupied Serbia to support Chetnik formations that had participated on the Axis side in the offensive and had been defeated by the Partisans following the latter's crossing of the Neretva River. These corps were led by Keserović and Predrag Raković and totaled 2,000 men. By early May 1943, Mihailović became aware of the German intention to capture him and decided to return to German-occupied Serbia. Based on his orders, the two corps of Chetniks led by Keserović and Predrag Raković came from German-occupied Serbia to the area of Bijelo Polje in the Italian governorate of Montenegro to escort him back to Serbia.
	In 1943, the British sub-mission was established in Keserović's headquarters. According to Chetnik officer Milan Deroc, the name of the British Liaison Officer (BLO) at Keserović's headquarters was Major Bob Wade. By mid-1943, the differences between the British and the Chetniks had become "too serious and too pervasive". Almost without exception, the British reports were unfavorable to the Chetniks as a fighting force. The Chetniks too were unhappy with the British. Keserović issued directives to a brigade under his control to keep information from a British liaison officer visiting his area of operations, and to provide no information to him about the actual situation, but to provide only a positive perspective on the Chetniks, and to discount the Partisans as a resistance force in occupied Serbia.
	According to the German Foreign Office representative for the Balkans, Hermann Neubacher, Keserović concluded a formal "armistice agreement" with the Germans in his area of operations in the German-occupied territory of Serbia in late 1943. Such agreements were negotiated by at least four other senior Chetnik commanders in the occupied territory at this time. These agreements ensured that the Chetniks in these areas were safe from the Germans while they continued to fight the Partisans, provided with limited ammunition by the Germans, provided with medical assistance, including having their wounded treated in German hospitals, allowed freedom of movement, and allowed to forcibly recruit manpower in their areas of responsibility. These agreements also required the affected Chetniks to cease operations against the collaborationist puppet regime in the occupied territory, and effectively neutralized these Chetniks as far as the Germans were concerned. On 30 November 1943, Keserović reported to Mihailović that the Germans had offered him cooperation, arms, and ammunition, which he allegedly refused. He denied having any connection with the Germans.
	One of the elite Chetnik military units which would bear the biggest burden of defense from Tito's advancing communist forces was the Rasina-Toplica Corps Group, commanded by Keserović. This unit was established on 11 May 1944 by the Chetnik Supreme Command.
	In July, the Germans initiated Operation Trumpf against the Partisans in the southern parts of German-occupied Serbia. This was a combined operation with Bulgarian troops, Serbian quisling formations, and Chetnik forces commanded by Radoslav Račić. Račić's Fourth Group of Shock Corps from western Serbia were reinforced by the Rasina-Kopaonik Group of Shock Corps commanded by Keserović. The total Chetnik forces involved in this operation exceeded 10,000 men, and the Chetniks were supplied with ammunition and some arms by the Germans. 
	In late August 1944, a US Office of Strategic Services mission led by Colonel Robert H. McDowell was parachuted into a Chetnik-controlled area of occupied Serbia to join Mihailović's headquarters, gather general intelligence and establish contacts with representatives of pro-Western forces in Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania. One member of the mission was Lieutenant Ellsworth Kramer. Kramer was quickly detached to Keserović. Since the situation of the Chetniks seriously deteriorated soon after the mission's arrival, most of McDowell's time was dedicated to the problems faced by the Chetniks, and little if any contact with potential allies in neighboring countries was undertaken.
	On 1 September 1944, Keserović proclaimed general mobilization. In October 1944, when the Red Army entered occupied Serbia from Bulgaria, some of Keserović's troops met them and briefly occupied the town of Kruševac in central Serbia alongside them. However, within days, the Soviet troops disengaged from the Chetniks and demanded they disarm, threatening to use force if they did not. Keserović reported this to Mihailović on 19 October and refused the ultimatum, withdrawing towards the Ibar River valley with a small detachment of about 500 men. Two of his brigades were disarmed by the Red Army. Those taken into custody included Kramer, who was subsequently released. Keserović himself barely escaped being captured and turned over to the Partisans.
	During the attack by Chetniks on Axis forces in Tuzla in December 1944, Keserović commanded the right column of the Chetnik forces, while the left column was commanded by Mihailović.
	In his area of responsibility in occupied Serbia, Keserović used terror tactics against Partisans, their families, and sympathizers, drawing up lists of people and ordering them to be killed. To carry out these killings, special units known as "black trojkas" were trained and deployed, often using knives to kill their victims.
	Keserović was captured by the Partisans and placed on trial. During the trial, he blamed the Chetnik Supreme Command for most of the actions he was charged with and asserted that he was just carrying out orders. The claim that Keserović denounced Mihailović as collaborator and had broken with him was untrue.

= = = Henricus fuscodorsana = = =

	Henricus fuscodorsana, the cone cochylid moth, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Arizona, British Columbia, California, Colorado, Idaho, Oregon and Washington.
	The wingspan is 17–18 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from April to October.
	The larvae mine the cones of "Picea" species (including "Picea pungens"), as well as "Pseudotsuga", "Sequoia", "Abies" and "Larix" species. They are reddish green.

= = = Rekha Doshit = = =

	Rekha Manharlal Doshit was the Chief Justice of Patna High Court, Patna in the Indian state of Bihar. The current chief justice is Justice Amreshwar Pratap Sahi.
	Doshit was born on 13 December 1952 in Rajkot, Gujarat, India. She graduated in Bombay University in Bachelor of Science and Law from Sir L.A. Shah Law College, Ahmedabad. She started her career as an advocate in 1977. In 1995, she was appointed as judge at Gujarat High Court. On 21 June 2010, Doshit was promoted to the Chief Justice of Patna High Court, and thus became the first woman Chief Justice of Patna High Court.

= = = Pittsfield Center Historic District = = =

	The Pittsfield Center Historic District encompasses the civic and commercial heart of Pittsfield, New Hampshire. This area is defined by a roughly square bend in the Suncook River, whose power provided an impetus for the development of the town in the 19th century. The dominant feature of the district is the 1827 Joy Cotton Mill, a four-story brick building at the base of Main Street. There are three churches, including the 1863 Gothic Revival St. Stephen's Episcopal Church, and the town office building, a significantly altered 1789 meeting house. The district also includes the main commercial district and some of the surrounding residential areas. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
	Pittsfield was settled in 1770, when John Cram erected a sawmill on the Suncook River and built his house, now part of the Washington House at the central Washington Square. The first meeting house was built in 1789, roughly midway between his house and mill, the route between these points defining what is now Main Street. Taverns were built near the meeting house soon afterward, creating the nucleus of a town center. In the 19th century, the river's water power was harnessed for use by textile mills, resulting in the construction of both mills and mill worker housing. One boarding house, built in 1827 for single women who worked in an early textile mill, is among the oldest buildings of its type in the state. The arrival of the railroad in 1869 spurred another development boom, in which the shoe industry took hold.

= = = Miss India Worldwide 1991 = = =

	Miss India Worldwide 1991 was the 2nd edition of the international female beauty pageant. The total number of contestants was not known. Bela Bajaria of the United States crowned as winner at the end of the event.

= = = Henricus infernalis = = =

	Henricus infernalis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America from Texas to Arizona, north to Utah, eastern British Columbia and Nebraska. The habitat consists of juniper woodlands.
	The length of the forewings is 6–7.5 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from May to August.
	The larvae have been recorded feeding on the berries of "Juniperus scopulorum".

= = = Valeriy Shevchuk = = =

	Valeriy Shevchuk (born August 20, 1939 in Zhytomyr) is a Ukrainian writer.
	The most prominent books of the writer include “In the Midweek” (1967), “The Esplanade 12” (1968), “The Scream of the Rooster at Dawn” (1979), “On a Humble Field” (1982), “A House on a Mountain” (1983), “Three Leaves Behind the Window” (1986), “The Thinking Tree” (1986), “Birds from an Invisible Island” (1989), “The Murrain” (1989), “An Eternal Clock” (1990), “The Woman of Flowers” (1990 – the collection of fairy tales), “The path in the Grass. The Zhytomyr Saga” (two-volume, 1994), “Inside the Belly of an Apocalyptic Beast” (1995), “Eye of the Abyss” (1996), “The Snakewoman” (1998), “Silver Milk” (2002), “The Vanishing Shadows. A Family Chronicle.” (2002), “The Cossack State: Studies to the History of Establishment of the Ukrainian State” (1995), “The Roxelany Muse: the Ukrainian Literature of 16th to 18th Centuries in 2 Volumes” (2005), “The Known and the Unknown Sphinx. Hryhorii Skovoroda in the Modern View” (2008), etc.
	He compiled and translated into modern literary language several collections of love poetry of the 16th to 19th centuries "Songs of Cupid" (1984) and of heroic poetry of the 9th and 10th centuries “Field of Mars” in 2 volumes (1989), “The Chronicle of Samiylo Velychko” (two-volume, 1991), etc.
	Valeriy Shevchuk is a Honoured Professor of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy and of the National University of Lviv. He is a laureate of Taras Shevchenko Prize, the Antonovych Foundation Award and of other numerous literary awards. He is as well a Honored Figure of Polish Culture. The works of the writer were translated into 22 languages.
	"The Meek Shall Inherit..." (trans. of "Na poli smyrennomu"). Trans. by Viktoriia Kholmohorova. Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers, 1989.

= = = Women in the World = = =

	Women in the World organizes live journalism events.
	Women in the World is an annual summit launched in 2010 by Tina Brown, the British-born former editor in chief of Tatler, Vanity Fair, The New Yorker, Talk, Newsweek and The Daily Beast and author of The Diana Chronicles, a biography of Diana, Princess of Wales. First held at New York’s Hudson Theater, the summit now takes place at Lincoln Center’s David Koch Theater, convening women leaders, activists and political change-makers from around the world to share their stories, and offer solutions to building a better life for women and girls. Former ABC news producer Kyle Gibson is senior executive producer and managing editor of the event.
	The inaugural summit took place from March 12–14, 2010 and included appearances by Queen Rania of Jordan, Meryl Streep, Valerie Jarrett, Christine Lagarde, Hillary Clinton, Madeleine K. Albright, Nora Ephron, and Katie Couric. At the second summit, held from March 10–12, 2011, participants included President Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton, Dr. Hawa Abdi, Condoleezza Rice, Sheryl Sandberg, Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Diane Von Furstenberg, Melinda Gates, Ashley Judd and more.
	In 2011, three-day summit moved to Manhattan’s Lincoln Center and was attended from March 8–10 by more than 2,500 women. Hillary Rodham Clinton, Angelina Jolie, Madeleine K. Albright, Nobel Peace Prize laureate Leymah Gbowee, Dalia Ziada, Meryl Streep, Nancy Pelosi, Gloria Steinem, Zainab Salbi, Christiane Amanpour, Amy Chua, Tzipi Livni, and Sheryl Sandberg were featured in the program.
	In 2012 Women in the World expanded outside of the U.S. with a summit held in São Paulo, Brazil, co-hosted by Tina Brown, Diane von Furstenberg, Nizan Guanaes, Gloria Maria, Juliana Azevedo and Vânia Somavilla featuring former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, Major Priscilla de Oliveira Azevedo, Maria da Penha Maia Fernandes, Xuxa, Claudia Lago, Raquel Barros da Silva, and Dalia Ziada.
	In 2013, The fourth annual summit April 4–5, featured participants Hillary Rodham Clinton, Angelina Jolie, Eva Longoria, Susan Rice, Meryl Streep, Oprah Winfrey, Garry Kasparov, Dr. Mamphela Ramphele, Michaela DePrince, Tom Hanks, Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy and a video presentation from Malala Yousafzai.
	Beginning with the 2012 summit, Toyota and Women in the World partnered for the “Mothers of Invention” series. In 2012, the honorees included: Asenath Andrews of the Catherine Ferguson Academy, Talia Leman of RandomKid.org, and Jessica Matthews and Julia Silverman of sOccket. In 2013, honorees included Kavita M. Shukla of FreshPaper, Sejal Hathi and Tara Roberts of Girltank, and Caitria and Morgan O’Neill of Recovers.org. In January 2014, Toyota and Women in the World announced Anna Stork and Andrea Sreshta, co-founders of the LuminAid, as the first of three 2014 Mothers of Invention honorees.
	The Women in the World Foundation launched in September 2011.
	In 2013 the Foundation expanded its partnership with the non-profit Vital Voices Global Partnership. Vital Voices Global Partnership now houses the Foundation and its initiatives including "Women of Impact Awards", "Women in the World on Campus" and the solutions database that showcases nonprofits that advance women and girls.

= = = Henricus macrocarpana = = =

	Henricus macrocarpana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in the United States, where it has been recorded from Nevada and California.
	The wingspan is about 22 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing in January, March, May, June, August and from October to November.

= = = CRNHs = = =

	The Centres de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine or CRNHs is a health research organisation based in France. Its goal is to improve the knowledge on the function properties of food, on metabolism and on human physiology, from basic research to the study of behaviours and their impact on health. The French territory is now provided with four CRNH having common tools and complementary scientific skills that allow them to develop multi center programs using their platforms and their specific skills.
	Nutritional issues are of major importance as populations around the world are considerably changing their diet and lifestyle with large health consequences. Food related-diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, malnutrition and cancers are becoming major public health issues. 
	CRNHs is the network of French research centres for human nutrition. CRNHs has the ambition to provide scientific answers to nutrition related health issues by promoting science and accelerating technology transfer to society. CRNHs aims to improve the knowledge on the functional properties of food and particularly its effects on metabolism and on human physiology by developing multi center programs using its platforms and its specific skills. CRNHs contributes to technology transfer between hospital sectors, research laboratories and industries. CRNHs’ expertise, its platforms for clinical exploration, analysis and data processing offer significant opportunities for collaborations. CRNHs develops research programs in nutrition within the framework of national, European and international research programs, working closely with industry partners and researchers worldwide.
	To advise on strategic development, CRNHs has been endowed with an external scientific advisory board composed of experts from several European.
	- Create a research pole of experts
	- Coordinate and lead multicentric research program to improve the knowledge in human nutrition
	- Create a platform between laboratories and hospitals for the translational research
	- Answer to public health major issues by giving a scientific answer to the nutrition problem
	Director : Pr Martine Laville (CRNH Rhône Alpes)
	Co-directors : Pr Noel Cano (CRNH Auvergne), Alain Grynberg (CRNH Ile de France), Pr Michel Krempf (CRNH Ouest)
	In France there is now four CRNH having common tools and complementary scientific skills.
	Target tissues
	Nutrition in elderly and in chronic diseases
	- Skeletal Muscle and Bone: sarcopenia and osteoporosis
	- Cardiovascular : prevention of metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis, metabolomics, food metabolome
	- Gastro-intestinal: digestive pain, microbiota
	- Hormone-dependent cancer: nutrition, breast and prostate cancer
	Human dietary behaviour
	- Nutritional Epidemiology and cohorts, food economy
	- Adipose tissue
	- Cardiovascular
	- Gastro-intestinal
	- Endocrinology
	Obesity, Diabetes, Physical Activity
	- Nutrition, health and well-being,
	- Clinical nutrition, aging and chronic diseases
	- Health properties of food and diet
	- Lipid/lipoprotein metabolism and cardio metabolic risks
	- Relationship between sedentary behaviour and health consequences

= = = Sandra Hall = = =

	Sandra L. Hall (born September 5, 1951) is an African-American blues and soul blues singer and songwriter. She has been billed as Atlanta's "Empress of the Blues" Hall is an Honorary Member of the Atlanta Blues Society. To date she has released five albums, including three on Ichiban Records.
	Hall was born in Oakland City, Atlanta, Georgia, United States. After singing from the age of four at a nearby church, Hall formed a duo with her sister, Barbara, called the Soul Sisters. She later formed the Exotics, singing and dancing particularly at the Royal Peacock Club, one of the premier Atlanta nightclubs. The Exotics opened for several touring acts at that venue, including Otis Redding, Joe Tex and the Temptations. By the late 1960s, Hall had trained as a nurse, supplementing her income by working variously as a singer, go-go dancer and stripper. She also raised her daughter during this time.
	She continued singing in a semi-professional vein, whilst working full-time as a nurse. She developed her stage act to include a risque repertoire which was ripe with innuendo. Her better known songs included "Big Long Sliding Thing," "One Drop Will Do You," and "Pump Up Your Love". Hall's live work came to the attention of Ichiban Records and, in 1995, they released her debut solo album, "Showin' Off". The same year she appeared at the Sarasota Blues Fest. Hall continued to work largely around Atlanta, but her recording exposure led her on tours in Europe, which included her performing at the Montreux Jazz Festival. Her second album, "One Drop Will Do You", was issued in 1997. The Allmusic journalist, Alex Henderson, noted that "One Drop Will Do You" "isn't an innovative or groundbreaking album, but it's certainly a very satisfying and inspired one".
	In 2001, she self-released "Miss Red Riding Hood". Hall performed at the W.C. Handy Blues and Barbecue Festival in 2005. As well as continuing to perform and record, she befriended Shemekia Copeland and gave guidance in her early career, and Hall regularly visits schools teaching blues culture and singing styles. Hall continues to perform at Blind Willie's in Atlanta. In 2011, Hall appeared at the Julius Daniels Memorial Blues Festival.

= = = 1st Air Base Group = = =

	The 1st Air Base Group of the Puerto Rico State Guard (1ABG-PRSG) — is the main unit of the Air State Guard of the Military Forces of Puerto Rico that operates under the sole authority of the governor of Puerto Rico who, in turn, delegates such authority to the Puerto Rico Adjutant General and to the Commanding General of the Puerto Rico State Guard.
	Along with Texas, California and New York, the Puerto Rico State Guard is one of the few SDFs that has an air division that embrace the Air Force culture. The 1st Air Base Group, located at Muñiz Air National Guard Base, is an excellent example of integration and teamwork with the PRANG units, especially with the current 156th Wing.
	The 1st Air Base Group is composed of:
	The 1ABG have two support flights to provide support to the 140th Air Defense Squadron in Punta Salinas and the 141st Air Control Squadron in Punta Borinquén Aguadilla. All 1st Air Base Group units are organized to meet the military training requirements necessary to take over the Puerto Rico Air National Guard installations upon mobilization and deployment of their units. 
	The 1st Air Base Group training is conducted in accordance with USAF regulations, which supplements the PRSG and PRNG regulations, directives and guidance. Unit Training Assemblies (UTAs) are performed jointly with PRANG's 156th AW in a consolidated drill concept. These trainings are performed jointly with 156th AW personnel. It allows 1ABG personnel to acquire hands-on experience of what their duty will be if PRANG units are mobilize and deployed. It also gives them the opportunity to be trained by their counterpart in their specialty and get the feeling of a real life scenario, while getting ready for it. These drills are performed concurrently with 156th AW UTA schedule.
	All 1st Air Base Group units and members attend consolidated drills. This form of UTA's is used to:
	The PRSG is the state's authorized militia and assumes the state mission of the Puerto Rico National Guard in the event the National Guard is mobilized. Unlike the Civil Air Patrol or the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary, the PRSG is a statutory military entity of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico with each PRSG member subject to the Puerto Rico Code of Military Justice (Law 62). Under state law, enlisted members and officers of the PRSG have the same similar legal status, privileges, and/or immunities as members of the state National Guard (in state status) when called to State Active Duty (SAD) or in drill status.
	As a state organized militia, the PRSG ranks are official state military ranks in accordance with the Article 1, Section 8, Clause 16 of the United States Constitution were the US Congress received the power “to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress”. All PRSG appointments, commissions, warrants, and enlistments are recognized and authorized by the Governor of Puerto Rico through the Adjutant General of PR. The PRSG military personnel render to all members of the military community, and receive from them, all courtesies common to all such members, such as saluting, and forms of address.
	As a historic milestone for our Unit, From August 13 to 17, 2016, a selected group of nine 1st Air Base Group Civil Engineering Flight traveled and participated in a DFT Mission in support to the US Virgin Island National Guard. During the mission our airmen performed rehabilitation and maintenance task at the USVING Joint Forces Headquarters. The group was excellently led by 1st Lt Alexander De Jesus, 1ABG CEF Commander. They were received, greeted and their outstanding performance was recognized by the USVI TAG, BG (VI) Deborah Howell and her Senior Staff.
	As approved by the Puerto Rico Adjutant General, the military uniforms worn by the 1st Air Base Group personnel are a variation of the U.S. Air Force's Airman Battle Uniform, the USAF's Service Dress Uniform and the USAF's Mess Dress. 1st Air Base Group members must use the PRSG AIR FORCE distinctive marking on those authorized uniforms. All units commanders will ensure that all members, individually and collectively, present a professional, well-groomed appearance, which will reflect credit upon PRSG Air Force as the State Command of the Puerto Rico National Guard. The following Military and USAF Style Specialty Badges are authorized to professional members of the 1st Air Base Group:
	As a regulation governing the use of those Specialty Badges, the 1ABG published the Career Field Education and Training Plan (CFETP) Policy Manual. The CFETP provides information for the Civil Engineer, Medical Corps, Dental Corps, Nurse Corps, Chaplain, Judge Advocate, Emergency Managers, Security Forces and Fire Protection occupational series. That plan outlines desired training, education, and experience to chart and execute a career in those career fields—from entry-level officer/NCO through squadron commander. The CFETP also provides officers, supervisors, and commanders a means to jointly plan and program training and education opportunities. Each officer and NCO should use The CFETP to work with supervisors and commanders to determine appropriate levels and timing of education and training, and ensure they have every opportunity to attend continual education courses. Every officer or NCO should take the initiative to determine realistic milestones for achieving their goals. Completion of education, training, and experience is a joint responsibility between the officer, their supervisor, and the commander.
	In January 2014, the 1st Air Base Group published the 1ABG Airman Manual establishing military standards, qualifications, and as a mean to verify readiness. This manual has been created to assist 1ABG airmen in their military career. It is intended to provide quick guidance to the customs, courtesies, and basic knowledge of the United States Air Force (USAF) and life in the PRSG Air Force. Whether the member have prior military experience, or no military experience, this guide sets forth the basic military principles and policies required of an airman.
	The contents of this publication are a compilation of materials from military manuals and guides and is designed to serve as a guide to all members of the 1st Air Base Group-Puerto Rico Air State Guard. This manual is intended to be used as an orientation resource for new members and a reference document for all personnel.
	The 1ABG Airman Manual includes the following chapters:
	Also, all 1st Air Base Group personnel participate in other Professional Military Education specialized and general training:
	During Training Year 2010-2011 the 1st Air Base Group participated as a Unit in the Military Emergency Management Specialist (MEMS) Program. The Military Emergency Management Specialist (MEMS) Academy was established by the State Guard Association of the United States, Inc. (SGAUS) in 1998 to promote and advance the practice of emergency management among the various State Defense Forces or State Military Reserves. The program is structured around the Federal Emergency Management Agency's National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Incident Command System (ICS).
	The 1ABG certified the 90% of their personnel as MEMS Basic and NIMS Compliance, being the first and only State Defense Force Unit in the Nation to achieve that goal.
	With the support of the PRSG MEMS Academy staff & instructors, the 1ABG completed the following FEMA-Emergency Management Institute classroom courses:
	Also as a Group, as a requirement for the Basic MEMS Certification, they completed a Point of Distribution Exercise planned under Incident Command principles at Puerto Rico National Guard's Camp Santiago Joint Maneuvering Training Site, Salinas, PR.
	On 2016, the 1st ABG, in a joint effort with the 156AW Security Forces Squadron, implemented the Security Forces Basic Orientation Course (SFBOC) for Air State Guard Personnel. The course serves as an introduction of Security Forces concepts of operations. It will also direct their knowledge toward the U.S. Air Force and Air National Guard security forces culture. It will give all these personnel the basic necessary knowledge to support the PRANG Mission. The participants completed 73 contact hours of Professional Military Education including the following topics: Security Forces Concepts of Operations, Military Law and Jurisdiction, Authority, Communications, Counter Bloodborne & Pathogens, Reports, Challenge (Foot & Vehicle), Handcuffing, Individual, Areas & Vehicles Searches, ASP Baton, Individual & Small Team Tactics, Entry Control Procedures, AF Form 1109, AF Form 52, Sec Forces Combative, Arming & Use of Force, Rules of Engagement.
	On May 1, 2016, the 1ABG received the Meritorious Unit Citation awarded to the 1st Air Base Group-Puerto Rico Air State Guard by the State Guard Association of the United States. This national level recognition is awarded to the 1st ABG for their achievements in the Emergency Management and Regional Points of Distribution Program in support to the PR Emergency Management Agency and FEMA mission. And for being the first State Guard Unit that qualify more than the 90% of their personnel as Basic Military Emergency Management Specialists.

= = = Henricus umbrabasana = = =

	Henricus umbrabasana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in the United States, where it has been recorded from California and south-western Washington. It possibly also occurs in Oregon.
	The length of the forewings is 7.5–9 mm. The forewings are yellowish white with a well-defined brown to dark-brown basal patch and a black spot in the median fascia. Adults are on wing from May to September in one generation per year.
	The larvae feed on the young leaves and shoots of "Quercus agrifolia", "Quercus chrysolepis" and "Quercus lobata". They feed from within a shelter covered in frass and debris. Full-grown larvae are dark maroon with a brown or black head. Pupation takes place within a cocoon which is also covered in frass and debris.

= = = Miss India Worldwide 1992 = = =

	Miss India Worldwide 1992 was the 3rd edition of the international female pageant. Total number of contestants were not known. Icha Singh of United States crowned as winner at the end of the event. 

= = = Una storia semplice (novel) = = =

	Una storia semplice ("A Simple Story") is a short novel by Leonardo Sciascia. It was the last novel of the author to be published, shortly before his death. It is inspired by a real event, i.e. the theft of the Caravaggio "Nativity with St. Francis and St. Lawrence", which happened in 1969. A film based on the novel was directed by Emidio Greco and released in 1991.

= = = 57th Battalion (Canadien-Français), CEF = = =

	The 57th Battalion (Canadien-Français), CEF (in French, 57 Bataillon (Canadien-Français), CEF) was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War. The 57th Battalion was authorized on 20 April 1915 and embarked for Britain on 2 June 1916. On 8 June 1916, its personnel were absorbed by the 69th Battalion, CEF to provide reinforcements to the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion was disbanded on 11 April 1918.
	The 57th Battalion recruited in and was mobilized at Quebec City.
	The 57th Battalion had two Officers Commanding:
	The 57th Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916.
	The 57 Bataillon (Canadien-Français), CEF is perpetuated by Les Voltigeurs de Quebec .
	Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914-1919 by Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962

= = = Constantinos Antonopoulos = = =

	Constantinos Antonopoulos (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Αντωνόπουλος) is a founding member, shareholder and CEO of Intralot.
	Constantinos Antonopoulos is a founding member and shareholder of Intralot, a Greek company that supplies integrated gaming, transaction processing systems, game content, sports betting management and interactive gaming services to state-licensed gaming organizations worldwide. In 1992, the year that the company was established, he assumed his current position as chief executive officer. Under his leadership the company has grown its presence to 56 countries and its workforce to more than 5,500 people. He is the chairman of many companies of the group and a non - executive member of the board of directors of Intracom Holdings. In November 2014 Constantinos Antonopoulos resigned from his position as Intralot's CEO.
	Constantinos Antonopoulos was honored with numerous significant distinctions; among others he was distinguished internationally in the “Lottery industry Hall of Fame”, as one of the most important professionals in the lottery industry An essential initiative that Constantinos Antonopoulos took was Intralot’s becoming a founding member of the Global Growth Companies community, the “New Champions of the World Economic Forum”. He is a member of the board of directors of the Federation of Greek Industries (SEV) and participates in the Foreign Affairs Executive Committee of the Federation (SEV International).
	Born in the city of Patras, Constantinos Antonopoulos graduated in 1976 from the National Technical University of Athens with a degree in Electrical Engineering. He continued his studies at the University of Manchester (UMIST), England and received a Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree in Systems Reliability. He is married and father of three children.

= = = K-141 (Kansas highway) = = =

	K-141 is a north–south state highway in Ellsworth County in central Kansas. The highway connects K-4 west of Marquette and K-140 northeast of Carneiro with Kanopolis Lake. K-141 is a part of the Prairie Trail Scenic Byway, a scenic byway designated to highlight the history, culture, and nature of the area.
	K-141 is a north–south route with a total length of . The entire route travels primarily through rural grassland.
	K-141 begins at a southern terminus with K-4 west of the town Marquette. From there, the highway heads north for about before turning north-northwest. After the turn, K-141 travels along the top of Kanopolis Dam. Immediately after crossing the dam, the highway turns northwest, travels a short distance, then gently curves back to a northerly direction. K-141 continues traveling in a northward direction until it is south of K-140, at which time it turns northeast, crosses railroad tracks, then turns back north to its northern terminus with K-140 northeast of the unincorporated community of Carneiro. 
	From the southern terminus northward it is paved with full design bituminous pavement, the next is paved with partial design bituminous pavement and the final is paved with full design bituminous pavement. K-141 is not included in the National Highway System. The National Highway System is a system of highways important to the nation's defense, economy, and mobility. 2017 Annual average daily traffic (AADT) on K-141 ranged from 455 near the intersection of Avenue M to 520 slightly north of the southern terminus.
	On October 6, 1954 the Kansas State Highway Commission, now known as Kansas Department of Transportation, passed a resolution to make Kanopolis Lake Road a state highway as soon as Ellsworth County had brought it up to state highway standards. Then in an August 16, 1955 resolution it was designated K-141 as the county had finished required projects. On October 13, 1967 US-40 was rerouted to overlap the newly constructed section of I-70 from Dorrance to Salina. At that time K-141 was extended from its northern terminus eastward along old US-40 to Salina. This extension was breif because on November 27, 1968 old US-40 from Ellsworth eastward to Salina was designated K-140 and K-141 was truncated to end at the new K-140, its original northern terminus.

= = = Club Fifteen = = =

	Club Fifteen is a radio program in the United States that featured popular music. It was broadcast weeknights (except for a two month hiatus each summer) 30 June 1947 – 21 December 1951. Then, it aired Monday, Wednesday, and Friday nights until 16 January 1953. The name reflected the program's length—15 minutes. "The Historical Dictionary of Old-Time Radio" noted that the show "is sometimes listed as "Bob Crosby's Club Fifteen" because Bob Crosby was the original star, although Dick Haymes took over in 1949-50." The program was sponsored by Campbell Soups.
	Media historian Jim Cox commented that in "Club Fifteen", "Crosby followed a pattern that he had perfected a dozen years earlier, being the front man with the easygoing, laid-back technique, quick to defer to others in the cast." Musical selections formed the core of each broadcast, supplemented as "Crosby bantered back and forth with his co-stars in lively scripted exchanges laced with light humor."
	A contemporary critic echoed Cox's comments. Paul Ackerman, in a review of the 25 July 1947, episode of "Club Fifteen" in Billboard, wrote: "Club 15 [sic] .. is patterned after a tried and proven formula ... the talent is easily listenable." He continued, "Bob Crosby ... is engaging in the light chatter ... and a good performer in his solos and duets with Margaret Whiting." Overall, Ackerman considered the program "a pleasant quarter-hour of pops and standards."
	Except for the 1949-50 season, when Dick Haymes was host, Bob Crosby was the star of the show. During that year, Crosby left CBS to sing in a half-hour program for Pet Milk on NBC. Cox wrote, "When his NBC contract ended, he hustled back to re-sign at CBS, and remained—with rare exceptions—a fixture in CBS's fold for the continuation of his network broadcasting life."
	Other individuals who sang on "Club Fifteen" were Jo Stafford, Margaret Whiting, Patti Clayton, Evelyn Knight (singer) and Gisele MacKenzie. Vocal groups featured were The Andrews Sisters and The Modernaires. Jerry Gray led the orchestra and Del Sharbutt was the announcer. Effective March 30, 1948, The Pied Pipers replaced The Modernaires, singing on Tuesdays and Thursdays as they alternated nights with the Andrews trio.
	Producers were Murray Bolen, Diana Bourbon, Ace Ochs, and Cal Kuhl.

= = = Henricus ceramocerus = = =

	Henricus ceramocerus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.

= = = Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent = = =

	The Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent is the permanent statutory body of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the highest deliberative body of the Movement between the meetings of the Council of Delegates and the International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. It was originally set up to coordinate cooperation between the International Committee of the Red Cross and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (previously known as the League of Red Cross Societies).
	It consists of two representatives from the ICRC (including its president), two from the IFRC (including its president), and five individuals who are elected by the International Conference. There is also a permanent administrative Secretariat currently located at the ICRC Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. There have been 55 previous elected members of the Standing Commission. The Standing Commission is also responsible for giving out the Henry Dunant Medal (the Movement's highest award) and the Red Cross Red Crescent Prize for Peace and Humanity.
	The Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent is the permanent statutory body of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the highest deliberative body of the Movement between the meetings of the Council of Delegates and the International Conference, as well as the trustee of the International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. It was created during the 13th Red Cross Conference in the Hague, the Netherlands in 1928, under Article 18, resolution X. It was set up, in part, to be a connecting force between the International Committee of the Red Cross and the League (today the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies), as there had been some disputes over how the Movement should be run and what level of autonomy the League should have. After years of disagreement, Colonel Paul Draudt who was Vice-Chairman of the League and Max Huber of the ICRC drafted a plan that formed the basis for the adoption of the “Statutes of the International Red Cross” in 1928. This resulted in the League being recognised as a full component of the Movement and helped build institutional stability and effectiveness. In order to help with this cooperation a new International Council was approved- which was the direct predecessor of the Standing Commission. Since then, the Standing Commission has been making arrangements for the International Conference (held every four years) such as setting the place and date, establishing the programme, preparing the provisional agenda for submission to the Council of Delegates as well as promoting the Conference, encouraging members of the Conference to make pledges and securing optimum attendance. It has also encouraged implementation of resolutions, examined issues of concern for the Movement and worked to promote cooperation and coordination within the different branches of the Movement.
	The Standing Commission's main role is to act as the trustee of the International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. The International Conference is the highest institutional body of the Movement and every four years members from the ICRC, IFRC, the National Societies as well as states and other relevant international actors meet to discuss humanitarian matters. In between the Conferences, the Standing Commission acts as the supreme body and is mandated to provide strategic guidance to all the components of the Movement, along with supervising the implementation of and compliance with the resolutions made during the International Conference. Its functions and goals are defined in article 18 of the Statutes of the Movement and have been further developed in the Council of Delegates (CoD) and International Conference resolutions.
	In addition to its responsibilities regarding arrangements for International Conferences and meetings of the Council, the Standing Commission is responsible for
	Another purpose (in consultation with the ICRC, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and National Societies) is to provide strategic guidance in matters which concern the Movement as a whole. It prepares Movement-wide policies such as the Strategy for the Movement, which aims at coordination and cohesion in action. It is the only body in the Movement where all components are represented and which meets regularly on a permanent basis. For the implementation of its decisions, the Commission relies on the ICRC, the International Federation, and the National Societies as components of the Movement. In preparing Councils of Delegates and International Conferences, the Commission focuses on the inclusion of and consultation with National Societies, in order to try to stay in touch with local needs and with external developments. The Standing Commission was also instrumental in bringing the Seville Agreement to the Council of Delegates for adoption to better regulate more cooperation between different components of the Movement. The Standing Commission convenes every six months on average.
	The Standing Commission has nine members, five elected from national societies but serving in a personal capacity; two from the International Committee of the Red Cross (one of whom serves as President); and two from the International Federation of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). There is also a permanent administrative Secretariat located at the ICRC Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.
	Previous and current elected members of the Standing Commission
	The Henry Dunant Medal is the highest award of the Red Cross Movement and is presented and awarded by the Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. The Standing Commission makes up to five awards every two years. The medal is awarded in order to “recognise and reward outstanding services and acts of great devotion, mainly of international significance, to the cause of the Red Cross/Red Crescent by any of its members.” Special weight is put on the international significance of a potential recipient's acts or service. The medal was first given in 1969 and 149 individuals have received the award since then.
	Table of previous Henry Dunant medal winners
	The Standing Commission is also responsible for awarding the Red Cross and Red Crescent Prize for Peace and Humanity. It was created in 1987 and is given either to National Societies or to persons in the Movement “who have actively contributed to a more peaceful world through humanitarian action and the dissemination of the ideals of the Movement”. Only three recipients have received it so far, the Lebanese Red Cross in 1989, the Somali Red Crescent in 1993 and the Syrian Arab Red Crescent in a ceremony in Sydney on November 12, 2013.

= = = Tenebrae Responsoria (Gesualdo) = = =

	Responsoria et alia ad Officium Hebdomadae Sanctae spectantia is a collection of music for Holy Week by Italian composer Carlo Gesualdo, published in 1611. It consists of three sets of nine short pieces, one set for each of Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and Holy Saturday, and a psalm and a hymn. The work was written for unaccompanied voices: two soprano parts, alto, two tenor parts, and bass.
	The texts of the Responsories for Holy Week are related to Jesus's Passion and are sung in between the lessons at Tenebrae. Gesualdo's settings are stylistically "madrigali spirituali" - madrigals on sacred texts. As in Gesualdo's later books of madrigals, he uses particularly sharp dissonance and shocking chromatic juxtapositions, especially in the parts highlighting text passages having to do with Christ's suffering, or the guilt of St. Peter in having betrayed Jesus.

= = = AIP Advances = = =

	AIP Advances is an open-access peer-reviewed scientific mega journal published by the American Institute of Physics. It was established in March 2011. It covers all aspects of physics, both experimental and theoretical.
	Submissions are peer-reviewed to assess accuracy and originality, while impact, timeliness, and interest are judged a posteriori through online discussion and ranking tools. All articles are published under a Creative Commons License, with the author retaining the copyright and paying a publication fee.
	The editors-in-chief are Vincent H. Crespi (Pennsylvania State University), Bernard S. Gerstman (Florida International University), A. T. Charlie Johnson (University of Pennsylvania), Masaaki Tanaka (University of Tokyo), and Enge G. Wang (Peking University). The journal is abstracted and indexed by the Science Citation Index Expanded and Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 1.579.

= = = The Headies 2008 = = =

	The third edition of the Hip Hop World Awards was hosted by comedian Basketmouth and Nollywood actress Dakore Egbuson. It was held on March 15, 2008, at Planet One in Maryland, Lagos, Nigeria. Nigerian-French singer Aṣa won 3 awards, including Album of the Year for her eponymous debut studio album. 2face Idibia received the most nominations with six.
	Winners are emboldened.

= = = Ken Crawford (astrophotographer) = = =

	Ken Crawford is an American astrophotographer from Rancho Del Sol Camino, California.
	Ken Crawford was born in Gary, Indiana, and was interested in astronomy from a young age. In eighth grade, he built his first telescope. In 1978, he moved to Placerville, California. In 1985, he began his own carpet business, and in 1996 joined with Carpet One to have the largest floor and window covering store in the county.
	In 2001, Crawford renewed his interest in astronomy to become an amateur astrophotographer. In 2004, he was one of the principal founders of the Advanced Imaging Conference held every year in San Jose and has served as president since 2007. In 2008, he was invited to participate in the NASA "Astronomy Picture of the Day" with many of his images appearing as the picture of the day. His images are noted in the astronomy community "for revealing extremely faint structures and details in objects not previously seen."

= = = Gracilibacillus = = =

	Gracilibacillus is a genus of bacteria within the phylum Firmicutes. Species within this genus are generally halotolerant.

= = = Alex Pontons Paz = = =

	Alex Pontons Paz (born 26 November 1994) is a Bolivian footballer who plays for Oriente Petrolero in the Liga de Futbol Profesional Boliviano out loan from Sampdoria.
	A product of the Milan youth academy, Paz joined Nocerina on a season long loan on 25 July 2013 along with fellow Edmund Hottor. He made his debut for the club in a Coppa Italia match against Pordenone, where he started the match.

= = = Joseph Sax = = =

	Joseph Lawrence Sax (February 3, 1936 – March 9, 2014) was an environmental law professor, known for developing the public trust doctrine.
	Born and raised in Chicago, Sax graduated from Harvard University in 1957 and then earned a law degree in 1959 from the University of Chicago Law School. After a few years in private practice and at the Department of Justice he began teaching, first with the University of Colorado in 1962 and then at the University of Michigan in 1965. He joined the University of California, Berkeley School of Law in 1986.
	From 1994 to 1996, Sax worked with the Clinton Administration under Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt.
	Sax was involved in environmental and conservation law from early in his career, working with the Sierra Club in Colorado. drafting Michigan's environmental law (known as the "Sax Act") and working on a variety of water resource cases in California.
	It was while he was teaching law students at the University of Colorado that he realized that there was no satisfactory theory accounting for the public interest in natural resources law, and that his work was "grooming lawyers who might one day help companies extract resources, mainly from public lands."

= = = Miss Denmark = = =

	Miss Denmark (Danish: Miss Danmark or Frøken Danmark) is a national Beauty pageant in Denmark.
	The Miss Danmark pageant was established in 1926 when the country hosted its first national beauty contest whose winner was Edith Jørgensen. Between 1951 and 2003, Miss Denmark/Frøken Danmark selected one winner to represent Denmark at several major international beauty competitions. Among the famous Miss Danmarks include Aino Korva, Miss Danmark 1963.
	From 1986 until 2013, Memborg models operated the contest. In 2015, the rights to hold the "Miss Denmark" national beauty pageant have been purchased by Lisa Lents (Miss World Denmark 2008) of Miss & Mister Denmark Org. The winner of "Miss Denmark" from now on will compete only at Miss World.
	In 2013, the organization obtained the Miss Earth franchise license where they sent representatives in 2013 & 2014. After a few years break, they were back at working with Miss Earth in 2017 & 2018.
	In 2018, the organization obtained the Miss Universe, Miss International, Miss Grand International & Miss Supranational franchise licenses.
	Below are the official winners of Miss Danmark winners since 1926. As of 2019, the winner goes to Miss Universe and Miss Grand International.
	The winners of Miss Denmark from 1952 to 1996 represented their country at Miss Universe pageant.
	Between 1986 and 1995 Bo Andersen handled the Miss Universe Denmark franchise.
	From 1996 until 2013, Memborg Models with Lene Memborg operated the franchise.
	Began in 2018 Lisa Lents took over the Miss Universe franchise. The winner of Miss Universe Denmark independent competition holds for the first tome in Miss Denmark 2019. In 2018 the Miss World Denmark 2016, Helena Heuser appointed to compete.
	Aino Korva, the only Dane to place in the top 5 at Miss Universe, Žaklina Šojić, the last Dane to place in the top 15 at Miss Universe in 2007, are directly involved with the fundamentals of the new "Face of Denmark" competition.
	So far, no Dane has ever won Miss World; the closest to the crown was Pia Rosenberg Larsen in 1986, when she placed as the 1st Runner-up to the eventual winner, Giselle Laronde of Trinidad & Tobago.

= = = National colours of Ukraine = = =

	The national colours of Ukraine are usually identified as the combination of blue and gold in that order. These colours are the same as in the flag of Ukraine. The roots of Ukrainian national colours come from before Christian times when yellow and blue prevailed in traditional ceremonies, reflecting fire and water. The most solid proof of yellow and blue colours could be traced as far as the Battle of Grunwald at which participated militia formations from various lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Union. In maps of the 19th and 20th centuries, the territories of Ukraine were usually coloured yellow. The "gold" (Or) is nearly always represented by a shade of yellow, as there is no distinct colour "yellow" in heraldry; they both count as "Gold".
	There is a theory that the colors have arrived in the area of present-day Ukraine, together with the governor Prinz Władysław II Opolczyk, who established them to the princypality of rus on model of his native Upper Silesia
	Blue and gold are also national colours of Sweden, Palau and Kazakhstan.
	The colours in the Ukrainian flag represent golden fields of grain under a clear blue sky, appropriate for a country known as the "bread basket" of its area.
	The Ukrainian flag was light blue over yellow prior to the establishment of the Soviet Republic. Used sparingly, blue signifies blue skies or air. It can be used to denote good health.
	Ukraine's state coat of arms feature the same colours found on the Ukrainian flag; a blue shield with gold trident, called the tryzub, which means "three teeth." It represents the triune God on earth and in heaven. It appears on the Presidential standard of Ukraine. Blue coloured tridents are considered to be irregular representation by the Ukrainian Heraldry Society.
	In addition to the Hero of Ukraine Order, decorations that include or consist of the national colours are the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, Order of Liberty, Order of Danylo Halytsky, Order of Merit, Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Shevchenko National Prize
	In many international team sports Ukraine (such as in the Olympic Games), colours used for the team are yellow and blue, where the blue is often a very dark blue. These include National Olympic Committee of Ukraine, Ukraine men's national ice hockey team, Ukraine national basketball team, Ukraine national football team, and Ukraine national bandy team. The club team FC Metalist Kharkiv has also adopted these colours.
	Ukraine International Airlines current livery is a "Eurowhite" scheme, comprising a white fuselage with UIA titles and a Ukrainian flag. The tail is blue with yellow line across the it. This livery has been in use since the late 1990s. The tail was white with two thick blue lines, which tapered from the rear of the tail and met at point towards the front bottom.

= = = Hesperoyucca newberryi = = =

	Hesperoyucca newberryi, commonly known as the Grand Canyon Quixote plant or Newberry's yucca, is a plant species endemic to Arizona. It is found only in Mohave and Coconino Counties, on the walls of canyons near the Colorado River.
	"Hesperoyucca newberryi" is a perennial forming a rosette. It is semelparous (flowering once then dying). Leaves are narrow, up to long but usually less than across. Flowering stalks are up to tall, bearing cream-colored flowers. The fruit is a dry, egg-shaped capsule about long.

= = = Michigan Townships Association = = =

	The Michigan Townships Association (MTA) is a non-profit organization based in U.S. state of Michigan. It is one of the largest local government associations in the United States. The MTA was formed in 1953 and now claims nearly 99% of Michigan's 1,240 townships as members.
	The MTA's mission is to help township officials govern more effectively and provide improved services to the 4 million plus Michigan township residents. The association provides classes, educational conferences, and publications to aid their members' understanding of statutory duties. The MTA also seeks to influence legislation in Michigan by representing townships before the Michigan Legislature.
	In 1952, Kalamazoo Township (Kalamazoo Co.) was involved in an annexation battle with the City of Kalamazoo. During that time, Kalamazoo Township Clerk Joe Parisi and other township officials began pondering the foundation of an organization to provide information to townships, as well as impact legislation at the state Capitol.
	Parisi spent most of the next year traveling around the state, meeting with township officials, and receiving advice and recommendations about the formation of a Michigan organization for townships. After the trip concluded, the supervisors and clerks of all 16 townships in Kalamazoo County and supervisors from Allegan, Berrien, Calhoun and St. Joseph counties met at the Kalamazoo Township hall. Following much discussion the group decided they would support the effort to organize statewide.
	As word of the new organization spread, Parisi began meeting with local and state government officials who agreed to attend a meeting on October 6, 1953, to formally organize the townships association. More than 700 township officials gathered in Lansing to be addressed by Parisi in the main ballroom of the former Olds Hotel, where the group voted unanimously to form the association. At the meeting’s conclusion, Redford Township (Wayne Co.) Supervisor Leonard Broquet was elected president, and Governor G. Mennen Williams offered his congratulations and best wishes for the future of the newly formed Michigan Townships Association (MTA).
	MTA moved to Lansing in 1957, when Parisi decided not to seek re-election as township clerk and serve as the executive director full-time. During the mid-1960s, MTA experienced a period of phenomenal growth. Because of its achievements in strengthening township government, the Association became more important to township officials and found itself in need of expanding its services. In addition to advocacy, the MTA began offering scheduled training classes and legal information services.
	As District Meetings were drawing to a close in 1973, Parisi was stricken with a heart attack. In an effort to ensure the Association ran smoothly in spite of the executive director’s absence, Robert R. Robinson, the MTA’s legislative director, and the Board of Directors assumed leadership. Eventually, Robinson, a former MTA President and supervisor of Meridian Township (Ingham County), was named MTA’s second executive director.
	In 1983, John (Jack) M. La Rose became the Association’s third executive director. Concurrent with La Rose’s appointment, Robinson assumed a newly created full-time position as associate director. La Rose was originally hired in 1978 as executive assistant. He was later made deputy executive director to prepare for Robinson’s retirement.
	In 1987, the MTA Board approved the purchase of a new office site on almost 10 wooded acres in Delta Charter Township. Due to careful financial planning, the new site and building had a minimal impact on MTA membership contributions. MTA won an Award of Excellence from the American Society of Association Executives for its financial planning for the new headquarters.
	Upon La Rose’s retirement in 2000, G. Larry Merrill became MTA’s fourth executive director. He served as deputy executive director since 1985, but was originally hired in 1980 as director of education. Merrill’s focus has been to support the efforts of the MTA board to govern at a strategic, forward-thinking level.
	In 2003, MTA celebrated its 50th Anniversary with an open house, special events at its Annual Educational Conference, a fireworks show over Mackinac Island during its Summer Legislative Conference, and burying a time capsule, along with dedication of a garden memorializing the contributions of former executive directors Joe Parisi and Bob Robinson.
	MTA is not a governmental entity but is a 501(c)4 nonprofit, voluntary membership association for Michigan’s 1,240 townships. The Association provides services including speaking on behalf of townships to state and federal lawmakers, answering questions on statutory requirements and providing solutions, and offering education programs to build knowledge and skills for township officials.
	State laws authorize Michigan townships to perform a wide variety of functions in two important categories: mandated and permissive.
	Mandated functions are activities that townships are required to perform. The three broadest mandated responsibilities are assessment administration, elections administration and tax collection, which are legally assigned functions of the supervisor, clerk and treasurer, respectively. State laws also specify details for performing these functions.
	In addition to these broad mandates, there are other, more narrow state requirements. Procedures for the township’s financial administration, such as budgets, accounting, investments and deposits, are closely regulated by the state. Township meetings must comply with Michigan’s Open Meetings Act, and township records must be stored and made available in conformance with specific laws, such as the Freedom of Information Act.
	Beyond the mandated functions, Michigan townships are authorized to provide a wide variety of services that are generally expected from general purpose governmental entities. Virtually all townships provide fire protection and many also offer law enforcement as well. Parks and recreation programs, public water and sewer services, trash collection and recycling programs, sidewalks and trails, and cemeteries are other common township functions. Townships, as well as other local governments, can provide these services by themselves, or jointly with another entity, and townships can buy from and sell to other governments any function it can produce by itself. In some but not all cases, townships can also contract with private entities to provide programs and services.
	Townships have broad powers to enact and enforce ordinances. Zoning ordinances regulate land use, while many other “police power,” non-zoning ordinances control activities that protect the health, safety and general welfare of the community.
	A significant difference between townships and cities and villages in Michigan is the general lack of authority in townships to perform maintenance and construction on roads. In most states, townships take care of local roads in their jurisdictions, but Michigan law transferred responsibility for roads to county road commissions and, most recently, provides the option for county boards of commissioners to transfer road responsibility from road commissions to themselves. Under very specific circumstances, larger townships may contract with road commissions to assume road maintenance responsibilities, but only one township has opted to accept road responsibilities to this degree. Townships do not receive gas and weight tax distributions as cities, villages and counties do. It is the county’s statutory responsibility to keep roads in a safe condition, but township boards recognize that counties do not have sufficient resources to take care of all the road needs. As a result, townships collectively spent in excess of $160 million on roads in 2010, even though they are not required by law to do so.
	The Michigan Constitution and state statutes limit the amount of property tax millage that townships can levy for general township operations. General law townships are allocated at least 1 mill from the constitutionally limited 15/18 mills allocated among townships, the county, public schools and the intermediate school district. Charter townships, like cities, do not share in this allocated millage, but townships chartered by a referendum may levy up to 5 mills. Townships chartered by board resolution after Nov. 22, 1978, must have a vote of the electors authorizing the levy of up to 5 mills. In either case, the 5-mill limit may be increased up to 10 mills with a vote of the electors.
	Townships also utilize other sources of revenue to support services. User fees, permits, fines and special assessments on real property are the most frequently used sources.
	Townships serve other governmental units by providing tax collection services. To avoid imposing an unnecessary burden on citizens to pay separate property taxes to the township, schools, special assessment districts and the county, Michigan townships provide uniform assessment of property values and collect all property taxes on behalf of the other units of government. Only a very small portion of the taxes collected are retained by the township for its own operating purposes.
	Michigan townships, large and small, provide services tailored to meet the needs of their residents. Township officials represent the level of government closest and most responsive to the wishes of the people.

= = = Summer (Calvin Harris song) = = =

	"Summer" is a song by Scottish recording artist Calvin Harris, released on 14 March 2014 as the second single from his fourth studio album, "Motion" (2014). Like his earlier single "Feel So Close" and his later single "My Way", Harris returns as a vocalist on "Summer". The accompanying music video was directed by Emil Nava and premiered on 6 April 2014.
	The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Harris's sixth UK number-one single. It peaked at number seven on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming his second top ten hit as a lead artist and third overall, and had sold over a million copies in the United States as of July 2014. "Summer" has received nominations for British Single and British Artist Video of the Year at the 2015 Brit Awards.
	On 11 March 2014, Harris posted fifteen-second clips of the song on Instagram up until 14 March, when it was released digitally in certain territories and made its radio debut on Capital FM.
	"Summer" is composed in the key of G major and has a tempo of 128 beats per minute. It follows the chord progression C–Em–D–Am–G/B–C. Harris's vocal range spans from G to D.
	The song received mixed to positive reviews. Lewis Corner of Digital Spy rated "Summer" three-and-a-half out of five stars, calling it "a bright and vibrant banger destined to soundtrack the warmer months". Jamieson Cox of "Time" magazine felt that the song "doesn't have much lyrical meat on its bones, but coming on the heels of one of the most severe winters in recent memory, listeners are likely hungry for anything that suggests a warmer, sunnier season. One of Harris' trademark gigantic synth hooks doesn't hurt its digestibility, either." Robbie Daw of Idolator viewed the track as "a shameless bid at nabbing an 'Umbrella'/'California Gurls'/'Blurred Lines'-like Song Of The Summer anthem".
	In September 2014, "Summer" was named the song of the summer by Spotify; it was the most listened track since June 2014 with more than 160 million plays. "Time" listed "Summer" as the seventh worst song of 2014.
	The music video for "Summer" was directed by Emil Nava and premiered on 6 April 2014, with a cameo appearance by English actor Jason Statham.
	As of July 2019, the music video has received over 1.3 billion views on YouTube.
!scope="col" colspan="3"| Streaming

= = = Supernova (Ray LaMontagne album) = = =

	Supernova is the fifth studio album by Ray LaMontagne, released by RCA Records on April 29, 2014. The title track serves as the album's lead single.
	"Supernova" garnered generally positive reception from music critics. At Metacritic, they assign a "weighted average" score to selected independent ratings and reviews, and based upon eight reviews, the album has a Metascore of 78 meaning that it received "generally favorable" reviews. At "Rolling Stone", Will Hermes rated the album three-and-a-half stars out of five, stating that "Predictably, [Dan] Auerbach [as producer] helps the singer pull bright colors from the Sixties' crayon box; less predictably, he makes it seem a perfectly logical progression of LaMontagne's 10-plus years of cozy vibes." Thom Jurek of AllMusic rated the album three-and-a-half stars out of five, writing that "Supernova is unapologetically and indulgently retro; a casual listen might dismiss it as mere nostalgia", however the "pairing [of]Auerbach's detailed, careful production with LaMontagne's open, expertly crafted songwriting and breezy, sensual, emotionally unburdened signing, that boundary is shattered." At "The Guardian", Dave Simpson rated the album four stars out of five, remarking how "There's nothing here that's exactly new, but by assembling an array of unexpected influences in one blissful place, Lamontagne has crafted an unlikely perfect summer soundtrack."
	At "The A.V. Club", Chris Mincher graded the album a B+, saying that ""Supernova" is a surprisingly bold, enterprising follow-up from an artist who could have easily ridden out the rest of his career on adult-alternative autopilot." In addition, Mincher remarking that ""Supernova"'s experiments aren’t all triumphs by any means, but, given how painless it would have been to stay the course, LaMontagne is to be commended for taking on a challenge at all." At "Paste", Hilary Saunders rated the album a 7.5-out-of-ten, stating how ""Supernova" sounds like a foray into the exploratory sonic terrains created by those who simply can." Saunders closing with saying that ""Supernova" represents the idealistic (and exospheric) possibilities for LaMontagne after 10 years in the industry, what gets lost in the experimentation is the emotional connection previously forged though clear playing and exposed lyricism." At "Knoxville News Sentinel", Chuck Campbell rated the album three-and-a-half stars out of five, observing that "change is constant" with the release that "results in a chameleonic" and this "will attract some and repel others."
	At PopMatters, Will Layman rated the album seven out of ten discs, writing that "The result might just lull you into tomorrow" because "LaMontagne thread his needle through many styles, mostly good ones." Elysa Gardner of "USA Today" rated the album three out of four stars, stating that "LaMontagne's folky sound takes on a psychedelic edge, with tracks that present delicate tunes in spacious, trippy arrangements", so "If his grainy vocals can seem a little less grounded, his nods to the past are canny and passionate, so the mix rises above nostalgia." At "Newsday", Glenn Gamboa graded the album a B+, writing that " LaMontagne succeeds in ripping down everything from his" past. However, Jim Farber of "New York Daily News" rated the album three stars out of five, saying that "Auerbach's sound proves too defining, making the star seem like he’s trying to squeeze into another man’s clothes", yet "Due to the depth of LaMontagne’s talent, any recording by him has automatic conviction and appeal."

= = = Corazón (Santana album) = = =

	Corazón is the twenty-third studio album (thirty-seventh album overall) by Santana, released on May 6, 2014.
	Produced by Lester Mendez, the album features collaborations with various singers like Gloria Estefan, Ziggy Marley and Cindy Blackman.
	"La Flaca" featuring Juanes, the first single from the album was released in November 2013. The album was certified double platinum in the Latin by the RIAA for shipping over 120,000 copies in the United States; furthermore, it has sold over 95,000 copies in the country according to Nielsen SoundScan.
	The album received mixed to positive reviews by critics. "Rolling Stone"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Will Hermes considered the album a Latin pop version of "Supernatural" and that its music "remains an unmistakable, undeniable sound". Thom Jurek from AllMusic felt "Santana actually sounds hungry again" and stated that "while some of these cuts are forgettable, his inventive engagement with Latin pop here is not only successful, but satisfying". "Billboard"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Leila Cobo considered the album to be guitar-driven despite of the many vocalists. Overall, she praised the album, but pointed a few songs that she considered not to have worked, such as "Feel It Coming Back", in which she felt that Diego Torres struggled with the language; and "Indy", in which Miguel's improvisations "lack structure and tend to meander". Jeremy Williams-Chalmers from So So Gay felt the album might "be the record that finally knocks "Supernatural" off its throne as Santana's definitive release" and considered it to be "everything a Santana record needs to be", while joining Cobo on criticizing Torres' English skills. "The Independent"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Nick Coleman said the album "contains a brightly recorded, punchy collection of 'Latin' beats and melodies, plus some rock, featuring a handful of distinguished guests and the familiar overflying drone of Carlos's own guitar obbligati" and that it "is certain to be a hit in its target territories".
	"Relix"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Bill Murphy considered Carlos Santana's guitar playing in the album to be the "best he's done in decades" and felt that "where too many cooks may have overwhelmed "Supernatural", "Corazón" simmers with spicy variety". Jon Pareles, writing for "The New York Times", considered the songs to be radio-aimed and described the contrast between Santana's guitar and the guest singers vocals as follows: "The way Mr. Santana answers the lyrics and grapples for the foreground until verse and chorus gave way to full-fledged guitar solos is the audio equivalent of photobombing the lead vocal. Luckily, Mr. Santana's guitar can be as impassioned as any singer's voice." However, he considered some tracks (such as "Oye 2014" and "Yo Soy La Luz") to be "awkward moments".
	Writing for "New York Daily News", Jim Farber was not so impressed by the album. He criticized it being promoted as a Latin pop album while having half of its lyrics in English. He also saw negatively the artists chosen for this album: "Santana's glistening leads compete with, rather than complement, these artists. [...] Latin alternative music features so many artists who would have paired better with Santana's style. [...] Wrangling artists like those would have made this album a true first". "Ultimate Guitar Archive"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s team felt Santana himself had little space in some of the songs and considered the album to be "a compilation of well formulated, radio-friendly Latino pop which often times ends up sounding somewhat bizarre". They also labeled the lyrics as "repetitive" and concluded by saying: "The outcome which appears on [...] "Corazon" falls short of any preset expectations. [...] Considering the album's pop-driven outcome it leaves the listener puzzled as to where Santana was hoping to proceed with this effort".
	The album was nominated for Best Contemporary Pop Vocal Album at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2014.

= = = Compound (company) = = =

	Compound (formerly known as Metamorphic Ventures) is a New York-based seed fund that invests in startup and early-stage technology companies. In March 2014 the company announced a new fund with close to $70 million. It also added Google vice president of sales John McAtter, Yahoo! director of product management Robby Stein, and HSN chief Mindy Grossman to its advisory board. In 2016, Metamorphic Ventures changed its name to Compound.

= = = Shila Mehta = = =

	Shila Mehta is an Indian Classical dance artist, choreographer, teacher, and composer. Her background is firmly rooted in the North Indian form of Kathak, which she has taken to audiences across the globe including touring India, North America, Australia and Europe. Mehta is the founder of Nupur Zankar Academy of Performing Arts and Research Centre in Mumbai India, which has now become a cultural hub for local and international students. The Institute is registered with the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, New Delhi, India.
	Shila was born in Kolkata (1 January), from where she attained a Bachelor of Commerce from Calcutta University, and a Master of Fine Arts from Kavi Kulguru Kalidas Sanskrit University, Maharashtra India. She acquired the title "Nritya Praveen" from the Prayag Sangeet Samithi in Allahbad, India. She has also undertaken an extensive range of professional development through York University, Toronto, Canada including exploring contemporary dance, dance therapy and site-specific dance.
	Mehta started dancing at the age of five under Nrityacharya Shri Prahlad Das. From the age of sixteen onwards she also spent a considerable amount to time training with Pandit Chitresh Das, Pandit Vijay Shankar and Pandit Birju Maharaj, in addition to exposure to other eminent exponents such as Kumudini Lakhia. Her lay and taal training was under Taalyogi Pandit Suresh Talwalkar.

= = = SS Gustavus Victory = = =

	SS "Gustavus Victory" was constructed in Bethlehem-Fairfield Shipyard in Baltimore, Maryland. The 75th Victory ship, it was named for Gustavus Adolphus College in Saint Peter, Minnesota, which was named for the 17th century King of Sweden Gustav II Adolf. The college made a gift towards furnishing a ship library, which comprised two 40-book units and was managed by the American Merchant Marine Library Association.
	Gustavus alumna of 1924, Marion Logan of New York, sponsored the ship. Marion was the wife of Rufus T. Logan, Captain in the Army Air Force, and daughter of former Gustavus professor Dr. John A. Youngquist.
	Construction of the vessel took 38 days, and it was launched from the shipyard on July 9, 1945 at 4 p.m. "Gustavus Victory" was boarded and operated by A. L. Burbank Company, including Captain J. M. Delhome and Chief Engineer Albert L. Hayes. It was converted to a troopship for returning European veterans at the end of World War II before being transferred to the Pacific theater of war. The ship had a carrying capacity of 750 passengers with an 85-person crew. During its career, crew members produced a ship publication titled "Atlantic agony: the Landlubber's journal".
	"Gustavus Victory" was sold after World War II and renamed "Santa Fe" ("ELMA"). The ship was converted to an emigrant ship to transport European emigrants to Argentina. The "Santa Fe" sailed as part of the Compania Argentina de Navegacion Alberto Dodero.

= = = R. Nagendra Rao = = =

	Rattihalli Nagendra Rao (23 June 1896 – 9 February 1977) was an Indian theatre actor, film actor and director in South Indian cinema. Following his career in theatre, Rao turned to film a where he became an actor, director, producer, screenwriter and occasional composer. He is considered one of the most influential personalities in the history of South Indian cinema.
	For his performance in "Hannele Chiguridaga" (1968), Rao won the Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor. Recognized for his contributions to cinema, he was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 1976. Rao had four children, three of whom were involved in film. His second son, R. N. Krishna Prasad, was a cinematographer, his third son, R. N. Jayagopal, a screenwriter and lyricist and his youngest, R. N. Sudarshan, an actor.
	Nagendra Rao was born on 23 June 1896, in Holalkere, in Kingdom of Mysore of British India.
	Rao began his career as an actor in theatre, performing in plays written in the Kannada language at the age of eight. As a child, he portrayed mythological female characters such as Sita, Chandramathi and Desdemona. He then switched to male roles, his work proving popular in the erstwhile Kingdom of Mysore and the non-Kannada speaking Madras Presidency. In theatre, he worked with A. V. Varadacharya's Ratnavali Drama Company and Chamundeshwari company, in Mysore.
	With the beginning of the talking films era in India in 1931, Rao left for Bombay (now Mumbai). There, he was cast by actor and director P. K. Raja Sandow in the Tamil language films "Parijata Pushpaharanam" (1932), "Narada" (1932), "Kovalan" (1933) and the Telugu language film "Ramadasu" (1933). Rao appeared in lead roles in the latter two. Following a stint in film, Rao returned to Bangalore and founded the Shri Sahitya Samrajya Nataka Mandali (Shri Sahitya Samrajya Drama Company) with Subbaiah Naidu, an actor and director, who would go on to influence Kannada cinema greatly.
	To realize his dream of making a film written in Kannada, he approached Shah Chamanlal Doongaji, a Bangalore businessman, to finance it. With Doongaji choosing Yaragudipati Varada Rao to direct the film, the first talking film in Kannada, "Sati Sulochana," was made and finally released on 3 March 1934. Rao played the role of Ravana in the film, and scored the music. His first film as a director came in the 1943 film "Satya Harishchandra", which he also produced and starred in.
	Rao's play "Bhukailasa" was thrice made into films; in 1938 and 1940 by Sundar Rao Nadkarni, and in 1958 by K. Shankar. It was in this play that Rajkumar, who would go on to become one of Kannada cinema's finest actors, made his breakthrough as a theatre actor, playing the role of Narada. In 1951, Rao formed his own film production company, RNR Pictures. The 1957 film "Premada Putri" was produced under this banner and Rao directed it, also playing a supporting role in the film. At the 5th National Film Awards, the film was awarded the Best Feature Film in Kannada. The production company existed till 1964. Following this, he appeared in the roles of a father in films such as "Shri Kannika Parameshwari Kathe" (1966) and "Karulina Kare" (1970). For his role in his 1968 film "Hannele Chiguridaga", that co-stars Rajkumar, he won the Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor. His last appearance came in the 1974 film "Professor Huchuraya".

= = = There Will Come a Day (film) = = =

	There Will Come a Day () is a 2013 Italian drama film directed by Giorgio Diritti. It premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival. For her performance Jasmine Trinca won the Nastro d'Argento for Best Actress.

= = = Rathborney = = =

	Rathborney, sometimes Rathbourney, () is a civil parish in the Barony of Burren in County Clare, Ireland.
	Rathborney parish is in the Barony of Burren, from the village of Burren on the road to Ennistymon. It is SSW of Ballyvaughan and includes territory in the valley of Ballyvaughan, the slopes of surroundings hills and the side valley of the Rathborney river (also known as Feenagh Valley). The parish is , and covers . The highest point is Cappanavulla hill, on the northern boundary, at above sea level. Much of the parish is rocky hill pasture, and there is some blanket bog in the west of the parish.
	In 1841, the parish had a population of 1,000 in 177 houses.
	The parish includes numerous prehistoric and historic sites, including several ringforts such as the earthen Ballyallaban ringfort and the limestone Cahermore ringfort. At Cahermacnaghten stands the central cashel of the O'Davoran family with the ruins of their law school nearby. In Faunarooska townland there are several wedge tombs. In Gleninsheen townland, the Gleninsheen Gorget was discovered in 1932. There are also remains of more wedge tombs, known as the Gleninsheen wedge tombs.
	There are two church ruins within 500 m of each other, both in Croagh North townland. One is known as Glenaraha ("Gleann na Ratha" or Valley of the Ráths or Ringforts), with a ringfort (Doontorpa) nearby. It is a large t-shaped church with a vestry to the east. According to a sign in the west annexe, it was built in 1795 by the 1st Marquess of Buckinghham for use by his tenants. By 1837 the church had been enlarged and 40 acres of land allotted for use by the parish priest.
	The other church is known as Rathborney Church, from "Ráth Bhoirne" (the Ráth of the Burren) and was built inside the remains of another ringfort. Most of the remains date to the 15th century, when a smaller earlier church was almost completely rebuilt. Parts of the east and north wall date to that original structure. Later features include the ornate east window and the pointed arch of the doorway in the south wall. A graveyard surrounds the church and it includes several crude grave markers of unknown date. There is also a bullaun. Its presence and the fact that the original church was built before 1302 inside a ringfort may indicate a monastic origin for this site. The church ruin both inside and out is an active much loved graveyard private to local families. There is a church in the village suitable for wedding ceremonies. 
	On July 24, 2017, Benjamin Serinsky and Samantha Hassard "tied the knot" at Rathborney Church with Dara Molloy as their officiant. They were joined by their parents, Samantha's best friend, and Blackie O'Connell, who played the uilleann pipes. It was a beautiful ceremony, which was followed by pints at O'Loclainn's pub, a photography adventure around the burren, and a superb meal at Gregans Castle Hotel. 
	The rebuilt tower house and hotel of Gregans Castle are located in the parish, in the townlands of Gregan West and Gregan East, respectively.
	The parish contains the townlands of Ballyallaban, Berneens, Burrenwee, Cahermacnaghten, Cahermacun, Cloonmartin, Cullaun, Cregavockoge, Croagh North, Croagh South, Donnyvardan, Drumbrickaun, Faunarooska, Feenagh, Garracloon, Gleninsheen, Gragan East, Gragan West, Lisgoogan, Lislarheenmore, Lismacsheedy, Lismacteige, Lissylisheen, Poulacapple and Poulnabrucky.
	The hamlets in 1845 were Knockatun, Lissaroo, Cahirmacun and Croagh.
	Citations
	Sources

= = = Illinois State Historical Society = = =

	The Illinois State Historical Society (ISHS) is a private sector organization, organized as a nonprofit, that edits and disseminates public knowledge of history throughout the U.S. state of Illinois. It was founded in 1899.
	The ISHS was created as an entity with the original purpose of gathering and publishing materials on paper relating to Illinois' early history. American Civil War veterans and the grandchildren of the state's early settlers were eager to learn how Illinois had organized itself in the years prior to the 1860 presidential election of Abraham Lincoln. As time passed, the focus of the Society shifted from books to periodicals and symposia. Affiliated and independent scholars were given a venue to publish their findings. As paved highway mileage increased in Illinois in the early 1900s, the ISHS began to build and maintain state highway historic markers. The Society's work continued to focus on pioneer years and the 19th century.
	Although historically affiliated with the state government of Illinois and the agencies that developed into the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, the ISHS was emancipated in 1997 and fully launched into the private sector. As of 2014, the ISHS publishes the quarterly "Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society", a scholarly publication, and the bimonthly "Illinois Heritage", a newsletter with short historical features. The Society holds meetings and symposia, and offers small prizes and scholarships for continued work and studies in Illinois history, with growing emphasis on the social history of the 20th century in Illinois.

= = = Harold Gulliksen = = =

	Harold Oliver Gulliksen (July 18, 1903 – October 27, 1996) was an American psychologist. A professor at Princeton University for most of his academic career, Gulliksen pioneered in the field of psychometrics. In 1952 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.

= = = Star-Lite Warp 1-A = = =

	The Star-Lite Warp 1-A is an American homebuilt aircraft that was designed and produced by Star-Lite Engineering of Englewood, Ohio, introduced in 1996. When it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.
	The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of .
	The Warp 1-A features a cantilever mid-wing, a single-seat enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed tricycle landing gear with wheel pants, a boom-mounted T-tail and a single pod-mounted engine in pusher configuration.
	The aircraft is made from composites. Its span wing is made with an aluminum spar and S-glass vinyl-ester resin, is detachable for ground transport or storage and has a wing area of . The standard engine used is the Rotax 503 two-stroke powerplant.
	The Warp 1-A has a typical empty weight of and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of the payload for the pilot and baggage is .
	The standard day, sea level, no wind, take off and landing roll with a engine is .
	The manufacturer estimates the construction time from the supplied kit as 100 hours.
	In March 2014 one example, the prototype, was registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration as an Experimental - Amateur-built, although its registration expired in June 2013.

= = = Tom Curran (cricketer) = = =

	Thomas Kevin Curran (born 12 March 1995) is a South African-born English cricketer who represents England in Test matches and One Day Internationals. He plays for Surrey County Cricket Club in English domestic cricket. In the 2018/19 season he played for the Sydney Sixers in the Big Bash League. He is a right-arm fast-medium bowler who bats right-handed.
	He won the Cricket Writers' Club Young Cricketer of the Year award for his performances in 2015. Curran was part of the England squad that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup; however he did not play in any matches during the tournament.
	He is the son of former Zimbabwe international cricketer Kevin Curran, and the brother of both Northamptonshire batsman Ben Curran and England and Surrey all-rounder Sam Curran.
	Born in Cape Town, Curran attended Springvale House, a preparatory school in Zimbabwe before moving on to the prestigious St George's College in Harare (Zimbabwe). His excellence in cricket allowed him to move onto Hilton College and finally Wellington College in England.
	He represented KwaZulu-Natal Inland at under-15, under-17 and under-19 level. Noticed playing schools cricket by former Surrey captain Ian Greig, he was invited to play for the Surrey second XI in 2012, and transferred to Wellington College in September of that year. He made his senior debut for Surrey in a List A match against Essex in August 2013, and his First Class debut against Cambridge University in April 2014.
	In August 2017, he was named in Cape Town Knight Riders' squad for the first season of the T20 Global League. However, in October 2017, Cricket South Africa initially postponed the tournament until November 2018, with it being cancelled soon after.
	He was announced as the replacement for Mitchell Starc by Kolkata Knight Riders for the 2018 Indian Premier League, where he played 5 matches and took 6 wickets.
	On 25 July 2019, in the 2019 t20 Blast match against Glamorgan, Curran took a hat-trick, finishing with figures of three wickets for three runs from the two overs he bowled.
	In September 2019, he was named in the squad for the Tshwane Spartans team for the 2019 Mzansi Super League tournament.
	Tom Curran was auctioned for his Base price to the Rajasthan Royals and will appear in 2020 season
	Curran was selected for the England Performance Programme squad in September 2015; he completed his residential qualification for England in October 2015. Curran received his first call-up to a full England squad in February 2017 for the One Day International (ODI) tour of the West Indies, as cover for Jake Ball.
	In June 2017, he was named in England's Twenty20 International (T20I) squad for the series against South Africa. He made his T20I debut for England against South Africa on 23 June 2017 at Taunton, taking 3 wickets for 33 runs, including a wicket in his first over.
	In September 2017, he was named in England's One Day International (ODI) squad for their series against the West Indies. He made his ODI debut for England against the West Indies on 29 September 2017.
	In November 2017, he was added to England's Test squad as a replacement for Steven Finn for the Ashes series in Australia. Prior to the fourth Test starting at the MCG on Boxing Day, Curran was named as a replacement for the injured Craig Overton, giving him his Test debut.
	On Test debut, he thought he had dismissed David Warner caught at mid-on for 99. However, TV replays showed that Curran had over-stepped and a no-ball was called. Warner returned to complete his century and Curran finished the day wicketless. He became the third England bowler in four years, after Ben Stokes and Mark Wood, to miss out on a maiden Test wicket because of a no-ball. His first wicket in Tests was Steve Smith.
	In April 2019, he was named in England's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. He was one of two players, along with Liam Dawson, who was unused as England won the tournament.

= = = Dynamic Greece = = =

	Dynamic Greece () is a citizens movement founded in 2012. Dynamic Greece is part of the Olive Tree electoral alliance formed to contest the 2014 European election.

= = = Hesperoyucca peninsularis = = =

	Hesperoyucca peninsularis is a plant species endemic to the Mexican State of Baja California. It is a perennial forming a rosette. It is semelparous (flowering once then dying).

= = = Ramsey Township = = =

	Ramsey Township may refer to the following townships in the United States:

= = = 31st Flying Training Wing (World War II) = = =

	The 31st Flying Training Wing is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the Central Flying Training Command, and was disbanded on 30 December 1945 at Fort Worth Army Airfield, Texas.
	There is no lineage between the current United States Air Force 31st Fighter Wing, established on 6 November 1947 at Turner Army Airfield, Georgia, and this organization.
	The squadron was a World War II Command and Control unit, its mission to flying training units of the Army Air Forces Training Command. Headquartered at Enid Army Airfield, Oklahoma for most of its operational service, it controlled contract pilot schools primarily in the Central United States.
	Until 1939, the Army Air Corps provided all flying training with military instructor pilots. Beginning in 1939, it contracted with nine civilian flying schools to provide primary flight training. Primary training consisted of a three-month course of 65 hours of flying instruction. As the United States prepared to enter World War II by expanding its number of flying squadrons, the number of contract primary schools increased.
	According to the contract, the government supplied students with training aircraft, flying clothes, textbooks, and equipment. The Air Corps also put a detachment at each school to supervise training. The schools furnished instructors, training sites and facilities, aircraft maintenance, quarters, and mess halls. From the Air Corps, schools received a flat fee of $1,170 for each graduate and $18 per flying hour for students eliminated from training. The Primary Pilot Training used Boeing PT-17 or Fairchild PT-19 two-seater single-engine training aircraft. Also, the wing controlled specialized schools for Liaison Pilots using the Stinson L-5 Grasshopper, and Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) primary training was conducted exclusively at Avenger Field, Sweetwater, Texas.
	Following the fall of France in 1940, the Air Corps upped its pilot production goal to 7,000 per year. To meet that goal, the Air Corps increased the capacity of its schools and added more contract primary schools.
	The vast majority of contract primary pilot training ended in the spring of 1944 as part of the rundown of Army pilot training. The ones remaining open ended their operations in October 1945.
	CPS Primary Trainers were primarily PT-17 Stearman biplanes and Fairchild PT-19s monoplanes, although a wide variety of other types could be found at the airfields. The Fairchild PT-19 aircraft also could have the student pilot covered with a hood for "Blind" instrument flying training.
	Glider pilot schools used Aeronca TG-5As, Taylorcraft TG-6As, and Piper TG-8As unpowered glider conversions of powered light observation aircraft which had similar characteristics to the military gliders under development.

= = = Joint secretary to the Government of India = = =

	Joint Secretary (often abbreviated as JS, GoI or Union Joint Secretary or Joint Secretary to Union of India) is a post under the Central Staffing Scheme and the third highest non-political executive rank in Government of India. The authority for creation of this post solely rests with Cabinet of India.
	Joint secretary is an "ex-cadre" post, that means anyone can occupy it, but the position holder is mostly a career civil servant and is a government official of high seniority. The civil servants who hold this rank and post are either from All India Services (on deputation; on tenure, after empanelment) or Central Civil Services (Group A; on empanelment). All promotions and appointments to this rank and post are directly made by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet of India.
	In the functioning of Government of India, a joint secretary is the administrative head of a wing in a department. Joint secretaries — on deputation — can hold senior positions at the United Nations, such as India's permanent representative to UNESCO, Conference on Disarmament.
	Joint secretaries in the Union Government is analogous to Major General and equivalent ranks in Indian Armed Forces and are listed as such in the Order of Precedence. The Special Protection Group is sometimes headed by Inspector General rank, who is designated as Joint Secretary (Security) in the Cabinet Secretariat. In the Cabinet Secretariat, the erstwhile military wing was headed by an officer from one of the three armed forces of the rank of Major General and equivalent was given designated as Joint Secretary (Military). A Principal Secretary in a state government can be deputed/posted as Joint Secretary in the center and a person in this rank can also hold the position of the Chief Secretary/Administrator of a Union Territory.
	Joint secretaries rank 26th on Order of Precedence of India
	The post of joint secretary in the Government of India was created in the 1920s. The salary of a member in this rank and post was fixed at Rs. 36,000 per annum in the 1930s. The salaries of Joint Secretary in Government of India during the British Raj was same to the Chief Secretary of United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Punjab and Burma. As per Warrant of Precedence of 1905, joint secretaries in the Government of India were listed together with secretaries to the Government of India and ranked above of chief secretaries of provincial governments. Before the creation of post/rank of Additional secretary to the Government of India, Joint Secretary was the second highest post/rank in Indian Civil Service (British India).
	In 1937, the Central Secretariat contained only seven joint secretaries, who were all members of the Imperial Civil Service. However, by 1946, the number had increased to twenty-five.
	According to A. D. Gorwala, ICS, "The joint secretaries ought to in reality be what the name implies, namely secretaries for the subject entrusted to them and joined to a more senior secretary for the convenience of administrative work." Sir Richard Tottenham, ICS had once expressed "In my opinion there is, or should be, no distinction of function, but only of pay between a joint and an additional Secretary. Additional and joint secretaries should not be either cheap secretaries or expensive deputy secretaries."
	During the tenure of Jawaharlal Nehru as the prime minister, the then Prime Minister's Secretariat was headed by a joint secretary.
	Joint secretary is the overall in charge with the necessary measure of independent functioning and responsibility of the wing of the department allocated and entrusted to him. A joint secretary in charge of Administration also exercises all administrative powers as head of the department wing of the ministry/department.
	Additional secretaries and joint secretaries are responsible for filing all affidavits and responses before the Supreme Court of India.
	The Prime Minister of India is the final authority on posting and transfer of officers of joint secretary level. Joint secretaries report to their divisional/departmental additional secretary, departmental secretary and ministerial/departmental cabinet minister.
	In the Union government, the members head department wings in the departments and ministries of the Union government, and hold positions such as chief vigilance officer (CVO), chief administrative officer (CAO), emissaries in the foreign missions/embassies (ambassadors and ministers), Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, Director General of Civil Aviation of India, director general of National Literacy Mission Authority, economic advisers, advisors of TRAI, Joint Directors of CBI, additional directors general (AIR and Doordarshan), board members of Staff Selection Commission of India commissioners of Taxes and Police, chief engineers in central departments.
	They also hold the post of Social Secretary and Press Secretary to President of India.
	Government nominated Board members in the Central Public Sector Enterprises/Public Sector Undertakings are either of the rank of additional secretary or joint secretary.
	The rank of Joint Secretary in Government of India is analogous and equivalent to a rank in Senior Executive Service and Senior Foreign Service in United States. The rank is equivalent to Assistant Under Secretary in Senior Civil Service of Her Majesty's Home Civil Service. 
	In Pakistan, the rank is equivalent to Grade BPS-21 in post of Additional Secretary (Central)/Additional Chief Secretary (Provincial) in Central Superior Services. 
	All joint secretaries to the Government of India are eligible for a diplomatic passport. They are allotted Type-V (D-II and D-I) and Type-VI (C-II) apartments in areas like New Moti Bagh across Delhi by Ministry of Urban Development's Directorate of Estates.
	The salary and emolument in this rank is equivalent to Major General and equivalent ranks in Indian Armed Forces.
	In 2009, 20th Governor of Reserve Bank of India Bimal Jalan had voiced for posts at the level of joint secretary to be opened up to outside competition.
	Non-IAS civil services have complained to Government of India because of lack of empanelment in the rank/post of joint secretary on numerous occasions. Still, According to the Seventh Central Pay Commission of India, IAS officers hold 249 out of 341 positions of Joint Secretary in the Government of India.
	In 2015, Government of India modified joint secretary-level empanelment process to ensure greater uniformity, consistency and transparency. Under the prime ministership of Narendra Modi, however, the situation has slightly altered, choices for civil servants being appointed to this rank and post were from non IAS cadre. Almost half the choices for the position have been given to Central Civil Services and All India Services (excluding IAS). 
	In June 2018, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced opening up of 10 posts joint secretary in several departments to experts in several fields through lateral entry. In 2019, Government of India short listed 89 candidates from 6000+ candidates, with an initial shortlist success rate of 1.4%.

= = = 59th Battalion (Ontario), CEF = = =

	The 59th Battalion (Ontario), CEF was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War. The 59th Battalion was authorized on 20 April 1915 and embarked for Britain on 1 April 1916. It provided reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field until 6 July 1916, when its personnel were absorbed by the 39th Battalion, CEF. The battalion was disbanded on 21 May 1917. The 59th Battalion recruited in Eastern Ontario and Hull, Quebec and was mobilized at Barriefield (now CFB Kingston), Ontario.
	The 59th Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. H.J. Dawson from 1 April to 11 August 1916. .
	The 59th Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916.
	The 59th Battalion, CEF is perpetuated by The Princess of Wales' Own Regiment.
	Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914-1919 by Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962

= = = Al-Khaburah = = =

	Al-Khaburah () is a city in Al Batinah North Governorate, Oman. As of 2010 it had a population of 42,119.

= = = Panzer Tactics HD = = =

	Panzer Tactics HD is a turn-based tactical video game for PC and iPad developed by Sproing Interactive Media and published by bitComposer Games. It was announced on March 6, 2014 and was released on May 22, 2014 on Steam and on iOS for the iPad. It was released worldwide in English, French, Italian, German, Spanish and Russian.
	In 1939, German and Russian troops attack Poland and plunge Europe into the World War II. "Panzer Tactics HD" picks up the story here, giving you the chance to experience intense battles in three extensive campaigns with more than 150 units and countless tactical options, offering hours of gaming fun. Relive the offensive of the German troops, the Soviet counter-attack and the liberation of Europe by the Allied Forces across three campaigns. 
	Prove yourself against opponents in more than 30 missions with additional scenarios. Varying terrain, weather and the morale of your troops turn each battle into a challenge, ensuring that no two matches are alike. The enemy will mercilessly exploit any tactical misstep in order to defeat you! 
	"Panzer Tactics HD" received average review from professional critics upon release. Aggregate review website Metacritic assigned a score of 69/100 based on 11 reviews. Softpedia rated the game 6.5 out of 10 praising its solid turn-based system and the classic battle choices it offers, while at the same time criticizing the limited context and some UI issues. The German gaming magazine GameStar praised the well programmed interaction between artillery, airplanes and infantry and rated Panzer Tactics HD 80 out of 100. The game is recurringly criticized for not offering enough guidance to ease players into the complexity of the game. Publisher bitComposer Games reacted to the feedback by releasing so called "Intelligence Reports" that are supposed to gradually explain specific aspects of the game.

= = = List of nearest exoplanets = = =

	There are known exoplanets, or planets outside our solar system that orbit a star, as of ; only a small fraction of these are located in the vicinity of the Solar System. Within , there are 97 exoplanets listed as confirmed by the NASA Exoplanet Archive. Among the over 400 known stars within 10 parsecs, around 60 have been confirmed to have planetary systems; 51 stars in this range are visible to the naked eye, nine of which have planetary systems.
	The first report of an exoplanet within this range was in 1998 for a planet orbiting around Gliese 876 (15.3 light-years (ly) away), and the latest as of 2017 is one around Ross 128 (11 ly). The closest exoplanet found is Proxima Centauri b, which was confirmed in 2016 to orbit Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our Solar System (4.25 ly). HD 219134 (21.6 ly) has six exoplanets, the highest number discovered for any star within this range. A planet around Fomalhaut (25 ly) was, in 2008, the first planet to be directly imaged.
	Most known nearby exoplanets orbit close to their star and have highly eccentric orbits. A majority are significantly larger than Earth, but a few have similar masses, including two planets (around YZ Ceti, 12 ly) which may be less massive than Earth. Several confirmed exoplanets are hypothesized to be potentially habitable, with Proxima Centauri b and three around Gliese 667 C (23.6 ly) considered the most likely candidates. The International Astronomical Union took a public survey in 2015 about renaming some known extrasolar bodies, including the planets around Epsilon Eridani (10.5 ly) and Fomalhaut. 
	Unlike for bodies within our Solar System, there is no clearly established method for officially recognizing an exoplanet. According to the International Astronomical Union, an exoplanet should be considered confirmed if it has not been disputed for five years after its discovery. There have been examples where the existence of exoplanets has been proposed, but even after follow-up studies their existence is still considered doubtful by some astronomers. Such cases include: Alpha Centauri (4.36 ly, two in 2012 and 2013), Lalande 21185 (8.31 ly, in 2017), Groombridge 34 (11.7 ly, two in 2014 and 2017), LHS 288 (15.6 ly, in 2007), 40 Eridani (16.3 ly, in 2018), and Gliese 682 (16.6 ly, two in 2014). There are also some instances where proposed exoplanets were later disproved by subsequent studies, such as candidates around Teegarden's star (12.6 ly), Van Maanen 2 (13.9 ly), Groombridge 1618 (15.9 ly), and VB 10 (18.7 ly).
	The Working Group on Extrasolar Planets of the International Astronomical Union adopted in 2003 a working definition on the upper limit for what constitutes a planet: not being massive enough to sustain thermonuclear fusion of deuterium. Some studies have calculated this to be somewhere around 13 times the mass of Jupiter, and therefore objects more massive than this are usually classified as brown dwarfs. Some proposed candidate exoplanets were later shown to be massive enough to fall above the threshold, and are likely brown dwarfs, as was the case for: SCR 1845-6357 B (12.6 ly), SDSS J1416+1348 B (29.7 ly), and WISE 1217+1626 B (30 ly).
	Excluded from the current list are known examples of potential free-floating sub-brown dwarfs, or "rogue planets", which are bodies that are too small to undergo fusion yet they do not revolve around a star. Known such examples include: WISE 0855–0714 (7.3 ly), UGPS 0722-05, (13 ly) WISE 1541−2250 (18.6 ly), and SIMP J01365663+0933473 (20 ly).

= = = 2012–13 Basketligan season = = =

	The 2012–13 Basketligan season was the 20th season of the Basketligan. Twelve teams participated and Södertälje Kings eventually won the Swedish championship.

= = = Piano, solo = = =

	Piano, solo is a 2007 Italian drama film directed by Riccardo Milani. It is based on the book by Walter Veltroni "Il disco del mondo - Vita breve di Luca Flores, musicista" and it depicts real life events of jazz pianist and composer Luca Flores ().

= = = Olive Mudie-Cooke = = =

	Olive Mudie-Cooke (1890-11 September 1925) was a British artist who is best known for the paintings she created during the First World War. Mudie-Cooke served as an ambulance driver in both France and Italy during the conflict and these experiences were reflected in her artwork.
	Mudie-Cooke was born in west London, the younger of two daughters to Henry Cooke, a carpet merchant, and Beatrice Mudie. She studied art at St John's Wood Art School and at Goldsmith's College. She also worked in Venice for a brief period. In January 1916 Mudie-Cooke and her elder sister Phyllis, who had studied Archaeology, went to France as volunteer members of the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry, FANY. Whilst driving ambulances for FANY, and later for a Voluntary Aid Detachment unit, in France between 1916 and 1918, Mudie-Cooke began to sketch and paint the scenes she saw around her, both among her fellow ambulance drivers and the medical staff they were working with. In particular her watercolours and chalk drawings often focused on wounded troops being evacuated, and the logistics of evacuation such as ambulance trains waiting in sidings. As well as the Western Front Mudie-Cooke also served as an ambulance driver in Italy during the war. Mudie-Cooke was fluent in French, Italian and German and so sometimes worked as an interpreter for the Red Cross.
	In 1919 Mudie-Cooke came to the attention of the Women's Work Sub-Committee of the newly formed Imperial War Museum which acquired a number of her paintings for its fledgling collection. This purchase included her most famous picture, "In an Ambulance:a VAD lighting a cigarette for a patient". In 1920 the British Red Cross commissioned her to return to France to record the activities of the Voluntary Aid Detachment units who were still providing care and relief there. Her paintings from this visit include examples of war damage, the shattered landscapes of the former battlefields and women tending graves in a cemetery. She worked mostly in watercolours, painting in a fluid style but often with a somewhat murky palette of colours.
	Mudie-Cooke returned to Newlyn in Cornwall and continued working as an artist and held an exhibition of her work in 1921 at the Cambridge University Architectural Society. From 1920 onwards, Mudie-Cooke travelled extensively throughout Europe and Africa, most notably to South Africa where she held an exhibition of her work in 1923. She returned to England for a short period before going to France in 1925 where she took her life. An exhibition of her work was held at the Beaux-Arts Gallery the next year and some years later her sister Phyllis donated more of her works to the Imperial War Museum.

= = = Dadhahur = = =

	Dadhahur is a village in Punjab, India.
	The tehsil of this village is Raikot in Ludhiana district.
	A canal called Bathinda branch canal, crosses through the village and flows to Bathinda.
	A small market and bus stop is located near the canal.
	There are four schools in the village.
	There are two health centers in the village.
	1. Dispensary for mother & child care. ( Govt. Approved )
	2. Vaternary Hospital. ( Govt. Approved )

= = = Hadrosaurichnoides = = =

	Hadrosaurichnoides is a controversial Early Cretaceous ichnogenus of dinosaur footprint erected by Casanovas-Cladellas. The original description attributed the ichnogenus to an ornithopod trackmaker, but in 2001 Lockley and Wright argued that they were actually left by theropods because the prints were longer and narrower than would be expected for ornithopod tracks.

= = = Guido Crosetto = = =

	Guido Crosetto (born 19 September 1963, in Cuneo, Italy) is an Italian businessman and politician, co-founder of Brothers of Italy party. He became internationally famous as an anti-EU austerity and pro-Italexit politician because he strongly opposed the Monti Cabinet since November 2011 when at that time almost all politicians, journalists, economists and public opinion were in favor of EU austerity and strongly against Italexit. Crosetto was President of the Brothers of Italy (FdI) from 21 December 2012 to 4 April 2013.
	Guido Crosetto comes from a family of entrepreneurs from Cuneo, in Piedmont. Due to his father's death, Crosetto could not finish studies in economy at the University of Turin, which he had been attending: at the University he became a member of the youth wing of the Christian Democracy (DC) and in 1988, at only 25 years, Crosetto became economic advisor of Prime Minister Giovanni Goria.
	Crosetto from 28 May 1990 to 14 June 2004 was the Mayor of Marene, a small village near Cuneo where he lives, for 3 terms. In the 2001 general election he became a deputy of Forza Italia (FI), the center-right political movement member of EPP and founded by the billionaire and media tycoon Silvio Berlusconi. Crosetto was re-elected in 2006 as deputy and in 2008 he joined the new Berlusconi's party The People of Freedom (PdL) and he was elected again at the Chamber of Deputies. Crosetto served as Undersecretary at the Ministry of Defense in the Berlusconi IV Cabinet (2008-2011) and after Berlusconi's resignation in November 2011, Crosetto criticized the formation of the new cabinet led by pro-austerity economist Mario Monti. He founded in December 2012, with Giorgia Meloni and Ignazio La Russa, Brothers of Italy (FdI), a national conservative party in opposition to the PdL and to the pro-austerity Monti.
	Candidate for Senate, Crosetto failed the 2013 election because FdI did not passed the threshold at 3% of the electoral law known as "Porcellum". Crosetto run in 2014 for the EU Parliament, but he was not elected because FdI did not passed the threshold at 4% of the electoral law of 2009 for European election in Italy. On the same day of EU election, Crosetto ran in the Regional election of Piedmont as gubernatiorial candidate for FdI that ran alone outside the center-right coalition led by Berlusconi's FI: in this election Salvini's Lega Nord was allied with FI against FdI, but after the retirment of Crosetto, in September 2014, from politics Salvini became more closer to Giorgia Meloni's FdI because without Crosetto the party moved to the right-wing, while FI (member of EPP) moved towards the center.
	Crosetto returned active in politics when the deputy Daniela Santanchè, a right-wing businesswoman and former member of PdL-FI in Lombardy, joined Meloni's FdI in December 2017. Crosetto and Santanchè in FdI represented the small and medium-sized enterprises of Northern Italy in the 2018 general election and they became respectively member of "Montecitorio" (the Italian Chamber of Deputies) and Senate because the party increased its electoral support surpassing the 4,3% of votes for the first time at national level. Crosetto resigned on 13 March 2019 from "Montecitorio" and after two days his former seat was assigned to the first candidate on the list of non-elected at the 2018 general election, that is the businesswoman (and member of FdI) Lucrezia Mantovani. Crosetto in April and May 2019, as non-candidate spokesman of the party, helped Meloni in the campaign for the European Election and FdI (who became a member of ECR) increased its electoral support surpassing the 6,4% of votes for the first time at national level.

= = = Nops branicki = = =

	Nops branicki is a spider species found in French Guiana.

= = = Quirico = = =

	Quirico may refer to:

= = = Charisma arenacea = = =

	Charisma arenacea, common name the sandy charisma, is a species of extremely small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.
	The height of the shell attains 2 mm, its diameter also 2 mm. The small, solid, umbilicate shell has a turbinate shape. Its color is sordid white. The four to five whorls are convex. The nuclear whorls are smooth, the rest are spirally ridged. These ridges are well-developed and number about 11 to 13 around the circular aperture on the body whorl. The space between the ridges is wider than the ridges. The umbilicus is deep and extends at the back of the columella to the anterior of the aperture. It is occasionally margined by a strong thread. The base of the shell is round. The lip is thick.
	This marine species is endemic to Australia and occurs off South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania.

= = = Woodworth House = = =

	The Woodworth House, also known as the Old Oaken Bucket Homestead, is a historic house at 47 Old Oaken Bucket Road in Scituate, Massachusetts. The oldest portion of this house was built c. 1675, and is now an ell on the main house, a Cape style structure built in 1826. The house is most notable for its association with Samuel Woodworth, who in 1817 wrote the poem "The Old Oaken Bucket" about an old well on this property.
	The football trophy the Old Oaken Bucket, which is contested for annually by Indiana University and Purdue University, was inspired by the poem and the song crafted from the poem.
	The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

= = = 60th Battalion (Victoria Rifles of Canada), CEF = = =

	The 60th Battalion (Victoria Rifles of Canada), CEF was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War.
	The 60th Battalion was authorized on 20 April 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 4 November 1915. It disembarked in France on 21 February 1916, where it fought as part of the 9th Infantry Brigade, 3rd Canadian Division in France and Flanders until 30 April 1917. It was replaced in the field by the 116th Battalion (Ontario County), CEF and its personnel were absorbed by the 5th Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF and the 87th Battalion (Canadian Grenadier Guards), CEF. The battalion was disbanded on 15 August 1918.
	The 60th Battalion recruited in and was mobilized at Montreal.
	The 60th Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. F.A. deL. Gascoigne from 6 November 1916 to 6 June 1917.
	The 60th Battalion was awarded the following battle honours:
	The 60th Battalion, CEF is perpetuated by The Victoria Rifles of Canada, currently on the Supplementary Order of Battle.

= = = Rotem Commuter Cars = = =

	Rotem Commuter Cars are a series of multi-level passenger rail cars for commuter rail operations manufactured by Hyundai Rotem USA.
	Hyundai Rotem began marketing commuter rail cars in 2006 to compete with rail car manufacturers in North America against established manufacturers like Bombardier Transportation and Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company.

= = = Cryptachaea pusillana = = =

	Cryptachaea pusillana is a tangle web spider species found in French Guiana.

= = = Open Course Library = = =

	Open Course Library (OCL) is an effort by the State of Washington to identify and make available digitally, to community and technical college instructors and students across that state, free textbooks, interactive assignments, and videos. Instructional materials can be "a smorgasbord of teaching modules and exercises developed by other open-learning projects. . . Interactive-learning Web sites and even instructional videos on YouTube . . ." However, OCL is not an OER publishing project, although it did contribute to the development of some widely used resources. Goals include: lowering textbook costs for students, providing new resources for faculty to use in their courses; and fully engaging in the global OER or open educational resources discussion.
	The project was funded by matching grants of $750,000 from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Washington State legislature. In 2009-2010 the affected Washington State student body totaled 470,000 and was increasing. Many of the materials made available are open educational resources or OERs. Specifically, they include syllabi, course activities, readings, and assessments and some are paired with low cost textbooks, costing $30 or less. In subjects across the sciences and humanities, the OCL team created curriculum support for Washington State's most popular 81 courses in the state's 34 community and technical colleges. Instructors were free to use the materials as they wish, in part or an entire course. The project was headed by Cable Green, then eLearning Director for the Washington State Board for Community and Technical Colleges.
	It emerged from a two-year discussion that ultimately produced a Strategic Technology Plan. The plan outlines a unified vision known as Washington Student Completion Initiative.
	OCL participants were selected from a grant proposal competition. The process, which led to production of the materials, was open and several preliminary Town Meetings were used employing Eluminate Live. All participants were welcome. The meetings are archived. Topics for discussion included interactions with publishers, content presentation, copyright policies, and various Creative Commons licenses.
	Successful applicants received $15,000 to complete a course redesign. Librarians, instructional designers and institutional researchers were also asked to apply. Like faculty, these successful applicants also received grants of $15,000. Each winning faculty member or team designed a ready-to-use digital course module. Teams were composed of community college instructors, librarians, and web-designers. In fall 2011 the first 42 courses created were released. The use of OCL materials is not mandated for Washington's community colleges and technical schools. Faculty course designers, however, are asked to adopt what they have designed. There were over 25,000 visits from 125 countries over the first four months. Nonetheless, there have been challenges: good material is not always available online for adoption and sometimes the best materials (for instance translations of primary sources published in foreign languages) are not available free.
	Courses are made accessible using the WashingtonOnline learning system. Externally, OCL partners with the Saylor Foundation, the Connexions Consortium, and the Open Courseware Consortium. The Saylor site can be used access course content by self-learners.
	A goal of the project requires instructors to become aware of the open educational resources (OERs) that are already available. A complementary goal is to share their content and adaptation by contributing to a global effort. Both directly and indirectly, Cable Green, the project's then director, observed that it has resulted in the building of networks with like-minded individuals and institutions irrespective of geography. An interest was also expressed in gauging use of materials and modules for the tenure and advancement of participants.
	A 2009 "New York Times" article reported that college students spend between $700 and $1,000 annually on textbooks. Full-time tuition in the Washington system is approximately $3,000 annually, with textbooks costing approximately $1,000 annually. Community college tuition is lower than at most traditional four year institutions, and, therefore, textbook costs may be proportionally higher. Any number of digital copies of a free textbook can be made for the price of one. Print-on demand copies generally cost under $10. Representative Reuven Carlyle (D-Seattle, Washington House of Representatives) estimates that because of OCL community college students saved over $1.25 million in textbook costs during the 2011-2012 school year. OCL seeks to contribute to the creation of better courses and to reduce costs for students. In this way it seeks to respond positively to the "completion" concerns outlined in the state's tipping point research report of 2008. On 17 June 2010 the Washington State Board for Community & Technical Colleges (SBCTC) approved a state-level open licensing policy. All digital works created using grant funds administered by SBCTC must now carry a Creative Commons Attribution-only (CC BY) license. This license allows materials created by one institution to be updated by another. It was within this context that OCL was launched in 2010. Nicole Allen, a textbook advocate for the national Student Public Interest Research Group (PIRG) commended the state for putting its money where its mouth is.
	The results are reported in Affordable Textbooks for Washington Students: An Updated Cost Analysis of the Open Course Library (2013),<ref name="http://www.studentpirgs.org/sites/student/files/resources/PIRG%20OCL.pdf"></ref> an update of Affordable Textbooks for Washington's Students: A Cost Analysis of the Open Course Library (2011). The latter reported on the first phase of courses in October 2011. In April 2013 the State Board announced the completion of all 81 courses and the updated report was released. The report concluded:
	On the other hand, in January 2014 "The Chronicle of Higher Education" "reported that the effort to make free or low cost materials available in 42 courses was making little progress. Based on a survey of community-college stores, with responses from 25 campuses, only nine said that any materials had been used in 17 of the 42 courses. Only 2,386 of the 98,130 students enrolled in these courses, in 75 of the eligible 2,722 sections, used the materials. In 16 of the 75 sections students paid nothing; in the other 59 sections the average cost was $25. These numbers reported the work of OnCampus Research, an arm of the National Association of College Stores, which in fall 2013 sent a survey to 34 campus stores in the Washington Community and Technical College system. The survey focused on the first 42, or phase one, courses. It showed, according to the director of OnCampus Research, "that the recommendation of specific free or lower-priced course materials for popular courses did not equate to significant use of these materials by faculty." However, Marty Brown, executive director of the Washington State Board of Community and Technical Colleges, took exception in a "Chronicle of Higher Education" piece he explained: "The study analyzes the use of OCL materials based on adoption information from campus bookstores. This methodology provides an incomplete picture, as bookstores are not always aware when faculty members assign free, digital resources. Therefore, the study's findings do not justify its conclusion that OCL has resulted in "insignificant" savings to students. The Student PIRGs estimates the OCL has saved students more than $5.5-million, more than triple the original investment. We believe this is very significant." SPARC referred to the same presumed misunderstanding.
	One reviewer states that OCL is best at "presenting introductory college course material in a condensed, simple manner via Google docs or presentations." It is noted, however, that the materials are not highly refined. Further observing that "there's something to be said about grabbing an algebra quiz or those French vocabulary words quickly." A doctoral dissertation focused specifically on the project concludes in its abstract: ". . . that while faculty may be motivated to adopt new innovations like OER, for some, the time it takes to identify and integrate OER into courses presents a significant barrier to adoption." 
	Washington State communities have integrated OCL into educational efforts in innovative ways. For instance, Bellevue College, Washington, the state's largest community college, with help with a grant from the U.S. Department of Education, purchased 500 inexpensive netbook laptops in November 2011 for its students to rent for $35 per quarter to "download and read Internet material." The anticipation was that the machines would also be used with OCL material. Since its initiation, OCL is credited with inspiring open textbook initiatives by the legislatures of California (2012), British Columbia (2012) and actions by the legislatures of Illinois, Minnesota, and Virginia all similar to California's. North Dakota proposed a resolution asking faculty and college administrations to support the use of open textbooks. Further, the Trade Adjustment Community College and Career Training grants program requires that all material created using federal funds be available to the public through an open license. Materials produced through this vehicle will be added to the OCL.
	The Saylor Foundation will create modular versions of the courses. Project Kaleidoscope intends to modify OCL materials to meet the needs of California's community college students. The department of education in São Paulo Brazil plans Portuguese translations of the courses.

= = = Gunnar Einarsson = = =

	Gunnar Einarsson (born 7 July 1976) is a retired Icelandic football defender and manager. He is probably best remembered for his time as a player with KR Reykjavík and Valur, with whom he won four Úrvalsdeild titles between 2000 and 2007. Gunnar won one cap for Iceland at international level.
	Adept anywhere in defence or as a defensive midfielder, Gunnar began his career at Úrvalsdeild side Valur, alongside fellow young players Eiður Guðjohnsen and Ívar Ingimarsson. He made his debut during the 1995 season, making 9 appearances. He played in 15 of Valur's 18 league games during the 1996 season and departed the club in January 1997.
	Gunnar moved to the Netherlands in January 1997 to sign for Eredivisie side Roda JC Kerkrade. Gunnar spent the majority of his time with the club away on loan and failed to make an appearance before departing in April 2000.
	Gunnar was loaned to MVV Maastricht on three separate occasions between 1997 and 1998. He was a part of the team that finished the 1996–97 season as Eerste Divisie champions and made 24 appearances across his three spells with the club.
	Gunnar joined Eerste Divisie club VVV-Venlo on loan in March 1999. Gunnar made seven appearances and returned to Roda at the end of the 1998–99 season.
	Gunnar moved to England to join Second Division club Brentford on a three-month loan in January 2000. He made just three appearances before his loan expired.
	Gunnar returned to Iceland to sign for reigning Úrvalsdeild champions KR Reykjavík in April 2000. He remained with the club until the end of the 2006 season and won three Úrvalsdeild championships, two Deildabikars and the 2003 Icelandic Super Cup.
	Gunnar moved across Reykjavík to return to Valur in January 2007. He won the 2007 Úrvalsdeild title and then the Deildabikar and the Icelandic Super Cup during the following season. Gunnar made 40 appearances and scored one goal before leaving the club in May 2009.
	Gunnar dropped down to the 1. deild karla to sign for Leiknir Reykjavík in a player/assistant manager role May 2009. He made 59 appearances and scored two goals before departing the club in July 2011.
	Gunnar moved back up to the Úrvalsdeild to sign a contract with Víkingur in July 2011. He made 10 league appearances in what remained of the 2011 season and suffered relegation straight back to the 1. deild karla.
	Gunnar returned to Leiknir Reykjavík in November 2011, again in a player/assistant manager role. He made 31 appearances and scored three goals during the 2012 season, which was his last in football.
	Gunnar made appearances for the Iceland U21 team in their unsuccessful qualification campaign for the 1998 European U21 Championship. Gunnar won his only cap for the senior team in a 1–1 friendly draw with South Africa on 6 June 1998, starting the match at right back and playing the full 90 minutes.
	Gunnar was appointed assistant manager to Sigursteinn Gíslason at Leiknir Reykjavík in May 2009. Early in the 2011 season, Gíslason took sick leave after being diagnosed with cancer and Gunnar and former Leiknir boss Garðar Gunnar Ásgeirsson were installed as interim managers. Gunnar and Garðar were relieved of their duties in July 2011, after Gíslason was replaced by Zoran Miljkovic. Gunnar rejoined Leiknir as assistant manager to Willum Þór Þórsson in November 2011. After Þórsson was sacked in September 2012, Gunnar took over as interim manager until the end of the 2012 season.
	MVV Maastricht
	KR Reykjavík
	Valur

= = = Cabrillo Formation = = =

	The Cabrillo Formation is a Maastrichtian stage geologic formation in coastal San Diego County, southern California. It is part of the Rosario Group.
	The Maastrichtian stage is of the Late Cretaceous Epoch, during the Mesozoic Era. It is found on the eastern and southwestern sides of the Point Loma peninsula including in Cabrillo National Monument, and on Mount Soledad, both within the city of San Diego.
	The Cabrillo Formation overlies the Point Loma Formation.
	A single tooth from the cartilaginous fish "Squalicorax" has been recovered from the Cabrillo Formation sediments of Cabrillo National Monument.

= = = Idiops opifex = = =

	Idiops opifex is a spider species found in French Guiana.

= = = Kevin Killen = = =

	Kevin Killen (born October 22, 1959) is a music producer, engineer, and mixer. His work has been recognized by multiple awards and nominations, and he has worked with a range of recording artists including Shakira, Peter Gabriel, U2, David Bowie, Elvis Costello, Tori Amos, Kate Bush, Jewel, Bon Jovi and Shawn Colvin.
	Some of Killen's earliest credits include engineering U2's "The Unforgettable Fire" and Peter Gabriel's "So" along with the production/engineering team of Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois.
	Among Killen's more recent credits, he mixed Sugarland's multi-platinum "Love on the Inside" featuring three chart singles in "All I Want to Do", "Already Gone" and "It Happens", all Number One hits on the Billboard country singles charts. In 2014, he mixed Suzanne Vega's latest release "Tales from the Realm of the Queen of Pentacles" and recorded David Bowie's single "Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)" from his release, "Nothing Has Changed".
	Perhaps one of his most formidable productions is the original soundtrack to one of the most popular music films ever, "The Commitments". Kevin co-produced and mixed that album.
	Killen won 5 Grammys for his contributions to the Shakira album "Oral Fixation, Vol. 1" (2005) He has received Grammy nominations for Best Jazz Instrumental Category for his work on Allen Toussaint's "The Bright Mississippi" (2009) and Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical, for Seth Glier's "The Trouble With People" (2012). In 2013 he received a Juno Award for recording and mixing Johnny Reid's "Fire It Up" CD as Best Country Album.
	At the 59th Annual Grammy Awards held in February 2017, Kevin was awarded a Grammy for co-producing and mixing Yo-Yo Ma & the Silk Road Ensemble’s Sing Me Home for Best World Music Album. In addition, he was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical for David Bowie’s final studio album – Blackstar (album) and a third Grammy as Blackstar took honors for Best Alternative Music Album.

= = = James Doyle II = = =

	James E. Doyle II (born February 16, 1972) is an American politician and a Democratic member of the Rhode Island Senate representing District 8 until 2018. He resigned in January 2018 citing his battles with alcoholism.
	He was also being investigated for check kiting to defraud three local banks of more than $74 million. He was charged and pled guilty to 31 counts of bank fraud and tax evasion.
	Doyle earned his BA degree from Providence College.

= = = WPA Field House and Pump Station = = =

	The WPA Field House and Pump Station is a historic water works facility on Henry Bailey Turner Road in Scituate, Massachusetts. The field house at Bound Brook Park was built in 1938-9 with funding from the Works Progress Administration, and is a rare historical recreational building in the town. The building is 1.5 stories, deep and wide, and built of stone with a slate side-gable roof. Its front facade is sheltered by a porch that lies under the roof and is supported by stone piers; there is a center entry that is flanked on each side by a window. The building was used for storage (in the basement) and for community group meetings, and was shuttered in 1981. In 2009 it was undergoing restoration.
	The building and its grounds were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

= = = Senoculus maronicus = = =

	Senoculus maronicus is a spider species found in French Guiana.

= = = Le Noirmont (mountain) = = =

	Le Noirmont is a mountain of the Jura, located north of Saint-Cergue in the canton of Vaud. At 1,567 metres, it is the highest mountain between the Col de la Givrine and Mont Tendre. Although Le Noirmont is wholly in Switzerland, the border with France runs on the western base of the mountain.
	The closest localities are La Cure and Les Rousses.

= = = Odell McLeod = = =

	Odell McLeod 1916–2003 (known by his stage name Mac Odell) was an American country-gospel singer, radio entertainer, and songwriter.
	McLeod was born May 31, 1916 in Roanoke, Alabama. He grew up on country music, listening to artists such as the Skillet Lickers, Deford Bailey, and Jimmie Rodgers. About 1939 he married Adeline Myrtle Wood, better known as Addie. She was from Arkansas and six years his junior. In 1940 they were living in Benton Township, Berrien County, Michigan.
	McLeod's began his career by working with Slim Bassett. During the 1930s they traveled regularly with McLeod popularizing his own songs by performing them on radio stations throughout the southern United States. The duo landed a regular show in New Orleans in 1935, known as "Mac & Slim." He continued to work with Bassett until he married his wife Addie. He continued his career as a radio entertainer alongside his wife Addie on WJJD in Chicago. "Mac and Little Addie",as they were known, played for the station's Supper Time Frolic show until the start of World War II. During the war, McLeod worked in a factory in Michigan. He continued to write songs during the war and resumed his career at WLAC in Nashville, Tennessee once the war had ended. He was with the station until 1957, appearing both solo and as Mac and Little Addie.
	McLeod was with the Mercury Records label from 1949 until 1952, leaving to join King Records. He wrote numerous songs throughout his career, including "The Battle of Armageddon" which was recorded by Hank Williams. Additional songs included "Thirty Pieces of Silver" made popular by Wilma Lee Cooper, and "From the Manger to the Cross" sung by Hank Williams, both of which became country music standards.
	McLeod moved to Benton Harbor, Michigan in 1957 where he became the business owner of "Odell Signs." He had given up songwriting at this time before suffering a heart attack in 1974 which led him to give up his business. In the late 1970s, he began writing and performing again, penning new songs as well as re-recording some of his earlier songs for the Folk Variety label of Germany. He traveled to the Netherlands in the 1980s where he and Addie toured with A.G. and Kate, a popular gospel duo. He died on January 11, 2003 at his home in Benton Harbor, Berrien County, Michigan.

= = = Theridion incertissimum = = =

	Theridion incertissimum is a spider species found in French Guiana and Brazil.

= = = National Archives of the Faroe Islands = = =

	The National Archives of the Faroe Islands () are located in Tórshavn; they were established there in 1932 as a government archive. It is now the largest collection of documents in the country and has acquired educational and research functions.
	In 1932, the Danish government responded to the request of Faroese politicians and administrators to stop archiving documents in Denmark rather than in the Faroes. Government and military documents were however exempted. 
	The archive was moved in 1972 to rooms in the Natural History Museum, including a reading room. In the 1980s they were transferred to a purpose-built building at V.U. Hammershaimbsgøta 24, near the university and the original location, V.U. Hammershaimbsgøta 11. 
	In 2011, as a cost-saving measure, the National Archives was administratively combined with the National Library of the Faroe Islands, the National Museum of the Faroe Islands, the Natural History Museum, and the Kaldbak Marine Biological Laboratory () to form Faroese National Heritage (). In 2017 Faroese National Heritage () was dissolved and the National Archives of the Faroe Islands became an independent institution directly under the Ministry of Culture.
	For many years only Klaksvík had its own archive but since october 2017 the Faroese Government has been funding a local archives in Tvøroyri.
	The archives amount to of shelved materials in two locations. Digitalisation is a high priority; online access is also available to visitors to the National Archives, and in 2007 a project began to create an electronic databank of genealogical data on the inhabitants of the islands, drawing on records from the past 200 years.
	The National Archives has a director, Sámal Tróndur Finnsson Johansen, and eight other employees, whose responsibilities include training civil servants in archiving and assisting with research.

= = = Zingiber barbatum = = =

	Zingiber barbatum ("meik-thalin" or "meik tha-lin") is a medicinal, therapeutic ginger found in Myanmar. The plant, a rhizome geophyte, is concentrated primarily in the Yangon, Bago, and Mandalay regions, although specimens have been found in at least two other administrative regions.
	Researchers from the University of Tsukuba, Padjadjaran University, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University consider the plant to be an "underutilized [sic] medicinal plant", being "used in the indigenous system of medicine". Having collated 19 specimens from five of Myanmar's administrative subdivisions, the botanists denoted 29 morphological characteristics, pertaining to growth habits, leaf, pseudo-stem, and rhizome characteristics. Of the 29, 22 displayed a high degree of variation within wild ginger specimens, and 20 "contributed significantly" to morphological variation. Eleven amplified primer sets gave a total of 175 bands and exhibited 92.15% polymorphism across intraspecies specimens.
	In Nathaniel Wallich's 1830 compendium "Plantae Asiaticae Rariores: or, Descriptions and figures of a select number of unpublished East Indian plants", he describes "Z. barbatum" in nuanced detail:
[This] species approaches nearest to "Zingiber squarrosum" of William Roxburgh, which I found abundantly about Rangoon, but differs in having [much] broader, convex and ventricose bracts, ending in a very long cylindric point. It grows on the hills near the banks of the Irrawaddy, about Prome, on both sides of that river, where I saw it with unripe fruit [in] September. The plants which were introduced thence into the Calcutta Garden, blossom freely during the cold and rainy seasons. The spikes issue from the creeping roots, near the stems, or from the base of the latter, and are barely elevated above the surface of the earth; they are sometimes compound, that is, a spikelet is produced from one or two of the lowermost bracts. The whole plant possesses a very faint, though pleasant aromatic smell and taste.

= = = 61st Battalion (Winnipeg), CEF = = =

	The 61st Battalion (Winnipeg), CEF was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War. The 61st Battalion was authorized on 20 April 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 5 April 1915. It provided reinforcements to the Canadian Corps in the field until 6 July 1916, when its personnel were absorbed by the 11th Reserve Battalion, CEF. The battalion was subsequently disbanded on 17 July 1917.
	The 61st Battalion recruited in and was mobilized at Winnipeg, Manitoba.
	The 61st Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. F.J. Murray from 1 April 1916 to 6 July 1916.
	The 61st Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916.
	The 61st Battalion, CEF is perpetuated by The Royal Winnipeg Rifles.
	Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914-1919 by Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962

= = = National Library of the Faroe Islands = = =

	The National Library of the Faroe Islands () is the national library for the Faroe Islands, a self-governing country within the Kingdom of Denmark It is both a public and a research library. 
	The library houses the largest collection of works written in Faroese, works written by Faroese in other languages or translated by them, and works written about the Faroe Islands. 
	The library began in 1828, when the Danish "Amtmaður" (governor) Christian Ludvig Tillisch (in office 1825–30) and his "Amtsrevisor" Jens Davidsen began assembling books for a "Færø Amts Bibliotek" (Danish, 'Faroe County Library'). They were assisted by the Danish scholar Carl Christian Rafn and by private citizens, and on 5 November 1828 secured an annual grant of funds from the King. In 1831, the collection included 2,860 volumes.
	The library acquired its own building in 1830, and Jens Davidsen served as librarian until his death in 1878. By 1850 there were approximately 5,000 books, but the project stagnated between 1878 and 1905, when the Faroese parliament, the Løgting, assigned funding. The library flourished beginning in 1921, under the linguist Mads Andreas Jacobsen (1891–1944), who had trained as a librarian in 1920. During the period of the Faroese language conflict, it became a rallying point for national writers and politicians. It moved into a new building in 1931.
	After the achievement of home rule in 1948, the Løgting greatly increased financial support for the library and its official name became Faroese. The library underwent renewed expansion and under a law passed on 16 June 1952 is a depository library: publishers are legally required to deposit four copies of all printed materials in the collection.
	Since 24 September 1980 the library has been housed at J. C. Svabosgøta 16 on Viðarlundin á Debesartrøð park, in a purpose-built building designed by Jákup Pauli Gregoriussen.
	In 2011, as a cost-saving measure, the National Library was administratively combined with the National Archives of the Faroe Islands, the National Museum of the Faroe Islands, the Natural History Museum of the Faroe Islands, and the Kaldbak Marine Biological Laboratory () to form Faroese National Heritage ().

= = = Charisma candida = = =

	Charisma candida is a species of extremely small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.
	This marine species occurs off Japan.

= = = Thomas Sadler (Unitarian) = = =

	Thomas Sadler (1822–1891) was an English Unitarian minister and writer.
	He was the son of Thomas Sadler, unitarian minister of Horsham in Sussex, and was born there on 5 July 1822. He was educated at University College, London, studied for some months in Bonn, and went on to the University of Erlangen, whence he graduated Ph.D. in 1844. He entered the Unitarian ministry at Hackney, but migrated in 1846 to become minister of Rosslyn Hill Chapel in Hampstead, London, where he stayed for the remaining 45 years of his life.
	Through Sadler's efforts, a new chapel on Rosslyn Hill was opened on 5 June 1862. He died at Rosslyn Manse on 11 September 1891, and was buried on the 16th in Highgate cemetery. At the time of his death he was the senior trustee of Dr. Williams's Library, and visitor of Manchester New College.
	In 1859 Sadler published "Gloria Patri: the Scripture Doctrine of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit", in which he defended the Unitarian position against the views expressed in "Rock of Ages" by Edward Henry Bickersteth. James Martineau preached the opening discourse of the new Rosslyn Hill Chapel; it was printed, with Sadler's sermon on the closing of the old chapel, and an appendix on the former ministers of Hampstead.
	Sadler was specially interested in the history of the older English presbyterianism. His tastes led to a commission, in 1867, to edit Henry Crabb Robinson's "Diaries". The work appeared in 1869, and went to a third edition in 1872; but only a small portion of the Crabb Robinson papers were used utilised. With some devotional works, Sadler was also author of "Edwin T. Field: a memorial sketch", 1872; "The Man of Science and Disciple of Christ", a funeral speech for William Benjamin Carpenter, 1885; and "Prayers for Christian Worship", 1886.
	Sadler married, in 1849, Mary, daughter of Charles Colgate, but left no issue.

= = = Ignacy Matuszewski = = =

	Ignacy Hugo Stanisław Matuszewski (born September 10, 1891 in Warsaw, died on August 3, 1946 in New York City) was a Polish politician, publicist, diplomat, Minister of Treasury of the Second Polish Republic, colonel, infantry officer and intelligence agent of the Polish Army, member of the International Olympic Committee.
	He was a son of Ignacy Matuszewski, Sr., a well-known literary critic. A strong supporter of Józef Piłsudski, he was counted among the "Colonels" and co-founded the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America. He was also the godson of writer, Bolesław Prus.
	Ignacy Matuszewski studied philosophy at the Jagiellonian University, architecture in Milan, law in Tartu, and agriculture in Warsaw.
	During World War I Matuszewski was one of the executors of Piłsudski's concept in the Russian Empire. From December 1914, he served in the Russian Army, among others as commander of an intelligence troop. After the February Revolution in 1917, he organized the Assembly of Free Poles in Saint Petersburg and participated in the formation of the Polish Corps in Russia. In December 1917 he joined the Polish I Corps in Russia under the command of General Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki.
	In the early 1918, Matuszewski received a default death sentence from the Bolsheviks. In response to this threat, he captured Minsk, chasing away the Bolshevik garrison, on February 18, 1918. Two days later, he became the commander of the city. Since the Germans had also sentenced him to death, he decided to move to Kiev. In April 1918, Matuszewski joined the Polish Military Organisation. In May 1918, he participated in the coup directed against General Dowbor-Muśnicki, who wanted to hand control of the Polish I Corps to the Germans at the fortress of Bobrujsk. After the coup failed and the Germans disarmed the Corps, Matuszewski was back in Kiev.
	Following the regaining of independence by Poland in November 1918, Matuszewski was transferred to the Second Unit of the General Staff of the Polish Army, of which he became chief at the culmination of the Polish-Bolshevik War. After the Bolshevik defeat, Józef Piłsudski summarized the espionage activity of Matuszewski in the following words: "It was the first war since many centuries waged by Poland during which we [Poland] knew more about the enemy than the enemy knew about us." Matuszewski participated in the talks that resulted in the 1921 Treaty of Riga.
	From November 2, 1923 until October 15, 1924, Matuszewski was a listener of the III Training Course at the Wyższa Szkoła Wojenna in Warsaw. After the completion of the course and obtaining of an officer's diploma at the General Staff of the Army, he was appointed military attaché in Rome by the Minister of Military Affairs. On December 1, 1924, he was named elder colonel as of August 15, 1924, and ranked nineteenth in the infantry officers' corps. He was moved to the reserves in 1926.
	After the May Coup of 1926, Matuszewski was one of the leading representatives of the right-wing among the followers of Marshal Józef Piłsudski. During 1926-28, he served as a Polish representative in Budapest. During 1929-31, he was director of the Ministry of Treasury and Minister of Treasury in the five following governments (from the cabinet of Kazimierz Świtalski until the second cabinet of Walery Sławek). Between 1932 and 1936, he was the leading publicist of "Gazeta Polska" ("Polish Gazette"), whose print run was 35,000 during that period. After Matuszewski's resignation from the newspaper's editing staff, the printing run fell by half. He was also the leading editor of "Polityka Narodów", a monthly that analyzed geopolitics, foreign policies of foreign powers, international situation and the place of Poland in the world. In 1937, Matuszewski was awarded the Golden "Wawrzyn Akademicki" (Academic Laurel) by the Polish Academy of Literature for his "services for the good of literature.".
	In March 1938, Matuszewski accurately predicted the outbreak of World War II and its fatal consequences for Poland. On the pages of the "Słowo Lwowskie" (a Vilnus newspaper), the ex-Minister of Treasury launched a campaign for the increase in the Polish military budget and for the formation of three armored divisions. After the Germans had captured Prague on March 15, 1939, he wrote an article in "Polityka Gospodarcza" calling for the doubling of the size of the Polish Army. The anxious government elite had Matuszewski's text promptly confiscated, but it still appeared in a slightly changed form in "Słowo". He was a pessimist, whom Józef Beck did not want to listen to. He had worried that the war would be an unprecedented catastrophe for Poland. The war émigré Władysław Studnicki would later confirm the colonel's critical attitude toward Beck.
	Matuszewski thought that Poland could not afford a war with Germany, as the Germans had an enormous military advantage. On the eve of the September Campaign of 1939 he said: "we must lose this war miserably within three months." He also anticipated the destruction of the Republic by the two aggressors, i.e., Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
	In September 1939, he organized, together with Henryk Floyar-Rajchman, the operation to evacuate 75 tons of gold from the Polish National Bank through Romania, Turkey and Syria to France, where he and his wife Halina Konopacka, who assisted him, handed it over to the Polish Government-in-Exile. Removed from service by the government of Władysław Sikorski and compelled by the capitulation of France in June 1940, he set out to seek refuge in the United States. He and Konopacka finally arrived there in September 1941, having traveled through Spain, Portugal and Brazil.
	He was opposed to the policies of Władysław Sikorski toward the Soviet Union, for example the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement, which he criticized in his writing. Together with Wacław Jędrzejewicz and Henryk Floyar-Rajchman, Matuszewski co-founded the National Committee of Americans of Polish Extraction (KNAPP) and the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America. He worked to persuade Polish public opinion in the U.S. to oppose the policy of concessions to Joseph Stalin.
	He died in New York City on August 3, 1946. He was survived by Konopacka, who subsequently remarried.
	"His greatest joy in life," confessed Bohdan Podoski after Matuszewski's death, "was his only daughter, Ewa. He once gave her that which he valued the most: the Cross of Virtuti Militari once awarded to his great-grandfather, as well as a similar order that was his own. The young girl died in the Warsaw Uprising, shot as she was treating wounded soldiers of the Home Army. She was captured by the Germans, whom she did not fear, while performing her duties as a paramedic in the "Baszta" Insurgent Company to the very end. According to the German narration, Ewa Matuszewska was executed on September 26, 1944, in the vicinity of Aleja Niepodległości (Independence Avenue) in Warsaw for the 'crime' of helping 'lawless individuals'."
	Matuszewski was the recipient of The Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari and of The Estonian Cross of Freedom of the Third Degree.

= = = Cronista = = =

	A cronista is one who writes chronicles.
	In Spain, a chronicler or Cronista is a writer or documenter who collects historical or current facts and writes them. Until the time of the illustrations, he was the equivalent of a historian and occupied this as an official function to perform this activity properly. The appointment of the official chronicler often happens in individuals who have distinguished themselves by their efforts to study, investigate and disseminate population-related issues. The assignment will be made by mutual agreement of the City Council in plenary meeting (ordinary or extraordinary). The award is traditionally based on the essential principles of an honorary, unpaid and lifetime assignment. The appointment also involves the nomination as honorary councillor.

= = = China 3D TV Test Channel = = =

	China 3D TV Test Channel () was a Chinese television channel which broadcast digital 3D television content from China Central Television, Beijing Television, Tianjin Television, Shanghai Media Group, Jiangsu Television and Shenzhen Media Group. It was launched on 1 January 2012 and was shut down on 30 July 2018, being replaced by CCTV-4K, a television channel which broadcasts 4K content solely from CCTV.

= = = List of United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election = = =

	For the 2014 Indian general election, the UPA's is an alliance led by Indian National Congress with following parties:
	For the 2014 Indian general election, the UPA's candidates for the "Lok Sabha" constituencies are as follows:
	Source : All India Congress Committee Nationalist Congress Party Rashtriya Janata Dal Jammu & Kashmir National Conference Jharkhand Mukti Morcha Rashtriya Lok Dal Mahan Dal Communist Party of India
	Source : All India Congress Committee
	The United Progressive Alliance lost power. The Indian National Congress won 44, Nationalist Congress Party won 6, Rashtriya Janata Dal won 4, Jharkhand Mukti Morcha won 2, Indian Union Muslim League won 2 seats respectively and Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) won 1 seat.

= = = Wood car racing = = =

	Wood car racing is a racing event for youth who build small cars from wood, usually from kits containing a block of pine, plastic wheels and metal axles. Kids from all over the world participate in events related to wood car racing.
	The pinewood derby was created as an event for Cub Scouts in the Boy Scouts of America. The first pinewood derby was held on May 15, 1953 at the Scout House in Manhattan Beach, California by Cub Scout Pack 280C (the present Pack 713). The concept was created by the Pack’s Cubmaster Don Murphy, and sponsored by the Management Club at North American Aviation.
	Murphy's son was too young to participate in the popular Soap Box Derby races, so he came up with the idea of racing miniature wood cars. The cars had the same gravity-powered concept as the full-size Soap Box Derby cars, but were much smaller and easier to build.
	The pinewood derby had a sensational first year. The originator of the idea—Don Murphy and the Management Club of North American Aviation—sent out thousands of brochures to anyone who requested more information. The idea spread rapidly, and competitions were held across the country, mainly with recreation departments and nonprofit organizations including the Los Angeles County Department of Recreation. Of all that early enthusiasm, however, only the Boy Scouts of America made it part of an official program.
	As the popularity of the pinewood derby grew, other organizations adopted the concept. Pinewood derby is a registered trademark of the BSA, so most use different names. Each derby has slightly different rules for making and racing their cars.

= = = Swimming at the 2014 South American Games – Men's 100 metre freestyle = = =

	The men's 100 metre freestyle competition at the 2014 South American Games took place on March 10 at the Estadio Nacional. The last champion was Crox Acuña of Venezuela.
	This race consisted of two lengths of the pool, both lengths being in freestyle.
	Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan Pacific records were as follows:
	All times are in minutes and seconds.
	The first round was held on March 10, at 12:10.
	The final was held on March 10, at 20:39.

= = = Basketligan MVP = = =

	The Basketligan MVP award is an annual award that is handed out to the most valuable player in the Basketligan, which is the highest tier of professional basketball in the country of Sweden. The award was first introduced in the 1992–93 season.

= = = Gypsy (catboat) = = =

	The Gypsy (previously known as the Witch and the Wren) is a historic catboat whose home is in Wareham, Massachusetts. She was designed and built in 1900 by Bowdoin B. Crowninshield, as one of four identical sailing vessels, and was designated "Crowninshield #149". Her design was influenced by the "Seawanhaka Rule", instituted at the Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club to govern important characteristics of racing boats. She has a spoon bow, low freeboard, and long overhangs rising out of the water fore and aft. Her hull is made of white cedar on an oaken frame, although the top levels have been replaced with cypress.
	The boat design was commissioned by Charles Henry Davis, who received the "Hun", the first of the four boats built. The "Witch" was the second in the series, and was delivered to Osborne Howes II. (In-laws of Howes purchased the other two.) The "Witch" was first berthed at the summer house of the Howeses in Yarmouth, Massachusetts, which was called "The Witch House", and used by the family in informal races. She was sold by Howes in 1926, and came into the hands of Edward Barus, who sailed her in the Osterville area. After she was damaged in the New England Hurricane of 1938, she was rerigged from a gaff rig to a Marconi rig. In 1949 the boat, now named "Wren", was purchased by Marjorie O'Brien, its present owner, who gave the boat its present name.
	The boat was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. It is normally berthed at a dock at 35 Lydia Island Road, and may be seen sailing in Onset Bay.

= = = Achaearanea hieroglyphica = = =

	Achaearanea hieroglyphica is a tangle web spider species found in Brazil, French Guiana and Peru.

= = = Roldan Aquino = = =

	Rolando Desembrana Aquino (May 2, 1948 – March 10, 2014) was a Filipino actor and director, best known for playing antagonist roles in films and television shows. Became a Born-Again Christian and was ordained as a Pastor of Jesus Lights the Way to the Father's Kingdom Church, Antipolo City, Officiated by Bishop Federico "Butch" Villanueva.
	Roldan Aquino is famous being a character actor. He starred in various films including "Burlesk Queen" (1977), "Atsay" (1978) and "" (2011).
	He suffered a stroke in January 2014 and underwent surgery on January 20, 2014. He died on March 10, 2014.

= = = Titus Canyon Formation = = =

	The Titus Canyon Formation is an Eocene geologic formation in California. H. Donald Curry collected the type specimens of the three teleosts "Fundulus curryi", "Fundulus euepis", and "Cyprinodon breviradius" in the Titus Canyon Formation. Both of these genera are present in the Titus Canyon Formation sediments of Death Valley National Park.

= = = Basketligan Finals MVP = = =

	The Basketligan Finals MVP award is handed out to the Most Valuable Player in the Finals of the Basketligan, the highest Swedish basketball tier.

= = = 2014–15 MHL season = = =

	The 2014-15 Maritime Junior Hockey League season was the 48th season in league history. The season consisted of 48 games played by each MHL team.
	At the end of the regular season, the Dieppe Commandos, Woodstock Slammers, Miramichi Timberwolves, Campbellton Tigers, Pictou County Crushers, Truro Bearcats, Valley Wildcats and Yarmouth Mariners competed for the Kent Cup, the league's playoff championship trophy. The Kent Cup was won by the Dieppe Commandos. They beat the Truro Bearcats 4 games to 0 for their first championship in 20 Years.
	The Commandos met with the Longueuil Collège Français (QJHL Champions), the Carleton Place Canadians (CCHL Champions) and the Cornwall Colts (Host) in Cornwall, Ontario to determine the Eastern Canadian Fred Page Cup champion. The champion ended up being the Carleton Place Canadians as they defeated the Commandos 3-2 in the championship game to win their second straight title.
	County Aces joined league and began playing this season.
	The Valley Wildcats relocated from Kentville to Berwick.
	The Bridgewater Lumberjacks were renamed the South Shore Lumberjacks. (Mid Season)
	Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime Losses; SL = Shootout Losses; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against; PTS = Points; STK = Streak; x = Clinched playoff spot; y = Clinched division; z = Clinched first overall
	Final Standings
	"Notes;" *= If Necessary
	Hosted by the Cornwall Colts in Cornwall, Ontario
	Fred Page Cup Tournament
	Key; x = Clinched championship round berth; y = Clinched first overall
	All Star Team
	Individual Awards
	Team Awards

= = = Bug bounty program = = =

	A bug bounty program is a deal offered by many websites, organizations and software developers by which individuals can receive recognition and compensation for reporting bugs, especially those pertaining to exploits and vulnerabilities. 
	These programs allow the developers to discover and resolve bugs before the general public is aware of them, preventing incidents of widespread abuse. Bug bounty programs have been implemented by a large number of organizations, including Mozilla, Facebook, Yahoo!, Google, Reddit, Square, and Microsoft. 
	Companies outside the technology industry, including traditionally conservative organizations like the United States Department of Defense, have started using bug bounty programs. The Pentagon’s use of bug bounty programs is part of a posture shift that has seen several US Government Agencies reverse course from threatening white hat hackers with legal recourse to inviting them to participate as part of a comprehensive vulnerability disclosure framework or policy.
	Hunter & Ready initiated the first known bug bounty program in 1983 for their Versatile Real-Time Executive operating system. Anyone who found and reported a bug would receive a Volkswagen Beetle (a.k.a. Bug) in return. A little over a decade later in 1995, Jarrett Ridlinghafer, a technical support engineer at Netscape Communications Corporation coined the phrase 'Bugs Bounty'.
	Netscape encouraged its employees to push themselves and do whatever it takes to get the job done. Ridlinghafer recognized that Netscape had many enthusiasts and evangelists for their products, some of whom to him seemed even fanatical, particularly for the Mosaic/Netscape/Mozilla browser. He started to investigate the phenomenon in more detail and discovered that many of Netscape's enthusiasts were actually software engineers who were fixing the product's bugs on their own and publishing the fixes or workarounds:
	Ridlinghafer thought the company should leverage these resources and sat down and wrote out a proposal for the 'Netscape Bugs Bounty Program', which he presented to his manager who in turn suggested that Ridlinghafer present it at the next company executive team meeting.
	At the next executive team meeting, which was attended by James Barksdale, Marc Andreessen and the VPs of every department including product engineering, each member was given a copy of the 'Netscape Bugs Bounty Program' proposal and Ridlinghafer was invited to present his idea to the Netscape Executive Team.
	Everyone at the meeting embraced the idea except the VP of Engineering, who did not want it to go forward believing it to be a waste of time and resources. However, the VP of Engineering was overruled and Ridlinghafer was given an initial $50k budget to run with the proposal and the first official 'Bugs Bounty' program was launched in 1995.
	The program was such a huge success it's mentioned in many of the books detailing Netscape's successes.
	In August 2013, a Palestinian Computer Science student reported a vulnerability that allowed anyone to post a video on an arbitrary account. According to the email communication between the student and Facebook, he attempted to report the vulnerability using Facebook's bug bounty program but the student was misunderstood by Facebook's engineers. Later he exploited the vulnerability using the Facebook profile of Mark Zuckerberg, resulting into Facebook denying to pay him a bounty.
	Facebook started paying researchers who find and report security bugs by issuing them custom branded “White Hat” debit cards that can be reloaded with funds each time the researchers discover new flaws. “Researchers who find bugs and security improvements are rare, and we value them and have to find ways to reward them,” Ryan McGeehan, former manager of Facebook’s security response team, told CNET in an interview. “Having this exclusive black card is another way to recognize them. They can show up at a conference and show this card and say ‘I did special work for Facebook.’” In 2014, Facebook stopped issuing debit cards to researchers.
	In 2016, Uber experienced a security incident when an individual accessed the personal information of 57 million Uber users worldwide. The individual supposedly demanded a ransom of $100,000 in order to destroy the users’ data. In Congressional testimony, Uber CISO indicated that the company verified that the data had been destroyed before paying the $100,000. Mr. Flynn expressed regret that Uber did not disclose the incident in 2016. As part of their response to this incident, Uber worked with partner HackerOne to update their bug bounty program policies to, among other things, more thoroughly explain good faith vulnerability research and disclosure.
	India, which has either the first or second largest number of bug hunters in the world, depending on which report one cites, also tops the Facebook Bug Bounty Program with the largest number of valid bugs. “India came out on top with the number of valid submissions in 2017, with the United States and Trinidad & Tobago in second and third place, respectively”, Facebook quoted in a post.
	Yahoo! was severely criticized for sending out Yahoo! T-shirts as reward to the Security Researchers for finding and reporting security vulnerabilities in Yahoo!, sparking what came to be called "T-shirt-gate". High-Tech Bridge, a Geneva, Switzerland-based security testing company issued a press release saying Yahoo! offered $12.50 in credit per vulnerability, which could be used toward Yahoo-branded items such as T-shirts, cups and pens from its store. Ramses Martinez, director of Yahoo's security team claimed later in a blog post that he was behind the voucher reward program, and that he basically had been paying for them out of his own pocket. Eventually, Yahoo! launched its new bug bounty program on October 31 of the same year, that allows security researchers to submit bugs and receive rewards between $250 and $15,000, depending on the severity of the bug discovered.
	Similarly, when Ecava released the first known bug bounty program for ICS in 2013,they were criticized for offering store credits instead of cash which does not incentivize security researchers. Ecava explained that the program was intended to be initially restrictive and focused on the human safety perspective for the users of IntegraXor SCADA, their ICS software.
	In October 2013, Google announced a major change to its Vulnerability Reward Program. Previously, it had been a bug bounty program covering many Google products. With the shift, however, the program was broadened to include a selection of high-risk free software applications and libraries, primarily those designed for networking or for low-level operating system functionality. Submissions that Google found adherent to the guidelines would be eligible for rewards ranging from $500 to $3133.70. In 2017, Google expanded their program to cover vulnerabilities found in applications developed by third parties and made available through the Google Play Store.
	Similarly, Microsoft and Facebook partnered in November 2013 to sponsor The Internet Bug Bounty, a program to offer rewards for reporting hacks and exploits for a broad range of Internet-related software. In 2017, GitHub and The Ford Foundation sponsored the initiative, which is managed by volunteers from Uber, Microsoft, Facebook, Adobe, and HackerOne. The software covered by the IBB includes Adobe Flash, Python, Ruby, PHP, Django, Ruby on Rails, Perl, OpenSSL, Nginx, Apache HTTP Server, and Phabricator. In addition, the program offered rewards for broader exploits affecting widely used operating systems and web browsers, as well as the Internet as a whole.
	In March 2016, Peter Cook announced the US federal government's first bug bounty program, the "Hack the Pentagon" program. The program ran from April 18 to May 12 and over 1400 people submitted 138 unique valid reports through HackerOne. In total, the US Department of Defense paid out $71,200. 
	"Open Bug Bounty" is a crowd security bug bounty program established in 2014 that allows individuals to post website and web application security vulnerabilities in the hope of a reward from affected website operators.

= = = The Narrative discography = = =

	The discography of The Narrative, an American indie pop band from Long Island, New York, that have recorded one studio album, three extended plays and one b-side album. The band first got together after Suzie Zeldin answered a Craigslist ad put up by Jesse Gabriel in 2006.
	They soon found out that they were studying in the same school on Bellmore, Long Island, but never met. So after the answer of Suzie, they discovered they shared the same passion for music. The two collaborated on music, first forming the short-lived project "January Window" spending the next couple of years (2006–2007) in Suzie's cramped Upper West Side apartment crafting songs for their first EP. And officially formed "The Narrative" on 2008 releasing the debut EP "Just Say Yes".
	In 2010 they released the debut album "The Narrative". Charles Seich joined the group on 2008 and in 2010 became a band member, until 2011 when he left. The band release their b-side album, "B-Sides and Seasides" in 2012 for promote the recording of a second full length. The Narrative's next album "Golden Silence" was released on December 2, 2016.

= = = Berega Mission Hospital = = =

	Berega Mission Hospital is a 120-bed hospital situated in Berega, Morogoro region, central Tanzania, administered by the Anglican Church of Tanzania. The hospital, plus attached nursing school, serves an estimated 217,000 of the poorest residents of Tanzania and the hospital's current operation is reliant on charitable donations and volunteer work. Despite a high volume of critically unwell patients, many of them children, and its status as a referral centre for nearby community medical centres (most frequently dispensaries), Berega operates in a very low-resource environment.
	The hospital is located in the centre of Berega. It is a 20 minute drive from Dodoma Road, the main highway from Dar Es Salaam to Dodoma. There is a nearby airstrip.
	There are four wards: Paediatric, Male, Female, Maternity, as well as a Neonatal Care Unit (opened in 2016). There are three operating theatres, a pharmacy and outpatient facilities. Additionally, there is accommodation for relatives and expectant mothers. The School of Nursing at Berega (SONAB) provides approximately sixty nursing students who assist in the hospital during their studies.
	The hospital gets electricity from the main power grid, but power cuts are frequent. There is a generator, but it is expensive to run and avoided for as long as possible. Water is pumped from a nearby well twice per week.
	Berega was featured in a three-part article in the New York Times, focusing on the challenges of high maternal mortality in East Africa.

= = = Nolina greenei = = =

	Nolina greenei, woodland beargrass, is a plant species native to the United States. It is widespread in New Mexico and also reported from Colorado (Las Animas County), Texas (Deaf Smith and Garza Counties) and Oklahoma (Cimarron County).
	"Nolina greenei" grows in rocky locations such as limestone outcrops and old lava flows, often in grasslands or in pine-oak woodlands at elevations of 1200–2000 m. It is a perennial rosette forming plant with an underground caudex. Leaves are long and narrow, sometimes over 100 cm long but rarely more than 1 cm wide. They sometimes have sharp teeth along the margins. Flowering stalk is up to 20 cm high, with a large panicle of white flowers with purple midveins. Fruit is a dry, inflated capsule up to 5 mm across.

= = = Space Shower TV = = =

	The idea behind establishing Space Shower TV was to create a specialized music channel like MTV in Japan. The purpose was to make it a strictly music channel providing quality content that would meet the standards of a true music fan.

= = = Gáspár Orbán = = =

	Gáspár Orbán (born 7 February 1992) is a Hungarian religious leader and former professional footballer. He is the son of Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán.
	Orbán played as a midfielder for Videoton II and Puskás Akadémia.
	Orbán later became a Pentecostal church preacher.

= = = Clate Mask = = =

	Clate Mask is an entrepreneur and co-founder and CEO of Keap, which makes small business sales and marketing automation software. Mask co-authored Conquer the Chaos, a New York Times best-selling book. Mask has made contributions writing about entrepreneurship for VentureBeat, Entrepreneur and Fast Company.
	Mask attended Arizona State University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in Economics in 1996. He then continued to earn a Juris Doctor and Master of Business Administration from Brigham Young University in 2000.
	Mask started his career working for North Sky, a company in Utah that was later sold to About.com in 1999. In 2001, he started eNovaSys with Scott Martineau and Eric Martineau. eNovaSys evolved into what is now Infusionsoft where Mask serves as CEO.
	Mask and Scott Martineau's book, "Conquer the Chaos: How to Grow a Successful Small Business Without Going Crazy" (), was on the best-selling lists in "The New York Times", "USA Today", and "The Wall Street Journal" in June 2010. "Conquer the Chaos" focuses on balancing personal and work life, while becoming successful, as a budding entrepreneur.
	Mask and his wife, Charisse, are the parents of six children and reside in Gilbert, Arizona.

= = = Koumpiodontosuchus = = =

	Koumpiodontosuchus is an extinct genus of neosuchian crocodyliform that lived in the Early Cretaceous. The only species is "K. aprosdokiti".
	The first fossilised fragment of a skull was discovered by Diane Trevarthen on a beach near Sandown in the Isle of Wight in March 2011. Three months later, the second fragment of the skull was found by Austin and Finley Nathan. The two fragments were donated to Dinosaur Isle. The species that the fragments belonged to was named "Koumpiodontosuchus aprosdokiti", meaning "unexpected button-toothed crocodile".
	When the fragments were first seen by Steve Sweetman, a palaeontologist with the University of Portsmouth, he thought that they belonged to the "Bernissartia fagesii" species because of its small size and button-shaped teeth. Sweetman published a paper on the discovery of the new species in "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica".

= = = Charisma carinata = = =

	Charisma carinata, common name the carinate charisma, is a species of extremely small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.
	The height of the shell is 1.1 mm, its diameter 1.4 mm. The minute, solid shell contains three and a half whorls. The first two whorls are smooth, white and convex. The spire whorl shows three rounded carinations, one just below the suture which is channelled by it, the second about one-third the distance between the sutures, and the third about one-fourth the distance from the lower suture. The interspaces are concave, and have spiral cords, equidistant; two in the upper space, the posterior the smaller; three in the middle space, small and equal. The body whorl has seven carinations which become gradually lower towards the base, and closer. The interspaces are concave, and provided with spiral lirae, varying from six to two, according to the width of the spaces. The lowest carina forms a margin to the umbilicus which is wide and sculptured with about eight spiral lirae. The spirals are cut up at irregular intervals by radial incisions, and marked by very fine crowded microscopic radial scratches. The aperture is circular; its inner surface smooth, and its outer scalloped by the spirals. Colour, very light amber; some examples are white, others faintly tinged with pink.
	This marine species is endemic to Australia and occurs off South Australia.

= = = Xaverio Ballester = = =

	Xaverio Ballester (full name in Spanish transcription: Francisco Javier Ballester Gómez) is a Spanish linguist, professor at University of Valencia and one of main proponents of Paleolithic Continuity Theory (aka Paleolithic Continuity Paradigm).
	He obtained Ph.D. in Classical Philology at University of Barcelona in 1987. Teaching positions include: Professor titular of Latin Philology in the University of Zaragoza (1989); Professor of Latin Philology in the University of Valencia (1997); Professor of Latin Philology in the University of La Laguna (1997, resign).
	Ballester is also co-editor of the journal "Liburna".

= = = Narasimha Nandi = = =

	Narasimha Nandi (born Narasimha Reddy) is an Indian film, screenwriter, director, producer and playwright known for his works predominantly in Telugu cinema. In 2008, he garnered the National Film Award and Nandi Award for directing "1940 Lo Oka Gramam". In 2013, he served in the Jury for South Region-2 at the 60th National Film Awards

= = = Dobromierz Transmitter = = =

	Dobromierz Transmitter (Polish: SLR Dobromierz) is an 88 metre tall Radio and Television tower situated in Dobromierz, Poland. On the top of this concrete tower, there is a horizontal steel cross.
	At the ends of the crossarms, which are equipped with gangways, the antenna mast on its top.
	The tower is used for transmitting the following FM and TV programs

= = = Luis Aparicio Sr. = = =

	Luis Aparicio Ortega (August 28, 1912 – January 1, 1971) was a Venezuelan professional baseball personality for 40 years, serving as a player, coach, field manager, and club organizer. Aparicio was the father of Baseball Hall of Fame member Luis Aparicio.
	Born and raised in Maracaibo, Zulia, Aparicio came from a family whose name is synonymous with baseball in Venezuela. He was the son of Leónidas Aparicio and Adelina Ortega, who introduced their children to sport activities within the local community at an early age. As a result, the young Luis excelled both in soccer and track and field before deciding to play baseball. Besides, his older brother Ernesto developed into a successful baseball manager, coach and team owner, while his son Luis Jr. spent 18 years in the Major Leagues and is a Baseball Hall of Fame member.
	Basically a line-drive hitter and speedy base runner, Aparicio was never a dominant hitter, but his defense though was what made him great, as he is widely regarded as the best Venezuelan shortstop of his era. He was prized by his wonderful range, smooth hands, and a quick and strong arm, while showing a great ability to make plays on the move and throw base runners out from all over the infield. Besides, he has been described as an intelligent player that possessed exceptional baseball sense and instincts to anticipate the play.
	Engaged in any sport activities as a teenager, Aparicio Sr. was introduced to the soccer environment in the late 1920s, playing as a forward for several First Division clubs of Caracas and Maracaibo, but ended devoted himself to baseball when he was hired to play in the National Baseball Series tournament, where he performed for seven different teams in eleven seasons spanning 1931–1945. A few years before, in 1928, he had founded with his brother Ernesto the baseball team "Los Muchachos" (The Boys), which was later renamed Gavilanes de Maracaibo. Over time, the Gavilanes (Sparrowhawks) would become the most successful team in Zulian Professional Baseball annals, winning 15 of 20 summer tournaments held between 1932 and 1957.
	In between, Aparicio was signed by the Tigres del Licey club of the now extinct Dominican Republic Summer League in 1934, becoming the first Venezuelan ballplayer to play professionally outside of his country. He also gained international exposure as a member of the Venezuela national baseball team during the 1942 Baseball World Cup tournament played in Havana, Cuba.
	Although he never appeared in a Major League game, Aparicio received an offer to play for the Washington Senators in 1938 that he could not achieve. At the time, he was walking in the aftermath of a hernia surgery and subsequent operations needed to address complications from previous hernia surgeries.
	Following his recovery, Aparicio joined the Navegantes del Magallanes club to become a founding member of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League in its inaugural season. The first game of the new league took place on Saturday 12 January 1946 at Cervecería Caracas Stadium, as Magallanes defeated the Patriotas de Venezuela, 5–2, behind a strong pitching performance by big leaguer Alejandro Carrasquel. The first batter in that game was Aparicio, who promptly lined a solid base hit into right field and later scored the first run, becoming the first player to collect both the first hit and run scored in Venezuelan League history.
	Aparicio became part of the Sabios de Vargas for the next six campaigns, hitting a career-high .322 average in the 1946–47 season, while leading his team to the Championship title. He retired from active play with Gavilanes in 1953. In a symbolic gesture during the team's home opener, he led off as the first hitter of the game. Aparicio turned to face Howie Fox of the Lácteos de Pastora, then, after taking the first pitch, had Aparicio Jr. take his place at bat. This was the first professional appearance of Aparicio Jr., who previously had served as batboy for his father's team.
	Aparicio played until the age of 41, and while his final batting average of .269 may not seem like top-10 material, he did it at a time when it was a respectable average for a middle infielder, let alone an outstanding defensive shortstop. Although his legacy at his position has been carried on from generation to generation of Venezuelan shortstops, through Chico Carrasquel, the first-ever Latin player to appear in a MLB All-Star Game, and later by his son Luis, Dave Concepción, Ozzie Guillén, Omar Vizquel, Asdrúbal Cabrera and Elvis Andrus, among others.
	"What made the old shortstop had no comparison", Carrasquel explained in a 1971 interview to Diario Panorama. "He was a genius in that position, always advised every rookie, and they corrected the mistakes quickly. That gave rise to cheer and excel in equal measure as I did", he added.
	Meanwhile, for the young Aparicio his father was always a strong inspiration in his life. From the age of 12, he displayed the grace and elegance that he learned from him, and later developed the tricks of shortstop play from his eventual mentor Carrasquel, who recommended him to Chicago White Sox General Manager Frank Lane.
	Aparicio Jr. also recalls his mother washing baseball uniforms for his youth team and talking at home about baseball all day. Asked what he would say about his father, the Hall of Fame member said: "When my dad asked me to be always a number one, I always kept that on my mind. I think I didn't disappoint him ... I wanted him to be proud of me, and I know he definitely was. That's the achievement of my life."
	According to baseball historian Javier González, Mr. Aparicio always encouraged the youth to play at the highest level in baseball, in being as good as they could be and playing at various infield spots, but most importantly at shortstop. "He opened the doors for many ballplayers would love to play in that position", he stated categorically.
	Retired from active play, Aparicio coached for Gavilanes and later founded the Rapiños de Occidente club in 1957, following a disagreement with his brother Ernesto, which forced him leave the family organization. From there he departed not from his son, and went to his side with the Tiburones de La Guaira and the Águilas del Zulia, serving as the Águilas' manager for their inaugural 1969–70 season.
	Aparicio died in 1971 at the age of 58, after suffering a heart attack. Through the years, he has been honored various times for his numerous contributions to Venezuelan baseball.
	The Estadio Luis Aparicio El Grande is named after him in his birthplace Maracaibo. Then, in 2005 he was enshrined into the Venezuelan Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum as part of its second class.
	In addition, the 2012–13 Venezuelan Professional Baseball League tournament was played in honour of the centenary of his birthday.

= = = Symbol Systems = = =

	Symbol Systems is an album by American jazz pianist Matthew Shipp which was recorded in 1995 and became the first release on No More, a label founded by producer Alan Schneider. It was the first solo piano released by Shipp but was recorded five months after "Before the World", a live performance which was released later.
	He was approached by the producer to offer up some ideas for it, so Shipp later presented Schneider with what he had in mind "scribbled on a napkin." Spending one day in the recording studio, Shipp manufactured a recording of thirteen "compact miniatures of ideas imposed on a structure."
	In his review for AllMusic, Thom Jurek says about the album that "is a recommended place for those who are interested but unfamiliar with Shipp as a pianist, improviser, and composer to discover why, along with Marilyn Crispell, he is the most exciting pianist in music." 
	In an article for the "Boston Phoenix", Norman Weinstein states "Pensive, moody, full of flinty melodies that remind you Shipp's classical roots are firmly planted in Russian soil, these compositions haunt and unsettle."

= = = Kishenehn Formation = = =

	The Kishenehn Formation is a Paleogene stratigraphic unit in Montana. Fossil amiiforme and teleost fish have been found in outcrops of the formation's Coal Creek Member in Glacier National Park. Mosquitos have also been found in the Coal Creek Member, and have been found to be hematophagous. It is considered a Middle Eocene Lagerstätte.

= = = Pycnoporus coccineus = = =

	Pycnoporus coccineus is a saprophytic, white-rot decomposer fungus in the family Polyporaceae. A widely distributed species, the fungus was first described scientifically by Elias Magnus Fries in 1851.

= = = Merville D.63 = = =

	The Merville D.63 was a modification of the Druine D.62 Condor with a nosewheel undercarriage, modified fin and French engine. It flew in 1962.
	In the 1960s, André Merville was president of the Boulogne based company Helice G. Merville, which had been the chief supplier of wooden propellers for French aircraft since the end of World War I. He sought to broaden the firm's product range by producing both light aircraft and gliders, several of which were versions of other manufacturer's designs. The Merville D.63 was one example, a modified Druine D.62 Condor with a French, rather than American engine and a tricycle undercarriage.
	The D.63 was wood framed and covered with a mixture of plywood and fabric. It was a low wing cantilever monoplane with 5.83° of dihedral. Its tapered wings were based on two spruce spars and ply covered around the leading edge with fabric elsewhere; the Frise ailerons were constructed in the same way. The D.63 had no flaps but light alloy air brakes were mounted under the wings at 37% chord. The fixed fin and ground adjustable tailplane were ply covered, mounting fabric covered control surfaces. There was a trim tab in the port elevator.
	The fuselage was entirely ply covered. Pilot and passenger sat side by side under a rear sliding canopy. The D.63 had a fixed, unfaired tricycle undercarriage with wheels mounted on cantilever legs with shock absorbers. Its Potez 4E-20 air cooled flat four engine drove a two blade propeller made by Melville Helices.
	The D.63 first flew on 23 March 1962 and appeared at the Cannes light aircraft show in July that year.

= = = Fiveforthree = = =

	Fiveforthree (foaled 12 May 2002) was an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse who competed in National Hunt racing. In a racing career which was frequently interrupted by injury, he won six of his fourteen races between February 2007 and April 2013. After showing promise in National Hunt Flat races in Ireland, he recorded his first major success when winning the Ballymore Properties Novices' Hurdle at the 2008 Cheltenham Festival. In the following season he made only three starts but won the Grade I World Series Hurdle at Punchestown Racecourse. Plans to campaign the horse in steeplechases never came to fruition as training problems restricted him to four races in the next four years.
	Fiveforthree is a grey horse bred at the Rusellstown stud near Mullingar in County Westmeath by Peter and Ann Downes. He was sired by Arzanni (1987–2002) who won the Yorkshire Cup and took second place in Ascot Gold Cup for his owner and breeder the Aga Khan in 1991. Apart from Fiveforthree, his best runner was probably Eskleybrook, a successful steeplechaser. Fiveforthree's dam What A Queen had previously produced Celestial Gold, a very successful chaser who won the Paddy Power Gold Cup and the Hennessy Gold Cup in 2004. What A Queen was a descendant of Lady Sunderlin, a half-sister of the Grand National winner Mr What.
	As a foal, Fiveforthree was offered for sale at the Tattersalls Ireland sale in November 2002 and was bought for €6,000 by Kevin O'Donnell of Bramblestown Stables, County Kilkenny. Three years later, Fiveforthree, now a three-year-old gelding, was sent to the Doncaster Bloodstock Sale in England but was not sold as he failed to reach his reserve price of 24,000 guineas. He subsequently entered the ownership of the Olde Crowbars Syndicate and was sent into training with Willie Mullins in County Carlow.
	Fiveforthree began his racing career in early 2007 by competing in National Hunt Flat races in which he was ridden by Katie Walsh. At Punchestown in February he started 9/4 favourite and went clear in the closing stages to record an "impressive" seven length win. Mullins said he was "very happy, as he's likely to improve a lot from that". Fiveforthree was then moved up in class for the Grade I Champion Bumper at the Cheltenham Festival in March and finished fifth of the twenty-four runners, less than four lengths behind the winner Cork All Star after being denied a clear run two furlongs from the finish. On his final appearance of the season at Fairyhouse in April he started 6/4 favourite but finished third behind Sizing Africa and Mick The Man.
	After a ten-month break, (he had injured his ribs when "rolling in the paddock") Fiveforthree returned to compete novice hurdle races, making his first appearance over obstacles at Fairyhouse on 13 February 2008. Ridden by Ruby Walsh he started 8/13 favourite in a field of sixteen runners. He jumped poorly at the last two hurdles but accelerated into the lead near the finish and won "comfortably" by three lengths from Wheels Up. On 14 March, with Ruby Walsh again in the saddle, Fiveforthree was one of fifteen novices to contest the Grade I Ballymore Properties Novices' Hurdle over two and a half miles at the Cheltenham Festival. He was the 7/1 fourth choice in the betting behind the former flat runners Aigle d'Or and Group Captain and the Deloitte Novice Hurdle winner Forpadydeplasterer. Fiveforthree was restrained at the back of the field in the early stages before moving into contention at the third last hurdle. He took the lead at the last and held off the challenge of the Mouse Morris-trained Venalmar to win by a neck. After the race, Mullins explained "I thought when he won at Fairyhouse we would go for the Supreme, but I looked at his pedigree and discovered there was plenty of stamina in it. Combined with the fact that Ruby was available, it tempted me to switch to the Ballymore".
	Fiveforthree ended his second season with two runs at the Punchestown Festival. On 22 April he was brought back in distance for the vcbet.com Champion Novice Hurdle over two miles. He led the field until the second last hurdle, but was outpaced in the closing stages and beaten into third place by Jered and Salford City. Three days later he reappeared in the Land Rover Champion Novice Hurdle over two and a half miles. Starting the 3/1 second favourite, he was towards the rear in the early stages before moving into contention at the last and finished second, two lengths behind Tranquil Sea.
	After another long break, Fiveforthree returned in a two-mile hurdle at Wexford Racecourse on 17 March 2009 and won by seven lengths at odds of 4/9. He visited England for the third time on 4 April when he contested the Grade I Aintree Hurdle over two and a half miles at the Grand National meeting. With Ruby Walsh riding the Paul Nicholls-trained Celestial Halo, Fiveforthree was ridden by Paul Townend and started at odds of 7/1 in a field which included Al Eile, Katchit, Hardy Eustace, Solwhit and Jered. He took the lead approaching the final hurdle but was caught 75 yards from the line and beaten half a length by Solwhit. Fiveforthree was reunited with Ruby Walsh in the three mile World Series Hurdle at Punchestown on 30 April. Before the race, Mullins said of the grey "he is bred to get the trip... [and] is in very good form". Walsh held up the 5/4 favourite at the back of the field before making steady progress to challenge for the lead at the last. He drew away from his rivals on the run-in and won by seven lengths from Pettifour. After the race Walsh said; "he is a really high class horse and won well - he proved today that he can stay. He got very warm and he has jumped better in the past but he has a great engine". Mullins indicated that the horse would almost certainly be campaigned in steeplechases in future, saying "he was bred to be a chaser but I didn't think he was going to be big enough to be a chaser. He will go chasing next year as I don't see any point in staying over hurdles".
	Fiveforthree sustained an injury at the end of the season 2008/2009 season and failed to improve when returning to Mullins stable in autumn. In November Mullins announced that the gelding would miss the next season saying "we just decided not to go any further. We were hoping he would make it back for the second half of the season. Every other year he seems to come back, but he just hasn't taken his training well. There is no further damage or injury. We have just decided it would be prudent not to continue".
	Fiveforthree did not race again until 16 February 2011 at Punchestown. Ridden by Townend, he started 4/7 favourite for a two-mile hurdle and won easily by four lengths from the veteran steeplechaser Newmill. He was sent to Cheltenham in March for the World Hurdle but made little impact and finished eighth behind Big Buck's.
	Fiveforthree was off the racecourse for two years before returning for the Coral Cup, a handicap hurdle over two miles five furlongs at the 2013 Cheltenham Festival. Carrying a weight of 165 pounds, he started a 20/1 outsider but finished a close third behind Medinas and Meister Eckhart. In April he attempted to repeat his 2009 success in the World Series Hurdle at Punchestown but finished fifth of the six runners behind the mare Quevega.

= = = 2014 Inter-Provincial Cup = = =

	The 2014 Inter-Provincial Cup is the second season of the Inter-Provincial Cup, the domestic List A cricket competition of Ireland. The competition is played between Leinster Lightning, Northern Knights and North-West Warriors.
	The Leinster Lightning won this year's competition with a game to spare, after beating the Northern Knights at Waringstown. In the final match of the season, at Rathmines against the same opposition, the Lightning won again to finish the competition with a 100% record of four wins out of four. 
	The Inter-Provincial Series has been funded at least partly by the ICC via their TAPP programme.
	The tournament ran from 3 May to 20 September.

= = = Culturescapes = = =

	Culturescapes is a multidisciplinary Swiss arts festival devoted to inter-cultural exchange. The festival, which takes place in autumn, showcases the cultural landscape of a different region, nation or city every year. Although based in Basel the festival extends to many other places in Switzerland, such as Aarau, Bern, Chur, Zurich, Geneva or Bellinzona. Founded in the year 2002, the festival mainly focussed on Eastern European countries at the beginning. However, with festival editions devoted to countries like Turkey, Azerbaijan, China or Israel the festival gradually expanded its scope. To mark its tenth anniversary in 2012 Culturescapes focussed on Moscow, for the first time placing the topography of a city at the centre of the festival. The 2013 Balkans festival edition highlighted not only a country but an entire cultural region. 2015 Iceland was presented. At the same time was also announced that in the future the festival will take place in the biennial rhythm. The next edition will therefore be in 2017.
	Culturescapes is a network festival, cooperating with existing arts venues in Switzerland, such as the Theater Basel or the Museum Tinguely. The festival is usually supported by Swiss federal agencies, e.g. Pro Helvetia, county authorities as well as state departments of the guest country. The festival is interdisciplinary. Next to performing arts like theatre and dance the festival also presents fine arts, graphic arts, craft, literature, film and new Media. In the programming section entitled „Focus" the history, current affairs and popular culture of the focus region are discussed and analysed. This largely happens in cooperation with Swiss education institutions such as the University of Basel or the University of Zurich. Some of the countries and topics chosen have led to protests and debate. Such topics include the Armenian Genocide or the Conflicts in the Middle East. In a public letter, Culturescapes was requested by BDS Switzerland, a group advocating the boycott of Israel, not to host the Culturescapes Israel 2011 festival. The BDS Switzerland also protested at some of the events of the festival.
	The original idea behind Culturescapes was to draw attention to the transformative processes taking place in the less well-known countries of the former Eastern Bloc, as manifested in the art produced there. Gradually, however, the focus shifted to cultural landscapes with a long tradition of artistic diversity, whose current form bears the stamp of a unique combination of historical, political, social and economic factors.
	Founder and curator of all the festival editions to date is Dutch arts manager Jurriaan Cooiman. Since 2009 Culturescapes functions as a charitable foundation. Before this date, the festival had been run by the group Performing Arts Services Basel (PASS).

= = = Adam Reid = = =

	Adam Greydon Reid (born January 1, 1973) is a Canadian actor, voice actor, director, and producer. He is known for voicing Wayne on "6Teen" and Justin on "Total Drama".
	Adam Reid was born and raised in Nepean, Ontario, Canada. Adam began his multifaceted career in entertainment when he was twelve on the 80s CJOH cult comedy, "You Can't Do That On Television", which also aired in the U.S. on Nickelodeon. At sixteen, he graduated to the writing department and co-wrote thirty episodes of the show with producer/creator Roger Damon Price. He attended Sir Robert Borden H.S. and was a member of the National Champion High School Improv Team (along with his friend, fellow S.R.B. alum, Sandra Oh). He became the school's president in his senior year.
	Adam then attended Ryerson University's film program and won the 'Norman Jewison Filmmaker's Award' for his graduating short, "Token for your Thoughts", which also won a 'Gold Plaque Award' at the Chicago Intercom Festival. From there, Adam began to straddle both passions as an actor and filmmaker - directing commercials, music videos and shorts, while touring and performing with one of the most popular Canadian comedy troupes at the time, The Komic Kazes. This experience helped him land his first film role in the Kids in the Hall's feature, "Brain Candy".
	A fruitful stretch in comedic commercials in Canada followed. A 90-second theatrical spot for Toyota in which he stars as a pretentious and insecure commercial director, won a 'Gold Lion' at the Cannes International Advertising Festival.
	Reid's comedic skills were featured in films, M.O.W.s and television series like Disney's "My Date with the President's Daughter", CBC's "The Newsroom", Indie comedy "Ham & Cheese", Lifetime's "This Time Around", comedy gem "The Buck Calder Experience", Fox's "Killer Instinct", and USA's "Psych". As a voice actor, he has starred in hit cartoons like "6Teen", "Total Drama", and "What It's Like Being Alone", among many others.
	As a writer/director, between 2002 and 2006, along with developing and directing kids shows like HBO Family's "Ghost Trackers" and Fox Kids' "The Adrenaline Project", Reid ran a film mentorship program at a Toronto youth shelter called Eva's Phoenix, to help at-risk youth express their creativity. The program produced two award-winning short films under Adam's direction, "One Dollar One Day", and "Sheltered Life".
	In 2010, he completed his first feature documentary film, "Marion Woodman: Dancing in the Flames", about the life of the renowned Jungian analyst, author and revered wisdom keeper, Marion Woodman. Animation from legendary three-time Academy Award-winning artist, Faith Hubley, is woven into the film to visualize Marion's stories and revolutionary thoughts. The film has been praised by many, including playwright, activist, and creator of the "Vagina Monologues", Eve Ensler, who, along with Omega Institute Founder, Elizabeth Lesser, co-presented the New York City premiere at the prestigious Rubin Museum of Art in Chelsea NY, Oct. 2010.
	Reid returned to performance work in 2010, with a celebrated dramatic turn in the Hallmark Hall of Fame/CBS movie, "When Love Is Not Enough: The Lois Wilson Story", starring Winona Ryder as Lois Wilson, and Barry Pepper as Bill Wilson. Reid played Ebby Thatcher, Bill W's best friend and drinking buddy, whose miraculous recovery from alcoholism helped inspire Bill to found Alcoholics Anonymous.

= = = Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea = = =

	The Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea was a joint resolution adopted on March 11, 2014 by the Supreme Council of Crimea and the Sevastopol City Council where they expressed their intention to join Russia, in the event of a "Yes" vote in a referendum that was to be held on March 16. The participants were at the time subnational divisions of Ukraine.
	The international community widely condemned the Declaration of Independence. A major source of criticism was that the referendum's adoption came after the building of the Supreme Council of Crimea was seized by the Russian military prior to adoption. During that time, no journalists were allowed inside the building to witness the council seating on the referendum. The Council seating on the referendum was not included the in Supreme Council's original schedule, which had no meetings originally scheduled for March 11, 2014. Deputies were forcefully brought to the building by Russian militants, and there is no evidence that there was quorum, which was a requirement for the seating to even occur.
	The document reads as follows:
	Russia had officially recognized the Republic of Crimea as an independent state and agreed to incorporate the Republic into Russian Federation. However, the international community condemned the referendum as undemocratic and illegal. On 27 March 2014, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the "Territorial Integrity of Ukraine" Resolution, which recognized the referendum as part of the illegal annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. One hundred nations, including the United States and the United Kingdom, voted in favour of the resolution. Fifty-eight democratic nations abstained, and a further eleven voted against.

= = = Boone Formation = = =

	The Boone Formation a discrete and definable unit of cherty limestone rock strata located in northwest Arkansas and northeast Oklahoma.
	The stratigraphy of the Boone Formation dates to the Mississippian age.
	The Boone Formation is rich in fossils, and occasionally preserves the remains of sharks' teeth in outcrops along Buffalo National River.
	Equivalent rocks of the Osagean in southwest Missouri include the Pierson Limestone, Fern Glen Formation, Reeds Spring Formation, Elsey Formation (including the Grand Falls Chert), Burlington Limestone and the Keokuk Limestone.

= = = Swimming at the 2014 South American Games – Men's 200 metre breaststroke = = =

	The men's 200 metre breaststroke competition at the 2014 South American Games took place on March 10 at the Estadio Nacional. The last champion was Thiago Pereira of Brazil.
	This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, all in breaststroke.
	Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan Pacific records were as follows:
	All times are in minutes and seconds.
	The first round was held on March 10, at 11:44.
	The final was held on March 10, at 20:11.

= = = Lydia Villa-Komaroff = = =

	Lydia Villa-Komaroff (born August 7, 1947) is a molecular and cellular biologist who has been an academic laboratory scientist, a university administrator, and a business woman. She was the third Mexican American woman in the United States to receive a doctorate degree in the sciences (1975) and is a co-founding member of The Society for the Advancement of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS). Her most notable discovery was in 1978 during her post-doctoral research, when she was part of a team that discovered how bacterial cells could be used to generate insulin.
	Villa-Komaroff was born on August 7, 1947, and grew up in Santa Fe, New Mexico. She was the eldest of six children; her father, John, was a teacher and musician and her mother, Drucilla, was a social worker. By the age of nine, Villa-Komaroff knew that she wanted to be a scientist, influenced in part by her uncle, a chemist. She was also inspired due to her mother's and grandmother's love for both nature and plants. 
	In 1965, she entered the University of Washington in Seattle as a chemistry major. When an advisor told her that "women do not belong in chemistry" she switched majors, settling on biology. In 1967, she transferred to Goucher College in Maryland, when her boyfriend moved to the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area to work at the National Institutes of Health. It is believed that she applied to John Hopkins University, but was not accepted because they were not accepting women at that time. In 1970, she married her boyfriend, Dr. Anthony L. Komaroff, and the couple moved to Boston.
	In 1970, Villa-Komaroff enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for graduate work in molecular biology. Her PhD dissertation, under the supervision of Harvey Lodish and Nobel Laureate David Baltimore, focused on how proteins are produced from RNA in poliovirus. She dedicated her thesis to her colleagues David Rekosh and David Housman, who she says "taught me to walk," and her advisors who "taught me what it might be like to fly." 
	In 1973, while still a graduate student at MIT, she became a founding member of the Society for Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS).
	She completed her PhD at MIT in cell biology in 1975. She then went to Harvard to conduct her postdoctoral research for three years, focusing on recombinant DNA technology, under the supervision of Fotis Kafatos and Tom Maniatis. When Cambridge banned such experiments in 1976, citing worries about public safety and the chance of unintentionally creating a new disease, Villa-Komaroff moved to Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. While at Cold Spring Harbor, she experienced repeated failures of her experiments; however, these disappointments taught her that “most experiments fail, and that scientists must accept failure as a part of the process”.
	Villa-Komaroff felt that these failures aided in her biggest victory: six months after she was able to return to Harvard (once the ban on recombinant DNA experiments was lifted in 1977), she became a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Nobel Laureate Walter Gilbert. Within 6 months, she was the first author of the landmark report from the Gilbert laboratory showing that bacteria could be induced to make proinsulin– the first time a mammalian hormone was synthesized by bacteria. The research was a milestone in the birth of the biotechnology industry.
	Later in the same year, she joined the faculty of the University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), where she was a professor for six years before being granted tenure. The following year, she left for a position at Harvard Medical School with a lighter teaching workload and more research opportunities including her research on transforming growth factor- α and epidermal growth factor during fetal and neonatal development published in 1992 and 1993. There, she continued to establish her name in molecular biology, and in 1995 a television documentary called "DNA Detective" featured her work on insulin-related growth factors. The segment ran as part of a six-part PBS series on women in science, under the umbrella title "Discovering Women."
	In 1996, Villa-Komaroff left laboratory research, and was recruited to Northwestern University where she served as Vice President for Research of the university. In 2003 she returned to Boston, where she became the Vice President for Research and Chief Operating Officer of Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, an affiliated research institute of MIT. Since 2005, she has served as a senior executive and board member of several biotechnology companies. She also continues to serve on the boards and committees of several major public and private institutions.
	After her participation in the landmark research reporting the first synthesis of mammalian insulin in bacterial cells, Villa-Komaroff used the then-new molecular biology technology of recombinant DNA to address a number of fundamental questions in different fields, in collaboration with neurologists, developmental biologists, endocrinologists, and cell biologists. 
	Villa-Komaroff’s laboratory made several important contributions following the insulin research.
	The laboratory identified several proteins that help vision develop in very young animals. Other scientists had discovered that the development of normal vision in cats is delayed when cats are raised in total darkness and that the development of vision can be triggered by brief exposure to light. Villa-Komaroff’s laboratory showed that exposing dark-reared cats to one hour of light caused a 2 to 3 fold transient induction of three specific proteins. This finding directly linked the expression of these genes with an environmental trigger (light) in the development of vision.
	The laboratory also discovered direct evidence that the Gap-43 protein was important in the growth of the axons of nerve cells.
	Finally, Villa-Komaroff contributed to the discovery that a molecule known to be associated with Alzheimer’s disease (amyloid beta) causes degeneration of brain cells (neurons), work done in conjunction with a postdoctoral fellow in her laboratory, Bruce Yankner. Before this publication, it was unclear whether amyloid beta was a byproduct of neuronal degeneration or a contributor to that degeneration. This paper provided the first direct evidence that a fragment of the amyloid precursor protein could kill neurons, and helped stimulate a very large field dedicated to preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease by targeting amyloid beta.

= = = Alfa Romeo SE 048SP = = =

	The Alfa Romeo SE 048SP was a Group C racing car built by Alfa Romeo in the early 1990s. Designed to replace the Lancia LC2 after the Group C regulations had undergone a major revamp, the SE 048SP had an Abarth-developed chassis mated to the 3.5-litre V10 engine from the stillborn Alfa Romeo 164 Procar, but, although at least one SE 048SP was built, it never left the development phase. The V10 engine appears to have been replaced by a Ferrari-sourced 3.5-litre V12 engine at some point during its development, although this was never officially confirmed by Alfa Romeo.
	In 1990, the Group C regulations underwent a major revamp, with the primary focus being on changing the engines to 3.5-litre units sourced from Formula One cars. The Fiat Group had previously run the Lancia LC2 in the Group C category, but had cancelled that project in 1986 after only winning one race with the LC2. In 1990, Lancia were primarily focusing on the World Rally Championship (with the Group A Delta Integrale), whilst Ferrari were focusing on their Formula One programme; this meant that Alfa Romeo were the only member of the Fiat Group that would have the capacity for a sports car racing programme; they had last competed in top-level sports car events in the 1970s, with the Alfa Romeo Tipo 33. As Abarth had previously developed the Lancia LC2, it was them who Fiat turned to for the chassis development of the new Group C car, which was assigned the project code of "SE 048SP". Giuseppe Petrotta, formerly of Osella, was the man selected to design the SE 048SP, and he drew up a fairly conventional car, with radiators mounted in the front of the chassis, covered rear wheels, and a nose that featured the traditional Alfa Romeo grille.
	The project itself was a well-kept secret, and very little was ever revealed about the car's specifications. One thing that Alfa Romeo did reveal was that it used the 3.5-litre Tipo 1035 V10 engine from the still-born Alfa Romeo 164 Procar; this was a naturally aspirated 72 degree V10 originally designed for the Ligier Formula One team, and produced a claimed output of at 13,300 RPM. It is believed that the car was built in 1990, as it had a much simpler rear wing than those found on cars built for the 1991 World Sportscar Championship season, but no official build date was given. MOMO's founder Gianpiero Moretti had apparently been in talks with Alfa Romeo about using the SE 048SP, but these did not result in any deal being made. As a result, although at least one SE 048SP was built, the car never left the development phase, and never raced. It ended up in Alfa Romeo's Museo Storico, but made a public appearance at the 2010 Goodwood Festival of Speed, where it appeared to be fitted with a 3.5-litre Ferrari V12 engine, producing a claimed output of at 12,750 RPM. This may have been because the V10 engine had proved fragile in the "Abarth SE047", which was a re-engined Lancia LC2 used as a test-bed for the SE 048SP project. The budget that the SE 048SP would have used, in combination with the money used in Lancia's WRC programme, were used instead on the Alfa Romeo 155 touring car programme, which saw Alfa Romeo win numerous national championships, most notably the Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft in 1993, and the British Touring Car Championship in 1994.

= = = Juan Pichardo = = =

	Juan M. Pichardo (born October 21, 1966 in the Dominican Republic) is an American politician and a Democratic member of the Rhode Island Senate representing District 2 since January 2003.
	Pichardo earned his AA degree from the Community College of Rhode Island and his BA from Rhode Island College.

= = = José Riga = = =

	José Riga (born 30 July 1957) is a Belgian former football player and manager who is currently unemployed after last being in charge of Cercle Brugge in the Belgian First Division B.
	In June 2012, he went to Qatar and joined the Aspire Academy (training centre). He gave his resignation at the beginning of 2013.
	In October 2013, he signed a contract with the Italian club AC Milan and joined the youth teams’ technical staff. Together with Michel Bruyninckx, José Riga has been committed to improving the training concepts for the players, in particular with his CogiTraining method.
	Today, José Riga keeps collaborating with the CogiTraining / SenseBall team in particular in order to implement the CogiTraining method in the specific competitive environment of a professional first team.
	Riga was appointed as manager of Charlton Athletic on 11 March 2014, one day after the sacking of their previous manager, Chris Powell, who had been dismissed when the club owner and Powell were unable to reach agreement over the long-term vision for the club. At the time Charlton were fourth from bottom of The Championship. Riga was appointed the manager with a contract which lasted until the end of the 2013–14 season; the main task was to secure Championship football for Charlton. This was achieved on 29 April 2014 following a 3-1 home win against Watford.
	On 3 June 2014 it was reported that Riga had agreed to a deal to become manager of Blackpool, and was set to start the following week. The following day, Blackpool chairman Karl Oyston confirmed that there was a verbal agreement in place. On 11 June Riga was confirmed as Blackpool's new manager. Three weeks later, newspaper reports claimed that Riga was unsettled and ready to quit Blackpool. Whilst the club and Riga did not comment, no coaching staff had been appointed and even though the club had just seven contracted players, no signings had been made. With so few players, no assistant or backroom staff appointed, and the squad due to report back on 30 June, Riga had to delay the start of pre-season training.
	On 9 July it was confirmed that, with still just eight players at the club, Riga had three backroom staff, all of whom had agreed to start working the previous week but had still not signed contracts. Two days later it was stated that tensions were high at the club, and between Riga and Karl Oyston. On 17 July, having already cancelled a pre-season trip to Spain to focus on signings, it was claimed that Riga's future was even more uncertain following reports of a dispute with Oyston over transfer policy. Two days later Blackpool played a friendly away against Northern League Division One side Penrith, fielding five triallists in the starting line-up with two more on the substitutes bench and with just six fit registered players, the rest of the match day squad was made up of youth team players. Riga was given a standing ovation by the Blackpool fans. Then after the match it was reported that when the media requested to speak with Riga, he had told his staff and players not to give any interviews. Having won only one of fifteen games in charge, Riga was sacked by Blackpool on 27 October 2014, becoming the club's second shortest-serving manager in their history, behind Michael Appleton.
	On 2 February 2015, Riga returned to Standard Liège in Belgium, where he was re-appointed as manager following Ivan Vukomanović's departure. He took charge of his first game on 6 February 2015, a league match against Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz, which ended in a 3–0 win for Standard. Towards the end of the season, Riga announced he would not be prolonging his contract with Standard. Slavoljub Muslin was announced as his successor on 5 June 2015.
	On 14/01/2016, Riga was appointed head coach of Charlton Athletic for the second time. His first win came away at Rotherham United in a 1-4 victory. Following the relegation he left the club and was replaced by Russell Slade.
	Riga was appointed head coach at Cercle Brugge in the Belgian First Division B on 1 November 2016 but was sacked in October 2017.

= = = Mont Risoux = = =

	Mont Risoux (or "Grand Risoux") is a large wooded crest of the Jura Mountains, located between France and Switzerland. The culminating point (1,419 m), lying on the border between the department of Doubs and the canton of Vaud, is named "Gros Crêt".

= = = 2014 Copa de España de Futsal = = =

	The 2014 Copa de España de Fútbol Sala was the 25th staging of the Copa de España de Fútbol Sala. It took place in Logroño, La Rioja between 13 and 16 March. The matches were played at Palacio de los Deportes de La Rioja for up to 4,500 seats. The tournament was hosted by La Rioja regional government, Logroño municipality and LNFS. This was the second time that Logroño hosted Copa de España after the 2012 edition.
	FC Barcelona Intersport was the defending champion, but lost to Inter Movistar in semifinal. Inter Movistar eventually won its eighth Copa de España trophy after winning against ElPozo Murcia 4–3 in the final.
	The qualified teams were the eight first teams on standings at midseason.

= = = StuRents.com = = =

	StuRents.com is a dedicated student property search engine and tenancy management platform, operating across the UK. Launched in 2009, the site provides a user-generated ecosystem for advertising student accommodation to students and does not charge a fee for landlords or letting agents to list properties.
	StuRents was founded in 2008 and incorporated in 2009 by undergraduates studying at Durham University. The site currently lists 200,000 student bedspaces. In 2008, the company won the 2008 Digital Awards 'Best B2C' and in 2009, StuRents.com was awarded the Blueprint Business Prize
	StuRents.com was recently cited alongside Rightmove as a core accommodation website dedicated to helping students find the right accommodation for university.

= = = Swimming at the 2014 South American Games – Men's 400 metre individual medley = = =

	The men's 400 metre individual medley competition at the 2014 South American Games took place on March 10 at the Estadio Nacional. The last champion was Thiago Pereira of Brazil.
	This race consisted of eight lengths of the pool. The first two lengths were swum using the butterfly stroke, the second pair with the backstroke, the third pair of lengths in breaststroke, and the final two were freestyle.
	Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan Pacific records were as follows:
	All times are in minutes and seconds.
	Heats weren't performed, as only eight swimmers had entered.
	The final was held on March 10, at 21:05.

= = = 2014 Inter-Provincial Trophy = = =

	The 2014 Inter-Provincial Trophy is the second season of the Inter-Provincial Trophy, the domestic Twenty20 cricket competition of Ireland. The competition is played between Leinster Lightning, Northern Knights and North-West Warriors.
	The North-West Warriors won the 2014 competition, winning by three points from Leinster Lightning. The final days matches, scheduled for Pembroke CC in Dublin, were abandoned due to bad weather, meaning that the Warriors maintained their lead at the top of the table.
	The player of the tournament was David Rankin of the North-West Warriors.
	The Inter-Provincial Series has been funded at least partly by the ICC via their TAPP programme.
	The points system has changed for 2014, with 4 points now awarded for a win, 2 points for a tie or no result, and 1 bonus point available to a team winning a match with a run rate of 1.25 times that of the losing team.

= = = Rodney Anderson (Texas politician) = = =

	Rodney Earl Anderson (born 1968) is a Republican former member of the Texas House of Representatives for District 105 based in his native Grand Prairie in Dallas County, Texas. He initially won election to District 105 of the Texas House in 2014 and won re-election in 2016. He previously was elected to Texas House District 106 in 2010, but chose not to run for re-election.
	Anderson's maternal grandfather, Bob Harless, moved his family to Grand Prairie in the early
	1950s before the city had barely begun to develop. Harless was a house painter and owned a small business in Grand Prairie for more than four decades. Anderson is a son of Bennie and Sandra Anderson. After graduation from Grand Prairie High School, Anderson waited tables to help to pay his expenses through the University of Texas at Arlington, from which he acquired in 1990 a Bachelor of Business Administration degree in Real Estate. As a UTA student, he was an analyst for what became the Bank of America, in which capacity he handled more than thirty properties valued in excess of $60 million. For eleven years afterwards, he was employed by Chicago Title Company, the largest company of its kind in the United States, with branch offices across the country. He later was president of the Sierra Title Company of North Texas in Flower Mound in Denton County. He worked as a vice president of Commerce Land and Title Company until 2012 when he became Senior Vice President and SW Regional Manager of Alliant National Title Insurance Company.
	In 1991, Anderson married the former Heather Jerden, the daughter of a school principal. The couple has three children. He is affiliated with the Boy Scouts of America, Rotary International, the Parent-Teacher Association, and the Young Men's Christian Association.
	Anderson was elected to the District 106 seat in the House in November 2010, when he narrowly unseated the Democratic incumbent, Kirk England, 10,648 (49.44 percent) to 10,444 (48.49 percent). The remaining 244 votes (2.1 percent) went to the Libertarian Party nominee, Gene Freeman. He did not seek reelection in 2012 after redistricting completely changed the district. Republican Pat Fallon of Frisco in Denton County then handily won the seat in 2012.
	In the Republican primary on March 4, 2014, Anderson unseated former colleague Linda Harper-Brown of Irving for the neighboring District 105 seat in the Texas House. In a low-turnout contest, Anderson polled 3,456 votes (52.7 percent) to Harper-Brown's 3,098 (47.3 percent). Harper-Brown had won her 2012 nomination without opposition but had faced a close challenge in the general election of 2012 and an even more narrow victory in 2008.
	Anderson had to await the results of the May 27 runoff election in 2014 to determine his Democratic opponent in the November 4 general election. In the Democratic primary on March 4, Susan Denara Motley (born c. 1970) led a three-candidate field with 1,171 votes (47.3 percent) and faced the runner up, Terry Meza (born c. 1949), who polled 704 votes (28.4 percent), in a runoff electiong. Bernice Montgomery, the third Democratic candidate, held a critical 601 votes (24.3 percent). In the general election, Anderson prevailed over Motley, the winner of the Democratic runoff contest. He polled 13,600 votes (55.4 percent) to Motley's 10,478 (42.7 percent). Another 449 votes (1.8 percent) were cast for Libertarian Party nominee, W. Carl Spiller.
	In 2016, Anderson won reelection to his third nonconsecutive term by only 64 votes, 23,720 (50.1 percent) to the Democrat Terry Meza, who trailed with 23,656 votes (49.9 percent).
	In 2018, Terry Meza handily turned the tables on Anderson. She unseated him, 24,466 votes (54.7 percent) to 20,266 (45.3 percent). Anderson ran 3,454 votes behind his 2016 showing. Meza increased her support from 2016 by only 810 votes. The Republican turnout in the district continued to decline.
	Anderson's experience in the title industry shapes his pro-business outlook in politics. He claims that the policies he supports enhance the growth of jobs. He also calls for reductions in taxation, unfunded education mandates, and other government spending.
	Anderson supported the bill to forbid state funding of agencies which perform abortions. He voted to require a woman seeking an abortion to undergo first a sonogram. Supporters of the legislation claim that a woman could change her mind about an abortion once she witnesses the development of the unborn child. Texas Right to Life rated Anderson 61 percent favorable.
	Anderson voted against the 2011 bill to prohibit texting while driving, which passed the House, 80-61. He also voted against the bill to cut spending by state agencies. He voted to establish eligibility standards for indigent health care. He voted against the biennial state education budget, which passed the House, 83-62. He voted for the redistricting bill for the United States House of Representatives. He voted against the institution of corporal punishment in public schools and opposed the prohibition against smoking in public places. He supported picture identification for voters seeking to cast a ballot, a move which finally took effect with the March 4, 2014 primaries.
	In 2011, Phyllis Schlafly's Eagle Forum, managed in Texas by Cathie Adams, a former state chairman of the Texas Republican Party, rated Anderson 44 percent favorable; the Young Conservatives of Texas, 71 percent. The Texas League of Conservation Voters rated him 53 percent; the Sierra Club, 23 percent. Conservative advocacy group Texans for Fiscal Responsibility, founded by Michael Quinn Sullivan, rated Anderson 100 percent and declared him a "Taxpayer Champion" in 2011. The Texas Association of Business rated him 87 percent favorable. The National Rifle Association rated him "A".

= = = Russula erumpens = = =

	Russula erumpens is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. It is found in Australia, where it occurs in eucalypt forests and woodlands.

= = = Mac Creiche = = =

	Mac Creiche (or Maccreehy, MacCrecius) of Liscannor is described by various old texts as an early Irish saint, a hermit who slew monsters and persuaded kings to submit to him through miracles. He was probably not a historical figure. The stories of his life are most likely derived from earlier pagan legends, and he may be equated with a pagan god.
	The civil parish of Kilmacrehy on the west coast of County Clare is named after him.
	Mac Creiche is said to have lived in the late 6th century and to have been descended from the god Ercc, the Corcu MoDruad chieftain Mac Ercc.
	According to his biography, the Corcu MoDruad was the leading sept of the "Tuadmumu" region of northern County Clare, which included the Corcomroe and Burren baronies, and was paramount over the neighboring people of Cenél Fermaic.
	His homeland "Corcu Mruad in Nindois" also included the Aran Islands.
	One source says Mac Creiche's father was Pesslan (not an Irish name) and his mother was from the Cíarraige people. It is possible that the Corcu MoDruad were subordinates in an alliance led by the Cíarraige. Another source says he was of the Fermacaig, and the son of Saint Ailbe of Emly. The sources agree that he was connected to the Cíarraige. He may have been a cousin of Saint Brendan of Clonfert on his mother's side. Mac Creiche is said to have lived to 180 years of age, which would make him one of the oldest of the Irish saints.
	Various legends of the saint are recorded in his "life" and other sources.
	Mac Creiche lived as a hermit in a structure made of four stones at a place called Cluain Í. The dwelling had "a stone at his back, a stone to each side, and a stone in front of him", and seems to have been designed for discomfort. He lived a frugal life: "Mac Creiche, the devout, loved / A hard and undefiled dungeon. / From Shrovetide to Easter would he subsist / Upon only bread and cresses."
	He was a pupil of Ailbe of Emly. Ailbe and Mac Creiche once made a spring appear through their prayers.
	Saint Mainchín is described as Mac Creiche's son, or spiritual son, whom Mac Creiche baptized and taught.
	Mainchín and Mac Creiche went to Fid Inis, an island, where Mac Creiche told Mainchín to fetter him and hand him the key.
	Mac Creiche threw the key into the sea, saying he would stay on the island until the key came out of the water to free him.
	Ailbe later came to Fid Inis. He caught a salmon and found the fetter key in its stomach, with which he released Mac Creiche.
	Mac Creiche travelled to Aran with Ailbe.
	Mainchín waited on the shore at Cluain Dirair (today's Kilmacrehy), near the fort of Baethbrónach, king of Corco Mruad. 
	Mainchín purchased a ridge of corn from Baethbrónach, which he sowed.
	When Mac Creiche and Ailbe returned, Mainchín began to reap his corn, while Baethbrónach's men reaped another ridge by the fort.
	A strong wind swept over Baethbrónach's field and blew all his corn into the sea, while Mainchín's remained unharmed in the sun.
	This convinced Baethbrónach to submit to the saints, with his people.
	Mac Creiche declared that the coast in this region would henceforth be safe from damage by the sea.
	Mac Creiche was called upon by the Cíarraige, his mother's people, to save them from a monster.
	The "Brioch-Seach" (badger monster) appeared in Loch Briocsighe (badger's lake). Today this is called Loch-no-Rátha (Lough Raha), and lies in the parish of Rath, southwest of Corofin.
	The demon badger killed both cattle and men, and was not subdued by the prayers of six local saints.
	The monster was lulled to sleep while Blathmac went with 1,200 followers to seek help from Mac Creiche, whom he found with his disciple Mainchín and his bell, the Finnfaidech. Mac Creiche asked for the promise of a perpetual tribute to himself and to his relics before he would come.
	Mac Creiche arrived after three days. He was accompanied by Mainchín, who carried the bell.
	The monster, as high as a tall tree, had awoken and was pursuing and killing the people, discharging balls of fire from its mouth.
	In the contest that followed a ball of fire from Mac Chreich's bell shot into the monster's maw and set it on fire. The saint drove the monster into the waters of the lake, which turned red. The monster rose up again, embarrassing Mac Creiche, who took his cowl (or possibly his cap) and threw it over the monster.
	The cowl grew so it was "like a cowl of smelted iron" that pressed the monster to the lake bed. The monster would not arise again until the eve of Judgement Day.
	Mac Creiche accepted the thanks of the people but warned that if they did not pay the promised tribute they would be cursed with disease, pestilence and internal strife.
	Another version of the legend says Ireland was afflicted by a plague called "Crom Chonnaill". The men of Kerry (his kinsmen, the Cíarraige) invited Mac Creiche to meet them in Ulster to turn the plague away from them.
	Three sons of the brother of MacCreiche's mother came from the east, but were felled by the "Crom Chonnaill".
	When Mac Creiche saw this he raised his "Finn Faidheach" bell, and soon after the "Crom Chonnaill" was destroyed by a bolt from heaven.
	It was common at the time for a plague to be personified as a monster.
	Other stories tell of Mac Creiche winning back plunder and hostages from robbers, and having an unjust tribute remitted.
	The saint was asked by the people of Tuadhmhumhain and Corca Modhruah to come to Carn Mic Táil to advise them about a cattle tribute that the king of Connacht was exacting.
	He agreed at once, and came with Mainchín. They stopped at Tomfinlough, where they persuaded Luchtigern to join them.
	They found the tribes of Corcomroe waiting for them at Cairn-mic-Táil near Ennistymon.
	After much discussion it was decided to make Mac Creiche the tribe's ambassador to the king to demand return of their property.
	The saints went on and met the druids of the king of Connaught at Magh Aoi, whom Mac Creiche defeated.
	The king of Connacht still refused to surrender his spoils.
	Mac Creiche was disheartened and went to spend the night on the field at Magh Aoi.
	He was seized with thirst, and wished that the king would have a greater thirst.
	Sure enough, the king became so thirsty that no drink could satisfy him.
	He came to Mac Creiche and offered to submit himself and his heirs to the saint in return for relief.
	Mac Creiche struck his staff on the ground and a spring of water broke forth, which satisfied the king and became a holy well.
	Mac Creiche is linked with Inis Cealtra, an island in Lough Derg.
	Saint Columba of Terryglass visited him there, where he found a tree whose sap had the taste of honey and the intoxicating qualities of wine. An angel told Mac Creiche to leave the island and find another place for his hermitage.
	There is a life of Mac Creiche, the "Betha Meic Creiche". It is written in Middle Irish, and probably dates from the 11th or 12th century. The surviving manuscript was copied in 1634 from an earlier manuscript of 1528. Mac Creiche is mentioned in accounts of Columba of Terryglass, Ailbe of Emly and Enda of Aran. He is the subject of a quatrain in a poem said to be written by Cuimmín of Conor about the Irish saints.
	However, there is no historical evidence that Mac Creiche existed, and much that suggests he was mythological. The tale of the eviction of Mac Creiche from Inishcealtra, the island with what sounds like a sacred tree, may refer to Christians taking a pagan sanctuary. The antiquarian Thomas Johnson Westropp says that Mac Creiche's feast day was Garland Sunday, but was actually held on 11 August. On the sole basis of the date, Mac Creiche has been identified with Saint Mochta of Louth. However, Garland Sunday was also the date of the pagan festival of the Irish god Lugh.
	"Mac Creiche" may be translated "Son of Plunder". He traveled in a chariot with his companion Mainchín, defeated the enemies of the Corcu MoDruad and the Cíarraige, and fought a monster. This all suggests that the "Betha Mac Creiche" was originally the saga of a pagan tribal hero, son of a god and a mortal woman. Stories similar to that of Mac Creiche's fetter and key are told of other figures. Saint Patrick is said to have commanded a wicked tyrant called Macuil moccu Greccae to fasten his feet with a fetter, throw the key into the sea, and let a coracle carry him away to a new land, where he should live a good life. Macuil moccu Greccae was so evil he was called Cyclops. From this it appears that Macuil is the old Irish god Mac Cuill. Mac Creiche may well be the same person, his name a corruption of "moccu Greccae".
	Mac Creiche was said to have founded several churches in County Clare, but only Cill Mic Creiche (Kilmacrehy) is named after him. The church of "Kilmaccrik" is mentioned in the Papal Taxation of 1302. The ruins of the old church lie near the village of Liscannor. There was a holy well near the church dedicated to MacCreiche, but the nearby well of the more famous Saint Brigit of Kildare drew many more visitors in the 19th century. Mac Creiche is said to have founded the church of Teampull na glas Aighne near Inagh. Some remains of this building could still be seen in 1839. He also founded the church of Cill Scanbotha, nearby to the west.
	Two rocks on the strand of Kilmacrehy, visible when the tide is out, are called "'Mac Creiche's Bed". Locals say that the saint asked for his coffin to be set on the shore where the tide would carry it out, and for it to be buried when it was washed in again.

= = = List of songs recorded by The Narrative = = =

	The following is a list of songs by the American Indie pop band The Narrative that have recorded one studio album, three extended plays and one b-side album. The band first got together after Suzie Zeldin answered a Craigslist ad put up by Jesse Gabriel in 2006.
	They soon found out that they were studying in the same school on Bellmore, Long Island, but never met. So after the answer of Suzie, they discovered they shared the same passion for music. The two collaborated on music, first forming the short-lived project "January Window" spending the next couple of years (2006–2007) in Suzie's cramped Upper West Side apartment crafting songs for their first EP. And officially formed "The Narrative" on 2008 releasing the debut EP "Just Say Yes".
	In 2010 they released the debut album "The Narrative". Charles Seich joined the group on 2008 and in 2010 became a band member, until 2011 when he left. The band release their b-side album, "B-Sides and Seasides" in 2012 to promote the recording of a second full length. In June 3, 2014 the band released their single "Chasing a Feeling". Their second studio album "´Golden Silence" will be released December 2, 2016.

= = = Rafał Omelko = = =

	Rafał Omelko ( ; born 16 January 1989) is a Polish athlete specialising in the 400 metres. He has won two medals in the 4 × 400 metres relay at the European Athletics Championships.
	Omelko finished fourth at the 2013 Summer Universiade and reached the semifinals at the 2014 World Indoor Championships.
	His personal bests in the event are 45.14 seconds outdoors (2016) and 46.08 indoors (2017).
	Omelko and his teammates qualified to the 4 × 400 metres relay final at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
	The Polish quartet of Karol Zalewski, Rafał Omelko, Łukasz Krawczuk, Jakub Krzewina broke the world indoor record in the men's 4x400m with a stunning finish to the final track event of the 2018 World Indoor Championships in Birmingham. Krzewina overtook the leaders from the beginning - Americans on the last straight and achieved the greatest success in their career.

= = = Brian Clarke (author) = = =

	James Brian Clarke (born 1938) is an English author, journalist and angler. He is credited with two of the 20th century's seminal works on fly-fishing ("The Pursuit of Stillwater Trout," 1975, and, jointly with John Goddard, "The Trout and the Fly," 1980). His environmental novel "The Stream" (2000) was described by David Arnold-Forster, chief executive of English Nature, as "the most significant book of its kind that I have read since Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring"". "The Stream" became the first work of fiction to win the international Natural World Book Prize, Britain's top environmental book award, and was the same year named Best First Novel by a British writer by the UK Authors' Club. Clarke was Angling Correspondent of "The Sunday Times" from 1975 to 1996 and has been Angling Correspondent of "The Times" since 1991.
	Brian Clarke was born in Darlington, County Durham, in 1938 and educated at St Mary's Grammar School, Darlington. His early career in journalism included five years with "The Guardian" in London (1962–1967). A brief period as a management consultant followed, before he spent 17 years with IBM in a range of managerial and senior professional roles.
	His lifelong interest in angling began with sticklebacks and minnows on the River Skerne as a child, then moved on to coarse fishing on the Tees and Swale. He took up fly-fishing in the mid-1960s and was completely self-taught. His first book, "The Pursuit of Stillwater Trout", was based on an examination of the nymphs he found in autopsies of trout, on detailed study of living specimens of the same nymphs that he stocked in an aquarium and on an analysis of trout rise-forms. The imitative approach the book advocated – small nymphs fished in a naturalistic way on long leaders – had a transforming influence on lake fishing for trout at a time when most lake fly-fishing was done with large lures and traditional Scottish and Irish lake patterns. "The Pursuit of Stillwater Trout" was serialised by "The Sunday Times" and was described by "Fly Fishing and Fly Tying" magazine as "the most important book on the subject that has ever been written". Richard Walker, writing in "Trout Fisherman" magazine in 1980, described "The Trout and the Fly" as "A great work. Likely to prove the most important contribution to the literature of trout fishing, this century".
	The book recorded the experiments Clarke and John Goddard conducted on the way the reflection and refraction of light influence the world as the trout sees it and involved much underwater photography. Although each is widely read in his own right, the names of Clarke and Goddard are permanently linked through the book and through "The Educated Trout" (1980), a 50-minute film in the BBC Television series "The World About Us" that documented their researches.
	As a columnist for The Times and The Sunday Times, Clarke has fished and travelled widely. He has caught salmon in Russia, sea trout in Tierra del Fuego, rainbow trout in Alaska, marlin in the Indian Ocean, tigerfish in southern Africa and bonefish in the central Pacific. He has written extensively on other forms of wildlife and the remote wilderness.
	Clarke was the first President of The Wild Trout Trust (2003–2008). He was elected an Honorary Life Member of The Flyfishers' Club in 2005. "Who's Who" lists his non-angling interests as "walking, photography and sitting still in the countryside, watching and listening."
	One of Clarke's three daughters is the interior designer Jo Hamilton.

= = = HyperLogLog = = =

	HyperLogLog is an algorithm for the count-distinct problem, approximating the number of distinct elements in a multiset. Calculating the "exact" cardinality of a multiset requires an amount of memory proportional to the cardinality, which is impractical for very large data sets. Probabilistic cardinality estimators, such as the HyperLogLog algorithm, use significantly less memory than this, at the cost of obtaining only an approximation of the cardinality. The HyperLogLog algorithm is able to estimate cardinalities of > 10 with a typical accuracy (standard error) of 2%, using 1.5 kB of memory. HyperLogLog is an extension of the earlier LogLog algorithm, itself deriving from the 1984 Flajolet–Martin algorithm.
	In the original paper by Flajolet "et al." and in related literature on the count-distinct problem, the term "cardinality" is used to mean the number of distinct elements in a data stream with repeated elements. However in the theory of multisets the term refers to the sum of multiplicities of each member of a multiset. This article chooses to use Flajolet's definition for consistency with the sources.
	The basis of the HyperLogLog algorithm is the observation that the cardinality of a multiset of uniformly distributed random numbers can be estimated by calculating the maximum number of leading zeros in the binary representation of each number in the set. If the maximum number of leading zeros observed is "n", an estimate for the number of distinct elements in the set is 2.
	In the HyperLogLog algorithm, a hash function is applied to each element in the original multiset to obtain a multiset of uniformly distributed random numbers with the same cardinality as the original multiset. The cardinality of this randomly distributed set can then be estimated using the algorithm above.
	The simple estimate of cardinality obtained using the algorithm above has the disadvantage of a large variance. In the HyperLogLog algorithm, the variance is minimised by splitting the multiset into numerous subsets, calculating the maximum number of leading zeros in the numbers in each of these subsets, and using a harmonic mean to combine these estimates for each subset into an estimate of the cardinality of the whole set.
	The HyperLogLog has three main operations: add to add a new element to the set, count to obtain the cardinality of the set and merge to obtain the union of two sets. Some derived operations can be computed using the Inclusion–exclusion principle like the cardinality of the intersection or the cardinality of the difference between two HyperLogLogs combining the merge and count operations.
	The data of the HyperLogLog is stored in an array of counters called registers with size that are set to 0 in their initial state.
	The add operation consists of computing the hash of the input data with a hash function , getting the first bits (where is formula_1), and adding 1 to them to obtain the address of the register to modify. With the remaining bits compute formula_2 which returns the position of the leftmost 1. The new value of the register will be the maximum between the current value of the register and formula_2.
	The count algorithm consists in computing the harmonic mean of the registers, and using a constant to derive an estimate formula_5 of the count:
	The intuition is that being the unknown cardinality of , each subset formula_9 will have formula_10 elements. Then 
	formula_11 should be close to formula_12. The harmonic mean of 2 to these quantities is formula_13 which should be near formula_10. Thus, formula_15 should be approximately.
	Finally, the constant formula_16 is introduced to correct a systematic multiplicative bias present in formula_15 due to hash collisions.
	The constant formula_16 is not simple to calculate, and can be approximated with the formula
	The HyperLogLog technique, though, is biased for small cardinalities below a threshold of formula_20. The original paper proposes using a different algorithm for small cardinalities known as Linear Counting. In the case where the estimate provided above is less than the threshold formula_21, the alternative calculation can be used:
	Additionally, for very large cardinalities approaching the limit of the size of the registers (formula_26 for 32-bit registers), the cardinality can be estimated with:
	With the above corrections for lower and upper bounds, the error can be estimated as formula_28.
	The merge operation for two HLLs (formula_29) consists in obtaining the maximum for each pair of registers formula_30
	To analyze the complexity, the data streaming formula_32 model is used, which analyzes the space necessary to get a formula_33 approximation with a fixed success probability formula_34. The relative error of HLL is formula_35 and it needs formula_36 space, where is the set cardinality and is the number of registers (usually less than one byte size).
	The add operation depends on the size of the output of the hash function. As this size is fixed, we can consider the running time for the add operation to be formula_37.
	The count and merge operations depend on the number of registers and have a theoretical cost of formula_38. In some implementations (Redis) the number of registers is fixed and the cost is considered to be formula_37 in the documentation.
	The HyperLogLog++ algorithm proposes several improvements in the HyperLogLog algorithm to reduce memory requirements and increase accuracy in some ranges of cardinalities:
	When the data arrives in a single stream, the Historic Inverse Probability or martingale estimator 
	significantly improves the accuracy of the HLL sketch and uses 36% less memory to achieve a given error level. This estimator is provably optimal for any duplicate insensitive approximate distinct counting sketch on a single stream.
	The single stream scenario also leads to variants in the HLL sketch construction.
	HLL-TailCut+ uses 45% less memory than the original HLL sketch but at the cost of being dependent on the data insertion order and not being able to merge sketches.

= = = Oliver Matthias Probst Oleszewski = = =

	Oliver Matthias Probst Oleszewski is a researcher and professor specializing in wind and biodiesel technologies with the Tec de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey.
	He was born in Hannover, Germany and received his bachelors (1990) and (1994) doctorate from Heidelberg University in physics and natural sciences with specialization in experimental physics respectively.
	He has been a professor and researcher with the Tec de Monterrey in Monterrey since 1996, serving as physics department chair from 1999 to 2005.
	His research and consultant specialties are renewable energy resources, especially biodiesel and wind, and their efficient use. He has been involved in renewable energy teaching and research since 1997, including a biodiesel project and wind energy since 2000. Wind energy projects have included assessment of existing facilities in Mexico and the United States, acting as advisor to more as well as the construction of Peñascal, a 200M” wind farm on the Texas Gulf coast. As director of the Wind Energy Research Group, he heads Tec de Monterrey’s efforts in wind turbines, and collaborates with Aeroluz, a small Mexican wind turbine manufacturer, spun off from these efforts.
	Probst Oleszewski’s work has been recognized with Level II membership in the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores, and he received the Premio a la Labor Docente y Investigación (Teaching and Research Work Prize) twice.
	He has published thirty nine peer reviewed articles and has a ResearchGate ranking of 20.98.

= = = The Bouncing Souls discography = = =

	This is a discography of The Bouncing Souls, a New Jersey-based punk rock band. The band was formed in 1989.
	The following Bouncing Souls songs were released on compilation albums, soundtracks, and other releases. This is not an exhaustive list; songs that were first released on the band's albums, EPs, or singles or later released on "The Bad, the Worse, and the Out of Print" are not included.

= = = 2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts = = =

	The 2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts was held from February 14 to 22 at Mosaic Place in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. The winners represented Canada at the 2015 World Women's Curling Championship held from March 14 to 22 at the Tsukisamu Gymnasium in Sapporo, Japan.
	For the first time, the event was to be expanded to include entries from Nunavut, which has never participated in the Scotties, and Northern Ontario, which will now have a berth separate from (Southern) Ontario, as well as separate entries from the Yukon and Northwest Territories, which have historically competed as a single entry. The Nunavut Curling Association decided they were not ready to send teams to either the Scotties or the Brier, so will be sitting out this year's events.
	Starting with the 2015 tournament, the top eleven teams will automatically qualify to the main tournament, which will be a competition between twelve teams, as in years past. The remaining teams will play in a pre-qualifying tournament to determine the twelfth team to play in the main tournament.
	At the end of the tournament, the last place team will join the two teams who do not qualify via the pre-qualifiers (as well as possibly Nunavut) in next year's pre-qualifying tournament.
	Similar changes were also implemented for the 2015 Tim Hortons Brier, meaning that for the first time the Canadian men's and women's curling championships will be conducted using identical formats. Previous versions of the Tim Hortons Brier differed from the Tournament of Hearts in that they included the entry from Northern Ontario but did not include a Team Canada entry.
	After winning the 2013 & 2014 Scotties, Rachel Homan returns again as skip of Team Canada, this time with a new teammate in Joanne Courtney at second. She replaces Alison Kreviazuk who moved to Sweden to be with her partner, Fredrik Lindberg. Courtney played in the 2014 Scotties for Alberta's Val Sweeting rink who returns with a new third in Lori Olson-Johns. They were the silver medalists last year after having lost to Homan in the final. After missing the Scotties last year for the Olympics, where she received a gold medal, Jennifer Jones and her team from Manitoba look to capture her fifth Scotties title. The other favourite is Team Stefanie Lawton, representing Saskatchewan. Although they have never won the Scotties, they have placed 4th four times in previous Scotties tournaments. They are also three-time Canada Cup winners, four-time Grand Slam winners, and are playing on home ice in Saskatchewan.
	The teams are listed as follows:
	Northern Ontario, the Yukon and the Northwest Territories will play a single round-robin at Mosaic Place, with the teams with the two best records advancing to the play-in game, which will be contested Saturday, February 14, concurrent with the opening draw of the Scotties round-robin.
	All draw times are listed in Central Standard Time (UTC−6).
	"Thursday, February 12, 7:00 pm"
	"Friday, February 13, 8:00 am"
	"Friday, February 13, 3:30 pm"
	"Saturday, February 14, 2:00 pm"
	"Final Round Robin Standings"
	All draw times are listed in Central Standard Time (UTC−6).
	"Saturday, February 14, 2:00 pm"
	"Saturday, February 14, 7:00 pm"
	"Sunday, February 15, 9:00 am"
	"Sunday, February 15, 2:00 pm"
	"Sunday, February 15, 7:00 pm"
	"Monday, February 16, 9:00 am"
	"Monday, February 16, 2:00 pm"
	"Monday, February 16, 7:00 pm"
	"Tuesday, February 17, 2:00 pm"
	"Tuesday, February 17, 7:00 pm"
	"Wednesday, February 18, 9:00 am"
	"Wednesday, February 18, 2:00 pm"
	"Wednesday, February 18, 7:00 pm"
	"Thursday, February 19, 9:00 am"
	"Thursday, February 19, 2:00 pm"
	"Thursday, February 19, 7:00 pm"
	"Friday, February 20, 9:00 am"
	"Friday, February 20, 7:00 pm"
	"Saturday, February 21, 10:00 am"
	"Saturday, February 21, 3:00 pm"
	"Sunday, February 22, 2:00 pm"
	"Sunday, February 22, 7:00 pm"
	"Round robin only"
	The awards and all-star teams are as follows:
	"First Team"
	"Second Team"

= = = Landrum Shettles = = =

	Landrum Brewer Shettles (November 21, 1909 – February 6, 2003) was an American biologist and a pioneer in the field of vitro fertilization.
	He was born on November 21, 1909 in Pontotoc, Mississippi. He graduated from Mississippi College in 1933. He was awarded a Ph.D. in biology and an M.D. from Johns Hopkins University. He served in the United States Army Medical Corps from 1944 to 1946.
	In 1951, he reproduced the experience of John Rock and Miriam Menkin artificially fertilizing eggs. In 1954, he received the annual Markle Prize, from Columbia University.
	Shettles developed a method to maximize the probability of having a baby of the sex of the parents' choice. Using his "Shettles Method," couples who wanted to have a male baby should time intercourse as close as possible to ovulation to allow the faster Y-bearing sperm to reach the egg first. Couples desiring a female should time intercourse to take place about three days prior to ovulation, when the pH of the vagina is more acidic and thus more hostile to the faster but less bulky Y-bearing sperm, and therefore favoring the bulkier X-bearing sperm on a small level.
	In 1973, he was involved with an IVF controversy, the Del-Zio case, at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital in New York. After he resigned from the hospital, he moved to Vermont where he worked at Gifford Medical Center, Randolph, Vermont on cloning. He then moved to Las Vegas to resume work on cloning. He retired from Sunrise Hospital, Las Vegas, Nevada in 2000 and moved to Florida.
	He died on February 6, 2003 in St. Petersburg, Florida.

= = = Hesperaloe funifera = = =

	Hesperaloe funifera (Coahuilan Hesperaloe, Giant Hesperaloe, or Mexican false yucca) is a plant species native to Texas (Val Verde County) and northern Mexico (Coahuila, San Luis Potosí, Nuevo León), but sometimes cultivated as an ornamental elsewhere.
	"Hesperaloe funifera" grows on rocky slopes and open plains in the Tamaulipan mezquital and the eastern edges of the Chihuahuan Desert. It is a rosette-forming perennial. It has long, narrow, yellow-green blades up to 200 cm long but only 5 cm across. Flowering stalk can be up to 250 cm tall, with long branches. Flowers are green or white, often tinged with purple, about 25 mm across.

= = = Mont de Gourze = = =

	Mont de Gourze () is a mountain in Switzerland, overlooking Lake Geneva in the canton of Vaud.
	On the summit is located the medieval lookout tower of Gourze.

= = = Anne-Christine Davis = = =

	Anne-Christine Davis is a British theoretical physicist at the University of Cambridge. She was the first woman to be appointed a professor in the Faculty of Mathematics at the University. Her research mainly concerns cosmology, astrophysics and string theory.
	Davis was a graduate student at Bristol University, under the supervision of W. Noel Cottingham. She obtained her doctorate in 1975. Following postdoctoral positions at Durham University and Imperial College, Davis worked overseas at CERN in Geneva (where she became the first female theoretician) and at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. Since 1983 she has held positions at DAMTP, Cambridge, and King's College, Cambridge. From 2002–2013 she was Professor of Theoretical Physics at DAMTP and from 2013–2018 she held the "Professorship of Mathematical Physics (1967)". She has been a member of the General Board and the Council of the University of Cambridge. In 2019 she won the Institute of Physics Richard Glazebrook Medal and Prize.
	Davis' recent work has focused on particle cosmology, in particular investigating the chameleon theory and its relation to f(R) theory.
	Davis first became interested in science at the age of five. 
	She then became the only woman at her school to pursue A-levels in mathematics, physics, and chemistry.

= = = Asx turn = = =

	The Asx turn
	is a structural feature in proteins and polypeptides. It consists of three amino acid residues (labeled i, i+1 and i+2) in which residue i is an aspartate (Asp) or asparagine (Asn) that forms a hydrogen bond from its sidechain CO group to the mainchain NH group of residue i+2. About 14% of Asx residues present in proteins belong to Asx turns.
	The name "Asx" is used here to represent either of the amino acids aspartate (Asp) or asparagine (Asn).
	Four types of Asx turn can be distinguished: types I, I’, II and II’. These categories correspond to those of the better-known hydrogen-bonded beta turns, which have four residues and a hydrogen bond between the CO of residue i and the NH of residue i+3. Asx turns and beta turns have structurally similar hydrogen-bonded loops and exhibit sidechain-mainchain mimicry in the sense that the sidechain of residue i of the Asx turn mimics the mainchain of residue i of the beta turn. Regarding their occurrence in proteins, they differ in that type I is the commonest of the four beta turns while type II’ is the commonest of the Asx turns.
	Asx and ST turns both occur frequently at the N-termini of α-helices. as part of Asx motifs or ST motifs such that the Asx, serine or threonine is the N cap residue. They are thus often regarded as helix capping features.
	Similar motifs occur with serine or threonine as residue i, which are called ST turns. In spite of serine and threonine having one less sidechain atom, such that the sidechain-mainchain mimicry of β turns is imperfect, these features occur in proteins as the four types in numbers approaching those of Asx turns. They also exhibit a tendency to substitute each other over evolutionary time.
	A proportion of Asx turns are accompanied by a mainchain–mainchain hydrogen bond that qualifies them as Asx motifs.

= = = Illinois Fair Tax = = =

	The Illinois Fair Tax is a proposed amendment to the Illinois state constitution that would change the state income tax system from a flat tax to a graduated income tax. Proponents argue that the proposal would make the Illinois tax code fairer, provide tax relief to most Illinoisans, boost small businesses, and accelerate job creation. Opponents argue it would open the door to tax hikes that hurt small businesses and drive more job creation to neighboring states.
	The proposal would require a constitutional amendment, which would have to be approved by Illinois voters in a referendum. The "Fair Tax" proposal was initially raised in 2014, but was not passed by the Illinois legislature. In 2019, a similar proposal was approved by the Illinois legislature and signed by governor J. B. Pritzker. The graduated income tax proposal will be on the November 2020 election ballot in Illinois.
	Under current law, Illinois's state income tax rate is a flat rate of 4.95 percent. A flat income tax, which taxes all income levels at the same rate, is required by the current Illinois state constitution. Illinois is one of 18 U.S. states with a flat income tax or no income tax; 32 other states use graduated income taxes, which tax higher incomes at a higher rate. The last state to switch from a flat state income tax to a graduated state income tax was Connecticut in 1996.
	In 2013, State Rep. Naomi Jakobsson, an Urbana Democrat proposed and advanced HJRCA 33, the initial House legislative vehicle for the proposal. The bill contains no tax rate schedule, which led the Urbana-Champaign "News-Gazette" editorial board to criticize statements by the proposal's advocates. The House Revenue Committee rejected Jakobsson's proposal in March 2014.
	The Senate companion bill, SJRCA 40, passed the Senate Executive Subcommittee on constitutional amendments. It advanced to the Senate Executive Committee. The 2014 Senate proposal failed to make the deadline to clear the Senate, and was withdrawn.
	On May 1, 2019, the Illinois Senate voted to approve Senate Joint Resolution Constitutional Amendment 1, a constitutional amendment which would allow Illinois to change from a flat tax rate to a graduated rate, by a 36-22 vote. On the same day, the Illinois Senate voted to approve Senate Bill 687, which lays out the proposed new tax structure which will only go into place if voters approve Constitutional Amendment 1.
	On May 27, the Illinois House approved Constitutional Amendment 1 in a 73-44 vote, two votes more than the 71 votes needed to pass, in what the "Chicago Tribune" called a "historic vote". The Constitutional Amendment proposal will be sent to voters for a 2020 referendum after it passed both houses of the legislature with 3/5 approval. The House passed Senate Bill 687 three days later. Illinois Governor J. B. Pritzker signed Senate Bill 687 on June 5, 2019.
	The proposed new tax structure under Senate Bill 687 would raise taxes on Illinois taxpayers making over $250,000. It also includes $100 million for property tax relief. The proposal is referred to as the "Illinois Fair Tax" on the Illinois government website.
	The proposed constitutional amendment to allow Illinois to impose a non-flat income tax will be on the ballot in the November 3, 2020 general election. To pass, it requires 60 percent of the votes on the ballot measure itself, or a simple majority of all of those voting in the election.
	If the voters agree to change the Illinois constitution and enact a graduated tax in 2021, single filers would pay the maximum rate of 7.99 percent on all income once their taxable income tops $750,000. For joint filers, that rate takes effect on all income when it exceeds $1 million.
	For the rest of the brackets, each varying tax rate would apply to only one specific margin of income.
	The rates are 4.75 percent on taxable income from $0 to $10,000; 4.9 percent from $10,001 to $100,000; 4.95 percent from $100,001 to $250,000; 7.75 percent from $250,001 to $500,000; and 7.85 percent from $500,001 to $1 million.
	For single filers, tax rates are the same as joint filers up to $250,000; but the 7.75 percent rate applies from $250,001 to only $350,000, while the 7.85 percent rate applies from $350,001 to $750,000.
	The bill also includes an increase in the property tax credit from 5 percent to 6 percent, and up to a $100 per-child tax credit for couples earning less than $100,000 and single persons earning less than $80,000.
	In January 2014, the non-partisan business group Civic Federation of Chicago's assessment of the Governor's budget projections estimated that the prescribed cut in income tax would yield decreased revenues of $1.4 billion in FY15 growing to $2.7 billion in FY16. In its own analysis, the federation projected that the loss of revenue "would dramatically destabilize Illinois' already weak financial condition." They argued that the loss of revenue would be bad for Illinois' businesses, due in part to the fact that the state still owed many private businesses money.
	While Gov. Quinn had proposed extending the 5 percent flat tax indefinitely, other groups had sought to use the graduated tax to raise revenues.
	While initial proposals lacked statutory tax rate language leading to criticism from one editorial board, in 2014 Sen. Don Harmon (D-Oak Park) proposed a marginal rate schedule that taxed the first $12,500 of income at 2.9 percent, the range from $12,500 to $180,000 at 4.9 percent, and taxed all income over $180,000 at 6.9 percent. The rate schedule was not part of the amendment, but was instead separate legislation.
	Senator Harmon's proposal was estimated to reduce the tax bill of the Illinois median taxpayer (making $55,317 per year) by $303 per year versus the 5 percent rate. Allowing 2014 law to continue would reduce the median taxpayer's bill by $689 per year, an additional savings of $386 versus the Harmon rates. Other speculative proposals had called for top marginal rates as high as 11 percent, but they were not introduced in the state legislature.
	Proponents argued that Harmon's rate schedule would provide tax relief to 94% of Illinoisans. Opponents and skeptics contended that was misleading since the current law in 2014 prescribed a decline in the personal income tax rate to 3.75 percent in 2015, after the expiration of a 2011 temporary surtax. They contended Harmon calculated his claimed tax relief from current rates rather than current law at the time.
	Proponents argued that it was misleading to suggest Harmon's rates were anything but a tax cut because many Illinois residents would pay less in 2015 than they paid in 2014.
	Proponents argue for a tax system that includes lower rates for those with lower incomes and higher rates for those with higher incomes, claiming such a system is fairer. They point out that low and middle income families pay a percentage in taxes that is two to three times that of the very rich, when factoring in all state and local taxes paid. They say this is deeply unfair and is due to a lack of investment by the state, which falls on local taxpayers, who are least able to afford it.
	In 2014, opponents argued that the proposed change was cover for a state government cash grab. Some members of the public expressed skepticism to a SouthtownStar writer that the unpopular state government can be trusted to use a graduated system properly.
	Proponents, which included a coalition backed heavily by public-sector labor unions, claimed the phase-out of the 2011 temporary tax increase would leave the state with a $5.4 billion deficit. Proponents argued that failure to restore tax revenue above the 2011 tax rates would lead to cuts in early childhood education, college aid, and prisons.
	Proponents also said the state's outdated tax system hurt economic growth and was bad for small businesses. Opponents argued that adopting a new tax system would make Illinois businesses even less competitive.

= = = Jesse Willms = = =

	Jesse Willms (born April 1987) is a Canadian Internet entrepreneur and businessman. Since 2006, Willms has been involved in several controversies pertaining to his online businesses using negative option billing and has been subject to multiple lawsuits. According to his web site, Willms is currently involved in advertising and now resides in Las Vegas (previously Sherwood Park).
	Willms was born in the Alberta countryside in 1987. His mother Linda worked as a revenue property manager, and his father Dave ran a welding-equipment company. According to his mother, Willms developed an early interest in business and trade. At the age of 3 or 4, whenever he went along with his mother to the grocery store, he would make her guide him through each step in the money transaction. A few years later, he spent his paper route wages on business books, learning about how various well-known businessmen, like Warren Buffett, had attained their fortune.
	In the early 1990s his family moved to Sherwood Park, an Edmonton suburb. According to his mother, Willms spent a lot of time by himself in the backyard, and despite doing well in school, he never showed any real interest in his studies.
	Willms started his first business in 2003, at the age of 16. Through an online storefront, eDirect Software, Willms, along with an assembled staff of a dozen people, sold copies of computer software that he had obtained relatively inexpensively from the Jordanian government. The software sold was mainly cheap copies of Microsoft Office, and before long eDirect was one of the largest resellers of Microsoft products on the Internet.
	Within two years, in March 2006, Microsoft filed a lawsuit against the then 18-year-old Willms, accusing him of dealing in large amounts of "counterfeit, tampered and/or infringing" copies of Microsoft’s products. Through a court order, Microsoft went through Willms’ PayPal account and discovered that it contained more than $200,000. Microsoft also reviewed eDirect’s software inventories, where they found approximately 66,000 questionable Microsoft products. In February 2007, Willms agreed to a six-figure settlement.
	After the Microsoft incident, Willms soon thought of a new business idea. The problem with eDirect had been that all of the products he was selling were not, in practice, his. By going through vast quantities of popular web searches, he attempted to find out the top desire of people in order to venture upon the appropriate product. The result was weight-loss products. Using the name of an already existing Chinese tea, supposedly good for burning fat, Willms started to sell his own white-label product tea under the new company name Just Think Media. The tea was marketed and sold through several web sites. The business became such a success that Willms quickly launched other types of alleged health products, such as colon cleansers, teeth whiteners, and acai supplements. The web pages that were used to sell the products were filled with "scientific proof" and alleged endorsements from celebrities and TV networks. At its peak in 2009, Just Think Media earned more than $100 million in revenue and had only 20 employees.
	By late 2009, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) initiated an investigation to scrutinise Willms’ businesses. The impetus for the investigation was the fact that Willms’ companies had, at the time, triggered more complaints from consumers than almost all Internet businesses. According to the FTC investigation, the majority of Willms’ profit came from negative option billing, "a practice in which the seller interprets consumers' silence or inaction as permission to charge them". In effect, this meant that consumers signing up for "free trials" of a product were charged with extra fees hidden in the fine print of the terms and conditions. Often consumers first became aware of this after their credit cards had been charged. Also, several different company names appeared on their statements of account, each with a charge of an uneven dollar amount. The FTC claimed that these charges made up the majority of Willms' profits because consumers believed they were legitimate.
	In May 2011, after an 18-month investigation, the FTC filed a lawsuit against Willms. The lawsuit claimed that Willms, from 2007 to 2011, had conned approximately $467 million from customers in the U.S., Canada, Australia, the UK, and New Zealand. In September 2011, a U.S. District Court Judge froze Willms' assets and prohibited him from continuing to sell products through negative-option. In early 2012, Willms acquiesced to a $359 million settlement. As part of the settlement, Willms also agreed to sell off personal property, including his mansion.

= = = The Major (play) = = =

	The Major is an 1881 comedic play produced by Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart.
	It debuted to a full house at the new Theatre Comique on Broadway in New York City on August 29, 1881. Songs contributed by David Braham include "Major Gilfeather", as well as "Miranda, When We Are Made One", "Veteran's Guards' Cadets", "Clara Jenkins' Tea", and "4-11-44". It ran for over 150 performances, closing on January 7, 1882, the longest of any Harrigan and Hart production to that time.
	The play was revived in March 1885 at the Fourteenth Street Theatre.

= = = Swimming at the 2014 South American Games – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay = = =

	The men's 4 x 100 metre freestyle relay competition at the 2014 South American Games took place on March 10 at the Estadio Nacional. The last champion was Venezuela.
	This race consisted of eight lengths of the pool. Each of the four swimmers completed two lengths of the pool. The first swimmer had to touch the wall before the second could leave the starting block.
	Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan Pacific records were as follows:
	All times are in minutes and seconds.
	Heats weren't performed, as only seven teams had entered.
	The final was held on March 10, at 21:21.

= = = 2014 MEAC Women's Basketball Tournament = = =

	The 2014 Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference Women's Basketball Tournament took place March 10–15, 2014 at the Norfolk Scope in Norfolk, Virginia. 2014 will be the second year in Norfolk after the last eight years in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. First round games will be played March 10 and March 11, with the quarterfinal games played on March 12 and 13. The semifinals will be held March 14, with the championship game on March 15.

= = = List of military units in the 2014 Crimean crisis = = =

	This is a list of military units in the 2014 Crimean crisis. At the date of writing (May 2014) this includes (a) the Armed Forces of Ukraine units stationed in Crimea at the time the crisis began, (b) the Russian units stationed in the Crimea at the time the crisis began, and (c) the Russian units that entered Crimea until the peninsula was formally annexed by the Russian Federation.
	By governmental treaty, Russia was allowed to station a limited number of troops in Crimea, specifically 25.000. During the conflict, there appeared numerous fully equipped soldiers, who bore no military rank insignia or cockade. The official position of the Russian government was that Russia was uninvolved in events on the peninsula and that these troops did not belong to the Russian federation, but were based on the local initiatives.
	Many vehicles used by unmarked soldiers have Russian license plates. Ukrainian troops reported that the pro-Russian forces stated they were Russian, spoke perfect Russian, and in one case arrived in Russian planes
	On 19 March, the Ukrainian military announced plans to withdraw all personnel and their families (up to 25,000 people) from the Crimean peninsula.
	Units that RUSI identified in the Crimea:
	On 19 March, Russian media reported that the Russian flag flew over 189 Ukrainian military units, and that there were no naval vessels in Crimea still flying the Ukrainian flag.
	The Ukrainian fleet was largely surrounded by the Russian fleet and thus inoperable by the Ukrainian command. On the Donuzlav Lake since the night between 5 and 6 March, seven Ukrainian vessels were blocked by sunken Russian vessels. Lutsk (U205), Vinnytsia (U206), Chernihiv (U310), Cherkasy (U311), Henichesk (U360), Kirovohrad (U401) and Konstyantin Olschansky (U402)
	Two Ukrainian vessels were trapped in the Bay of Sevastopol at the Streletska bukhta, a submarine Zaporizhzhia (U01) and a small anti-submarine vessel Khmelnytskyi U208.
	Crimea was controlled by a mixture of militias and unmarked, pro-Russian soldiers. The new authorities in Crimea announced the creation of the independent Armed Forces of Crimea, which as of 10 March apparently included about 186 soldiers.

= = = Montagne du Château = = =

	Montagne du Château () is the highest hill of the Jorat. It lies west of Montpreveyres in the canton of Vaud, above the city of Lausanne. The hill is entirely wooded, except for its summit, where is a clearing.

= = = Judy Croome = = =

	Judy Croome (born Judy-Ann Heinemann on 16 December 1958) is a South African novelist, short story writer, and poet, who was born in Zvishavane, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). She received a Master of Arts (English) degree from the University of South Africa. She currently lives in Johannesburg. Croome was married to South African tax law scholar, Advocate of the High Court of South Africa and tax author, the late Dr Beric John Croome, who died in April 2019 after a long illness.
	Croome’s short stories and poetry have been published in "The Huffington Post", the University of Witwatersrand’s School of Literature, Language and Media’s "Itch Magazine" and in various print anthologies released by small presses in the United States and South Africa 
	Croome has also appeared on South African national television on the South African Broadcasting Corporation's Channel 2 "Morning Live" show and on South African national radio on the SAFM "Sunday Literature" programme.
	Croome has also had articles published in South Africa, including "The Sunday Times" (South Africa) and internationally by various on-line magazines and websites.
	In 2016, Croome was the external judge of the poetry section in the Writers2000(South Africa)(1985) annual writing competition. In 2011, Croome’s “The Place of the Doves” was shortlisted for the African Flash Fiction writing award.

= = = Little Omar = = =

	Petit Omar or Little Omar was the nickname of Yacef Omar (1944-1957), a notable figure of the Algerian War for Independence.
	Yacef Omar was born in 1944 at the Casbah of Algiers in a kabyle family. He is the nephew of Yacef Saadi, leader of the Autonomous Zone of Algiers. Little Omar was the liaison officer between the fighters and the leaders of the FLN (National Liberation Front) during the “Battle of Algiers”.
	Omar grew in the big familial house with Yacef Saadi. This allowed him to see the figureheads of the Algerian Revolution like Abane Ramdane, Krim Belkacem, Colonel Ouamrane, Rabah Bitat, and Ali La Pointe who visited his uncle regularly. Courier between the militants and the FLN leaders, he succeeded to cross all police roadblocks and elude the French paratroopers in the hardest moments of the Battle of Algiers.
	On October 8, 1957 paratrooper commandos of the 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment destroyed the house where he was hiding following their refusal to surrender, killing him along with Hassiba Ben Bouali, Ali La Pointe, Hamid Bouhamidi and 16 others.
	A new ultramodern hospital located at Draa Ben Khedda was named “Yacef Omar Hospital” in tribute to the child of the Casbah. His uncle Yacef Saadi was present the day of the inauguration on February 18, 2014.
	Omar is played by Mohamed Ben Kassen in the 1966 Italian-Algerian movie "The Battle of Algiers".

= = = Christopher Robinson (Virginia politician) = = =

	Christopher Robinson (1645 – April 1693) was a planter and a politician in the British colony of Virginia. Robinson held several public offices in Colonial Virginia and is the patriarch in America for one of the First Families of Virginia.
	Robinson was born in Cleasby, Yorkshire, England in 1645. His parents were John Robinson (d. 1651) and Elizabeth Potter (d. 1688). Christopher was one of eight siblings. His younger brother was John Robinson, Bishop of London and a sister, Clara Robinson, who married Sir Edward Wood, Gentleman Usher to Queen Catherine. A pedigree was created by Christopher's brother, John Robinson, which traced the family back several generations where it becomes, "obscure". This pedigree was later expanded and published in the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, a publication of the Virginia Historical Society.
	Robinson emigrated to Virginia about 1666 and settled at Urbanna, Middlesex County, Virginia, on land where the historic Hewick home stands today. The existing home was built and expanded by several generations of Robinsons.
	Robinson married first, Agatha Obert, daughter of Bertram Obert, and through this union increased his land holdings in Virginia. Agatha bore about seven children for Chistopher, including John Robinson, who was president of the Governor's Council, then acting governor when Governor Gooch returned to England, and Christopher Robinson, who inherited his father's estate and that of his uncle, John Robinson, Bishop of London. Agatha died January 25, 1686, by today's calendar, and her passing was recorded in the Register of Christ Church Parish in Middlesex County. Next, Christopher married Katherine Hone, the widow of Major Robert Beverley, on September 17, 1687, in Middlesex County. There seems to be some disagreement over whether Katherine was the daughter or the widow of Theophilus Hone.
	One of Robinson's grandsons was John Robinson, Speaker of the House of Burgesses. Another was Colonel Beverley Robinson, who commanded the Loyal American Regiment during the American War of Independence and was involved in the treason of Benedict Arnold. A great-granddaughter, Judith Robinson, married Carter Braxton, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. The Robinson family was split over the question of independence. Some fought for independence and others remained loyal to the King of England. After the Revolution, the Loyalist family members returned to England or migrated to Canada, where some of the family, among them Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet, of Toronto, enjoyed some considerable success.

= = = Frank Ciccone = = =

	Frank A. Ciccone III (born October 10, 1947 in Providence, Rhode Island) is an American politician and a Democratic member of the Rhode Island Senate representing District 7 since January 2005. Ciccone served consecutively from January 2003 until January 2005 in the District 3 seat.
	Ciccone graduated Hope High School. He also attended Bryant University.

= = = Alberto Arenas = = =

	Alberto Arenas de Mesa (born 5 October 1965) is a Chilean economist, academic, and Socialist politician. He was Chile's Minister of Finance, under the second government of President Michelle Bachelet (2014–2015).

= = = Hydrobioides nassa = = =

	Hydrobioides nassa is a species of a freshwater snail with an operculum, aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Bithyniidae.
	This species occurs in Laos, Myanmar and Thailand.
	"Hydrobioides nassa" lives in freshwater rivers, lakes and ponds.

= = = Elhadji Badiane Sidibe = = =

	El Hadji Badiane Sidibé (born 7 March 1994) is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays for L'Entente SSG.
	"Updated to games played as of 6 December 2018." 

= = = Ruth Gregory = = =

	Ruth Ann Watson Gregory is a British mathematician and physicist, currently Professor of Mathematics and Physics at the University of Durham. Her fields of specialisation are general relativity and cosmology.
	Gregory earned her PhD from the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at the University of Cambridge (Trinity College) in 1988, writing a thesis on "topological defects in cosmology" supervised by John M. Stewart.
	Gregory held postdoctoral appointments at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and Fermi Institute in the University of Chicago, before returning to Cambridge for a five-year research fellowship. She was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Physics at the University of Durham in 2005.
	She is a visiting fellow at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics where she lectures as part of the PSI's master's programme.
	She serves as a managing editor of International Journal of Modern Physics D.
	Her research centres on the intersection of fundamental high energy physics and cosmology. She is best known for the Gregory–Laflamme instability, describing an instability of black strings in higher dimensions.
	Gregory was given the 2006 Maxwell Medal and Prize by the Institute of Physics "for her contributions to physics at the interface of general relativity and string theory, in particular for her work on the physics of cosmic strings and black holes".
	In 2011 she received the Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award to study "Time and Extra Dimensions in Space".

= = = Annie Yeamans = = =

	Annie Griffiths Yeamans (November 19, 1835 – March 3, 1912) was a 19th-century character actress, appearing in many Harrigan and Hart productions. She came to the United States in 1865. 
	Her daughters with husband Edward "Ned" Yeamans, Lydia Yeamans Titus and Jennie Yeamans, were both singers and actresses as well.

= = = Henricus charagus = = =

	Henricus charagus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Nayarit, Mexico.

= = = Lophiola = = =

	Lophiola is a genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants native to eastern North America. It has variously been placed in the Liliaceae, the Haemodoraceae, the Tecophilaeaceae or the Nartheciaceae.
	Fernald (1921) recommended recognizing three species, separating the Nova Scotia populations as "L. septentrionalis" and the New Jersey-Delaware material as "L. americana". More recent investigations, however, have suggested that the group be regarded as one species.
	"Lophiola aurea" is found in wet locations at elevations less than 100 m. It is a perennial herb up to 90 cm tall, spreading by means of underground rhizomes. It has yellow flowers about 10 mm across, and dry capsules about 4 mm in diameter. Goldencrest is a common name.

= = = Henricus chriograptus = = =

	Henricus chriograptus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.

= = = Henricus chroicopterus = = =

	Henricus chroicopterus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Durango, Mexico.

= = = Swimming at the 2014 South American Games – Women's 50 metre freestyle = = =

	The women's 50 metre freestyle competition at the 2014 South American Games took place on March 10 at the Estadio Nacional. The last champion was Flávia Delaroli of Brazil.
	This race consisted of one length of the pool in freestyle.
	Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan Pacific records were as follows:
	All times are in minutes and seconds.
	The first round was held on March 10, at 11:30.
	The final was held on March 10, at 19:30.

= = = David J. Burney = = =

	David Burney is a public architect and educator. He was born in Liverpool, England and educated at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh and The Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment of University College London (UCL). He has lived in New York since 1982.
	Mr. Burney is a fellow of the American Institute of Architects (2008), and Associate Professor of the Graduate Center for Planning of Pratt Institute School of Architecture.
	He is Chair of the Board of Center for Active Design, a nonprofit organization supports public health by increasing opportunities for physical activity and healthy eating through the design of the built environment, established in 2012 as a key initiatives from New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg’s Obesity Taskforce. Mr. Burney often appeared before NYC's Public Design Commission, (previously The Municipal Art Commission).
	Mr. Burney is the first architect to have served as Commissioner of the Department of Design and Construction ("DDC"), from 2004 to 2014, the entity charged with managing capital projects for multiple city agencies, including the NYC Departments of Transportation and Environmental Protection, and borough-wide cultural institutions, such as libraries, courthouses, fire stations, and police precincts, and museums. Appointed by then-mayor Michael Bloomberg, Mr. Burney launched a City-wide initiative in 2006, the "Design + Construction Excellence ("D+CE")," to raise the quality of design and construction of public realm projects throughout New York City. To accomplish the goal, Mr. Burney innovated a new peer review process, and of his accomplishments, his colleagues have said that he ""...changed many places from an eyesore to something that residents can be proud of."" He authored a book about civic building and infrastructure works achieved under his leadership at DDC, "We Build the City: New York City's Design + Construction Excellence Program,"(2014), which includes a foreword by Mayor Bloomberg.
	Prior to leading DDC, Mr. Burney was Director of Design and Capital Improvement of the New York City Housing Authority ("NYCHA") from 1990 to 2003. While at NYCHA, Mr. Burney oversaw the construction and renovation of 100 community center facilities, often attached to affordable housing developments. Under the leadership of Mr. Burney, NYCHA was awarded a Special Commendation Award from the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum (2002). Burney has produce influential publications, including The "“Active Design Guidelines”" report, in collaboration with the NYC AIA.
	Mr. Burney moved to New York in 1982. Mr. Burney contributed to various architectures projects, including Zeckendorf Towers on Union Square and the Rose Building at Lincoln Center in Manhattan while practicing at the private firm of Davis Brody & Associates, until 1990, the same year the firm merged with Bond Ryder & Associates to become Davis Brody Bond, and J. Max Bond, Jr. became a partner.
	Mr. Burney has received professional recognition from the American Institute of Architects ("AIA") NYC Chapter "Public Architecture Award" (1996), "Sloane Public Service Award" (2003), "Center for Architecture Award" (2006), NY State Chapter AIA "Presidents' Award's" (2007), the "American Institute of Architects Thomas Jefferson Award for Public Architecture" (2011), and the New York City Chapter of the AIA "Public Service Award" (2012).

= = = Henricus cristobalicus = = =

	Henricus cristobalicus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Chiapas, Mexico.

= = = Henricus exsanguis = = =

	Henricus exsanguis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.

= = = Henricus flebilis = = =

	Henricus flebilis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Veracruz, Mexico.

= = = Henricus hemitelius = = =

	Henricus hemitelius is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Baja California Norte, Mexico.

= = = Arena Parco Nord = = =

	Arena Parco Nord is a natural amphitheatre located in Bologna, Italy. It is used primarily for open-air concerts. The amphitheatre has served as the venue for the Independent Days Festival since 1999. It also hosted part of the European Monsters of Rock tour in 1990.

= = = Mickey Guyton = = =

	Candace Mycale "Mickey" Guyton (born June 17, 1983) is an American country music singer and songwriter. She is signed to Capitol Nashville, and has released her debut single, "Better Than You Left Me".
	Candace Mycale "Mickey" Guyton was born on June 17, 1983 in Arlington, Texas, to parents Phyllis Ann Roddy and Michael Eugene Guyton. She said that she was inspired to begin a singing career after, at the age of eight, she saw LeAnn Rimes sing "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the start of a Texas Rangers game. In 2011, Guyton signed with Capitol Nashville and recorded an extended play, "Unbreakable" three years later. Guyton auditioned for "American Idol" and was cut just before the live shows for the top 24. She was only seen for a few seconds during her final singing performance during the auditions.
	Guyton wrote her debut single, "Better Than You Left Me", with Jennifer Hanson and Jenn Schott. She debuted the single at the Grand Ole Opry on January 10, 2015, and released both it and the music video two days later.
	The song debuted at number 56 on the "Billboard" Country Airplay chart dated for the week ending January 24, 2015. An article in "The Guardian" made note of the song's early success on the charts, particularly in relation to Guyton's being an African American female in a genre dominated by white men. In 2016, she was nominated for the New Female Vocalist of the Year honour at the ACM awards.

= = = Tie A Yellow Ribbon (Dawn album) = = =

	Tie a Yellow Ribbon (released as Tuneweaving in the US) is the third album by American popular music group Dawn (Michael Anthony Orlando Cassavitas, Telma Hopkins & Joyce Vincent Wilson) released in 1973 by Bell Records. The title track reached #1 in both the US and UK charts. In terms of sales, this single was the most successful in the group's career, starting a string of seven consecutive Hot 100 appearances. Another track from this album, “You’re A Lady” by English singer/songwriter Peter Skellern, reached #70 in the US charts. The group changed their name to "Tony Orlando and Dawn" later in 1973
	Side 1
	Side 2
	This is the same album as Tuneweaving but retitled upon reissue when Tie A Yellow Ribbon became a hit.
	The album was released on cd in 2007 with bonus tracks including the lost single Vaya Con Dios

= = = Robo 3D = = =

	ROBO 3D is an American 3D printer manufacturer located in San Diego, California. Founded in 2012, Robo 3D is a company that started on Kickstarter with their first product the Robo 3D R1. Their product line includes the Robo R1+, Robo C2, and Robo R2, which all utilize the open materials ideology and are compatible with a variety of 3D modelling software, such as Solidworks and Sketch Up, along with free 3D model sharing websites, such as Thingiverse.[1]. Robo 3D may have run into cash flow problems recently as their VP Jerry Grauman told a Veteran Owned Small Business they could not afford to pay them for the work they did for Robo 3D so it is unknown how much longer Robo 3D will remain in business. As of December 8, 2019 Robo 3D has an "F" rating from the Better Business Bureau for their numerous complaints filed against them and their unwillingness to respond to numerous complaints.
	In 2012, a group of students from San Diego State University (SDSU), frustrated by the cost of using the school’s only expensive and industrial 3D printer, set out to create their own 3D printer. The motivation was to create a cheaper alternative to the current leading 3D printing brands.
	After beginning product development on a dining room table, the group went to Kickstarter to seek funding. With a funding target of $49,000, a total of $649,663 was pledged.
	On January 16, 2014, Robo3D was mentioned in Time magazine's article on 3D printers at CES. On August 20, 2015, Fine Brothers Entertainment released an episode of 'Elders React to 3D Printers' which features a Robo 3D R1 printer.
	When the company's stock debuted on the Australian Securities Exchange, it initially traded for a higher price per share than the initial public offering.
	The physical dimensions of the R1 are allowing it to have a build volume of or . The layer resolution is 100 µm on high, 200 µm on medium and 300 µm on low. The filament diameter is 1.75 mm and the nozzle diameter is 0.4 mm.
	The R2 was released in 2017. It measures 23.8 inches by 16.8 inches by 16.6 inches and weighs 25.5 pounds. The build area of 10" x 8" x 8" is smaller than the build area of the R1. The unit comes standard with one extruder but can accommodate a second optional extruder for two color printing.

= = = Sres. Papis = = =

	Sres. Papis is an Argentine telenovela produced and broadcast by the Telefe network. It premiered on January 6, 2014 and ended on November 27 of the same year. It aired Monday through Friday, except Wednesdays, at 11:30 p.m. The series was written by Cecilia Guerty and Pablo Junovich, and directed by Gustavo Luppi, Omar Aiello and Pablo Vásquez. It starred Luciano Castro, Joaquín Furriel, Luciano Cáceres and Peto Menahem.
	The story tells the experiences of four modern parents Favio Carbonetti (Luciano Castro), Ignacio Moreno (Joaquín Furriel), Franco Bertossi (Luciano Cáceres) and Mauro de Leone (Peto Menahem) and attractions that make friends by sharing daily talks at the door of your children's kindergarten. In addition to accompanying each other in conflicts, vicissitudes, juggling, surprises and abysses that bring you into paternity, you will be involved in the personal stories of each of them. By sharing the door of the Kindergarten daily, being identified in the problems they face as fathers and feeling even in a world mostly populated by mothers, these four men are joining and consolidating a powerful and endearing friendship.
	The main topic of the telenovela is male paternity, as the main characters have different back stories but all raise children with little or no female help. This topic was addressed very few times before in Argentine telenovelas, such as in the old telenovelas "Papá corazón" and "Grande, pa!". "Somos familia" (2014) and "Solamente Vos" (2013) are other Argentine telenovelas that also explored male paternity. Actor Luciano Cáceres described the main characters as antiheroes, with several emotional weaknesses.
	Actress Julieta Díaz rejected a proposal to work in the telenovela, as she had plans to work in films during 2014. She declined to work in other Argentine fictions, such as "Guapas" and "Viudas e hijos del Rock and Roll", for a similar reason. The production staff proposed that she could appear as a guest star for 25 episodes. She accepted this proposal, and her role in the story will be that of a cumbia singer, with cumbia songs composed especially for the program.
	Production will move to neighbouring Brazil to film scenes for the program during the 2014 FIFA World Cup. It is not confirmed if Cáceres will take part in the project, as he also performs in theater plays.
	The program premiered on January 6, 2014. It received 13.9 rating points, prevailing over the telenovelas aired by El Trece.

= = = Ximena Rincón = = =

	Ximena Cecilia Rincón González (born 5 July 1968) is a Chilean lawyer and politician. She is formerly Chile's Labor Minister and former Minister Secretary-General of the Presidency under President Michelle Bachelet.
	Between 2005 and 2006 she was intendant of the Santiago Metropolitan Region.

= = = Hydrobioides = = =

	Hydrobioides is a genus of a freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusks in the family Bithyniidae.
	Distribution of this genus include Laos, Myanmar and Thailand.

= = = Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Leeds = = =

	Our Lady of Lourdes Church is a Roman Catholic church in the parish of St Jeanne Jugan, Leeds. It was built by the Society of Jesus in the 1920s and it is situated on Cardigan Road in Burley, Leeds.
	Originally, when the church was originally built it was called the Sacred Heart Chapel, because it was a chapel of ease for the Sacred Heart Parish church in Leeds.
	In 1890, a provost of Leeds Cathedral, Browne, created a Mass centre for the Burley area when he bought a cottage on the corner of Poplar Street and Burley Road. This became the home of the Sacred Heart Parish.
	In 1905, William Gordon, Roman Catholic Bishop of Leeds, invited the Jesuits to take over the running of it. Shortly afterwards, the presbytery was moved to Vinery Road, and the Jesuits built a church on the site of the old cottage, which became the parish church of the local area, Sacred Heart Church.
	A small primary school, Sacred Heart Catholic Primary School, was built to the rear of the church. The Jesuits also started a nearby secondary school, Leeds Catholic College on 18 September 1905. In 1933, it became St Michael's College.
	Plans for Sacred Heart Chapel began in the early 1920s, James O’Brien created another presbytery by acquiring a house on the Cardigan Road. In 1925, plans were drawn up by J. Armstrong of Leeds for a new church hall to be built next to the presbytery. Unfortunately work came to a halt soon afterwards, supposedly because of ‘the fraudulent activities of the architect’. Three years later, the new architect, Edward Simpson brought the construction to a close by finishing the building in 1930. He altered the designs of the building so that it could be used as both a chapel and a church hall. It was named Sacred Heart Chapel after the main parish church it was attached to.
	In 1932, a new choir gallery and organ were built at the west side of the chapel. In 1939, a hall for the 'Boys' Club' was built, which became the present church hall.
	In 1947, the Jesuits withdrew from the area and handed over the entire Sacred Heart parish, both the parish church and the chapel of ease, to the Diocese of Leeds, who continue to minister to the local Catholic population. In 1954, the chapel of ease became a separate parish and was renamed Our Lady of Lourdes Parish Church.
	In 1959, the interior was renovated by the architect Derek Walker. Within the church is a fresco by Aidan Hart who also worked on the Saint John's Bible.
	In the 1960s, the County Borough of Leeds undertook large-scale construction projects across the city. Sacred Heart Church, the primary school and the Poplar Street area were all demolished. The school moved to Eden Way, between the Kirkstall Road and Argie Avenue, where it still continues. Sacred Heart Church was rebuilt in the Hyde Park area. It was a modernist building designed also by Derek Walker. In the 1990s, the church was sold and was bought in 1994 by Sheikh Saif Bin Muhammad Al-Nehayyan of Abu Dhabi, who converted it into Leeds Grand Mosque.
	Our Lady of Lourdes Church, which was once a hall, is built with red bricks with stone bands and a mansard slate roof. The front entrance has three smaller slit windows either side of it and a larger Venetian window above it. The stone banding forms a parapet above the entrance. There is a statue of Our Lady of Lourdes on the parapet. Either side of the main entrance are doric designed columns on a rusticated frame.
	In 1959, attempts were made by the architect, Derek Walker, to have the building look more like a place of worship than a church hall. The old sanctuary was removed and entirely replaced. It was lowered by two feet and two screens made of metal were placed either side of the sanctuary allowing for two separate spaces. The stained glass panel to the left of the altar depicts Jesus Christ and the panel to the left depicts Our Lady of Lourdes. There are frieze bands above the screens depicting the heads of angels. The altar reredos is a white panel made of plaster. The altar is made of Hopton Wood stone and shows Jesus with the twelve apostles. The church is composed of one single space without separation. The ceiling has a series of trusses with timber slats attached to them. Above the altar is a metal canopy, designed by Walker, that resembles the crown of thorns. To the right of the sanctuary is a Blessed Sacrament chapel with a polychrome enamel tabernacle. The sacristy is behind the sanctuary and is the same width as the church. There is a narthex with a porch, entrance lobby and toilets at the west end of the church.
	In 2010, the parish was merged with St Urban's church to become one parish named after St Jeanne Jugan.
	The church has one Sunday Mass every week, at 8:45 am on Sundays. St Urban's Church has Mass times not to conflict with Our Lady of Lourdes church, it has Mass at 6:00 pm on Saturdays and at 10:30 am on Sundays. St Urban's Church usually has Mass from Monday to Friday at 9:15 am, whereas Our Lady of Lourdes Church has a Mass at midday on Saturday.

= = = Mission Point = = =

	Mission Point may refer to:

= = = Swimming at the 2014 South American Games – Women's 1500 metre freestyle = = =

	The women's 1500 metre freestyle competition at the 2014 South American Games took place on March 10 at the Estadio Nacional. The last champion was Kristel Köbrich of Chile.
	This event was a timed-final where each swimmer swam just once. The top 8 seeded swimmers swam in the evening, and the remaining swimmers swam in the morning session.
	Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan Pacific records were as follows:
	All times are in minutes and seconds.
	The first round was held on March 10, at 11:36, and the final was held on March 10, at 19:33.

= = = Henricus icogramma = = =

	Henricus icogramma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Guatemala.

= = = Henricus platina = = =

	Henricus platina is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.

= = = Henricus improvisus = = =

	Henricus improvisus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Veracruz, Mexico.

= = = Henricus inanimalis = = =

	Henricus inanimalis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Chiapas, Mexico.

= = = Henricus inchoatus = = =

	Henricus inchoatus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Hidalgo, Mexico.

= = = Minuscule 923 = = =

	Minuscule 923 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1476 (von Soden), is a 13th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. It has marginalia and was prepared for liturgical use. The manuscript has survived in complete condition.
	The codex contains the text of the four Gospels, on 204 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 25 lines per page.
	The text of the Gospels is divided according to the ("chapters"), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their ("titles of chapters") at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections (in Mark 234 sections, the last section in Mark 16:9), whose numbers are given at the margin. There are no references to the Eusebian Canons.
	It contains the Eusebian Canon tables at the beginning and tables of the ("tables of contents") before each of the Gospels. It has lectionary markings on the margin for liturgical use.
	The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family K. Kurt Aland did not place it in any Category.
	According to the Claremont Profile Method it belongs to the textual family K in Luke 1 and Luke 20. In Luke 10 no profile was made. It creates textual cluster 281 with minuscule 281 and 906.
	According to C. R. Gregory it was written in the 12th century. Currently the manuscript is dated by the INTF to the 13th century. The history of the codex 923 is known until the year 1886, when it was seen by Gregory at the Osiou Gregoriou monastery, in Mount Athos. The manuscript is still housed at the Osiou Gregoriou monastery (156 (2)).
	The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Gregory (923). It was not on the Scrivener's list, but it was added to his list by Edward Miller in the 4th edition of A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament.
	It is not cited in critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS4, NA28).

= = = Philip Rashleigh (1689–1736) = = =

	Philip Rashleigh (1689–1736) of Menabilly, near Fowey, Cornwall, was a British landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1710 to 1722.
	Rashleigh was the eldest surviving son of Jonathan Rashleigh MP, of Menabilly and his second wife Jane Carew, a daughter of Sir John Carew, 3rd Baronet of Antony, Torpoint, Cornwall. He succeeded to his father’s estates in 1702, when still a minor and was under the guardianship of his uncles. He was educated at Winchester College from 1704 to 1706 and matriculated at New College, Oxford on 4 September 1707, aged 18.
	Rashleigh was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament for Liskeard at the 1710 general election. He was an inactive MP and was classed as a Tory. He was returned unopposed again at the 1713 general election, and at the 1715 general election. He was a Tory and in 1715 a treasonable pamphlet was addressed to him which was seized on government orders in the post at Exeter. He did not stand at the 1722 general election.
	Rashleigh rebuilt Menabilly House circa 1710-15.
	Rashleigh died unmarried on 12 August 1736, and his estates were inherited by his younger brother Jonathan.

= = = Henricus insolitus = = =

	Henricus insolitus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Mexico.

= = = Henricus inspergatus = = =

	Henricus inspergatus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Chiapas, Mexico.

= = = Henricus palimpsestus = = =

	Henricus palimpsestus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Veracruz, Mexico.

= = = Tolna strandi = = =

	Tolna strandi is a species of moth of the family Erebidae.
	It is found in Cameroon.

= = = Henricus zelotes = = =

	Henricus zelotes is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Veracruz, Mexico.

= = = A Barca = = =

	A Barca is an abandoned hamlet located in the municipality of Cortegada, Ourense, Galicia, Spain. It is located near the Minho River and the Portuguese border. It consists of twelve houses and measures around .
	The hamlet was founded in the 15th century. The site at A Barca was once part of the royal road to Castille, and the river Minho could be crossed by boat there. The hamlet derives its name from this, with "barco" meaning "boat" in Spanish. By the 1920s, the business of transporting people and goods from one side of the river to the other had collapsed due to the construction of a bridge nearby. The inhabitants then invested in the growing of grapes.
	The building of the Frieira dam in the 1950s led to higher water levels and the flooding of the land near A Barca. The electricity company Unión Fenosa later bought out the hamlet residents. The construction of the dam, combined with the rerouting of trade routes, led to the abandonment of the village.
	On 14 January 2013, the company Gas Natural, successor to Unión Fenosa, gave ownership of the hamlet to the municipality. By the date of the transfer, the municipality already had plans for the hamlet to be turned into a tourist site.
	As of March 2014, the whole hamlet is to be given away for free to a new owner who promises to redevelop the village and preserve the buildings, as the municipality lacks funds to do so. The mayor of Cortegada, Avelino Luis de Francisco Martínez, has said the municipality wishes to generate economic activity in the area by the sale of the hamlet. Since the hamlet was up for offer, there have been close to a thousand requests for information, but no serious candidates. The municipality is looking for a designation in the area of tourism. There have already been offers to construct a luxury resort, a clinic, a hippie community, a cheese factory and a meditation complex.
	The current twelve buildings, four of which have multiple floors, are currently in a state of disrepair with only walls still standing. Due to severe overgrowth of vegetation, the hamlet cannot be seen from the air.
	The hamlet is only accessible by a non-paved path diverging from the road towards Celanova.

= = = David Christensen = = =

	David Christensen is an Alberta film director and producer who since October 2007 has been an executive producer with the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) at its Northwest Centre, based in Edmonton.
	His directorial credits include the 2003 NFB-co-produced documentary "War Hospital", co-directed with Damien Lewis, and his 2006 dramatic feature debut film, "Six Figures". A documentary filmmaker until "Six Figures", Christensen prepared for the project by taking a workshop on directing actors with Judith Weston. "Six Figures" was nominated for the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television Award for Best Screenplay at the 26th Genie Awards, and was a runner up for the Best Canadian Film Award from the Toronto Film Critics Association.
	As head of the NFB's Edmonton studio, Christensen develops films from across the province of Alberta as well as northern Canada.
	In 2015, Christensen produced Guy Maddin and Evan Johnson's feature, "The Forbidden Room", and the feature documentary "Hadwin's Judgement", based in part on John Vaillant's book "The Golden Spruce" about Grant Hadwin. The same year, Christensen also developed a short film series to tell the stories of small rural communities across southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, "The Grasslands Project".
	His recent productions also include "Everything Will Be", a 2014 documentary film about the fate of Vancouver's Chinatown, for which he approached Vancouver filmmaker Julia Kwan to direct her first non-fiction film. Other credits include "Wiebo's War" (executive producer), "Vanishing Point" (producer/executive producer) and "We Were Children" (producer/executive producer).
	He is a co-founder of the Calgary Cinematheque and curated two film programs for the Alberta College of Art and Design.

= = = Henricus tenerima = = =

	Henricus tenerima is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Nuevo León, Mexico.

= = = Arthur Getz = = =

	Arthur Kimmig Getz (May 17, 1913 – January 19, 1996) was an American illustrator best known for his fifty-year career as a cover artist for "The New Yorker" magazine. Between 1938 and 1988, two hundred and thirteen Getz covers appeared on "The New Yorker", making Getz the most prolific "New Yorker" cover artist of the twentieth century. Getz was also a fine artist, painted murals for the Works Progress Administration Program, wrote and illustrated children's books, and taught at the School of Visual Arts in New York City, the University of Connecticut, and the Washington Art Association in Washington, Connecticut. In addition to his "New Yorker" covers and spot drawings, Getz's illustrations were published in "American Childhood", "Audubon", "Collier's", "Consumer Reports", "Cue", "Esquire", "Fortune", "The Nation", "The National Guardian", "The New Masses", "The New Republic", "PM", "Reader's Digest", "Saturday Review", "Stage", and "The Reporter".
	Arthur Getz was born in Passaic, New Jersey, the son of Madeline Kimmig Getz and Anthony Getz. He attended Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York, on a full scholarship, and graduated with honors in 1934 from Pratt's School of Fine and Applied Art. His very first cover illustration for "The New Yorker" was printed on July 23, 1938.
	In 1939, Philip Guston taught Getz how to mix casein tempera, a milk-based pigment utilized for mural painting, and suggested that Getz apply for a New Deal mural contract. Over the next four years, Getz won four mural contracts:
	After serving in the Philippines during World War II as a First Lieutenant of Field Artillery, Getz returned to New York City and resumed his work as an artist, soon becoming one of the more regular contributors to "The New Yorker". During the 1950s and 1960s it was not unusual for more than one Getz cover to be printed on "The New Yorker" during a single month.
	The writer John Updike, in his foreword to "The Complete Book of Covers from The New Yorker, 1925 – 1989", wrote: "The artist who has contributed most covers is Arthur Getz, whose alert eye and confident brush find endless silent dramas of contrast and tone in the world around us; beginning in 1938 and still producing, he has thus far published two hundred and thirteen." 
	Lee Lorenz, the former Art Editor of "The New Yorker", wrote of Getz: "[He] seems to have found his particular subject, the special light of Manhattan … Arthur's paintings are a chronicle of New York's moods to be set alongside Guardi's paintings of Venice." Lorenz also wrote of Getz, "He drew inspiration equally from the night clubs of Manhattan and the apple orchards of New England, but his covers, taken as a group, seem really to be about the joy of painting itself."
	In addition to his work as an illustration artist, Getz continued to pursue fine art painting. In 1960 he was offered a one-man show at the Babcock Gallery in New York City. The gallery director requested that Getz, already well known for his covers, exhibit his fine art under a different name, concerned that Getz's association with "commercial" (illustration) art would hinder his recognition as a fine artist. Getz used his middle name, Kimmig, for his signature on his fine art work. Many paintings from this era are signed "Kimmig"; some Getz re-signed later and are signed both "Kimmig" and "Getz."
	In 1963 Getz and his first wife, Margarita Gibbons, were divorced. Getz later married writer Anne Carriere, and shortly after relocated from New York City to Sharon, Connecticut in 1969, where Getz lived until his death in 1996. His move to Connecticut marked a shift in the mood of his "New Yorker" covers from the city-centered work of his past. He began to depict more rural scenes of the countryside, familiar to the growing commuter and weekender populations. During this time Getz also wrote and illustrated four children's books and illustrated numerous others, including "Jennifer's Walk", authored by Anne Carriere (Getz and Carriere divorced in 1973).
	On August 29, 1988, Getz's 213th and final "New Yorker" cover was printed. Though a stroke rendered Getz blind in one eye in 1994, he continued to paint and draw until his death on January 19, 1996, at the age of 83.

= = = Henricus paredrus = = =

	Henricus paredrus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Nayarit, Mexico.

= = = List of theatres in Wales = = =

	The following is a list of active theatres and concert halls in Wales. They are organised alphabetically in name order.
	Note that in rural areas, church halls and town halls may double up as theatres, and that many colleges and universities also have their own auditoria.
	Welsh and English names are listed according to their descriptor.

= = = Henricus rhiobursa = = =

	Henricus rhiobursa is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Nayarit, Mexico.

= = = Henricus parmulus = = =

	Henricus parmulus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Jalisco, Mexico.

= = = Henricus rubrograptus = = =

	Henricus rubrograptus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Jalisco, Mexico.

= = = Hypostromatia versicolorana = = =

	Hypostromatia versicolorana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Colombia.

= = = Benon Biraaro = = =

	Benon Biraaro (born 1 March 1958) is a retired Ugandan military officer. Sometimes his last name is written as "Biraro". He is a former high-ranking commander in the Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF). While still in the active military, he served as the commandant of the Uganda Senior Command and Staff College in Kimaka, Jinja. In 2016, he ran (unsuccessfully) for President of Uganda on behalf of his Farmers Party of Uganda.
	Benon Biraaro was born on 1 March 1958 in Isingiro District. He attended Makerere University, in Kampala, Uganda's oldest and largest public university, graduating in 1982 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science. Later, he attended Cranfield University in the United Kingdom, graduating with a Masters in Global Strategic Studies.
	His military education included the following courses:
	Benon Biraaro joined the Ugandan Bush War on 7 June 1982, straight out of Makerere University. By 1984, he had risen to the position of secretary to the High Command and National Resistance Council. By 1986, he was the deputy to Yoweri Museveni’s Principal Private Secretary. He was then posted to Kitgum District, as the special district administrator from 1986 until 1987. He then was transferred to Kyankwanzi and served as deputy commandant of the National Leadership Institute. Next, he served as the commanding officer of the 97th Battalion in Uganda's Eastern Region, which ended the insurgency in the Teso sub-region and in Tororo and Busia Districts. Following that, he served as the commander of the military police in Uganda. He was then appointed the military representative in the Office of the Inspector General of Government. He then served as a member of the Adhoc Committee on Human Rights under the chairmanship of Abu Mayanja. He then became the director of training in the UPDF.
	In 1998, he commanded the Ugandan contingent to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). He then became the commander of the Infantry Division in the Western Region of Uganda. Following that he was appointed deputy chief of staff of the UPDF (DCOS), the fifth-highest rank in the Uganda military. Next, he served as the commandant for two in-takes at the Uganda Senior Command and Staff College at Kimaka in the Eastern Region. He then served as the chief of the Strategic Planning and Management Unit of the Peace and Security Council at the African Union headquarters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .
	Biraaro and several prominent individuals in the Ugandan military and business have started a public-private-partnership with the aim of raising investment funds locally to invest in local infrastructure and industry. Biraaro is the founder president and lead investor in Local Investment for Transformation.
	General Biraaro is a married father. He is of the Christian faith. He is reported to have built a church in the village where he was born, in Isingiro District.

= = = Irrallaan = = =

	"Irrallaan" is a song by Finnish singer and songwriter Olavi Uusivirta. Released as the first single from his second studio album "Me ei kuolla koskaan", the song peaked at number 14 on the Finnish Singles Chart.

= = = Nuori ja kaunis = = =

	"Nuori ja kaunis" is a song by Sweden-Finnish singer Anna Järvinen featuring Finnish singer and songwriter Olavi Uusivirta who also wrote the song. The song was released as a single from the soundtrack of the 2011 Finnish film "Elokuu". It was also included on the CD version of Uusivirta's 2012 album "Elvis istuu oikealla" and on his 2013 compilation album "27 suosikkia". The song peaked at number seven on the Finnish Singles Chart.

= = = Philip Rashleigh = = =

	Philip Rashleigh may refer to:

= = = Judith Schalansky = = =

	Judith Schalansky (born 20 September 1980, in Greifswald) is a German writer, book designer and publisher. Her book "Atlas of Remote Islands" was the winner of the prize for the most beautiful German book of the year in 2009. In 2012, she won the same prize for "The Giraffe’s Neck". Schalansky has degrees in both art history and communication design.
	The asteroid 95247 Schalansky was named after her in 2011.
	Schalansky currently lives in Berlin with her partner, actor Bettina Hoppe.

= = = Swimming at the 2014 South American Games – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay = = =

	The women's 4 x 100 metre medley relay competition at the 2014 South American Games took place on March 10 at the Estadio Nacional. The last champion was Brazil.
	Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan Pacific records were as follows:
	All times are in minutes and seconds.
	Heats weren't performed, as only seven teams had entered.
	The final was held on March 10, at 21:13.

= = = Achaea mormoides = = =

	Achaea mormoides is a species of moth of the family Erebidae.
	It is found in Africa, including Angola, Nigeria, Ghana, Congo, Sierra Leone, South Africa, and Zambia.

= = = Druha Miska Likarnia (Kryvyi Rih Metrotram) = = =

	Druha Miska Likarnia (; ) is a station of the Kryvyi Rih Metrotram. The station was originally part of the city's larger tram system, although it was incorporated into the metrotram route along with four other stations on May 25, 2012. It is a station on the metrotram's third route, running from Zarichna to Kiltse KMK.
	The tram line reorganization was initiated in order to eliminate the need for transfer stops for the inhabitants traveling from Kryvyi Rih's northern neighborhoods to the southern end of town, near the ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih plant.
	The Druha Miska Likarnia station is located above ground, with platforms running on either side of the metrotram's tracks. The station is named after the Druha Miska Likarnia (or the city's second hospital).

= = = Hysterophora maculosana = = =

	Hysterophora maculosana, the bluebell conch, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found from most of Europe, east to the Crimea, Asia Minor and the Palestinian territories. The habitat consists of woodland areas.
	The wingspan is 10–14 mm. Adult males have whitish hindwings, whereas those of the female are dark. Adults are on wing from April and June.
	The larvae feed on the flowers of "Chondrilla juncea" and within the seedheads "Hyacinthoides non-scripta". Larvae have been recorded nearly year round.

= = = Är du min älskling än? = = =

	"Är du min älskling än?" is a song written by Rune Wallebom and originally recorded by Janne Önnerud for the 1977 album "Kärlekens hus". He also scored a Svensktoppen hit with the song from the period of 22 May-14 August 1977.
	The song lyrics depict a former prison inmate being released, and now wondering if his partner is still by his side.
	The song was also recorded by Vikingarna on the album "Kramgoa låtar 5" in 1977., in 2002 by Matz Bladhs and in 2006 by Tommys on the album "En dag i taget" and by Mats Bergmans on the 2006 album "Den stora dagen".

= = = James Sheehan (Rhode Island politician) = = =

	James C. Sheehan (born January 27, 1966 in Warwick, Rhode Island) is an American politician and a Democratic member of the Rhode Island Senate representing District 36 since January 2003. Sheehan served consecutively from January 2001 until January 2003 in the District 23 seat. On November 6, 2018, Sheehan won election to a tenth consecutive term in the Rhode Island Senate, defeating Republican challenger John P. Silvaggio by a margin of 66.9 percent to 32.7 percent.
	Sheehan received his teaching certification from Rhode Island College, earned his BA from the University of Rhode Island, and his MA from Catholic University.

= = = Haroon Shahid = = =

	Haroon Shahid is a Pakistani singer-songwriter, music composer and actor. The former lead-singer and guitarist of the Lahore-based pop-rock band "SYMT", dissolved in 2016, he made his acting debut with a role in 2017 movie "Verna" and later appeared in television serials including "Tajdeed e Wafa" (2018), "Do Bol" (2019) and "Khaas" (2019).
	Shahid did his bachelor's degree in economics from Beaconhouse National University and did master's degree in public policy from the same university. He spent most of his childhood in Saudi Arabia and listened to a lot of Pakistani music.
	Shahid lives in Lahore and aside from singing and acting, also worked for the Pakistani organization "Bramerz", a digital media and marketing agency.
	He's the cousin of actor-singer Ahad Raza Mir.
	Shahid was a contestant on the Pakistani singing reality show Pakistan Sangeet Icon in 2008. Back then he was popularly called "The Ganderi Boy" for his cover of Naseebo Lal's song "Pyar Di Ganderi".
	Shahid formed the pop-rock band "SYMT" with his friend Hassan Omer, later joined by a third member, Farhan Ali, who was basically a session player for many Pakistani bands. The band released their first single "Zamana" in 2011, the song being produced by Farhad Humayun and the music video directed by Kamran Yar Kami., the song was nominated for "Best Music Video", while the band was nominated for "Best Singer Of The Year" at the 2011 Lux Style Awards. The band was part of the fifth season of Coke Studio, where they played two of their songs, "Tum Kaho" and "Koi Labda", featuring Sanam Marvi. The band has also played in other music shows, such as "Pepsi Smash" and "Levis Sessions". The band ended in 2016.
	Individually, he was part of Coke Studio Season 9. He sang "Baliye (Laung Gawacha)" with Qurat-ul-Ain Balouch.
	He launched his acting career with Shoaib Mansoor's "Verna", in 2017, working on its soundtrack as well, as he composed and sung "Sambhal Sambhal".
	In 2018 he launched his television acting career with Hum TV's "Tajdeed e Wafa".

= = = List of people from Northampton, Massachusetts = = =

	The people listed below were all born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with the city of Northampton, Massachusetts.

= = = Tretia Dilnytsia (Kryvyi Rih Metrotram) = = =

	Tretia Dilnytsia (; ) is a station of the Kryvyi Rih Metrotram. The station was originally part of the city's larger tram system, although it was incorporated into the metrotram route along with four other stations on May 25, 2012. It is a station on the metrotram's third route, running from Zarichna to Kiltse KMK.
	The tram line reorganization was initiated in order to eliminate the need for transfer stops for the inhabitants traveling from Kryvyi Rih's northern neighborhoods to the southern end of town, near the ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih plant.
	The Tretia Dilnytsia station is located above ground, with platforms running on either side of the metrotram's tracks. 

= = = Casio fx-39 = = =

	The fx-39 is a scientific calculator manufactured by Casio released in 1978 and is one of several models to share the same physical design format.
	The unit features a blue-green, light-emitting vacuum fluorescent display (VFD). The display device itself has 9 seven segment digits, 8 of which are used for numeric output, the 9th being for the minus sign or to accommodate a space for 6+2 scientific notation. Although only capable of displaying 6 figures when using scientific notation, the calculator works internally to 8. A vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) is a display device used commonly on consumer-electronics equipment such as video cassette recorders, car radios, and microwave ovens. A VFD operates on the principle of cathodoluminescence, roughly similar to a cathode ray tube, but operating at much lower voltages.
	The physical design was an impressive step forward from previous, more boxy, models such as the fx-19; sporting three rows of scientific function keys, a stylish metal fascia and rather novel four-position slide switch on the right side. This switch is used to select the trigonometric mode (Degrees, Radians or Gradians) or statistical operation. The unit is pocket sized and originally came with a black plastic slip cover to protect it.
	As well as the four standard functions and a memory, it has square root, square, change sign, reciprocal, factorial, pi, powers, trigonometry, common and natural logarithms as well as statistics and the following:
	Casio introduced a number of improvements which were to be continued into subsequent models:
	sinh x = (e^x – e^-x)/2 and
	cosh x = (e^x + e^-x)/2.
	The unit is powered by 2 AA cells held within the battery compartment, which occupies a cavity behind the display. Alternatively, it can be powered using the Casio mains adapter through a socket on the top of the unit.

= = = 2014 Rhode Island Rams football team = = =

	The 2014 Rhode Island Rams football team represented the University of Rhode Island in the 2014 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by first year head coach Jim Fleming and played their home games at Meade Stadium. They were a member of the Colonial Athletic Association. They finished the season 1–11, 1–7 in CAA play to finish in 11th place.

= = = Minuscule 924 = = =

	Minuscule 924 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1355 (von Soden), is a 13th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. It has marginalia. The manuscript has survived in complete condition.
	The codex contains the text of the four Gospels, on 356 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 21 lines per page. It is an ornamented manuscript.
	The text of the Gospels is divided according to the Ammonian Sections, whose numbers are given at the margin. There are references to the Eusebian Canons (written below Ammonian Section numbers).
	It contains "Epistula ad Carpianum", the Eusebian Canon tables at the beginning, tables of the ("tables of contents") before each of the Gospels, subscriptions at the end of each Gospel and portrait of Evangelists before each Gospel (John evangelist with Prochorus).
	The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family I. Kurt Aland placed it in Category V.
	According to the Claremont Profile Method it belongs to the textual group 22b in Luke 1, Luke 10 and Luke 20.
	According to C. R. Gregory it was written in the 12th century. Currently the manuscript is dated by the INTF to the 13th century. The history of the codex 924 is known until the year 1886, when it was seen by Gregory at the Dionysiou monastery, in Mount Athos. The manuscript is still housed at the Dionysiou monastery (38 (4)).
	The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Gregory (924). It was not on the Scrivener's list, but it was added to his list by Edward Miller in the 4th edition of A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament.
	It is not cited in critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS4, NA28).

= = = Kiltse KMK (Kryvyi Rih Metrotram) = = =

	Kiltse KMK (; ) is a station of the Kryvyi Rih Metrotram. The station was originally part of the city's larger tram system, although it was incorporated into the metrotram route along with four other stations on May 25, 2012. It is the terminus station on the metrotram's third route which begins at Zarichna.
	The tram line reorganization was initiated in order to eliminate the need for transfer stops for the inhabitants traveling from Kryvyi Rih's northern neighborhoods to the southern end of town, near the ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih plant.
	The Kiltse KMK station is located above ground, with platforms running on either side of the metrotram's tracks. A reversing loop is located directly behind the station to allow trams to change course and travel in the opposite direction.

= = = John Kelsey (artist) = = =

	John Kelsey is an American artist, writer and art dealer. Since 1999, he has been a member of the artist collective Bernadette Corporation. In 2004, he co-founded Reena Spaulings Fine Art with Emily Sundblad. The gallery was named after Bernadette Corporation's novel of the same name.

= = = The Classic (Joan as Police Woman album) = = =

	The Classic is the fifth regular studio album by the American artist Joan As Police Woman (aka Joan Wasser), released on March 10, 2014, through PIAS. It included the single "Holy City" that was inspired by a visit to Jerusalem.The song was described as "Motown-influenced pop fusion" and the release was supported by an Alex de Campi directed video.
	The comedian Reggie Watts contributed beatboxing to the title track and rapping to the single "Holy City."
	In 2016. it was awarded a silver certification from the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 20,000 copies throughout Europe.

= = = Nicole Daedone = = =

	Nicole Daedone (born in Los Gatos, California) is the founder and CEO of OneTaste. She teaches a practice called Orgasmic Meditation - a pathway to what in scientific literature is described as "expanded orgasm".
	Nicole Daedone studied semantics and holds has a Bachelor's degree in Gender Communications from San Francisco State University..
	She studied with teachers of yoga, Kabbalah, and Buddhist meditation, and with Ray Vetterlein, who was in turn inspired by Morehouse.
	She founded OneTaste in 2004, a sexuality-focused wellness education company based in the San Francisco Bay Area. OneTaste trademarked the "orgasmic meditation" (OM) procedure delivered through the company's classes. OneTaste also organizes two-week, $36,000-a-person retreats called the "Nicole Daedone Intensive". Former members of the organization testifying about their experience at OneTaste said it "resembled a kind of prostitution ring," where managers frequently ordered staffers to engage in sexual relations with customers. In 2015, a former employee received a 6-figure settlement for sexual assault and harassment. The company made $12 million in revenue in 2017.

= = = Turkish Union Party (Northern Cyprus) = = =

	The Turkish Union Party (, TBP) was a right-wing political party in Northern Cyprus, led by İsmail Tezer. It represented the interest of Turkish settlers.
	The TBP was established in 1979 by retired army officers, and was the Cypriot version of the Nationalist Movement Party in Turkey. It performed poorly in the 1980 local elections and won only a single seat in Famagusta in the 1981 National Council elections, taken by Tezer. However, in villages populated by Turkish settlers it received 32% of the vote.
	Prior to the 1985 elections the party merged into the newly established New Dawn Party.
	The TBP described itself as a national socialist party. It advocated Northern Cyprus becoming part of Turkey, and courted support from Turkish settlers. Tezer himself had moved to the island from Turkey after the 1974 invasion.

= = = Francesco Levato = = =

	Francesco Levato is a poet, a translator, and a new media artist. He received his MFA in Poetry from New England College and is currently working on his PhD in English Studies, Poetry, at Illinois State University. He is the founder and director of The Chicago School of Poetics , served as Executive Director of The Poetry Center of Chicago from 2007–2010, and currently serves as Cinépoetry Editor for Poetry International. 
	His first collection of poetry, Marginal State (Fractal Edge Press, 2006), was written while living in the Apennine Mountains of Central Italy, in a house once occupied by Spanish mercenaries during the fourteenth century. His book length documentary poem, War Rug (Plastique Press, 2009), was adapted into a poetry film that went on to win Official Selections from the Zebra Poetry Film Festival in Berlin, Germany, and the Potenza International Film Festival , in Potenza, Italy, and was featured at Anthology Film Archives in New York. His first book of translations of Italian poet Tiziano Fratus’ Creaturing was published by Marick Press in 2010, as was his own collection of documentary poems, Elegy for Dead Languages. Variations on Want, a poetry film based on his long poetic sequence of the same name was premiered at the Henry Miller Library, in Big Sur, California, in a collaborative performance with composer Philip Glass in 2011 , his e-book, Endless, Beautiful, Exact was published by Argotist e-books in 2011, and his chapbook, jettison/collapse was published by Angel House Press in 2015. During the summer of 2015, while living in the Bolivian Andes, he began translating the work of underrepresented Bolivian poets.
	Levato was born in Chicago, Illinois.
“Francesco Levato’s powerful documentary, War Rug—like Eliot Weinberger’s What I heard about Iraq before it—detains the language of the perpetrators of global military aggression and redeploys it to indict them. From J.C. Penny catalog copy to counterintelligence manuals and autopsy reports, War Rug is a fierce yet unfortunate reminder of the absolute horrors of our age.”—Mark Nowak, author of Coal Mountain Elementary
“Levato's Elegy for Dead Languages, while a more baroque and sculpted collection, is also a powerful testament to modernity. Levato traces the blind-spots of war, particularly controversial American interventions in the Middle East. Elegy for Dead Languages is an imagistic tour de force, and Levato's unsparing lens is just the sort these subjects deserve and require. The collection's poems seem unduly cerebral only if we forget -- as we must never forget -- that these are real appendages being torn apart, real pieties being eviscerated, real landscapes being ravaged. Brian Turner has already given us a view of war from the front lines; Levato's perspective is a more distant but also (perhaps in consequence of its distance) an even more comprehensive one. It is right that we should again be troubled by poetry; and it is right that when poetry troubles us it should move us not merely to emotion but to action. Levato's book meets the high standards not only of testament but also -- albeit in the sociopolitical, rather than militaristic sense -- a call-to-arms. The horrors of war are too easily rendered as Kantian sublimities for which the stateside mind can find no objective correlative; Levato suffuses us, instead, in the facts, figures, and bureaucratic speech out of which real-time horrors are in actuality composed. A necessary and suitably unforgiving book.”—Seth Abramson, Huffington Post 
“Politically charged investigation raises the stakes of poetry for both the poet (as producer) and the poem (as art object). This type of poetry not only invokes the bardic practice of speaking the wisdom of the group, but also uses the poem as a type of activism. When critics question the role of poetry in the real world or what it can accomplish outside of its own existence, activist poetics that enters conversation with contemporary political happenings offers one of the better answers. This activist poetry can reveal knowledge about real happenings through the conceptual relationship between the real and the world of art.” —Steve Halle, A review of “War Rug,” Jacket2 
“Levato is himself an avant-garde poet whose work draws on cinematic and documentary techniques—in his own words, “engages subject matter through disruption of content and form, fragmentation of narrative and radical juxtaposition of visual and textual elements.” His poems, truly products of postmodern culture, sample: they collect, cut and redistribute pieces of other poems into new configurations. One long work, “Aurora,” makes a fragmented, haunting dialogue of pieces of Robert Browning’s and Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s poems. A significant part of Levato’s work is something called cinépoetry, a kind of collaged videographic poetry that does with footage what his other work does with language. Levato also translates, a kind of work vitally connected to his poetic work, which involves so much transformation of extant materials into new forms.”—Alli Carlisle, Outsider Institution: the Avant-Garde Pedagogy of the Chicago School of Poetics 

= = = Pushang = = =

	Pushang, also known by its Arabicized form of Bushanj, Bushang, Pushanj, and Fūshanj, was the name of a town in Khorasan, close to Herat in present-day Afghanistan. 
	According to medieval Iranian scholars, Pushang was the oldest town in Khorasan, and was founded by the Iranian mythological figure Pashang. However, according to modern scholars, it was only said to be founded by Pashang because of his name similarity with the town. Some other sources state that the second Sasanian king Shapur I (r. 240–270), was the founder of the town.
	In 588, a Nestorian bishopric at Pushang is mentioned. In the 650s, the town was captured by the invading Arabs. After the Abbasid Revolution in 750, Pushang was under the governorship by Mus'ab ibn Ruzaiq, an Iranian companion of the Abbasid general Abu Muslim. Mus'ab's grandson Tahir ibn Husayn would later play an important role in the affairs of the Abbasid Caliphate and establish the Tahirid dynasty, which would rule Pushang and the rest of Khorasan until 873, when the Saffarid ruler Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar wrested Khorasan from him. During the decline of the Saffarid dynasty in the early 10th-century, the town was captured by the Samanids. According to the 10th-century traveler Ibn Hawqal, the town was half the size of Herat. He also states that the town was well-built, being surrounded by three gates. In 998, the town was captured by the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud. After the battle of Dandanaqan in 1040, the city was seized by the Seljuq Turks. 
	In 1152, Pushang was briefly occupied by the Ghurid ruler Ala al-Din Husayn, who was defeated and captured by the Seljuq ruler Ahmad Sanjar. In 1163, Pushang was once again occupied by the Ghurids, this the Seljuqs being unable to re-capture it. During the Mongol invasion (1206–1337), Pushang was destroyed, but after some time managed to recover. In 1245, the town was captured by the Kurt ruler Shams-uddin Muhammad Kurt I. During the 14th-century, the town was famous for its water melons and grapes.
	In 1381, the Turko-Mongol ruler Timur had the town destroyed after having made the last Kurt ruler, Ghiyas-uddin Pir 'Ali his vassal. However, the town was later restored and is mentioned many times by the Iranian historian Hafiz-i Abru. During the early modern period, Pushang was destroyed due to land disputes between the Safavids, Uzbeks and the Afghans. However, the town was once again revived and is today known by the name of Ghurian.

= = = Jezki = = =

	Jezki (foaled 8 March 2008) is an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse who competes in National Hunt racing. After showing promise in National Hunt Flat races he won five times as a novice hurdler in the 2012/2013 season, with his victories including the Fishery Lane Hurdle, Royal Bond Novice Hurdle, Future Champions Novice Hurdle and Evening Herald Champion Novice Hurdle. In the following season he won the WKD Hurdle and the Hatton's Grace Hurdle before taking the 2014 Champion Hurdle at Cheltenham Racecourse and following up with a win in the Racing Post Champion Hurdle. In the following season he was beaten in his first three races by Hurricane Fly and finished fourth to Faugheen in the Champion Hurdle before winning the Aintree Hurdle over two and a half miles and defeating Hurricane Fly in the World Series Hurdle.
	Jezki is a bay horse with a white star and snip bred in Ireland by Gerard M. McGrath. He is one of the best horses sired by Milan who won the St Leger Stakes and finished second in the Breeders' Cup Turf in 2001. His other progeny include Darlan, who won the Christmas Hurdle in 2012, but was killed in his next race. Jezki' dam La Noire had previously produced Jered, who won the Evening Herald Champion Novice Hurdle in 2008.
	During his racing career, Jezki has been owned by J. P. McManus and trained at Moone, County Kildare by Jessica Harrington.
	Jezki began his racing career in National Hunt Flat races beginning with an event restricted to four-year-olds at Leopardstown Racecourse on 28 January 2012. Starting at odds of 4/1 he took the lead in the closing stages and won by three quarters of a length from Ned Buntine. He followed up at the same course on 4 March, beating The Big Easy by two lengths and was then sent to England to contest the Grade I Champion Bumper at the Cheltenham Festival ten days later. Ridden by Robbie Power he started at 12/1 and finished eighth of the twenty runner behind Champagne Fever.
	In the 2012/2013 season Jezki was mainly campaigned in novice hurdle races. He prepared for the National Hunt season by finishing fifth in a flat race at Navan Racecourse on 10 October. Ridden for the first time by Barry Geraghty, he made his debut over obstacles at Naas Racecourse on 29 October and prevailed by three quarters of a length from the odds-on favourite Ally Cascade. Twelve days later at the same course he won the Grade III Fishery Lane Hurdle, beating seven opponents at odds of 13/8. The gelding was then moved up in class for the Grade I Royal Bond Novice Hurdle at Fairyhouse in December in which he was matched against Champagne Fever for the second time. He was retrained by Geraghty in the early stages before overtaking Champagne Fever at the last hurdle and winning by one and a half lengths. At the end of the month, Jezki, ridden by Robbie Power, started 11/8 favourite for the Grade I Future Champion Novice Hurdle at Punchestown Racecourse and won easily by six lengths from the Dermot Weld-trained Waaheb.
	Jezki made his second appearance at the Cheltenham Festival in March 2013 when he started 5/1 second favourite for the Supreme Novices' Hurdle. He appeared to be making progress when he made a mistake at the last hurdle and finished third behind Champagne Fever and My Tent Or Yours. Jezki and Champagne Fever met for the fourth time in the Herald Champion Novice Hurdle at the Punchestown Festival on 23 April. Starting the 2/1 second favourite he overtook his main rival early in the straight and went clear of the field approaching the last, winning by sixteen lengths from Ted Veale, with Champagne Fever in third place.
	A. P. McCoy took over as Jezki's regular jockey for the 2013/2014 season. The gelding began his third season in the WKD Hurdle, a Grade II handicap race at Down Royal and won "comfortably" under top weight of 164 pounds. Jezki was then stepped up in distance for the Grade I Hatton's Grace Hurdle over two and a half miles at Fairyhouse on 1 December. Starting the 4/6 favourite, he took the lead after the second to last hurdle and won by one and three quarter lengths from the Willie Mullins-trained Zaidpour. On 29 December, Jezki was matched against the reigning Champion Hurdler Hurricane Fly and the Triumph Hurdle winner Our Conor in the Ryanair Hurdle over two miles at Leopardstown. He finished second of the five runners, two and a half lengths behind Hurricane Fly. In the Irish Champion Hurdle over the same course and distance, he finished last of the four runners behind Hurricane Fly, Our Conor and Captain Cee Bee.
	In the Champion Hurdle at Cheltenham, Jezki was ridden by Geraghty as McCoy had opted to ride the Nicky Henderson-trained My Tent Or Yours who was also owned by J P McManus. Wearing a hood for the first time he started the 9/1 fifth choice in the betting behind Hurricane Fly, My Tent Or Yours The New One and Our Conor. All nine of the runners were previous Grade I winners. Geraghty tracked the leaders before sending Jezki up to take the lead from the pacemaker Captain Cee Bee at the second last. He first repelled a challenge from Hurricane Fly and then held off the late run of My Tent Or Yours to claim the championship by a neck. The New One finished strongly to take third, two and a half lengths further back. Only Hurricane Fly and the outsider Steps To Freedom appeared to oppose Jezki when he started 4/5 favourite for the Racing Post Champion Hurdle at Punchestown on 2 May. Ridden by McCoy, he took the lead from the start and held off a challenge from Hurricane Fly at the last hurdle to win by three and three-quarter lengths.
	Jezki began the new season in the Morgiana Hurdle at Punchestown on 29 November in which he was matched against Hurricane Fly and the improving mare Little King Robin. He raced in second behind the mare before taking the lead at the second last but was then overtaken by Hurricane Fly. He made a mistake at the last and finished second, beaten two and a half lengths by Hurricane Fly. Jezki met Hurricane Fly again in the Ryanair Hurdle at Leopardstown in December. He took the lead in the straight but was overtaken by his rival on the run in and beaten half a length. The Irish Champion Hurdle in January saw yet another meeting between Jezki and Hurricane Fly, with the pair starting at odds of 5/4 and 11/8 respectively. Jezki took the lead at the second lead but made bad mistake at the final hurdle and finished third behind Hurricane Fly and Arctic Fire.
	On 10 March at the 2015 Cheltenham Festival, Jezki attempted to repeat his 2014 success in the Champion Hurdle. His seven opponents included Hurricane Fly, The New One and the previously undefeated Faugheen. Starting the 6/1 third choice in the betting he moved up into second place behind Faugheen three hurdles from the finish but was hampered when the leader made a jumping error. He kept on in the closing stages without ever looking likely to win and finished fourth of the eight runners behind Faugheen, Arctic Fire and Hurricane Fly, beaten more than eight lengths by the winner. On 9 April was matched against Arctic Fire and the 2012 Champion Hurdler Rock On Ruby in the Aintree Hurdle over two and a half miles. He was held up by McCoy before moving up into second place behind Arctic Fire approaching the last. When Arctic Fire fell at the final hurdle, Jezki was left with a clear lead and won by thirteen lengths from Rock On Ruby, being eased down by McCoy in the closing stages. Harrington commented "It's great to get him back in the winner's enclosure. They've been hard races all season and he's been on the go for a long time but he was very tough today". Three weeks later he was moved up to three miles for the World Series Hurdle at Punchestown for which he started 5/2 second favourite behind Hurricane Fly. With Mark Walsh taking over from the recently retired McCoy he was restrained in the early stages before moving into fourth at the eleventh of the fourteen hurdles. He took the lead approaching the last and stayed on to win by one and three quarter lengths from Hurricane Fly with a gap of eight lengths back to Zabana in third.
	In September 2015 it was announced that Jezki had sustained a leg injury and would probably miss the whole of the 2015/2016 National Hunt season.

= = = 2014 Vuelta a El Salvador = = =

	The 2014 Vuelta a El Salvador is the ninth edition of a stage race held in El Salvador, with a UCI rating of 2.1. It is the fourth stage race of the 2014 Women's Elite cycling calendar.
	Source
	Source

= = = 2014 Weber State Wildcats football team = = =

	The 2014 Weber State Wildcats football team represented Weber State University in the 2014 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Wildcats were led by first year head coach Jay Hill, played their games at Stewart Stadium and were members of the Big Sky Conference. They finished the season 2–10, 2–6 in Big Sky play to finish in a three way tie for tenth place.
	Despite also being a member of the Big Sky Conference, the game with Sacramento State on September 13 is considered a non conference game and will have no effect on the Big Sky Standings.
	Referee was Steven Strimling.

= = = Kristinn Thór Kristinsson = = =

	Kristinn Thór Kristinsson (born 7 September 1989) is an Icelandic middle-distance runner. He competed in the 800 metres event at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships.

= = = Farkhod Kuralov = = =

	Farkhod Kuralov (born 18 October 1993) is a Tajikistani middle-distance runner. He competed in the 800 metres event at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships.
	In 2016, he tested positive for Stanozolol and was banned from competition for four years between 13 June 2016 and 28 June 2020.

= = = Alternated hexagonal tiling honeycomb = = =

	In 3-dimensional hyperbolic geometry, the alternated hexagonal tiling honeycomb, h{6,3,3}, or , with tetrahedron and triangular tiling cells, in an octahedron vertex figure. It is named by its construction as an alteration of a hexagonal tiling honeycomb.
	It has five alternated constructions from reflectional Coxeter groups all with four mirrors and only the first being regular: [6,3,3], [3,6,3], [6,3,6], [6,3] and [3] , having 1, 4, 6, 12 and 24 times larger fundamental domains respectively. In Coxeter notation subgroup markups, they are related as: [6,(3,3)] (remove 3 mirrors, index 24 subgroup); [3,6,3] or [3,6,3] (remove 2 mirrors, index 6 subgroup); [1,6,3,6,1] (remove two orthogonal mirrors, index 4 subgroup); all of these are isomorphic to [3]. The ringed Coxeter diagrams are , , , and , representing different types (colors) of hexagonal tilings in the Wythoff construction.
	It has 3 related form cantic hexagonal tiling honeycomb, , runcic hexagonal tiling honeycomb, , runcicantic hexagonal tiling honeycomb, .
	The cantic hexagonal tiling honeycomb, h{6,3,3}, or .
	The runcic hexagonal tiling honeycomb, h{6,3,3}, or .
	The runcicantic hexagonal tiling honeycomb, h{6,3,3}, or .

= = = Callyna laurae = = =

	Callyna laurae is a moth of the family Noctuidae.
	It is found in Equatorial Guinea.

= = = David Poeppel = = =

	David Poeppel (born 1964 in Freiburg, Germany) 
	is Professor of Psychology and Neural Science at New York University (NYU). Since 2014, he is also the Director of the Department of Neuroscience at Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics (MPIEA). 
	Poeppel received his "Abitur" from the Maximiliansgymnasium in Munich, obtained his bachelor's degree (1990) and doctorate (1995) from Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT. He received training in functional brain imaging as a postdoctoral fellow at the School of Medicine of the University of California, San Francisco. Before going to NYU in 2009, Poeppel directed the Cognitive Neuroscience of Language Laboratory at the University of Maryland College Park, where he was a professor of linguistics and biology.
	He was a fellow at the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin and has been a guest professor at several institutions. He has received the DaimlerChrysler Berlin Prize of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
	and other honors.
	He is the son of Dr. Ernst Pöppel. 
	David Poeppel is a researcher who employs behavioral and cognitive neuroscience approaches to study the brain basis of auditory processing, speech perception and language comprehension. 
	The research in Poeppel’s laboratory addresses questions such as: What are the cognitive and neuronal “parts lists” that form the basis for language processing, the fundamental constituents used in speech and language? How is sensory information transformed into the abstract representations that underlie language processing? What are the neural circuits that enable language processing?
	Well-known contributions of the Poeppel laboratory include: the functional anatomic model of language developed with Greg Hickok; research on lateralization in auditory processing; and experimental work on the role of neuronal oscillations in audition and speech perception. He also writes and lectures about methodological questions at the interdisciplinary boundary between cognitive science research and brain research.

= = = Brincidofovir = = =

	Brincidofovir (CMX001) is an experimental antiviral drug being developed by Chimerix of Durham, NC, for the treatment of cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, smallpox, and ebolavirus infections. Brincidofovir is a prodrug of cidofovir. Conjugated to a lipid, the compound is designed to release cidofovir intracellularly, allowing for higher intracellular and lower plasma concentrations of cidofovir, effectively increasing its activity against dsDNA viruses, as well as oral bioavailability.
	In animal trials the drug has shown activity against cytomegalovirus, adenoviruses, BK virus, smallpox, and herpes simplex viruses. Preliminary "in vitro" tests have also shown it to have potential for the treatment of Ebola virus disease, which is somewhat paradoxical, as Ebola is not a DNA virus.
, brincidofovir was in Phase III clinical trials for use in humans against cytomegalovirus and adenovirus, after testing for safety in over 1,000 human subjects, and has received FDA Fast Track Designation for treatment of cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, and smallpox. Chimerix announced in December 2015 that the Phase III trials for use of the drug in preventing cytomegalovirus infection in stem cell transplant patients had failed, and in February 2016 shut down two other late-stage trials for use of the drug in preventing infection after kidney transplants. 
, the company is planning on returning trials of the drug for use in stem cell transplant patients to Phase II, while continuing to advance a late-stage trial for use against adenovirus infections in patients suffering from weakened immune systems.
	On October 6, 2014, Chimerix received an FDA authorization for emergency investigational new drug applications of brincidofovir for the treatment of Ebola virus disease. Brincidofovir was administered to the first patient diagnosed in the Ebola virus disease outbreak in the US in 2014. The patient was given the drug starting six days after hospital admission when he was already critically ill; he died four days later. Brincidofovir was also given to Ebola patient Ashoka Mukpo at the Nebraska Medical Center, who had developed the disease and then was pronounced Ebola-free and released from the Center on 22 October 2014.
	In October 2014, Chimerix reported it had been given approval by the FDA to start Phase 2 trials in patients infected with ebolaviruses for brincidofovir's safety, tolerability, and efficacy. A trial commenced during January 2015 in Liberia, but was subsequently discontinued. Because of a lack of suitable subjects in Liberia, Oxford University and Médecins Sans Frontières planned to extend the trial to Sierra Leone, where there were still Ebola cases; but on the 30th of January 2015, the manufacturer decided to withdraw support for the trial and end discussion of future trials.
	Brincidofovir (CMX001) was the subject of widespread social media campaigning in 2014, which was then picked up by national news sources about a boy with an adenovirus infection following a bone marrow transplant. The family requested legal access to the still-unapproved drug outside of any clinical trial, and Chimerix initially denied the request. After a short and intense media campaign, Chimerix got permission from the FDA to start a limited open-label trial which allowed the boy to receive the drug. This media event sparked a debate on the ethics of using social media, the allocation of limited resources of a small company, and the emphasis on the individual over the group. The new use of any drug has the potential to interfere with the process to get the drug approved and widely marketed, through means such as consuming limited staff time that may be needed elsewhere – staff time that has the potential to save thousands of lives in the long-term, rather than one life now – overwhelming manufacturing capabilities, or by causing adverse effects or even death. These adverse events are more likely during these programs, because the people seeking access are usually much sicker than most, and problems experienced by these people can result in an unfavorable and inaccurate perception of the drug's safety profile. In this case, the boy recovered from the infection in 2014, and died in 2016 from complications of cancer.
	Brincidofovir is one of several experimental drugs administered to a small number of patients to treat Ebola virus disease during the 2014 outbreak. The WHO published a report on the ethics of using unregistered interventions to treat Ebola, where they concluded that "In the particular context of the current Ebola outbreak in West Africa, it is ethically acceptable to offer unproven interventions that have shown promising results in the laboratory and in animal models but have not yet been evaluated for safety and efficacy in humans as potential treatment or prevention."

= = = Shooting at the 2002 Asian Games – Men's 50 metre rifle prone team = = =

	The men's 50 metre rifle prone team competition at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea was held on 5 October at the Changwon International Shooting Range.

= = = Tenirberdi Suiunbaev = = =

	Tenirberdi Suiunbaev (born 5 September 1994) is a Kyrgyzstani middle-distance runner. He competed in the 800 metres event at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships.

= = = Lucas Souza = = =

	Lucas Vieira de Souza (born 4 July 1990) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Cypriot club APOEL FC.
	Born in Santo André, São Paulo, Souza started playing professionally with Paraná Clube. In 2013 he moved to Portugal, being relegated from the Primeira Liga with S.C. Olhanense in his first full season.
	Souza joined Parma F.C. in late August 2014, for a reported fee of €700,000. He made his Serie A debut on 5 October, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–2 home loss against Genoa CFC.
	Souza returned to Portugal in late January 2015, being loaned to Moreirense F.C. until the end of the campaign. In the summer, after having cut all ties with the Italian club, he signed a one-year contract with C.D. Tondela also in the Portuguese top division.
	On 6 July 2017, Souza joined Cyprus' APOEL FC after one year with AEL Limassol in the same country.

= = = Stuplje Monastery = = =

	The Stuplje Monastery () is a Serbian Orthodox monastery dedicated to Archangel Michael and located in the village of Gornji Vijačani near the town of Čelinac in north-western Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Folk tradition attributes the establishment of Stuplje to King Dragutin, a member of the Serbian Nemanjić dynasty, as is the case with other Serbian monasteries in northern Bosnia. The earliest mention of Stuplje is found in a chronicle dated to the second half of the 15th century. The monastery was probably founded before 1450, and thus before the Ottoman conquest of the Kingdom of Bosnia in 1463. This conquest did not include north-western Bosnia, which then became part of the Kingdom of Hungary, to be conquered by the Ottomans in 1527 and 1528. During the 17th century, the monks of Stuplje were active in transcribing religious books. At some point during the Great Turkish War (1683–1699), the monastery was burned down by the Ottomans. Surviving monks fled north across the Sava River and found refuge in the Orahovica Monastery in Slavonia. They brought with them a number of their manuscript books, which thus became part of the Orahovica library.
	In time, all traces of the Stuplje Monastery disappeared from the face of the earth. In the 20th century, Stuplje was a historical term with an uncertain location, assumed to be somewhere in the area of Teslić and in the vicinity of the Liplje Monastery. In March 1994, this area was visited by archaeologists who searched for Stuplje in the village of Gornji Vijačani at a locality named Crkvište, near a stream called Manastirica and a hill called Kaluđersko Brdo. The toponyms Crkvište, Manastirica, and Kaluđersko were indicative, being derived from the Serbian "crkva", "manastir", and "kaluđer", meaning "church", "monastery", and "monk", respectively. The archaeologists uncovered the foundation of a church building in the form of a basilica, 14 metres in length and 7.5 metres in width. The uppermost layer of stones was 30 centimetres below the ground surface. Within and around the foundation, there was a layer of burned debris. The archaeologists revisited the site in 1997, when they uncovered the foundation of a monastic building to the north and west of the church foundation. Scholars concluded that these finds were remains of the Stuplje Monastery.
	Afterwards, on the initiative of the head of the Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Banja Luka, it was decided to rebuild the monastery at the site of the archaeological finds, although some people demanded that the excavated foundations be conserved and the site protected from any disturbance. The Stuplje Monastery was rebuilt and consecrated at the end of 2008.

= = = Natoya Goule = = =

	Natoya Goule (born 30 March 1991) is a Jamaican middle-distance runner. She competed in the 800 metres event at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships. She ran track collegiately at Louisiana State University.
	Goule established herself in athletics already by the age of 12, when she ran at the ISSA Athletic Championships in Jamaica. Before she moved out of Jamaica to pursue athletics further, she accumulated 15 individual gold medals at the ISSA championships, and 12 individual at the CARIFTA Games.
	Goule first attended South Plains College and ran for their track team. At around the same time South Plains was already recruiting other Jamaican runners, such as Kemoy Campbell. Eventually, however, she would go on to study and run at Louisiana State University. After a few seasons at LSU she transferred to Clemson. In 2014, she was a member of Jamaica's women's 4x400 relay team which won the silver medal at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships.

= = = SS Monarch (1885) = = =

	SS "Monarch" No. 90117 was a tramp steamer which was operated by Alexander King Ltd, Belfast. She was involved in a collision with the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company steamer RMS "Peveril," off Douglas, Isle of Man in the early hours of 17 September 1899, resulting in the sinking of the "Peveril."
	The "Monarch" was built by Mollwaine, Lewis & Co., Belfast in 1885, and was owned and operated by Alexander King Ltd, Belfast.
	Length 155'; beam 22'; depth 11'; with an i.h.p. of 600. "Monarch" had a design speed of approximately 10 knots.
	On the night of Saturday 16 September 1899, under the command of her Master, Captain Alexander McCullough, the "Monarch" left Workington, Cumberland, with a cargo of 360 tons of flue-ash (a valuable ore-bearing material) for the Villiers Spelter Company, Swansea.
	She arrived off St Bees Head at 20:35 and set a course for Skerries.
	The was a dual passenger and cargo steamer owned and operated by the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company.
	She was built by the Barrow Shipbuilding Company, Barrow-in-Furness in 1884, and was of 
	Under the command of her Master, Capt. William Woods, "Peveril" departed Queen's Dock, Port of Liverpool at 19:50 and passed the Bar Lightship at 21:17 when she set a course bound for Douglas.
	At 00:25 as the "Monarch" was to the northeast of Douglas, Isle of Man, her lookout, George Caddell, spotted the light on the "Peveril's" masthead away to port. On board the "Peveril," First Officer Thomas Webb and the "Peveril's" lookout, A.B. Joseph Corris observed the masthead light and then the port navigation lights of another vessel which could be seen off the "Peveril's" starboard quarter, with the range decreasing and the bearing remaining constant.
	The starboard light of the "Peveril" and the port light of the "Monarch" maintained a constant bearing, and neither ship appeared to alter course.
	With collision imminent, Captain McCullough ordered "full astern" on the "Monarch's" ship's telegraph, and this instruction was duly carried out by her Chief Engineer, Morris Flinn.
	At the same time, First Officer Webb ordered the "Peveril's" helm hard to starboard and gave two blasts on the ship's whistle.
	At 01:00, 14 miles southeast of Douglas. the "Monarch" rammed the "Peveril" amidships, just abreast of the funnel, flooding the engine room.
	Upon receiving a report of the damage inflicted, it was clear to Capt. Woods that the "Peveril" would founder, and the necessary provisions were made to abandon ship. The "Monarch" stood by whilst the "Peveril's" lifeboats were lowered, which then made their way towards the "Monarch."
	There were 30 crew members on board the "Peveril" and one passenger.
	The "Peveril" sank stem first in 40 minutes. The position of the wreck of "Peveril" is given as .
	The "Monarch" then made her way to Douglas Harbour with the "Peveril's" solitary passenger, her ship's company aboard; and towing two of her lifeboats astern.
	"Monarch" arrived at the Victoria Pier at 04:00.
	However, the "Monarch" had also sustained serious damage. Her stem was stoved in, and had it not been for an extra-strong collision bulkhead she may well also of foundered. On discharging the "Peveril's" crew and passenger, the "Monarch" moved across the harbour to the Red Pier; and then to the South Quay in order for repairs to be effected, where she attracted considerable attention from the public. A report in the "Ramsey Courier;" Tuesday, 19 September 1899, stated that the "Monarch's" bow was covered by canvas in order to obscure the result of the impact, but the entirety could not be fully hidden. Damage could be seen in the shape of a hole, extending several feet below the waterline, as well as damage to her plating stretching back approximately 20 feet, as a consequence of striking the "Peveril's" belting.
	In accordance with the provisions of The Merchant Shipping Act 1894, both First Officer Webb of the "Peveril," together with Captain McCullough of the "Monarch" were summoned to appear before an inquiry held at the Custom House, Douglas, on Monday 18 September 1899, presided over by the Receiver of Wrecks, Mr. M. J. Cahill, as to the events surrounding the loss of the "Peveril."
	During the course of the hearing, unsurprisingly, Mr. Webb blamed the "Monarch" stating:-
	As would be expected, during the course of his deposition, Capt. McCullough made a different assertion:-
	From the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, it would appear that the crew of the "Peveril" were to blame. International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea; Part B – Steering and sailing; Section II (for vessels in sight of one another); Article 15. Crossing situations stating:-

= = = Bob Charles (footballer) = = =

	Bob Charles (26 December 1941 – 7 March 2014) was an English professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
	Born in Bursledon, Charles played for Southampton, Weymouth and Hastings United.

= = = Olha Lyakhova = = =

	Olha Oleksandrivna Lyakhova () (born 18 March 1992) is a Ukrainian middle-distance runner. She won bronze medals at the 2018 European Championships and 2019 European Indoor Championships.
	Outdoor
	Indoor

= = = Hanna Gallo = = =

	Hanna M. Gallo (born November 21, 1956 in Colorado Springs, Colorado) is an American politician and a Democratic member of the Rhode Island Senate representing District 27 since January 2003. Gallo served consecutively from January 1999 until January 2003 in the District 12 seat.
	Gallo attended the Community College of Rhode Island, and earned her BS and MS from the University of Rhode Island.

= = = Anna Shchagina = = =

	Anna Shchagina (born 7 December 1991) is a Russian middle-distance runner. She competed in the 800 metres event at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships.

= = = Whiskey Tango Foxtrot (Scandal) = = =

	"Whiskey Tango Foxtrot" is the fourteenth episode of the second season of American television series "Scandal". It premiered on February 14, 2013 on ABC. The episode marks the beginning of the 9 episode arc of the second half of "Scandal" which operated independently from the first half of the season.
	The episode marks the first appearance of Scott Foley as Jake Ballard who would later go on to be a series regular.
	The episode begins ten 
	months after the events of Nobody Likes Babies. Olivia flashes back to intimate moments she spent with Fitz while swimming in a pool. Meanwhile, Fitz drinks in the middle of his morning shower and is joined by Mellie. Cyrus interrupts them to inform Fitz that four American soldiers have been taken hostage in Kashfar.
	Across town David Rosen wakes up beside the body of a slain woman. When the police knock of his door claiming that they are there to investigate a disturbance he brushes them off.
	Olivia waits in line for her morning coffee and has her cellphone knocked out of her hand by a man (Scott Foley) who proceeds to flirt with her. She then receives a call from Abby and she joins her and the rest of their team at David’s apartment where they gather that he was framed for the murder of Wendy Westerberg. Olivia offers to move Wendy's body out of David’s apartment and back to her own house to deflect suspicion from David. As the gladiators try to investigate who would have framed David they discover that he now works as a high school teacher.
	Fitz meets with the ambassador to Kashfar. Cyrus is confused as to why he has been shut out of the meeting but when he asks Fitz what is wrong Fitz denies that there is a problem.
	Huck manages to hack into Wendy’s files where he discovered photos of multiple nude men. The gladiators discover that Wendy blackmailed powerful men for stories which she sold to tabloids. They realize that she tried to seduce David in order to find out the truth about the voter fraud in Defiance. David grows suspicious that he was set up for the murder by Olivia and she in turn takes her suspicions to Cyrus. Cyrus denies involvement in David’s set up. Meanwhile, David is taken in for questioning on suspicion of Wendy’s murder though he quickly manages to deflect suspicion based on the ridiculousness of the prosecutors claims.
	Mellie and Cyrus meanwhile try to figure out whether Fitz knows about Defiance, as suggested by Olivia.
	While trying to discover who murdered Wendy, Huck notices that her cell phone is ringing with the number belonging to someone in the pentagon: Captain Jake Ballard. When Olivia goes to investigate she discovers that Jake Ballard is the man whom she flirted with earlier that morning. He is only able to tell her that Wendy offered him some information a few days previously. Before she leaves Jake invites her to dinner but Olivia declines.
	Fitz decides to send a SEAL team in to save the U.S. soldiers but Cyrus convinces him to wait. Shortly after, on the way to the christening of Cyrus’s child, Mellie admits to Defiance to Fitz and then tells him it was Cyrus’s fault and that Fitz is right to attempt to cut him out. She then urges Fitz to listen to his instincts and send in the SEAL team.
	At Ella’s christening Olivia and Fitz exchange meaningful looks and at the party afterwards they break away to have sex in a mechanical closet. Afterwards Olivia confesses to Defiance but Fitz reiterates that they are over.
	Directly afterwards he is called to watch the rescue of the soldiers and is shocked when there is no one at the building where the hostages are supposedly being kept. He realizes they have a mole.
	Meanwhile, Abby goes to David to try and reconnect with him and he shuts her down. David accidentally discovers a flash drive in his apartment belonging to Wendy with secret military intel on it.
	Taking a shower at the end of the day Fitz is joined again by Mellie but when she tries to initiate sex he screams at her before apologizing and crying.
	Upon returning home, Olivia calls Jake in order to accept his invitation to dinner. As they discuss potential venues for their dinner date Jake sits down on his couch in front of a wall of TV screens displaying images of Olivia and the inside of her apartment.
	News of Scott Foley’s casting was revealed in January 2013. Foley had previously appeared on Grey’s Anatomy, also created by Shonda Rhimes.
	The shots of Olivia Pope swimming were included after Kerry Washington told Shonda Rhimes she was on the swim team in high school.

= = = Yekaterina Kupina = = =

	Yekaterina Kupina (born 2 February 1986) is a Russian middle-distance runner. She competed in the 800 metres event at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships.

= = = 2014 Northern Colorado Bears football team = = =

	The 2014 Northern Colorado Bears football team represented the University of Northern Colorado in the 2014 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by fourth-year head coach Earnest Collins Jr. and played their home games at Nottingham Field. They were a member of the Big Sky Conference. They finished the season 3–8, 2–6 in Big Sky play to finish in a three-way tie for tenth place.

= = = Jenna Westaway = = =

	Jenna Rae Eilee Westaway (born 19 June 1994) is a Canadian middle-distance runner. She competed in the 800 metres event at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships and 2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships. 

= = = New Dawn Party = = =

	The New Dawn Party (, YDP; also translated "New Birth Party" or "Rebirth Party") was a political party in Northern Cyprus. It represented the interest of Turkish settlers, and published the "Yeni Doğuş" newspaper.
	The YDP was established prior to the 1985 elections, absorbing the Turkish Union Party. It received 8.8% of the vote, winning four seats in the elections. Amongst the Turkish settler community it received 47% of the vote.
	In the 1990 elections it ran as part of the Party of Democratic Struggle, an alliance with the Republican Turkish Party (CTP) and Communal Liberation Party (TKP), which was formed to oppose the ruling National Unity Party. The alliance lost the elections, and the CTP and TKP MPs subsequently boycotted the Assembly of the Republic, leaving just the four members of the YDP as the opposition in the Assembly.
	Prior to the 1993 elections the YDP merged into the Democratic Party.
	The YDP was an umbrella party for Turkish settlers, and its members held a wide range of political beliefs, including socialism, nationalism, liberalism and Islamism.

= = = Ciara Everard = = =

	Ciara Everard (born 10 July 1990) is an Irish middle-distance runner. She competed in the 800 metres event at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships.

= = = Birch Services = = =

	Birch Service station is a motorway service station located on the M62 motorway between Junction 18 (M60) and Junction 19 Heywood, close to Rochdale and Bury. There are two sides to the service station, the Eastbound services being quite old and the Westbound services being more modern. The services opened in 1972.
	In September 1989 the services were the location for the murder of Inspector Raymond Codling of the Greater Manchester Police. There is a memorial on the westbound side.
	The westbound amenity building was destroyed in a massive fire on 9 October 2003. After losing large sums of cash in a slot machine, Jason New started kicking it to get his money back. He then went to the shop, bought a lighter, and set fire to the machine. By 1am the whole westbound side of the services were alight and evacuated. It took 70 fire-fighters four hours to bring the blaze under control.
	Whilst the site was being rebuilt, temporary facilities were provided. The petrol station, motel and eastbound services were not affected but were evacuated for safety reasons. The new services cater for 242 cars, 120 lorries and 30 coaches. When it was opened, Moto described the new building as being "the most modern on the motorway network".
	Moto official site - Birch Services Eastbound

= = = Scottie Wilbekin = = =

	Scottie Jordan Wilbekin (born April 5, 1993) is an American-born, naturalized Turkish professional basketball player for Maccabi Tel Aviv of the Israeli Premier League and the EuroLeague. He played college basketball for the Florida Gators, where he was named the Southeastern Conference Player of the Year in 2014. Wilbekin played professional basketball in Australia, Greece, Turkey and Israel. He led Darüşşafaka to win the 2018 EuroCup title, while earning the EuroCup Finals and the Regular Season MVP awards.
	Wilbekin accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Billy Donovan's Gators teams from 2010 to 2014. During his 2013–14 senior season, he led the Florida Gators to the Southeastern Conference (SEC) regular season championship and the SEC Tournament title, and he was named the SEC Player of the Year by the conference's coaches and the Associated Press. In addition, "The Sporting News" named him a third-team All-American. With Wilbekin as the team's senior leader, the Gators advanced to the 2014 NCAA Final Four.
	After going undrafted in the 2014 NBA draft, Wilbekin joined the Memphis Grizzlies for the Orlando Summer League and the Philadelphia 76ers for the Las Vegas Summer League. On August 22, 2014, he signed with the Cairns Taipans for the 2014–15 NBL season. On October 14, 2014, he was named Player of the Week for Round 1 after scoring 23 points against Adelaide on October 10 and 27 points against Melbourne on October 12. On November 6, 2014, he was named Player of the Month for October after guiding the Taipans to a 6–0 unbeaten start to the season.
	On February 16, 2015, at the Taipans' annual awards night, Wilbekin was named the club Defensive Player of the Year and Most Valuable Player. He and the Taipans went on to defeat the New Zealand Breakers in the final game of the regular season on February 22 to finish on top of the ladder for the first time in club history with a win/loss record of 21–7. He was subsequently named Player of the Week for Round 20 after scoring 18 of his 25 points in the second half of the Taipans' 81–77 win over the Breakers which helped them secure the club's first ever minor premiership. After sweeping the Perth Wildcats in the semi-finals, the Taipans faced the Breakers in the Grand Final series, going on to lose the series 2–0 following a game-winning shot by Ekene Ibekwe in Game 2. Wilbekin appeared in all 32 games for the Taipans and averaged 15.2 points, 3.7 rebounds, 4.3 assists and 1.1 steals per game.
	On March 12, 2015, Wilbekin signed with the Greek Basket League club AEK, for the rest of the 2014–15 Greek Basket League season. In nine games with AEK, he averaged 8.0 points, 2.3 rebounds and 3.9 assists per game.
	On June 30, 2015, Wilbekin joined the Orlando Magic white team for the Orlando Summer League. On July 3, 2015, he re-signed with the Taipans for the 2015–16 NBL season. Later that month however, after a stint with the Philadelphia 76ers at the Las Vegas Summer League, Wilbekin opted out of his deal with the Taipans in order to sign in the NBA. On July 24, 2015, he signed a four-year deal with the 76ers. However, he was later waived by the team on October 26 after appearing in five preseason games.
	On October 31, 2015, he signed with Darüşşafaka Doğuş of Turkey for the 2015–16 season, with the option to extend for one season.
	On March 28, 2017, Wilbekin signed a two-year contract extension with Darüşşafaka. In his second season with Daçka, Wilbekin helped the team to reach the 2017 EuroLeague Playoffs as the eighth seed, but they eventually were eliminated by Real Madrid in the Quarterfinals.
	On January 1, 2018, Wilbekin was named EuroCup Regular Season MVP. On March 23, 2018, Wilbekin recorded a career-high 41 points by shooting 10-for-15 from three-point range – which is a EuroCup all-time records in both categories for a non-overtime game, and led Darüşşafaka to the 2018 EuroCup Finals after an 87–83 win over Bayern Munich. On April 6, 2018, Wilbekin was named Eurocup MVP and earned a spot in the All-EuroCup First Team. On April 13, 2018, Wilbekin led Darüşşafaka to win the 2018 EuroCup Championship after beating Lokomotiv Kuban in the Finals, where he averaged 26 points per game. He was subsequently named the EuroCup Finals MVP.
	On July 10, 2018, Wilbekin signed a two-year deal with Israeli team Maccabi Tel Aviv of the EuroLeague. On October 18, 2018, Wilbekin scored a EuroLeague career-high 28 points, shooting 10-of-16 from the field, along with five assists and four rebounds in a 78–68 win over Budućnost. Two days later, Wilbekin was named EuroLeague Round 3 co-MVP, alongside Rodrigue Beaubois. On January 20, 2019, Wilbekin recorded a season-high 36 points, shooting 7-of-15 from 3-point range, along with four assists and three steals in a 94–104 overtime loss to Hapoel Tel Aviv. In the fourth quarter of that game, Wilbekin scored an Israeli League-record 25 points for a single quarter. On February 7, 2019, Wilbekin recorded 17 points, including a game-winner shot with 4.4 seconds left in a 65–64 win over Olympiacos.
	On October 27, 2019, Wilbekin recorded 26 points, while shooting 6-of-7 from three-point range, including 13 points in 70 seconds during the third quarter, as he led Maccabi to an 89–73 win over Hapoel Jerusalem. Two days later, He was named Israeli League Round 4 MVP. On December 23, 2019, Wilbekin recorded a season-high 35 points, along with nine assists and five rebounds in a 112–110 double overtime win over Hapoel Gilboa Galil.
	On January 29, 2020, Wilbekin signed a three-year contract extension with Maccabi.
	On June 18, 2018, Wilbekin got a Turkish passport. He was subsequently named a member of the senior Turkish national basketball team, for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification games. He made his debut with Turkey on June 28, 2018, scoring 13 points in a win over Ukraine.
	Wilbekin's younger brother, Mitchell, played college basketball for Wake Forest University from 2014–2018; appearing in 119 games, starting 89, over his four-year career. Scottie's other younger brother, Andrew, is currently attending Husson University in Maine.

= = = Otto Hulett = = =

	Otto Hulett (February 27, 1898 – September 1, 1983) was an American film, television and stage actor.
	Hulett was born in Salina, Kansas. As an actor, he was best known for his roles in "The Mob" (1951), "Idols in the Dust" (1951), and "Carbine Williams" (1952).
	He died in Katonah, New York.

= = = Faithful Execution of the Law Act of 2014 = = =

	The Faithful Execution of the Law Act of 2014 () is a bill that would direct the United States Department of Justice to report to the United States Congress whenever any federal agency refrains from enforcing laws or regulations for any reason. In the report, the government would have to explain why it had decided not to enforce that law.
	The bill was introduced in the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.
	"This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source."
	The Faithful Execution of the Law Act of 2014 would expand the circumstances under which the Attorney General is required to report to Congress regarding the enforcement of laws to include any instance in which the Attorney General, an officer of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ), or any other federal officer establishes or implements a policy to refrain from: (1) enforcing, applying, or administering any federal statute, rule, regulation, program, policy, or other law within the responsibility of the Attorney General or such officer; or (2) adhering to, enforcing, applying, or complying with, a final decision of any court of jurisdiction respecting the application of the Constitution, any statute, rule, regulation, program, policy, or other law within the responsibility of the Attorney General or such officer. (Currently, reports are not required with respect to the policies of other federal officers and reports concerning nonenforcement of a law are required only when the Attorney General or a DOJ officer refrains on grounds that the provision is unconstitutional.)
	The bill would require such reports to state the grounds for policies of nonenforcement.
	"This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as ordered reported by the House Committee on the Judiciary on March 5, 2014. This is a public domain source."
	The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that implementing H.R. 3973 would have no significant cost to the federal government. Enacting the bill would not affect direct spending or revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply.
	Current law requires the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) to submit a report to the Congress if it refrains from enforcing or administering federal laws or regulations because it deems them unconstitutional. H.R. 3973 would direct DOJ to report to the Congress whenever any federal agency refrains from enforcing laws or regulations for any reason. Based on the costs of similar activities currently carried out by DOJ, CBO estimates that implementing the bill would not have a significant effect on the budget because such reporting costs are small and subject to the availability of appropriated funds.
	H.R. 3973 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would impose no costs on state, local, or tribal governments.
	The Faithful Execution of the Law Act of 2014 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives was introduced on January 29, 2014 by Rep. Ron DeSantis (R, FL-6). It was referred to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary and the United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice. The committee reported the bill alongside House Report 113-376 on March 7, 2014. On March 7, 2014, House Majority Leader Eric Cantor announced that H.R. 3973 would be considered on March 12 or 13, 2014. The House was expected to pass a rule governing debate of this bill and one other on March 12 and then vote on this bill on March 13, 2014.
	"The Hill" reports that the bill is a Republican reaction to "what they say is a string of decisions from President Obama to ignore the will of Congress and the letter of the law." Republicans point to Obama's changes to provisions and deadlines of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (commonly known as "Obamacare") and his changes to the deportation of some immigrants.
	The bill's sponsor, Rep. DeSantis spoke in favor of the bill, arguing that "President Obama has not only failed to uphold several of our nation's laws, he has vowed to continue to do so in order to enact his unpopular agenda... The American people deserve to know exactly which laws the Obama administration is refusing to enforce and why."
	Rep. Bradley Byrne (R-AL) spoke out in favor of the bill saying, "the Obama Administration has been open and honest about one thing in particular: they have no problem making an end-run around Congress to achieve through administrative means what they cannot legislatively. Placing political convenience above the United States Constitution goes against everything the Founding Fathers intended, and it's time we put a stop to this practice."
	The OMB said of the Gowdy bill, “violates the separation of powers by purporting to permit the Congress to challenge in court the exercise by the President of one of his core constitutional functions – taking care that Federal laws are faithfully executed.”

= = = Ruzaiq = = =

	Ruzaiq (also spelled Ruzayq) was an Iranian nobleman who lived during the 7th and 8th-century. As the great-grandfather of Tahir ibn Husayn, he was the ancestor of the Tahirid dynasty.
	Originally a Zoroastrian, he later converted to Islam and became the "mawla" of Talha ibn Abd Allah al-Khuza'i, an Arab nobleman from the Khuza'i tribe, who served as the governor of Sistan. Ruzaiq's son Mus'ab later played a prominent role in the Abbasid Revolution, and was later rewarded by the Abbasid caliphs by being appointed as the governor of Pushang and Herat. Ruzaiq probably died some years later.

= = = Svetlana Karamasheva = = =

	Svetlana Karamasheva (née Podosenova; born 24 May 1988) is a Russian middle-distance runner. She competed in the 1500 metres event at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships.
	She was disqualified for doping in 2018.

= = = Heather Kampf = = =

	Heather Kampf (née Dorniden; born January 19, 1987) is an American middle-distance runner and four-time United States National Champion in the 1 mile road race. Kampf competed for the University of Minnesota and since December 2009 has been a member of Team USA Minnesota.
	Kampf graduated from Rosemount High School in Rosemount, Minnesota, in 2005. As a junior on June 11, 2004, at the Minnesota State Track and Field meet, Kampf broke her high school's records in the 400 (55.29) and 800 (2:11.87) meter races en route to becoming the state champion in the 400 meter race and placing third in the 800 meter race. As a senior at the 2005 Minnesota State Track and Field meet Kampf won the state championship in the 800 meter race setting a new state record in the process running a time of 2:10.42. She also ran the 400 meter race placing third in a time of 56.62. In 2003 and 2004 Kampf earned All-State honors in cross country. At the 2003 Minnesota State Cross country meet she placed 15th her junior year running a time of 14:55.7 on the 4 km course.
	Kampf attended the University of Minnesota in the Twin cities and competed for the Golden Gophers track and field and cross country teams graduating in December 2009 with a Bachelor of Science degree in kinesiology. While at the University of Minnesota Kampf became the schools most decorated women's track and field athlete in history earning All-American honors eight-times, holding ten school records and becoming the only Golden Gopher to compete in every NCAA championship in cross country, indoor and outdoor track during her time at the university. As a freshman in 2006 Kampf was the NCAA Indoor Track and Field Champion in the 800 meter race. In 2008 Kampf won the University of Minnesota's Golden Goldy female athlete of the year award.
	Kampf's ten school records were in the following events:
	She is also known for a 600 meter race in 2008, in which she fell down 200 meters from the finish, dropping her well behind several runners, but recovered to win the race.
	On March 3, 2014, USA Track and Field announced that Kampf would represent the U.S. at the 2014 World Indoor Championships in Sopot, Poland. Kampf was the first alternate for the women's 1500 m after placing third at the 2014 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships and was named to the team after Mary Cain withdrew from the competition.
	On May 24, 2014, Kampf along with teammates Kate Grace, Brenda Martinez, and Katie Mackey set a new American record in the 4 x 1500 meter relay running a time of 16:55.33 at the 2014 IAAF World Relays in Nassau, Bahamas.
	On May 14, 2015, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Kampf won her third USA 1 Mile Road Championship.

= = = Bon Voyage co. = = =


= = = Gudaf Tsegay = = =

	Gudaf Tsegay Desta (born 23 January 1997) is an Ethiopian middle-distance runner competing primarily in the 1500 metres. She represented her country at the 2014 and 2016 World Indoor Championships winning the bronze on the second occasion. She also won the bronze medal at the 2019 World Championships.
	Outdoor
	Indoor

= = = Visualizing Energy Resources Dynamically on the Earth = = =

	VERDE (Visualizing Energy Resources Dynamically on the Earth) is a visualization and analysis capability of the United States Department of Energy (DOE). The system, developed and maintained by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), provides wide-area situational understanding of the U.S. electric grid. Enabling grid monitoring, weather impacts prediction and analysis, VERDE supports preparedness and response to potentially large outage events. As a real-time geo-visualization capability, it characterizes the dynamic behavior of the grid over interconnects giving views into bulk transmission lines as well as county-level power distribution status. By correlating grid behaviors with cyber events, the platform also enables a method to link cyber-to-infrastructure dependencies.
	VERDE integrates different data elements from other available on-line services, databases, and social media. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and other major utilities spanning multiple regions across the electric grid interconnection provide real-time status of their systems. Social media sources such as Twitter provide additional data-sources for visualization and analyses.
	The VERDE software, which was developed by the Computational Sciences and Engineering Division (CSED) of ORNL, is used outside of the DOE for a number of related national security requirements.

= = = Danuta Urbanik = = =

	Danuta Urbanik (born 24 December 1989) is a Polish middle-distance runner. She represented her country at the 2014 and 2016 World Indoor Championships.
	Outdoor
	Indoor

= = = Claire Tarplee = = =

	Claire Tarplee (born 22 September 1988) is an Irish middle-distance runner. She competed in the 1500 metres event at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships.

= = = Trust, Love, Pray = = =

	Trust, Love, Pray is the fourth studio album from American singer Marilyn Martin, released independently in 2012. The album is a collection of original songs of trials, temptations, love, and faith.
	All of the album's songs were written solely by Martin, except "In the Arms of God" which was written by Eric Kaz and Martin. The album was produced, engineered and mixed by Martin's husband Greg Droman. Hank Williams mastered the album at Mastermix, Nashville. The song "Every Way And Always" received airplay on Christian and Praise and Worship stations.
	"Trust, Love, Pray" was Martin's first released studio album since 1988's "This Is Serious". Describing the songs as "written purely from my heart", Martin originally put her solo career on halt in the 1990s. She recalled to "Breathe Cast": "For several years I just didn't have the heart to try to write or sing". However, when her husband introduced her to the music software GarageBand, she began writing new material. Happy to be writing and singing again, Martin did not initially consider releasing a new album.
	The album, released independently by Martin, was issued digitally and on digipack CD. The CD edition was released in America only, via outlets online such as CDBaby and Amazon. In late 2012, Martin used Kickstarter in an attempt to gain funding of $10,000 to market and promote the album. This included distribution, internet promotion and a possible tour. However by mid-January 2013, the 45-day funding period only gained $1,230 through 12 backers.
	Timothy Yap of "Breathe Cast" reviewed the album in 2013, writing: "A buffet of styles, there is much to enjoy here: from string-laden big balladry to jaunty soul-filled funk to straight ahead vintage pop. Though the songs are deftly written, some of them lack defining hooks that could grab the listener with greater immediacy. If only Martin could polish up the hooks and make them more prominent, the album would be even greater. Also, the central ideas of some of the songs are not strong enough; for example, "In My Father's House" utilizes a rich Biblical imagery, it would be greater served if the imagery could be expounded more in the song. Other than these quibbles, it is such a joy to have Marilyn Martin back. Though she was great singing about heartbreak with Phil Collins in "Separate Lives," when she sings for the Lord, she sounds even better."

= = = Murilo Otávio Mendes = = =

	Murilo Otávio Mendes (born 8 March 1995 in Pirapora, Minas Gerais), known simply as Murilo, is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Italian club Livorno as a forward.

= = = Austin Steed = = =

	Austin Steed, Jr. is an American professional basketball player. He played college basketball at the University of South Carolina up until his junior year, when he transferred to East Carolina University following the 2010 fall semester.
	After playing for the South Carolina Amateur Athletic Union team in Columbia, South Carolina, Steed attended George P. Butler Comprehensive High School, where he averaged 12 points, 5 rebounds, and 2 assists per game in his sophomore season. His exceptional play continued on to his junior year at Butler High School, averaging 12 points, 5 rebounds, and 3 assists per game by the end of the season. After already being named the team MVP as a sophomore, Steed was considered one of the best high school athletes in Georgia. He was named all-conference, all-regional, and eventually all-state, ultimately winning the award for Georgia Athletic Coaches Association (GACA) Player of the Year. This was his reward for averaging a stunning nineteen points, seven rebounds, and five assists during his final season.
	Before going to college, Steed represented Fork Union Military Academy, where he played basketball under head coach Fletcher Arritt. There, he finished the season averaging 12.0 points and 7.5 rebounds.
	Austin Steed chose to play for the South Carolina Gamecocks over other possibilities such as Georgia and Tennessee Volunteers.
	In his freshman season with the South Carolina Gamecocks, Austin Steed did not find that he fitted in a team that was based, statistically, on Cincinnati Bearcats transfer Devan Downey. As the Gamecocks finished the season with a disappointing 14-18 record, 10th place in the Southeastern Conference, Steed averaged just 2.0 points and 2.0 rebounds, in only six games played.
	Although Devan Downey continued to lead the team in scoring for Austin Steed's sophomore season, the Gamecocks finished the regular season with a winning record of 21-10. Steed played his first full regular season of 31 games, averaging 3.9 points and 3.6 rebounds.
	By the end of Austin Steed's junior season, four players were averaging double digits, which gave him less opportunities to familiarize his name. Downey, who was in his final season at college was averaging over 20 points, also leading the team in minutes, steals, and assists. Steed, on the other hand, was averaging below 3.0 points even though he had the opportunity to play thirty games. However, against #1 Kentucky, Austin Steed made a game-saving block with only a few minutes left to go in the second half, helping the Gamecocks win the game Even after this, South Carolina finished the season with a 15-16 record.
	Soon after the season came to a close, Austin Steed made the decision to transfer from the University of South Carolina to East Carolina University. He earned an undergraduate degree in retail after three and a half years in South Carolina. According to De Pierce, who ran the South Carolina Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) team Steed played for, "Austin loves being a Gamecock and wants a degree from the University of South Carolina." Austin Steed did not play basketball in the 2010-11 season due to ineligibility issues.
	With East Carolina, Steed did not see major changes in play time himself. His team finished the season with a 15-16 record in a less competitive Conference USA. He was the 8th leading scorer by the end of his senior year, finishing with a career-high scoring, rebounding, and assisting average.
	Austin Steed went undrafted in the 2012 NBA Draft, making him an unrestricted free agent. He soon signed with the German basketball club, Citybasket Recklinghausen of the ProB, making his career debut against the BSW Sixers, where he scored 12 points and grabbed 5 rebounds.
	After signing with Bærum Basket of the Norwegian BLNO for the 2013–14 season, Steed made his debut against Froya Basket, where he scored 14 points and grabbed 8 rebounds. He scored a career-high 25 points and 17 rebounds against Asker Aliens, a game in which Bærum emerged victorious with a score of 75-67.
	On January 12, 2016, Steed signed with Artland Dragons of the German ProB.

= = = Airline service trolley = = =

	An airline service trolley, also known as an airline catering trolley, airline meal trolley, or trolley cart, is a small serving cart supplied by an air carrier for use by flight attendants inside the aircraft for transport of beverages, airline meals, and other items during a flight.
	The airline service trolley system was introduced in the late 1960s at the same time as a new generation of large "widebody" aircraft were entering into service with the airlines. The significantly larger number of passengers on these aircraft meant that meals could no longer be efficiently delivered by hand, as they had been up until that time.
	The growth of at-seat service on long distance rail has led to the adoption of similar service trollies for this purpose.
	The trolley is a rigid box form with castering wheels at each corner that can be braked to hold the trolley in position. Full and half size trollies are made. The front (both full and half size) and rear (full size only) have doors, and handles are provided at the top. There are currently several design families of trolley in use:
	Individual carriers often customize an existing trolley family for their uses.
	Full size ATLAS trolleys are generally about wide, tall, long, and weigh about unladen. Lighter weight designs are also available and they also exist in half size ( long)

= = = Water Rights Protection Act = = =

	The Water Rights Protection Act () is a bill that would prevent federal agencies from requiring certain entities to relinquish their water rights to the United States in order to use public lands.
	The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.
	In 2012, a court ruled "in favor of the ski companies... that seizing the privately held water rights usurped state water law." However, the United States Forest Service decided to pursue a "new regulation to demand that water rights be transferred to the federal government as a condition for obtaining permits needed to operate 121 ski resorts that cross over federal lands."
	"This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source."
	The Water Rights Protection Act would prohibit the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Agriculture (USDA) from: (1) conditioning the issuance, renewal, amendment, or extension of any permit, approval, license, lease, allotment, easement, right-of-way, or other land use or occupancy agreement on the transfer of any water right directly to the United States, or any impairment in title, in whole or in part, granted or recognized under state law, by federal or state adjudication, decree, or other judgment, or pursuant to any interstate water compact; and (2) requiring any water user to apply for a water right in the name of the United States under state law as a condition of such a land use or occupancy agreement.
	The bill would state that nothing in this Act limits or expands any existing authority of the Secretaries to condition any permit, approval, license, lease, allotment, easement, right-of-way, or other land use or occupancy agreement on federal lands subject to their respective jurisdictions.
	"This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as ordered reported by the House Committee on Natural Resources on November 14, 2013. This is a public domain source."
	H.R. 3189 would prevent federal agencies from requiring certain entities to relinquish their water rights to the United States in order to use public lands. Because Congressional Budget Office (CBO) expects that enacting the bill would not affect the number of users of public lands or the amount of receipts received by federal agencies for the use of those lands, we estimate that enacting the bill would have no impact on the federal budget. Enacting H.R. 3189 would not affect direct spending or revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply.
	H.R. 3189 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would not affect the budgets of state, local, or tribal governments.
	The Water Rights Protection Act was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on September 26, 2013 by Rep. Scott R. Tipton (R, CO-3). The bill was referred to the United States House Committee on Natural Resources, the United States House Committee on Agriculture, the United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Water and Power, and the United States House Agriculture Subcommittee on Conservation, Energy, and Forestry. The bill was ordered reported (amended) by the Committee on Natural Resources on March 4, 2014 alongside House Report 113-372 Part 1. On March 7, 2014, House Majority Leader Eric Cantor announced that H.R. 3189 would be considered on March 12 or 13, 2014.
	The Colorado ski industry supported the bill because it believed the legislation was "needed to block a water extortion scheme by the Forest Service to withhold government permits unless the companies relinquish their valuable water rights." Vice President of the Aspen Skiing Company David Corbin testified to the House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Water and Power that the company would go out of business without the water.
	Rep. Tipton, who sponsored the bill, said the bill was needed because it "provides critical protection for water rights' holders from federal takings by ensuring that federal government agencies cannot extort private property rights through uneven-handed negotiations." Tipton argued that the bill "prohibits federal agencies from pilfering water rights through the use of permits, leases, and other land management arrangements, for which it would otherwise have to pay just compensation under the 5th Amendment of the Constitution."
	Rep. Tom McClintock (R-CA) also supported the bill, saying that the Forest Service's regulation "illustrates an increasingly hostile attitude by this agency toward those who make productive use of our vast national forests, in this case by enhancing and attracting the tourism upon which our mountain communities depend."
	Rep. Jared Huffman (D-CA) accused the House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Water and Power of being unnecessarily "adversarial" and having "unfairly vilified" the Forest Service after a committee hearing about the bill.
	The Public Lands Council and the National Cattlemen's Beef Association both supported the bill and urged supporters to contact their representatives and encourage them to vote in favor of the bill.
	The bill was opposed by groups likes the Sierra Club, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the National Parks Conservation Association. Over 60 "conservation, sportsman, and recreation groups" opposed the bill. According to opponents, the bill is too broad. They believe the bill "could also block federal fisheries agencies like the United States Fish and Wildlife Service from requiring flows that help salmon find fish ladders and safely pass over dams."
	American Whitewater opposed the bill, calling it a "sneak attack designed to force federal agencies to put private uses of river water ahead of other beneficial public uses like fish, wildlife, and recreation."

= = = 1995 Barber Dodge Pro Series = = =

	The 1995 Barber Dodge Pro Series season was the eleventh season of the series. Dodge replaced Saab as the series engine provider. 1995 was also the first season the series was sanctioned by SCCA Pro Racing. All drivers used Dodge powered Goodyear shod Mondiale chassis. South African Jaki Scheckter won the championship.
	The Barber Dodge Pro Series would support the Trans-Am Series at the Dallas Grand Prix. But SCCA Pro Racing canceled the 1995 running of the Grand Prix. The Barber Dodge Pro Series race was moved to Texas World Speedway to support the IMSA GT Championship.

= = = List of Kryvyi Rih Metrotram stations = = =

	This is a list of stations of the Kryvyi Rih Metrotram. The metrotram currently consists of three routes and 15 stations, with another additional station left abandoned and unfinished (Vovnopriadylna). The stations are listed geographically from north to south.

= = = Porsha Williams = = =

	Porsha Dyanne Williams (born June 22, 1981) is an American television personality, model, and actress. Williams has starred on the television series "The Real Housewives of Atlanta" since its fifth season in 2012 and "Dish Nation" since its second season in 2013, and finished in eighth place on "The New Celebrity Apprentice" in 2017. Her marriage to football player Kordell Stewart was featured on "Platinum Weddings", although they divorced in 2013.
	Williams was born in Atlanta, Georgia on June 22, 1981. Her parents are self-employed entrepreneurs. She has a younger sister named Lauren and a brother named Hosea. Her grandfather is the late Hosea Williams, a prominent civil rights activist. She attended Southwest Dekalb High School in Decatur, Georgia as a teenager, and later pursued a degree in business information technology at the American InterContinental University in Schaumburg, Illinois.
	In her early adulthood, Williams appeared in music videos in pursuit of a potential career in the modeling industry, which she has said was "what you did in Atlanta when you wanted to become a model, and you were young and beautiful". She additionally opened a daycare facility when she was 24 years old, elaborating that "it just was in my blood to want to own something for myself" given her parents' careers. In 2005, Williams modeled for a "pin-up" calendar for the Atlanta Dymes. Williams began dating football player Kordell Stewart while she was employed at the Luckie Lounge in Atlanta, Georgia. The couple married in an elaborate ceremony in May 2011, which was filmed and broadcast for the WE tv television series "Platinum Weddings". Through the marriage, she became the stepmother to his minor-aged son Syre from his previous relationship with Tania Richardson.
	In September 2012, it was announced by Bravo that Williams and Kenya Moore were cast for the fifth season of the reality television series "The Real Housewives of Atlanta", alongside returning cast members Cynthia Bailey, Kandi Burruss, NeNe Leakes, Phaedra Parks and Kim Zolciak. Williams made her first appearance of the season during the third episode on November 18, 2012, where she was shown to clash with Moore during a charity event for Feed the Homeless. The remainder of the season documented their ensuing feud, and a later conflict with Bailey after she felt that Williams lacked dedication to a pageant Bailey coordinated for her modeling agency.
	She additionally expressed an intent to have children with Stewart, although she later visited a therapist after they began experiencing marital difficulties.
	After approximately two years of marriage, Stewart filed for divorce from Williams in March 2013. During the reunion special for the fifth season of "The Real Housewives of Atlanta" the following month, she commented that she was "totally blindsided" by the filing and alleged that she learned of their separation through Twitter. Their divorce was finalized in December 2013; Williams received none of his property or earnings through the settlement.
	The sixth season of "The Real Housewives of Atlanta" premiered in November, and documented the deterioration of Williams's relationship with her husband. She was briefly hospitalized during the season, which the series depicted was caused by stress stemming from her then-ongoing divorce.
	After an episode of "The Real Housewives of Atlanta" broadcast in December 2013, Williams received criticism after making comments in which she indicated her belief that the Underground Railroad was an actual railroad line. She later commented that "It was a brain lapse. I have Porsha moments that you’ve seen on the show before. For me seeing that I knew that I had to go back and brush up on my history so I’m representing my legacy well." She also launched a line of haircare products and joined the cast of Burruss's stage musical "A Mother's Love".
	She released her debut single "Flatline" through the iTunes Store on March 17, 2014. Later that month, Williams received media attention after an altercation with Moore while filming the sixth season reunion for "The Real Housewives of Atlanta". While filming the reunion special at the Biltmore Hotel on March 27, Moore implied that Williams was unfaithful during her marriage; after Williams called Moore a "slut from the '90s" and Moore yelled that Williams was "a dumb ho" from a megaphone, Williams assaulted Moore. Moore later threatened to quit the series if Williams was to remain, commenting that "we've become angry with each other, we've threatened each other and gone to the edge. But at the end of the day, we know there's a line." Williams was arrested on December 29, 2014, for speeding with a suspended license, but was released the same day.
	In September 2015, Bravo announced that Williams had signed on to return as a main cast member, along with new cast member and actress Kim Fields. On January 28, 2016, it was announced that she is participating as a contestant on "The New Celebrity Apprentice," also known as "The Apprentice 15" and "The Celebrity Apprentice 8". On September 19, 2018, Williams announced her pregnancy. On October 1, it was reported that she was engaged to entrepreneur Dennis McKinley. On March 22, 2019, she gave birth to their daughter, Pilar Jhena. Williams and McKinley briefly split in June, but have reunited as of August.

= = = Cynthia Bailey = = =

	Cynthia Denise Bailey (born February 19, 1967) is an American model, reality television personality, and actress. Born and raised in Alabama, Bailey moved to New York City at the age of 18 to pursue a modeling career. There, she signed a five-year contract with Wilhelmina Models, and subsequently appeared as a model in various magazines and advertising campaigns. She also worked as a runway model in Paris and Milan.
	Bailey has acted in films, including "Without You I'm Nothing" (1990) and "For Love or Money" (1993), and on television programs, such as "The Cosby Show". Bailey joined the reality television show "The Real Housewives of Atlanta" in 2010; the series focused primarily on her marriage to club owner Peter Thomas and her friendship with NeNe Leakes. Bailey married Thomas in 2010, and their divorce was finalized in 2017.
	Cynthia Bailey was born on February 19, 1967, in Decatur, Alabama and raised in Tuscumbia. Her father, Elijah, worked at an auto factory and her mother, Barbara, worked at a sewing factory. Barbara was 18 when she was pregnant with Cynthia, and had another daughter, Malorie, roughly a year later. While growing up, Bailey was inspired by her grandmother, Mae Frankie Ford. who worked in a sewing factory, sold hotdogs and hamburgers, cleaned houses, and volunteered to care for an elderly woman. She described Ford as "the first female black entrepreneur in [her] life".
	Bailey enrolled in freshman-level courses at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, and also competed in local beauty pageants. She was the first African American homecoming queen in her high school. After winning the event, she participated in a homecoming queen pageant. Even though she did not win, she was contacted by a Wilhelmina Models talent scout. At age 18, she moved to New York City and signed a five-year contract with the modeling agency. She had raised the money for the move through part-time work at a mall.
	She appeared in the 1985 low-budget film "The Dark Power" and the 1989 music video for New Order's "Round & Round". In 1990, she played Roxanne in the film "Without You I'm Nothing", and remained friends with its star Sandra Bernhard. Naomi Campbell was also considered for the role. Bailey appeared in a 1990 episode of the sitcom "The Cosby Show". Her audition for a role in the 1991 film "The Five Heartbeats" was featured in the 2018 documentary "The Making of the Five Heartbeats". In 1993, she played a model in the film "For Love or Money", and the following year, she appeared in the music video for Heavy D's single "Nuttin But Love" from the album of the same name. She played a masseuse in a 1995 episode of "New York Undercover".
	After working as a runway model in Paris and Milan for a year, Bailey returned to New York City and modeled for Maybelline, Oil of Olay, and Target and in magazines including "Vogue", "Glamour", "Elle", and "Vanity Fair". She appeared on two "Essence" magazine covers in June 1995her first job as a modeland 1997. The magazine's then editor-in-chief Susan L. Taylor described Bailey as one of her favorite models. Bailey's favorite modeling job was a "Vanity Cover" shot by Annie Leibovitz and featuring Iman, Beverly Johnson, Naomi Campbell, and Tyra Banks; Iman had invited Bailey to participate in the shoot.
	In 2010, Bailey joined the reality television show "The Real Housewives of Atlanta", which featured her relationship with club owner Peter Thomas and her friendship with NeNe Leakes. She was introduced in the show's third season along with Phaedra Parks. Bailey was initially uncertain about joining the show, describing it as "too dramatic", but changed her mind after viewing it as a business opportunity. She was contacted by Bravo shortly after moving to Atlanta with Thomas; the network said that they "wanted to bring more class to the cast, and feature more women that already had successful careers before the show".
	In 2011, Bailey opened her modeling school, Bailey Agency School of Fashion in Atlanta; the following year, she held a model search in several cites in the Southern United States as part of a contest to win representation by a New York modeling agency. Bailey appeared in a trilogy of music videos ("Age Ain't a Factor", "Baby x3", and "Chase Forever") for Jaheim's 2013 album "Appreciation Day". In the "Age Ain't a Factor" video, she was shown in a fictional "Essence" article on "Ageless Beauty", alongside LisaRaye McCoy and Vivica A. Fox. The "Baby x3" video focuses on infidelity with Bailey and Thomas portraying "secret lovers".
	Bailey appeared in the 2015 documentary series "Black Friday", which is about how little consumer spending is retained within black communities. The same year, she acted in Kenya Moore's television pilot, "Life Twirls On." For the character, she used a Jamaican accent. In 2016, she had a minor role in the film "","" and guest starred on "" alongside former "The Real Housewives of Atlanta" costar Claudia Jordan. She was also featured on a celebrity edition of "Cupcake Wars" with Nene Leakes.
	Bailey was a guest judge for the preliminary and finals competition of the 65th Miss Universe competition. In 2018, Bailey signed a contract with the New York-based agency Major Models; her daughter is also signed with the company. In April 2018, Bailey underwent surgery to remove a lipoma tumor from her left shoulder blade. The procedure was successful without any reported complications. In 2019, Bailey guest starred in an episode of "Last Call", and acted in "How High 2", the sequel to the 2001 film "How High". She also started a line of bags, named CB VIOR, as well as a line of candles, leather goods, and eyewear.
	Bailey plans to open a wine bar, Bailey Room Wine Cellar, and an event space, The Bailey Room, in Grant Park, Atlanta; the wine bar opened in July 2019. The same year, she had a partnership with Seagram, creating a signature drink, a Bellini cocktail. It was sold in April 2019. The launch party was shown on an eleventh season episode of "The Real Housewives of Atlanta." In it, Leakes is angry that Bailey had invited Kenya Moore to the event without her knowledge. The incident was discussed during the season's reunion episodes, and Leakes and Bailey publicly ended their friendship.
	Bailey dated Jayson Williams in 1996, and he proposed to her during a Brooklyn Nets halftime show. She rejected the proposal and returned the engagement ring to him. She also turned down a marriage proposal from Russell Simmons. Bailey had a romantic relationship with Leon Robinson, and on November 9, 1999, she gave birth to their daughter, Noelle.
	Bailey married Thomas on July 24, 2010 at the Fernbank Museum of Natural History; the wedding was shown on a season three episode of "The Real Housewives of Atlanta." They publicly announced their separation in 2016, and their divorce was finalized in March 2017. Bailey moved with her daughter to a house that she calls "Lake Bailey". She initially wanted an apartment, saying that she wanted "the New York City sort of lifestyle", but producers from "The Real Housewives of Atlanta" convinced her to purchase a home instead.
	Bailey publicly announced her relationship with Fox Sports correspondent Mike Hill in August 2018. Hill and Bailey became engaged in July 2019, with plans to wed in October 2020. 

= = = 2007–08 VMI Keydets basketball team = = =

	The 2007–08 VMI Keydets basketball team represented the Virginia Military Institute during the 2007-08 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Keydets were coached by Duggar Baucom in his 3rd year at VMI, and played their home games at Cameron Hall. It was VMI's 4th season in the Big South Conference and the Keydets' 100th season of basketball. VMI finished the year with a 14–15 record, and a 6–8 mark in league play, good for fifth place in the conference.
!colspan=9| Regular Season
!colspan=9| 2008 Big South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament

= = = Gutenburg Castle = = =

	Gutenburg Castle (, also "Gutenberg, Guttenberg, Weitersheim," or "Weithersheim"), is the ruin of a hill castle above the village of Gutenberg in the county of Bad Kreuznach in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
	The castle is first recorded in 1213 as "castro Weitersheim". In 1334 the counts of Sponheim (Lower County of Sponheim) sold the castle, which had meanwhile been renamed the Gutenburg. After the sale it underwent a major conversion. Following the extinction of the House of Sponheim (the Kreuzenach line died out in 1414 and the Starkenburg line in 1437) the castle went to the Lower Sponheim lords (mainly the Margraviate of Baden and Electoral Palatinate). The castle lost its importance over time, was destroyed during the Thirty Years' War and fell into ruins. In the copperplate by Daniel Meisner in the "Thesaurus philopoliticus" (published 1623f.) it is already portrayed as a ruin.
	Today the castle ruins are in private ownership.
	The castle consisted of an inner ward completely surrounded by a ring-shaped outer ward, protected by curtain walls with mural towers as well as a neck ditch. Considerable sections of the wall remain visible today.

= = = A Winsome Widow = = =

	A Winsome Widow is a 1912 musical produced by Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr., which was a revised version of Charles Hale Hoyt's 1891 hit, "A Trip to Chinatown", with a score by Raymond Hubbell.
	The show debuted at the Moulin Rouge on April 11, 1912, and ran into September, with a total of 172 performances. (A pre-opening performance was presented at Parson's Theatre in Hartford, Connecticut on April 8, 1912.)
	One of its featured songs was "Be My Little Baby Bumble Bee" by Stanley Murphy and Henry I. Marshall. The musical was a big hit, and featured a finale with real ice skating.
	The large cast featured Emmy Wehlen, Leon Errol, the Dolly Sisters, Elizabeth Brice, Frank Tinney, and Charles King. A young Mae West played a small role, though she quit after five performances.
	Though well received by audiences, the show had mixed reviews. The "New York Clipper" called it "a spectacle of gayety and gorgeousness", but "The New York Times" was bored of its "sameness", and critic Sime Silverman of "Variety" said it was "at least forty minutes too long, draggy with superfluous people."

= = = Agave decipiens = = =

	Agave decipiens, common names False Sisal or Florida agave, is a plant species endemic to coastal Florida though cultivated as an ornamental in other regions. The species is reported naturalized in Spain, India, Pakistan, and South Africa.
	Some authors have suggested that material from Central America and from the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico might be of the same species as "A. decipiens." Gentry and Zona, however, discounted this possibility, regarding this non-Floridian material as "A. vivipara" (= "A. angustifolia")
	"Agave decipiens" grows on hummocks in the Everglades and other marshy areas very close to sea level. It is an arborescent (tree-like) species with a trunk up to 4 m tall, frequently producing suckers (vegetative offshoots). Leaves are frequently 100 cm long, though some of twice that length have been recorded. Leaves have wavy margins with teeth. Flowering stalks are up to 5 m tall, with a large panicle of greenish-yellow flowers. Fruit is a dry capsule up to 5 cm long.

= = = Dorothee Raetsch = = =

	Dorothee Rätsch (born 1940 in Heilsberg, today Lidzbark Warmiński) is a German sculptor and graphic artist, daughter of Margarete Neumann, a German Writer and poet.
	Up to 1945 Dorothee Rätsch was living in Heilsberg, along with her mother and her sibling. Her Mother, widowed in World War II, worked as a welfare worker. In 1945 they fled from East Prussia westward to Mecklenburg.
	In child and youth courses Dorothee Rätsch started early, to engage with the visual arts.
	Later, in addition to training and work in agriculture, she attended the evening high school and worked in courses and programs at their artistic skills.
	After an entrance examination, Dorothee Rätsch was accepted and became a member of the Association of Artists of the GDR (Verband Bildender Künstler der DDR) in 1971. Since then, she participated in numerous national and international exhibitions and plein airs. Now she is only active regionally in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, such as in the statewide campaigns "KUNST OFFEN" (Artists are open up their studios to visitors) and "Offene Gärten" (open gardens).
	Today Dorothee Rätsch lives and works in Passentin (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), where they 1994–1999 built up the Slavic Village Passentin, as an authentic early medieval place of learning and experience (Idea, concept planning and oversee the construction: Dorothee Raetsch). Always it was especially important for them to work with children and young people, as course leader. 
	Also she has established a sculpture garden beside her studio.
	In bronze, terracotta and wood emerge small sculptures, medals and figurative sculptures and reliefs.

= = = Paul Fogarty = = =

	Paul W. Fogarty (born January 8, 1957 in Providence, Rhode Island) is an American politician and a Democratic member of the Rhode Island Senate representing District 23 since January 2003. Fogarty served consecutively from January 1999 until January 2003 in the District 27 seat. He is the son of former Rhode Island state Senator Charles Fogarty, Sr., the younger brother of Rhode Island Lieutenant governor Charles J. Fogarty, and the nephew of United States Representative John E. Fogarty.
	Fogarty graduated from the La Salle Academy.

= = = Shooting at the 2002 Asian Games – Men's 10 metre running target = = =

	The men's 10 metre running target competition at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea was held on 3 and 4 October at the Changwon International Shooting Range.

= = = The Early Bird Catches the Worm = = =

	The Early Bird Catches the Worm () is a 2008 Italian drama film directed by Francesco Patierno, based on autobiographical book "Il giocatore (ogni scomessa e un debito)" by Marco Baldini.

= = = Theegarten-Pactec = = =

	Theegarten-Pactec is a German manufacturer in the packaging technology sector. The company develops and produces packaging machines and complete packaging systems for bite-sized confectionery products and other foodstuffs, such as bouillon cubes, as well as for non-food items, e.g. dishwasher detergent. The packaging machines are developed and manufactured exclusively in Germany and are distributed worldwide.

= = = Werner Uebelmann = = =

	Werner J. Uebelmann (16 March 1921 – 1 March 2014) was a Swiss entrepreneur and writer. He was best known for his large collection of cactus. He was born in Aarau, Aargau.
	Uebelmann died on 1 March 2014 in Muri, Aargau. He was 92 years old.

= = = SGR Repeal and Medicare Provider Payment Modernization Act of 2014 = = =

	The SGR Repeal and Medicare Provider Payment Modernization Act of 2014 () is a bill that would replace the Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) formula, which determines the annual updates to payment rates for physicians’ services in Medicare, with new systems for establishing those payment rates.
	The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. The provisions in this bill that would pay for changes in the SGR formula by delaying some provisions of the Affordable Care Act were unpopular with Democrats, leading to the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 (H.R. 4302; 113th Congress), a bill that would simply delay the April 1, 2014 SGR Medicare cuts until March 2015.
	In the United States, Medicare is a national social insurance program, administered by the U.S. federal government since 1966, that guarantees access to health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older who have worked and paid into the system, younger people with disabilities, and a few other groups. As a social insurance program, Medicare spreads the financial risk associated with illness across society to protect everyone, and thus has a somewhat different social role from for-profit private insurers, which manage their risk portfolio by adjusting their pricing according to perceived risk.
	In 2010, Medicare provided health insurance to 48 million Americans—40 million people age 65 and older and eight million younger people with disabilities. It was the primary payer for an estimated 15.3 million inpatient stays in 2011, representing 47.2 percent ($182.7 billion) of total aggregate inpatient hospital costs in the United States. On average, Medicare covers about half (48 percent) of health care costs for enrollees. Medicare enrollees must cover the rest of the cost. These out-of-pocket costs vary depending on the amount of health care a Medicare enrollee needs. They might include uncovered services—such as long-term, dental, hearing, and vision care—and supplemental insurance.
	Over the last decade, Congress has been passing legislation to temporarily fix the Medicare payment system to avoid the major cuts that would otherwise go into effect due to existing law.
	"This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source."
	The SGR Repeal and Medicare Provider Payment Modernization Act of 2014 would amend title XVIII (Medicare) of the Social Security Act (SSA) to: (1) end and remove sustainable growth rate (SGR) methodology from the determination of annual conversion factors in the formula for payment for physicians' services; (2) establish an update to the single conversion factor for 2014 through 2018 of 0.5%, (3) freeze the update to the single conversion factor at 0.00% for 2019 through 2023, and (4) establish an update of 1% for health professionals participating in alternative payment models (APMs) and an update of 0.5% for all other health professionals after 2023.
	The bill would direct the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MEDPAC) to report to Congress on the relationship between: (1) physician and other health professional utilization and expenditures (and their rate of increase) of items and services for which Medicare payment is made, and (2) total utilization and expenditures (and their rate of increase) under Medicare parts A (Hospital Insurance), B (Supplementary Medical Insurance), and D (Voluntary Prescription Drug Benefit Program).
	The bill would direct MEDPAC to report to Congress on: (1) the payment update for professional services applied under Medicare for 2014 through 2018, (2) the effect of such update on the efficiency, economy, and quality of care provided under such program, (3) the effect of such update on ensuring a sufficient number of providers to maintain access to care by Medicare beneficiaries, and (4) recommendations for any future payment updates for professional services under such program to ensure adequate access to care is maintained for Medicare beneficiaries.
	The bill would revise and consolidates components of the three specified existing performance incentive programs into a merit-based incentive payment system (MIPS) the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) is directed to establish, under which MIPS-eligible professionals (excluding most Alternative Payment Model [APM] participants) receive annual payment increases or decreases based on their performance. Applies the MIPS program to payments for items and services furnished on or after January 1, 2018.
	The bill would require specified incentive payments to be made to eligible partial qualifying APM participants.
	The bill would direct the Secretary to make available on the Physician Compare website of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) certain information, including information regarding the performance of MIPS-eligible professionals.
	The bill would require the Comptroller General (GAO) to evaluate the MIPS program.
	The bill would require GAO to submit to Congress a report that: (1) compares the similarities and differences in the use of quality measures under the original Medicare fee-for-service programs, the Medicare Advantage (MA) program under Medicare part C (Medicare+Choice), selected state Medicaid programs, and private payer arrangements; and (2) make recommendations on how to reduce the administrative burden involved in applying such quality measures.
	The bill would direct GAO to report to Congress on: (1) whether entities that pool financial risk for physician services can play a role in supporting physician practices in assuming financial risk for treatment of patients, and (2) the transition to an APM of professionals in rural areas, health professional shortage areas, or medically underserved areas.
	The bill would establish the Payment Model Technical Advisory Committee to make recommendations to the Secretary on physician-focused payment models.
	The bill would require the Secretary to study: (1) the application of federal fraud prevention laws related to APMs; (2) the effect of individuals' socioeconomic status on quality and resource use outcome measures for individuals under Medicare; and (3) the impact of risk factors, race, health literacy, limited English proficiency (LEP), and patient activation, on quality and resource use outcome measures under Medicare.
	The bill would direct the Secretary to: (1) post on the CMS Internet website a draft plan for the development of quality measures to assess professionals, (2) establish new Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) codes for chronic care management services, and (3) conduct an education and outreach campaign to inform professionals who furnish items and services under Medicare part B and Medicare part B enrollees of the benefits of chronic care management services.
	The bill would authorize the Secretary to: (1) collect and use information on the resources directly or indirectly related to physicians' services in the determination of relative values under the Medicare physician fee schedule; and (2) establish or adjust practice expense relative values using cost, charge, or other data from suppliers or service providers.
	The bill would revise and expands factors for identification of potentially misvalued codes. Sets an annual target for relative value adjustments for misvalued services. Phases-in of significant relative value unit (RVU) reductions.
	The bill would direct GAO to study the processes used by the Relative Value Scale Update Committee (RUC) to make recommendations to the Secretary regarding relative values for specific services under the Medicare physician fee schedule.
	The bill would make Metropolitan Statistical Areas in California fee schedule areas for Medicare payments.
	The bill would direct the Secretary to: (1) establish a program to promote the use of appropriate use criteria for certain imaging services furnished by ordering professionals and furnishing professionals, and (2) make publicly available on the CMS Physician Compare website specified information with respect to eligible professionals.
	The bill would expand the kinds and uses of data available to qualified entities for quality improvement activities.
	The bill would direct the Secretary to provide Medicare data to qualified clinical data registries to facilitate quality improvement or patient safety.
	The bill would permit continuing automatic extensions of a Medicare physician and practitioner election to opt out of the Medicare physician payment system into private contracts.
	The bill would direct the Secretary to: (1) make publicly available through an appropriate publicly accessible website information on the number and characteristics of opt-out physicians and practitioners, and (2) report to Congress recommendations to amend existing fraud and abuse laws, through exceptions, safe harbors, or other narrowly targeted provisions, to permit gainsharing or similar arrangements between physicians and hospitals that improve care while reducing waste and increasing efficiency.
	The bill would declare it a national objective to achieve widespread exchange of health information through interoperable certified electronic health record (EHR) technology nationwide by December 31, 2017, as a consequence of a significant federal investment in the implementation of health information technology through the Medicare and Medicaid EHR programs.
	The bill would direct the Secretary to study the feasibility of establishing mechanisms that includes aggregated results of surveys of meaningful EHR users on the functionality of certified EHR products to enable such users to compare directly the functionality and other features of such products.
	The bill would require GAO studies on the use of telehealth under federal programs and on remote patient monitoring services.
	"This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as introduced on February 6, 2014. This is a public domain source."
	H.R. 4015 would replace the Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) formula, which determines the annual updates to payment rates for physicians’ services in Medicare, with new systems for establishing those payment rates. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that enacting H.R. 4015 would increase direct spending by about $138 billion over the 2014-2024 period, as shown in the following table. This estimate is relative to the CBO’s February 2014 baseline projections of spending under current law. (The legislation would not affect federal revenues or spending subject to appropriation.) The costs of this legislation fall within budget functions 570 (Medicare) and 550 (health).
	The SGR Repeal and Medicare Provider Payment Modernization Act of 2014 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on February 6, 2014 by Rep. Michael C. Burgess (R-TX). It was referred to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary, the United States House Committee on Ways and Means, and the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce. On March 7, 2014, House Majority Leader Eric Cantor announced that H.R. 4015 would be considered on March 14, 2014.
	The American Medical Association's president Ardis Dee Hoven argued strongly in favor of the bill, calling the current SGR "fiscally foolish" and "fatally-flawed." According to Dr. Hoven, the costs associated with caring for seniors have risen 25 percent since 2001, but Medicare payments to doctors have not even increased 4 percent over the same time period.
	The Medicare portions of the bill had broad support and reflected a year's worth of debate and negotiation. However, House Republicans attached provisions to delay the individual mandate for five years to the bill, arguing that people should not have to buy insurance or pay a fine due to the wide variety of delays and exemptions that businesses had received. Delaying the individual mandated would also have the unexpected effect of saving the government money, since fewer people would sign up and would require fewer subsidies to pay for their insurance. The proposal to pay for the expensive change to the Medicare payment system by delaying the individual mandate was made by Rep. Dave Camp (R-MI). This action, according to the Congressional Budget Office, would save the government $170 billion.
	President Barack Obama announced his opposition to the bill and threatened to veto it. According to the Administration's statement, Obama favored the changes to Medicare but objected to the bill's inclusion of provisions that would delay the individual mandate from the Affordable Care Act by five years.
	Democrats, such as House Minority Whip Steny Hoyer (D-MD), accused the Republicans of turning "bipartisan agreement into partisan confrontation."

= = = Zdeněk Hajný = = =

	Zdeněk Hajný (30 January 1942 – 1 March 2014) was a Czech painter, graphic artist and psychologist. In 1994, he founded Galerie Cesty ke světlu. He was born in Vsetín, Zlín Region, Czechoslovakia.
	Hajný died on 1 March 2014.

= = = Peter Bares = = =

	Peter Bares (16 January 1936 – 2 March 2014) was a German organist and composer. He was best known for his church music. He was born in Essen.
	Bares died on 2 March 2014 in Rhineland-Palatinate. He was 78 years old.

= = = 2014 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament = = =

	The 2014 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was played between March 13 and March 22, 2014, at four conference arenas and the Van Andel Arena in Grand Rapids, Michigan. By winning the tournament, Minnesota State was awarded the Broadmoor Trophy and received the WCHA's automatic bid to the 2014 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.
	The first round of the postseason tournament features a best-of-three games format. The top eight or ten conference teams participate in the tournament. Teams are seeded No. 1 through No. 8 according to their final conference standing, with a tiebreaker system used to seed teams with an identical number of points accumulated. The top four seeded teams each earn home ice and host one of the lower seeded teams.
	The winners of the first round series advance to the Van Andel Arena for the WCHA Final Five, a holdover from previous tournaments where it was used as the collective name of the quarterfinal, semifinal, and championship rounds. The Final Five uses a single-elimination format. Teams are re-seeded No. 1 through No. 4 according to the final regular season conference standings.
	"Note: GP = Games Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against"
	Teams are reseeded after the first round
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Most Valuable Player(s)

= = = Nicolás Mazzola = = =

	Nicolás Mazzola (born 28 January 1990) is an Argentine footballer who plays for Unión de Santa Fe.

= = = Heiko Bellmann = = =

	Heiko Bellmann (17 March 1950 – 7 March 2014) was a German biologist, writer, zoologist and photographer. He published over fifty books.
	Bellmann died on 7 March 2014 at the age of 63.

= = = Les Gore = = =

	Leslie F. Gore (born 1915) was an English professional footballer who played as an outside right.
	Born in Fulham, Gore played for Carlisle United, Bradford City and Clapton Orient.
	For Bradford City he made 33 appearances in the Football League.

= = = Pappa al pomodoro = = =

	The dish has ancient origins, although it was largely popularized by the 1911 publication of "Il Giornalino di Gian Burrasca" and by its television version, in which Rita Pavone sang the well-known song "Viva la pappa col pomodoro".

= = = Connect4Climate = = =

	Connect4Climate is a global partnership program under the Communication for Climate Change Multi-Donor Trust Fund of the World Bank Group. It aims to broaden climate literacy worldwide and to promote concrete action against climate change such as the implementation of renewable energy and the reduction of industrial waste.
	The Connect4Climate program started in September 2011 with a photo and video competition that invited African youth to share their stories about climate change in the lead-up to the 2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference.
	Since then, Connect4Climate has steadily broadened in scope, and today 
	Film4Climate Global Video Competition 2016: The winners were announced during the UNFCCC COP22 conference at the "Film4Climate: Empowering Global Climate Action" event, November 13, 2016. "Three Seconds" directed by Spencer Sharp, featuring Prince Ea, won the Short Film First Prize. Connect4Climate worked with the UNFCCC Action for Climate Empowerment team on the Young and Future Generations Day and the Momentum for Change event at COP22.
	In July and August 2016 Connect4Climate partnered on the "1.5°C: The Record We Must Not Break" campaign with its Sport4Climate initiative.
	On June 20, 2016, Connect4Climate unveiled the Film4Climate Global Video Competition, inviting young filmmakers to submit climate change videos. The competition was first announced at the Cannes Film Festival. The jury, chaired by Bernardo Bertolucci, is composed of film, climate and communication professionals 
	In April 2016 Connect4Climate worked with youth climate leaders in the Digital Media Zone of the United Nations, during the day on the Sustainable Development Goals and the Signing Ceremony of the Paris Climate Change Agreement
	Building on the Youth4Climate campaign launched in the lead up to the UNFCCC COP21 in Paris, Connect4Climate is working with a number of partners to promote the #Teach4Climate Back to School 2016 Campaign 
	In April 2015 Connect4Climate supported the Global Citizen 2015 Earth Day event in front of the White House, on the National Mall in Washington DC.
	Presented in 2013, Connect4Climate organized the Action4Climate global video competition. Ten young film crews from ten different countries were chosen as winners in the Action4Climate documentary competition. Winning entries were shown on Times Square, at film festivals including Guadalajara, Chicago, Green Film Festival in Seoul, by broadcastes, for example AfriDocs, and at international conferences and events.
	In April 2013 Connect4Climate ran the iChange challenge with winners presented at the 26th GrandPrix Advertising Strategies awards event at the Teatro Nazionale in Milan.

= = = James McQueen = = =

	James McQueen may refer to:

= = = Edward Gott = = =

	Edward Gott was an English professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
	Gott played for Rawdon and Bradford City.
	For Bradford City he made 8 appearances in the Football League.

= = = Ima Bohush = = =

	Ima Anatolevna Bohush (; born 2 August 1990 in Minsk) is a retired Belarusian tennis player.
	Bohush won four doubles titles on the ITF tour in her career. On 15 September 2008, she reached her best singles ranking of world number 515. On 21 September 2009, she peaked at world number 260 in the doubles rankings.
	Playing for Belarus at the Fed Cup, Bohush had a win–loss record of 2–1.

= = = Walter Felag = = =

	Walter S. Felag, Jr. (born February 15, 1954 in Fall River, Massachusetts) is an American politician and a Democratic member of the Rhode Island Senate representing District 10 since January 2003. Felag served consecutively from January 1999 until January 2003 in the District 46 seat.
	Felag earned his BA in mathematics from Providence College.

= = = One Day in a Life = = =

	One Day in a Life () is a 2008 Italian drama film directed by Stefano Tummolini. It entered the "Venice Days" section at the 65th Venice International Film Festival.

= = = Dioscorea floridana = = =

	Dioscorea floridana, the Florida yam, is a plant species native to Florida, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina. It grows in wet and sandy places at low elevations.
	"Dioscorea floridana" is a perennial vine twining over other vegetation and spreading by means of yellow underground rhizomes. Stems can reach a height of over 4 m off the ground. Leaves are egg-shaped to triangular, up to 12 cm long, not clasping the stem. Flowers are yellow-orange.

= = = Protographium leucaspis = = =

	Protographium leucaspis is a species of butterfly found in the Neotropical ecozone
	Frons entirely brownish black; abdomen yellowish beneath; the wings with commontriangular green-yellow area; the brown marginal area with blackish hues parallel to the margin. Colombia to Bolivia; a very common species in the Andes.
	"lamis" R.& J. The posterior cell-spots of the forewing large, very distinct also beneath. Colombia.
	"leucaspis" Godt. The cell-spots of the forewing smaller, usually only indicated beneath, the two outer posterior cell-spots more widely separated from one another. Eastern slopes of the Andes, from Ecuador to Bolivia.
	Common and not threatened.

= = = Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 2013 = = =

	The Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 2013 () is a bill that would reauthorize the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 1990 to provide block grants to the states to help low-income parents find child care for their children. In addition to reauthorizing the program, it also makes amendments to the law to try to improve it. Some of those improvements include required background checks on grant recipients and annual inspections.
	The bill was introduced into the United States Senate during the 113th United States Congress.
	The Child Care and Development Block Grant is the main federal program to help families pay for child care. States use the block grants they receive from the federal government to subsidize child care, mostly through voucher programs.
	"This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source."
	The Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 2013 would reauthorize the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 1990 through FY2019.
	The bill would revise the Act to allow a joint interagency office, designated by the governor, to serve as the lead agency for a state desiring to receive a community services programs child care and development block grant.
	The bill would increase from two to three years the period that must be covered by a state child care and development plan.
	The bill would revise and expands plan requirements to include, among others, compliance with state and local health and safety requirements, compliance with child abuse reporting requirements, protection for working parents, and coordination with other programs. Prescribes early learning and developmental guidelines.
	The bill would authorize a state to use funds to establish or support a system of local or regional child care resource and referral organizations.
	The bill would require a state receiving funds under such Act to carry out at least two of specified activities affecting the quality of child care.
	The bill would require states receiving grant funds under such Act to carry out criminal background checks for child care staff members of child care providers.
	The bill would make ineligible for employment by a licensed, regulated, or registered child care provider any individual who: (1) refuses to consent to a criminal background check, (2) knowingly makes a materially false statement in connection with such a background check, (3) is registered or is required to be registered on a state sex offender registry or the National Sex Offender Registry, or (4) has been convicted of one or more specified felonies.
	The bill would direct the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to operate a national toll-free hotline and website.
	The bill would define "child with a disability" as one under age 13 who is eligible for early intervention services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.
	"This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions on September 18, 2013. This is a public domain source."
	S. 1086 would amend and reauthorize through fiscal year 2020 the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 1990. Specifically, it would authorize the appropriation of such sums as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of that program and add additional requirements to the program. The Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG) program was initially authorized through 2002 and has been authorized in annual appropriation acts since then. It is currently authorized through 2014 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 ().
	The Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 2013 was introduced into the United States Senate on June 3, 2013 by Sen. Barbara A. Mikulski (D, MD). It was referred to the United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. The committee reported the bill on February 25, 2014 with an amendment in the nature of a substitute alongside Senate Report 113-138. On March 13, 2014, the Senate voted in Recorded Vote 77 to pass the bill 96-2.
	Senator Mikulski, who introduced the bill, argued that "this bill ensures that all children get the care they need and deserve."
	Only one Senator, Mike Lee (R-UT), did not vote for the bill.
	Child Care Aware of America supported the bill, saying that it is "time to strengthen minimum protections for children," which they believed the reauthorization and amendments would do. The organization supported having background checks on workers, requiring training basic CPR and health training, and holding unannounced inspections. Afterschool Alliance also supported the bill, saying "it is important to emphasize the value of quality school-age child care to achieve positive outcomes for children, including improved academic performance, work habits and study skills.
	On September 12, 2014, House and Senate leaders reached a bipartisan agreement to reauthorize the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act. Negotiated by Representatives John Kline (R-MN), George Miller (D-CA), Todd Rokita (R-IN), and David Loebsack (D-IA), and Senators Tom Harkin (D-IA), Lamar Alexander (R-TN), Barbara Mikulski (D-MD), and Richard Burr (R-NC), the agreement will enhance transparency, strengthen health and safety protections, and improve the quality of care.
	The House passed the amended version of the bill on September 15, 2014.

= = = 2014 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election = = =

	The 2014 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 2014, to elect the Governor of the United States Virgin Islands. Incumbent Democratic Governor John de Jongh is term-limited and cannot run for re-election to a third term in office. Since no candidate received a majority in the general election, as required by the Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands, a runoff was held between Donna Christian-Christensen and Kenneth Mapp, the two top vote receivers. Mapp went on to win the run off in a landslide victory, with almost 64% of the vote.

= = = Rise Up (Freaky Fortune song) = = =

	"Rise Up" is a song by Greek electronic duo Freaky Fortune featuring Greek-British rapper RiskyKidd. It was chosen to represent Greece at the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 in Denmark.
	The song received mixed to positive reviews. "Daily Mirror" entertainment writer Carl Greenwood gave the song 1 star out of 5 and said, "Rise Up is the sort of song that gets stuck in your head." Jess Denham of "The Independent", "Rise Up" has a definite holiday vibe to it, just in time for the start of summer."
	On 11 March 2014 Freaky Fortune and RiskyKidd participates to the Greek national final of Eurovision Song Contest 2014. After performing the song under number two at the national final, it gets the 36.83% of votes and becomes the Greek entry in the 2014 Eurovision.
	At the Eurovision Song Contest they performed 13th in the second semi-final on 8 May 2014. The song qualified from the second semi-final and competed in the final on 10 May 2014. In the final at the end of the voting, it had received 35 votes, placing on 20th place in a field of 26 songs. It was, along with 1998, the worst placing ever for Greece.

= = = Bob Laden = = =

	Bob Laden (AKA Robert Laden) is an Oscar nominated makeup artist who has been nominated twice for Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling.

= = = Alfred Watson (actuary) = = =

	Sir Alfred William Watson KCB FIA (11 March 1870 – 7 May 1936) was a British actuary and civil servant. In 1917 he became Britain's first government actuary and was very influential in setting up the funding by National Insurance for the newly introduced state pension.
	Watson was born in Bristol on 11 March 1870 to parents Alfred Reuban Watson, a violinist and composer, and Emily Morris Hobro. He studied at Nottingham High School, before joining his grandfather Reuban Watson's actuarial practice, "R. Watson and Sons". He became a fellow of the Institute of Actuaries in 1893, passing his final examination with the highest mark in his year.
	In 1896, Watson was appointed to the 1896 Rothschild Committee on Old Age Pensions, which had been set up to investigate establishing a state pension in the United Kingdom, following the introduction of a state pension in Germany. The committee concluded in 1898 that none of the systems presented to them were viable. Watson questioned witnesses with an "aggressive and combative style".
	After continuing his career as an actuary, consulting for friendly societies including the Manchester Unity of Oddfellows. In 1903, he published an article titled "Sickness and Mortality Experience (1893–97) of the Manchester Unity of Oddfellows" in the Journal of the Institute of Actuaries. In the article, he demonstrated an increase in sickness and a reduction in mortality, with links between occupation and sickness and between region and mortality, and that sickness benefit claims had risen for all groups of members, but most significantly for members older than 65. He began consulting in London from 1910. He gave a series of lectures on the subject of Friendly society finance to the Institute of Actuaries in 1911 and 1912.
	Watson gave advice about the writing of the National Insurance Act 1911, before being appointed chief actuary to the National Health Insurance Joint Committee after the National Insurance bill had become law in 1912. In this role, which he held until 1919, he advised various government departments during World War I. During this time, he worked on plans with the Ministry of Shipping to optimise the use of shipping.
	Watson became the first government actuary in 1917, gaining influence with the expansion of National Insurance, particularly with regard to pensions. He worked inside HM Treasury, and was seen to be aligned with the department's desire for more control over social policy. The Government Actuary's Department was created in July 1919. During the time he held the role, no social policy could become law without his approval. He was often consulted by all government departments on subjects, including subjects outside his specialism.
	Watson served on royal commissions on decimalisation in 1918 and national health insurance in 1926. He served as president of the Institute of Actuaries from 1920 to 1922 and served on the council of the Royal Statistical Society and the committee of the Reform Club.
	Watson has been credited as the "driving force" behind the introduction of contributory pensions in the United Kingdom, believing that means-tested pensions or universal pensions paid for by general taxation would be unsustainable.
	Watson married Elizabeth Moffrey, daughter of a grand master of the Manchester Unity of Oddfellows, in June 1895. They had two daughters and a son, who died in childhood. Watson died on 7 May 1936 in London, while still in his role as the government actuary.
	Watson was knighted in 1915 and made a knight commander of the order of the Bath (KCB) in 1920.

= = = List of Dagenham &amp; Redbridge F.C. seasons = = =

	This is a list of all seasons played by Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. in English football, from their inaugural season in 1992–93.
	Division shown in bold when it changes due to promotion, relegation or league reorganisation.<br>
	League record shown "in italics" when season was abandoned.
	Key to league record:
	Key to divisions:
	Key to cup rounds:

= = = Baghdadi Museum = = =

	The Baghdadi Museum (Arabic: المتحف البغدادي) is a local history museum located in and about the capital city of Baghdad, Iraq. It was established in 1970. 
	The museum is situated near the River Tigris. It features 70 scenes from different periods using lifesize models presenting Baghdad life, especially folk crafts, trades, professions, local customs, and street life. The museum suffered damage due to the American invasion during the Iraq War in 2003 causing suspension of its operation. It officially reopened in August 2008.

= = = Walter Rosenblum = = =

	Walter A. Rosenblum (1919–2006) was an American photographer. He photographed the World War II D-Day landing at Normandy in 1944. He was the first Allied photographer to enter the liberated Dachau concentration camp. He received several military decorations including a Purple Heart. His photography is on display in museums around the world.
	Rosenblum was born on October 1, 1919 in New York City.
	Rosenblum was a member of the New York Photo League where he was mentored by Paul Strand and Lewis Hine. He became president of the League in 1941. He taught photography at Brooklyn College for 40 years.
	From 1952 to 1976, he spent summers in Norfolk, CT, as a professor at the Yale Summer School of Music and Art, where he taught photography.
	His wife is photographic historian Naomi Rosenblum. They have two daughters, Lisa and documentary filmmaker Nina.
	Rosenblum died January 23, 2006.

= = = Mattias Vegnaduzzo = = =

	Mattias Vegnaduzzo (born 5 October 1983) is an Argentine footballer who currently plays for Grosseto.
	Vegnaduzzo suffered a knee injury in early 2005, which prevented him from playing in the Argentine Primera with Club Atlético Huracán.
	Vegnaduzzo scored 3 goals in 25 appearances for Club Atlético Acassuso in Argentina's Primera B Metropolitana during the 2007–08 season .

= = = List of mayors of Kreuzlingen = = =

	This is a list of mayors of Kreuzlingen, Thurgau, Switzerland. The executive of Kreuzlingen is the city council ("Stadtrat"). It is presided by the mayor ("Stadtammann von Kreuzlingen", earlier "Gemeindeammann").

= = = James McQueen (businessman) = = =

	James William McQueen (April 15, 1866 - April 20, 1925) was an American businessperson. He served as the president of Sloss-Sheffield Steel & Iron Company from 1918 to 1925.
	McQueen was born on April 15, 1866 in Society Hill, South Carolina to John McQueen and Sarah Pickens. His father was a member of Congress from 1816 until secession, and he served in the Confederate Congress from 1861 to 1865. His mother was the granddaughter of Andrew Pickens, a Revolutionary War hero and member of Congress.
	McQueen grew up in Eutaw, Alabama, and received his early education in private schools under the well known educators Daniel Collier and Joseph A. Taylor. At age 16, he began work as a clerk in a bank in Eutaw. In 1884, he began work for the Alabama Great Southern Railroad and served as agent at Eutaw, Tuscaloosa and other points along the line until 1890, when he moved to Birmingham, Alabama as train dispatcher.
	It was in 1891 that he began his service with Sloss-Sheffield Steel & Iron Company—then Sloss Iron & Steel Company—one of the greatest industrial concerns in the Southern United States. He began in the transportation department, but in the following year was made auditor of the company. He rose quickly through the ranks: in 1897, he was made secretary and treasurer, and in 1902 he was made vice-president. Finally, in 1918 he was elected president of the company. As an executive at Sloss-Sheffield, McQueen devoted much of his attention to the development of the company's properties. Many facilities were built or rebuilt under McQueen, including by-product coke ovens in North Birmingham. He served as the president of Sloss-Sheffield until his death.
	In his private life, McQueen belonged to many civic and social clubs, and he was involved in the Birmingham Baseball Association. He sold his stake in the Birmingham Barons to Rick Woodward in 1909. He married Lydia Edwards on April 11, 1899, and they had two children (Giles E. and James W.).
	McQueen died at the Waldorf Astoria in New York City on April 20, 1925.

= = = David Kracov = = =

	David Kracov (born 1968) is an American painter, animator and sculptor. He is known for his metal wall sculptures and Looney Tunes shadow boxes.
	""When my eyes are closed, I'm thinking and when my eyes are open, I'm creating"" David Kracov was born in 1968 in Boston, Massachusetts. At the age of 12, after winning first place in an art competition, he became one of the youngest artists ever to be showcased in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. After receiving a degree from the Rhode Island School of Design, Kracov moved to Los Angeles in order to pursue a career in animation.
	David began as an animator on Ralph Bakshi's 'Cool World', where he quickly became Head of Special Effects. After production ended, David went on to work with Disney Animation, Don Bluth Animation, Rich Animation, as well as other renown studios, working on such features as Troll in Central Park, The Swan Princess, and more. During this time, David also worked for famous Special Effects studios, creating visual effects for successful feature films.
	During his time as an animator, having no formal training in sculpture, David began to experiment with different types of clay, and started sculpting the characters from those films he animated. He was then approached by Warner Bros. Studios, and commissioned to create a limited edition chess set, titled "Looney Trails", for the Warner Bros. Studio Galleries. All 50 sets, which required over seven months to complete, sold out within two days of their release. Following his initial success, Kracov continued working with the Warner Bros. studios, becoming the exclusive licensed sculptor for all Warner Bros. characters. 
	During that time David was contacted by Disney Studios to create sculptures of individual characters as well as chess sets for their stores, galleries, and theme parks.
	Kracov started experimenting with steel, using a technique previously pioneered by fellow Israeli artist Dudu (David) Gerstein. Like Gerstein, Kracov created steel wall sculptures, all hand-cut from a single sheet of steel and painted using a vibrant color palette. Kracov also experimented with paper cutting, tracing back to ancient far-east techniques known to be extremely delicate and accurate.
	As a tribute to Pavel Friedmann's poem 'The Butterfly', David includes at least one butterfly in most of the sculptures he creates.
	Kracov was commissioned by The Coca-Cola Company to create a butterfly-themed metal wall-sculpture titled "Open Happiness", for the company's 125th Anniversary. He now has 2 sculptures exhibited in the Coca-Cola museum in Atlanta and at the entrance of the Coca-Cola headquarters in France.
	Over the years Kracov has gained notable success and followers; his art is present in exclusive galleries all over the world, particularly in Asia, Europe and North America, and displayed in many central locations and luxury hotels, such as the Plaza Athenee in Paris.
	Kracov is also very popular among famous private art collectors around the world. His works can be found in the personal collections of renowned businessmen as well as Hollywood entertainers such as Steven Spielberg, Matt Damon, Liev Schreiber, Whoopi Goldberg, and Michael Douglas who gave the Book of Life sculpture to his father Kirk Douglas as a gift.
	For many years and until today David's works are being exclusively published and showcased by Cathia Klimovsky, in her own galleries and her partner galleries around the world. www.galleriaferrari.it
	Unique steel sculptures, hand-cut from a single sheet of steel, painted in vibrant colors.
	Books - Stunning book shaped metal sculptures, with different visual elements that emerge from the pages.
	Significant works:
	"THE BOOK OF LIFE" - A tribute to Rabbi Yossi Raichik, director of Charbad's Children of Chernobyl organization. Represents 2547 children that escaped 
	Chernobyl's nuclear disaster
	"THE BOOK OF LOVE" - An expression of love of the written word and an homage to those who are able to transform words into worlds
	"NOTEBOOK" - Musical notes that projects themselves from an open book.
	Hearts - Heart shaped metal sculptures in spectacular colors.
	Significant works:
	"LITTLE LOVE IN MY HEART" - The works captures the many shapes of love that can be felt in one's heart
	"EVERY STROKE COUNTS" - This work demonstrates the many elements that assemble one's heart, where the whole is made up by many, equally important 
	strokes of colores.
	"LOOK WITHIN YOUR HEART" - This work invited the observer to face his or her emotions and try and connect to the feelings inside.
	3d Wall Sculptures - 
	Beautiful wall-mounted metal sculptures in vivid colors.
	Significant works:
	Waves - 
	Vibrant metal sculptures of different colorful elements shaped in the form of a wave.
	Significant works:
	Boxes
	Significant works:
	Thinking Outside The Box (Metal)
	Significant works:
	Lips - 
	Lips shaped metal sculptures in vivid colors.
	Significant works:
	Homage - 
	A series of metal sculptures that pays homage to famous artists and cultural icons.
	Significant work:
	New York/Megalopolice - 
	A series of beautiful metal sculptures that pays homage to NY city and metropolitan cities in general.
	Significant works:
	Framed paper-cut sculptures in vibrant colors.
	Significant works:
	One of Kracov's most familiar works - an exclusive limited edition series of clever out of the box sculptures, made of hand-painted crushed marble, with layers of color reproduction backgrounds, signed by the artist.
	Significant works:
	In addition to his series, Kracov had also released some monochrome versions of his works, such as:

= = = Frank Sinatra bibliography = = =

	A list of books about Frank Sinatra:

= = = Red rosin paper = = =

	Red rosin paper (red building paper, brown rosin paper, slip sheet paper, rosin-sized sheathing paper, and building paper) is a 100% recycled heavy duty felt paper used in construction such as underlayment under flooring and siding. The name "rosin-sized sheathing paper", commonly used to describe the material, comes from the rosin used in the paper, the process of sizing it to add the rosin, and its use by builders. "Alum-rosin size was invented by Moritz Friedrich Illig in Germany in 1807..." and is known to have been used as a building paper by 1850.
	In building construction red rosin paper is used to reduce air and moisture flow through a wall or floor, create a "slip sheet" so different materials can slip by each other as they expand and contract, keep dust from working down through a floor, minimize squeaking, and sometimes as part of built-up roofs. Rosin paper is also temporarily used to protect a work site during construction. Rosin paper may have a polyurethane coating to improve moisture resistance and tearing. It is not acid free particularly containing abietic acid and comes in many size rolls up to wide.
	Papers from the Middle Ages were sized with gelatine but the invention of the paper-making machine in the late 18th century demanded a better size resulting in the creation of the rosin size.
	A modern equivalent would be Synthetic Resin Bonded Paper (SRBP).

= = = 2014 United States House of Representatives election in the United States Virgin Islands = = =

	The 2014 United States House of Representatives election in the United States Virgin Islands were held on Tuesday, November 4, 2014 to elect the non-voting Delegate to the United States House of Representatives from the United States Virgin Islands' at-large congressional district. The election coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices, including the election of the Virgin Islands' governor.
	The non-voting delegate is elected for a two-year term. Donna Christian-Christensen, who represented the district from 1997 to 2015, did not run for re-election. She instead ran for governor.
	Primary elections were held on August 2, 2014.

= = = Canada–Korea Free Trade Agreement = = =

	The Canada–Korea Free Trade Agreement (CKFTA) is a free trade agreement between Canada and South Korea. The agreement was concluded at the Blue House in Seoul on 11 March 2014 by Stephen Harper, the Prime Minister of Canada, and Park Geun-hye, the President of South Korea. It is the first free trade agreement between Canada and an Asia Pacific nation. The agreement entered into force on 1 January 2015.
	Upon full implementation, Canada will eliminate 97.8% of its tariff lines for goods imported from South Korea, and South Korea will eliminate 98.2% of its tariff lines for goods imported from Canada.
	The two countries began discussing establishing a free trade agreement in 2005, and held 14 rounds of bargaining sessions before finalizing the agreement. Canada's trade with South Korea had dropped by about after the conclusion of the European Union–South Korea Free Trade Agreement and the Free trade agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Korea.
	Canada's primary exports to South Korea in 2012 were non-renewable resources such as mineral fuels and oils (31%) and ores, slag, and ash (8.4%), and renewable resources such as wood pulp and paper products (9%). These totalled $3.7 billion in value, a decrease from $5 billion in 2011.
	South Korea's primary exports to Canada in 2012 were transportation products such as automobiles, trailers, and bicycles (40%), machinery and appliances (17%), and electrical machinery and equipment (15%). These totalled $6.3 billion in value, a decrease from $6.6 billion in 2011.
	Canada will eliminate tariffs on imported South Korean automobiles within two years of ratification of the trade deal.
	South Korea will eliminate the 40% tariff on imported Canadian beef within 15 years of ratification of the trade deal.
	Representatives of Canada's automotive industry criticized the deal, stating that it "rapidly eliminates tariffs on Korean imports and does not include retaliatory measures", such as the 'snap-back' provisions in the Free trade agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Korea. Dianne Craig, chief executive officer (CEO) and president of Ford Motor Company of Canada, stated that "South Korea will remain one of the most closed automotive markets in the world under the deal negotiated by the Canadian government" because South Korea imposes non-tariff barriers on imported vehicles. The government stated that automotive disputes between the two countries will be resolved within 177 days. Canada is South Korea's fifth-largest export market for automobiles, where South Korean automakers had 12% market share in 2013.
	Farmers and ranchers in South Korea have opposed the deal since it was first proposed. The South Korean government's Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy predicts that Korean cattle ranchers and the livestock sector in general will suffer from the increase in Canadian imports.

= = = Cabarrus County Public Library = = =

	The Cabarrus County Public Library is a department of the Cabarrus County Government in North Carolina and serves a population of nearly 200,000 individuals.
	The Cabarrus County Library has locations in Concord, Harrisburg, Kannapolis, Midland and Mt. Pleasant. 
	Records show that more than one out of three citizens of the county are registered users who have access to over two hundred and fifty thousand books, magazines, audio and video materials as well as digital collections that include audio, video and book selections. The library also provides such services as educational and entertainment programming, instructional classes, children's activities and other offerings that promotes the enjoyment of reading and supports pursuit of lifelong learning.
	The very first library for Cabarrus County was established on July 8, 1902 in Concord. This first library was in a small frame house located on Spring Street near the present day Coltrane-Webb elementary school. Mayfield Cole was named the first librarian with a salary of $8 per month; the library had very limited operating hours and books were acquired via donations from local citizens and it was proclaimed that the library owned a set of encyclopedias as well as a collection of Shakespeare's works. The library was governed by a board of directors that was composed of various local business men and/or their wives. This original library closed after just a year or two of being in operation.
	In 1911, a second attempt at organizing a public library met with greater success. The Board of Aldermen for the city of Concord named a Board of Trustees who became the governing body for the library. Various book clubs were in existence in the community and their desire for reading material was a part of the foundation for library services in Cabarrus County. These clubs banded together to form the Concord Library Association and citizens were charged dues in order to have borrowing privileges at the library which was located on the second floor of the Phifer Building. Interest was low as the area was still mainly rural and those living in Concord were generally textile mill workers earning low wages; education and reading were low priorities for those citizens.
	The library operated out of space given to them within various buildings in the city of Concord and eventually influential citizens urged the Board of Trustees to borrow money to buy a building dedicated solely to a library. James W. Cannon, founder of Cannon Mills gave $300 towards the purchase of a building for the library and in early 1913, the board purchased a small brick building located on South Union Street for a total cost of $3000. This building was remodeled in 1916 and "included the installation of a skylight and "quiet" signs."

= = = Gbado Airport = = =

	Gbado Airport is an airport serving Gbado, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

= = = Shooting at the 2002 Asian Games – Men's 10 metre running target team = = =

	The men's 10 metre running target team competition at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea was held on 3 and 4 October at the Changwon International Shooting Range.

= = = Joe Cole (actor) = = =

	Joseph Michael Cole (born 28 November 1988) is an English actor from Kingston, London. Some of his most notable roles include: Luke in "Skins", Tommy in "Offender", John Shelby in "Peaky Blinders", Marzin and Beckwith in "Secret in Their Eyes", Reece in "Green Room", Billy Moore in "A Prayer Before Dawn" and Frank in the "Black Mirror" episode "Hang the DJ".
	Cole's acting career began when he was accepted into the National Youth Theatre. He obtained his first roles in a one-night show in the West End, on "The Bill" and "Holby City", and then in roles on stage at the Bush Theatre's sell-out "School Season". Cole has also penned a comedy series with Matt Lucas. He starred as John Shelby in the British historical crime drama "Peaky Blinders".
	He also played a part in a season 4 episode of Charlie Brooker's "Black Mirror", earning a BAFTA nomination for Best Actor.
	For his role as Billy Moore in "A Prayer Before Dawn", Cole won Best Actor at the 2018 "British Independent Film Awards".
	Cole was born in November 1988, the oldest of five boys. His brother Finn Cole is also an actor and co-stars alongside him in "Peaky Blinders".

= = = Goyongo Airport = = =

	Goyongo Airport is an airstrip serving Goyongo, a hamlet in Nord-Ubangi Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

= = = Swimming at the 2014 South American Games – Women's 100 metre backstroke = = =

	The women's 100 metre backstroke competition at the 2014 South American Games took place on March 10 at the Estadio Nacional. The last champion was Fabíola Molina of Brazil.
	This race consisted of two lengths of the pool, all in backstroke.
	Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan Pacific records were as follows:
	All times are in minutes and seconds.
	The first round was held on March 10, at 11:48.
	The final was held on March 10, at 20:16.

= = = Exochi, Thessaloniki = = =

	Exochi () is a village and a community of the Pylaia-Chortiatis municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform it was part of the municipality of Chortiatis, of which it was a municipal district. The 2011 census recorded 1,280 inhabitants in the community. The community of Exochi covers an area of 2.575 km. 

= = = Karhusaari (disambiguation) = = =

	Kahusaari may refer to:

= = = The Bow Project = = =

	The Bow Project is a double album of studio recordings by the Nightingale String Quartet of Denmark, and historic field recordings of uhadi songs by Nofinishi Dywili from Ngqoko (Eastern Cape, South Africa), released in 2010. Each of the twelve string quartets, by a different composer, is based on a song by Dywili.
	"The Bow Project" invited South African, and later Faroese, composers to transcribe and paraphrase or reimagine, for the classical string quartet, the uhadi songs of Nofinishi Dywili. Composers based their transcription on the field recordings of ethnomusicologist Dr Dave Dargie, made between 1980 and 2002. The medium of the string quartet was seen as providing a perfect bridge between the world of traditional bow music and the world of new classical music. "The Bow Project" was launched at the New Music Indaba in 2002, and new works premiered at subsequent festivals. A South African tour in 2009 was followed by the CD production. Each concert included performances of the uhadi songs interpreted by musicians of the next generation, namely Madosini and Mantombi Matotiyana. The project is dedicated to the memory of Nofinishi Dywili who died in 2002. According to Dargie, Dywili possessed "exceptional rhythmic skill… whatever of the marvellous and complex rhythms there were in any of the songs – 10-vs-8 cross-rhythms or whatever – Nofinishi would also effortlessly bring in greater rhythmic complexity, making the songs even more wonderful."
	"The Bow Project" contains 26 compositions: ten string quartets by South African, and two by Faroese, composers; twelve performances of eight different uhadi songs; a short electronic bowscape; and a studio remix of one of the quartets. The compositions represent a broad range of contemporary compositional styles drawing on jazz and blues, rock, choral music, African traditional music, European new music including electronica, and American experimental music.
	In addition to the string quartet, two variants of the one-string calabash bow from South Africa can be heard, most notably the Xhosa uhadi from the Eastern Cape and the Zulu ughubu from KwaZulu-Natal. The ughubu (as well as some percussion) is featured on Track 6 of the first CD, in combination with the string quartet.
	Gwen Ansell, in the "Mail & Guardian", felt that the "project reinvigorates traditional bow music", while Ashraf Jamal, wrote in "artsouthafrica": "Part trance, part devotion, part joy in the free-fall then sudden hovering of sound, the experience provided an "ek-stasis", literally an outer-body experience."

= = = 2014 Northwestern Wildcats men's soccer team = = =

	The 2014 Northwestern Wildcats men's soccer team was the college's 35th season of playing organized men's college soccer.
	In the 2013 season, Northwestern finished at the bottom of the conference standings. Despite this, the team won their first Big Ten Tournament game against Wisconsin before losing to Michigan State in the semifinal. Northwestern would go on to lose in the first round of the NCAA tournament against Bradley.

= = = Givestin N'Suki = = =

	Zantu Givestin N'Suki (born 24 July 1990) is an Angolan professional footballer who plays as a striker. who currently plays for Hebei Zhongji in the China League One.
	On 31 July 2014, N'Suki transferred to China League One side Hebei Zhongji.

= = = Stanley United F.C. = = =

	Stanley United Football Club were an English association football club which mainly participated in the Northern League from 1910–1974 and also in the Wearside League from 1988–2003, They reached the FA Cup First Round Proper in the 1954–55 season, losing 5–3 to Crook Town,
	1, Players that have played/managed in the Football League or any foreign equivalent to this level (i,e, fully professional league),<br>
	2, Players with full international caps,<br>
	3, Players that hold a club record or have captained the club,

= = = Vicente Costa = = =

	Vicente Costa (born 1 January 1947) is a Maltese Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Jundiaí in Brazil.
	Costa was born in Birkirkara, Malta on January 1, 1947. He received his primary education in Birkirkara from 1954 to 1957 and the preceded to secondary schooling at the Minor Seminary of Floriana. In 1964 he started his studies at the University of Malta where he obtained a degree in philosophy. He left for Brazil where he started his studies for the priesthood. Costa studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome between 1969 and 1971. He was ordained priest on December 17, 1972.
	In 1973 Costa became rector of the Cathedral of Maringá and later was transferred to São Jorge do Ivaí as parish priest. He also served in other parishes throughout the country. In 1994 he resumed his post as Parochial Vicar of the Cathedral of Maringáuntil 1997. In 1998 Pope John Paul II appointed him Auxiliary Bishop of Londrina. He was consecrated in September 1998 by the Archbishop of Maringá Murilo Ramos Krieger. He was given the titular see of Aquae Flaviae.
	In 2002 Costa was appointed as Bishop of Umuarama. He was installed on December 13, 2002. Seven years later Pope Benedict XVI transferred him to the larger Diocese of Jundiaí. He was installed as the fifth bishop on March 7, 2010.

= = = Ferryhill Athletic F.C. = = =

	Ferryhill Athletic Football Club were an English association football club which participated in the Northern League from 1923–1997 and also in the Wearside League from 1998–2006. They reached the FA Cup First Round Proper on two occasions, losing 6–1 to Oldham Athletic in the 1935–36 season, and 3–0 to Workington in the 1953–54 season.

= = = Freaky Fortune = = =

	Freaky Fortune is a Greek musical duo. Its members are the vocalist Nicolas "Nick" Raptakis (Νικόλας Ραπτάκης, Athens 30 April 1990) and the producer Theofilos Pouzbouris (Θεόφιλος Πουζμπούρης, Athens 9 February 1991) a.k.a. Teo Buzz.
	Their breakthrough in the internet community was a cover on the Perez Hilton's cover competition. Freaky Fortune "Part of me" (Katy Perry cover) was announced as a nice work by the Greek duo. After their win, they released 3 singles "Our Destiny", "Stronger" and "All I need", having a small local radio success.
	In 2014, they were chosen to represent Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 along with the rapper RiskyKidd with the song "Rise Up". "Rise Up" came 20th in the Final of Eurovision 2014.
	Their following single "In a world without you" was released on June 25, 2014 receiving positive reviews from music critics. The song was a collaboration with the Greek Dj Nicolas Costa who also wrote the song while the production was done by him and Freaky Fortune.

= = = Swimming at the 2014 South American Games – Women's 100 metre breaststroke = = =

	The women's 100 metre breaststroke competition at the 2014 South American Games took place on March 10 at the Estadio Nacional. The last champion was Agustina de Giovanni of Argentina.
	This race consisted of two lengths of the pool, both lengths being in breaststroke.
	All times are in minutes and seconds.
	The first round was held on March 10, at 12:19.
	The final was held on March 10, at 20:42.

= = = Woods Hill = = =

	Woods Hill is an historic estate at 1501 Clay Street in Franklin, Virginia. The estate is notable for its house, designed by architect Alan McCullough and built in 1951, and its landscaping, designed by Charles Freeman Gillette. The house is a two-story brick structure, built out of custom bricks laid in Old English Bond and mortared using rough edging mortar. The property includes a log cabin and old service station (established by the building owner's father) that were located on the rural parcel.
	The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

= = = Spencer Dinwiddie = = =

	Spencer Gray Dinwiddie (born April 6, 1993) is an American professional basketball player for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Colorado Buffaloes and earned first-team all-conference honors in the Pac-12 as a sophomore in 2013. He missed most of his junior year after injuring his anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Dinwiddie recovered and was selected by the Detroit Pistons in the second round of the 2014 NBA draft. After two seasons with the Pistons, he joined the Nets in December 2016. In December 2018 he signed a three-year contract extension with the Nets.
	At William Howard Taft High School, Dinwiddie was recognized as one of the greatest standout athletes since Jordan Farmar. He averaged 5.9 points and 4.1 assists as the starting point guard alongside a fellow 2014 draftee in DeAndre Daniels at the conclusion of his junior season. Dinwiddie maximized his game as he began his final year representing the school, averaging 11.2 points and 7.7 assists. He was one of the most skilled passers in school history, and became the John R. Wooden California High School Player of the Year in 2011. However, Long Beach Poly's Ryan Anderson was named California Mr. Basketball. Dinwiddie became just one of seven players that won the prestigious award as a senior. The powerful duo of Daniels and Dinwiddie won the city championship this season as well. This final season at Taft helped Dinwiddie gain the attention of colleges around the country. He chose to attend Colorado rather than Harvard, Oregon, Santa Clara, or UNLV.
	Considered a three-star recruit by Rivals.com, Dinwiddie was listed as the No. 25 point guard and the No. 146 player in the nation in 2011.
	In the first regular season game for Colorado, Dinwiddie made his collegiate debut in a 32-point victory over Fort Lewis with seven points and seven rebounds. He shot just 2-for-9 from the field. Dinwiddie reached double figures in his sixth appearance, which was against Georgia. This was the first time he had shot over .500 on field goals up till then. The California native led the team to this win and made three key free throws in the final seconds. Dinwiddie teamed with fellow freshman Askia Booker, forming another duo on his new team. They combined for 677 points, making school history by scoring over 250 points each. At the conclusion of the season, they were the only Buffaloes to do so. Dinwiddie became a member of the Pac-12 Conference Tournament Championship Team. He led Colorado in free throw percentage and ranked third among freshmen in that category. By the end of the regular season, Dinwiddie had helped the team earn its first NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament berth since the 2002–03 season. Shooting three-pointers at .438 clip, Dinwiddie was named to the Pac-12 All-Freshman Team with Tony Wroten. He was the only Pac-12 freshman to have a field-goal percentage of over .400 total.
	The departures of Carlon Brown and Nate Tomlinson were instrumental in Dinwiddie's breakout sophomore season. Leading the team in assists, they reached the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament for the second consecutive season, in which they reached the second round. It was the first time the team had reached back-to-back tournaments since the 1963 season. The Buffaloes won the 2012 Charleston Classic, in which Dinwiddie took the role as starting small forward in the final three rounds. He was just one of two players – the other being Askia Booker – to start all 33 games. By the end of the season, Booker and Dinwiddie became the highest sophomore scoring tandem in school history. Dinwiddie led the team in assists 20 times and was the top scorer on 15 different occasions. He recorded 29 points in a home win over Colorado State, which marked his own career-high scoring record. On February 10, 2012, Dinwiddie recorded a perfect game against Oregon State. He shot 6-for-6 from the field, 4-for-4 from beyond the arc, and 8-for-8 on free throws. This set the school record for most points scored without missing a single shot. He made the remark, "I see over people and I shoot over people... for the smaller point guards, they don't really get to contest me." The Taft graduate stood by the end of the season.
	Dinwiddie continued to act as the leader of the Colorado Buffaloes men's basketball team through the beginning of his junior year. He helped the team win 14 of their first 16 regular season games, which made them one of the most successful underdogs in the country, most notably toppling the Kansas Jayhawks due to a game-winner from Askia Booker. Dinwiddie was considered the catalyst for the unanticipated run from his team, however. On November 21, 2012, he shot a career-best 14-for-15 from the free throw line against Santa Barbara. Colorado won each game in which their top scorer scored 20 or more points total.
	On January 12, 2014, Dinwiddie suffered a career-threatening ACL injury against Washington, forcing him to sit out for the remainder of the season. As his junior season was cut short, the team finished the year just 23–12; their record was 14–2 while Dinwiddie was healthy. Dinwiddie reportedly made contact with Russ Paine, who helped Adrian Peterson recover from his ACL injury and become the 2012 NFL MVP.
	On April 24, 2014, Dinwiddie declared for the NBA draft, foregoing his final year of college eligibility.
	Dinwiddie was selected with the 38th overall pick by the Detroit Pistons in the 2014 NBA draft. He appeared in 34 games for the Pistons as a rookie, making one start and receiving two assignments to the Grand Rapids Drive, the Pistons' D-League affiliate. His lone start came on February 20, 2015, after a pair of trades left the Pistons short-handed. He had career highs of 12 points and nine assists in a 100–91 win over the Chicago Bulls. Eight days later, he scored a season-best 20 points to go with eight assists in 25 minutes off the bench in a 99–95 loss to the Washington Wizards.
	The 2015–16 season saw Dinwiddie appear in just 12 regular-season games for the Pistons, after spending the majority of the season in the D-League with the Grand Rapids Drive. After back-up Steve Blake opened the season in a miserable shooting slump, Dinwiddie received his first opportunity of the season in the tenth game, scoring 17 points on November 15 in a 97–85 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers. However, after struggling in the next four games, he fell out of the rotation, compounded by Blake's form improvement and Brandon Jennings returning from injury. Dinwiddie played a season-high 29 minutes in the Pistons' regular-season finale on April 13, scoring 12 points in a 112–110 overtime win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. He then appeared in game two of the Pistons' 4–0 first-round playoff series loss to the Cavaliers.
	On June 17, 2016, Dinwiddie was traded to the Chicago Bulls in exchange for Cameron Bairstow. He was waived by the Bulls on July 7, re-signed on July 28, and waived again on October 21 after appearing in five preseason games. He then spent the start of the 2016–17 season with Chicago's D-League affiliate team, the Windy City Bulls, averaging 19.4 points, 8.1 assists and 3.7 rebounds over 37.4 minutes in nine games.
	On December 8, 2016, Dinwiddie signed with the Brooklyn Nets. On February 15, 2017, he scored 15 of his season-high 19 points in the fourth quarter of the Nets' 129–125 loss to the Milwaukee Bucks. On April 8, 2017, in a 107–106 win over the Chicago Bulls, Dinwiddie made four free throws in the final 13.6 seconds and finished with 19 points.
	On October 25, 2017, Dinwiddie scored a career-high 22 points and hit the go-ahead 3-pointer with 43 seconds left to lift the Nets to a 112–107 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. On October 29, he tied his career high with 22 points in a 124–111 loss to the Denver Nuggets. On November 17, he set a new career high with 25 points in a 118–107 win over the Utah Jazz. On December 14, he had 26 points in a 111–104 loss to the New York Knicks. On December 23, he tied his career high with 26 points in a 123–119 overtime loss to the Indiana Pacers. On January 3, 2018, he made the go-ahead jumper with 10.1 seconds left and tied his career high with 26 points, leading Brooklyn to a 98–97 victory over the Minnesota Timberwolves. On January 8, he set a new career high with 31 points in a 114–113 overtime loss to the Toronto Raptors. On January 12, he recorded a near triple-double with 20 points, 10 assists and nine rebounds in a 110–105 win over the Atlanta Hawks. On January 17, he had a career-high 13 assists in a 100–95 loss to the San Antonio Spurs. On February 17, Dinwiddie won the Skills Challenge at All-Star Weekend.
	On November 25, 2018, Dinwiddie scored 31 points in a 127–125 loss to the Philadelphia 76ers. On December 12, he scored a career-high 39 points in a 127–124 win over the 76ers. The following day, he signed a reported three-year, $34 million contract extension with the Nets. On December 26, he had 37 points and 11 assists off the bench in a 134–132 double-overtime win over the Charlotte Hornets. It was his third 30-point game off the bench, matching the franchise record set by Clifford T. Robinson in 1980–81. On January 16, 2019, he scored 25 of his 33 points in the fourth quarter and overtime of the Nets' 145–142 win over the Houston Rockets. On January 23, he scored a game-high 29 points in a 114–110 win over the Orlando Magic, thus scoring at least 25 points off the bench in 10 games, matching a franchise single-season record—Bubbles Hawkins set the mark during the Nets' inaugural NBA season in 1976–77. Two days later, it was revealed that a right thumb injury that he had originally hurt roughly two months earlier and had gotten progressively worse would require surgery, having suffered torn ligaments. He underwent surgery on January 28. He returned to action on March 1 after missing 14 games, scoring 15 points off the bench in a 123–112 loss to the Hornets. With 28 points against the Cavaliers on March 6, Dinwiddie had his 14th 20-point game off the bench to set a Nets single-season record—Darryl Dawkins, Purvis Short and Orlando Woolridge all had 13. With 23 points against the Hawks on March 9, Dinwiddie surpassed Armen Gilliam in 1993–94 with the most single-season points in a reserve role.
	On January 28, 2020, Dinwiddie switched his jersey number from 8 to 26 after the approval of the NBA, in honor of the late Kobe Bryant.
	In 2013, Dinwiddie was named to the USA Basketball Men's World University Games Team for the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan, Russia. He was one of three players on Team USA to start all eight games. He averaged 7.9 points and 2.6 rebounds per game and led Team USA with 44 assists (5.5 apg) and with 12 steals (1.5 spg).
	Dinwiddie is the son of Malcolm and Stephanie Dinwiddie, and he has a younger brother, Taylor. Dinwiddie has a son with his girlfriend Arielle Roberson, the sister of fellow NBA player André Roberson.

= = = Tomnod = = =

	Tomnod was a project owned by Colorado-based satellite company DigitalGlobe that used crowdsourcing to identify objects and places in satellite images. It was announced Tomnod was no longer using crowdsourcing of images as of 1 August 2019.
	Originally a research project of the University of California, San Diego in 2010, Tomnod (Mongolian for "big eye") was founded by Shay Har-Noy, Luke Barrington, Nate Ricklin and Albert Yu Min Lin. Three years later, Tomnod was acquired by the company DigitalGlobe while incubating at EvoNexus. Tomnod uses online map interfaces that engage many people to each view and tag a small section of a large area on the planet. In 2011 Tomnod cooperated with the UNHCR to locate refugee camps in Somalia. Users were asked to use satellite images to count the shelters of refugees. Other projects include searching for the tomb of Genghis Khan, mapping damage after Typhoon Haiyan, and searching for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.
	Starting in March 2014 Tomnod took images gathered by DigitalGlobe satellites and offered them to the public for viewing and identification in the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370. Over 8 million people used the site to look for signs of wreckage, oil spills and other objects of interest. Prior to this search effort Tomnod had 10,000 contributors for other projects on the site. Users could tag images which are later reviewed with algorithms. The site was down on 11 and 12 March due to high traffic (100,000 visits per minute). It was reported that over 650,000 "objects of interest" had been tagged by users on Tomnod and that their maps had been viewed over 98 million times. Originally Tomnod had included 24,000 square kilometres of satellite imagery for users to search. Later they included maps of 14,000 km of the Straits of Malacca and the Indian Ocean as new information was released.

= = = Holocaust in Bolekhiv = = =

	During the Holocaust, the Jewish population of over 3000 in Bolekhiv (Yiddish: Bolechov, בולוחוב or באלעכוב, Polish: Bolechów) in 1940, with additional thousands of Jews brought in from the surrounding villages and towns in 1941 and 1942, was mostly annihilated, brutally, by the Germans with local Ukrainian collaborators. Only 48 of Bolekhiv's Jews were known to have survived the war.
	A wealth of documentation exists about the atrocities committed in this town, beginning already in 1935, before World War II, by the local population and government, and ending with the total annihilation of the Jewish population by 1943. A book, "" by Daniel Mendelsohn, tells the story of the town and the demise of its Jews, according to testimony, most of which was found at the Yad Vashem holocaust museum in Jerusalem. A survivor, Shlomo Adler, published a book "I am a Jew Again" about the town in Hebrew, and a German writer Anatol Regnier who married an Israeli singer the daughter of a Jewish Bolechov survivor, wrote another version of the town story "Damals in Bolechów: Eine jüdische Odyssee".
	A documentary movie "Neighbors and Murderers" was made, about the books and their authors, following the survivors' stories, and those of some of the Ukrainian neighbors who witnessed what happened, also confronting some of the Ukrainian perpetrators' family. The movie ends with the sister in law of one of the murderers from the Ukrainian police, herself a victim of the communist regime sent to Siberia for many years, asking forgiveness, and the survivor asking if he is allowed to forgive.
	A Jewish community existed in Bolekhiv (Yiddish pronunciation: Bolechov) since its establishment by Nicholas Gydzincki. The town founder proclaimed equal rights to Jews as Christians, and this was confirmed by Sigismund III Vasa, the king of the new Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formerly crown prince of Poland, the grand duke of Lithuania, and later to become king of Sweden.
	By 1890, seventy-five percent of the population of Bolekhiv (4237 people) was Jewish.
	Two Jewish residents of Bolekhiv, Moshe Weiss and Josef Rotte, established and participated in the first Kibbutz by the Shomer Hatzair movement in Palestine, and were members of the Shomriya Workers Battalion.
	By 1940 the Jewish population of Bolekhiv reached about 3000.
	In 1941 and 1942, thousands of Jews were added to the population, from the surrounding towns.
	Only 48 Jews of the town survived World War II
	A book about 19th century Bolekhiv, "Memoirs of Reb Bear of Bolechov" is known to be one of the important historical documents about Jewish life in Galicia and eastern Europe in those times.
	A Hassidic Rebbe, rabbi Shneibalg, 'the Rebbe of Bolechov', had a large Hassidic court in the town.
	In 1935 with the death of the Polish leader Joseph Pilsudski, antisemitism began to prevail. The Polish government encouraged citizens to boycott Jewish businesses, and Christian business owners were warned not to do business with Jewish owned companies. These measures caused a deterioration in the economic status of the Jews of Galicia and among them of the Jews of Bolekhiv. From newspaper reports of the time, it is known that the number of violent attacks against Jews was on a rise, and hundreds of Jews were shot and killed.
	In 1940 the thriving Jewish population of Bolekhiv was about 3000, with 4 major Synagogues.
	On 28 and 29 October 1941, four months after capturing the town, and 16days after the first mass murders in Galicia at Stanislavov the German police carried out a first "Aktion" (German annihilation operation) in Bolekhiv: About 1000 of the richer Jews, doctors, and others including the Rabbis, were taken from their homes, rounded up in the town square and marched to the "Dom Katolicki" - the catholic center at the north of the town, where they were tortured for 24hours, especially the rabbis, and many killed. They were then taken to the nearby Taniawa forest where they were shot and dropped into a pit and then buried, many of them still alive.
	At around the same time the population grew by a few thousand, when Jews from surrounding towns were brought to Bolekhiv.
	Ms. Rivka Mondshein gave evidence about this first 'Aktion':
	In the documentary "Neighbors and Murderers" the narrator translates other testimony and tells of a woman who was forced to dance naked on the others, and that Rabbi Horowitz who refused to watch was stabbed in the eyes, before being ripped to pieces. A man from the town describing what he saw, said that the shots were done by "our policemen" - 9 Ukrainian policemen. One of them, Matwiecki, was hunted down by the Polish police along with Shlomo Adler, who had joined the Polish police after the war, using his alias name Stanislav. The man had opened fire at the police unit, and Adler threw a grenade, killing the man's wife and baby. Someone else shot the man with the rifle. Years later Adler discovered that they had attacked the wrong person.
	About a year later, on 3 to 5 September 1942, the Germans committed a second 'Aktion' in which about 1,500 Jews were murdered, many of them children, and an additional 2,000 Jews were sent to the Belzec death camp where most were subsequently murdered.
	The Jews had received a warning message from the Judenrat of Drohobitz that a murderous attack was ensuing. Local Ukrainian residents decided to begin the massacre before the Germans arrived. Mostly children were brutally murdered, one baby stamped upon after being grabbed from his tortured mother while giving birth. The Gestapo soldiers bragged that they killed 600 children, and one Ukrainian civilian said that he alone killed 97 children. (Following the war, a son of this man, living in the US, and serving as a priest read about these atrocities and dedicated the rest of his life helping commemorate the Jewish community of Bolekhiv).
	A total of 600-700 children and 800-900 adults were killed that day. Two thousand others were gathered and sent to the Belzec death camp. While marching to the train station they were forced to sing, mostly the song "Belz mein shtetele Belz".
	In 1946 Ms. Mathilda Geleranter gave the following evidence about the second Aktion in Bolechov:
	Most of the Jews gathered from the nearby towns or originally living in Bolechov were murdered during 1942. Very few hid in dug out caves in the forest and stole food from nearby farms, or joined the Partisans, and survived the war, but mostly all the Jews left in Bolechov were killed.
	A list of deportations to the Belzec death camp list 2000 Jews sent on 3 to 6 August 1942 (perhaps this is a mistake and should be 3 to 6 September during the 2nd aktion) and then 400 Jews deported there on 21 October and another 300 Jews on 20 to 23 November.
	In June Dina Ostrover, a survivor of the train ride to Belzec from Stryi, who was in Bolechov with false papers as a Ukrainian, heard that the next day 30 German soldiers were coming to town. It was obvious that they were coming to finish off the Jews. She saved a Jewish accountant who came regularly to the farm and his wife, and hid them in the attic, till the end of the war.
	On 25 August 1943, 3200 Jews, who were most of, or the last of the remaining Jews in Bolechov, were deported to the Stanislavov Ghetto or to a camp nearby.
	At some stage in 1943, when there were only about 900 Jews left, working at local makeshift "work camps" for a few days, groups of 100 and 200 Jews were marched to the town cemetery nearby and shot. The sounds were heard well in the town, and one woman testified that her mother, who was then at the age of 40, felt obliged to drown out the sound with an old pedal powered sewing machine.
	Surviving Jews testified that several local Ukrainians took a major part in the atrocities.
	According to Rab Van der Laarse, in an article written for a conference of the European Union Archaeologist Society, Eastern European "national amnesia" is now (since around 2000 and till today at 2014) being contested, with national and international affiliations, including at times affiliation with the Nazi regime as anti-communist, and emphasizing communist post-war atrocities, as well as pre-war and during the war mass murders and other crimes.
	In the documentary movie "Neighbors and Murderers", neighbours of the cemetery, who remember the killing in the cemetery, differ on the perpetrators. One says that "the Jews were taken like a herd of sheep, the Germans surrounded the Jews in cemetery from three sides..." but another, when asked who did the actual shooting, said: "They were all our policemen. Nine Ukrainian policemen, there were no Germans at all." Shlomo Adler, one of the Jewish survivors, discovers that the Ukrainian collaborator that disclosed the hiding place of three families living in a cave, was the brother of the woman that saved his own life and hid him throughout the last years of the war.
	In the same movie, the sister in law of Matwiecki is confronted by Adler (mistaking her for Matwiecki's actual sister), and upon hearing of her brother in law's actions, at first cannot believe it and claims it's a mistake, but finally realizes the truth and cries along with Adler.

= = = Thierry de Termonde = = =

	Thierry of Termonde (also Terremonde or Tenremonde, died in 1206 in Rusion) was lord of Adelon for marriage in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and constable of Latin Empire of Constantinople.
	He was the youngest son of Gautier II de Termonde, Lord of Termonde (Flemish: Dendermonde) in Flanders.
	He was probably as Thierry d'Orca and Aymar de Lairon one of the Crusaders who remained in the Holy Land after the end of the Third Crusade. In 1204 came from the Holy Land and was with Hugh II of Saint Omer and his brother Ralph with a contingent of troops to Constantinople, where his compatriot Baldwin of Flanders, had just been crowned after the Fourth Crusade Emperor of the Latin Empire. Baldwin there named Thierry as constable. According to Geoffrey of Villehardouin Thierry died in the spring of 1206 at the Battle of Rusion (also Roussillon or Rusium) in Thrace fighting against Bulgarians.

= = = DNA base flipping = = =

	DNA base flipping, or nucleotide flipping, is a mechanism in which a single nucleotide base, or nucleobase, is rotated outside the nucleic acid double helix. This occurs when a nucleic acid-processing enzyme needs access to the base to perform work on it, such as its excision for replacement with another base during DNA repair. It was first observed in 1994 using X-ray crystallography in a methyltransferase enzyme catalyzing methylation of a cytosine base in DNA. Since then, it has been shown to be used by different enzymes in many biological processes such as DNA methylation, various DNA repair mechanisms, and DNA replication. It can also occur in RNA double helices or in the DNA:RNA intermediates formed during RNA transcription.
	DNA base flipping occurs by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases and unstacking the base from its neighbors. This could occur through an active process, where an enzyme binds to the DNA and then facilitates rotation of the base, or a passive process, where the 
	base rotates out spontaneously, and this state is recognized and bound by an enzyme. It can be detected using 
	X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, or hybridization probes.
	Base flipping was first observed in 1994 when researchers Klimasauskas, Kumar, Roberts, and Cheng used X-ray crystallography to view an intermediate step in the chemical reaction of a methyltransferase bound to DNA. The methyltransferase they used was the C5-cytosine methyltransferase from "Haemophilus haemolyticus" (M. HhaI). This enzyme recognizes a specific sequence of the DNA (5'-GCGC-3') and methylates the first cytosine base of the sequence at its C5 location. Upon crystallization of the M. HhaI-DNA complex, they saw the target cytosine base was rotated completely out of the double helix and was positioned in the active site of the M. HhaI. It was held in place by numerous interactions between the M. HhaI and DNA. 
	The authors theorized that base flipping was a mechanism used by many other enzymes, such as helicases, recombination enzymes, RNA polymerases, DNA polymerases, and Type II topoisomerases. Much research has been done in the years subsequent to this discovery and it has been found that base flipping is a mechanism used in many of the biological processes the authors suggest.
	DNA nucleotides are held together with hydrogen bonds, which are relatively weak and can be easily broken. Base flipping occurs on a millisecond timescale by breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases and unstacking the base from its neighbors. The base is rotated out of the double helix by 180 degrees., typically via the major groove, and into the active site of an enzyme. This opening leads to small conformational changes in the DNA backbone which are quickly stabilized by the increased enzyme-DNA interactions. Studies looking at the free-energy profiles of base flipping have shown that the free-energy barrier to flipping can be lowered by 17 kcal/mol for M.HhaI in the closed conformation.
	There are two mechanisms of DNA base flipping: active and passive. In the active mechanism, an enzyme binds to the DNA and then actively rotates the base, while in the passive mechanism a damaged base rotates out spontaneously first, then is recognized and bound by the enzyme. Research has demonstrated both mechanisms: uracil-DNA glycosylase follows the passive mechanism and Tn10 transposase follows the active mechanism.
	Furthermore, studies have shown that DNA base flipping is used by many different enzymes in a variety biological processes such as DNA methylation, various DNA repair mechanisms, RNA transcription and DNA replication.
	DNA can have mutations that cause a base in the DNA strand to be damaged. To ensure genetic integrity of the DNA, enzymes need to repair any damage. There are many types of DNA repair. Base excision repair utilizes base flipping to flip the damaged base out of the double helix and into the specificity pocket of a glycosylase which hydrolyzes the glycosidic bond and removes the base. DNA glycosylases interact with DNA, flipping bases to determine a mismatch. An example of base excision repair occurs when a cytosine base is deaminated and becomes a uracil base. This causes a U:G mispair which is detected by Uracil DNA glycosylase. The uracil base is flipped out into the glycosylase active pocket where it is removed from the DNA strand. Base flipping is used to repair mutations such as 8-Oxoguanine (oxoG) and thymine dimers created by UV radiation.
	DNA replication and RNA transcription both make use of base flipping. DNA polymerase is an enzyme that carries out replication. It can be thought of as a hand that grips the DNA single strand template. As the template passes across the palm region of the polymerase, the template bases are flipped out of the helix and away from the dNTP binding site. During transcription, RNA polymerase catalyzes RNA synthesis. During the initiation phase, two bases in the -10 element flip out from the helix and into two pockets in RNA polymerase. These new interactions stabilize the -10 element and promote the DNA strands to separate or melt.
	Base flipping occurs during latter stages of recombination. RecA is a protein that promotes strand invasion during homologous recombination. Base flipping has been proposed as the mechanism by which RecA can enable a single strand to recognize homology in duplex DNA. Other studies indicate that it is also involved in V(D)J Recombination.
	DNA methylation is the process in which a methyl group is added to either a cytosine or adenine. This process causes the activation or inactivation of gene expression, thereby resulting in gene regulation in eukaryotic cells. DNA methylation process is also known to be involved in certain types of cancer formation. In order for this chemical modification to occur, it is necessary that the target base flips out of the DNA double helix to allow the methyltransferases to catalyze the reaction.
	Restriction endonucleases, also known as restriction enzymes are enzymes that cleave the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA at specific nucleotides sequences that are usually four to six nucleotides long. Studies performed by Horton and colleagues have shown that the mechanism by which these enzymes cleave the DNA involves base flipping as well as bending the DNA and the expansion of the minor groove. In 2006, Horton and colleagues, x-ray crystallography evidence was presented showing that the restriction endonuclease HinP1I utilizes base flipping in order to recognize its target sequence. This enzyme is known to cleave the DNA at the palindromic tetranucleotide sequence G↓CGC.
	X-ray crystallography is a technique that measures the angles and intensities of crystalline atoms in order to determine the atomic and molecular structure of the crystal of interest. Crystallographers are then able to produce and three-dimensional picture where the positions of the atoms, chemical bonds as well as other important characteristics can be determined. Klimasaukas and colleagues used this technique to observe the first base flipping phenomenon, in which their experimental procedure involved several steps: 
	During purification, Haemophilus haemolyticus methyltransferase was overexpressed and purified using a high salt back-extraction step to selectively solubilize M.HhaI, followed by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) as done previously by Kumar and colleagues. Authors utilized a Mono-Q anion exchange column to remove the small quantity of proteinaceous materials and unwanted DNA prior to the crystallization step. Once M.HhaI was successfully purified, the sample was then grown using a method that mixes the solution containing the complex at a temperature of 16 °C and the hanging-drop vapor diffusion technique to obtain the crystals. Authors were then able to collect the x-ray data according to a technique used by Cheng and colleagues in 1993. This technique involved the measurement of the diffraction intensities on a FAST detector, where the exposure times for 0.1° rotation were 5 or 10 seconds. For the structure determination and refinement, Klimasaukas and colleagues used the molecular replacement of the refined apo structure described by Cheng and colleagues in 1993 where the search models X-PLOR, MERLOT, and TRNSUM were used to solve the rotation and translation functions. This part of the study involves the use of a variety of software and computer algorithms to solve the structures and characteristics of the crystal of interest.
	NMR spectroscopy is a technique that has been used over the years to study important dynamic aspects of base flipping. This technique allows researchers to determine the physical and chemical properties of atoms and other molecules by utilizing the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei. In addition, NMR can provide a variety of information including structure, reaction states, chemical environment of the molecules, and dynamics. During the DNA base flipping discovery experiment, researchers utilized NMR spectroscopy to investigate the enzyme-induced base flipping of HhaI methyltransferase. In order to accomplish this experiment, two 5-fluorocytosine residues were incorporated into the target and the reference position with the DNA substrate so the F chemical shift analysis could be performed. Once the F chemical shift analysis was evaluated, it was then concluded that the DNA complexes existed with multiple forms of the target 5-fluorocytosine along the base flipping pathway.
	Fluorescence spectroscopy is a technique that is used to assay a sample using a fluorescent probe. DNA nucleotides themselves are not good candidates for this technique because they do not readily re-emit light upon light excitation. A fluorescent marker is needed to detect base flipping. 2-Aminopurine is a base that is structurally similar to adenine, but is very fluorescent when flipped out from the DNA duplex. It is commonly used to detect base flipping and has an excitation at 305‑320 nm and emission at 370 nm so that it well separated from the excitations of proteins and DNA. Other fluorescent probes used to study DNA base flipping are 6MAP (4‑amino‑6‑methyl‑7(8H)‑pteridone) and Pyrrolo‑C (3-[β-D-2-ribofuranosyl]-6-methylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(3H)-one). Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy is also employed to provide a more detailed picture of the extent of base flipping as well as the conformational dynamics occurring during base flipping.
	Hybridization probes can be used to detect base flipping. This technique uses a molecule that has a complementary sequence to the sequence you would like to detect such that it binds to a single-strand of the DNA or RNA. Several hybridization probes have been used to detect base flipping. Potassium permanganate is used to detect thymine residues that have been flipped out by cytosine-C5 and adenine-N6 methyltransferases. Chloroacetaldehyde is used to detect cytosine residues flipped out by the HhaI DNA cytosine-5 methyltransferase (M. HhaI).

= = = Ex on the Beach (British TV series) = = =

	Ex on the Beach is a British reality television series that is broadcast on MTV. The series was first announced in February 2014, and premiered on 22 April 2014. The series is narrated by Andrew Maxwell.
	On 20 March 2019, it was confirmed that the tenth series of the show had been cancelled prior to airing following the death of cast member Mike Thalassitis. In January 2020, a celebrity version of the series premiered on MTV.
	The first series of the show was announced in February 2014 and premiered on MTV on 22 April 2014. The series ran for eight episodes and concluded on 10 June 2014. The official list of cast members was released on 13 March 2014 and includes four single boys: Ashley Cain, Jack Lomax, Liam Lewis and Marco Alexandre; as well as four single girls: Chloe Goodman, Emily Gillard, Farah Sattaur and Vicky Pattison. It was announced that "Geordie Shore" star Vicky Pattison would be taking part in the series; she was joined by ex-fiancé and former "Geordie Shore" co-star Ricci Guarnaccio as well as Australian fling Daniel Conn who featured briefly in series 6 of "Geordie Shore". On 7 January 2015, cast member Chloe Goodman entered the "Celebrity Big Brother" house to compete in the fifteenth series. However she became the first Housemate to be evicted. Ashley later returned for Series 2 as an ex, while Vicky returned in the third series. Liam and Chloe both returned again for Series 5, while Ashley and Joss made appearances as exes. Ross was another cast member from this series to make a return, this time during Series 6.
	The second series of the show began airing on 27 January 2015 and ran for eight episodes, concluding on 17 March 2015. This was confirmed on 23 July 2014 when it was announced that filming would begin soon, with the series airing in 2015. The official list of cast members was released on 6 January 2015. It included four single boys: Connor Hunter, Luke Goodfellow, Morgan Evans and Rogan O'Connor, as well as four single girls: Anita Kaushik, Kayleigh Morris, Loren Green and Melissa Reeves. It was also announced that "Geordie Shore" stars Charlotte Crosby and Gary Beadle would be taking part in the series.
	Ahead of the launch of the new series, it was confirmed that Series 1 cast member Ashley Cain would be returning for the second series as an ex. Rogan later returned for the third series, while Jess and Gary both returned for the fifth series as main cast, with Kayleigh and Melissa appearing as exes. Kayleigh also went on to appear in the eighteenth series of "Big Brother" in 2017, but was removed from the house on Day 13 due to threatening behaviour. In 2018, Jess Impiazzi, an ex during this series went onto appear in the twenty-first series of "Celebrity Big Brother".
	The third series of the show began on 11 August 2015. The official list of cast members was released on 14 July 2015. This series was filmed in Cancun, Mexico, making this the first series to be filmed outside of Europe. They include four boys: Graham Griffiths, Jayden Robins, Kirk Norcross and Stephen Bear, and four girls: Amy Paige Cooke, Laura Alicia Summers, Megan McKenna and Megan Rees. With the announcement of the line-up it was confirmed that former "Geordie Shore" cast member and star of the first series, Vicky Pattison, would be making her return as an ex alongside Series 2 star Rogan O'Connor. "The Only Way Is Essex" cast member Kirk Norcross was also confirmed to be taking part in the series, with his ex-fiancée and "Celebrity Big Brother" star Cami-Li featuring as his ex. Star of "Magaluf Weekender" Jordan Davies was also revealed to be taking part in the series, also featuring as an ex. Megan McKenna and Jordan later returned for the fourth series. On 5 January 2016, cast member Megan McKenna entered the "Celebrity Big Brother" house to compete in the seveneeth series, and on 28 July 2016, Stephen Bear entered the house to compete in the eighteenth series where he left as the winner. Jordan Davies made another return to the show, this time during the fifth series with Jemma and Bear, and Holly also returning as an ex again. In August 2017, both Jemma Lucy and Jordan Davies took part in the twentieth series of "Celebrity Big Brother".
	The fourth series of the show began on 19 January 2016. This series was filmed in Portugal. The official cast list was revealed on 15 December 2015 and includes four girls: Helen Briggs, Nancy-May Turner, Naomi Hedman and Olivia Walsh, as well as four boys: Joe Delaney, Lewis Good, Youssef Hassane and "Geordie Shore" star Scotty T. Megan McKenna and "Magaluf Weekender" cast member Jordan Davies would be returning to the series as exes, having previously appeared during the previous series. Olivia later returned to the beach for the fifth series, while Kieran Lee went onto appear in the eighteenth series of "Big Brother", but was evicted during the final week.
	The fifth series of the show began on 16 August 2016. This series took place in Koh Samui, Thailand. The series was confirmed on 8 March 2016 after the finale of the fourth series. It was also announced that faces from the past would return for this series with "unfinished business". The official list of cast members were released on 5 July 2016. It features four boys and four girls from previous series. From the first series it includes Chloe Goodman and Liam Lewis. "Geordie Shore" star Gary Beadle and Jess Impiazzi return having previously appeared in the second series, while Jemma Lucy, Jordan Davies and Stephen Bear from the third series all return. Finally Olivia Walsh returns having previously appeared in series 4. Over the course of the series they will be joined by their exes, which also include familiar faces. Series 1's Ashley Cain will be making his third appearance on the show, while Joss Mooney also returns. Kayleigh Morris and Melissa Reeves will be back having already appeared in the second series. Holly Rickwood from Series 3 will also be back on the beach. New cast members include Lillie Lexie Gregg, Charlotte Dawson, David Hawley, Aimee Kimber, Conor Scurlock and Alex Stewart. While the series was airing, Stephen Bear took part in the eighteenth series of "Celebrity Big Brother". He later went on to win the series. Kayleigh also went on to appear in the eighteenth series of "Big Brother" in 2017, but was removed from the house on Day 13 due to threatening behaviour. Later in the year, in August 2017, both Jemma Lucy and Jordan Davies took part in the twentieth series of "Celebrity Big Brother", who were both followed by Jess Impiazzi, who later went onto appear in the twenty-first series.
	The sixth series of the show began on 17 January 2017. This series was filmed on location in Crete, Greece. The series was confirmed on 2 November 2016. The official list of cast members included four boys; Alex Leslie, Josh Ritchie, Ross Worsick and Sean Pratt, and four girls; Harriette Harper, Maisie Gillespie, Zahida Allen and ZaraLena Jackson. Ross has previously appeared in the first series of the show whereas Josh featured in the first series of "Love Island". With the announcement of the line-up it was also confirmed that "Geordie Shore" star Aaron Chalmers would be arriving on the beach as an ex as well as former "The Only Way Is Essex" cast member Nicole Bass. Chanelle McCleary, an ex from this series, later went onto appear in the eighteenth series of "Big Brother" but was evicted a week before the final.
	The seventh series of the show began on 20 June 2017. This series was filmed on location on the island of Bali in Indonesia. The cast members for the series were confirmed on 23 May 2017 which include "Geordie Shore" stars Chloe Ferry and Marty McKenna, "Love Island" contestants Max Morley and Josh Ritchie, as well as "Beauty School Cop Outs" cast member Savannah Kemplay. Marty and Josh had previously appeared in the third and sixth series of the show respectively.
	The eighth series of the show is expected to begin on 20 March 2018, and was filmed in Spain. The series was confirmed in August 2017. The cast for this series was revealed on 20 February 2018, and includes "Geordie Shore" star Marnie Simpson as well as "The X Factor" contestant, and Stereo Kicks and Union J singer Casey Johnson, and former "Ibiza Weekender" star Laura Louise.
	The ninth series began on 15 August 2018, and concluded on 31 October 2018 following twelve episodes, making this the longest series to date. The series was confirmed at the end of the eighth series final episode in May 2018. The cast members for this series were confirmed on 23 July 2018, and features former "Made in Chelsea" cast member Daisy Robins, as well as "The Valleys" star Natalee Harris. Jack Delvin, who previously appeared in the sixth series, returned to this series once again, this time as another ex. The series was filmed in Tulum, Mexico.
	The tenth series of "Ex on the Beach" was set to premiere in spring 2019, but the broadcast was cancelled after the death of Mike Thalassitis, a cast member featured on the series. None of the other cast members featured on the tenth series were announced.
	The eleventh series, billed as "Celebrity Ex on the Beach", is began airing 21 January 2020. The cast includes Olympic athlete Ashley McKenzie, television personality Calum Best, "The Only Way Is Essex" star Joey Essex, and "Love Island" stars Michael Griffiths and Georgia Harrison, "The Valleys" star Lateysha Grace, playboy model Lorena Medina and "Mob Wives" star Marissa Jade.
	On 12 December 2017 it was announced that Vicky Pattison would host a spin-off show entitled ""Ex on the Beach: Body SOS"" where she will attempt to help members of the public to get into shape. The first series began airing on 17 January 2018 and features Joss Mooney, who rose to fame by appearing in the first series of "Ex on the Beach".

= = = Dreams (Neil Diamond album) = = =

	Dreams is the thirty-first studio album by Neil Diamond. It was produced by Diamond and released by Columbia Records in 2010. The album contains cover versions of popular songs that Diamond claims in the liner notes are among his favorites. Among them is "I'm a Believer", which he wrote for The Monkees back in 1966. "Dreams" ranked at number eight on the "Billboard" 200 chart.

= = = Minuscule 926 = = =

	Minuscule 926 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1359 (von Soden), is a 13th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. It has marginalia. The manuscript has survived in complete condition.
	The codex contains the text of the four Gospels, on 161 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 27 lines per page.
	The leaves of the codex are arranged in octavo.
	According to Hermann von Soden it is an ornamented manuscript.
	The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family K. Kurt Aland did not place it in any Category.
	According to the Claremont Profile Method it belongs to the textual cluster 490 in Luke 1, Luke 10 and Luke 20.
	According to C. R. Gregory it was written in the 12th century. Currently the manuscript is dated by the INTF to the 13th century. It was written by scribe named Nicephorus. The codex 926 was seen by Gregory at the Dionysiou monastery, in Mount Athos. The manuscript is still housed at the Dionysiou monastery (41 (7)).
	The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Gregory (926). It was not on the Scrivener's list, but it was added to his list by Edward Miller in the 4th edition of A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament.
	It is not cited in critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS4, NA28).

= = = National Socialist German Lecturers League = = =

	The National Socialist German Lecturers League ("Nationalsozialistischer Deutscher Dozentenbund", also called "NS-Dozentenbund" , or abbreviated "NSDDB"), was a party organization under the NSDAP (the Nazi Party).
	The NSDDB emerged in 1935 from the National Socialist Teachers League and was established on the basis of an order of the Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess; its purpose being, the exertion of influence on the universities and the political control of higher education. Massive influence was applied especially on appointments to staff positions. District leaders had a decisive role in the acceptance of an "Habilitationsschrift", which was a prerequisite to attaining the rank of "Privatdozent" necessary to becoming a university lecturer. The expulsion of the Jewish scientists from the universities was substantially carried out by the activists of the Lecturers League.
	In 1938 about a quarter of the German higher education faculty was associated with the Lecturers League. The share of Lecturer League members was particularly high in the humanities faculties. The leadership ranks in the Lecturers League were strikingly often members (or graduates) of the medical faculty.
	Like all Nazi organizations, the NSDDB was set up according to the "leadership principle". From the emergence of the institution until June 1944, the "Reich Lecturers Leader" was the surgeon, Walter "Bubi" Schultze. For misconduct to the detriment of a party member he was relieved of his office in 1944 by the Nazi Party Court and replaced by "Reich Students Leader", Gustav Adolf Scheel. Scheel was likewise a physician.
	Schultze made clear how he intended to carry out his authority, after taking office in 1935. First, he caused all party members among the higher education teachers to register. For senior positions, he let it be known, it was not enough only to wear a party badge on the lapel, one must also be capable of "forcing the opposition to the wall". Besides the partisan feelings, the recognizable determination and talent to educate the youth in the National Socialist spirit, the "race question" should be above all a decisive factor in higher education. With his inauguration speech for the Reichsuniversität Straßburg, on November 1941, Schultze declared the highest aim of the college to be: "to eradicate" everything "un-German" from "our people's world of thought".
	To anchor the national socialist ideology among the lecturers, four NS-Lecturer League scientific academies had already been set up. They were located at the Universities of Giessen, Göttingen, Kiel and Tübingen. The NSDDB's so-called "training camp" was a special kind of scientific education that was supposed to take the place of old-style conventions, and aimed at bringing the participants into line with the Nazi ideology.
	The effectiveness of the Lecturers League was limited, for one thing, by the "office-holder confusion" typical of National Socialism: the imprecise differentiation of the jurisdiction and competence of a position. The NSDDB most frequently clashed with the Amt Rosenberg, which laid equal claim on higher education policy as its domain. Deputy-Führer Hess was an ally of the NSDDB in these conflicts.
	Another factor limiting the effectiveness of the NSDDB was the often low regard for its leaders at the universities. Many had a reputation of wanting to compensate for their lack of scientific standing and expertise by means of excessive partisan zeal.
	Many educators and lecturers evaded the pressure to alter their work; so that overall, the League was largely ineffective. However, in the strongholds of Nazi teaching and research, such as Jena, Kiel and Königsburg, the League was more potent.
,

= = = 504 Squadron (Portugal) = = =

	504 Squadron ""Linces"" ("Esquadra 504") is a special transport squadron of the Portuguese Air Force (PoAF). The unit operates the Dassault Falcon 50, and is based at Air Base No. 6, in Montijo, and also operates from the Lisbon Portela Airport.
	The squadron is responsible for VIP transport of high level government officials, medical evacuation, urgent transport of human organs for transplant, and verification and calibration of navigational aids.
	The squadron was officially formed on January 12, 1985, at Air Base No. 6 (, BA6) upon the purchase of three Dassault Falcon 20, from Federal Express in 1984, for the transport of high level officials of the Portuguese government.
	Two Dassault Falcon 50 were later acquired in 1989 and one more was purchased in 1991 to reinforce the squadron's aircraft fleet.
	Starting from 1990 the squadron was permanently detached to the Transit Airfield No. 1 (, AT1) in Lisbon.

= = = Creative coding = = =

	Creative coding is a type of computer programming in which the goal is to create something expressive instead of something functional. It is used to create live visuals and for VJing, as well as creating visual art and design, entertainment, art installations, projections and projection mapping, sound art, advertising, product prototypes, and much more.
	Using programming to create art is a practice that started in the 1960s. In later decades groups such as Compos 68 successfully explored programing for artistic purposes, having their work exhibited in international exhibitions. From the 80s onward expert programmers joined the demoscene, and tested their skills against each other by creating "demos": highly technically competent visual creations.
	Recent exhibitions and books, including Dominic Lopes' "A Philosophy of Computer Art" (2009) have sought to examine the integral role of coding in contemporary art beyond that of Human Computer Interface (HCI). Criticising Lopes however, Juliff and Cox argue that Lopes continues to privilege interface and user at the expense of the integral condition of code in much computer art. Arguing for a more nuanced appreciation of coding, Juliff and Cox set out contemporary creative coding as the examination of code and intentionality as integral to the users understanding of the work.
	Currently there is a renewed interest in the question why programming as a method of producing art hasn't flourished. Google has renewed interest with their Dev Art initiative, but this in turn has elicited strong reactions from a number of creative coders who claim that coining a new term to describe their practice is counterproductive.
	A number of libraries have been created that aid in the rapid prototyping and development of these works. There are libraries for various functionalities, such as computer vision, as well as motion detection devices such as the Microsoft Kinect camera and Leap Motion. Notable larger toolkits that are used (and often created by) creative coders are:

= = = AS Niamey = = =

	Association Sportive Niamey, commonly referred to as AS Niamey, is a Nigerien association football club based in Niamey. AS Niamey has won the Niger Premier League three times in his history .
	Currently the team plays at the 30000 capacity Stade Général Seyni Kountché.

= = = Chaim Avrohom Horowitz = = =

	Chaim Avrohom Horowitz (1933 – 2016) was a Polish-born American rabbi. In 1985 he became Bostoner Rebbe, Grand Rabbi of the Boston Jewish Hasidic sect, established in 1915 by his grandfather Pinchas Duvid Horowitz, and named after his city, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. He was a student of Aharon Kotler. After the death of Pinchas Duvid in 1941 his eldest son, Moshe Horowitz (1909-1985), held the position of Bostoner Rebbe in New York until his death in 1985, following Chasidic tradition.
	As the eldest son of Moshe, Horowitz succeeded his father as the Bostoner Rebbe of New York. He later founded the Bostoner community in Ramat Beit Shemesh, Israel, where he resided. He composed contemporary Chasidic music; many of his compositions were performed by leading Jewish music artists of the day. Andy Statman credits him with being a major influence in his musical career, having performed several of the Horowitz's compositions on his recordings and in concert.
	In 1954 Horowitz married Miriam Adler, daughter of Rebbe Elazar Adler of the Zvhil dynasty, who gave birth to their son Yaakov Yitzchak "Yankel" in 1956. He was raised in his maternal grandparent’s home in the West Hollywood section of Los Angeles, and now serves as rabbi of the Bostoner Shul in Lawrence, New York. Horowitz married the daughter of Yonah Hass in his second marriage. They have one son, Yisrael Yona, and seven daughters.

= = = Raymond Azar = = =

	Raymon Azar may refer to:

= = = United Serb Youth = = =

	The United Serb Youth (), known as Omladina ("the Youth"), was a Serbian political movement active between 1866 and 1872. It was founded in Novi Sad, Habsburg Monarchy, and was pan-Slavist. Its slogan was "Srpstvo sve i svuda" (Serbdom all and everywhere). When the organization was banned in the Principality of Serbia and in Austria-Hungary, the seat of Omladina became Cetinje, in the Principality of Montenegro. Their ideas were propagated in "Glas Crnogorca", "Cetinjski Vjesnik", and "Pančevac". The Association for Serb Liberation and Unification was founded by members of the United Serbian Youth and other people from all over the Serbian lands. United Serbian Youth, modeled after Giuseppe Mazzini's "Giovane Italia", with whom they directly collaborated, was one of the first organizations to raise the question of women's emancipation. The first Serbian women's society was established in Novi Sad, then part of Hungarian-controlled Vojvodina in 1864. After that a new, powerful political group also of liberal political orientation was formed by the Serbs of Vojvodina, with its leader Svetozar Miletić, which appeared at assemblies in Sremski Karlovci (1861, 1864). Miletić's supporters collaborated with the liberal Jovan Djordjević's journal "Srbski dnevnik" ("Serbian Diary"), spreading their ideas, like Miletić's own journal "Zastava" ("Flag") as well as founding various societies preceding the United Serbian Youth. The most important among these was the first society of pupils and students, "Preodnica" ("Predecessor"), founded in Pest in 1861 as well as the imitator of the United Serbian Youth, the society "Zora" ("Dawn"), founded in Vienna in 1862. 
	In 1866, some 400 representatives of Serb youth from Serbian-populated territories ("Serb lands") met in Novi Sad and founded the United Serb Youth. Among notable members were:

= = = See What You Started by Continuing = = =

	See What You Started by Continuing is the ninth studio album by American rock band Collective Soul. It was released on October 2, 2015 by Vanguard Records.
	The album represents a return to the classic guitar-driven rock sound that the band were known for during the 1990s. Recording began in 2014, with newcomers Johnny Rabb and Jesse Triplett joining longtime members Ed Roland, Dean Roland and Will Turpin in the studio to create the band's first album since 2009. It became the number-one alternative album for the week of October 24, 2015.
	Four singles have been released from the album: "This," "AYTA," "Hurricane", and "Contagious." The band promoted the album through the See What You Started Tour.
	On August 25, 2009, Collective Soul released their self-titled eighth studio album, also known as "Rabbit" to differentiate it from the band's 1995 album of the same name.
	Following the release of "Rabbit", various members of Collective Soul were involved in side projects.
	In an interview with Audio Ink Radio in 2011, Turpin was asked if he foresaw Collective Soul doing a new album at any point: "Yeah, I sure do. Can't really say for sure, but there are definitely discussions going on about scheduling that, and songs have been played and started, so we've already started some creativity. But, nothing is really scheduled yet. I would think that the next six months, we'll get something going on."
	In January 2012, drummer Cheney Brannon left Collective Soul to pursue other music opportunities; Johnny Rabb was later named his replacement. The band embarked on the 2012 Dosage Tour from May to July.
	The band kicked off their 2014 North American winter tour on January 15 at Belly Up in Aspen, Colorado, where lead guitarist Jesse Triplett made his live debut as a member of Collective Soul. Triplett replaced Joel Kosche, who had been with the band since replacing original lead guitarist Ross Childress in 2001. On February 6, Collective Soul publicly confirmed Kosche's departure from the band: "After 13 great years, Joel Kosche has moved on in the world of music. Collective Soul welcomes Jesse Triplett as our new lead guitarist.
	In February 2014, the band announced they would be releasing their ninth studio album, "See What You Started by Continuing", during the summer (in the Northern Hemisphere) that year.
	Throughout their 2014 touring schedule, Collective Soul road-tested songs later featured on "See What You Started by Continuing".
	Despite reports that the album would be released in August or September, the album was pushed back from its anticipated summer release to the following year. On September 10, Ed Roland responded to questions regarding the album's release: "First of all thanks to all of you for your patience, we are so happy you are eager to hear new tunes! We are diligently working to bring you something worth the wait. I'm finishing vocals this week and then we mix. With a realistic amount of setup time to launch we are looking at early 2015. That's the best estimate I can give you at the moment. Many thanks!"
	On December 25, 2014, the band offered a sneak preview of the album by making it available for streaming on SoundCloud exclusively for Christmas Day.
	"Billboard" exclusively premiered the album on September 25, 2015, one week ahead of its commercial release.
	"See What You Started by Continuing", Collective Soul's first album in six years, was released on October 2, 2015 by Vanguard Records.
	"See What You Started by Continuing" was recorded between February to October 2014 at Ed Roland's home studio in Sandy Springs, Georgia. Roland served as the album's producer. The album was mixed by Shawn Grove and masted by Steve Rawls at Real 2 Reel Studios.
	Several songs were written for the album; "Comes Back to You," "Lover Boy in the Rain," and "No Idea" were among those left off the album.
	The album's title was chosen by Ed Roland. "It kinda fits not only the band, but personally what we've been through over the years," Roland told Melissa Ruggieri of "Access Atlanta". "Things happen and you keep moving." Roland later told "Empty Lighthouse Magazine", "It's like a second wind for us it just felt like the title related to what we're doing which is getting back to doing what we love."
	The lead single, "This," made its premiere on July 15, 2015 at "USA Today". The band has made "This" available as a free download on their website.
	The second single, "AYTA," made its premiere on August 6, 2015 via the band's YouTube channel.
	The third single, "Hurricane," made its premiere on August 27, 2015 at Yahoo! Music.
	The fourth single, "Contagious," made its premiere on September 17, 2015 at "PopMatters".
	Members of the band have made appearances through internet, radio, and television to support the album and its accompanying concert tour.
	The band made a fall U.S. tour announcement through a video posted to Facebook on July 27, 2015. Tickets for most early dates went on sale to the public two days later. Four dates in South America have also been added.
	The band teamed up with Breedlove Guitars to launch a guitar cover sweepstakes, encouraging fans to record guitar covers of tracks from the album and upload them to YouTube under the hashtag #CSGuitarCover. To accompany each song, Ed Roland has created videos to teach fans how to play a specific track and talk about how he wrote it.
	The music video for "AYTA" made its premiere on February 18, 2016 via Vevo. Directed by Joseph Guay, the video was shot at a concert on the band's fall U.S. tour in 2015.
	"See What You Started by Continuing" received positive reviews from critics. Chris Geldard of FDRMX wrote that "this album could be titled "How to Craft a Classic Sounding Album" as Ed Roland and Collective Soul have gone back to the song style that is based on a foundation of great guitar riffs and catchy melodies that made them so popular in their early stages." Navi of "Empty Lighthouse Magazine" remarked that the album is "a second wind for the band and it's evident that they are taking full advantage of it, without sacrificing the roots and originality."
	Tony of AnthemStatus.com summarized that the album "falls right back into the comfort of drawn-out ballads, background cooing, and light-hearted rock sure to please the current constituent of fans which is nothing more than simply fine."
	"See What You Started by Continuing" debuted at number one on the "Billboard" Alternative Albums chart and at number four on the Top Rock Albums chart with 14,000 copies sold in the United States, marking Collective Soul's first time topping the former chart. The album spent two weeks on the "Billboard" 200, peaking at number twenty-five.
	Credits are adapted from liner notes of "See What You Started by Continuing".

= = = Iris prismatica = = =

	Iris prismatica, the slender blue flag or cubeseed iris, is a plant species native to parts of the southern and eastern United States from Maine south to Alabama, as well as to the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Nova Scotia.
	"Iris prismatica" is a perennial herb spreading by means of rhizomes that are close to the surface of the soil. Flowering stalks can reach a height of 80 cm. Leaves are long and narrow, up to 60 cm long but rarely more than 5 mm across. It has 2–3 blooms in May. Flowers are pale blue to blue-violet. 
	It tends to grow in swampy, wet conditions, and within the United States, it is currently state listed as 'threatened' in Maine, New Hampshire, New York, and Tennessee, and state listed as 'endangered' in Maryland and Pennsylvania. It is cold hardy to USDA Zone 3.

= = = 1993–94 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season = = =

	During the 1993–94 English football season, West Bromwich Albion F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.
	Following Ardiles' surprise departure, West Brom appointed his assistant Keith Burkinshaw to the manager's seat. The Baggies survived relegation back to Division Two at the end of the 1993–94 season, but only because they had scored more goals than rivals, Birmingham City. Safety was assured on the final day thanks to a 1-0 win over Portsmouth - Lee Ashcroft's goal sending the 10,000 strong army of fans in raptures.
	"West Bromwich Albion's score comes first"

= = = Dominican Summer League Rays = = =

	The Dominican Summer League Rays or DSL Rays are a Rookie League affiliate of the Tampa Bay Rays based in the Dominican Republic. They play in the Dominican Summer League. As an independent affiliate, they have been in existence since 1997.
	The team first came into existence in 1996, two years before the MLB debut of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. They shared an affiliation with the then-California Angels and were known as the DSL Devil Rays/Angels.
	From 1997 to 2001, the team was known as the DSL Devil Rays. They ceased operations from 2002 to 2006, before returning in 2007. In 2008, the team changed its name to the DSL Rays to correspond with the name change of the parent club.

= = = HackerOne = = =

	HackerOne is a vulnerability coordination and bug bounty platform that connects businesses with penetration testers and cybersecurity researchers. It was one of the first companies, along with Synack and Bugcrowd, to embrace and utilize crowd-sourced security and cybersecurity researchers as linchpins of its business model; it is the largest cybersecurity firm of its kind. As of July 2018, HackerOne's network consisted of approximately 200,000 researchers, had resolved 72,000 vulnerabilities across over 1,000 customer programs, and had paid $31 million in bounties.
	In 2011, Dutch hackers Jobert Abma and Michiel Prins attempted to find security vulnerabilities in 100 prominent high-tech companies. They discovered flaws in all of the companies, including Facebook, Google, Apple, Microsoft, and Twitter. Dubbing their efforts the "Hack 100", Abma and Prins contacted the at-risk firms. While many firms ignored their disclosure attempts, the COO of Facebook, Sheryl Sandberg, gave the warning to their head of product security, Alex Rice. Rice, Abma and Prins connected, and together with Merijn Terheggen founded HackerOne in 2012. In November 2015, Terheggen stepped down from his role as CEO and was replaced by Marten Mickos.
	In November 2013, the company hosted a program encouraging the discovery and responsible disclosure of software bugs. Microsoft and Facebook funded the initiative, known as the Internet Bug Bounty project. By June 2015, HackerOne's bug bounty platform had identified approximately 10,000 vulnerabilities and paid researchers over $1 million in bounties. In September 2015, the company launched a Vulnerability Coordination Maturity Model, which then-policy chief Katie Moussouris described as “an important effort from HackerOne to codify some reasonable minimum standards on how organizations handle incoming, unsolicited vulnerability reports.” In April 2017, the company announced 240% year-over-year customer growth in Europe, and the subsequent opening of additional European offices to serve increasing customer demand.
	In May 2014, HackerOne received $9 million (USD) in Series A funding from venture capital firm Benchmark. A $25 million Series B round was led by New Enterprise Associates. Angel investors include Salesforce CEO Marc Benioff, Digital Sky Technologies founder Yuri Milner, Dropbox chief executive Drew Houston and Yelp CEO Jeremy Stoppelman. A Series C round led by Dragoneer Investment Group netted $40 million in February 2017 for a total of $74 million in investments to date. In April 2017, European-based venture capital fund EQT Ventures invested in the $40 million Series C funding round.
	In March 2016, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) launched an initiative dubbed "Hack the Pentagon" using the HackerOne platform. The 24-day program resulted in the discovery and mitigation of 138 vulnerabilities in DoD websites, with over $70,000 (USD) in bounties paid to participating researchers.
	In October of the same year, DoD developed a Vulnerability Disclosure Policy (VDP), the first of its kind created for the U.S. government. The policy outlines the conditions under which cybersecurity researchers may legally explore front-facing programs for security vulnerabilities. The first use of the VDP launched as part of the "Hack the Army" initiative, which was also the first time this branch of the U.S. military welcomed hackers to find and report security flaws in its systems.
	The "Hack the Army" initiative resulted in 118 valid vulnerability reports; 371 participants, including 25 government workers and 17 military personnel, took part. Approximately $100,000 (USD) in total was awarded to participating researchers. 
	In May 2017, DoD extended the program to "Hack the Air Force". This program led to the discovery of 207 vulnerabilities, netting more than $130,000 (USD) in paid bounties. As of the end of 2017, DoD has learned of and fixed thousands of vulnerabilities through their vulnerability disclosure initiatives.
	In February 2017, HackerOne sponsored an invitation-only hackathon, gathering security researchers from around the world to hack e-commerce sites Airbnb and Shopify for vulnerabilities. This was the second such hackathon, with the company hosting one in Las Vegas in August 2016 during the Black Hat Security Conference. Throughout 2017 and so far in 2018, HackerOne hosted seven Live Hacking events in cities across the US and Europe. Over $1 million in bounty cash has been awarded at these events, with Oath Inc. (now called Verizon Media) paying over $400,000 in bounties during a single event in San Francisco, CA in April 2018.
	In October 2017, HackerOne hosted their first conference, called Security@ San Francisco. The 200-attendee event included speakers from DoD, General Motors and Uber and also featured talks from hackers.
	HackerOne is headquartered in San Francisco. The company maintains a development office in Groningen, Netherlands. In April 2017, the company announced the addition of offices in the UK and Germany.

= = = K-groups of a field = = =
	The Blind Man is a 1910 painting by the Flemish artist Gustave Van de Woestyne, now in the Royal Museum for Fine Arts, Antwerp. It is one of a series of portraits of farm workers he produced in Leuven and shows the influence of what were then called the 'Flemish Primitives', such as Rogier van der Weyden's "Portrait of Philip van Croy".

= = = Charibael = = =

	Charibael was a South Arabian ruler described in and contemporary with the 1st-century "Periplus of the Erythraean Sea".
	The two Greek manuscripts of the "Periplus" give the names , "Kharibaḗl", or , "Kharibaḗla", Latinized as "Charibael" or "Charibaël". There is now widespread agreement that the name represents a transcription of the Sabaean name "Karibʾīl" (Sabaean:, , "Blessed by" or "Following God"). Pace Glaser & Schoff, this was not a title but was a regnal name shared by numerous other South Arabian rulers.
	The "Periplus" calls Charibael the "lawful king" of the "Homerites" and "those living next to them called the Sabaites". He is said to dwell in Saphar and to maintain friendship with the Roman emperors by means of "continual embassies and gifts". He is said to exercise control over the towns of "Muza" (Mocha) and "Saua" (Taiz) in "Mapharitis" through a "vassal-chief" named "Cholaebus" (Kula'ib). From the Roman merchants calling at Mocha, he required tribute of "horses and sumpter-mules, vessels of gold and polished silver, finely woven clothing and copper vessels". His realm included "Ocelis" at the Bab-el-Mandeb and the ruins at "Eudaemon Arabia" but to exert little control beyond it, with the rest of the coast of the Arabian Sea peopled by nomads and fishermen, the "Frankincense Country" of "Eleazus", and the Parthian Empire's recent conquests in what is now Oman. The Periplus credits Charibael with indirect dominion over the major ports of Azania, the present-day Somali and Swahili coasts, through his vassals at Mocha.
	He is also probably the monarch responsible for the destruction of the port of Eudaemon Arabia (Aden) recently before the time of the author's voyage. This was likely in service to his allies at Mocha, who would have been Aden's commercial rivals. Attributing the attack to Charibael, however, requires an emendation of the text, whose manuscripts attribute the attack to "a Caesar". In the 19th century, Müller and Dittrich emended "Caesar" to "Elisar", whom they identified with the King Eleazus mentioned elsewhere in the text. This has not been supported by inscriptions in South Arabia and is far less likely on geographical grounds as well. Other researchers have maintained that the reference is to the invasion of Arabia by the Egyptian prefect G. Aelius Gallus in 26. Apart from the many decades separating that campaign from the "Periplus", the detailed description of the campaign in Strabo shows that the army proceeded overland and was successfully misled and sabotaged by the Nabataean patriot Syllaeus before reaching any of the southern ports. Pliny explicitly names the furthest point reached as "Caripeta", usually taken after Forster as a scribal error for a previously-mentioned "Cariata", the Qaryatayn near Ibb in the Yemeni highlands. Pliny further explicitly states in the same passage that no other Roman force had reached so far into Arabia as late as the time of his composition of the "Natural History", now usually placed well after the "Periplus".
	Since Glaser's 19th-century work with Arabian inscriptions, Charibael is usually identified with the Kariba-il Watar Yuhan'im who ruled Himyar sometime between 40 and 70. The issue is muddied by two factors. First, the rulers of Himyar and Saba "both" employed the title "king of Saba and Dhu Raydan"; the title was also assumed by Hadramauti invaders around the time. The existence of such competing claims is even implied by the Periplus's own phrasing, calling Charibael the "lawful" king in probable distinction to less powerful rivals. Second, the inscriptions have revealed five different Karibʾīls during the 1st century. Thus, the "Periplus"’s "Charibael" is sometimes identified as Karibʾīl Bayān, son of Dhamarʿalī Dharib and king of Saba during the 80s.

= = = Carlo Jørgensen = = =

	Carlo Jørgensen (25 March 1903 – 20 December 1972) was a Danish wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle lightweight at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

= = = Nhandumirim = = =

	Nhandumirim (meaning "small rhea" in the Tupi language) is a genus of saurischian dinosaur from the Carnian age of Late Triassic Brazil. The type and only species, Nhandumirim waldsangae, is known from a single immature specimen including vertebrae, a , pelvic material, and a hindlimb found in the Santa Maria Formation in Rio Grande do Sul. "Nhandumirim" is differentiated from other Santa Maria dinosaurs such as "Staurikosaurus" and "Saturnalia" on the basis of its more gracile, long-legged proportions and several more specific skeletal features. It also possessed several unique features compared to other early dinosaurs, such as long keels on vertebrae at the base of the tail, a straight metatarsal IV, and a short brevis fossa of the ilium and dorsolateral trochanter of the femur. Several features of the tibia led the describers of the genus and species to consider "Nhandumirim" "waldsangae" the earliest theropod, but some analyses offer alternative positions within Saurischia.
	"Nhandumirim" is known from a single partial skeleton, LPRP/USP 0651, which includes several vertebrae, a right ilium, and most of a right hindlimb. This skeleton was found at the site of Waldsanga (also known as Cerro da Alemoa or Sanga do Mato) in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Waldsanga is a historically important Triassic site which also preserved the type specimens of "Saturnalia", "Rauisuchus", "Gomphodontosuchus", and "Alemoatherium". The site preserves Carnian-age sediments of the Santa Maria Formation, and LPRP/USP 0651 specifically comes from the top of the Alemoa member on that site. The generic name "Nhandumirim" roughly translates to "small rhea" in the Tupi-Guarani language. The specific name refers to Waldsanga.
	The dorsal vertebrae have spool-shaped centrae which are about 1.4 times longer than high, making them more elongated than those of herrerasaurids. Several areas on the dorsals are incised, such as the sides of the centrum (which each have a shallow depression) and the rear of the neural arch (which has postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal and centrodiapophyseal fossae). There were likely three sacral vertebrae, with at least the first one articulating with the hip akin to the "primordial" first sacral of other reptiles. This contrasts with "Saturnalia" in which the first sacral vertebra is an incorporated dorsal vertebra without the hallmarks of a primordial sacral. The sacral vertebrae were thick and wide, but not fused to each other or their respective sacral ribs. The most complete sacral rib was fan shaped when seen from above and has a cross section which gradually curves upwards towards the front, also unlike "Saturnalia" which has a more L-shaped cross section. The caudal vertebrae increase in length and gradually reduce the size of their transverse processes from the base of the tail to the tip. Caudals at the base of the tail have pronounced midline keels along their entire lower edge. This characteristic is seemingly unique to "Nhandumirim", as the only other dinosauromorphs with ventral keels in proximal caudals are "Dracoraptor" (which had paired, not midline, keels) and "Efraasia" (in which they were restricted to the front third of the centrum). The zygapophyses of the caudals are short, unlike the longer joints of herrerasaurids and neotheropods.
	The ilium is generally typical for early dinosaurs, with a perforated acetabulum, conspicuous antitrochanter, and a postacetabular process which was much longer than the preacetabular process. The ischiadic peduncle is expanded in a front-to-back direction like that of neotheropods. There is an L-shaped scar on the inner edge of the iliac blade which received the first sacral vertebra, and there was enough room for two more sacrals behind it. The outer surface of postacetabular process has two holes and a pronounced incision along its lower edge, known as a brevis fossa. In most dinosaurs which have a brevis fossa, it clearly starts at the base of the postacetabular process, according to a ridge which delineates its upper edge. However, "Nhandumirim"'s brevis fossa only occupies the rear 3/4ths of the postacetabular process, with no clear interaction with the main portion of the ilium.
	The femur is slender and thin-walled. The proximal portion possessed early dinosaurian hallmarks such as an anterior trochanter, a facies articularis antitrochanterica, well-developed medial tubera separated by a deep ligament sulcus, and an asymmetrical and pronounced fourth trochanter. The femoral head also possessed a deep and curved groove, but the appearance of this groove is known to be variable within some dinosaur species, so it is not particularly informative for "Nhandumirim"'s classification. The trochanteric shelf was not present, but a homologous muscle attachment scar did exist in the same area, along with a more proximally-located anterolateral scar similar to that reported in some silesaurids. Unlike other early dinosaurs, the dorsolateral trochanter was characteristically short, ending quite a distance away from the femoral head like the anterior trochanter. The distal portion had a wide medial condyle and muscle scars similar to those of "Herrerasaurus".
	The tibia was poorly preserved but did possess several features similar to those of neotheropods. These include a tall facet for the ascending process of the astragalus and a distal tip which was wide and flattened when seen from below and boxy when seen from the front. There was also a diagonal mound-like tuberosity on the anterior surface of the tibia. "Nhandumirim" is the only known dinosaur to possess both these neotheropod-like traits and a diagonal tuberosity. The more complete fibula was elongated (~10% longer than the femur) and had scars for the tibial ligament and iliofibularis muscle near the knee. There was a semicircular facet for the ascending process of the astragalus on the portion of the fibula contacting the heel, a characteristic unique to "Nhandumirim". Metatarsal II is straight, with a flattened proximal portion and boxy distal portion. Metatarsal IV has a more irregularly-shaped distal portion but is also straight, an unusual feature more akin to "Lagerpeton" and pterosaurs rather than the more curved bone of other dinosaurs. Isolated phalanges are variable in proportions, with one having a wide proximal articulation and the rest having tall, triangular proximal articulations and more well-developed joint surfaces. Unguals are triangular in cross section and curved, though not to the extent seen in more advanced theropods.
	The describers of "Nhandumirim" tested its relations using two phylogenetic analyses focused around the origin of dinosaurs. The first one, created previously by Cabreira "et al." (2016), considered it the most basal theropod, as the sister taxon to neotheropods. This is supported by a wide ischiadic peduncle and several traits of the tibia. The Cabreira "et al." (2016) analysis is notable for excluding several other traditional basal theropods from the group. These include "Daemonosaurus", "Tawa", "Chindesaurus", and "Eodromaeus", which are considered basal saurischians according to their results.
	Adding "Nhandumirim" to the second analysis, created by Nesbitt & Ezcurra (2015), led to inconclusive results. In the strict consensus tree (average result of most parsimonious trees), "Nhandumirim" is part of a broad polytomy at the base of Saurischia, along with several traditional basal theropods, herrerasaurids, and "Eoraptor" (which, on the other hand, is frenquently considered an early sauropodomorph in most recent analyses). This is because it is a "wildcard" taxon with several equally likely positions within Saurischia. These positions may include "Nhandumirim" as the sister taxon to all other saurischians, as the sister taxon to "Eoraptor", or as the sister taxon to all other theropods (which also includes herrerasaurids in this option). Regardless, the authors considered unlikely that "Nhandumirim" is particularly close to "Staurikosaurus" or "Saturnalia".
	Nonetheless, the phylogenetic position of "Nhandumirim" was also tested in the article describing "Gnathovorax cabreirai", which recovered it as a saturnaliin sauropodomorph, close-associated with "Saturnalia" and "Chromogisaurus".
	The following is a cladogram showing "Nhandumirim"'s placement using Cabreira "et al." (2016)'s analysis:

= = = Steve Collett = = =

	Steve Collett (Born in 1972) is a British angler and businessman who currently writes in the Anglers Mail. He has written over 1000 articles for publications all over the world. He is best known for his lure fishing expertise and is currently the reigning British Champion and England Manager. Steve has also won the PDC (Professional Darts Championship) Charity cup twice.
	Steve owns retailers specialising in fishing tackle equipment in the UK and Europe. 
	Collett was born in Wolverhampton, England. Collett lived with his parents in the Whitmore Reans area.
	Collett worked in the pharmaceutical industry before making his introduction into the fishing tackle world by joining Masterline international. Business wise Steve has been involved in bringing brands to the UK including Rapala Cortland Normark, and more recently the Deeper Fishfinder.
	Collett made his writing debut in a publication called “"the midland angler"” and he writes regularly for the Angler's Mail every week. He has appeared in many fishing programmes including the Kingfisher Series for National Geographic. Steve has also won the PDC (Professional Darts Championship) Charity cup twice. The charity event run by ex-heavyweight Jes Harding raises thousands each year for good causes, and attracts sportspeople including Barry Hearn, Eddie Hearn, Steve Davis and darts legends past and present.
	Collett is the only UK angler to hold major titles in every discipline of the sport including the prestigious Division one championship, and two times British Lure Angling Championship.

= = = A Cabinet of Curiosities (painting) = = =

	A Cabinet of Curiosities (Dutch - "Een kunstkamer") is a 1619 oil on panel painting of a cabinet of curiosities by the Flemish painter Frans Francken II. It is now in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, which bought it in 1903 from the Antwerp-based art dealer Joseph Hallyn.

= = = Isuke Shinmen = = =

	Isuke Shinmen (born 23 October 1889, date of death unknown) was a Japanese wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle lightweight at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

= = = Clarence Berryman = = =

	Clarence Berryman (August 10, 1906 – August 25, 1986) was an American wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle lightweight at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

= = = Crises of the Republic = = =

	Crises of the Republic is an anthology of four essays by Hannah Arendt, dealing with contemporary American politics and the crises it faced in the 1960s and 1970s, published in 1972.
	"Crises of the Republic" was the third of Arendt's anthologies, and as the subtitle "Lying in Politics, Civil Disobedience, On Violence, Thoughts on Politics and Revolution" indicates, consists of four interconnected essays on contemporary American politics and the crises it faced in the 1960s and 1970s. The first essay, "Lying in Politics" looks for an explanation behind the administration's deception regarding the Vietnam War, as revealed in the "Pentagon Papers". "Civil Disobedience" examines the opposition movements, while the final "Thoughts on Politics and Revolution" is a commentary, in the form of an interview on the third essay, "On Violence".
	In "On Violence", the third of these essays, Arendt breaks with the predominant conception of power as derived from violence, and that violence is an extreme manifestation of power. Power and violence are separate phenomena:
	The explanation is that governmental "violence requires organisation, i.e. power":
	More generally, Arendt defines "power as property of a group":
	Though violence is not a precondition for power, it may nevertheless be "a means of power". 
	Bureaucracies then attract violence since they are defined as the "rule by no one" against whom to argue. Thus, Bureaucracies exclude the relations with the people they rule over. 

= = = R. M. Murray = = =

	Russell Mervyn Murray (12 July 1877 – 22 January 1945), commonly referred to as R. M. Murray, was general manager of the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Co. Ltd, Queenstown, Tasmania for 22 years. Unusually for a mining man, his entire career of 44 years was spent at one location and for one company.
	Murray was born in Elliminyt, south of Colac, Victoria in 1877, elder son of Andrew Strachan Murray (c. 1847 – 10? 19? August 1930) and Florence Eleanor Murray, née Blunden. 
	Murray was a prize-winning student at several short-lived private schools: Colac Grammar School 1890, Manifold House Ladies' School (with his sister Ilma) 1891, before matriculating from Colac College 1895.
	He entered the University of Melbourne in 1896, and graduated Bachelor of Civil Engineering with honors in 1899, and was awarded the Dixson scholarship.
	He joined the Mount Lyell company as a junior engineer in 1900, and became engineer in charge of mines following the death of W. T. Batchelor on 27 October 1906. Every stage in his rise in the Company was resisted by general manager Robert Sticht, who saw him as an ineffectual intellectual, constitutionally unable to deal with the Union in the tough unyielding manner that characterised Sticht's leadership.
	Sticht, manager since 1897, died in April 1922 and Murray was appointed his successor, but at a little over half the salary. Despite a world-wide reduction in demand for copper and low-cost competition from Africa and the Americas, Murray was able to increase production from 140,000 tons in 1922 to 1,500,000 tons in 1943 and maintain dividends for the shareholders and employment for the workers, though at a considerable cost to the environment. He was highly regarded by the workers, who remembered his brave exertions during the disaster, and appreciated his cool decisiveness and concern for the amenity of the town.
	Murray was instrumental in the adoption of electrolytic refining of copper, made possible by Tasmania's then abundance of cheap hydroelectric power.
	Murray retired as general manager of Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Co. Ltd in October 1944, and was succeeded by Arthur H. P. Moline. He died in Melbourne and his remains were cremated at Spring Vale.
	Murray married Vivienne "Viva" Douglas ( – 19 June 1945) sometime around 15 November 1905. She was the fourth daughter of Arthur Cunningham Douglas (1840 – 5 February 1888), at one time postmaster general of Hobart, and his wife Susan Elizabeth Douglas, née Tapfield. Their three sons and two daughters, all of whom held degrees from Melbourne University include:
	From around 1925 to 1944 or later they had a home "Penghana" in Queenstown, previously the name of a nearby settlement and post office.
	Vivienne, who was active in the Child Welfare Association from its inception, was a sister of Kathleen Louisa Douglas, who married William Vincent Legge (1841–1918), also of Margery Lenore Douglas (3 Nov 1886 – 1976) who married Capt. Edward Carleton Stubbs RN on 9 October 1914.
	Percy Cunningham Douglas OBE (1870 – 24 June 1938), Deputy-Commissioner of Federal Taxation in Hobart, was a brother≈.
	R. M. Murray had a brother Rex Murray living on the Australian mainland. In 1905, while a metallurgy student at Bairnsdale School of Mines, a glass vessel exploded and he was blinded in one eye. By cruel misfortune the unaffected eye was practically useless owing to a cataract.

= = = Gaston and His Sister = = =

	Gaston and His Sister is a 1923 Expressionist oil on canvas painting by the Flemish artist Gustave Van de Woestyne, now in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp.
	He produced it during a year's stay in London. It was one of the most important works in the artist's first solo exhibition, which occurred at the 'Le Centaure' gallery in 1925. During the First World War he had become friends with Valerius De Saedeleer and Georges Minne and regularly visited art galleries and museums, whilst after the war he had traveled to Paris to see art exhibitions.

= = = Arnaccio = = =

	Arnaccio is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Cascina, province of Pisa. At the time of the 2011 census its population was 113.
	Arnaccio is about 12 km from Pisa and 10 km from Cascina.

= = = Colleen Meyer = = =

	Colleen Rose Meyer (March 8, 1939 – July 17, 2015) was an American businesswoman and politician.
	Meyer was born in Honolulu, Hawaii Territory. She graduated from Punahou School, in 1957, and received her associate degree, in 1959, from the College of San Mateo in San Mateo, California. Meyer was involved in the real estate business and lived in Kaneohe, Hawaii. Meyer served in the Hawaii House of Representatives from 1995 to 2008 and was a Republican. Meyer died at her home in Kaneohe, Hawaii, from cancer.

= = = Fujifilm X-T30 = = =

	The Fujifilm X-T30 is a mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera announced by Fujifilm on February 14, 2019. The X-T30 is a successor to the X-T20, which was released in 2017. It is sold in three finishes: black, silver (as shown in the photo here) and charcoal silver.
	The Fujifilm X-T30 inherits a number of the key features found in the Fujifilm X-T20.

= = = 2019 Minnesota House of Representatives District 11B special election = = =

	A special election was held in the U.S. state of Minnesota on March 19, 2019, to elect a new member for District 11B in the Minnesota House of Representatives, caused by the resignation of Republican Jason Rarick effective on February 12, 2019, after winning a special election to the Minnesota Senate. A primary election was held on March 5, 2019, to nominate a Republican candidate. Nathan Nelson, the Republican nominee, won the special election.
	District 11B includes most of Pine County and the eastern half of Kanabec County in east-central Minnesota. Rarick began representing the district after winning election in 2014, defeating Democratic–Farmer–Labor (DFL) incumbent Tim Faust. In the last election in 2018, Rarick won with 60 percent of the vote. 
	The candidate filing period was from February 15 to February 19, 2019.
	District 11B Republican delegates held a convention to endorse a candidate in Mora on February 19, 2019, where Clover Township board supervisor Nathan Nelson won the endorsement. Afterwards, with the exception of Ayrlahn Johnson, all other candidates withdrew from seeking the Republican nomination.
	District 11B DFL delegates held a convention to endorse a candidate in Hinckley on February 18, 2019. Hinckley city council member Tim Burkhardt won the endorsement over Oliver Dykstra, who agreed to abide by the endorsement and withdrew his candidacy.

= = = 2nd Infantry Brigade (Lebanon) = = =

	The 2nd Infantry Brigade (Lebanon) is a Lebanese Army unit that fought in the Lebanese Civil War, being active since its creation in January 1983 until its disbandment in 1987, being subsequently re-formed in June 1991.
	In the aftermath of the June–September 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, President Amin Gemayel, convinced that a strong and unified national defense force was a prerequisite to rebuilding the nation, announced plans to raise a 60,000-man army organized into twelve brigades (created from existing infantry regiments), trained and equipped by France and the United States. In late 1982, the 2nd Infantry Regiment was therefore re-organized and expanded to a brigade group numbering 2,000 men, most of whom were Sunni Muslims from northern Lebanon, which became on January 18, 1983 at Scout City – Batroun, the 2nd Infantry Brigade.
	The Brigade's emblem consists of a gilded shining sun motif on the upper half and a red colour setting on the lower half. The sun motif symbolizes light irradiating hope and sovereignty, whilst the red setting symbolizes blood and sacrifice; at the centre of the sun is set a green map of Lebanon with a national Lebanese flag on top, both forming the Arabic number (2). Superimposed below in the red blood setting is a white V-shaped chevron pointed down bearing "Second Brigade" written in black Arabic script, being flanked on each side by a pair of crossed rifle-and-sword motifs symbolizing the Brigade's readiness to sacrifice itself for Lebanon.
	The new unit grew from an understrength battalion comprising three rifle companies to a fully equipped mechanized infantry brigade, capable of aligning a Headquarters' (HQ) battalion, an armoured battalion equipped with Panhard AML-90 armoured cars, AMX-13 light tanks (replaced in the 1990s by T-55A tanks donated by Syria) and M48A5 main battle tanks (MBTs), three mechanized infantry battalions (21st, 22nd and 23rd) issued with M113 armored personnel carriers (APC), plus an artillery battalion fielding US M114 155 mm howitzers. The Brigade also fielded a logistics battalion, equipped with US M151A2 jeeps, Land-Rover long wheelbase series III, Chevrolet C20 and Dodge Ram (1st generation) pickups, and US M35A2 2½-ton (6x6) military trucks. Initially headquartered at the Nohra Shalouhi Barracks near Batroun in 1983, the Brigade's HQ was later moved to the Bahjat Ghanem Barracks at Tripoli, and placed under the command of Colonel Issam Abu Jamra.
	Commanded by Colonel Issam Abu Jamra, the Second Brigade during the Mountain War was deployed at the northern port city of Tripoli as part of the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) Northern Command. As such, the Brigade took no part in the September 1983 battles for the Chouf District or the February 1984 battle for the control of the western districts of Beirut. Virtually confined to their Tripoli barracks and forced into inactivity, the Second Brigade self-disbanded in 1987 and its units had dispersed.
	Upon the end of the war in October 1990, the LAF Command proceeded to reorganize and expand the Lebanese Army's battered mechanized infantry brigades structure, with the Second Brigade being officially re-established in Tripoli on June 1, 1991.

= = = Kenya Advanced Institute of Science and Technology = = =

	Kenya Advanced Institute of Science and Technology is a planned postgraduate-only public university under construction in Kenya, the largest economy in the East African Community. The establishment of the university is aimed at meeting the shortage of highly skilled engineers, needed in the country and the region, to drive Kenya into an industrialized nation by 2030.
	The university is under development on a plot of land in Konza Technology City, in Machakos County, close to the county's borders with Makueni County and Kajiado County. This is approximately , by road, south-east of the central business district of Nairobi, Kenya's capital city, along the Nairobi–Mombasa Road.
	The Government of Kenya, in collaboration with the county governments of Machakos, Makueni and Kajiado counties, and the "Konza Technopolis Development Authority" (KoTDA), plan to establish an advanced institute of science and technology. The institute is planned to be an all-postgraduate research public university.
	After competitive bidding, the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology won the bid to design the university curriculum. A consortium of two Korean architectural and engineering firms of "Samoo" and "Sunjin", won the bid to design and construct the university campus. Those contracts were signed in November 2018.
	Construction is funded by a KSh10 billion (US$95 million) loan from the Export–Import Bank of Korea to the Kenyan government. Te facilities are expected to be ready in 2021, with the first intake of 200 postgraduate students starting starting classes in 2022.
	The university will start with six initial departments:

= = = Giovanni Andrea Croce = = =

	Giovanni Andrea Croce (died 1595) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Tivoli (1554–1595).
	On 26 Jan 1554, Giovanni Andrea Croce was appointed during the papacy of Pope Julius III as Bishop of Tivoli.
	He served as Bishop of Tivoli until his death on 2 Feb 1595.
	While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of: Adriano Fuscone, Bishop of Aquino (1554); Gerolamo Melchiori, Bishop of Macerata (1554); and Massimiliano Palumbara, Archbishop of Benevento (1574).

= = = Latignano = = =

	Latignano is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Cascina, province of Pisa. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 556.
	Latignano is about 18 km from Pisa and 4 km from Cascina.

= = = London v Sheffield (1866) = = =

	London v. Sheffield was an association football game played on 31 March 1866. According to Charles Alcock, it was the "first [match] of any importance under the auspices of the Football Association".
	The match was suggested in a letter from William Chesterman, secretary of Sheffield F.C., sent to the Football Association in February of 1866. Chesterman stated that the Sheffield rules of the time were "nearly the same as those of the [Football] association", and went on to suggest the "advisability of the clubs in Sheffield playing a picked team from London, composed of the clubs playing under association rules". 
	The Football Association (FA) accepted the challenge, setting the following conditions on the match:
	In fact, the team representing Sheffield would consist entirely of players from Sheffield FC, while the London team would be dominated by players from Barnes F.C., Wanderers F.C. and N.N. Club, the leading Association clubs at that time.
	Chesterman agreed that the match would be played under the 1866 revision of the FA's Laws of the Game, which had been adopted less than six weeks earlier. This set of rules introduced the "touch down" (similar to a try in present-day rugby) as a tie-breaker for games where each side scored an equal number of goals. Other notable features of the laws included:
	Sheffield FC held a training match one week prior to the game to "practice the Rules of the Football Association". Among the most prominent differences between the codes were offside (the FA had a fairly strict offside law; the printed Sheffield laws of 1862 had no offside law at all, although at various times the club had experimented with different offside laws), handling (while both codes permitted the ball to be caught, the FA code also allowed the ball to be struck with the hand, though a goal could not be scored in this manner), and the smaller width of the Sheffield goal (four yards, as opposed to the FA's eight yards). It is likely that Sheffield's relative unfamiliarity with the FA rules gave an advantage to the London team.
	Sheffield won the toss, and chose the western end of the ground in order to take advantage of the wind. Arthur Pember kicked off for London. After 10 to 15 minutes of play, Ebenezer Morley kicked a goal for London. Under the rules, this meant that the teams changed ends for the ensuing kick-off. After a further period of play (ranging from a "few minutes" to "half an hour" in the reports), Barnes scored a touch down for London. After good play from Martin, Charles Alcock then kicked a goal for London, but it was disallowed by the umpire for offside.
	The sources differ on the details of much of the remainder of the match. There is consensus that London's second goal was kicked by Martin, and that Tebbut and Barnes scored touches down. The identity of the scorer of London's final touch down is disputed, with two sources crediting Martin and a third Baker. The sources agree that the game ended in a torrent of rain and driving hail. Sheffield refused to finish the game early, despite the terrible conditions.
	Describing his memories of the match almost forty years later, Chesterman reminisced: 
	After the match, the teams dined together at The Albion Tavern, Russell Street, Covent Garden, where toasts were exchanged. 
	At the Sheffield FC annual general meeting in September of 1866, the club's loss was described as "the most severe defeat it has ever been your misfortune to encounter, but it is to be hoped that you will return the compliment this season".
	Later that year, Harry Chambers (who had replaced Chesterman as secretary of Sheffield FC) wrote to the FA proposing a return match to be held in Sheffield under Sheffield rules. On 12 November 1866, the FA accepted this offer, but specified that only FA rules could be played. A return match in Sheffield was subsequently scheduled for 19 January 1867. Two days before this game was due to be played, it was postponed to March or April because of bad weather. During this delay, two developments occurred that served to emphasize the differences between the London and Sheffield codes of football:
	Although Sheffield FC arranged a "practice match" for Saturday 16 March 1867, warning its members that there remained "only one or two Saturdays before the Match with London", the return match was not played that year. 
	In fact, the next meeting between the two teams would not take place until December 1871, when they met at Bramall Lane in Sheffield, and played under Sheffield Rules.. Since the Football Association refused to sanction play under any rules but its own, the "London" team for this meeting was an unofficial eleven assembled by Charles Alcock, while the "Sheffield" team represented all the clubs of the Sheffield Football Association.

= = = National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States = = =

	On February 15, 2019, President of the United States Donald Trump declared a National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States (Proclamation 9844), citing the National Emergencies Act, and ordered the diversion of billions of dollars of funds that had been appropriated to the U.S. Department of Defense for military construction. Trump declared the emergency after he signed, but derided, a bipartisan funding bill (passed by the House and the Senate a day before) containing border security funding without funding for the border wall that Trump demanded.
	Trump had previously threatened to declare a national emergency if Congress did not pass his entire desired program for a wall on the United States–Mexican border by February 15, 2019. Under Proclamation 9844, the Trump administration plans to redirect $8 billion in previously-agreed expenditure and to use the money to build the wall instead. Under Trump's plan $3.6 billion assigned to military construction, $2.5 billion meant for the Department of Defense's drug interdiction activities, and $600 million from Treasury's forfeiture fund would be diverted for wall construction. Trump’s declaration was unprecedented in that none of the 58 previous emergency declarations made by U.S. presidents involved circumventing Congress to spend money it had expressly refused to authorize or allocate.
	Trump's declaration of a national emergency was condemned by Democrats as unconstitutional; U.S. Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer called the declaration an affront to the rule of law that was "a lawless act, a gross abuse of the power of the presidency and a desperate attempt to distract from the fact that President Trump broke his core promise to have Mexico pay for his wall." Some Republicans also criticized Trump's declaration, fearing the circumventing Congress would set a dangerous precedent for the future. Congress passed a joint resolution to terminate the national emergency, but it was vetoed by Trump in his first veto.
	Trump's declaration of a national emergency was immediately challenged in federal court, with California and sixteen other states suing the federal government on separation of powers grounds. 
	The Sierra Club and ACLU brought a similar suit. In 2019, a U.S. district court issued a preliminary injunction, and later a permanent injunction, in the Sierra Club suit, blocking Trump from diverting military funds for construction of a border wall. In July 2019, the Supreme Court, in a 5–4, one-paragraph ruling, overturned the lower court's ruling in "Trump v. Sierra Club" that blocked the use of funds to construct the border wall pending further legal proceedings; the Supreme Court majority found that the Sierra Club likely lacked legal standing.
	In October 2019, in a separate case, a U.S. district court in Texas found that the El Paso County, Texas and the Border Network for Human Rights had legal standing to challenge Trump's attempt to divert $3.6 billion in military construction for wall construction along the Mexico border, and in December 2019, the court issued a permanent injunction blocking the attempted diversion of funds. The ruling did not affect the use of other funds that the Trump administration designed for wall construction, such as counter-drug and Treasury Forfeiture Funds.
	"The Wall Street Journal" reported the day of Trump's declaration that his action was the outcome of "two years of political neglect of his signature campaign promise, lost amid competing priorities and divisions within his administration," with no single administration official having been designated to champion funding of the border wall in Congress. Trump rejected a proposal in January 2018 that would have authorized $25 billion for wall construction in exchange for a path to citizenship for Dreamers, as well as a similar proposal the next month. In March, Congress approved a bill providing for $1.6 billion in barrier funding. Threatening to veto the bill, "The Journal" reported that Trump was surprised to learn that the $1.6 billion was the amount that had been requested in his budget. Trump's budget director Mick Mulvaney then privately advised the president to blame House speaker Paul Ryan for not seeking more funding. Tom Davis, an influential former Republican congressman, observed, "The mistake they made was not coming in right away and coming up with a plan. You wonder why they didn’t try to jam this through when Republicans controlled the House because it’s a lot more complicated now trying to convince Nancy Pelosi."
	Before Trump declared the national emergency, the United States had experienced a federal government shutdown, which ran from midnight EST on December 22, 2018, until January 25, 2019 (35 days). It was the longest U.S. government shutdown in history. It occurred when the United States Congress and President could not agree on an appropriations bill to fund the operations of the federal government for the 2019 fiscal year. The shutdown affected about one-fourth of government activities. It caused around 800,000 employees and 1 million federal contractors to be furloughed or obligated to work without pay. The shutdown was estimated by the Congressional Budget Office to cost the United States economy at least $11 billion.
	The President had demanded that the appropriations bill include for $5.7 billion in federal funds for a proposed U.S.–Mexico border wall. In December 2018, the Republican-controlled Senate unanimously passed an appropriations bill without wall funding. However, Trump refused to support the bill, and it was therefore not considered by the Republican-controlled House.
	By mid-January 2019, American opposition to the shutdown had become widespread. That month, representatives elected in November 2018 took office. The newly Democrat-controlled House approved the appropriations bill that had earlier passed the Senate unanimously. Trump said he would still veto any bill that did not fund an entire border wall. Republican Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell blocked the Senate from considering appropriations legislation that Trump would veto, including the bill that the Senate had earlier passed. Democrats and some Republicans passed multiple bills attempting to reopen the government.
	On January 25, 2019, Trump agreed to endorse a stopgap bill to reopen the government until February 15. However, he reiterated his demand for the border wall funding and said he would shut down the government again or declare a national emergency and use military funding to build the wall if Congress did not appropriate the funds by February 15.
	On February 14, the House and Senate passed an appropriations bill funding the government until September 30, the end of the fiscal year 2019. Trump signed the bill into law the following day. The bill includes US$1.375 billion to construct new fencing on 55 miles of the Mexico–United States border.
	On February 15, 2019, President Trump spoke to the media in the White House Rose Garden. After signing the spending bill to keep the government open, Trump declared a national emergency over the border crisis, hoping to get access to $8 billion to use for border security. During his announcement, Trump stated, "I could do the wall over a longer period of time. I didn’t need to do this, but I’d rather do it much faster.” Critics asserted this statement would undercut the rationale for his emergency declaration in court challenges.
	To obtain $8 billion for border wall construction, the Trump administration proposes augmenting the earlier February 14 $1.375 billion appropriations bill by diverting other previously-allocated monies: $3.6 billion for military construction, $2.5 billion for the Department of Defense's counter-drug activities, and $600 million from Treasury's drug-asset forfeiture funds. White House officials said that the national emergency specifically enabled the $3.6 billion military diversion while the $2.5 billion from Defense and the $600 million from Treasury were possible due to "presidential discretion".
	This was the first time since the September 11 attacks in 2001 that an emergency declaration authorized military action.
	"Roll Call" reported on February 21, 2019, that over one-third of the funds the Trump administration had identified for diversion had already been spent by the Department of Defense. In March 2019 the Pentagon issued a list of proposed military construction projects which could be postponed, under the president's emergency declaration, so that their funding could be diverted to build the wall. The Pentagon authorized up to $1 billion to be transferred to the Army Corps of Engineers for construction of additional barriers.
	Under the national emergency legislation, Congress can overturn a declaration of emergency legislatively. If the House passes a privileged resolution to overturn, the Senate is required to take up the resolution within eighteen days. If the Senate passes the resolution, by a simple majority vote, the bill goes to the president, who has the option of vetoing it. Congress can override the veto by a two-thirds vote in both houses.
	House speaker Nancy Pelosi announced on February 20, 2019 that Democrats would introduce such a resolution in two days. The measure, House Joint Resolution 46, stated: "Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That, pursuant to section 202 of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622), the national emergency declared by the finding of the President on February 15, 2019, in Proclamation 9844 (84 Fed. Reg. 4949) is hereby terminated."
	The House voted to approve the bill on February 27 by a vote of 245–182, with thirteen Republicans voting in favor. On March 3, Rand Paul became the fourth Republican senator to declare he would vote for the resolution, improving the chances of passage. The next day he asserted that "at least" ten other Republican senators told him they would also vote for the resolution. On March 14, the Senate voted 59–41 to support the bill to overturn Trump's emergency declaration, with twelve Republicans voting in favor.
	On March 15, 2019, Trump vetoed the Joint Resolution, calling it "reckless" at a signing ceremony where he signed the veto statement, flanked by members of the Cabinet and law enforcement officials. Pelosi responded by scheduling a vote to override the veto on March 26, 2019. There were 248 votes to override the president's veto, and 181 votes against, which fell short of the ⅔ supermajority (286 votes) needed to override.
	A second attempt to overturn the emergency failed in October 2019, when the Senate failed to override a Presidential veto by a vote of 53–36. 
	In his statement declaring the emergency, President Trump acknowledged the inevitability of legal challenges, stating that he anticipated losing in lower courts, but ultimately prevailing in the Supreme Court. The lawsuits are expected to revolve around different issues such as property rights, tribal sovereignty, and the limits of the presidency. Similar court cases challenging the Secure Fence Act of 2006 still remain open over a decade later.
, at least six separate lawsuits have been filed. Three lawsuits were filed within days of the announcement of the declaration: El Paso County, Texas filed a lawsuit in the Western District of Texas in concert with the Border Network for Human Rights, Protect Democracy, and the Niskanen Center; Public Citizen sued on behalf of the Frontera Audubon Society and three Texan landowners; and the Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington filed a lawsuit against the Department of Justice in a case involving a FOIA request.
	On February 18, sixteen U.S. states jointly filed a lawsuit in Federal court in San Francisco challenging the declaration.
	On February 19, the ACLU filed suit in the Northern District of California on behalf of the Sierra Club, the Southern Border Communities Coalition, and other interested organizations and people. On May 24, 2019, U.S. District Judge Haywood S. Gilliam, Jr. issued a temporary injunction in the case blocking the Trump administration's plan to divert funds not explicitly appropriated by Congress. Gilliam, an Obama appointee, wrote that "Congress's 'absolute' control over federal expenditures—even when that control may frustrate the desires of the Executive Branch regarding initiatives it views as important—is not a bug in our constitutional system. It is a feature of that system, and an essential one." In June 2019, this injunction was converted into a permanent injunction. In July 2019, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld the injunction. On July 26, 2019, the Supreme Court issued a stay to Gilliam's ruling, allowing wall construction to proceed while litigation continues.
	In October 2019, in a separate case, U.S. District Judge David Briones of the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas found that the El Paso County, Texas and the Border Network for Human Rights had legal standing to challenge Trump's attempt to divert $3.6 billion in military construction for wall construction along the Mexico border, and in December 2019, the court issued a permanent injunction blocking the attempted diversion of funds. The ruling did not effect the use of other funds that the Trump administration designed for wall construction, such as counter-drug and Treasury Forfeiture Funds.
	In January 2020, a panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, in a 2–1 decision, issued a temporary stay of the injunction pending further appellate proceedings. The panel split along ideological lines: the two Republican-appointed judges (Edith Jones and Andrew A. Oldham) voted to issue the temporary stay, while the panel's only Democratic appointee, Stephen Higginson, dissented.
	In June 2019, U.S. District Judge Trevor N. McFadden denied a request by the U.S. House of Representatives to temporarily block spending on the wall. The House claimed in its lawsuit that the Trump administration was overstepping its authority, and sought to prevent it from spending over a billion dollars it had already transferred from military pay and pension accounts, and more funds from an emergency military construction fund that had not yet been transferred. McFadden, a Trump appointee, said the House had no legal standing to sue the president and that therefore the Court lacked jurisdiction to hear the claim. McFadden issued no opinion on the merits of the case, saying "The Court declines to take sides in this fight between the House and the President."
	In February 2019, the Center for Biological Diversity, Defenders of Wildlife, and the Animal Legal Defense Fund filed a lawsuit in Washington D.C.
	The Tohono O'odham Nation has raised the issue with the Organization of American States' Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, and the Cocopah, Kickapoo, and Kumeyaay are also considering their legal options.
	Some analysts stated that if legally upheld, the declaration would vastly expand governmental power, particularly that of the presidency and the executive branch. Reporter Charlie Savage summarized the political impact of the declaration, saying that "no matter what else happens, Mr. Trump’s willingness to invoke emergency powers to circumvent Congress is likely to go down as an extraordinary violation of constitutional norms—setting a precedent that future presidents of both parties may emulate to unilaterally achieve their own policy goals."
	A number of legal scholars called the declaration an "abuse" and a "deliberate misapplication" of the National Emergencies Act, with many stating that the declaration threatened the separation of powers in the United States and amounted to a potential constitutional crisis. They said the declaration was a continuation of the expansion of presidential power observed during the 2010s in the United States.
	Thousands reportedly participated in a nationwide Presidents Day protest on February 18, 2019, to denounce the emergency declaration.
	On February 25, a bipartisan group of 58 former senior national security officials and 25 former Republican lawmakers implored Congress to overturn Trump's emergency declaration. The former lawmakers wrote, "It has always been a Republican fundamental principle that no matter how strong our policy preferences, no matter how deep our loyalties to presidents or party leaders, in order to remain a constitutional republic we must act within the borders of the Constitution," while the security officials contended that there is no "documented terrorist or national security emergency at the southern border" nor an "emergency related to violent crime."
	Support from Republicans has been divided, with most conservative House Republicans embracing Trump’s action, while opposition was more pronounced among Senate Republicans. Reportedly, because of Trump’s high approval ratings among Republicans, many in the party were concerned that expressing public opposition to the president’s action could result in their political demise. An analysis by FiveThirtyEight found that through February 18, 2019, 34% of the 53 Republican Senators had expressed support for the declaration.
	Before the declaration, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell—long a defender of Senate prerogatives—and most other Senate Republicans strongly urged the president to not take the action. After the declaration, McConnell led several other senators in pivoting to support it. Senator Lindsey Graham expressed emphatic support for the declaration. Georgia Senator Johnny Isakson said he "support[s] the president in his decision," and Richard Shelby said Trump has "the power to defend the country, to defend the borders." Senator John Hoeven stated that Republicans "support the president's efforts to strengthen border security," and Senator Kevin Cramer said that Trump "will address the crisis at the southern border, whether or not Congress does." Representative Matt Gaetz stated that he was "proud" of Trump.
	Others, including Senators Rand Paul, Chuck Grassley, and Marco Rubio, spoke out strongly against the declaration. Susan Collins said the president is "usurping congressional authority" while Lamar Alexander said the United States' "founders chose not to create a chief executive with the power to tax the people and spend their money any way he chooses." Representative Justin Amash stated that Trump is "attempting to circumvent our constitutional system".
	Will Hurd, the only Republican representative for a district along the southern border, said that the national emergency declaration "is not a tool that the president needs in order to solve this problem," and argued that a coherent strategy with increased manpower and technology at the border would be the solution.
	Shortly before the emergency was declared, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi warned Republicans that this would set a precedent for the next Democratic president to declare a national emergency on gun violence. After the declaration, Pelosi and Senate Minority Leader Senator Chuck Schumer issued a joint statement opposing the declaration. Pelosi and Schumer described the declaration as an affront to the rule of law, "a lawless act, a gross abuse of the power of the presidency and a desperate attempt to distract from the fact that President Trump broke his core promise to have Mexico pay for his wall." The Democratic leaders' statement said that Trump was trying to "shred the Constitution" and vowed to seek "every remedy available" to block it.
	Senator Angus King, who caucuses with the Democrats, called the move "antithetical to our American system of government." Senator Tina Smith, a member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party, said the declaration was an "attempt at a power grab."
	The House Judiciary Committee announced an "immediate investigation", summoning Department of Justice officials and White House Counsel Pat Cipollone to congressional hearings and requesting various documents from the White House.
	A number of media commentators considered the declaration a threat to the "integrity" of American democracy.
	Many prominent Republican and conservative commentators expressed concerns that the declaration violated the separation of powers and the powers of Congress. Noted neoconservative and long time Trump-critic Max Boot argued in the "Washington Post" that the action was Trump's "latest assault on the norms of American democracy" and that "arguably nothing Trump has done to date has been as alarming as his misuse of the 1976 National Emergencies Act." and would set a precedent to allow a future Democratic president to declare an emergency taking unilateral action on gun control and climate change.
	Ann Coulter, an early Trump supporter and now frequent critic of the president sharply criticized the move, stating "the goal of a national emergency is for Trump to scam the stupidest people in his base for 2 more years" and that "[t]he only national emergency is that our president is an idiot."
	Noting that there will be legal challenges to the action, many commentators also predicted that Trump's own comments during his announcement will make it harder to support his claim that there is an actual emergency. However, conservative radio host Hugh Hewitt said he thought the president had a "good shot at winning" in the Supreme Court.
	Some legal scholars considered the declaration of a national emergency as an example of executive overreach and an abuse of the National Emergencies Act, arguing that the declaration would permanently and vastly expand the power of the presidency and the executive branch.
	Andrew Boyle of the Brennan Center for Justice's Liberty & National Security Program said that the National Emergencies Act was broadly worded, providing much flexibility to the executive in many areas, including "control over the military and construction projects." Boyle predicted that lawsuits challenging an emergency declaration would focus on issues such as whether building the wall was of "military necessity." Boyle stated that historically, presidents had abused states of emergency "with the tacit consent of the legislature." Boyle suggested that since Trump "has a history of blowing through norms that other executives have adhered to" Congress might begin to revisit its historical assumption that the executive was acting in good faith.
	Presidential historian Douglas Brinkley said of the declaration: "It shrinks the importance of Congress even more. It is a wild-eyed imperial presidency."
	In February 2019, Congress amended an existing appropriations bill to protect several sites along the border, including the historic La Lomita Chapel in Mission, Texas. Trump's declaration of a national emergency could remove those protections. The local pastor, Roy Snipes, and his bishop, Daniel E. Flores, oppose the plan to use church property for the wall, and the Brownsville diocese has challenged it in court. The Georgetown University Law Center's Institute for Constitutional Advocacy and Protection (ICAP) filed a brief in support of the diocese. In a show of support for the chapel, over a thousand parishioners held a procession on Palm Sunday, April 14, 2019, from Our Lady of Guadalupe Church to the chapel.
	A majority of Americans disapproved of Trump's emergency declaration. Three national surveys in February 2019 showed that between 51% and 61% of Americans opposed the declaration, with between 36% and 39% supporting it. These figures generally reflected Trump's overall job approval ratings. Support and opposition was highly polarized by political party: in a Marist Poll, 94% of Democrats and 62% of independents, but only 12% of Republicans, disapproved of Trump's declaration of a national emergency to build a wall.

= = = 2019 Connecticut Sun season = = =

	The 2019 WNBA season was the 21st season for the Connecticut Sun franchise of the WNBA. It was also the 17th season for the franchise in Connecticut. The team opened the season on May 25th versus the Washington Mystics.
	The Sun started the season well, posting a 9–4 record through the end of June. They were especially strong at home, going 6–0 over the first two months of the season. The end of June into the beginning of July proved to be a rough patch for the team. They lost five straight games from June 23 to July 10. This stretch included one of only two home losses on the season. After this losing streak, the Sun went on a seven game winning streak that lasted from July 12 to August 4. The Sun's final record in July was 5–2. The Sun didn't lose in August and posted an 8–3 record. The Sun's other home loss came on September 6 as the team closed out the season 1–2 in September. The Sun clinched a playoff birth on August 18, and their final 23–11 record earned them the second seed in the playoffs.
	As the second seed, the Sun earned a bye through to the Semifinals. There, they met the #3 seed Los Angeles Sparks. The Sun proved to be too much for the Sparks, sweeping them three games to none. They advanced to the finals where they faced off against the #1 seed Washington Mystics. In a tightly contested finals, the Sun ultimately came up short, losing two games to three.
	The Sun made the following selections in the 2019 WNBA Draft.

= = = Jessica M. Feldmark = = =

	Jessica M. Feldmark is a Democratic member of the Maryland House of Delegates.

= = = Santo Stefano a Macerata = = =

	Santo Stefano a Macerata is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Cascina, province of Pisa. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 86.
	Santo Stefano a Macerata is about from Pisa and from Cascina. The main hamlet of the "frazione" is called Chiesanuova.
	The "frazione" is home to the European Gravitational Observatory and the Virgo interferometer, one of the few facilities in the world for the search for gravitational waves.

= = = Jones Snowboards = = =

	Jones Snowboards is a snowboard, snowboard binding, and snowboarding accessories manufacturer based near Lake Tahoe. The company was founded by renowned freeride snowboarder Jeremy Jones. The company has received numerous awards for its snowboards. Jones snowboards are manufactured in Dubai.
	Notable Jones models include their signature "Flagship" freeride board, all-mountain "Mountain Twin," and powder-focused "Hovercraft" boards.
	Jones Snowboards has a stated focus on environmental causes, especially the fight against climate change. This includes efforts to manufacture their boards in an environmentally friendly manner, and the donation of 1% of sales to sustainability-focused non-profits. Jones Snowboards also promotes avalanche safety, and includes their "5 Red Flags" in the artwork on some of their snowboards and packaging materials.

= = = Ulrich Pfisterer (art historian) = = =

	Ulrich Pfisterer (born December 30, 1968 in Kirchheim unter Teck is a German art historian whose scholarship focuses on the art of Renaissance Italy. He is currently a professor of art history at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and the director of the Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte.
	Ulrich Pfisterer studied art history, classical archaeology, and philosophy at the University of Freiburg and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. In 1997, he received his Ph.D. from the University of Göttingen with a dissertation on “Donatello and the Discovery of Style, 1430-1445” (Donatello und die Entdeckung der Stile, 1430–1445). He was subsequently a postdoctoral fellow at the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florence with a lectureship at the University of Göttingen. From 1999 to 2002, he was an assistant professor and from 2002 to 2006 a junior professor at the Kunstgeschichtliches Seminar at the University of Hamburg. In 2006, he completed his Habilitation in Hamburg with a book on “Lysippus and his Friends: Gifts and Memory in Renaissance Rome – or, the First Century of Medallions” (Lysippus und seine Freunde. Liebesgaben und Gedächtnis im Rom der Renaissance – oder: Das erste Jahrhundert der Medaille).
	Ulrich Pfisterer has had fellowships at the Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute for Art History in Rome, the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florence, the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel, the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles and the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts CASVA/The National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. He was invited Director of Studies at the École pratique des hautes études/Sorbonne University in Paris and a Fellow at the research group “BildEvidenz. History and Aesthetics” at the Free University of Berlin. Since October 2006, he has been Professor of Art History at the Institut für Kunstgeschichte at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (chaired since 2008). In June 2015, he was named Director of the Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte (2015–2017 together with Wolf Tegethoff). Since 2018 he is sole director of the Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte.

= = = San Casciano, Cascina = = =

	San Casciano is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Cascina, province of Pisa. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 249.
	San Casciano is about 15 km from Pisa and 4 km from Cascina.

= = = 2019 New Democratic Party of Newfoundland and Labrador leadership election = = =

	The 2019 New Democratic Party of Newfoundland and Labrador leadership election was prompted by Gerry Rogers' announcement on February 12, 2019 that she would be resigning from politics. Economist Alison Coffin won by acclamation on March 1, 2019, as she was the only declared candidate. She was confirmed as the party's new leader at a news conference on March 5, 2019.
	Memorial University economics professor, 2018 leadership candidate for the New Democrats, 2015 candidate in Waterford Valley
	Date campaign launched: February 13, 2019

= = = Heinz Henschel = = =

	Heinz Henschel (27 January 1920 – 21 October 2006) was a German ice hockey player, sports administrator, and banker. He played for 24 seasons and won two German championships as a member of the Berliner Schlittschuhclub. He later became a banker involved in sports and entertainment. He was the founder of multiple sporting associations and served as president of the German Ice Sport Federation. He was the leader of German delegations at Winter Olympic Games and a member of the German Olympic Sports Confederation. His career was recognized by induction into both the IIHF Hall of Fame and the German Ice Hockey Hall of Fame.
	Henschel was born 27 January 1920 in Berlin, Germany. He attended the gymnasium in Lankwitz, began playing ice hockey at age nine, then organized a student team at the school by age ten.
	Henschel played the forward position in his ice hockey career, which lasted 24 seasons from 1932 to 1956 and included two national championships as a member of the Berliner Schlittschuhclub. Other clubs he played for included Berliner EV 1898, LTTC Red-White Berlin, Prussia Berlin, and SC Brandenburg.
	Henschel also had a career as a banker. He was forced to close his bank in Steglitz due to investment losses in the Berlin Sportpalast. He was unable to revive his former home arena as a profitable entertainment venue, and had amassed debt due to borrowing more than a half million Deutsche Marks in a five-year lease.
	Henschel later turned his efforts towards hockey diplomacy and sports administration. He attended the 1947 Ice Hockey World Championships and was successful in negotiating the return of the German Ice Hockey Association into the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) membership, and also the Germany men's national ice hockey team's participation in future Ice Hockey World Championships. He later negotiated the entry of the German Ice Hockey Federation into the IIHF to represent West Germany.
	Henschel helped establish several associations to oversee sports in Berlin and in Germany. He was involved in setting up the Berlin Ice Sport Federation, the Berlin Regional Sport Federation, the German Ice Sport Federation, and the German Ice Hockey Federation. He served as president of the German Ice Sport Federation from 1963 to 1988, was president of the German Ice Sports Federation from 1992 and 1994, and also served as an executive member of the German Sports Federation (GSF). As a member of the GSF, he was a founder of the German Ice Hockey Museum.
	Henschel was the chief organizer of the 1983 World Ice Hockey Championships hosted by West Germany. In 2003, he organized the 20th anniversary of the game between the West German team and East German team at the 1983 championships at the Westfalenhallen in Dortmund. Regarding the event, he said that "the game is intended to express the memory and joy that today we all belong to one federation and after the match we will spend a cozy evening together".
	Henschel was the leader of the German delegations at eight Winter Olympic Games, and the national team at 27 Ice Hockey World Championships. As a member of the German Olympic Sports Confederation, he acted as Chef de Mission for West Germany at the 1984 Winter Olympics.
	Henschel was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2003, in the builder category, and was also inducted into German Ice Hockey Hall of Fame. He was made an honorary member of the German Ice Hockey Federation, the German Ice Sport Federation, and the Berlin Ice Sport Association.
	Henschel died on 21 October 2006 in Berlin.

= = = Technology-critical element = = =

	A technology-critical element (TCE) is a chemical element that is important to emerging technologies, in much higher demand than in the past, and in scarce supply relative to demand. 
	Many advanced engineering applications, like clean-energy production, communications or computing, use emergent technologies that utilize numerous chemical elements. As a result, a much greater proportion of metals in the periodic table are economically significant than in past centuries. Technology-critical elements are those elements for which a striking acceleration in usage has emerged, relative to past consumption. The TCE concept is related to the degree to which an element is seen to be critical. Criticality is related to scarcity, which, in turn, is related to any imbalance between supply and demand. Various attempts at the assessment of this criticality have taken place over recent years. 
	In most cases, these assessments use a two-parameter matrix with slightly different definitions, but generally involving supply risk and vulnerability to restriction of that supply. The set of elements usually considered as TCEs vary depending on the source, but they usually include: the 17
	rare-earth elements (cerium, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, holmium, lanthanum, lutetium, neodymium, praseodymium, promethium, samarium, scandium, terbium, thulium, ytterbium, and yttrium), plus 17 more elements including
	platinum group elements (platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, and ruthenium) as well as beryllium, cobalt, gallium, germanium, indium, lithium, niobium, tantalum, tellurium, antimony, and tungsten. 
	Other similar terms used in the literature include: Critical elements, Critical materials, Critical raw materials, Energy critical elements and Elements of security.
	In 2013, the US DOE created the Critical Materials Institute to address the issue. In 2015, the European COST Action TD1407 created a network of scientists working and interested on TCEs, from an environmental perspective to potential human health threats.

= = = Emma Grattan = = =

	Emma Grattan (1835 - August 9, 1893) was a 19th-century English stage actress and singer.
	Grattan was born with the surname Hunt; Grattan was a family name she later adopted as a stage name. Comedian and manager Benjamin Webster was a family friend and encouraged her dramatic interests. She married Henry Courtaine. The couple traveled to California around 1859 and later onto to China and India. She managed a theatre in Bombay for two years. After later returning to England, she subsequently came to New York. She also performed in America with Lydia Thompson's burlesque troupe. 
	Grattan died in New York in 1893.

= = = List of defunct airlines of Panama = = =

	This is a list of defunct airlines of Panama.

= = = Joanna Verran = = =

	Joanna Verran is an Emeritus Professor of Microbiology and Head of Science Communication at Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU). She studies the interaction of microorganisms with inert surfaces. She was awarded the 2019 AAAS Award for Public Engagement with Science.
	Verran studied maths, biology and chemistry at A-level. She studied bacteriology and virology and the University of Manchester and graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1977. She went on to earn a Master of Science (MSc) degree in 1978 followed by a PhD in 1981. Her postgraduate research was based on "Streptococcus mutans".
	Verran works on the interactions of microorganisms with surfaces including food preparation surfaces, water pipes and dentures at Manchester Metropolitan University. She has looked at the pathogenicity of "Candida albicans" and how it relates to stomatitis. She recognised that the properties of surfaces affected the retention of cells, and began to investigated the topography and chemistry of surfaces. She was the academic lead for a Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) LINK project that worked with Unilever, AstraZeneca, studying the impact of wear on the ability to clean food surfaces. She developed atomic force microscopy to evaluate the attachment of microorganisms to work surfaces. The project informed European Commission funded PathogenCombat, which informed small and medium-sized enterprises about food hygienic preparation. She served as President of the International Biodeterioration Biodegradation Society between 2006 and 2009.
	Verran was awarded a National Teaching Fellowship in 2011 and is a Principal Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (HEA). She has was involved in the creation of the National Subject Profile in Microbiology. She published "An Atlas of Biodeterioration" in 2013. She contributed to "Effective Learning in the Life Sciences: How Students Can Achieve Their Full Potential".
	Verran became interested in the intersection of science and the arts; supporting students to engage with different disciplines. In 2009 Verran launched the "Bad Bugs Book Club" which looks to engage people with microbiology and infectious diseases. The book club is open to the scientists and non-scientists. She held a "Bad Bugs Book Club" at the British Science Association Science Communication Conference in 2015. The book club was a case study in "Science Communication: A Practical Guide for Scientists." Verran has used zombies and vampires that can act as models of infectious diseases, and demonstrated the exhibit at Cheltenham Science Festival. She has researched effective means of evaluating science communication. She launched the Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU) science communication Master's program in 2016. Verran has been involved with the Bradford Literature Festival and Manchester Children's Book Festival. She has written for The Conversation. She has explored how educational interventions can impact adolescent opinions of vaccinations.
	Her awards and honours include:
	Verran is married with two children.

= = = Ryan's Mystery Playdate = = =

	Ryan's Mystery Playdate is an American live-action preschool television series created and produced by the company PocketWatch, Inc. The series is based on the Ryan's World YouTube channel, which signed an advertising deal with PocketWatch in 2017. In the United States, the show's 20 episodes were acquired by Nick Jr. for a premiere date of April 19, 2019.
	In an attempt by PocketWatch to match the YouTube channel's style, all of the show's dialogue is improvised, and the only scripted segments are scene transitions and explanations of the challenges.
	The series focuses on Ryan, his parents, and two animated characters named Gus the Gummy Gator and Combo Panda. Episodes show a selection of physical challenges and unboxing puzzles.
	The show's first 20 episodes were announced as part of Nickelodeon's 2019 content slate on February 14, 2019. On April 24, 2019, the series was renewed for a second season of 20 episodes, bringing a total of 40 episodes for the series.

= = = Karianne Lisonbee = = =

	Karianne Lisonbee is an American politician serving in the Utah House of Representatives, representing District 14.
	Lisonbee lives in Syracuse. She graduated from Brigham Young University. Prior to her election to the Utah legislature, Lisonbee was serving her second term on the Syracuse City Council. She is currently serving her second term in the House. Lisonbee is a member of the board of the Utah Home Education Association. 
	In the 2017 Utah Legislative Session, Lisonbee sponsored a bill creating a Provisional Concealed Carry Permit for adults aged 18 to 20.
	In the 2019 Utah Legislative Session, Lisonbee sponsored a bill providing a process for the Utah Attorney General's Office to review alleged first degree felonies if the local and district level enforcement agencies decline to prosecute or wait more than six months to analyze the case.
	In the 2019 Utah Legislative Session, Lisonbee sponsored the Down syndrome Nondiscrimination Abortion Act, a bill seeking to halt the eugenic-like eradication of children with Down syndrome through elective abortion. The bill contained a contingent effective date. This bill will enact when a court of jurisdiction decides in favor of a Down syndrome Nondiscrimination Act being challenged in another state. 
	In the 2019 Utah Legislative Session, Lisonbee sponsored HB231, Tangible Personal Property Tax Revisions alleviating onerous regulatory and tax pressure from small businesses in Utah.
	In the 2019 Utah Legislative Session, Lisonbee sponsored HB250, a bill placing guardrails around the assessment of school fees.
	In the 2019 Utah Legislative Session, Lisonbee sponsored HB246, a bill that created reduced cost hunting and fishing licenses for disabled veterans.
	Lisonbee had a republican challenger in convention in 2016, Dan Pitcher. Karianne received 64% of the vote in convention. Karianne also had a Democratic challenger in 2016, Kathleen Villanueva, who withdrew from the race before ballots were printed because she moved out of state. In 2018 Karianne had a Democratic challenger, Shanell Day. In 2016, Rep. Curt Oda had filed to run for a seventh term representing district 14. Lisonbee and another Republican candidate, Dan Pitcher, filed on the last filing day. Then Oda withdrew his candidacy. Lisonbee won the Republican convention race and ran unopposed in the Republican primary. A 2016 Democratic challenger, Kathleen Villanueva, moved before the general election ballots were printed resulting in Lisonbee running unopposed in the general election.
	In the legislature, Lisonbee sponsored legislation to create the provisional concealed carry permit, and legislation to increase restrictions on abortion.

= = = Gwyn Evans (bowls) = = =

	Gwynfryn ('Gwyn') Evans is a former Welsh international lawn bowls player.
	Evans was born in Gelli, Rhondda. His father Clifford Maldwyn Evans won the Welsh Pairs Championship in 1952 with his brother (Gwyn's uncle) John Morgan Evans (1917-1985), a world-class player. Gwyn worked as a chartered public finance accountant and chief executive of Rhondda Borough Council until his retirement.
	His brother was Maldwyn Evans, the 1972 World Outdoor Bowls Championship gold medal winner.
	He won a bronze medal in the men's fours at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton with Ellis Stanbury, Ian Sutherland and John Thomson.
	He represented Wales from 1967 until 1985, won the Welsh indoor singles title in 1978, and captained the Welsh team in the 1980 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Melbourne.
	He won two National Championship Pairs titles in 1966 and 1967, with his brother Maldwyn and one fours title in 1961.

= = = Justice League vs. the Fatal Five = = =

	Justice League vs. the Fatal Five is a 2019 American animated superhero film produced by Warner Bros. Animation and distributed by Warner Home Video. Featuring the DC Comics team of the same name created by Gardner Fox the film is the thirty-fourth in the DC Universe Animated Original Movies series. It had its world premiere at WonderCon Anaheim 2019 on March 29, 2019, was released on Digital HD on March 30, 2019, and on 4K Ultra HD, Blu-ray, and DVD on April 16, 2019.
	Announced at San Diego Comic-Con on July 20, 2018. The film features Kevin Conroy, Susan Eisenberg, and George Newbern reprising their roles as Batman, Wonder Woman, and Superman, respectively, from the "Justice League" animated series as well as its follow-up "Justice League Unlimited" and other DC productions.
	In the 31st century, Tharok, Persuader and Mano of the Fatal Five attack the Legion of Super-Heroes' headquarters for their time sphere. Star Boy, Saturn Girl and Brainiac 5 try to keep them back but fail. Just as the villains activate the sphere, Star Boy leaps at them and is taken along. Arriving in the 21st century above Earth, Star Boy triggers a boobytrap Brainiac 5 programmed, trapping the villains inside the sphere in a stasis field. Star Boy comes down in Gotham City while the sphere ends up in Metropolis. Star Boy discovers his supply of medicine, needed to stabilize his mind, was destroyed in his rough landing. As his medicine doesn't exist yet, Star Boy's increasingly erratic behavior gets him apprehended by Batman and sent to Arkham. The stasis-locked time machine is picked up by Superman and brought to the Justice League's headquarters for analysis.
	Ten months later, Jessica Cruz is struggling with the trauma of her near-death by a murderer who killed her friends, making her afraid to leave her apartment. Adding to her anxiety is that a Green Lantern ring chose her and that Wonder Woman keeps trying to recruit her into the Justice League. In Gotham, Miss Martian is trying to prove herself to Batman for membership in the League, but her inexperience works against her good intentions. While trying to unlock the secret of the strange sphere, Mister Terrific brings down the stasis field, freeing its occupants. Superman and Mister Terrific fight them, but Superman is wounded by Persuader's axe and the villains escape.
	Star Boy's memory is jogged by a news report of the fight, and he breaks out of Arkham. The Justice League members compare notes about these mysterious assailants and discover they are time travelers. From one of Star Boy's ravings, Batman deduces that they are after Jessica. When the three villains attack Jessica, Star Boy comes to her rescue, followed by Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Mister Terrific, and Miss Martian, who force them into flight after a hard struggle. In the aftermath, Star Boy and Jessica form a close friendship.
	To find out more about their guest from the future, Batman instructs Miss Martian to telepathically link their and Jessica's minds with Star Boy's memories, thus learning about the Legion. They witness a battle between the Legion-—Chameleon, Dawnstar, Tyroc, Mon-El, Shadow Lass, and, later Brainiac 5, Saturn Girl, and Star Boy-—and the Fatal Five, which ended with the capture of Emerald Empress (Mano's lover) and Validus; as there was no prison that could hold them in the 31st century, the Legion took them to Oa in the past. Upon their awakening, the League receives an ultimatum from Mano: Surrender Jessica or all American cities will be destroyed by bombs created by Tharok. The first bombings start in Metropolis, forcing the Justice League to move out. Left behind with Star Boy in the Watchtower, Jessica is contacted by Tharok through her ring, forcing her to surrender herself to the Five and enable them entry to Oa's prison cells. Despite interference by Kilowog and Salaak, Emerald Empress and Validus are freed, and when Jessica fights back, Persuader cleaves her ring in two. Afterwards, Emerald Empress has her Emerald Eye steal all the energy of the Central Power Battery, and the Five return to Earth to recover the time sphere.
	In the meantime, Star Boy discovers Jessica's absence and informs the League. The heroes proceed to the time machine's location, a secret US military base, where the Fatal Five force them into battle. Emerald Empress subdues the Justice League and then initiates her master plan to use the Lantern's power to destroy Earth's sun, wipe out humanity, and thus prevent the formation of the Legion in their time. On Oa, Jessica recovers her faith and determination, and by reciting her oath, she reassembles her power ring. Brought back to her apartment by the ring, Jessica flies to the base and prevents the Fatal Five from escaping back to their own era by bringing the whole base down upon them, killing the villains.
	Superman, Jessica and Star Boy race after the Eye, but are too late to prevent it from plunging into the sun. As the star cracks apart, Star Boy sacrifices himself by lowering himself into the sun's core and using his powers to reverse the fractioning. In the final scene as the Justice League members commemorate Star Boy's heroism, they are joined by the Legion who have come from the future to honor their fallen comrade. Batman also grants Miss Martian admission into the League for her bravery.
	The director is Sam Liu, who has directed prior DC animated films. The story was written by Eric Carrasco, partnered with Jim Krieg and Alan Burnett. The film features Kevin Conroy, Susan Eisenberg, and George Newbern reprising their roles as Batman, Wonder Woman, and Superman from "Justice League" and other DC productions. Originally, the film was set to use the Phil Bourassa art style and models from "", with the voice cast already having done their recordings. However, to avoid confusion with the New 52-based DCAMU movies, the film used the animation models from "Justice League Unlimited." The main title themes from "", "", and "Justice League Unlimited" are included in the score by composers McCuiston, Ritmanis & Karter (all DCAU alumni) to represent their respective characters.
	While its canonicity with the greater DCAU is open-ended, executive producer Bruce Timm considers the film to be canon.
	Reviews to the film were generally favorable. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 100% based on 8 reviews, with an average rating of 6.58/10.
	Eric Vilas-Boas, writing for "/Film", praised the film's handling of characters with mental health challenges. Roman Julian, writing for "MovieWeb", lauded the return of the classic DCAU animation, but criticized the film's "mediocre story".

= = = Rosengaard = = =

	Rosengaard is a manor house and estate in Ringsted Municipality, Denmark.
	In the 14th and 15th centuries, Kværkebygaard was a manor under Ringsted Abbey. Kværkeby was, with its 30 farms, one of the larger villages in the area. Kværkebygaard was from 1340 to 1346 held in fee by Niels Jensen Kværkby. K. Tetz was lensmann from 1414 to 1420. He was in 1436 succeeded by his son, Jens Tetz Rosengaard, and from then on the estate was frequently referred to as Rosengaarden after him.
	Ringsted Abbey was confiscated by the Crown during the Reformation in 1536. In 1662, Lellinge was granted to supervisor of the royal kitchen ("køkkenskriver") Hans Olufsen, Abel Cathrine's husband, as payment for an old debt. Two years later his brother, a court butcher, received Ringsted Ladegård. The farms in the villages of Kværkeby, Kongsted and Vigersted were, however, ceded to Hans Olufsen. Rosengaard was then a large farm with 30 "tønder hartkorn" of land.
	Olufsen's widow and other heirs sold Rosengaard to Bolle Luxdorph in 1685. Luxdorph expanded the estate to 200 "tønder hartkorn" and in 1693 unsuccessfully tried to convert it into a manor.
	Luddorph's daughter, Hedevig Ulrikke, in 1713 brought Rosengaard into her marriage with Adam Christoffer Knuth. After the death of his first wife, Knuth married a second time to Ide Margrethe Reventlow. Reventlow kept the estate after her husband's death in 1736. In 1743, she converted Rosengaard, Sørupgaard and Sandbygaard into the Barony of Conradsborg for her son Conrad Ditlev Knuth.
	Conrad Ditlev Knuth achieved a successful career at the court. In 1784, he ceded the barony to his son Adam Christoffer Knuth. Due to economic difficulties, the barony was converted into a "fideikommis" in 1796.
	In 1797, Rosengaard was sold at auction to Lars Lassen. In 1806, he sold it to Peter Octavius Andersen. A lieutenant named Pingel acquired it in 1816. He sold it to Frederik Hilarius Kalkau in 1832.
	In 1866, Rosengaard was purchased by Johannes Theodor Suhr, a member of the wealthy Suhr family from Copenhagen. After his death in 1888, the estate was passed on to his son by the same name. He was succeeded by his son Erik Suhr who owned the estate until 1968.
	The current main building is from 1869. It consists of three single-storey, detached wings. The complex is built in yellow brick and has a half-hipped red tile roof. The central, main wing has a four-bay median risalit. The buildings underwent a comprehensive refurbishment in 1941.
	Rosengaard is now owned by Niels Christian Engelsborg Voss.

= = = Mitrephora glabra = = =

	Mitrephora glabra is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to Borneo. Rudolph Scheffer, the Dutch botanist who first formally described the species, named it after its smooth (glaber in Latin) leaves. Bioactive compounds isolated from its bark have been reported to have antifungal activity in tests with "Aspergillus niger".
	It is a tree. Its petioles are 4.5 to 5.6 millimeters long. Its leaves are 5-7 by 1.5-2 inches. Its sepals are densely hairy, triangular in shape and their tips come to a point. Its outer petals are 1.8 by 1.1-1.4 centimeters. Its inner petals are 1.4-1.6 by 0.7-0.9 centimeters. Its carpels are 1.8 centimeters long.
	The pollen of "M. glabra" is shed as permanent tetrads.

= = = 2019 Ottawa Fury FC season = = =

	The 2019 Ottawa Fury FC season was the club's 6th and final season at the professional level and its 3rd and final in the USL Championship before suspending operations.
	Preseason scheduled announced on January 28, 2019.
	Schedule announced on January 3, 2019.

= = = Kjell Lynau = = =

	Kjell Lynau (22 March 1922 – 21 July 1983) is a Norwegian editor.
	He started as a journalist in "Nordstrands Blad" and "Akersposten" from 1941 to 1944, then the Norwegian News Agency from 1945 to 1952. He was hired as a subeditor in "Billedbladet Nå" in 1952 and was the magazine's editor from 1954 to 1983. He also chaired the Periodical Press Association from 1955 to 1960.

= = = Pedro Depestre = = =

	Pedro Celestino Depestre González (June 1945 – 8 April 2001) was a Cuban violinist, arranger and musical director. He was one of Cuba's most prolific charanga violinists, playing with Orquesta Aragón, Orquesta Maravillas de Florida, Orquesta Típica Juventud and Estrellas de Areito, among others. In the late 1990s, he recorded with the Buena Vista Social Club ensemble and toured with Orlando "Cachaíto" López in 2001, but died on stage during the first concert of the tour.
	He joined Orquesta Aragón in 1958, at age thirteen, replacing his father, Filiberto Depestre Méndez. In 1963, he became director of Orquesta Maravillas de Florida, another charanga similar to the Aragón, again replacing his father. He later directed the Orquesta Típica Juventud, based in Santiago de Cuba, for many years, releasing several albums.
	Depestre also worked for Orquesta ICRT and EGREM, Cuba's national record label. In 1979, he took part in the Estrellas de Areito recordings, improvised jam sessions featuring the most prominent musicians residing in Cuba at the time. He was later first violinist and music director of the Tropicana Club orchestra.
	In the late 1990s, Depestre played in several studio recordings by the Buena Vista Social Club project, which were released on albums by Ibrahim Ferrer and Omara Portuondo. He did not tour with the band until 2001, when he joined bassist Orlando "Cachaíto" López for his European tour. On the first show of the tour, in Basel, Switzerland, Depestre died on stage after playing a solo. He was 55 years old.
	As leader
	With Orquesta Típica Juventud
	As sideman

= = = Beaumont United High School = = =

	Beaumont United High School is a public high school in Beaumont, Texas. It is a part of the Beaumont Independent School District and was established in Fall 2018 by the merger of Clifton J. Ozen High School and Central High School.
	United uses the former Ozen campus, and sixteen additional classrooms were installed there for the merger. All teachers at both high schools were retained as part of the merger, and the new school offers all of the courses offered at the former schools. The students of Ozen and Central chose the school colors and mascot.
	The demographic breakdown of the 2,269 students from combining Ozen and Central students enrolled for the 2017-2018 school year is as follows:
	The United Timberwolves compete in the following sports:

= = = Dennis Williams (cricketer) = = =

	Dennis Stanley Williams (15 November 1936 – 18 September 2013) was an English first-class cricketer and British Army officer. Williams served in the Royal Artillery for 34 years, during which time he played first-class cricket for the Combined Services cricket team.
	Williams graduated from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in August 1957, entering into the Royal Artillery as a second lieutenant. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in August 1959, with promotion to captain coming in August 1963. He became a major in December 1968. In 1975, he gained the rank of lieutenant colonel, with promotion to colonel in June 1983. He gained his final promotion to brigadier in December 1987, with seniority to June 1987. He retired from military service in November 1991.
	Williams made his debut in minor counties cricket for Berkshire in 1958, making two appearances in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut in first-class cricket in 1959 when he was selected to play for the Combined Services cricket team against Warwickshire at Birmingham. He played first-class cricket for the Combined Services until 1964, making a total of eight first-class appearances. Williams scored a total of 225 runs at an average of 16.07, with a high score of 82.

= = = Ghana banking crisis = = =

	On August 14, 2017, the central bank of Ghana (BoG) in its press release announced its approval for the takeover of two indigenous banks, UT Bank LTD and Capital Bank LTD, by GCB Bank LTD. BoG cited the insolvency of the banks in question, as the major reason for the revocation of their operation licenses. According to BoG, upon several agreements with the banks to increase their capital requirements, managers of the banks failed. Consequently, to protect customers, the licenses of the banks were revoked under a Purchase and Assumption transaction with GCB Bank LTD.
	Roughly after a year later, on August 01, 2018, the central bank of Ghana again in a press release announced the consolidation of five indigenous banks to form a new bank called the Consolidated Bank Ghana LTD. The five collapsed banks included Unibank Ghana Ltd, The Royal Bank LTD, Beige Bank LTD, Sovereign Bank LTD, and Construction Bank LTD The same reason of insolvency was cited as a cause of the collapse of the various banks.
	Within a span of two years, about seven indigenous banks have collapsed.
	Poor Corporate Governance has been cited as one of the major causes of the collapse of the seven banks by BoG, and other financial analysts. Board level and senior management where either inactive or engaged in activities that inured to their personal interests rather than to the growth of the banks. For instance, they were the observation that most of the non-performing loans were advanced to people who were related to senior board managers. Furthermore, Board of Directors of banks failed to oversee bank accounting and corporate reporting systems as well as the external auditing system due to lack of experience or greed. In addition, Board of Directors failed to provide proper functioning risk management framework. There was also the lack of independence and integrity among Chief Internal Auditors in most of the collapsed banks, leading to cover-ups for executive directors during review processes. The general non-adherence to policies of corporate governance has greatly contributed to the collapse of these banks.
	Non-performing loans is another key cause of the collapse of some of the banks. According to BoG, the banking sector assets quality remained a major concern as banks' stock of non-performing loans and non-performing loans ratio remained high. It was observed that most of the collapsed banks had huge non-performing loans on their balance sheets. Non-performing loans affects the banks in the following way, amongst others: increase in operating costs, leading to decrease in profitability.This has financial ramifications for banks, which may cause capital reduction leading to undercapitalization.
	Credit risk refers to the risk that a borrower will default on a loan obligation to a bank or the issuer of a security held by a bank will default on its obligations. Credit risk may arise in cases of inadequate income, loss in business, death, unwillingness and other reasons, on the side of the borrower. Large losses generated by defaults of borrowers or issuers of security can lead to insolvency and possibly to the bankruptcy of a bank. It was alleged that there was too much connivance in local banks to pick loans without any recourse to paying back or following appropriate policies. Furthermore, due to bad corporate governance, appropriate risk management practices to reduce credit risks such proper monitoring and measuring mechanisms were not observed in credit deliveries.
	Regulatory lapses the central bank of Ghana is the chief regulator of Ghana's banking system. The prescribe the legal and regulatory framework for the financial sector of the country. In its press release statement, BoG stated that All these responsibilities quoted above, falls within the regulatory and supervisory role of the central bank of Ghana.Under any circumstance, the regulator is solely responsible for reading the proactive constructs of the provisions made within the laws to protect activities within the sector, in other to prevent situations of dire consequences.
	In his recently launched book, former UT Bank employee Samuel Okyere observed that bank loans were granted solely as collateral loans, without any further analysis.
	A significant cause of bank failure is poor credit quality and deficient credit risk assessment and measurement practices; and therefore, the failure to identify or recognize an increase in credit risks in a timely manner can cause major problems. An observation was made that there was non-adherence to credit management principles and procedures as due to the high exposure of the bank to insiders and related parties. Okyere also noted that the loans approval process was the responsibility of one person, whose work was not properly checked. Some auditors, Boulders Advisors Limited, in a document stated that their review of "Loans Granted to Related Parties not Connected to the UT Group" found out that there were "poor credit management practices, poor credit governance and supervision".
	Capital Bank was declared insolvent by central bank of Ghana. Its liabilities greatly exceeded its assets.According to the financial analyst, Sydney Casely-Hayford, noncollectable debts of GH¢11 billion owed to Capital Bank and UT Bank resulted in the collapse of the banks.
	It was reported that Capital Bank LTD procured its license under false pretense.
	A report was made that Capital Bank collapsed because major shareholder William Ato Essien treated depositors funds and public funds as though they were his personal funds. 
	The liquidity support of GH¢620 million, that was issued by the central bank of Ghana to Capital Bank to cure its liquidity struggles was allegedly mismanaged, leading to its collapse.
	According to the press release document by central bank of Ghana, during its Asset Quality Review (AQR) of banks conducted in 2015, and reviewed in 2016, uniBank Ghana LTD was identified to be significantly undercapitalized. Although the bank subsequently submitted a capital restoration plan to central bank of Ghana, the plan failed in returning them back to solvency and compliance to prudential requirement. Hence, it was found that the bank was beyond rehabilitation. 
	The updated Asset Quality Review (AQR) of the central bank of Ghana revealed that, just as in the case of uniBank Ghana LTD, Royal Bank LTD was also significantly under-capitalized, plans to restore them back to solvency could not materialize. Hence, Royal Bank LTD was declared to be beyond rehabilitation.
	Construction Bank was granted a provisional license in 2016 and
	subsequently launched in 2017.According to the central bank of Ghana report, It emerged that Sovereign Bank LTD license was obtained by false pretenses through the use of suspicious and nonexistent capital.

= = = Abdul-Aziz Nyako = = =

	Abdul-Aziz Murtala Nyako (born 19 December 1970) is a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria from Adamawa State. He represents Adamawa central in the current 8th National Assembly. Senator Nyako is the chairman of the Special Duties Committee of the 8th National Assembly.
	Nyako was elected as a senator into the 8th National Assembly under the All Progressives Congress (APC) but later decamped to the African Democratic Congress to contest as governor for Adamawa. He is the son of the former governor of Adamawa state, Murtala Nyako.
	Adamawa central Senatorial District covers seven local government areas.

= = = Chris Isham (journalist) = = =

	Christopher Isham is an American journalist currently serving as Chief of CBS News' Washington Bureau, a position he has held since July 2007. Isham spent nineteen years with ABC News, beginning as an associate producer in 1978, eventually serving as ABC's Chief of Investigative Projects. In addition to his roles with ABC and CBS, he helped build the website The Blotter with investigative reporter Brian Ross.
	Chris Isham, the son of Heyward Isham, a Foreign Service Officer and Sheila Eaton, an artist, was born in Berlin. He graduated from Yale University in 1976 and began his career in the documentary unit at NBC News. In 1978 he became an associate producer at ABC News.
	In May 1998, Isham organized the first major network interview with Osama bin Laden, and broke other major stories exposing security threats at U.S. airports, CIA interrogation techniques, post-Hurricane Katrina insurance fraud, and secret tapes of Saddam Hussein.
	Isham was Chief of Investigative Projects for ABC News in New York from 2001-2007 where he built an investigative unit that has been recognized as one of the most successful of its kind in television news. His unit was responsible for breaking hundreds of new stories and exclusive reports on a range of topics from terrorism to political corruption. At ABC, Isham produced the programming for all ABC broadcasts including, "ABC World News Tonight", "Nightline", "20/20", "Primetime", "Good Morning America", ABC News Radio and ABCNews.com. His unit also built an investigative site called the “Blotter” on ABCNews.com that broke many major stories including the Mark Foley story.
	Isham was named Vice President and Washington Bureau Chief for CBS News in 2007, where he is responsible for news gathering, personnel, and technical operations for all major CBS News broadcasts.
	Isham has been the recipients of numerous major industry awards throughout his career including multiple news Emmys, two Columbia DuPont Awards, a Peabody Award, four National Headliner Awards, two Overseas Press Club Awards, the ABA Gavel Award, the Joan Shorenstein Barone Award and three Edward R. Murrow Awards from the Radio Television News Directors Association (RTNDA) and an Investigative Reporters and Editors Award for online journalism.

= = = Austria at the European Games = = =

	Austria participated at the inaugural edition of the European Games in 2015.

= = = 2019 Lotto–Soudal season = = =

	The 2019 season for the cycling team began in January at the Tour Down Under. As a UCI WorldTeam, they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour.

= = = Lawrence Arthur Jones = = =

	Lawrence Arthur Jones (1910-1996) was a twentieth century African-American artist and printmaker. Born in Lynchburg, Virginia, Jones spent most of his career as an art teacher in Louisiana, Georgia, and Mississippi. He was a contemporary of the prominent black artists Charles White and Eldzier Cortor. Jones's most notable accomplishment is his establishment of a fine arts program at Jackson State University in Mississippi.
	Though Jones is best known as an arts educator, his work is present in a number of important institutions and museums. Many of his murals on campuses throughout the South still remain. His oeuvre features prints, paintings, and murals that tend to focus on the history of African-Americans in the United States. His figurative artwork often depicts the oppression of black people across various time periods and geographic contexts. Jones portrayed slavery in the South and urban poverty in the North in many paintings, murals, and prints.
	Lawrence Arthur Jones was born in 1910 in Lynchburg, Virginia, the oldest of 12 siblings. An interesting point of pride for the Jones family was that they claimed to be descendants of Sally Hemings, a slave on Thomas Jefferson's plantation. Jones grew up fairly poor, but from an early age he displayed a keen talent for drawing. In high school, Jones attended a segregated school that was underfunded and did not have an art department. However, despite Dunbar High School's deficient program, Lawrence found artistic opportunity drawing charts, sketches, and decorations for the high school. In 1927, Lawrence's senior year of high school, the famous Harlem poet James Weldon Johnson spoke at Dunbar High School. During Johnson's stay in Lynchburg, Jones showed the poet his drawings, and Johnson was so impressed with the young artist's work that he suggested that Jones pursue further education in art after graduating high school.
	Due to Jim Crow laws in Virginia, Jones was not able to attend art school in Virginia and instead registered at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1934. To pay tuition Jones worked and raised money from members of his local community who were supportive and wanted to see his artistic talent realized. The Virginia state senator Carter A. Glass even wrote on Jones's behalf. His community in Lynchburg was able to raise about 700 dollars. This was not all together enough to pay for a full term at the Art Institute of Chicago, so Jones briefly worked as a busboy in Albany, NY. Upon his arrival in Chicago in 1932, Jones also worked a short period for the WPA/FAP to raise the rest of the money for his education. Jones attended the Art Institute of Chicago from 1934 to 1936 and befriended the accomplished artists and fellow Chicago Institute students Charles White, Frank Neal, and Eldzier Cortor. Throughout the 1930s Chicago had a rapidly growing African-American arts community and Lawrence Jones was involved in creating the first black community art center in Chicago, the South Side Community Art Center. While studying in Chicago, Jones also worked in the art studios at Hull House where he met Gertrude Stein. Like James Weldon Johnson, Stein was impressed by Jones's artistic talent.
	Jones did not complete his degree at the Art Institute of Chicago and left to teach painting at Dillard University in New Orleans in 1936. Though it is generally recorded that Elizabeth Catlett is responsible for starting the art department at Dillard, Jones contended that he actually started the program, but could not be credited because he technically did not have a degree yet. Jones taught and studied at Dillard from 1936 to 1940 and attained a bachelor's degree in dramatic arts from the university. Before leaving Dillard, Jones was awarded a Rosenwald Fellowship to study at the famed Taller de Gráfica Popular in Mexico.
	At the Taller de Gráfica Popular in Mexico, Jones learned how to make woodcut and linocut prints and mingled with visiting artists like Diego Rivera and José Orozco. Jones left Mexico in 1941 to teach at Fort Valley State College in Georgia. One of the students he taught was Benny Andrews, who would go on to become an accomplished African-American artist. In 1942, during WWII, Jones was drafted into the American army and stationed at Fort McClellan in Alabama. In the army Jones became an illustrator and painted the mural "Negro Work and Life in Georgia" at Fort McClellan. The Mural depicted rural life in the south for black farmers. Jones was discharged from the Army in 1946 and returned to his teaching position at Fort Valley State University.
	In 1949 Jones left Georgia to start a new art department at Jackson State University in Mississippi. Teaching at Jackson State until the 1970s, Jones drastically expanded the University's art department to include ceramics, drama, art history, and interior design. One of his students at Jackson State University was the fashion designer Patrick Kelly.
	From 1970 to 1971 took a sabbatical from Jackson State University to get his MFA from the University of Mississippi. While studying to attain his MFA, Jones taught drawing at Ole Miss, where he was one of two black instructors at the time.
	1940 - Fellowship from the Rosenwald Fund to study printmaking at the Taller de Gráfica Popular
	1963 - Jones's painting "Past, Present, Future" wins first honorable mention at the Atlanta University annual art show.
	1964 - "Past, Present, Future" wins the Karl Douglas Trophy and second place painting at the Chicago Centennial Show of Black Progress.
	Awarded Carnegie Fellowship to study pottery.
	Jones's murals can be seen at Fort Valley State University and Jackson State University. Jones is also known to have painted murals in churches and other community buildings in locales where he lived, but the location and preservation of these works has not been fully recorded.

= = = Richard Lloyd (Cardigan) = = =

	Richard Lloyd (c. 1703–1757), of Mabws, Cardiganshire, was a Welsh Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1730 to 1741.
	Lloyd was the eldest son of Erasmus Lloyd of Mabws, Cardiganshire, and his wife Jane Pryse, daughter of Thomas Pryse of Glanfraed, a nephew of Lewis Pryse. He was admitted at Lincolns Inn on 14 April 1720. He married a daughter of Edward Games of Tregaer, Breconshire.
	Lloyd was returned on petition as a Whig Member of Parliament for Cardigan Boroughs on 7 May 1730. He was re-elected at the 1734 British general election. He voted with the Administration in all recorded divisions except that on the repeal of the Septennial Act, when he voted against them. He was defeated at the 1741 British general election and after petitioning repeatedly, his petition was finally dismissed on 23 January 1746. 
	Lloyd died on 16 July 1757, leaving one daughter.
 

= = = Andrew Wilson (zoologist) = = =

	Dr Andrew Wilson FRSE (30 September 1852–25 August 1912) was a 19th/20th century Scottish zoologist, physiologist and author.
	Wilson was born in Edinburgh on 30 September 1852 the son of Francis Wilson and Margaret Wilson, nee Spears (1810-1883). He appears to have been the great nephew of the Edinburgh zoologist James Wilson. He was educated at Dollar Academy then the Royal High School, Edinburgh. He studied science and medicine at the University of Edinburgh, graduating with an MB around 1872.
	At the University of Edinburgh he was both the Combe lecturer and Gilchrist lecturer at the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, covering zoology and comparative anatomy. He lived the last 20 years of his life at 110 Gilmore Place in south-west Edinburgh.
	In 1879 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were John Young, Alexander Dickson, John Gray McKendrick and John Hutton Balfour.
	He died on 25 August 1912. He is buried with his mother in Morningside Cemetery, Edinburgh. The grave lies in the southmost row, east of the southern entrance.
	He was a contributor to the 9th edition of Encyclopedia Britannica

= = = Pennsylvania Heritage Foundation = = =

	The Pennsylvania Heritage Foundation (PHF) is a non-profit partner of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC), the official history agency of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Established in 1983 to support the work of the PHMC in the preservation of Pennsylvania's history, the PHF is governed by a 15-member, volunteer board of directors, and operated on a day-to-day basis by two paid staff members who participate in administrative, community engagement, charitable giving and/or grants management activities.
	Initially launched with 14 members as the Friends of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, the Pennsylvania Heritage Foundation was officially established in 1983, and provided grants management, membership coordination, and program direction services to the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC), as well as assistance with retail operations in order to facilitate the work of PHMC archivists, historians, preservationists, and other staff in safeguarding 237 million documents and other archival items, 5 million objects, and 24 historic sites statewide, thereby ensuring access to the state's rich heritage for generations of present-day and future Pennsylvanians. The PHF also helped to improve awareness of and access to Pennsylvania heritage items for educators and students statewide through its early 21st century support of the PHMC's Teaching American History initiative.
	In November 2018, the PHF was awarded a grant of $19,567 by the U.S. National Archives under its Access to Historical Records: Major Initiatives grant program to "support the work of the Pennsylvania State Historical Records Advisory Board, including the annual Archives and Records Management Seminar, the development of six to eight YouTube videos designed to increase public support for and awareness of historical records programs, creating and distributing 10,000 bookmarks advocating for the importance of preserving electronic records, and the Archives Without Tears (AWOT) workshops, which will be offered throughout the state." Prior to this, the PHF had also received National Archives funding in 2013 and 2014 for support of its Archives Without Tears workshops.
	According to the PHF's website, the foundation had a roster of more than 2,000 members as of early 2019. Its staff continue to render assistance to PHMC personnel via community engagement, charitable giving and grants management, and member support assistance, and are also active in supporting the History Relevance Campaign, a nationwide initiative which has been bringing together public history professionals across America since 2012 to raise awareness about the ways in which the study and practice of history contributes to a stronger and more engaged citizenry.
	In 2019, the Pennsylvania Heritage Foundation continued its collaboration with the State Museum of Pennsylvania on the state's annual art exhibition, "Art of the State." Operating for the 52nd year, the exhibition featured current work by, and awarded cash prizes to, 103 emerging and established artists from 35 Pennsylvania counties working in a variety of media, including painting, paper, photography, and sculpture.
	The mission statement as presented on the PHF's website reads as follows:
	"The Pennsylvania Heritage Foundation is the non-profit partner of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Governed by a volunteer board, PHF helps preserve the Commonwealth’s rich heritage through charitable funding, membership, grant management, and community engagement."
	The PHF publishes publishes "Pennsylvania Heritage"® magazine four times per year in partnership with the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. According to the organization's website, "The magazine is intended to introduce readers to the Keystone State’s rich culture and historic legacy, to educate them on the value of preserving that legacy, and to entertain and involve them in such a way as to ensure that Pennsylvania’s past has a future."
	PHF personnel have also penned articles for outside scholarly publications, including "Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies".

= = = Charley Crockett = = =

	Charley Crockett (born 1984) is an American blues, country and Americana singer, guitarist, and songwriter. He has released five albums since 2015, with his most recent, "Lil G.L.'s Blue Bonanza", peaking at number 10 in the US "Billboard" Blues Albums chart.
	He has performed at venues on the same bill as Justin Townes Earle, Citizen Cope, Alejandro Escovedo, Joe Ely, Sean Hayes, Tab Benoit, Ace Enders, and Leon Bridges.
	A distant relative of Davy Crockett, Charley was born in San Benito, Texas, United States. The son of a single mother with an older brother and sister, Crockett was raised in a trailer park in Los Fresnos, Texas. His mother relocated the family to Dallas, and Crockett spent the summer months with his uncle, who lived in the French Quarter of New Orleans. Upon leaving high school, at the age of 17 Crockett decided to travel with his guitar, acquired by his mother from a pawn shop. Crockett noted "I taught myself how to play and started to write songs immediately, without any chord knowledge or anything. I didn't know what key I was in for 12 years, but my ear was really good, and I could play in any key and any chord. I just didn't know what it was." His early musical influences came from hearing hip hop, and became fascinated with the samples used. Crockett said "I got into Curtis Mayfield through samples of his songs by other artists, and Nina Simone was through a sample. Even J. Cole, I was listening to a song of his ("Kenny Lofton"), and it was based on the sample from the Manhattans version of "Hurt".
	Crockett played music on the streets in the French Quarter of New Orleans and in Deep Ellum, Dallas as a teenager. Later he traveled further afield by hitchhiking and riding freight, before by 2009 busking in New York City. As he improved his performing, Crockett organized a street band called the Trainrobbers, which caught the attention of a Manhattan-based representative for Sony Music. She signed the 26 years old Crockett to a two-year management contract, although he rejected a publishing deal. Eventually tired of life on the streets and the pending expiry of the contract, Crockett relocated to Northern California, where he combined working on farms and communes with performing for three more years. Crockett then existed on the streets in Paris, France, for a year, and briefly lived in Spain and Morocco.
	During these years, Crockett struggled to stay the right side of the law. In the US, he was arrested for the possession of cannabis in 2014, for which he remains under probation. Worse followed, courtesy of his brother, who coerced Crockett into a criminal operation. Crockett's name was forged onto documents, and so he evaded the eventual potential prosecution, however his brother was sentenced to seven years in prison for dealing in around $40 million worth of securities fraud. Crockett noted later, "People think my story is far-fetched, but the thing is, I’ve toned it down."
	He returned to Texas and after settling in Dallas, self-released his debut album, "A Stolen Jewel", in May 2015. It landed him the "Dallas Observer" Music Award for 'Best Blues Act'. The lo-fi collection contained a cover of the Flying Burrito Brothers' "Juanita." Crockett also befriended Leon Bridges at this time, before Crockett released a blues dominated album, "In The Night", in 2016. "In The Night" contained a selection of Crockett penned numbers, along with a cover of his hometown hero Freddy Fender's "Wasted Days and Wasted Nights". "Fort Worth Star-Telegram" called "In The Night" "an impressive calling card, full of Crockett's plaintive soulfulness and swinging tempos". Crockett spent the next year touring to promote his work, playing over 125 shows in total. He toured with the Turnpike Troubadours, Lucero, Shinyribs, Samantha Fish, and Old 97's, among others.
	After relocating to Austin, Texas, Crockett's next release was a collection of covers of country songs, "Lil G.L.'s Honky Tonk Jubilee" (2017), which was issued on Thirty Tigers. Tracks included the Roy Acuff penned "Night Train to Memphis", Tanya Tucker’s "The Jamestown Ferry" plus Hank Williams' "Honky Tonkin'", all incorporating Crockett's clipped, hiccuped Texan drawl. Other tracks on the album were originally recorded by Ernest Tubb, Loretta Lynn, and Webb Pierce ("I Ain't Never").
	In 2018, he released "Lonesome as a Shadow", a collection of purely original songs. It was recorded at Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, and produced by Matt Ross-Spang. The opening track, "I Wanna Cry" was written for his sister who had died from a methamphetamine overdose. The album was dedicated to Henry "Ragtime Texas" Thomas. Following its April release date, Crockett toured again backed by his band the Blue Drifters. His dates included venues such as the House of Blues in Houston, Washington, D.C.'s , The Mint in Los Angeles and The Fillmore in San Francisco. In addition, he performed at festival dates such as the Wheatland Music Festival, Portland, Oregon's Pickathon and Austin City Limits Music Festival.
	In late 2018, Crockett issued his latest album, "Lil G.L.'s Blue Bonanza". Crockett noted that "Lil G.L. is my side name, like Hank [Williams] had Luke the Drifter. I use it for all my side projects and cover projects". He explained the moniker was given to him by a local blues drummer, Jay Moeller, in reference to the obscure R&B singer G. L. Crockett. AllMusic stated ""Lil G.L.'s Blue Bonanza" is a companion of sorts to Charley Crockett's 2017 "Lil G.L.'s Honky Tonk Jubilee"". The album was primarily another compilation of cover versions, although Crockett's definition of the blues encompasses tracks including Jimmy Reed's "Bright Lights, Big City"; Tom T. Hall's "That's How I Got to Memphis" and Danny O'Keefe's "Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues". In addition, Crockett covered work made in the past by Ernest Tubb, George Jones, and T-Bone Walker. "Lil G.L.'s Blue Bonanza" peaked at number 10 in the "Billboard" Blues Albums chart.
	In early January 2019, Crockett underwent open-heart surgery. Pre-assessments for the surgery exposed that Crockett had Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome, a congenital heart condition, and that Crockett's heart had had two out of three aortic valve flaps fused together 

= = = Central High School (Beaumont, Texas) = = =

	Central Medical Magnet High School (CMMHS) was a magnet high school in Beaumont, Texas. It was operated by the Beaumont Independent School District. The mascot was the jaguar.
	It was established in 1986 by the merger of Beaumont Charlton-Pollard High School and French High School. In 2006 it received a medical magnet program.
	In 2017 Hurricane Harvey (as Tropical Storm Harvey) hit the Beaumont area, damaging Central High's main building. The gymnasium remained open.
	The school merged with Clifton J. Ozen High School in 2018 to form Beaumont United High School.
	Each year Central and Ozen had an athletic match, the Soul Bowl.
	Central also had an athletic match with Westbrook HS, known as the Beaumont Bowl 

= = = Ann Jessop = = =

	Ann Jessop or Ann Wilde; Ann Turner or Ann Bardwell (c.1781 – 23 September, 1864) was a British cabinet-maker based in Sheffield.
	Jessop was born in Sheffield and baptised in 1782 in what is now Sheffield Cathedral. Her parents were Adam and Elizabeth Wilde. She appears to have had little formal education as she could not sign her own name when she married Charles Turner in Sheffield and later Edward Bardwell in Rotherham. Bardwell was a cabinet maker and when he died in 1821 she took over the business. 
	She started to make, and write, her name when she married her third husband. When he died she moved to the business to smaller premises but she was the registered owner of their cabinet-making business in 1833. It remained in her name until she married her fourth husband.
	In 1841 she was again the registered owner of the business. It is clear that the business was well regarded as they were asked to bid to supply hundreds of mahogany chairs and matching tables.
	In 1852 her business was still operating in Fargate in Sheffield.
	Jessop died in her own home in 1864 in Sheffield.

= = = Stefano Ugolini = = =

	Stefano Ugolini (died 1681) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Titular Patriarch of Constantinople (1667–1681) and Titular Archbishop of Corinthus (1666–1667).
	On 29 Mar 1666, Stefano Ugolini was appointed during the papacy of Pope Alexander VII as Titular Archbishop of Corinthus.
	On 11 Apr 1666, he was consecrated bishop by Giulio Rospigliosi, Cardinal-Priest of San Sisto, with Ottaviano Carafa, Titular Archbishop of "Patrae", serving as co-consecrators. 
	On 18 Apr 1667, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Alexander VII as Titular Patriarch of Constantinople.
	He served as Titular Patriarch of Constantinople until his death on 10 Jul 1681.
	While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of:
	and the principal co-consecrator of:

= = = List of Queen's Counsel Appointments in British Columbia = = =

	Queen's Counsel are appointed by the provincial Cabinet on the advice of the Attorney General of British Columbia. No more than 7% of the bar of British Columbia can be awarded the designation. Before making the recommendation to Cabinet, the Attorney General is required by statute to consult with the Chief Justice of British Columbia, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia, and two benchers (directors) of the Law Society of British Columbia, one of whom is usually the president of the Law Society. A recipient must have at least five years' standing at the bar of British Columbia. In practice, the Attorney General appoints an advisory committee which includes these officials and also the Chief Judge of the Provincial Court, the president of the British Columbia Branch of the Canadian Bar Association and the deputy attorney general. The Attorney General is automatically appointed as Queen's Counsel on taking office.
	The following is a partial list of the office holders, based on annual announcements from the Attorney General of British Columbia:

= = = Percussion Concerto (Grime) = = =

	The Percussion Concerto is a composition for solo percussion and orchestra by the Scottish composer Helen Grime. The work was commissioned by the Southbank Centre, the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, and the Swedish Chamber Orchestra. It was first performed by the percussionist Colin Currie and the London Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Marin Alsop at the Royal Festival Hall, London, on 16th January 2019.
	The composition is cast in a single movement divided into three sections. It has a performance duration of approximately 23 minutes.
	The work is scored for a solo percussionist and an orchestra consisting of two flutes (2nd doubling piccolo), two oboes (2nd doubling cor anglais), two clarinets (2nd doubling E-flat clarinet), two bassoons (2nd doubling contrabassoon), two horns, two trumpets, harp, celesta, and strings. The percussion battery consists of vibraphone, glockenspiel, marimba, crotales, cowbells, bass drum, tom tom, conga, two bongo drums, suspended cymbal, two brake drums, four woodblocks, and high metal pipe.
	Reviewing the world premiere, Richard Fairman of the "Financial Times" wrote that "the premiere of Helen Grime's Percussion Concerto [...] imagined an orchestral kaleidoscope of flickering lights and perfectly judged timbres," adding, "For her and the LPO this must have been an evening of hard work, but it paid dividends."
	Conversely, Andrew Clements of "The Guardian" described the piece as "seem[ing] rather formulaic." Patrick Rucker of "The Washington Post" was also critical of the piece, observing, "The orchestration was carefully balanced, so when Currie's solos were accompanied at all, it was usually quietly. Yet Grime didn't exploit two dynamic elements of the concerto form: dialogue between soloist and orchestra, and the dramatic potential of the individual juxtaposed against the crowd. Also curious for a percussion concerto was the absence of strong rhythmic character." He concluded, "Lucky is the soloist who has conductor Alsop as an ultrasensitive concerto partner, but despite her and her musicians' best efforts, Grime's Percussion Concerto came off as unimpressively bland."

= = = Donatia fascicularis = = =

	Donatia fascicularis is a species of cushion plant in the family Donatiaceae and is closely related to species in the family Stylidiaceae. It is found in the alpine and subalpine regions of western Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. It is the type species of the genus "Donatia" J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.
	Although first collected in 1769 during the first voyage of James Cook, and painted at that time by the on-board artist Sydney Parkinson, the genus and species were not validly published until 1776, by Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg, following the second voyage.
	In Chile "Donatia fascicularis" is, together with "Astelia pumila", dominant in the cushion bogs that exists in areas exposed to the Pacific coast. As such it is not usually found together with "Sphagnum" which tend to grow slightly more inland.

= = = Scheirer–Ray–Hare test = = =

	The Scheirer–Ray–Hare (SRH) test is a statistical test that can be used to examine whether a measure is affected by two or more factors. Since it does not require a normal distribution of the data, it is one of the non-parametric methods . It is an extension of the Kruskal–Wallis test , the non-parametric equivalent for one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), to application for more than one factor. He is thus a non-parameter alternative to multi-factorial ANOVA analyses. The test is named after James Scheirer, William Ray and Nathan Hare, who published it in 1976.
	The Scheirer–Ray–Hare test is analogous to the parametric multi-factorial ANOVA of investigating the influence of two different factors on a measure for which different samples are available for the factors. As with the parametric analysis of variance, the test can be used to investigate the null hypotheses that the two factors examined in each case have no influence on the positional parameter of the samples and thus on the measure, and that there are no interactions between the two factors. A p-value less than 0.05 for one or more of these three hypotheses leads to their rejection. As with many other non-parametric methods, the analysis in this method relies on the evaluation of the ranks of the samples in the samples rather than the actual observations. Modifications also allow extending the test to examine more than two factors.
	The test strength of the Scheirer–Ray–Hare test, "i.e". the probability of actually finding a statistically significant result, is significantly lower than that of the parametric multi-factorial ANOVA, so that it is considered more conservative in comparison of both methods. For this reason, and because the method was described later than most other parametric and non-parametric variance analysis tests, it has found little use in textbooks and statistical analysis software . With computer programs that contain a function for parametric multi-factorial ANOVA, however, with additional manual effort and a calculation of the Scheirer Ray Hare test is possible.
	Since the Scheirer–Ray–Hare test only makes a statement about the diversity of all samples considered, it makes sense to perform a post-hoc test that compares the individual samples in pairs.
	The parametric alternative to the Scheirer–Ray–Hare test is multi-factorial ANOVA, which requires a normal distribution of data within the samples. The Kruskal–Wallis test , from which the Scheirer–Ray–Hare test is derived, serves in contrast to this to investigate the influence of exactly one factor on the measured variable. A non-parametric test comparing exactly two unpaired samples is the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test .

= = = NGC 4098 = = =

	NGC 4098 is an interacting pair of spiral galaxies located 330 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. NGC 4098 was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 26, 1785. It was then rediscovered by Hershel on December 27, 1786 was listed as NGC 4099. NGC 4098 is a member of the NGC 4065 Group.
	A supernova of an unknown type which was designated as PSN J12060084+2036183 was discovered in NGC 4098 on April 25, 2015.
	NGC 4098 is interacting with the galaxy pair VV 62.

= = = Wallapop = = =

	Wallapop is a Spanish company founded in 2014 used to exchange used goods, similar to Craigslist as a classifed listings website. The marketplace primarily is accessed via mobile app.
	In 2014 it signed a commercial agreement with Atresmedia. In 2015 it was cited as the startup company with the highest revenues in Spain with $1b of transactions completed using the app.
	In May 2016, the company was merged with Letgo but continues to trade under the Wallapop brand.
	Large venture capital investors include Mangrove Capital, and Eight Roads Ventures.

= = = Bajada Colorada Formation = = =

	The Bajada Colorada Formation is a geologic formation of the southern Neuquén Province in the Neuquén Basin of northern Patagonia, Argentina. The formation belongs to the Mendoza Group and is Late Berriasian to Early Valanginian in age. The formation is renowned for preserving fossil remains of "Bajadasaurus pronuspinax", a genus of dicraeosaurid dinosaurs named after the formation.
	The Bajada Colorada Formation, first defined by Roll in 1939, pertains to the Mendoza Group. It overlies the Quintuco and Picún Leufú Formations and is overlain by the Agrio Formation. The contact with the Agrio Formation is discordant and the unconformity has been dated to 134 Ma. The formation is laterally equivalent with the Mulichinco Formation. The formation comprises red and greenish-brown, fine to coarse grained conglomerates and thick-bedded sandstones with well developed bands of light brown siltstones and reddish, pinkish grey and purple-reddish claystones. The formation was deposited in a fluvial environment, and the paleoenviroment resembled a braided river system with well-preserved channels and paleosols.
	X-ray diffraction studies of sediments belonging to the Bajada Colorada Formation have revealed the presence of smectite, chlorite, illite and kaolinite.
	The formation has provided fossils of:

= = = Jim Isermann = = =

	Jim Isermann (b. 1955, Kenosha, Wisconsin) is an American artist. He is based in Palm Springs and Guerneville, California. In 1977 he graduated from University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and then received an MFA from CalArts in 1980. His artwork has focused on post-war industrial design and architecture. He has participated in numerous exhibitions in art galleries and museum, and has also created large scale commissioned projects utilizing industrial manufacturing processes. His work has been presented in solo exhibitions at Richard Telles, Los Angeles (2017, 2014, 2009, 2000, 1998, 1994), Praz-Delavallade, Paris (2010), Corvi-Mora, London (2011), Mary Boone Gallery, New York (2011 & 2012) and others. Recent commissioned projects include works for the Hammer Museum in Los Angeles, CA, Yale University Art Museum in New Haven, CT, University of California, Riverside, Los Angeles Metro, and an installation for the Cowboys Stadium in Dallas, TX. 

= = = Jon Freeman (academic) = = =

	Jonathan (Jon) B. Freeman is an American psychologist and Associate Professor of Psychology and Neural Science at New York University. He is best known for his work on person perception and social cognition, as well as for his work on mouse-tracking methodology in cognitive science. His research focuses on the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying split-second social judgments and their impact on behaviour.
	Freeman received his BA from New York University in 2007, where he first studied social psychology. He earned his PhD at Tufts University in 2012, where he worked with Nalini Ambady.
	After his doctorate, Freeman joined the faculty of Dartmouth College as an Assistant Professor. He moved to New York University as an Assistant Professor in 2014, and was promoted to Associate Professor in 2018. He directs the Social Cognitive and Neural Sciences Lab. His research combines behavioural paradigms with computational modelling and human neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging.
	Broadly, Freeman investigates how we form social judgments and first impressions. In particular, his work has shown that, because facial cues are often complex and ambiguous, multiple “partial” perceptions must initially compete over fractions of a second. This dynamic competition is argued to be central to the ability to form social judgments. His research has proposed flexible interplay between social cognition and visual perception, and has shown that stereotypes and other kinds of social or emotional knowledge can affect visual processing. An example is how stereotypes become expectations that impact visual prototypes and create distortions in how faces are perceived. His research has demonstrated that tacit assumptions about social groups, emotions, or personality can all influence the way we perceive faces.
	Freeman studies several other topics in social neuroscience related to social cognition, emotion, and decision-making. For instance, he has examined mechanisms of bias learning and change, face perception outside conscious awareness, and the impact of split-second judgments on real-world outcomes.
	Freeman developed "MouseTracker," a software that tracks decision-making in the brain by analysing the trajectory of a human subject’s hand movement via a mouse cursor. It allows researchers to assess real-time processing in cognitive tasks. MouseTracker is used by over 3,000 researchers in several different disciplines. Freeman's work has helped establish and popularise the mouse-tracking technique in cognitive science.
	Freeman is on the editorial board of Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
	Freeman wrote a commentary for Nature about how implicit bias hinders the careers of LGBT people in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields, and yet this group is often left out of diversity initiatives. He identified that LGBT people in STEM are less represented than expected, reporting negative workplace experiences, and leaving STEM fields at a high rate. Realising the importance of comprehensive data, he led a collaborative effort with the support of 17 scientific organisations asking the National Science Foundation to include questions about sexual orientation and gender identity in their national STEM workforce surveys. LGBT data from these surveys is critical for researchers and policymakers to be able to understand and address potential disparities and disadvantages of LGBT people in U.S. STEM fields. The National Science Foundation is currently piloting these questions for future surveys.
	2019 LGBT Scientist of the Year, National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals
	2019 Association for Psychological Science Janet T. Spence Award for Transformative Early Career Contributions
	2017 Society for Social Neuroscience Early Career Award
	2017 National Science Foundation CAREER Award
	2016 Innovation Award, Social and Affective Neuroscience Society
	2016 Early Career Award, International Social Cognition Network
	2016 SAGE Young Scholar Award, Foundation for Personality & Social Psychology
	2015 Rising Star Award, Association for Psychological Science
	2015 Forbes Magazine’s 30 Under 30
	2014 Pacific Standard Magazine’s Top 30 Thinkers Under 30

= = = Philip B. Hawk = = =

	Philip Bovier Hawk (July 18, 1874 - September 13, 1966) was an American biochemist, nutritionist and writer. 
	Hawk was born in East Branch, New York. He studied at Wesleyan University, where he obtained his B.S. degree in 1898. He worked as an assistant to Wilbur Olin Atwater in nutrition research at Wesleyan University (1898–1900).
	Hawk studied physiological chemistry at Sheffield Scientific School and obtained his M.S. in 1902 and Ph.D. from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1903. He taught at physiological chemistry the University of Illinois and toxicology at Philadelphia's Jefferson Medical College. Hawk was assistant professor of physiological chemistry at University of Pennsylvania (1903-1907). 
	He was the author of the influential book "Practical Physiological Chemistry" published in 1907 that went through many editions. It contained biochemical methods and preparations that were used as laboratory exercises by medical students for more than half a century. Its thirteenth, "Golden Anniversary Edition" was published in 1954. 
	An expert in nutrition, he founded the Food and Drug Research Laboratories in 1922. His research was successful and the laboratory moved to
	New York City and was incorporated in 1926 as the Food Research Laboratories. His book "Streamline for Health" is a debunking of fad diets of his day, such as the Hay diet. Hawk was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Medical Association, American Chemical Society and the American Physiological Society.
	Hawk was an experienced tennis player. He was the champion of Delaware (1905), champion of Connecticut (1907-1909) and a veteran champion of the United States (1921-1923). He was President of the West Side Tennis Club. Hawk married his second wife Gladys Taylor Lynch in 1923.

= = = A. Lanfear Norrie = = =

	Ambrose Lanfear Norrie (July 27, 1857 – December 22, 1910) was an American businessman and social leader during the Gilded Age.
	Norrie was born on July 27, 1857 in New York City. He was the eldest son of Gordon Norrie (1830–1909) and Emily Frances (née Lanfear) Norrie (1836–1917). Among his siblings was Mary Lanfear Norrie, Dr. Van Horne Norrie, Sara Goodhue Norrie, Adam Gordon Norrie (who married Margaret Lewis Morgan, sister of Geraldine Livingston Morgan), Emily Lanfear Norrie, who died unmarried in 1936.
	His paternal grandparents were Mary Johanna (née van Horne) Norrie and Adam Norrie, a native of Aberdeen, Scotland who was an iron merchant and a founder of St. Luke's Hospital. His maternal grandparents were Ambrose Lanfear and Mary (née Hill) Lanfear. His aunt, Louisa Sarah Lanfear, was married to Ogilvie Blair Graham and David A. Ogden Jr. (son of David A. Ogden). Among his cousins was Norrie Sellar, a prominent cotton broker who married Sybil Katherine Sherman (the daughter of William Watts Sherman).
	Norrie, a broker, discovered the iron ore of the Gogebic Range of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (which became known as the Lorrie Mine) in September 1882. He was important in the founding of the town of Ironwood, Michigan. He was also a director of the Ohio Mining and Manufacturing Company and the Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad.
	Norrie was prominent in New York society. He was a close friend of Lispenard Stewart, with whom he threw a 100-person dinner and evening of vaudeville before the two traveled to Mexico on vacation in 1893. Another close friend, John Rhea Barton Willing (who was Vincent Astor's uncle), left Norrie a Stradivarius violin in his will. He was also a member of the Union Club, the Calumet Club, the Racquet Club, the Metropolitan Club, the Downtown Club, the Riding Club, and the Tuxedo Club.
	In 1890, Norrie's engagement to heiress Frances Evelyn "Fannie" Bostwick was announced. She was the daughter of Jabez A. Bostwick, a founding partner of Standard Oil. However, a month later, Bostwick it was declared that by "mutual consent" the engagement was off. Fannie eventually married Capt. Albert J. Carstairs of the Royal Irish Rifles, and became the mother of Joe Carstairs before that marriage ended and she remarried three more times, including her last to Serge Voronoff.
	On April 23, 1893, Norrie's family again announced his engagement to Amy Bend at a grand ball, Amy, a close friend of Emily Vanderbilt Sloane, was the daughter of banker George H. Bend and was called "the New York society beauty par excellence." However, Again, less than a month later, Amy called the engagement off and, shortly thereafter, was courted by William Kissam Vanderbilt. After rumors that she was to marry John Jacob Astor III proved false, Amy later married Cortlandt F. Bishop in 1899. Norrie was also reportedly engaged to Emily Montague Tooker, daughter of Gabriel Mead Tooker. The purported impending marriage never took place and, instead, Emily married J. Wadsworth Ritchie in 1895.
	In 1895, Norrie was married to Ethel Lynde Barbey (1873–1959). Ethel was the daughter of Henry Isaac Barbey and Mary Lorillard Barbey, and granddaughter of tobacco magnate Pierre Lorillard III. Among her many siblings was Hélène Barbey, the wife of Count von Pourtalès; Eva Barbey, who married Baron de Neuflize; and Pierre Lorillard Barbey, who married Florence Flower. Together, they were the parents of:
	Norrie died after an attack of pneumonia at his home, 15 East 84th Street in New York City, on December 22, 1910. He was buried at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn. After his death, she married Count Armand de Jumilhac (1886–1966), a relative of the Duke of Richelieu, in 1914.
	Through his son, he was the posthumous grandfather of Christopher Lorillard Norrie (b. 1946), a farmer living in New York.
	Norrie was the namesake of Norrie Park, Norrie School, Norrie mine, Norrie location and Norrie Street in Ironwood, Michigan.

= = = Ahmed Ayman Mansour = = =

	Ahmed Ayman Mansour (; born 13 April 1994), is an Egyptian footballer who plays for Egyptian Premier League side Pyramids and the Egyptian national team as a defender.
	He made his debut for the Egypt national football team on 23 March 2019 in an Africa Cup qualifier against Niger, as a starter.
	Ahmed is the son of former Egypt and Zamalek forward Ayman Mansour.

= = = List of Earls in the reign of Richard I of England = = =

	This is a list of Earls (suo jure or jure uxoris) or Countesses (suo jure) during the reign of Richard I of England who reigned from 1189 to 1199.
	The period of tenure as Earl or Countess is given after the name and title of each individual, including any period of minority.
	Earl of Arundel
	William d'Aubigny, 2nd Earl of Arundel (1176-1193)
	William d'Aubigny, 3rd Earl of Arundel (1193-1221)
	Earl of Chester
	Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester (1181-1232)
	Earl of Derby
	William de Ferrers, 3rd Earl of Derby (1162-1190)
	William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby (1190-1247)
	Earl of Devon
	Richard de Redvers, 4th Earl of Devon (1188-1193)
	William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon (1193-1217)
	Earl of Essex
	William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex (1166-1189)
	Earl of Gloucester
	Isabella, Countess of Gloucester "suo jure" (1183-1217)
	John of England, Earl of Gloucester "jure uxoris" (1189-1199)
	Earl of Hertford
	Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford (1173-1217)
	Earl of Huntingdon
	David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon (1185-1219)
	Earl of Leicester
	Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester (1168-1190)
	Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester (1191-1204)
	Earl of Norfolk
	Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk (1189-1221)
	Earl of Northumbria
	Hugh de Puiset, Bishop of Durham, Earl of Northumbria (1189-1190) 
	Earl of Oxford
	Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford (1141-1194)
	Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Earl of Oxford (1194-1214)
	Earl of Pembroke
	Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke "suo jure" (1185-1199)
	Earl of Richmond
	Constance, Duchess of Brittany, Countess of Richmond "suo jure" (1171-1201)
	Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, Earl of Richmond "jure uxoris" (1181-1186)
	Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester, Earl of Richmond "jure uxoris" (1188-1198)
	Earl of Salisbury
	William of Salisbury, 2nd Earl of Salisbury (1168-1196)
	Ela of Salisbury, 3rd Countess of Salisbury "suo jure" (1196-1261)
	William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury "jure uxoris" (1196-1226)
	Earl of Surrey
	Isabel de Warenne, Countess of Surrey "suo jure" (1148-1203)
	Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey "jure uxoris" (1159-1202)
	Earl of Warwick
	Waleran de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Warwick (1184-1203)

= = = Nicholas Kőszegi, Bishop of Győr = = =

	Nicholas Kőszegi (; 1282 – April/July 1336) was a Hungarian prelate in the 14th century, who served as Bishop of Győr from 1308 until his death. He was an illegitimate son of the powerful lord Ivan Kőszegi. His ambivalent relationship with the rebellious Kőszegi family overshadowed most of his governance as bishop. His ecclesiastical career rose to its peak due to the pressure and influence of his kinship, but later he pledged alliance to Charles I of Hungary, despite the king's distrust.
	Nicholas was an illegitimate descendant of the Kőszegi family, according to a letter of Pope Clement V. His parentage is uncertain; initially, 19th-century historian Antal Pór considered he was the son of Ivan Kőszegi, then modified his standpoint and claimed his father was Gregory, Ivan's son. Genealogist Pál Engel placed his name on the family tree as the son of Ivan's brother, another powerful oligarch Henry Kőszegi, but without explanation and reference. Excluding Gregory due to estimate age, Nicholas' biographer Ádám Vajk argued his diocese laid in the territory of Ivan Kőszegi, who ruled Western Transdanubia at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. Accordingly, Nicholas was a half-brother of Gregory and John the Wolf, ancestor of the Bernstein family.
	Kőszegi was born in 1282. Sometimes after 1299, he became provost of the collegiate chapter of St. Adalbert church in Győr. He was styled as "magister", when held the office of vice-chancellor in 1307 in the court of Otto of Bavaria, one of the pretenders to the Hungarian throne after the extinction of the Árpád dynasty. The career advancement of Kőszegi was due to his family influence and wealth in the region, who "de facto" ruled their province independently of the royal power by then, and intended to acquire the church lands to extend their dominion in Győr and Sopron counties.
	Kőszegi was unanimously elected Bishop of Győr by the local cathedral chapter between May and October 1308, following the death of his predecessor Theodore Tengerdi. Despite the opinion of some scholars, his election took place without any direct pressure from the Kőszegis. Contemporaries, including papal legate, Gentile Portino da Montefiore did not question the legitimacy of his election in the upcoming years, albeit it could be a sign of political flexibility. Kőszegi spent the following months in the escort of the papal legate, who arrived to Buda by 2 November 1308. Kőszegi attended the Diet on 27 November 1308, when Charles was unanimously proclaimed king. He also participated in the second coronation of Charles on 15 June 1309, also representing his family. His papal nomination promoted only after the treaty between Charles I of Hungary and Henry Kőszegi on 4 June 1309 (Ivan Kőszegi died by then), when members of the family, including Bishop Nicholas, took an oath of allegiance to the king. One of Henry's conditions for the king's acceptance was the retention of bishopric of Győr for the family through his natural nephew, Nicholas. Thereafter, Pope Clement V confirmed his election on 28 July 1310, describing Kőszegi as "solutus" and "soluta", i.e. natural son of free and unmarried men, a 28-year-old clergyman. The pope also determined his "servitium commune" in 800 golden florins. Sometimes between March and July 1311, Kőszegi was consecrated as bishop by Thomas, Archbishop of Esztergom.
	In January 1312, Bishop Kőszegi was among those family members, who entered into alliance with the House of Habsburg in Fürstenfeld () on 23 January 1312. Nicholas Kőszegi spent much of his time in the Hungarian royal court in the upcoming years. Around October 1313, he was granted the title perpetual count of Győr County by Charles I. He was considered a partisan of the royal power, and his diocese became an important bridgehead against the province of the powerful oligarch Matthew Csák. According to historian Ádám Vajk, Bishop Kőszegi functioned as the family's representative and spokesperson in the royal court. However, Charles intended to crush the oligarchic provinces and, among others, launched a campaign against the Kőszegis in Transdanubia and Slavonia in the first half of 1316. Local noblemen joined the royal troops, which contributed to the quick collapse of the Kőszegis' rule in southern parts of their domains. Throughout 1317, Andrew Kőszegi lost Győr, Moson and Sopron counties with their castles. Bishop Nicholas stayed away from the conflict; he was present at the siege of Komárom in November 1317, when Charles I successfully seized the fortress from Matthew Csák. After Charles neglected to reclaim Church property that Matthew Csák had seized by force, the prelates of the realm, including Kőszegi, made an alliance in Kalocsa in March 1318 against all who would jeopardize their interests. Upon their demand, Charles held a Diet in summer, but refused to confirm the Golden Bull of 1222.
	Nicholas Kőszegi did not attend the prelates' meeting at Apostag in July 1318, and the subsequent aforementioned diet. He issued his charters in Szombathely from April to July. By that time, Charles confiscated the castle of Győr from the diocese and handed over to Paul Nagymartoni, who was appointed "ispán" of Győr County. It is presumable that Charles took into account the fort's strategic importance against Matthew Csák and its bishop's disloyal and rebellious kinship, when made the decision. Kőszegi protested against the step at the papal court, without success. When Andrew Kőszegi rebelled against Charles for the second time in the first half of 1319, royal troops seized the Kőszegis' six fortresses within month, effectively destroying their oligarchic dominion. Nicholas Kőszegi did not join his nephew's failed attempt, and remained a partisan of Charles, and interrupted every relationship with his family and their aspirations. He attended the diet at Székesfehérvár in November 1320. He regained the castle of Győr by then. He spent months in the capital Temesvár (present-day Timișoara, Romania) in the following years; for instance, he assisted the consecration of Csanád Telegdi there in January 1323.
	Due to intrigues, it was revealed that his father Ivan Kőszegi was married, when he was born. Consequently, Kőszegi requested Pope John XXII to exempt him from this requirement in the first half of 1325. The pope granted this exemption on 30 July. In the next year, there were reports of looting and seizures of his diocese's certain lands and estates, as well as the neighboring Diocese of Passau. Upon Kőszegi's request, Pope John placed the Diocese of Győr under the protection of the Holy See in January 1327. The pope also appointed Henry, Bishop of Veszprém as Kőszegi's defender (""conservator"") in June in order to restore benefice of the diocese. According to Ádám Vajk, Nicholas' stepbrother John the Wolf was behind the attacks against the Diocese of Győr. Accordingly, he transuded private information to the Holy See about the bishop's parentage, in order to turn him out of office, and occupied Szombathely and other bishopric estates in Vas County. Plausibly, he turned against Nicholas in connection with another open rebellion of the Kőszegis in 1327, to which the bishop refused to join.
	Following the decline of the Kőszegis' power, his relationship with Charles I had normalized. He spent much of his time in the royal court at Visegrád. He was a founding member of the Order of Saint George on 24 April 1326, the first secular chivalric order in the world. He attended a provincial synod in Esztergom on 8 November 1326, where he acted as an arbiter in the lawsuit between Boleslaus of Esztergom and Henry of Veszprém. Kőszegi and Nicholas Dörögdi represented the interests of the archbishop, while Csanád Telegdi and John, archdeacon of Hont were appointed as trustees of Henry. From 1326 to 1331, Kőszegi acted as co-judge alongside Judge royals Alexander Köcski, then Paul Nagymartoni several times. Kőszegi countersigned the peace treaty between Charles and the three dukes of Austria in Bruck an der Leitha on 21 September 1328. He summoned a general assembly in Vas County in July 1330, upon the request of the king.
	Because of the staple right of Vienna, which was granted this privilege after 1312, and its domestic reaction, when a new commercial route from Buda to Prague via Pressburg and Brno was set up to enable merchants travelling between Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire to bypass Vienna, the town of Győr was separated from distance trade routes, while Pressburg and Sopron were granted staple right. It had a negative impact on the bishopric's income too. In addition to his "servitium commune", the sustenance of papal legate Gentile's court in the first years also increased Kőszegi's expenditures, who, compared to other bishops, contributed significantly to this because of his temporary, unstable political status. Sometimes before 1326, most probably between 1311 and 1314, Kőszegi built the castle of Fertőrákos (the former episcopal mansion in its place was destroyed by local burghers of Sopron in 1311). Kőszegi had several conflicts and lawsuits with the town of Sopron in the upcoming years; he contested the determined borders between Págya and Fertőrákos, while he was also charged that unlawfully occupied Meggyes (present-day Mörbisch am See in Austria) from the burghers. Sometimes before 1321, he seized the wine tithe of Nyúl, which belonged to the property of the Bakonybél Abbey. However he returned it upon the request of Archbishop Thomas of Esztergom. In order to concentrate the bishopric's lands in Győr and Sopron counties, he exchanged several lands with the Apponyi branch of the "gens" (clan) Péc. He also bought fishponds and lands in Gyirmót (today a borough in Győr).
	After 1331, Kőszegi retired to his diocese and gradually lost influence in the royal court. In the spring of 1335, he suffered the occupation of his residence by Charles, who confiscated Győr Castle and its accessories to put pressure on the elderly bishop and his cathedral chapter in order to ensure the succession of his illegitimate son Coloman as Bishop of Győr. In January 1336, the Babonići and the Kőszegis made an alliance with the Dukes of Austria against Charles, but Nicholas Kőszegi did not participate in the conspiracy. As a result of an agreement, Kőszegi regained his estates a couple of months before his death, in the late spring-early summer of 1336.

= = = Ruth G. King = = =

	Ruth Graves King (born January 28, 1933) is an educational psychologist who was the first woman president of the Association of Black Psychologists. Her interest in sports led her to teach physical education. While coaching, she became interested in psychology, gaining a PhD and doctorate in education from Temple University. She has worked for government and community organizations, as well as teaching at Federal City College and Howard University and consulting. She has published two novels, and is married, with two children.
	King was born in Mount Holly, New Jersey, the sixth of eight children, five of whom gained doctoral degrees. Her parents were Olive and Henry Graves. King described herself as an athletic tom-boy as a child.
	Raised in Moorestown, New Jersey, she attended a segregated elementary school, and graduated from Moorestown High School. She earned her Bachelor of Science (BS) in 1956 health and physical education from the College of New Jersey. Interested in becoming a journalist, she became editor-in-chief of the college newspaper in her senior year.
	King undertook graduate studies in educational psychology at Temple University in Philadelphia. For two of her years at Temple University, she was the only African-American student in the graduate school. She was awarded a PhD in 1970, with a dissertation entitled "A case study of critical factors which affect sharing of perceptions in a group situation", and a doctor of education in 1973 with a dissertation entitled "A workshop method for improving self-concept of Black youth".
	King's first jobs after her undergraduate education were teaching physical education in high schools in New Jersey where she was the only African-American teacher, and later in Philadelphia. Observing players she coached led to her interest in psychology.
	After her graduation, King moved to the Washington, DC area, where she taught graduate students at Federal City College. She also taught at Howard University. King also served as the Equal Opportunity Director of the National Guard Bureau.
	In 1976, she was elected president of the Association of Black Psychologists on her second attempt, the first woman to hold the position. She was the first editor of the Association's news journal, "Psych Discourse", established the national office in 1979, and led it for a time. During her presidency of the Association, she liaised with members of Congress (including Shirley Chisholm), in particular pursuing improvements in bias in testing.
	King served as vice president of the National Training Institute for Community Economic Development, a government organization providing training to community development organizations. She has been a counselor, and a consultant for government and private organizations, as well as working for an applied behavioral science company, Nichols and Associates. 
	King was profiled as one of 50 outstanding black psychologists in 2008.
	Married to Donald F. King in 1959, she had two daughters.
	King published a novel in 2001. Called "The Only One", it had a theme of being a minority in the workplace. In 2006 she published another novel, Mystery in Trilogy.
	She has won medals in Tai Chi Chuan.

= = = Gonzalo Díaz (footballer, born 1996) = = =

	Gonzalo Díaz (born 15 June 1996) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Los Andes.
	Díaz started off his senior career with Los Andes. He was an unused substitute for a Primera B Nacional fixture with Estudiantes on 26 November 2017, before appearing for his professional debut on 10 December versus Nueva Chicago as they drew 2–2 at the Estadio Eduardo Gallardón. Further appearances followed in the 2017–18 season against San Martín and Instituto.

= = = Biannus = = =

	Biannus or Biannos (), or Biennus or Biennos (Βίεννος), also Bienna (Βίεννα), was an inland town and "polis" (city-state) of ancient Crete. It appears, under the form Βίεννα, in the list of 22 cities of Crete of the sixth-century Byzantine geographer Hierocles. According to the "Stadiasmus Maris Magni", it was 170 stadia from Hierapytna and 270 stadia from Leben. The Blenna of the "Peutinger Table", which is placed at 30 M. P. from Arcadia, and 20 M. P. from Hierapytna, is no doubt the same place. In Hierocles, the name of this city occurs under the form of Bienna. The contest of Otus and Ephialtes with Ares is said to have taken place near this city. From this violent conflict the city is said to have derived its name. The town minted coins in the Hellenistic period, some of which survive.
	Its site is located near modern Khorakia, Ano Viannos, a hill northwest of modern Viannos, where remains have been found from the Orientalizing period to Roman times.

= = = Associação Desportiva Futsal Tubaronense = = =

	Associação Desportiva Futsal Tubaronense, known as Tubarão, is a Brazilian futsal club from Tubarão. It has won one Campeonato Catarinense. The club is a partnership with Unisul Esporte Clube, which owns the Liga Futsal franchise spot.

= = = Gonzalo Díaz = = =

	Gonzalo Díaz may refer to:

= = = List of Sword Art Online episodes = = =

	"Sword Art Online" is an anime television series based on light novel series written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by abec. The anime adaptation of "Sword Art Online" was announced at Dengeki Bunko Autumn Festival 2011, along with Reki Kawahara's other light novel series, "Accel World". The anime is produced by Aniplex and Genco, animated by A-1 Pictures and directed by Tomohiko Ito with music by Yuki Kajiura. The first season aired on Tokyo MX, tvk, TV Saitama, TV Aichi, RKB, HBC and MBS between July 7 and December 22, 2012, and on AT-X, Chiba TV and BS11 at later dates. Adult Swim’s Toonami block aired the anime starting from July 27, 2013. The series was also streamed on Crunchyroll and Hulu. 
	A second season, titled "Sword Art Online II", aired between July 5 and December 20, 2014. At Katsucon, it was announced that the English dub of the second season aired on Toonami on March 28, 2015.
	A third season, titled "Sword Art Online: Alicization", began airing on October 7, 2018, with a one-hour world premiere which aired in Japan, the United States, Australia, France, Germany, Russia and South Korea on September 15, 2018. It will air for four cours (around 50 episodes) and will adapt from the novel's ninth volume, "Alicization Beginning", to the eighteenth volume, "Alicization Lasting". The English dub of the third season premiered on February 9, 2019 on Adult Swim's Toonami.

= = = Moncrief Springs = = =

	Moncrief Springs, originally known as Moncrief's springs or Moncrief Spring, is a natural spring near Jacksonville, Florida in Duval County, Florida. Mythology about its history, a park, and resort area developed around it.
	According to legend, it is named for Eugene Moncrief, a pawnbroker who immigrated to Florida and settled in the area.
	An 1876 report touted a visit to the springs and its reported health benefits.
	Plans to establish a pleasure park at the springs connected by electric tram to the city were announced in 1903. An ice cream company named for the springs incorporated in 1921.
	Moncrief Spring Park is named for the spring. A five-mile race between a Cadillac and one of the first biplanes to visit the area was held. 
	During Peter Jones' tenure as mayor of Jacksonville a hotel and resort was developed by the spring. A horse track and bowling alley were among amusements. The resort lasted decades and the site was later used as a segregated public swimming facility for African Americans.
	The Clara White Mission had a farm in the area.
	The area of Moncrief Park neighborhood has seen economic ups and downs with public housing and road construction. The site of the springs is no longer known and the boxes of loot are missing.

= = = Tiradores de Ifni = = =

	The Tiradores de Ifni ("Ifni Rifles" or "Ifni Shooters") were volunteer infantry units of the Spanish Army, largely recruited in the enclave of Ifni. Originally consisting of indigenous infantry recruited in Spanish Morocco, forming part of the Army of Africa and mostly officered by Spaniards, these troops played a role in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39).
	In existence from 1934 to 1969, this corps was modeled on the North African tirailleurs of the French Army of Africa.
	The Government of the Spanish Second Republic, by Decree of 9-VI-1934, ordered the creation of a territorial garrison to be headquartered in Sidi-Ifni, and that force would be named the Tiradores de Ifni. Prior to the Spanish Civil War the Tiradores de Ifni consisted of 1,235 men; which included 31 officers (including 10 Moroccans), 38 non-commissioned officers and 1,166 troops, comprising three tabors.
	During the war six tabors of Tiradores were sent to serve in Spain. A separate "Bandera de Ifni-Sahara" was also listed. The Tiradores participated in Franco's "Desfile de la Victoria" (Victory Parade), held in Madrid in 1939.
	Following the Civil War, the Tiradores de Ifni continued to provide the bulk of the Spanish forces garrisoning the territory. However stresses and divided loyalties caused by the Ifni War of 1957-58, led to desertions amongst the indigenous rank and file of the four tabors still comprising the Tiradores. Accordingly, Spanish recruits were brought in to maintain these units at full strength. The Tiradores de Ifni were finally dissolved following the retrocession of Ifni to Morocco in 1969.
	The Tiradores were generally uniformed similar to the Regulares with the addition of a "siroquera". A tarbuch was worn, by the native officers and men, with a sand colored shirt and breeches with brown leather equipment. Spanish officers wore a sand colored variant of the standard Spanish Army uniform with a red topped peaked cap.
	The original badge worn was an open yellow five pointed "saharian" star on a red diamond cloth patch. After 1937 the star was placed over a points-up white crescent and the color was changed to blue. The star and crescent were superimposed over crossed rifles and "Ifni" was emblazoned on the crescent in 1941.

= = = 2019 1. deild kvinnur = = =

	The 2019 1. deild kvinnur (also known as "Betri deildin kvinnur" for sponsorship reasons) was the 35th season of women's league football in the Faroe Islands. EB/Streymur/Skála were the defending champions, having won their 2nd title the previous season. The season started on 9 March and ended on 28 September.
	The league was contested by five teams, a decrease from last season's six, as B68 joined ÍF/Víkingur to compete as ÍF/Víkingur/B68.
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	Each team played four times (twice at home and twice away) against every other team for a total of 16 matches each.

= = = Leontes (horse) = = =

	Leontes, (Japanese: リオンディーズ, foaled 29 January 2013) is a Japanese Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He was rated the best two-year-old in Japan in 2015 after winning a minor race on his debut and then taking the Grade 1 Asahi Hai Futurity Stakes on his second and final start of the year. In the following spring he finished second in the Yayoi Sho, fourth in the Satsuki Sho and fifth in the Tokyo Yushun before his track career was ended by injury.
	Leontes is a dark bay or brown horse, standing 1.67 metres, with no white markings bred in Japan by Northern Farm. During his racing career he was owned by U Carrot Farm and trained by Katsuhiko Sumii. He was ridden in most of his races by the Italian-born jockey Mirco Demuro.
	His sire, King Kamehameha was one of the best Japanese colts of his generation, beating a field including Heart's Cry and Daiwa Major in the 2004 Japanese Derby. His other winners as a breeding stallion include Lord Kanaloa, Rose Kingdom, Rey de Oro, Apapane and Duramente. Leontes' dam Cesario was a top-class racemare won the Yushun Himba and the American Oaks and went on to produce the Japan Cup winner Epiphaneia. She was a fourth-generation descendant of the Epsom Oaks winner Pia. As a fourth-generation descendant of the Epsom Oaks winner Pia, Cesario was related to other major winners, including Chief Singer and Pleasantly Perfect.
	Leontes did not appear on the track until 22 November when he contested an event for previously unraced juveniles over 2000 metres at Kyoto Racecourse and won by a length from Peace Mind. For his next race the colt was stepped up sharply in class for the Grade 1 Asahi Hai Futurity Stakes over 1600 metres at Hanshin Racecourse on 15 December and started the 4.9/1 second favourite behind the Daily Hai Nisai Stakes winner Air Spinel. Leontes raced at the rear of the field and was still last of the sixteen runners as the field exited the final turn. He then produced a strong, sustained run on the outside, overtook Air Spinel in the last 100 metres and won by three quarters of a length. Mirco Demuro commented "I had been told that this colt was powerful and he certainly showed that when I rode him in training on Wednesday—he was pretty keen but smart and an honest colt. It was his first time over a mile but he responded and really stretched well on the outside. He’s got a lot to look forward to in his three-year-old season."
	In the JRA Awards for 2015 Leontes topped the poll for the JRA Award for Best Two-Year-Old Colt taking 289 of the 291 votes.
	On his first run of 2016 Leontes started 0.9/1 favourite for the Grade 2 Yayoi Sho (a major trial race for the Shuka Sho) over 2000 metres at Nakayama Racecourse. He took the lead entering the straight and broke clear of his rivals but was caught in the final strides and beaten a neck by Makahiki. In the Shuka Sho over the same course and distance on 17 April Leontes started second favourite behind Satono Diamond. As in the Yayoi Sho he took the lead at the start of the straight but was outrun in the closing stages, coming home fourth of the eighteen runners behind Dee Majesty, Makahiki and Satono Diamond. He was demoted to fifth place for causing interference to Air Spinel in the straight. On 29 May Leontes started the 4.5/1 fourth choice in the betting for the Tokyo Yushun over 2400 metres at Tokyo Racecourse. In a change of tactic he was restrained towards the rear before producing a strong late run but was unable to reach the leaders and finished fifth behind Makahiki.
	When being prepared for an autumn campaign Leontes suffered a tendon injury to his left foreleg which ended his season. He was retired from racing at the end of the year.
	Leontes began his stud career in 2017 at the Breeders Stallion Station in Hokkaido.

= = = Lego City Adventures = = =

	Lego City Adventures is an American-Danish computer-animated animated television series produced by The Lego Group. It premiered on Nickelodeon in the United States on June 22, 2019, making it the second Lego series on the channel, following 2010's "Lego Hero Factory".
	Unlike many LEGO television series and specials that deal in the realms of the fantastic, this series, set in the sprawling and diverse LEGO City metropolis, instead focuses on characters who are much more down-to-earth and whose work helps bring the community to life. Among the ordinary residents thrust into extraordinary adventures are cop Sgt. Duke DeTain, crisis-ready fire Chief Freya McCloud, grumpy street sweeper Shirley Keeper, eager handyman Harl Hubbs, dedicated city Mayor Solomon Fleck, Vice Mayor Carol Yay, rivalry business people R.E. Fendrich and Mary Sinclair, Freya's troublesome nephew Billy McCloud, and skateboarding police Chief Percival "Wheelie" Wheeler. 
	On February 14, 2019, it was announced that "Lego City Adventures" would be a part of Nickelodeon's 2019 slate. On May 14, 2019, it was announced that the program would premiere on June 22, 2019.

= = = Corvinae = = =

	Corvinae is one of five subfamilies in the crow family (Corvidae). It comprises 64 species, which are spread over seven genera.

= = = XCI Racing = = =

	Xtreme Concepts Inc. Racing, also known as XCI Racing, is an American professional stock car racing team owned by Landon Ash and is a subsidiary of Xtreme Concepts Inc. The team competes part-time in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, fielding the No. 81 Toyota Camry for Jeffrey Earnhardt and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, fielding the No. 81 Toyota Supra for Earnhardt and Erik Jones as well. XCI Racing has a technical alliance with Joe Gibbs Racing.
	The team scheduled to attempt both Talladega races in 2019 with Earnhardt in the No. 81 Camry. Team executive Landon Ash has stated that the goal of XCI Racing is to run a full schedule in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series. On August 7, 2019, Earnhardt announced that he parted ways with sponsor and XCI affiliate iK9, as well as Joe Gibbs Racing.
	The team attempted five races with Earnhardt in the No. 81 Supra, beginning at Texas in March. Additional races include Chicagoland Speedway in June, Daytona International Speedway in July and Bristol Motor Speedway and Darlington Raceway in August. On July 3, 2019, XCI Racing unexpectedly withdrew from the July Daytona race. On August 7, 2019, Earnhardt announced that he parted ways with sponsor and XCI affiliate iK9, as well as Joe Gibbs Racing. JGR driver Erik Jones took over the No. 81 car at the Bristol night race, where he finished 37th after being involved in a multi-car pileup with Christopher Bell, Cole Custer, and Joey Logano.

= = = Biennus = = =

	Biennus or Biennos () was a coastal town of ancient Crete. According to the "Stadiasmus Maris Magni", it had a harbour and was located on the south coast of Crete, 12 stadia from Kriou Metopon (the southwest extremity of Crete) and 270 stadia from Phalasarna.
	The site of Biennus is tentatively located near modern Agios Ioannis, Ktista, near the southwestern extremity of Crete.

= = = Hollow Knight: Silksong = = =

	Hollow Knight: Silksong is an upcoming Metroidvania action-adventure video game developed and published by Team Cherry for Windows, macOS, Linux and Nintendo Switch. It was announced in February 2019 as a sequel to the 2017 game "Hollow Knight".
	"Hollow Knight: Silksong" is a 2D metroidvania action-adventure game, which takes place in a haunted kingdom inhabited by bugs.
	The gameplay is largely similar to that of its predecessor. The player controls Hornet, a bug-like creature who wields a needle to combat enemies.
	During her adventure, Hornet encounters many hostile creatures. As of December 2019, the game is planned to feature over 165 different enemies. Hornet will also encounter many friendly non-player characters.
	"Silksong" will feature a quest system, with characters asking Hornet to fulfill certain requests. Hornet will be able to craft weapons and tools from materials, which may be a replacement for the charm system in "Hollow Knight".
	The checkpoint system from the first game will also return in Silksong.
	Instead of using soul to heal like The Knight from Hollow Knight did, Hornet uses silk. She can near instantly heal several points of her health on the move instead of needing to stop and slowly heal one mask at a time like The Knight, which could put it in danger from receiving more damage. However this depletes her entire bar of silk.
	Upon death instead of leaving a Shade like The Knight did Hornet instead leaves a bundle of silk that refills her entire bar when broken.
	Hornet finds herself captured and taken to the unknown, haunted kingdom of Pharloom, which is said to be "ruled by Silk and Song." Hornet must climb to the top of this kingdom to reach a shining citadel in order to discover why she was brought to this strange kingdom. This contrasts with the progression of "Hollow Knight", which involves descending into the depths of Hallownest and trying to stop the Radiance.
	Team Cherry is a small indie development studio based in Adelaide, South Australia.
	"Hollow Knight: Silksong" was announced on 14 February 2019 in a trailer and with a developer diary video sharing more information about the game. The game will be released for Windows PC, Mac and Linux, with Nintendo Switch being the only console to receive the game at launch. 
	Originally, Hornet was planned as a second playable character to be included in a downloadable content pack (DLC) for "Hollow Knight", funded as a stretch goal in game's Kickstarter campaign. Later, Team Cherry revealed some of the characters animations for Hornet, and Steel Assassin Sharpe, a villain from the game. A demo was also shown at 2019 E3 that demonstrated two areas, the deep docks and the moss grotto. Eventually, Team Cherry decided to expand the DLC to a full sequel.
	The developers released an update about the game in March 2019, sharing descriptions and images of characters who will appear in "Silksong". They also thanked the game's fans for supporting them regarding the announcement of the sequel.
	Team Cherry presented a 16-minute playable demo of the game at E3 2019.
	In December 2019, Team Cherry released a preview of the game's soundtrack, composed by Christopher Larkin, as well as an update on the total amount of enemies currently developed, with a focus on a trio, described as "members of a scholarly suite".

= = = 2019 Rugby Challenge = = =

	The 2019 Rugby Challenge – known as the SuperSport Rugby Challenge for sponsorship reasons – was the 2019 season of the Rugby Challenge, the secondary domestic rugby union competition in South Africa. It was the third edition of the competition organised by the South African Rugby Union and was played between 27 April and 22 June 2019. There were sixteen teams participating in the competition; the fourteen provincial unions, plus n side the and the Zimbabwe Academy. These teams were divided into two sections, with eight teams playing in each of the North Section and the South Section.
	Each team in the competition played the other teams in their section once during the pool stage, either at home or away. The top two teams in each section will progress to the semifinals, with the two semifinal winners meeting in the final.
	The teams that competed in the 2019 Rugby Challenge are:
	The table below shows each team's progression throughout the season. For each round, each team's cumulative points total is shown with the overall log position in brackets.
	The table below shows each team's progression throughout the season. For each round, each team's cumulative points total is shown with the overall log position in brackets.
	The honour roll for the 2019 Rugby Challenge was as follows:
	The following referees officiated matches in the 2019 Rugby Challenge:

= = = 338th Guards Reactive Artillery Brigade = = =

	The 338th Guards Dvinsk Order of Alexander Nevsky Reactive Artillery Brigade (Military Unit Number 57367, abbreviated in Russian as 338 ), is an artillery (Multiple rocket launcher) formation of the Russian Ground Forces. The brigade is deployed in Ussuriysk, Primorye Territory. It is equipped with versions of the BM-27 Uragan (9K57).
	The unit is part of the Eastern Military District.
	Its predecessor was formed in 1942. The brigade inherited the history, awards, honors and the Guards status of the 72nd Guards Mortar Regiment formed in May 1942. On June 20, 1942, the military unit was handed a Guards battle flag.
	The regiment was armed with BM-13 122 mm multiple rocket launcher systems. The 72nd Guards Mortar Regiment fought in the Great Patriotic War and the Soviet-Japanese War. For participation in the Rezhitsko-Dvinskoy offensive operation in 1944, the regiment was awarded the Order of Alexander Nevsky with the Dvinsk honorific.
	The 72nd Guards Mortar Regiment was part of the "Active Army" from July 7, 1942 to February 5, 1943, and from March 14, 1944 to May 9, 1945. During the Soviet-Japanese war, the regiment operated from August 9 to September 3, 1945.
	The regiment was changed into a brigade in the 1960s.

= = = List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 10 = = =

	The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the cave 10 near Qumran.
	In Wadi Qumran Cave 10 archaeologists found two ostraca with writing on them, along with an unknown symbol on a grey stone slab.
	Some resources for more complete information on the Dead Sea Scrolls are the book by Emanuel Tov, "Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert" for a complete list of all of the Dead Sea Scroll texts, as well as the online webpages for the Shrine of the Book and the Leon Levy Collection, both of which present photographs and images of the scrolls and fragments themselves for closer study.
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= = = List of UK top-ten albums in 2002 = = =

	The UK Albums Chart is one of many music charts compiled by the Official Charts Company that calculates the best-selling albums of the week in the United Kingdom. Before 2004, the chart was only based on the sales of physical albums. This list shows albums that peaked in the top ten of the UK Albums Chart during 2002, as well as albums which peaked in 2001 and 2003 but were in the top ten in 2002. The entry date is when the album appeared in the top ten for the first time (week ending, as published by the Official Charts Company, which is six days after the chart is announced).
	One-hundred and twenty-six albums were in the top ten this year. Sixteen albums from 2001 remained in the top 10 for several weeks at the beginning of the year, while "Come Away with Me" by Norah Jones, "Justified" by Justin Timberlake, "Let Go" by Avril Lavigne and "Missundaztood" by Pink were all released in 2002 but did not reach their peak until 2003. "All Rise" by Blue, "Read My Lips" by Sophie Ellis-Bextor and "Songs in A Minor" by Alicia Keys were the albums from 2001 to reach their peak in 2002. Four artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 2002. Avril Lavigne, Justin Timberlake, Pink, Shakira and Sugababes were among the many artists who achieved their first UK charting top 10 album in 2002.
	The 2001 Christmas number-one album, "Swing When You're Winning" by Robbie Williams, remained at the top spot for the first two weeks of 2002. The first new number-one album of the year was "Just Enough Education to Perform" by Stereophonics. Overall, twenty-seven different albums peaked at number-one in 2002, with Robbie Williams (2) having the most albums hit that position. 
	One-hundred and twenty-six albums charted in the top 10 in 2002, with one-hundred and nine albums reaching their peak this year (including "The Platinum Collection" and "The Very Best of Sting & The Police", which both charted in previous years but reached a peak on their latest chart run).
	Four artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 2002. Badly Drawn Boy, Blue, Robbie Williams and Westlife were the acts who had two top 10 albums this year. Badly Drawn Boy's two entries were both released this year.
	Forty-three artists achieved their first top 10 album in 2002 as a lead artist. Badly Drawn Boy had one more entry in his breakthrough year.
	The following table (collapsed on desktop site) does not include acts who had previously charted as part of a group and secured their first top 10 solo album, or featured appearances on compilations or other artists recordings. 
	Darren Hayes scored two top 10 albums with the group Savage Garden prior to the launch of his solo career; debut release "Spin" peaked at number 2 in April 2002. Justin Timberlake's first post-NSYNC project "Justified" rose to number-one in February 2003; none of the group's three albums had reached the top 10.
	Soundtrack albums for various films entered the top 10 throughout the year. These included "About a Boy", "" and "".
	Robbie Williams had the best-selling album of the year with "Escapology". The album spent fourteen weeks in the top 10 (including seven weeks at number one), sold over 1.2 million copies and was certified 5x platinum by the BPI. "Missundaztood" by Pink came in second place. Enrique Iglesias' "Escape", "A Rush of Blood to the Head" from Coldplay and "One Love" by Blue made up the top five. Albums by Red Hot Chili Peppers, Eminem, Westlife, Elvis Presley and Oasis were also in the top ten best-selling albums of the year.
	The following table shows artists who achieved two or more top 10 entries in 2002, including albums that reached their peak in 2001. The figures only include main artists, with featured artists and appearances on compilation albums not counted individually for each artist. The total number of weeks an artist spent in the top ten in 2002 is also shown.
	General
	Specific

= = = Junta de Braços = = =

	The Junta de Braços or Braços Generals ("States-General") was, during the early modern age, an institution of the Principality of Catalonia, convened by the Generalitat of Catalonia in cases of emergency or urgency. It was composed by the representatives of the Catalan Courts who at that time were in Barcelona.
	The decision to convene the Junta de Braços was to be taken by the three deputies and the three oïdors that formed the Generalitat. It was constituted following the same system of the Catalan Courts, that is, by bringing together the members of the three estates of the realm: the ecclesiastic formed by the clergy, the military formed by the nobility, and the popular formed by royal towns and cities of the country. Only those who lived in Barcelona (or who were at that time) were summoned, due to the urgent nature of the issues that had to be raised and the precarious communications of the time made it impossible for a general call for all of Catalonia. This favored the presence of a majority of Barcelona residents, and of a greater number of nobles who lived in the city; and the presence of the ciutadans honrats (honorable citizens) of Barcelona was accepted, even though on an individual basis.

= = = List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 5 = = =

	The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the cave 5 near Qumran.
	Wadi Qumran Cave 5 was discovered alongside Cave 6 in 1952, shortly after the discovery of Cave 4. Cave 5 produced approximately 25 manuscripts.
	Some resources for more complete information on the Dead Sea Scrolls are the book by Emanuel Tov, "Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert" for a complete list of all of the Dead Sea Scroll texts, as well as the online webpages for the Shrine of the Book and the Leon Levy Collection, both of which present photographs and images of the scrolls and fragments themselves for closer study. Information is not always comprehensive, as content for many scrolls has not yet been fully published.
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= = = List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 6 = = =

	The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the cave 6 near Qumran.
	Wadi Qumran Cave 6 was discovered alongside Cave 5 in 1952, shortly after the discovery of Cave 4. Cave 6 contained fragments of about 31 manuscripts.
	Some resources for more complete information on the Dead Sea Scrolls are the book by Emanuel Tov, "Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert" for a complete list of all of the Dead Sea Scroll texts, as well as the online webpages for the Shrine of the Book and the Leon Levy Collection, both of which present photographs and images of the scrolls and fragments themselves for closer study. Information is not always comprehensive, as content for many scrolls has not yet been fully published.
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= = = A. W. Bhombal = = =

	Rear-Admiral Abdul Waheed Bhombal (13 October 1931—31 December 2008), , best known as A.W. Bhombal was a two-star rank admiral in the Pakistan Navy and the chairman of the Pakistan National Shipping Corporation from 1980 until retiring from his military service in 1986.
	Abdul Waheed Bhombal was born Karachi, Sind and Bombay Residency in India, on 13 October 1931. He was of the Konkani descent and his father, E.S.B. Bhombal was an officer in the Pakistan Navy after being transferred from the Royal Indian Navy on 14/15 August 1947. E.S.B. Bhombal later enjoyed a distinguish career as a bureaucrat with the federal government and eventually becoming the chairman of the Karachi Port Trust and later the Pakistan Merchant Navy.
	He enlisted in the Navy in 1949, and was trained in the England before participating in the second war with India in 1965.
	In 1971, Cdre. Bhombal volunteered to join the Naval Aviation, boarded on the civilian PIA's Fokker F27F aircraft after the first missile attack in the Port of Karachi. While conducting the maritime reconnaissance in the west of the Cape Monze, Cdre. Bhombal reportedly gave the clearance when he authorized to sent the military signal to the Faisal Air Force Base in Karachi where the F-86 jets were scrambled, and leading an attack on a presumed missile boat that was later identified as the PNS "Zulfiqar (K265)"— the large "River"-class frigate.
	After the third war with India in 1971, the Air Force held the Navy responsible for the friendly fire incident took place on the PNS "Zulfiqar (K265)", and identified Cdre. A. W. Bhombal as a responsible for giving clearance to the Air Force, which had little experience in conducting the maritime reconnaissance, for attacking his own warship. In 1972, the Navy reportedly accepted the Air Force's recommendation and took the disciplinary action when he was reportedly demoted from his one-star rank to Captain, and was directed to attend the War studies, earning his MSc in War studies in 1973, graduating in the class of 1973 alongside with then-Lieutenant-Colonel Mirza Aslam Beg.
	After his graduation in 1973, Capt. Bhombal joined the faculty staff of the Naval War College in Lahore as a professor of war studies, later appointed as commandant of the staff college— the Naval War College in Lahore.
	In 1977, Capt. Bhombal was promoted to the one-star rank, Commodore, posted as the General-Manager at the Karachi Port Trust (GM KPT). In 1980, Cdre. Bhombal was promoted to two-star rank, Rear-Admiral, subsequently posted as the Chairman of the Pakistan National Shipping Corporation (PNSC) on 4 December 1980. R-Adm. Bhombal chaired the Pakistan National Shipping Corporation for six years, eventually retiring on 11 January 1986, and his tenureship was regarded as successfully as the Pakistan National Shipping Corporation turned into a profitable state corporation. In 1980, R-Adm. Bhombal was appointed as the President of the Pakistan Squash Federation, and oversaw the first Pakistan Open in 1980 in Karachi, and remained the President of the Pakistan Squash Federation until 1986.
	After his retirement, he settled in Karachi, Sindh in Pakistan but was involved in an incident when the group of "Dacoit" held on gun point in his car while making the monetary transaction from the bank in 1988. After this incident, he reportedly moved to Peshawar, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan where he remained his remainder of life, passing away on 31 December 2008 in Peshawar, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan.

= = = Thomas K. Little House = = =

	The Thomas K. Little House is a -story Queen Anne style house built for the Littles by Robert E. Miller in 1896 in Caldwell, Idaho. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, the house features an irregular pattern with small rooms constructed around two parlors, and it sits on a lava rock foundation.
	Thomas K. Little was a dry goods merchant in Caldwell, and he was elected mayor of Caldwell in 1904. With the help of architect Thomas H. Soule in 1906, he remodeled the Little Block (Harmon Building) at the corner of Kimball and Main Streets, expanding the building and adding its decorative corner turret. After his retirement in 1910, Little moved from Caldwell to Boise.

= = = 14 Minutes Until Start = = =

	"14 Minutes Until Start" (), also known as "I Believe, My Friends" () is a popular Soviet and Russian mass song composed in 1960 by Oscar Feltsman, to lyrics by Vladimir Voinovich. The song was written as an unofficial anthem for the Soviet Space Program, and became a popular fixture of Space Race era Soviet propaganda, being printed several times in Pravda and even being sung in space by cosmonauts Andriyan Nikolayev and Pavel Popovich during the Vostok-3 Mission
	14 Minutes Until Start was written in autumn 1960 by Vladimir Voinovich, a relatively unknown Soviet author at the time, during his six months working as a writer for All-Union Radio. In late 1960, the Soviet government requested that a song be written to commemorate the Vostok 1 mission, which was scheduled for launch in mid-1961. In his biography "Design", Voinovich claims that he was the only worker at the All-Union Radio to volunteer to write lyrics for the piece, and, with help from Oscar Feltsman, the song was completed within less than a week of the order. The song was not widely distributed in the Soviet Union until after the success of the Vostok 1 Mission, but became an almost obligatory addition to any space-related musical repertoire afterwards. The song peaked in popularity in summer 1962, when it was sung aboard the Vostok 3 spaceflight by cosmonauts Andriyan Nikolayev and Pavel Popovich, as well as at when the crew of Vostok 3 were received by Nikita Khrushchev after the mission
	Several alterations were made to the lyrics of 14 Minutes Until Start after its release. One of the first changes was the alteration of the lyric 'blue planet' (), which was altered to 'planet dear' () almost immediately after being submitted to the Ministry of Culture for editing. The exact reason why this lyric was changed remains unknown. Another attempted alteration to the lyrics was the term 'dusty paths' (), which was criticised by Soviet censors as 'deromanticising the image of space'. It was proposed that the term 'new paths' be used instead, but ultimately, Voinovich refused to change the lyric. In his biography, Voinovich defended his word choice by stating that any cosmic path would be dusty because 'there are no wipers in space', and that using the term 'new paths' implied that there were pre-existing old paths. The lyric 'dusty paths' was kept in the final version, although Voinovich allegedly continued to receive phone calls after the song was published urging him to alter the wording.
	Another criticism of Voinovich's lyrics came from cosmonaut Pavel Popovich, who requested that the lyric 'Let's have a smoke before the start' be altered to 'Let's sing before the start', on account of the fact that cosmonauts were forbidden to smoke. Voinovich responded to the criticism by saying that, as long as he did not tell Popovich how to fly a spacecraft, Popovich had no right to tell him how to write song lyrics. The lyric ultimately remained unchanged.
	In 1974, Voinovich was expelled from the Union of Soviet Writers, and subsequently exiled from the USSR six years later. After his expulsion, the use of 14 Minutes Until Start drastically decreased, although this decrease in broadcast coincided with a general decrease in Soviet space exploration. 14 Minutes Until Start remains a moderately popular song in Russia today, and has spawned several contemporary parodies

= = = List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 7 = = =

	The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the cave 7 near Qumran.
	Wadi Qumran Cave 7 yielded fewer than 20 fragments of Greek documents, including 7Q2 (the "Letter of Jeremiah" = Baruch 6), 7Q5 (which became the subject of much speculation in later decades), and a Greek copy of a scroll of Enoch. Cave 7 also produced several inscribed potsherds and jars.
	Some resources for more complete information on the Dead Sea Scrolls are the book by Emanuel Tov, "Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert" for a complete list of all of the Dead Sea Scroll texts, as well as the online webpages for the Shrine of the Book and the Leon Levy Collection, both of which present photographs and images of the scrolls and fragments themselves for closer study. Information is not always comprehensive, as content for many scrolls has not yet been fully published.
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= = = 2018–19 Southern Africa drought = = =

	The 2018–19 Southern Africa drought is an ongoing period of drought taking place in Southern Africa. The drought began in late October 2018, and is negatively affecting food security in the region. As of mid-August 2019, the drought is classified as a level 2 Red-Class event by the Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System. The alert level was reduced to the Orange-1.7 by December 2019, as the new wet season had started. As of January 2020, the drought is classified as a level 2 Red-Class event.
	As a region, Southern Africa has historically been at high risk of droughts; a probability due to several meteorological and sociological factors.
	The Southern African climate is affected by strong seasonal rainfall patterns; the majority of the region's annual rainfall is deposited by storms from early November to March, forming what is considered Southern Africa's wet season. The wet months of rainfall saturate the region's soil, providing moisture that persists for the drier months of the year. While this cycle is normally reliable, anomalies in the climate—such as El Niño events—disrupt the region's annual level of rainfall; this in turn causes the decline of the region's plant life, the lowering of water levels in bodies of water and a loss of moisture from soil, with the latter effect causing a drought.
	As noted by sources, Southern Africa's low level of economic development and reliance on agriculture—namely cereal crops and livestock—leaves the region highly susceptible to droughts. Though variations exist, the region's farmers tend to plant their next crop in late October—this sowing is timed with the expected rains that begin to arrive in November. The next five-six months are considered the "lean" season, during which time stockpiled food is consumed while the concurrent "wet" season rains nourish the next year's crops. However, if the usual rains are disrupted by a weather anomaly, planting is delayed until November or early December, resulting in a longer "lean" season before crops can be harvested. If the region's weather patterns are disrupted enough to cause a drought, the lack of rainfall and eventual loss of moisture from soil often results in a noteworthy decline in Southern Africa's agricultural production; the resulting detrimental economic conditions leads to social unrest and a decline in the level of regional food security.
	Periods of drought effect Southern Africa' s various biomes and wildlife, while reduced water levels in rivers can cause hydroelectric dams to operate at reduced capacity. El Niño events in Southern Africa also increase the likelihood of African armyworm outbreaks, further decreasing the region's agricultural output.
	In the late 2015 – early 2016 season, an El Niño event caused a drought in some parts of Southern Africa. As of the start of the 2018-19 ongoing El Niño-induced drought, some parts of Southern Africa had not yet recovered from the effects of the earlier drought.
	In August and September 2018, several organizations began to warn farmers about the possibility of an oncoming drought. In August 2018 the Southern African Development Community advised farmers to avoid selling some of their stockpiled food from the previous season, and in September 2018 the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) issued a warning to Southern African countries about the formation of conditions for a drought. Patrick Kormawa, the Sub-Regional Coordinator for FAO in Southern Africa, predicted a 40 percent chance the region would be impacted by an El Niño event in Fall 2018.
	In spring 2018, an El Niño event disrupted Southern Africa's annual rainfall. The first effect of this disruption was a delayed sowing date, which was pushed back from late October to early November. In November, a report by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) reported an 80 percent likelihood of the El Niño event continuing until December; it also noted that 9.6 million people in Southern Africa were severely food-insecure as of the start of the 2019 lean season.
	The drought continued to 2019 with multiple regions in Southern Africa seeing significantly reduced levels of rainfall. A report from FAO noted that, while rainfall had picked up in late December 2018, several areas within the region were suffering from a severe drought and accompanying effects.
	As of April 2019, parts of Southern Africa remain affected by the ongoing drought. Heavier than average rainfall during the first weeks of February in some locales have alleviated local droughts, but the area as a whole is expected to suffer from negatively impacted cropping conditions. Rates of hunger in the region have risen, and are expected to continue to rise.
	In May 2019, Namibia declared a state of emergency in response to the drought, and extended it by additional 6 months in October 2019.

= = = Yorgos Mavropsaridis = = =

	Yorgos Mavropsaridis (; born 21 November 1954) is a Greek film editor. He is well known for his collaborations with Yorgos Lanthimos, having edited all his films to date. He is a graduate of the London Film School, and honed his skills working in commercials. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing for his work on "The Favourite".

= = = List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 8 = = =

	The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the cave 8 near Qumran.
	Wadi Qumran Cave 8, along with caves 7 and 9, was one of the only caves that are accessible by passing through the settlement at Qumran. Carved into the southern end of the Qumran plateau, cave 8 was excavated by archaeologists in 1957. Cave 8 produced five fragments: Genesis (8QGen), Psalms (8QPs), a tefillin fragment (8QPhyl), a mezuzah (8QMez), and a hymn (8QHymn). Cave 8 also produced several tefillin cases, a box of leather objects, tons of lamps, jars, and the sole of a leather shoe.
	Some resources for more complete information on the Dead Sea Scrolls are the book by Emanuel Tov, "Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert" for a complete list of all of the Dead Sea Scroll texts, as well as the online webpages for the Shrine of the Book and the Leon Levy Collection, both of which present photographs and images of the scrolls and fragments themselves for closer study. Information is not always comprehensive, as content for many scrolls has not yet been fully published.
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= = = Mineral variety = = =

	In geology and mineralogy, a mineral variety is a subset of a mineral species or mineraloid with some special characteristic, such as specific impurities or structural defects. For example, amethyst is a variety of quartz with a purple tinge due in part to iron impurities.
	Mineral varieties can be further subdivided into sub-varieties.
	Unlike mineral species, mineral varieties are not defined or named by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA).

= = = Texans Never Cry = = =

	Texans Never Cry is a 1951 American Western film directed by Frank McDonald and written by Norman S. Hall. The film stars Gene Autry, Mary Castle, Russell Hayden, Gail Davis, Tom Keene and Don C. Harvey. The film was released on March 15, 1951, by Columbia Pictures.

= = = List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 1 = = =

	The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the cave 1 near Qumran.
	Wadi Qumran Cave 1 was discovered the first time in 1946. The initial discovery, by Bedouin shepherd Muhammed edh-Dhib, his cousin Jum'a Muhammed, and Khalil Musa, took place between November 1946 and February 1947. The shepherds discovered seven scrolls housed in jars in a cave near what is now known as the Qumran site and took them back to the camp to show to his family. None of the scrolls were destroyed in this process. The original seven Dead Sea Scrolls from Cave 1 at Qumran are the Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa), a second copy of Isaiah (1QIsa), the Community Rule Scroll (1QS), the Pesher on Habakkuk (1QpHab), the War Scroll (1QM), the Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH), and the Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen).
	Some resources for more complete information on the Dead Sea Scrolls are the book by Emanuel Tov, "Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert" for a complete list of all of the Dead Sea Scroll texts, as well as the online webpages for the Shrine of the Book and the Leon Levy Collection, both of which present photographs and images of the scrolls and fragments themselves for closer study. Information is not always comprehensive, as content for many scrolls has not yet been fully published.
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= = = Ji-Hyun Lee (statistician) = = =

	Ji-Hyun Lee is an American statistician whose research involves clinical trials, especially for the treatment of cancer.
	Lee did her graduate studies in biostatistics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where she earned a master's degree in 2000 and completed her doctorate in 2003. She joined the faculty at the University of South Florida in 2003, and in 2014 moved to the University of New Mexico as a professor of internal medicine and director of biostatistics in the UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center. Since 2018 she has been a professor of biostatistics at the University of Florida and director of biostatistics and quantitative sciences in the University of Florida Health Cancer Center.
	Lee was president of the Caucus for Women in Statistics for the 2017 term, and in 2018 was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.

= = = David Kydd = = =

	David Richard Kydd (born 22 December 1945) is a former English footballer who played as a wing half.
	Kydd began his career in the youth ranks at Brighton & Hove Albion, making his debut for the first team in a Sussex Senior Cup game. On 21 September 1965, Kydd made his debut for Brighton in a 2–1 loss against Ipswich Town in the League Cup, before making his Football League debut against Millwall in a 2–2 home draw four days later. In the summer of 1966, Kydd signed for Chelmsford City. In October 1966, following a recommendation from former Chelmsford player Peter Gillott, Kydd joined Margate. On 29 October 1966, Kydd scored twice on his debut in a 4–0 win against Dunstable Town. In his fourth game for the club, Kydd scored a hat-trick in an 8–0 win against Tunbridge Wells on 12 November 1966. In February 1968, Kydd signed for Dartford.

= = = Wu Chin-fa = = =

	Wu Chin-fa (born 14 September 1954) is a Taiwanese writer of Hakka and indigenous descent. He was vice chairman of the Council of Cultural Affairs from 2004 to 2008, and later served as director of the Cultural Affairs Department within Pingtung County Government.
	Wu was born on 14 September 1954, in Meinong, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He is of Hakka and indigenous descent. Wu earned his bachelor's degree in sociology at National Chung Hsing University. He was an editorial writer for "Taiwan Daily" and hosted a talk show.
	Wu's writing often explores ethnic conflict on Taiwan from the perspective of youths. His books include "Street of Crying Swallows" (1985); "The Autumn Chrysanthemum" (1988); "Spring and Autumn Tea House" (1988); and "A Boyhood Trilogy" (2005). "The Autumn Chrysanthemum" became the basis of the film "Youth Without Regret".
	Wu contested the Sanmin District seat on the Kaohsiung City Council during the 2002 municipal elections, representing the Taiwan Solidarity Union. He and another TSU candidate, Chen Ying-tsan, split the vote, and neither were elected. In November 2003, legislator Chiu Yi accused , , , and Wu of writing for "Special Report", a series ridiculing active politicians produced by Bi-sheng Broadcasting. The parties involved exchanged lawsuits. In December 2003, Chiang, Lin, Shieh, and Wu founded the online television channel F4.
	On 8 June 2004, Wu was sworn in as vice chairman of the Council of Cultural Affairs (CCA), succeeding Wu Mi-cha. While in office, Wu Chin-fa spoke at several domestic cultural commemoration events, among them the 2004 Joint Outdoor Puppet Performance and Contest for Promising Young Leading Performers, for the Tsou leader and Puyuma musician , and at the Green Island Human Rights Arts Festival in 2008. As vice chair of the CCA, Wu also participated in international cultural outreach. He worked to preserve Losheng Sanatorium, and founded culture.tw, an English language web portal financed by the Council for Cultural Affairs and operated by the Central News Agency.
	After leaving the Council for Cultural Affairs, Wu was sought for political commentary. He later became director of Pingtung County Government's Cultural Affairs Department. In this position, he supported the preservation of Makatao culture via financial help from the local government. As cultural director, Wu visited sites in Pingtung dating back to Taiwan's Qing and Japanese eras. In 2017, Wu worked with the Ministry of Culture to exhibit letters written by political prisoners during the White Terror at Pingtung County's cultural affairs office.

= = = Peter Green (dog handler) = = =

	Peter J. Green, born in Neath, Wales, is a retired professional dog show handler and a current dog show judge. He shares the record for the most Best in Show victories at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show, having won four times: 1968, 1977, 1994, and 1998.
	Green judged Best in Show at the 2019 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show.

= = = List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 2 = = =

	The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the cave 2 near Qumran.
	Wadi Qumran Cave 2 was discovered in February 1952 and soon the Bedouin people discovered 30 fragments in it. The cave eventually yielded 300 fragments from 33 manuscripts of Dead Sea Scrolls, including fragments of Jubilees and the Wisdom of Sirach written in Hebrew.
	Some resources for more complete information on the Dead Sea Scrolls are the book by Emanuel Tov, "Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert" for a complete list of all of the Dead Sea Scroll texts, as well as the online webpages for the Shrine of the Book and the Leon Levy Collection, both of which present photographs and images of the scrolls and fragments themselves for closer study. Information is not always comprehensive, as content for many scrolls has not yet been fully published.
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= = = Ruakituri = = =

	Ruakituri is a rural area in the northern Hawke's Bay region of New Zealand's eastern North Island, located north of Wairoa and west of Gisborne. The 2013 New Zealand census recorded 708 people living in the Ruakituri-Morere area.
	The community is centred around the Ruakituri River, a major tributary for the Wairoa River. The largest settlement is Te Reinga, at the junction of the two rivers, about north of Wairoa.
	There are two "marae" (local Māori meeting grounds) in the area. Erepēti marae is affiliated with the "iwi" (tribe) of Ngāti Kahungunu and its "hapū" (sub-tribe) of Ngāti Hingānga / Te Aitanga o Pourangahua, and includes the "wharenui" (meeting house) of Pourangahua. Te Reinga Marae is a meeting ground for the iwi Ngāti Kahungunu and its hapū Ngāti Hinehika and Ngāti Kōhatu, and includes the wharenui of Tuarenga.
	Ruakituri School is a Year 1-8 co-educational state primary school. It is a decile 7 school with a roll of as of 

= = = Ichika Osaki = = =

	Ichika Osaki was born in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan on December 2, 2000.
	In 2012, she won a beauty pageant that won her a spot as a member of the idol group X21. Since then, she has made appearances in commercials and various dramas. The group disbanded in 2018, so Osaki continued on her solo career.
	In 2019, she joined the cast of "Kishiryu Sentai Ryusoulger" landing her first major role as Asuna/Ryusoul Pink.

= = = List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 3 = = =

	The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the cave 3 near Qumran.
	Wadi Qumran Cave 3 was discovered on 14 March 1952 by the ASOR team. The cave initially yielded fragments of Jubilees and the Copper Scroll.
	Some resources for more complete information on the Dead Sea Scrolls are the book by Emanuel Tov, "Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert" for a complete list of all of the Dead Sea Scroll texts, as well as the online webpages for the Shrine of the Book and the Leon Levy Collection, both of which present photographs and images of the scrolls and fragments themselves for closer study. Information is not always comprehensive, as content for many scrolls has not yet been fully published.
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= = = Fritz Greve = = =

	Friedrich Heinrich Ludwig Greve, known as Fritz (17 August 1863, Malchin - 2 April 1931, Malchin) was a German painter and art professor.
	He received his first art lessons from his father, Wilhelm, who worked as a decorative painter for the court. After completing his basic education and military service, where he advanced to the rank of sergeant, he left home to begin his formal studies at the . Later he attended the Kunstgewerbeschule in Frankfurt and the Berlin University of the Arts. His primary instructor there was Max Koner.
	From 1902 until 1928, he was a Professor at the Royal School of Art. In 1903, he married Theodora Mozer (1871-1947), the daughter of Dr. Alexander Karl Wilhelm Mozer (1841-1910), a member of the Medical Council. They had no children. During this time, he painted portraits, still-lifes, landscapes, altarpieces and frescoes. Most of his paintings are in private collections. Many, it is said, were bartered to supplement his teaching income. He was, however, able to begin building a summer residence near Malchin in 1909. 
	In 1913, he completed a mural on the triumphal arch at the in Waren an der Müritz. However, due to theological concerns, the mural was painted over during renovations in 1963. His original study for the mural was found, by accident, during work on his home in 2000. Upon review, the congregation voted to restore the mural. It was unveiled in 2013, on the 100th anniversary of its creation.
	In the 1920s, Greve became known as the "Gray Eminence" of Mecklenburg painters. In addition to his participation in numerous exhibitions, he was in charge of the when it returned to Berlin after World War I. He also worked as an illustrator for books of heroic German sagas and folk tales of Mecklenburg. A notable example is "Gretenwäschen. Preisgekrönte Erzählungen aus dem mecklenburgischen Volksleben.", edited by Karl Beyer, from 1919.
	In 1928, he retired from his position at the Royal School and returned to Malchin, where he opened a private painting school. He died of a lung disorder in 1931. Theodora survived him by sixteen years. In 2006, the gymnasium there was named after him. His former home has become a venue for concerts, lectures and art exhibitions.

= = = Postal codes in Palau = = =

	The Republic of Palau is a State-level area served by the United States Postal Service under authority of the Compact of Free Association. Standard USPS domestic rates apply to mail between the US and Palau. Here are the ZIP codes that operate in Palau:
	Two-letter "State" code: PW "from "Pelew", an old name for the archipelago"
	ZIP Codes:

= = = Bionnus = = =

	Bionnus or Bionnos () was a town and "polis" (city-state) of ancient Crete. It is known by epigraphic evidence. In a list of theorodokoi of Delphi from 230-210 BCE, Bionnus is mentioned between Psycheion and Matala.
	The site of Bionnus is located near modern Pyrgos ('high ground'), about south of Kerames.

= = = Carlos Espínola (footballer, born 1995) = = =

	Carlos Espínola Zapattini (born 22 May 1995) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Los Andes.
	Espínola began his career in Primera B Nacional with Los Andes. Having been promoted to their senior squad towards the end of the 2016 campaign, Espínola participated in the club's final four fixtures of the season against Villa Dálmine, Ferro Carril Oeste, Instituto and Nueva Chicago as Los Andes finished bottom of the table. Ten appearances later, versus Almagro on 11 February 2018, he scored his opening goal in a 1–1 draw.

= = = Vicente de Soliveres y Miera = = =

	Vicente de Soliveres y Miera (ca. 1838 – ca. 1908) was Mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico, from 4 April 1888 to 19 March 1889.
	Soliveres Miera had been mayor of San Juan before he was appointed mayor of Ponce.
	Upon taking over as mayor, he announced the 16 Ponce residents chosen by the Governor who would make up the Municipal Council: Ramón Cortada, F. Marzan, P. Valdivieso, Miguel Rosich, Francisco Roubert, Basilio O. Diaz, Angel Fernandez, F. Fernandez, Narciso Arabia, Juan Serrallés, Pedro Hedilla, Santiago Oppenheimer, B. Garcia, Lazaro Puente, Jose Mirandes, Jaime Cotal, Francisco Barnes, Cosme Clavell, A. Subira, Jose Ferrer.
	Soliveres Miera is best remembered for shutting down the newspaper "La Revista de Puerto Rico" in July 1888. Two months later, on 1 September 1888, strong rains caused Río Portugués to overflow its banks, and Soliveres help the victims of the floods. Soliveres Miera also oversaw the ""Hermanas de la Caridad"" (Sisters of the Charity) taking charge of the administration of the municipal hospital, Hospital Tricoche. Some of the public works by Soliveres are the building of a new municipal jail and of a concrete tower at Cerro del Vigía, the enlargement of the municipal offices, improvements made to the exiting jail to provide for living quarters for the prison officer, and the provisioning of sidewalks to several city streets.
	Soliveres was liked by his employees and subordinates, "their relationship being more that of a friend than a boss." 
	However, one night, upon orders from the governor, Soliveres dissolved the tertulia at Parque de Bombas because, it was rumored, that in it the provincial government was being criticized. From that point on the news media followed, analyzed and reported all his moves to the point the criticism became too much of a burden on the mayor. As a result, he presented his resignation to the governor and left for Spain. Still liked by many of the townspeople, Soliveres was wished a warm farewell along the way as he left the city and traveled the municipal portion of Carretera Central to San Juan.

= = = Indistinguishability obfuscation = = =

	Indistinguishability obfuscation (IO) is a cryptographic primitive that provides a formal notion of program obfuscation. Informally, obfuscation hides the implementation of a program while still allowing users to run it. A candidate construction of IO with provable security under concrete hardness assumptions relating to multilinear maps was published in 2013.

= = = Mineral group = = =

	In geology and mineralogy, a mineral group is a set of mineral species with essentially the same crystal structure and composed of chemically similar elements.
	For example, the amphibole group consists of 15 or more mineral species, most of them with the general unit formula , where A is a trivalent cation such as or , B is a divalent cation such as , , or , and C is an alkali metal cation such as , , or . In all these minerals, the anions consist mainly of groups of four tetrahedra connected by shared oxygen corners so as to form a double chain of fused six-member rings. In some of the species, aluminum may replace some silicon atoms in the backbone, with extra B or C cations to balance the charges.

= = = 1996 OFC Nations Cup squads = = =

	The following is a list of players used by each competing nation during the entirety of the 1996 OFC Nations Cup.
	Coach: Keith Pritchett
	Coach: Eddie Thomson and Raul Blanco (caretaker)
	Coach: Umberto Mottini
	Coach: Edward Ngara
	http://www.rsssf.com/tables/96oc.html

= = = Steve Lamb = = =

	Stephen Percy Lamb (born 2 October 1955) is a former English footballer who played as a midfielder.
	In 1971, Lamb joined Southend United as an apprentice. In 1973, Lamb signed a professional contract with Southend. In November 1975, Lamb joined Margate on loan. Lamb made seven Football League appearances at the club, before signing for Chelmsford City in 1976. Lamb spent two seasons at Chelmsford before departing. During the 1986–87 season, Lamb played for Barton Rovers.

= = = Savage Avengers = = =

	Savage Avengers is an ongoing Marvel Comics series (May 2019) where Conan the Barbarian teams-up with Wolverine, the Punisher, Venom, Elektra and Doctor Voodoo. There was a preview of the series in the May 2019 Marvel’s “Avengers” Free Comic Book Day issue. The premise of their team-up is that these heroes must work together when the evil wizards of Conan’s world start trading spells with the Hand in Japan.
	After Conan found himself in the Savage Land, he started slaying the Hand ninjas, but eventually is approached by Wolverine. After a misunderstanding they fight, but eventually settled down and explained to each other their motives for being in the Savage Land. Conan has been transported from the Hyborian Age to the Savage Land, and plans to find the Third Eye of Agamotto, while Wolverine is searching for missing people. After they depart ways, Doctor Voodoo is captured by the Hand ninjas and they bring him to the Cult Leader in the City of Sickles on the Savage Land, while simultaneously Conan finds Kulan Gath wearing the Eye along with a caged symbiote. The cult leader tells to Voodoo that they are collecting the blood of Warriors in order to summon an Elder God named Jhoatun Lau, who will purge the world from mortals and bring his worshipers with him in his palace. Wolverine arrives, but is unsuccessful in saving Doctor Voodoo. Then the Hand ninjas revealed that they have exhumed the coffins of Punisher's family.

= = = Delhi Crime = = =

	Delhi Crime is an Indian crime drama web television series written and directed by Richie Mehta. Starring Shefali Shah, Rasika Dugal, Adil Hussain and Rajesh Tailang, the series is set in the aftermath of the 2012 Delhi gang rape. Its first two episodes were premiered at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival in the Indie Episodic category. The series was released on Netflix on 22 March 2019. The show was renewed for a second season with the main cast returning.
	"Delhi Crime" is based on the 2012 Delhi gang rape case that took place in the neighbourhood of Munirka, in South Delhi. The series follows the story in the aftermath of the gang rape, where Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) Vartika Chaturvedi is tasked to find the culprits responsible for the assaults and death of the female victim.
	Mehta conceived the idea of "Delhi Crime" during a conversation with Neeraj Kumar, the former Commissioner of the Delhi Police, who introduced him to the investigating team and provided access to several legal documents that were prepared as part of the investigation. Later on, Kumar asked Mehta if he would consider making a film on the case to which he denied. He then started reading the documents and was "amazed at the precision with which this case was solved, and so quickly." He also met the officers involved in the case and was "blown away by them." Mehta sought permission from the victim's family. Mehta said that films like "The French Connection" (1971) and "Zodiac" (2007) influenced his approach.
	He modeled several portrayals of the cops based on his own observations. Mehta said that the making of the series was a "personally transformative journey" for him. He spoke to several police personnel involved in the case and tried "retracing the paths that the police took during the course of the investigation." It took Mehta six years to finish his research. The series was shot in Delhi over the course of 62 days. Mehta initially wanted to make it as a feature film, but as he continued the research, he realised that he could not fit the content in that length. The character of Vartika was based on Chhaya Sharma, the former deputy commissioner of police in Delhi.
	Mehta met Sharma, who was in the team who caught the perpetrators. They spoke for months as Mehta wanted her point of view in the crime. Shah also met Sharma for the preparation of the role. The series spans six days, covering the period between 16 December and 21 December, from the incident to the final arrest. The film went on the floor in January 2018 after taking permission from the Delhi police and the victim's family. Mehta decided not to show the rape on screen as he wanted "not to cross that line into exploitation." Tailang's character was an amalgamation of different investigating officers, but he spoke to one police officer and used him as reference point.
	The first season received positive reviews upon its release. On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 100% based on 6 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10.
	Daniel Fienberg of "The Hollywood Reporter" called it "consistently different enough to be interesting." He also felt the police-procedural conventions felt "reasonably fresh and consistently engaging." Ben Travers of "IndieWire" wrote: "An expertly told, hard-to-watch true crime series, "Delhi Crime Story" won't be for everyone — but it won't let go of anyone who watches." Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" wrote: "Where "Delhi Crime" scores is in the portrayal of a beleaguered police force, which is easy to point fingers at."
	Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV called the series "grim, gritty and grounded in the everyday." He further wrote: ""Delhi Crime" is a knockout punch of a series: unsettling and enthralling by turns." Piyasree Dasgupta of "HuffPost" noted that the series "comes across as such an elaborate exercise to valorise the Delhi Police that it actually seems deeply insensitive." She also said that the "only people the show humanises are the police." Rahul Desai of Film Companion wrote: "It’s the tiny infusions of well-informed opinion into what is essentially dramatic long-read reportage that make "Delhi Crime" one hell of a ride." Rohan Naahar of "Hindustan Times" called it: " gut-wrenching, stylishly directed, passionately performed, and most important, not at all exploitative." Avinash Ramachandran of "The New Indian Express – Cinema Express" in his review wrote: "Delhi Crime might be a glorification of the police force, but it is also a mirror to our society. It might absolve the Delhi police of its alleged dereliction of duties, but it is also a reminder that we vouched, and hoped, for a similar incident to never happen again."
	Along with the story telling and the premise of the series, the cast also received widespread appreciation for their performances in the series. Priyanka Roy of "The Telegraph" said: "And while the rest of it is worth a watch, Shefali Shah is reason number one why you shouldn’t give Delhi Crime a miss." Nandini Ramnath from "Scroll" wrote: " Rajesh Tailang, Anurag Arora, Adil Hussain, Jaya Bhattacharya, Gopal Dutt and Vinod Sharawat are among the numerous actors who display the same dedication to their craft as did their fictionalised selves to the investigation." Namrata Joshi from "The Hindu" said: "Tailang’s control, poise and measured way plays out beautifully against Shah’s dynamism to give us arguably the best on-screen buddy-cop team seen yet in India."
	Mehta said that "Delhi Crime" will be an anthology series and the next season will have same characters but with a different crime story. Shah will reprise her role as DCP Vartika as well along with other main characters.

= = = Lewistown Silk Stocking District = = =

	The Lewistown Silk Stocking District is a historic district in Lewistown, Montana which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
	About in area, the district is roughly bounded by 2nd Ave., Boulevard and Washington Sts. and 3rd Ave. It included seven contributing buildings.
	Architecture: Late Victorian, Georgian, Federal
	It includes seven historic houses:

= = = Sofia Mendoza = = =

	Sofia Mendoza (December 22, 1934 - March 14, 2015) was an activist and social organizer, most active in San Jose, California, who co-founded the United People Arriba organization alongside her husband, as well as the Community Alert Patrol (CAP). Her efforts focused around issues of education, police brutality, healthcare, and housing, particularly in the community of East San Jose.
	Mendoza was born on December 22, 1934 in the city of Fillmore, California to parents Tiburcio and Margarita Magdalena. Her parents had fled Mexico after losing their family farm. Mendoza was the oldest of five children and had two younger brothers and two younger sisters. She was born in Fillmore while her father worked as a labor organizer in the Sespe Ranch, a large ranch in the city. There he helped organize citrus fruit and avocado pickers. Mendoza's father helped the ranch workers go on strike and demand better working conditions and wages.
	Mendoza's family moved to Arizona shortly after so that her father could help organize copper workers into the Miners Smelting Workers Union, where he gained the position of officer. After their time in Arizona, Mendoza's family moved back to California and settled in Campbell, California, then a township of San Jose. There, she attended Campbell Grammar School, and Campbell High School. It was during her time in high school that Mendoza began organization drives of various kinds, after witnessing her father do it for so many years. As a freshman at Campbell High School, Mendoza successfully petitioned her classmates and faculty members for the addition of a Spanish club on campus. 
	After high school, Mendoza enrolled in San Jose State University, where she attended three years before dropping out when she married and became pregnant with her first child. She never returned to finish her last year of college. 
	While living in San Jose during the 1960's and 70's, Mendoza witnessed the increasing tensions between Anglo-American and Mexican American residents of the city. In 1967, she worked to address cases of discrimination faced by Mexican American students at Roosevelt Junior High School, the same school that her own children attended. There were claims that white teachers and students in the school were calling African American and Mexican American students derogatory names. Parents also claimed there were incidents in which the students were singled out and punished physically by the teachers, or they were being expelled for minor violations. Other Mexican American students also claimed they were denied of proper textbooks because teachers said they were not responsible enough to take care of them. In response to the accusations, Mendoza began interviewing several parents of Mexican American students and documented what they said about how their children were being treated at Roosevelt Junior High School. Mendoza took the parents' grievances to the school's Parent Teacher Association (PTA). Because she felt not enough was being done by the PTA to address the parents' concerns, Mendoza helped organize a school walkout. Roosevelt faculty members Jose Carrasco and Consuelo Rodriguez helped Mendoza organize the walkout. On April 29,1968, students from Roosevelt Junior High School walked out of classes during school hours and walked the streets of San Jose, making this one of the first documented walkouts by Mexican American students. Shortly after the walk out, the students held a rally at school, leading to the principal, vice-principal, and several other faculty members being fired from the school.
	The Roosevelt Junior High School walkout marked the beginning of Mendoza's work for the improvement of Mexican American communities in San Jose. Inspired by the Community Service Organization (CSO) which Cesar Chavez had been a part of, in 1968, Mendoza and her husband, Gilbert Mendoza, founded United People Arriba (UPA). Mendoza's husband had attended Westminster School while it was still segregated before Mendez v. Westminster. UPA had the mission of addressing issues faced by all communities in the city, not just those most important to the Mexican American community. The organization did not limit itself to a specific issue, but rather throughout the years worked to address issues brought up by community members in regards to education, health care, housing, police brutality, and immigration among others. The UPA became an independent organization which relied mostly on fundraising and donations to continue operating.
	Amidst the increasing hostilities between members of the San Jose Police Department and Mexican American residents of San Jose, Mendoza and other members of UPA came together to form Community Alert Patrol (CAP). CAP's goal was to prevent further events of violence against Mexican Americans in the hands of San Jose police officers. When it was first founded, CAP was set up in Our Lady of Guadalupe Church in East San Jose. Many of those who joined were members of the communities which were affected. Members of CAP worked Friday and Saturday nights to prevent and document incidents of police brutality. Members used a radio system to interfere calls done to the San Jose Police Department. Then, they would attempt to arrive at the scene before the police authorities to record the interactions, wishing to record any events of violence which could be used as evidence of police brutality against the Mexican American residents of San Jose in the hands of the San Jose Police Department. Mendoza also helped lead a 2000-person march to City Hall in protest of the incidents of police brutality against the Mexican-American community, some of which she testifies to have witnessed. "'I saw cops kicking down doors in the East Side," Mendoza says, "I saw it with my own two eyes. I saw policemen stopping people for traffic infractions at gunpoint."'
	After moving permanently to San Jose with her husband, she noticed that many of the Chicano children in her community were missing immunizations. So, Mendoza and UPA began demanding the San Jose city administrators to sponsor a mass immunization program. The city agreed, and many Mexican American families showed up to the program to receive immunizations. The overwhelming influx of Mexican Americans prompted Mendoza to demand a neighborhood clinic be set up in East San Jose. However, the city administration did not agree to the health clinic, but instead provided bus transportation for families living in East San Jose to travel to the closest clinic in the northern part of the city. Unsatisfied with the response, Mendoza and members of the UPA began convincing families to refuse to use the city-sponsored bus transportation as a sign of protest. UPA promised to provide free rides to families who needed to visit the clinic if they protested the use of the city buses. Eventually, the city agreed to the opening of a neighborhood clinic in East Side San Jose, and as a result, the East Valley Medical Center was opened.
	Mendoza married her husband Gilbert Mendoza while she was in her third year of school at San Jose State University. Together, they had four children: two sons and two daughters.
	After suffering several years from kidney failure, Mendoza died on March 14, 2015 at the age of 80 in San Jose, California. This occurred a day before she was scheduled to undergo a surgery for an abdominal growth at Kaiser Permanente Hospital.

= = = Bellak = = =

	Bellak () is a surname.
	Notable people with this surname include:

= = = St. Brendan's College = = =

	St. Brendan's College may refer to:

= = = 1929 in Taiwan = = =

	Events from the year 1929 in Taiwan, Empire of Japan.

= = = Szabados = = =

	Szabados is a Hungarian surname. Notable people with this surname include:

= = = Games graph = = =

	In graph theory, the Games graph is the largest known locally linear strongly regular graph. Its parameters as a strongly regular graph are (729,112,1,20). This means that it has 729 vertices, and 40824 edges (112 per vertex). Each edge is in a unique triangle (it is a locally linear graph) and each non-adjacent pair of vertices have exactly 20 shared neighbors. It is named after Richard A. Games, who suggested its construction in an unpublished communication and wrote about related constructions.
	The construction of this graph involves the unique (up to symmetry) 56-point cap set (a subset of points with no three in line) in formula_1, the five-dimensional projective geometry over a three-element field. The six-dimensional projective geometry, formula_2, can be partitioned into a six-dimensional affine space formula_3 and a copy of formula_1 (the points at infinity with respect to the affine space). The Games graph has as its vertices the 729 points of the affine space formula_3. Each line in the affine space goes through three of these points, and through a fourth point at infinity. The graph contains a triangle for every line of three affine points that passes through a point of the cap set.
	Several of the graph's properties follow immediately from this construction. It has formula_6 vertices, because the number of points in an affine space is the size of the base field to the power of the dimension. For each affine point, there are 56 lines through cap set points, 56 triangles containing the corresponding vertex, and formula_7 neighbors of the vertex. And there can be no triangles other than the ones coming from the construction, because any other triangle would have to come from three different lines meeting in a common plane of formula_2, and the three cap set points of the three lines would all lie on the intersection of this plane with formula_1, which is a line. But this would violate the defining property of a cap set that it has no three points on a line, so no such extra triangle can exist. The remaining property of strongly regular graphs, that all non-adjacent pairs of points have the same number of shared neighbors, depends on the specific properties of the 5-dimensional cap set.
	With the formula_10 Rook's graph and the Brouwer–Haemers graph, the Games graph is one of only three possible strongly regular graphs whose parameters have the form formula_11.
	The same properties that produce a strongly regular graph from a cap set can also be used with an 11-point cap set in formula_12, producing a smaller strongly regular graph with parameters (243,22,1,2).
	This graph is the Berlekamp–van Lint–Seidel graph.

= = = Iowa Great Lakes Recording Company = = =

	The Iowa Great Lakes Recording Company, Inc was a recording studio located at 906 9th St. in Milford, Iowa in the area of Iowa known as the Iowa Great Lakes region. Co-founders and original owners Roger Blunt, Cliff Plagman and John Senn started the process of building the studio in February 1965, officially opening for business on June 1, 1965 IGL Recording Company was the second known recording facility in the state at the time and the first to use multi-track tape machines. After its opening until its closing in 1980 the studio hosted hundreds of groups and individuals, releasing over 200 records. The recording that brought IGL to the attention of a broader audience was "Peter Rabbit" by Dee Jay and the Runaways which was initially released on IGL's own label and later leased to Mercury/Smash Records. The studio recorded many different styles of music including rock, pop, gospel, polka and school choirs. On January 1, 1980 John Senn, sole owner at the time, closed the studio. The IGL Recording Co. has been inducted into the Iowa Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame, Minnesota Music Hall of Fame and South Dakota Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
	The Iowa Great Lakes Recording Company, Inc. - or simply IGL - was founded by Roger Blunt, Cliff Plagman and John Senn. Senn became acquainted with Blunt and Plagman through a bandmate, Chuck Maranell, who worked at the same hardware store with the pair in 1960. Blunt owned a reel to reel tape recorder and had recorded a band whose members included Senn and Maranell in 1961. Due to the less than acceptable quality of this recording, Blunt, along with his tape recorder, accompanied the group to a radio station in Minnesota to record the group in what was hoped to be a better environment for such an endeavor. This event planted the idea for what became IGL.
	From 1961 until 1964 the trio of Blunt, Plagman and Senn had informal discussions on putting together a recording studio in their area. At that time the closest studio in Iowa was 350 miles away. Other choices were Minneapolis, La Crosse, Omaha and Chicago. Plagman, who was adept at electronics, had his own business selling and repairing TVs at this time. Blunt was still improving his skills at recording and was gaining insight into the reproduction of sound. Senn was involved with the performance end of music and was aware of the needs of musicians for a more conveniently located recording facility. Combining their talents the three gentlemen moved forward to make the studio a reality.
	The location of the studio was in the back of Plagman's store (formerly known as the Palmer Building) at the corner of 9th St. and Highway 71 in Milford, Iowa. Plagman had become acquainted with Vic Blacketer who was a distributor of radio broadcast gear in Des Moines, Iowa. Seeking his advice, Blacketer gave his approval on the space the trio chose for the studio. Using Sun Studio in Memphis as a "template", IGL was built in approximately 5 months at a cost of over $10,000 for gear and an undetermined cost for the labor the trio put into the project. Adjusted for inflation the cost would now be over $82,000 for the gear alone. The partners decided to name the facility after the area in which it was built. Although the endeavor was officially incorporated as the Iowa Great Lakes Recording Company, Inc. the "Inc." was often left unsaid as the name was already a mouthful.
	When IGL opened on June 1, 1965, its equipment list was as follows: one Ampex 3-track recorder using 2" tape, two Ampex 4-channel mixing consoles, four Electro-Voice Sentry monitors, one McIntosh amp, two Neumann M49 mics, one Neumann U67 mic along with other mics, outboard gear, stands and cabling. A single track Ampex recorder was purchased in 1966. Then, in 1972, an Ampex 2-track mastering recorder and an Ampex 8-track recorder were added to the facility along with more outboard gear. The studio space was also expanded and modified around this time to better serve the clientele.
	Aside from offering a professional space and the gear necessary to record, IGL also offered to handle the pressing and packaging of the recorded product. The artist could choose the IGL/Sonic imprint or could design their own label if desired. On the advice of Blacketer, IGL used Wakefield Manufacturing in Phoenix, AZ for pressing services. For album cover fabrication, IGL used the W.A. Fisher Advertising & Printing Co. in Virginia, MN. At some time in the early 1970s, the facility switched to the Queen City Album Co. (now QCA, Inc.) in Cincinnati, OH since they were a one-stop for all of IGL's needs in this area. An additional service offered was the availability of studio musicians if clients needed additional support - ranging from either a single instrument to a whole backing group.
	IGL's fee in 1965 for use of the facility, which included an engineer, was $45/hour. The fee had increased to $55/hr by the time the facility closed. As part of this cost, IGL would send copies of 45s to area radio stations as well as radio stations in the artist's home area. The studio would also send copies to various record distributors in hopes they would pick up the studios offerings. Cost to the client of 1000 45s was $300; 1000 albums with jackets were $1510. As a reference, the retail cost of a 45 in 1965 ran approximately 50 cents, an album cost around $2.98 (mono) to $3.98 (stereo). A package deal was also available which consisted of 3 hours of recording time and 1000 45 singles for a cost of $345.
	In 1973 the studio expanded by adding IGL Music Inc. which was considered a division of the IGL Recording Co. IGL Music was primarily a record store, but also offered musical instrument accessories such as guitars strings, straps, drum accessories and sheet music. At the time of its opening the store was ran by Dennis and Karen Kintzi.
	The studio changed ownership at various times during its life span. In 1980 John Senn, who was then sole owner of the facility, decided to close the studio due in part to declining business. One factor to which the decline in clients was attributed was the rise in popularity of disco music. Other factors, like the growing affordability of semipro products for recording at home which started to appear in the mid 1970s, along with the number of bands declining after the boom which followed the British Invasion in the early 1960s, likely contributed too.
	The first release on the IGL label was "Jenny Jenny" b/w "Boney Maronie" (IGL 100) by Dee Jay and the Runaways of which only 100 copies were pressed. Aside from this release and the noteworthy release of "Peter Rabbit" by Dee Jay and the Runaways, another notable recording done at IGL was the album "Have You Considered?" (IGL STLP-33152) by Shekina Glory. This garage/psych/XIAN album from 1976 has become a valued artifact by those who appreciate the genre with copies selling for upwards of $1025.
	The recording that had the most impact on the IGL Recording Co. was Dee Jay & the Runaways' recording of Myron Lee and the Caddies 1961 song "Peter Rabbit". It also led to the group being the only one from Iowa during the 1960s to appear nationally on Dick Clark's "Where the Action Is".
	The group had become familiar with that recording while performing at the PlaMor Ballroom in Fort Dodge, IA. A local dee-jay, Peter McClain, played the song when he was emceeing dances at the ballroom. Denny Storey and Senn, both members of the Runaways, had talked about doing their own version of the song. On one occasion while setting up for a dance at the PlaMor, Storey grabbed his guitar and showed Senn an approach to the song he thought would work well. In July 1965, the group recorded nine songs at IGL, one of which was Storey's take on "Peter Rabbit".
	In January 1966, the group was playing for a dance in Jefferson, IA which was emceed by Jim Michaels, a dee-jay at one of central Iowa's AM Top 40 stations at the time - KIOA. At one point in the evening Michaels played the group's 45 of the song and got a favorable reaction from the crowd. Michaels told the band he would add the 45 to the station's rotation for 3 weeks, if it generated a good response he would keep it on; if not, it would be removed from the playlist.
	The song took off and distributors from the region initially placed orders for over 5000 copies of the 45. The quantity of copies on the IGL label that were sold numbered between 8 and 9 thousand prior to the song being leased according to Senn in an interview with KUOO radio's Becky Thoreson. The station received requests from 8 major labels to lease the recording. Michaels recommended that IGL and the band go with Mercury Records which released the single nationally on their Smash label. The 45 entered the "Billboard" charts on April 30, 1966 and remained there for 14 weeks reaching #45. As a result of the recording's popularity, the facility where it was recorded gained considerable publicity also and IGL Recording was off and running.
	Throughout the history of the IGL Recording Co. the following individuals were owners of the facility: co-founders, Plagman and Blunt of Milford along with Senn of Spirit Lake. Other owners during the period the studio was in operation were Dennis Kintzi of Milford, Dave Peterson of Arnolds Park, Jerry Wolford of Spirit Lake, Lynn Wee of Spencer, Dee Swenson of Ocheyedan and Rose Otto of Everly. Five of the former owners, which includes the 3 founders, have passed away - Blunt in 1994, Plagman in 2007, Swenson in 2015, Wolford in 2009 and Senn in 2019. Senn opened a studio named IGL Audio in 1983 and was one of the founders of the Iowa Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

= = = Chongqing Library station = = =

	Chongqing Library is a station on Loop Line of Chongqing Rail Transit in Chongqing Municipality, China. It is located in the Shapingba District. Original name of the station is Fengtian Rd. It opened in 2018. It is the current terminus of Loop Line in Phase I.

= = = Psychium = = =

	Psychium or Psychion (), or Psycheium or Psycheion (Ψυχήιον), also known as Psychea (Ψύχεα or ψυχέα), was a town on the south coast of ancient Crete on a promontory of the same name. Ptolemy between the mouths of the rivers Massalia and Electra. According to the "Stadiasmus Maris Magni", it had a harbour and was located on the south coast of Crete, 12 stadia west of Sulia and 150 stadia from Lamon.
	The site of Psychium is located near modern Agios Pavlos, east of Cape Melissa. 

= = = Hotel Amour = = =

	Hotel Amour is a studio album by Meow Meow (Melissa Madden Gray) and Thomas Lauderdale featuring Pink Martini, scheduled to be released on March 22, 2019 via Heinz Records. Featured guests include Barry Humphries, Michel Legrand, Rufus Wainwright, and The von Trapps.
	In his review of Meow Meow's 2013 performance at New York City's Stanley H. Kaplan Penthouse, Stephen Holden of "The New York Times" described the title song as "a delicate, wistful reflection on a futile search for love that melted your heart". She also performed the song at the McCallum Theatre gala in 2016.
	All songs written by Meow Meow & Thomas Lauderdale.
	Track listing adapted from the iTunes Store

= = = Alagogshak = = =

	Alagogshak is a stratovolcano, located on the Alaska Peninsula, United States, in Katmai National Park and Preserve. It is the oldest of the volcanoes in the vicinity of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. The volcano was recognized as a separate feature from Mount Martin in 1997. The Holocene Mount Martin stands partly on Alagogshak's deeply eroded edifice, about northeast of the Alagogshak vent. Alagogshak was last active in Pleistocene time, and was active from about 680,000 years before present to about 43,000 years before present. The remnant summit crater consists of hydrothermally altered rock. It is the only member of the Katmai volcanic group that is no longer active.

= = = Bruguers = = =

	Bruguers is a village in the municipality of Gavà (Baix Llobregat), Catalunya, halfway between the towns of Begues and Gavà.
	A notable item in Bruguers is the Bruguers Hermitage or Church of Mary at Bruguers ("Mare de Déu de Bruguers"), a 13th-century Romanesque church complex containing an effigy of the Virgin Mary from the 14th century.

= = = Margin of Safety (book) = = =

	Margin of Safety: Risk-averse Value Investing Strategies for the Thoughtful Investor is a 1991 book written by Baupost Group hedge fund manager and value investor, Seth Klarman, discussing about value investing, temperance, valuation, portfolio management, among other topics. The book draws on from "The Intelligent Investor", chapter 20, which is titled "margin of safety", coined by Benjamin Graham and David Dodd.
	In 1991, when Seth Klarman was 34 years old, he published "Margin of Safety" with publisher, HarperCollins. The book initially sold just 5,000 copies for $25 a piece, and it was considered a "flop."
	In a Charlie Rose interview, Klarman considered issuing a limited edition copy of "Margin of Safety" for charity but was otherwise not interested in reviving the book.
	In July 6, 2018, a Kindle edition of the book was quietly released to the Amazon website. Within a matter of days, the non-authorized kindle edition of the book went to the #16 spot of "business and investment" section of the online book store. Baupost Group responded to the illegal copy by saying "The Kindle version of Margin of Safety: Risk-Averse Value Investing Strategies for the Thoughtful Investor on Amazon is an unauthorized version being sold in violation of its registered copyright, which is owned by Seth Klarman. Mr. Klarman has not authorized republication of Margin of Safety, electronically or in any other format. Our legal department is taking and will continue to take appropriate action with respect to this matter." The Kindle edition book appeared to have been suggested by Oceanofpdf.com, an organization that offers free downloads of books online and believes "that knowledge and information should be free and accessible to everyone around the globe.”
	Despite the initial flop, overtime the book has achieved "cultlike" status amongst the value investing community and has been revered as a "bible" of sorts. This has caused physical copies of the book to be worth to $500-$2,500 a piece. The high price of the book has resulted in piracy of the book.
	The book has featured in a number of recommended reading lists in the investment press.

= = = Gymnastics at the 1975 Pan American Games = = =

	Gymnastics at the 1975 Pan American Games in Mexico City, Mexico.

= = = Siderogel = = =

	Siderogel is an amorphous mineral (a mineraloid) consisting of iron(III) oxide-hydroxide , the same chemical compound as limonite and goethite; or possibly an hydrate of the same •"n".
	Siderogel is described as blackish, brownish, or reddish-brown, often glassy and translucent. It may be a gossan, the result of weathering and oxidation of sulfide ores.
	The International Mineralogical Association does not officially recognize siderogel as a mineral species.
	Siderogel has been reported in a few locations in Europe and Asia, including a site near Gavà and Bruguers, Catalunya; in the mine of Codos, Aragon; in the Becke-Oese quarry (now flooded) between Menden and Hemer, Germany; and in the Gaosong deposit, Gejiu China.

= = = Son of Man (album) = = =

	Son Of Man was the third album from Hazakim, and the second album they released on Lamp Mode Recordings. The album became available for commercial purchase on September 23, 2014, Rosh Hashanah of that year. "Son Of Man" was the group's first album to make it onto the Billboard chart; peaking at numbers 10 and 40 in both Christian and Gospel music categories respectively.
	Following the release of "Theophanies", five years earlier, Hazakim released "Son Of Man" on Lamp Mode Recordings in 2014. They chose September 23, the Jewish holiday of Rosh Hashanah, as the release date due to the album's heavy emphasis on Biblical eschatology and the second coming of Jesus. According to Hazakim's belief system (expressed on their blog), Rosh Hashanah, also called "the Feast of Trumpets", will find its fulfillment in the second advent of the Christ. In Jewish tradition, the blowing of the shofar (a trumpet made from a ram's horn), is also associated with the story of the binding of Isaac, as well as a call to assembly, repentance and introspection. All of these themes are heard on "Son of Man".
	The title of the album has its roots in the seventh chapter of the Book of Daniel, where the Jewish prophet sees, in a vision, a divine man whom he calls a "son of man". This seemingly human man is depicted as "coming on the clouds of heaven" and enjoys divine prerogatives (such as receiving worship from all people) after he establishes an eternal kingdom. Later in the Gospels Jesus would adopt the title "son of man" in reference to Himself; a clear allusion to Daniel's apocalyptic vision of a divine man. In premillennial eschatology (the system held to by Mike and Tony of Hazakim) the fulfillment of Daniel 7 will be at the second coming of Christ when he rules for a thousand years, based on their interpretation of the Book of Revelation.

= = = Slayyyter = = =

	Catherine Slater (born September 17, 1996), known professionally as Slayyyter, is an American pop singer and songwriter, currently based in St. Louis. She started her career independently through SoundCloud. She was originally named Slater, before renaming herself to Slayyyter. Her single release "Mine" reached number 38 on the iTunes pop chart.
	Slayyyter is from Kirkwood, Missouri, a small suburb of St. Louis, where she has "kind of lived [her] whole life". She went to private grade schools, and later continued her education in public school, where she was "offered great music classes for the first time."
	Slayyyter spent a year in college, studying at the University of Missouri. This time was an "expensive experiment" in which she started her career as a musician, writing "'80s lo-fi pop" that she herself produced and edited, but never published. She later dropped out and committed fully to her music career. Her most frequent collaborator, Ayesha Erotica, is from Los Angeles. The artists met through Twitter, which is where Slayyyter first developed a following. The artist credits Stan Twitter for introducing her to Ayesha. She intends to move to LA.
	Apart from Slayyyter's debut single "BFF", the singles "Ghost", "Candy", "Alone", "Hello Kitty" (additionally featuring co-production from frequent collaborator Boy Sim), and "All I Want for XXXmas" also sprung from the collaboration between the two artists. Slayyyter's 2018 single releases included "I'm High" (produced by GhostHaus) and "Platform Shoes" (produced by Boy Sim).
	After a 14-second snippet of the song gathered attention on Twitter with over 200,000 views, "Mine" was released on Valentine's Day and in less than 24 hours reached number 38 on the iTunes pop chart in the United States.
	In June 2019, Slayyyter embarked on her sold-out debut tour, entitled "The Mini Tour". The tour began on June 24th in New York City, and concluded on July 27th in her hometown of St. Louis.
	On September 17, 2019, Slayyyter released her self-titled mixtape, "Slayyyter", on iTunes. The mixtape peaked at #4 on the US iTunes Pop Chart, and #14 on the US iTunes Albums Chart.
	Her music style has been likened to Britney Spears, Lindsay Lohan and Paris Hilton, as well as sounding somewhat "like Charli XCX on whippets". Slayyyter cites Spears, Timbaland, Nelly Furtado, Lady Gaga, Justin Timberlake, Madonna, Heidi Montag, Janet Jackson, and Whitney Houston as some of the artists she listened to the most growing up and who ultimately influenced her musical style. Slayyyter's visual style has been defined as "distinct MySpace-era". She frequently collaborates with British-based artist Glitchmood for single artworks.
	Slayyyter is openly bisexual. She spoke about her sexual orienation with "Gay Times" magazine in March 2019, "Honestly, I kind of always knew I liked girls as a kid, but didn’t think it was okay for me too...It wasn’t until high school or maybe a little bit after, that I realised, ‘Alright, I definitely like boys and girls, I’m not ashamed of that anymore.’ Now that I’m 22-years-old, I finally feel like I’m at a point where I don’t need to hide my bisexuality. I’m ready to fully embrace it and be myself. It feels good."

= = = Putere = = =

	Putere is a village and rural community located in the Wairoa District of the Hawke's Bay Region, on New Zealand's North Island. It is located based around the small Lake Rotoroa and Lake Rotonuiaha.
	A European sheep farming station, Te Putere Grazing Run, was established in the area in 1875 or 1876. The area was also farmed by the families of World War I soldiers, but conditions were severe and many families had abandoned their farms by the Great Depression.
	The area has two marae of the local Ngāti Kahungunu people:
	Putere School is a Year 1–8 co-educational state primary school established in 1925. It is a decile 2 school with a roll of as of New school buildings were built remotely in 2010.

= = = Bunnell Water Tower = = =

	Towering over the City of Bunnell is the city's most visible and iconic landmark: the City of Bunnell elevated steel water tower. The water tower is located at 100 Utility Street, Bunnell, FL 32110. It was built in 1926 by Chicago Bridge & Iron Company as part of a new waterworks system for Bunnell that went into operation in December 1927 and has been providing water to residents and local businesses to this day. The water tower is 110 feet high and its elevated steel tank holds 75,000 gallons of water. The elevated steel water tank has a conical top, Horton hemispherical bottom and is supported by four steel columns (legs) and reinforced with steel cross braces. The east and west sides of the elevated tank have black painted signage that read “City of Bunnell, Crossroads of Flagler County”
	In January 1927, Bunnell signed a contract with the Gray Artesian Well Company of St. Augustine to drill a well approximately 90 feet deep with casing that is suitable for pumping for the new waterworks system. After the well was completed water was tested by the Florida State Board of Health who declared it to be of fine quality, pure with no color or taste and with only three hundred to a million hardness. A second well was drilled so there would be a sufficient quantity of water for the city as it grew. The contracted price for these wells was $2,375 each.
	Bids for furnishing materials, labor and construction for the new waterworks were opened on March 28, 1927. More than fifteen bids were received by Engineer N.A. Hotard. On April 11, 1927, the Bunnell city commission awarded the contract to the Hopper Construction Company.
	On July 7, 1927, material began arriving at the site of the new water plant, which was determined by the newly dug artesian wells. F.W. Hopper, of the Hooper Construction Company, stated that the project would most likely be finished in 140 working days and ahead of schedule. Construction of the new water system did move fast and by September 8, 1927 the majority of the main pipes and fire hydrants were installed and concrete forms for the reservoir were nearly completed. Representatives from the Chicago Bridge & Iron Works were working on erecting the steel water tank and its tower. The city purchased the steel water tower through the J.B. McCrary Company.
	On October 27, 1927, Engineer Paynter, who was leading the construction project of the new waterworks predicted that the system would be operational by December 1, 1927 despite a pump that was scheduled to arrive late. Paynter also announced that the new system could temporarily be connected to the present water source until the new wells and pumps are available. The potential delay regarding cutting up sections of State Road No. 4 was avoided when chairman of the Bunnell city commission, J.J. McLanahan, announced that a satisfactory agreement with State Road Engineer Thrasher was reached. The agreement details were that four places in State Road No. 4 will be cut up and after the water mains are installed the trenches will be covered and refilled with concrete.
	On December 1, 1927, Bunnell City Clerk, John Gerz, announced that due to a few construction delays the new waterworks system should be operational within the next two weeks. Some water meters were still pending installation but Gerz said they would be ready when the new system is ready to be turned on. Bunnell officials said, “this will prove in time [to be] one of the best advertisements for Bunnell that could be named”.
	On December 12, 1927, Bunnell's new waterworks system went operational. Almost immediately the old system's lines were cut off and all consumers were connected onto the new waterworks system. The "Flagler Tribune" reported on December 15, 1927 that “One of the most important events ever to occur in Bunnell took place this week when the new $100,000 waterworks system was turned on for the first time…” The new waterworks system included several miles of 10, 8, 6 and 2 inch mains that were laid on all city streets, fire hydrants, an elevated steel water tank on tower, storage reservoir and a pumping station. Water samples from the new waterworks system were taken on a monthly basis and sent to the Florida State Board of Health in Jacksonville to be examined by a chemist. According to a report published in the Flagler Tribune on June 28, 1928 Chief Engineer, E.L. Filby stated, “from the…analytical data we would say that the bacterial or sanitary quality of your water is very good.”
	Currently, the Bunnell Water Tower is in daily usage, over ninety year since it first went into operation, and provides the City of Bunnell with water during emergencies when electric and generator sources are not available. The city's two modern 350,000 gallon ground storage tanks cannot provide sufficient water pressure during these types of emergencies. The Bunnell Water Tower is inspected each year and is repainted every five years.
	The initial nomination was approved by the Florida National Register Review Board on November 8, 2018 and was then sent to the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service for final approval by the Keeper of the National Register.
	On February 4, 2019, the Bunnell Water Tower was officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

= = = 2019 Colorado State Rams football team = = =

	The 2019 Colorado State Rams football team represented Colorado State University in the 2019 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Rams were led by fifth-year head coach Mike Bobo and played their home games at Sonny Lubick Field at Canvas Stadium in Fort Collins, Colorado as members of the Mountain Division of the Mountain West Conference. The Rams finished the season 4–8, 3–5 in Mountain West play to finish in fifth place in the Mountain Division. 
	On December 4, head coach Mike Bobo agreed to step down as head coach. He finished at Colorado State with a five-year record of 28–35.
	The Rams finished the 2018 season 3–9, 2–6 in Mountain West play to finish in fifth place in the Mountain Division.
	The Mountain West media days were held from July 23−24, 2019 at Green Valley Ranch in Henderson, NV.
	The preseason poll was released at the Mountain West media days on July 23, 2019. The Rams were predicted to finish in fifth place in the MW Mountain Division.
	The Rams had one player selected to the preseason All−Mountain West Team.
	Specialists
	Ryan Stonehouse – P

= = = 2-Bromothiophene = = =

	2-Bromothiophene is an organosulfur compound with the formula CHBrS. It is a colorless liquid. Unlike 3-bromothiophene, the 2-bromo isomer is prepared directly by partial bromination of thiophene. It is a precursor to several drugs, including tipepidine, ticlopidine, and clopidogrel.
	The LD50 is low, 200 – 250 mg/kg (oral, rat).

= = = Lamon (Crete) = = =

	Lamon () was a town on the south coast of ancient Crete. According to the "Stadiasmus Maris Magni", it had a harbour and was located 150 stadia from Psychea and 30 stadia from Apollonia.
	The site of Lamon is tentatively located near modern Ag. Georgios, Plakias. 

= = = Rune Factory 5 = = =

	Following the success of "Rune Factory 4", series producer Yoshifumi Hashimoto commented that the development of a sequel was expected. However, after "Rune Factory" developer Neverland Co. declared bankruptcy in 2013, the future of the series was left uncertain. In 2014, Marvelous AQL stated that they had hired former "Rune Factory" developers, including Hashimoto, to develop "". The game was announced during a Nintendo Direct in February 2019, and is planned to be released for the Nintendo Switch in 2020.

= = = Bolle Luxdorph = = =

	Bolle Luxdorph (19 February 1643 - 5 September 1698) was a Danish civil servant and landowner. He was ennobled under the name Luxdorph in 1679. He owned the estates Rosengaard, Sandbygaard, and Sørupgaard. He left them to his daughter, Hedevig Ulrika Luxdorph, who would later marry Christopher Knuth, 1st Count of Knuthenborg. His other child, Christian Luxdorph, was the father of Bolle Willum Luxdorph.
	Luxdorph was born in Copenhagen, the son of Christen Bollesen Luxdorph (died 1669) and Maren Olufsdatter Stafrofski (died1689). He was the elder brother of Peder Luxdorph. His father was employed as economist at Herlufsholm from 1651 and he graduated from the school in 1660. He worked then for a while in the household of professor Peder Resen and from 1662 to 1664 served as a tutor at his old school. In 1775, he accompanied the Danish minister in London Simon de Petkum to England by way of Germany and Belgium. He then spent four years in France.
	In 1669, Luxdorph was appointed to secretary in the Danish Chancellery. He had close ties to Peder Schumacher (Griffenfeld) and was first 1671 appointed as "ordenssekretær" and then in 1672 as "ceremonimester". Griffenfeld's fall from power did not stop his career. In 1676, he was promoted to Assessor in Danish Chancellery and in 1680 to "kancelliråd" and secretary of kommerskollegiet. In 1688, he was appointed as "oversekretær". He was awarded the title of "etatsråd" in 1684.
	Accusations of nepotism and for acting against the will of the king made him fall out of and he was dismissed in 1690. The incident was related to Thomas Kingo's monopoly on publishing a hymn book. Kingo was a personal friend and Luxdorph attempted to grant him a more extensive monopoly than approbatet by the king.
	Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve ultimately arranged for him to make amends and in 1691 he was appointed as Danish minister in Stockholm. He assisted Jens Juel in connection with the conclusion of the armed neutrality pact in 1693.
	Luxdorph owned a house in Pustervig in Copenhagen, A combination of inheritance, dowries and royal favours contributed to his wealth and over the years he became a major landowner. He acquired Sørup (1672 and 1674), Sandbygård (1684), Rosengaard (1685) as well as Bispegården's land in Holstebro (1697).
	Luddorph was created a White Knight in 1695.
	Luxdorph married twice. His first wife was Jytte Bering (1654-1684), a daughter of Historiographer Royal Vitus Bering (1617–75) and Anne Nielsdatter (1630–57). They married on 29 November 1671 in Church of Our Lady in Copenhagen. They had one son, Christian Bollesen Luxdorph (1684-1726). He was in turn the father of Bolle Willum Luxdorph.
	Luxdorph's second wife was Frederikke Amalie Adeler (1667-1712), a daughter of Admiral Cort Adeler (1622–75) and Anna Pelt (1640-92). She bore him four children of which only a daughter lived to adulthood.
	Bolle Luxdorph died on 5 September 1698 in Stockholm. He is buried in Trinitatis Church in Copenhagen. He left Rosengaard, Sandbygaard and Sørupgaard to his surviving daughter by his second wife, Hedevig Ulrika Luxdorph, who married Christopher Knuth in 1813. He who was elevated to the status of count the following year.

= = = Leben (Crete) = = =

	Leben () or Lebena (Λέβηνα) or Lebene (Λεβήνη) was a maritime town of ancient Crete, a harbour of Gortyna, about 70 stadia inland. It possessed a temple of Asclepius, of great celebrity. In the "Peutinger Table" its name appears as Ledena. According to the "Stadiasmus Maris Magni", it had a harbour and was located 270 stadia from Biannus and 50 stadia from Halas.
	The site of Leben is located near modern Lentas. 

= = = Lodge Grass City Jail = = =

	The Lodge Grass City Jail, in Lodge Grass, Montana, was built in 1930. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.
	It is a square poured concrete structure.
	Also known as Old City Jail, it is located on an alley south of Third Avenue. The alley is parallel to, and in between, Main Street and Helen Street.

= = = GPT2 = = =

	GPT2 may refer to:

= = = Countdown (Steve Kuhn album) = = =

	Countdown is an album by pianist Steve Kuhn which was recorded in 1998 and released on the Reservoir label.
	The AllMusic review by Michael G. Nastos stated "A neglected figure in the overall scheme of modern jazz, perhaps this magnificent recording from the veteran pianist Kuhn will somewhat salve that wound. He is masterfully impressionistic, skillful as any, extra-lyrical, and his talent is in full array ... This music clearly inspires all kinds of lush, regal imagery. It is Kuhn at his best, one of the more soul-stirring piano trio CDs of recent hearing, and a joy to listen to more than just once". In JazzTimes, Duck Baker noted "Kuhn’s solos are fluid and interesting; he certainly favors long lines and usually manages to make them build effectively. I can’t say that Kuhn has ever seemed to me to be a strongly original voice in terms of harmony, touch, or voicings, and occasionally he gets dangerously over-impressionistic. But some of the best originals here contain surprising moments and the soloing holds up well". On All About Jazz, C. Andrew Hovan said "it's chock full of complexity and substance, yet also very inviting and accessible ... "Countdown" is a step forward for Kuhn and a valuable addition to this independent's small but substantial catalog".
	All compositions by Steve Kuhn except where noted

= = = Gymnastics at the 1979 Pan American Games = = =

	Gymnastics at the 1979 Pan American Games in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

= = = Christopher Green (Sacramento mayor) = = =

	Christopher Green served as mayor and first trustee of Sacramento, California, from years 1872 to 1877. He was Sacramento's 14th mayor and its 12th elected mayor. Green was associated with the Republican Party and had heavy support from the Central Pacific Railway Company. Jabez Turner succeeded Green as mayor.
	When the Central Pacific moved their headquarters out of Sacramento, Green was one of the community leaders to rally and promote business, helping to form a Board of Trade in 1873.

= = = Harold Tejada = = =

	Harold Alfonso Tejada Canacue (born 27 April 1997) is a Colombian road cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam .

= = = Runaway Tour (Passenger) = = =

	Runaway Tour is a concert tour by British singer and songwriter Passenger in support of his 2018 studio album, "Runaway". The tour began on August 29, 2018, in Edinburgh, Scotland.
	Passenger's Australian friend Stu Larsen opened his shows from February 20 to April 21, 2019.
	When the South American leg of the tour started, Passenger explained that his guitar would speak for itself, and all the songs would have their own stories.
	"Every song has its own life, and that's what I like the fans to see in my presentations."
	All concerts have featured acoustic instruments. Throughout the tour, Passenger regularly alternates among various acoustic guitars. In a number of venues, he used up to four guitars per performance.
	The tour has been very well received by critics. Nicolas Tabares from "El Observador", a national newspaper in Uruguay, called the Montevideo performances a "spectacle that connects directly to the crowd". He also commended Passenger on how he "shows all the love that he has to his fans." Caracol Radio from Colombia described the performance in Bogota, saying that "the performer involves the public with his great hits and funny humor." "El Comercio", a newspaper in Peru, described the show in Lima as full of "music empathy".

= = = James J. Sullivan House = = =

	The James J. Sullivan House, at 220 W. Third St. in Hardin, Montana, was built in 1914. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.
	Also known as Jacobson House, it is a one-and-a-half-story house which was deemed to be "an excellent example of Craftsman style architecture in Hardin."
	A second contributing building on the property is an open shed/garage, whose back wall is shared with the Burla barn on adjoining property.

= = = Boronia rosmarinifolia = = =

	Boronia rosmarinifolia, commonly known as the forest rose, is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a shrub with many branches, simple leaves and pale to bright pink flowers arranged singly in leaf axils.
	"Boronia rosmarinifolia" is an erect, woody shrub with many branches that grows to a height of about . It has simple, linear to oblong leaves that are long and wide with the edges turned down or rolled under. The flowers are pale to bright pink, rarely white and are usually arranged singly in leaf axils on a pedicel long. The four sepals are hairy, egg-shaped to triangular, long and wide but gradually increase in size as the fruit develops. The four petals are long and wide and enlarge as the fruit develops. The eight stamens alternate in length with those near the sepals longer than those near the petals. The style is glabrous. Flowering occurs from July to October and the fruit is a usually glabrous capsule long and wide.
	"Boronia rosmarinifolia" was first formally described in a manuscript of Alan Cunningham. The description was published in 1837 by Stephan Endlicher in "Enumeratio plantarum quas in Novae Hollandiae ora austro-occidentali ad fluvium Cygnorum et in sinu Regis Georgii collegit Carolus Liber Baro de Hügel". Cunningham collected the type specimen from Peel Island in 1824. The specific epithet ("rosmarinifolia") is derived from the Latin words "rosmarinus" meaning "rosemary" and "folium" meaning "leaf".
	The forest boronia grows in wallum heath and woodland between Bundaberg in Queensland and Grafton in New South Wales.
	"Boronia rosmarinifolia" has been classified as "least concern" under the Queensland Government "Nature Conservation Act 1992".

= = = Hung Hom (constituency) = = =

	Hung Hom () is one of the 24 constituencies in the Kowloon City District of Hong Kong which was created in 1994.
	The constituency has an estimated population of 13,762.

= = = Ka Wai (constituency) = = =

	Ka Wai () is one of the 25 constituencies in the Kowloon City District of Hong Kong which was created in 1994.
	The constituency has an estimated population of 19,301.

= = = Lok Man (constituency) = = =

	Lok Man () is one of the 25 constituencies in the Kowloon City District of Hong Kong which was created in 1991.
	The constituency has an estimated population of 15,428.

= = = Oi Man (constituency) = = =

	Oi Man (), previously Oi Kuk, is one of the 24 constituencies in the Kowloon City District of Hong Kong which was created in 1991.
	The constituency has an estimated population of 15,915.

= = = Oi Chun (constituency) = = =

	Oi Chun () is one of the 25 constituencies in the Kowloon City District of Hong Kong which was created in 1994.
	The constituency has an estimated population of 13,113.

= = = Hok Yuen Laguna Verde (constituency) = = =

	Hok Yuen Laguna Verde (), previously called Hok Yuen, is one of the 25 constituencies in the Kowloon City District of Hong Kong which was created in 1991.
	The constituency has an estimated population of 18,511.

= = = Ma Tau Kok (constituency) = = =

	Ma Tau Kok () is one of the 24 constituencies in the Kowloon City District of Hong Kong which was created in 1991.
	The constituency has an estimated population of 13,958.

= = = To Kwa Wan South (constituency) = = =

	To Kwa Wan South () is one of the 25 constituencies in the Kowloon City District of Hong Kong which was created in 1991.
	The constituency has an estimated population of 15,646.

= = = Ho Man Tin (constituency) = = =

	Ho Man Tin () is one of the 25 constituencies in the Kowloon City District of Hong Kong which was created in 1991.
	The constituency has an estimated population of 19,625.

= = = Lung Shing (constituency) = = =

	Lung Shing () is one of the 24 constituencies in the Kowloon City District of Hong Kong which was created in 1988.
	The constituency has an estimated population of 15,498.

= = = Commercial District (Hardin, Montana) = = =

	The Commercial District in Hardin, Montana is a area roughly bounded by 4th, Crook, the Burlington Northern line, 1st and Crow Sts. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It included 40 contributing buildings and two contributing structures.

= = = Ralph Dennis = = =

	Ralph Dennis (December 30, 1931 - July 4, 1988) was an American author of crime fiction, best known for his Hardman series of detective novels. The writer and anthologist Ed Gorman described him as "the most beloved obscure private eye writer who ever lived". 
	Dennis was born in Sumter, South Carolina. He had two siblings—an older sister, Irma, and a younger brother, William. They were sent to an orphanage when their father died in 1941. After a few years, they left the orphanage and Irma supported her brothers by working as a waitress while they went to school.
	Dennis graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1960 and received his master's degree from the same school in 1963. He later became an instructor at the university in its Department of Radio, Television, and Motion Pictures. Dennis also graduated from the Yale School of Drama and served in the United States Navy.
	In the early 1970s, Dennis moved to Atlanta, where the Hardman novels were set.
	His first book, "Atlanta Deathwatch", was published as a paperback original in April 1974, and was quickly followed by six other Hardman books that same year. He published five additional Hardman novels in 1976-77. The series featured an unlicensed private investigator named Jim Hardman, a white ex-cop who works with a black partner, Hump Evans, a former pro football player. The books have been described as hardboiled fiction.
	The first seven Hardman novels featured cover art by Scottish artist Ken Barr, who drew comics for DC and Marvel.
	In the 1970s, Singer/songwriter David Olney wrote & performed the song "The Charleston Knife" based on Ralph's book. The song was eventually recorded in 1992 and released in 1999 on Olney's live album "Ghosts in the Wind" . Singer Rocky Hill covered the song on his 1977 album "Lone Star Legend", which wasn't released until 2012, three years after Hill's death 
	In 1975, Dennis was hired to write the novel "Atlanta" (not to be confused with "Atlanta Deathwatch") for a series of books that included "Saturday Night in San Francisco", "Saturday Night in Los Angeles" by Owen Eliott, and "Saturday Night in Milwaukee" by Gary Brandner. But when the series was cancelled, Dennis' book was released on its own. 
	1n 1976, Dennis wrote "Deadman's Game", which was intended to be the first in a new series. The book was unsuccessful and a sequel he wrote was unpublished in his lifetime. He then returned to his Hardman series for six more books (seven if you count the unpublished 13th novel, which was discovered in 2019).
	The final book to be published during his lifetime, 1979's "MacTaggart’s War," was his only hardcover sale; "Kirkus Reviews" called it a "sweeping adventure spectacle… Dennis is a spiffy storyteller".
	In 1982, hoping to revive the Hardman series, Pinnacle, an imprint of Kensington Books, republished "The Charleston Knife is Back In Town", but the reprint sold poorly and Pinnacle declined to reissue other installments in the series.
	Translations of three Hardman novels were published in France as part of the Super Noire series of crime fiction, and French literary critic Claude Mesplède hailed them as "classic hard-boiled novels" in his "Dictionnaire des littératures policières".
	Dennis was working as a bookstore clerk in Atlanta when he died of kidney failure at the age of 56 on July 4, 1988.
	Writers such as Joe R. Lansdale, Shane Black and Bill Crider have cited Dennis as an influence on their work. Lansdale has written that his characters of Hap and Leonard were partially inspired by Hardman and his partner Hump.
	In 2018, Brash Books co-founder Lee Goldberg acquired the rights to all of Dennis' books, including several unpublished manuscripts. Brash Books subsequently reissued all twelve of the Hardman novels, with new introductions by Joe R. Lansdale, Paul Bishop, Mel Odom, Robert J. Randisi and former Georgia U.S. Representative Ben Jones among others. Brash also published new, revised editions of Dennis' standalone novels "Atlanta" (now titled "The Broken Fixer" ) and "MacTaggart's War" (now titled "The War Heist") . 
	In a review of the reissued "Atlanta Deathwatch," "Publishers Weekly" wrote, "Dennis pulls no punches in this lightning-paced crime story packed with irreverence and loads of action", while "Mystery Scene" called it "lean and mean, with punchy descriptions and sharp-edged dialogue", and described Dennis as "a crime writer whose work has been criminally undervalued".
	In late 2019, Brash published "A Talent For Killing", a new thriller that combined Dennis' previously published novel "Deadman's Game" with his unpublished sequel. "Publishers Weekly" wrote "Dennis doesn’t mince words. Every line is razor sharp and without an ounce of fat. Jason Bourne fans will find a lot to like." The magazine also praised "The Spy in a Box", one of his previously unpublished manuscripts, as "a disciplined focus on atmosphere...Dennis’s stark, impassive prose will appeal to noir fans." 
	"Dust in the Heart" , the final manuscript written by Ralph before his death, and will be released by Brash Books in January 2020. "Publishers Weekly" praised the book, writing: "In lesser hands, this kind of hard-boiled style would fall into cliché or stereotype, but Dennis, with a sharp ear for dialogue, skilled plotting, and the ability to create fully developed characters, keeps the story fresh and the action believable. Any fan of Ross Macdonald or Ed McBain will thoroughly enjoy this."
	For decades, it was believed that there were only 12 books in the Hardman series, which ended with "The Buy Back Blues". But a long-lost, unpublished Hardman novel, "All Kinds of Ugly," was discovered by Lee Goldberg in late 2019 and will be released by Brash Books in February 2020. The book was written during the course of Dennis' research for "MacTaggart's War" and was originally entitled "Hardman in London". In a pre-publication review, "Publishers Weekly" said that "All Kinds of Ugly" demonstrated that Dennis' "strong prose and well-paced storytelling place him alongside the likes of George V. Higgins and Ross MacDonald." 

= = = USS Moctobi (ATF-105) = = =

	USS Moctobi (ATF-105) was an "Abnaki"-class of fleet ocean tug. She served in World War II, Vietnam, and Korea, the last two of which she received battle stars. She was scrapped in 2012.
	"Moctobi" was laid down as AT‑105 by Charleston Shipbuilding & Drydock Co. at Charleston, South Carolina on 7 October 1943. She was launched on 25 March 1944 with Mrs. Wade C. Harrison as her sponsor. The tug was reclassified ATF‑105 on 15 May 1944 and commissioned into the United States Navy at Charleston on 25 July 1944, Lt. Troy Braesher in command.
	Following shakedown, "Moctobi" was assigned to duty in the Pacific with Service Force, United States Pacific Fleet. Departing Norfolk, Virginia on 1 September 1944, she stopped at New Orleans where she took in tow a section of the large floating dock USS ABSD-3 for the Marshall Islands on 8 September. She reached Eniwetok via Majuro on 21 November and then delivered another ABSD section, from Pearl Harbor, at Eniwetok on 29 December. She departed 2 January 1945 for Guam, dropping off ABD‑16 there on 9 January, then moving on to the important advance base at Ulithi.
	Assigned to Service Squadron 10, "Moctobi" operated out of Ulithi until the end of the war in the Pacific. There she carried out the harbor duties necessary to prepare ships of the task forces for their strikes against the enemy. During the Battle of Iwo Jima she served on a standby basis with the Support Force and at the conclusion of the campaign towed from Saipan to Ulithi.
	On 30 March 1945 "Moctobi" sailed with units of the fast tanker fleet and joined the Logistic Support Group off Okinawa. During the next 47 days she provided at-sea support for ships of the 5th Fleet, thence returned to Ulithi on 12 May. After completing a round trip to Leyte Gulf, she sailed on 3 July with other ATFs to support the 3rd Fleet Bombardment Force. She served at sea during the closing weeks of the war and arrived Yokosuka, Japan, after the cessation of hostilities. The tug began supporting occupation operations on 29 August and aided in the landing of initial occupation forces in the Tokyo area. She towed American and Japanese ships and supported demolition operations of Japanese suicide boats and submarines along the eastern coast of Honshu.
	"Moctobi" arrived at Okinawa in October 1945 and for more than 2 months assisted the salvage of the many ships damaged by typhoons. On Christmas Eve she sailed for Pearl Harbor with floating dock USS ARD‑29 in tow. She returned to the US west coast in May 1946 and later that year deployed once again to the Far East. She operated in the Philippines until June 1947, returning to the United States. She began pre-inactivation overhaul at San Francisco on 1 December and decommissioned on 30 June 1948. Assigned to the Pacific Reserve Fleet on 27 August, she was berthed at Alameda, California.
	On 8 November 1950 "Moctobi" was recommissioned at San Francisco, Lt. John M. Geortner in command. After training, she deployed to the Far East and by November 1951 had touched Midway, Eniwetok, Kwajalein, Guam, Subic Bay, Sasebo, Yokosuka, Inchon, Pusan, Okinawa, Taiwan, and Daecheongdo, Korea. In September she conducted salvage operations on the frigate ROKS PF‑62 off Abru Somu Island, North Korea, towing the damaged ship to Pusan thence to Yokosuka for repairs. After overhaul at Pearl Harbor, between April and September 1952 she made several towing trips to Johnston Island and the Marshall Islands.
	From November 1952 the tug was deployed on towing and Search and rescue duties in the Aleutians from Dutch Harbor to Attu. Thereafter, from her base at Pearl Harbor, "Moctobi" spent more than three decades constantly employed throughout the Pacific, including classified operations for the Atomic Energy Commission. An unusual task in 1963 was to tow the iron-hulled clipper ship "Falls of Clyde" from Seattle to Honolulu to become a museum ship.
	USS "Moctobi" was decommissioned on 30 September 1985 at Long Beach, California and laid up in the Pacific Reserve Fleet, Bremerton, Washington. She was struck from the Naval Register on 27 January 1992.
	Following Congressional approval in 1996 for transfer to the Northeast Wisconsin Railroad Transportation Commission, she was handed over on 29 December 1997 to the Ontonagon County Economic Development Corporation on behalf of the Escanaba and Lake Superior Railroad, along with five other obsolete sister tugs. They were intended for a new trans-Lake Superior freightcar barge service between Ontonagon and Thunder Bay, Ontario, though it has been suggested that the company sought the tug's four General Motors engines (24 in all) to use in their locomotives. The project was abandoned in October 1999, shortly before title would have passed to the railroad company. "Moctobi" remained in lay-up between 1997 and 1999. 
	She was reported scrapped in 2012.

= = = 1962 Ohio gubernatorial election = = =

	The 1962 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1962. Republican nominee Jim Rhodes defeated Democratic incumbent Michael DiSalle with 58.92% of the vote.
	Primary elections were held on May 8, 1962.

= = = Tymofiy Boychuk = = =

	Tymofiy Lvovich Boychuk, sometimes called Tymko (Ukrainian: Тимофій Львович Бойчук: 27 September 1896, Romanivka, Terebovlia Raion — 13 July 1922, Kiev) was a Ukrainian painter. His older brother was the well-known artist, Mykhailo Boychuk.
	He was born to a peasant family. In 1914, his brother Mykhailo brought him to Kiev. Having displayed a talent for drawing at an early age, he was soon put to work as an assistant for Mykhailo who, since 1912, had been working with the Imperial Russian Archaeological Society to restore paintings and frescoes at in .
	As World War I progressed, the two brothers (who were officially Austrian citizens) were relocated to the northeast; first in Uralsk, then Arzamas. They were released at the beginning of the Revolution and allowed to return to Kiev.
	After the creation of the Ukrainian State Academy of Arts, Mykhailo organized a workshop with a school and included Timofey in his staff. It was there that he began distinguishing himself as a painter; becoming especially well known for his portraits and political posters. Later, his early portrayals of peasant life, painted with tempera on boards, would become his best remembered works. They reflected influences from Byzantine art, icon painting a Ukrainian folk art. He also provided illustrations for children's books.
	He died at the age of twenty-six, of unspecified causes, just as he was beginning to have some influence on the local art community.
	His frescoes at the National Opera of Ukraine have been preserved, but most of his works were destroyed during the campaign against , which was part of the Great Purge.

= = = 2019 Dubai Tennis Championships – Women's Singles = = =

	Elina Svitolina was the two-time defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Belinda Bencic.
	Bencic went on to win the title, despite being six match points down in the third round against Aryna Sabalenka, beating Petra Kvitová in the final, 6–3, 1–6, 6–2. For the second time in her career, Bencic defeated four consecutive top-ten players to claim her second Premier-5 title.
	The top eight seeds received a bye into the second round. 

= = = Intestinal bypass = = =

	Intestinal bypass is a bariatric surgery performed on patients with morbid obesity to create an irreversible weight loss, when implementing harsh restrictions on the diets have failed. Jejunocolic anastomosis was firstly employed. Nonetheless, it led to some unexpected complications such as severe electrolyte imbalance and liver failure. It was then modified to jejunoileal techniques. Viewed as a novel form of treatment for obesity, many intestinal bypass operations were carried out in the 1960s and 1980s<.ref name=":1" /> Significant weight loss was observed in patients, but this surgery also resulted in several complications, for instance, nutritional deficiencies and metabolic problems. Due to the presence of surgical alternatives and anti-obesity medications, intestinal bypass is now rarely used.
	In the human digestive system, the stomach is responsible for mechanical and chemical digestions. The small intestine is involved in both the absorption and digestion of nutrients, whereas the large intestine is responsible for the elimination of wastes (defecation). The small intestine consists of 3 parts: duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine and is connected to the stomach via the pyloric valve. The jejunum is the second and middle part of the small intestine. The ileum is the last part of the small intestine and is connected to the cecum, a part of the large intestine, via the ileocecal valve.
	The intestinal bypass surgery, as the name suggests, anastomoses 14 inches of the proximal duodenum, the part of the small intestine closest to the stomach, to the 4 inches of the distal ileum, the part of the small intestine closest to large intestines. This creates a blind loop and bypasses nearly 85-90 % of the small intestine. As a corollary, the absorption of nutrients is greatly reduced, and thus lead to apparent weight reduction.
	There are four variations of intestinal bypass. They are jejunocolic bypass, end-to-side jejunoileal bypass, end-to-end jejunoileal bypass, and biliopancreatic diversion, respectively.
	First performed in 1963, the jejunocolic bypass is regarded as the first type of intestinal bypass surgery. This surgery anastomoses the proximal duodenum to the transverse colon (a part of the large intestine). The surgery, nevertheless, turned out to be a huge failure as patients suffered from severe electrolyte imbalance and metabolic disturbance after it.
	This type of surgery was designed to overcome the shortcomings of jejunocolic bypass. First performed in 1969, it anastomoses the end of the proximal duodenum to the side of the distal ileum. However, owing to the possibility of reflux of ileal content to the blind loop, some surgeons doubted the effectiveness of this surgery.
	This type of surgery appeared at the same time as end-to-side jejunoileal bypass. Some surgeons regarded this as a better option than end-to-side jejunoileal bypass because it prevented the reflux of ileal content to the blind loop. In order to achieve this, the end of the proximal duodenum is anastomosed to the distal ileum. The blind loop is drained to the transverse colon. However, two studies revealed that both end-to-side and end-to-end jejunoileal bypass had similar weight loss effect.
	First appeared in 1980, biliopancreatic diversion involves two parts: gastrectomy and intestinal bypass. Firstly, gastrectomy removes a large portion of the stomach. Reduction in stomach capacity decreases the appetite of patients. Secondly, intestinal bypass anastomoses the proximal duodenum and the distal ileum. This intestinal bypass is different from the above three bypasses in the way that the blind loop carrying bile and digestive enzymes will drain into the distal portion of the small intestine. With this technique, the absorption of nutrients, in particular, fat, can be reduced tremendously.
	This surgery acts in the following ways to help patients reduce their body weight:
	Induction of malabsorption is the most prominent effect of the surgery. The small intestines are responsible for most of the absorption of nutrients. By bypassing a considerable length of the small intestines, this type of surgery greatly reduces the absorption capacity of the digestive system. Malabsorption is especially prominent in biliopancreatic diversion. Not only does it reduce the length of the small intestine for absorption, but it also drains the bile and digestive enzymes only to the distal ileum. Bile is essential for fat absorption, while digestive enzymes facilitate the intake of proteins. Draining them to only the distal ileum further reduces the efficiency of intestinal absorption, hence achieving the goal of weight reduction.
	If the patients take excessive food after the surgery, they will experience abdominal discomforts such as steatorrhea and abdominal pain, as patients' digestive system capacity has been reduced drastically.
	Intestinal bypass, in spite of its highly effectiveness in weight reduction, is a risky and irreversible. Thus, it requires rigorous assessment and selection before the surgery is carried out. The following are the normal selection criteria:
	This surgery serves as the LAST approach to lose weight when all other weight-losing methods have failed and at the same time, morbid obesity remains a life-threatening problem. It is crucial for patients to understand all the pros and cons of this surgery, despite the weight loss they aimed for.
	Intestinal bypass surgery can lead to loss of weight effectively, but it can also lead to various complications that should not be neglected. About half of the patients who received this surgery need rehospitalization to manage the complications. The expected outcomes and possible risks of the intestinal bypass surgery are shown as follows:
	It is estimated that the absorptive surface area in the small intestine can be reduced by 85% after the surgery. This results in continuous malabsorption, and thus sustainable weight loss.
	Fatigue is common after the surgery due to the malabsorption of nutrients.
	Flatulence is observed even after years of surgery. Patients may suffer from persisted problems of producing flatus with foul-smell due to the accumulation of gas in the gastrointestinal tract. There can also be problems of abnormal distension of the abdomen after meals.
	Long-term negative health effects were reported. Chronic diarrhoea is a common and frequent complication, and further leading to higher risk of proctologic diseases such as haemorrhoids. More seriously, the risks of developing nephrolithiasis and chronic kidney disease are 28.7% and 9.0% respectively in the long term.
	Nutritional deficiencies are often seen in patients after the surgery due to malabsorption. They include:
	Anorexia is considered to be a normal response found after the first few weeks of the surgery but after four to six weeks, most patients gain back their initial appetite before receiving the surgery.
	Low serum levels of Vitamin B12, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K are common nutritional deficiencies after the surgery. 1000 mg of Vitamin B12 is recommended monthly, and supplements of vitamins and minerals are also recommended for the first half to full year after the surgery until the rapid weight loss period has passed.
	Hepatic damage results from the inadequacy in nutritional supply and steatosis, where it remains as the most serious, and possibly lethal, side effect. Patients may show symptoms like nausea and emesis. Intake of alcohol is intolerable as it increases the tendency for the liver to become impaired. Incidents of death due to liver failure have also been reported. By applying amino acid replacement orally right after the surgery, prevention of these liver problems may be achieved.
	Due to the aforementioned complications, instead of performing the intestinal bypass surgery, gastric bypass surgery is a more commonly used bariatric surgery nowadays. Intestinal bypass surgery induces malabsorption by anastomosing proximal and distal small intestine. Yet, the small intestine has an important role in performing a wide range of important physiological and metabolic functions, such as the metabolism of lipids. Stomach, on the contrary, has a less significant role in the physiological and metabolic functions. The most prominent physiological function of the stomach is digestion, but the small intestine is also capable of digestion. Thus, gastric bypass surgery does less harm to the overall metabolism of nutrients. Gastric bypass leads to weight loss by controlling the appetite of the patients, instead of inducing malabsorption. As a result, the intestinal bypass is now replaced by an alternative of gastric bypass.
	Anti-obesity medications is also a possible solution. Examples of such medications include the Orlistat, which was first prescribed in 1998. In 2009, it became an over-the-counter drug after obtaining consent from the European Medicines Agency. In clinical trials, patients prescribed with Orlistat (120 mg) showed better weight loss than those without (8.76 kg vs 5.81 kg) in one year. With effective medications, the obese can better control their weight without the need of undergoing a relatively high-risk surgery.

= = = Responsive computer-aided design = = =

	Responsive computer-aided design (also simplified to responsive design) is an approach to computer-aided design (CAD) that utilizes real-world sensors and data to modify a three-dimensional (3D) computer model. The concept is related to cyber-physical systems through blurring of the virtual and physical worlds, however, applies specifically to the initial digital design of an object prior to production.
	The process begins with a designer creating a basic design of an object using CAD software with parametric or algorithmic relationships. These relationships are then linked to physical sensors, allowing them to drive changes to the CAD model within the established parameters. Reasons to allow sensors to modify a CAD model include customizing a design to fit a user's anthropometry, assisting people without CAD skills to personalize a design, or automating part of an iterative design process in similar fashion to generative design. Once the sensors have affected the design it may then be manufactured as a one-off piece using a digital fabrication technology, or go through further development by a designer.
	Responsive computer-aided design is enabled by ubiquitous computing and the Internet of Things, concepts which describe the capacity for everyday objects to contain computing and sensing technologies. It is also enabled by the ability to directly manufacture one-off objects from digital data, using technologies such as 3D printing and computer numerical control (CNC) machines. Such digital fabrication technologies allow for customization, and are drivers of the mass-customization phenomenon. They also provide new opportunities for consumers to participate in the design process, known as co-design.
	As these concepts mature, responsive design is emerging as an opportunity to reduce reliance on graphical user interfaces (GUIs) as the only method for designers and consumers to design products, aligning with claims by Golden Krishna that “the best design reduces work. The best computer is unseen. The best interaction is natural. The best interface is no interface.” Calls to reduce reliance on GUIs and automate some of the design process connects with Mark Weiser's original vision of ubiquitous computing.
	A variety of similar research areas are based on gesture recognition, with many projects using motion capture to track the physical motions of a designer and translate them into three-dimensional geometry suitable for digital fabrication. While these share similarities to responsive design through their cyber-physical systems, they require direct intent to design an object and some level of skill. These are not considered responsive, as responsive design occurs autonomously and may even occur without the user being aware that they are designing at all.
	This topic has some common traits with responsive web design and responsive architecture, with both fields focused on systems design and adaptation based on functional conditions.
	Responsive computer-aided design has also been used to customize fashion, and is currently an active area of research in footwear by large companies like New Balance who are looking to customize shoe midsoles using foot pressure data from customers.
	Sound waves have also been popular to customize 3D models and produce sculptural forms of a baby's first cries, or a favorite song.

= = = Jihlava railway station = = =

	Jihlava railway station is a railway station in the city of Jihlava, the capital of the Vysočina Region, Czech Republic.
	The station was the first railway station to be built in Jihlava as part of the rail link between Vienna via Znojmo, Německý Brod, Kutná Hora and Kolín. The investor and operator was the Austrian Northwestern Railway ("Österreichische Nordwestbahn", "ÖNWB"), the project was taken over by the main architect of this company, Viennese engineer Carl Schlimp. The first test train arrived at the railway station in Jihlava on 21 December 1870, construction works were finished that year in April. In 1871, all current tracks were in operation.
	After completion, the building was one of the largest on the ÖNWB lines. The reception building had a system of numerous basements (23 cellars in total). On the ground floor there was a spacious entrance hall with two cashboxes and a wooden newspaper stand. In the left part of the building there were transport and telegraph office and a post office. In the right-hand ground floor of the building were waiting rooms I, II. and III. class. There were also water cranes that took water directly from the Jihlava river or a depot for the locomotives and wagons owned by the Austrian Northwest Railroad. In the adjoining buildings of the waterworks there was an office of a track officer, a smith, a trackside workers' shelter and an oil store.
	Jihlava railway station was erected on a slope north of the city center from the ÖNWB's decision, this distant location was then widely criticized by residents and representatives of the town hall. The north-east trail runs from Německý Brod (since 1945 Havlíčkův Brod) to Třebíč, from the west is connected the track from Horní Cerekev. Even before the start of the construction itself, the variant of the construction of the station under Královský vršek hill on the line to Horní Cerekev and Veselí nad Lužnicí was taken into consideration. In October 1887, the second railway station, later named "Jihlava-město" (Jihlava-City), was opened here.
	In the years 1890-1900, the railway station underwent a major reconstruction and modernization in order to serve the growing volumes of rail transport, freight especially. During the subsequent modifications extending until 1912, a loading ramp, a waterworks, a laundry room, an ice cellar, a reception building, a barracks, a shed with a load, a ramp, a kerosene depot, a coal slide, a coal cellar, a transfer hall, a workshop, a carriage house for 20 locomotives, coal sheds, wood warehouse, stock material, station warehouse, farm sheds, wooden loading ramps, clerical and service residential buildings.
	Since 1908, the electric „malodráha“ (tram line) has been running from the center to the station after a wooden bridge over the Jihlava river has replaced a solid Art Nouveau concrete structure. The timetable was coordinated with departures and arrivals of trains. On this occasion, electricity was installed in the building of the station, this tram line was later replaced by trolleybuses. As part of the nationalization of private railway companies in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, both railway stations in the city underwent a single administration in 1913.
	In 1892 the Chancellor of the German Empire Otto von Bismarck arrived at Iglau Nordwestbahnhof during his visit in the city.
	In 1871 station was named "Iglau" (Jihlava), in 1888 the name was changed to "Iglau Nordwestbahnhof", and later in 1921 to "Jihlava".

= = = 2019 Lao Premier League = = =

	The 2019 Lao Premier League is the 30th season of the Lao Premier League. The season starts on 23 February 2019. It is played in triple round-robin format, with 15 total rounds.
	A total of 6 teams participated in the 2019 Lao League season, not promoted from the previous season of Lao Division 1 League. 6 teams withdrew from the league.
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	source 
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= = = Alacrity (1813 ship) = = =

	Alacrity was launched at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1814. New owners transferred her registry to London and she then spent much of her career sailing between Britain and the Cape of Good Hope (CGH, or the Cape), sometimes going on to India. She made at least one voyage to New South Wales. New owners in 1829 returned her registry to Newcastle. She was wrecked in 1830.
	"Alacrity" first appeared in "Lloyd's Register" ("LR") in 1813, but with no information on her master or owner. She was registered at London on 4 July 1814. "Lloyd's Register" for 1815 listed her master as Finlay, her owner as Granger, and her trade London–CGH.
	"Lloyd's Register" and the "Register of Shipping" ("RS") were only as accurate as shipowners chose to chose to keep them. In the case of "Alacrity" both registers gave her trade as London–the Cape, with neither updating the information to include voyages to India.
	The British East India Company in 1813 (EIC) lost its monopoly on trade between Britain and India. Still, vessels sailing east of the Cape were supposed to acquire a license from the EIC. "Alacrity" did not appear in "LR"s lists of licensed vessels.
	On 3 November 1820 "Alacrity", Findlay, master, left Deal for the Cape of Good Hope. She was at Algoa Bay on 16 May 1821 and the Cape on 18 June. She then proceeded to sail back and forth between the Cape and Mauritius. On 21 February 1822 she sailed to Sumatra, and returned to Mauritius 21 July. From Mauritius she sailed to the Cape, and from the Cape to Mauritius. On 31 March 1823 she arrived at the Cape in a much damaged state; she had encountered a hurricane six hours after leaving Mauritius. She then sailed back and forth between the Cape and Mauritius. On 7 October 1823 she left the Cape for London. She arrived at Cowes on 16 December, and 23 December sailed for Rotterdam.
	On 29 June 1825 "Alacrity", Findlay, master, left Deal, bound for the Cape and Bombay. She had to put back the next day having sustained damage. Similarly, "Henry Wellesley", bound for Sierra Leone, put back having lost her mainmast. It is possible that the two vessels had run foul of each other. On 3 October "Alacrity", Findlay, master, arrived at the Cape, and on 20 December she arrived at Bombay. On 9 July 1826 "Alacrity" arrived back at Deal, having left Bombay on 18 January, Tellichery on 13 February, the Cape on 1 May, and Saint Helena on 18 May. On 1 July she had encountered at an American vessel of about 200 tons, waterlogged and abandoned.
	On 27 March 1827 Granger signed a contract with Dent that "Alacrity" would leave England by 27 April and that so long as she arrived at the Malabar Coast ready to load before 27 November, unless delayed by weather or other unavoidable impediment. Dent undertook to provide a cargo of 300 tons of pepper when she arrived. 
	Captain Findlay and "Alacrity" left the London docks on 22 April, bound for New South Wales. Unfavorable winds delayed her and she left Gravesend on 29 April, under tow by two steam tow boats. 
	She was at Rio de Janeiro on 5 July, replenishing her water, some having been lost to leakage. She arrived at Simon's Bay on 7 August to effect repairs to her rudder, which storms had damaged. She sailed from Simon's Bay on 24 August. She arrived in Sydney in early October, where she unloaded her cargo. After a month in Sydney, n 10 November she sailed for Tellicherry, on the Malabar Coast. She arrived at Tellichery on 20 January 1828, at which time Dent refused a cargo on the grounds that she arrived too late. On "Alacrity"s return to England Granger sued Dent for the failure to deliver a cargo. On 19 December 1829 the jury found for Dent, the defendant, on the grounds that at several points on the voyage Findlay could, by extra effort and expense, have sped up his voyage.
	"Alacrity", Dunn, master, ran aground on 15 January 1830 on the Barber Sand in the North Sea. She was refloated but found to be leaky and was consequently beached at Great Yarmouth. Her crew were rescued. "Alacrity" was on a voyage from London to Newcastle upon Tyne.
	Citations
	References

= = = 2019 Open 13 – Singles = = =

	Karen Khachanov was the defending champion, but withdrew before the tournament began.
	Stefanos Tsitsipas won the title, defeating Mikhail Kukushkin in the final, 7–5, 7–6.
	The top four seeds received a bye into the second round. 

= = = Rh factor testing = = =

	Rh factor testing, also known as Rhesus factor testing, is the procedure of determining the rhesus D status of an individual (see Rh blood group system).
	Rhesus factor testing utilises the genotyping technique to detect the presence of the RhD gene. By checking the existence of the RhD gene in the individual's genome, the presence of rhesus D (RhD) antigens can be inferred. Individuals with a positive RhD status has RhD antigens expressed on the cell membrane of their red blood cells, whereas Rhesus D antigens are absent for individuals with negative RhD status.
	Rhesus factor testing is usually conducted on pregnant women to determine the RhD blood group of the mother and the foetus. By confirming the RhD status of both mother and foetus, precautions can be made if necessary to prevent any medical conditions caused by rhesus incompatibility.
	The entire Rh blood group system involves multiple antigens and genes. For Rh factor testing, however, only the rhesus factor which refers to the RhD antigen specifically is assayed. The RhD gene that codes for the RhD antigen is located on chromosome 1. RhD is a dominant gene, meaning that as long as at least one RhD gene is inherited from either parent, the RhD antigen is expressed. Vice versa, if no RhD gene is inherited, no RhD antigen is produced.
	Blood plasma is commonly used as test samples for verifying the maternal RhD status. Blood plasma can also be used for determining the foetal RhD status if the mother is RhD- as maternal blood plasma contains maternal DNA and trace amounts of foetal DNA. Blood samples can be obtained through venipuncture of the mother. Since plasma and other components of blood have different densities, centrifugation of blood samples with added anticoagulant (such as EDTA) can segregate blood contents into multiples layers. Blood plasma can then be isolated from the other components for rhesus factor testing. The method of extracting foetal DNA from maternal blood plasma is considered to be a type of non-invasive prenatal testing.
	Non-invasive prenatal testing can be used if the mother is RhD-. However, in the case of maternal RhD status being negative, invasive prenatal testing may be used to determine the foetal RhD status instead. The two most common invasive methods of extracting foetal DNA are chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis (AMC). These invasive procedures can be conducted on both RhD+ and RhD- mothers. After the invasive procedure, medications that prevent the Rh immunisation are usually prescribed to RhD- mothers. This is done to avoid the production of maternal anti-D antibodies which may attack the foetal blood cells should the foetus be Rh incompatible with the mother.
	Chorionic villus sampling is usually done between the 10th and 13th week of pregnancy, it samples chorionic villi, which are tiny projections of placental tissue. As the placental tissues are derived from embryonic cells, hence, it contains foetal genetic information that can be used to determine the child's RhD status. There are two types of chorionic villus sampling. Trans-cervical sampling involves inserting a catheter through the cervix into the placenta to obtain villi, ultrasound is used to guide the catheter to the site of sampling. Trans-abdominal sampling requires the insertion of a needle through the abdomen and uterus to obtain placental tissue. Local anaesthesia can be applied to reduce pain from invasive procedures.
	Amniocentesis is another invasive procedure which can be used to collect foetal DNA samples. This procedure is usually done between the 15th week to 20th week of pregnancy. The purpose of AMC is to extract a small amount of amniotic fluid as foetal cells may be shed from the foetus and are suspended in the amniotic fluid. The foetal genome can be found in these cells. Therefore, extracting amniotic fluid can the required foetal genetic material for the genotyping of the RhD gene. Before amniocentesis commences, the doctor will inject local anaesthetics to the mother's abdomen. The doctor will then apply ultrasound to locate the foetus in the uterus. Under the guidance of the ultrasound imaging, a long, thin, hollow needle will insert through the skin of the abdomen to the uterus of the mother. The needle is used to withdraw a trace amount of amniotic fluid. It will then be removed from the maternal body and the amniotic fluid extracted will be sent to the laboratory for further testing.
	The presence of the RhD gene in an individual's genome is determined by genotyping. Firstly, the body fluid containing an individual's DNA will be extracted. DNA will then be isolated from unwanted impurities. The isolated DNA will then be mixed with various reagents to prepare the polymerase chain reactions (PCR) mixture. The PCR mixture usually contains Taq DNA polymerase, DNA primers, deoxyribonucleotides (dNTP) and buffer solution. The DNA primers are specific for exon 7 and exon 10. Under different circumstances, primers for other regions of the RhD gene, such as intron 4 and exon 5, may also be used. The mixture will be subjected to a series of PCR which is performed by a thermal cycler. By the end of the PCR, the amount of RhD gene will be amplified if it is present. The product of the PCR will be analysed by gel electrophoresis. Before gel electrophoresis, DNA reference ladder, positive control containing DNA with RhD gene and the PCR product will be loaded onto the wells of the gel. An electrical current will be applied and the DNA fragments will migrate to the positive terminal as they are negative in charge. Since DNA fragments have different molecular sizes, the larger they are, the slower they migrate. Utilising this property, DNA fragments with different molecular masses can be segregated. With the help of gel staining and visualising devices such as UV trans-illuminators, RhD gene DNA fragments, if present, will be visible as a band with its corresponding molecular mass. Further DNA sequencing can be conducted to confirm that the sequence of product DNA fragments matches that of the RhD gene sequence.
	The consequence of having haemolytic conditions can be dangerous or even lethal as it may lead to multiple complications. Not only does Rh factor testing determine the rhesus status of the individuals, but also indicate the necessity for further medical intervention.
	When RhD antigens on red blood cells are exposed to an individual with RhD- status, high-frequency of IgG anti-RhD antibodies will be developed in the RhD- individual's body. The antibodies then attack red blood cells with attached RhD antigens and lead to the destruction of these cells. This condition is known as a haemolytic reaction. The destruction of red blood cells releases haemoglobin to the bloodstream. Haemoglobin may be excreted through urine, causing haemoglobinuria. The sudden release of haemoglobin will also pass through the liver and be metabolised into bilirubin, which in high concentrations, accumulates under the skin to cause jaundice. Liberation of blood cell debris into the circulation will also cause disseminated intravascular coagulation.
	Patients receiving incompatible blood transfusion may have pale skin, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and the yellowing of mouth and eyes. In addition, their urine may appear in dark colour and the patients may experience dizziness and confusion. Tachycardia, the increase in heart rate, is also a symptom of the haemolytic disease.
	In the case of pregnancy, when an RhD- mother carries an RhD+ fetus, some of the fetal red blood cells may cross the placenta into the maternal circulation, sensitising the mother to produce anti-RhD antibodies. Since the mixing of fetal and maternal blood occurs mainly during separation of the placenta during delivery, the first RhD+ pregnancy rarely causes any danger to the foetus as delivery occurs before the synthesis of antibodies by the mother. However, if the mother were to conceive another RhD+ child in the future, the anti-RhD antibodies will cross the placenta to attack and lyse the red cells of the foetus, causing the aforementioned haemolytic reaction in the foetus known as haemolytic disease of the newborn. This disease is usually fatal for the foetus and hence preventive measures are conducted.
	Symptoms of the disease may vary in each pregnancy. They are usually not noticeable during pregnancy. However, prenatal tests may reveal yellow colouring of amniotic fluid, which is caused by the buildup of bilirubin. Splenomegaly, cardiomegaly and hepatomegaly may occur in the baby. Excessive tissue fluid may accumulate in the stomach, lungs or scalp. These are typically signs of hydrops fetalis.
	After birth, the symptoms of the child are similar to that of incompatible blood transfusion in adults.  The baby may have pale skin due to anaemia. The yellowing of the umbilical cord, skin and eyes, also known as jaundice, may arise within 24 to 36 hours of birth. Signs of hydrops fetalis such as the enlargement of spleen, heart and liver, along with severe edema, will continue after birth.
	Normally, no extra medical intervention is required when maternal Rh status is RhD+, nor RhD- mothers going through first pregnancy. However, in the case of a sensitised RhD- mother (previously conceived an RhD+ child) and the foetus being Rh+, medication such as anti-D immunoglobulin will be given to the RhD- mother. Injecting RhD- mother with anti-D immunoglobulin has been proven effective in avoiding the sensitisation of RhD+ antigen, even though the mechanism of how this medication works remains obscure. Anti-D immunoglobulin injection is also offered to RhD- individuals who have been mistakenly transfused with RhD+ blood.

= = = Gwyn Morgan (disambiguation) = = =

	Gwyn Morgan is a Canadian businessman. The name may also refer to:

= = = Larry Stuffle = = =

	Larry Ray Stuffle was an American politician and lobbyist who served as a Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives from the east-central area of the state from 1977 to 1985.
	Stuffle was born January 8, 1949 Charleston, Illinois. Stuffle attended Eastern Illinois University where he was student body president. He earned his bachelor of science and master of arts degrees from Eastern Illinois University. After college, he worked for the Illinois Senate Democratic Caucus.
	Stuffle was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives in the 1976 general election. He succeeded James S. Emery Jr. who was appointed to replace Robert Craig after the latter was sentenced in the cement bribery case on October 29, 1976. After the Cutback Amendment ended cumulative voting and multi-member districts, Stuffle was successfully elected from the 105th district. He defeated another incumbent legislator; Republican Steven Miller of Catlin. The district included portions of Coles and Vermillion. Notable legislation supported by Stuffle during his tenure included an effort to limit assessment increases on farmland. Stuffle supported the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment. In 1983, Mike Madigan appointed Stuffle to serve as the Chairman of the Select Committee on Economic Recovery. Stuffle was defeated by Babe Woodyard in the 1984 general election. Stuffle ran for the Illinois House of Representatives in the 1986 general election against William Black who was appointed to the Illinois House to succeed Babe Woodyard after the latter's appointment to the Illinois Senate.
	Stuffle later became a lobbyist and Springfield, Illinois resident. He died January 14, 2016.

= = = 2019 Delray Beach Open – Singles = = =

	Frances Tiafoe was the defending champion, but lost in the first round to Dan Evans.
	Evans – a qualifier – eventually reached the final, but lost to Radu Albot, 6–3, 3–6, 6–7, double-faulting on championship point after squandering three championship points of his own in the tiebreaker. Albot became the first player from Moldova to win on the ATP Tour.

= = = Leif Halvorsen = = =

	Leif Fritjof Halvorsen (July 26, 1887 – December 28, 1959) was a Norwegian violinist, conductor, and composer.
	Halvorsen was born in Kristiania (now Oslo) and he debuted in Kristiania in 1908. He was a violinist with the National Theater Orchestra from 1904 to 1906, with the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra from 1906 to 1907, and in Berlin and Paris from 1908 to 1914. Halvorsen was the concert master for the National Theater Orchestra from 1915 to 1917, and the conductor at Oslo's Opera Comique from 1918 to 1921, where he conducted a number of opera performances. He was a music critic for the newspaper "Tidens Tegn" from 1917 to 1918. For a number of years he was the leader of the Norwegian String Quartet.
	In 1920, he succeeded Karl Nissen as director of the St. Cecilia Society Choir (), and in 1921 he became the director of the Trade Association Choir (). He became the director of the Holter Choir () in 1930.
	Leif Halvorsen was a highly sought-after violin teacher, and he composed violin pieces, a string quartet, two cantatas, piano pieces, and music for poems by Heinrich Heine and Vilhelm Krag.
	In 1921 he composed music for the silent film "Growth of the Soil" ("Markens Grøde"), directed by the Danish film director Gunnar Sommerfeldt. This was the first Norwegian film to receive original music. The premiere took place at the National Theater on December 26, 1921, where Hamsun himself was present. In 2009, the film with its music by Leif Halvorsen was shown at the Hamsun jubilee at Hamarøy. A DVD with the movie has been released, with the Norwegian Radio Orchestra playing Leif Halvorsen's score.
	Halvorsen was a pioneer in film music with regard to melody and instrumentation. Among his many violin students was Ørnulf Boye Hansen.
	In 1915, Halvorsen married the singer Haldis Halvorsen, née Michelsen (1889–1936).
	The composer Fartein Valen dedicated his "Sonata for Violin and Piano" (Opus 3), written between 1912 and 1919, to Halvorsen.

= = = Mnyamawamtuka = = =

	Mnyamawamtuka (pronounced Mm-nya-ma-wah-mm-too-ka; meaning "beast of the Mtuka river drainage" in Kiswahili) is a genus of titanosaur sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Galula Formation in Tanzania. The type and only species is M. moyowamkia.
	In 2004, a sauropod skeleton was found at the Mtuka River, twenty kilometres from Lake Rukwa. It was excavated between 2005 and 2008.
	In 2019, the type species "Mnyamawamtuka moyowamkia" was named and described by Eric Gorscak and Patrick M. O’Connor. The generic name is a contraction of the Kiswahili "Mnyama wa Mtuka", the "Beast of the Mtuka". The describers made explicit that they considered "beast" to be an apt name for a member of the Titanosauria. The specific name is a contraction of "moyo wa mkia", meaning the "heart of the tail" in Kiswahili, a reference to the heart-shaped cross-section of the rear facet of the middle tail vertebrae.
	The holotype, RRBP 05834, was found in a layer of the Mtuka Member of the Galula Formation dating from the Aptian-Cenomanian, most likely between 110 and 100 million years old. It consists of a partial skeleton lacking the skull. It contains a neural arch of a front neck vertebra, centra of four neck vertebrae, seven back vertebrae, seven neural arches and seven centra of tail vertebrae, four chevrons, numerous rib pieces, a right shoulder blade, a right breastbone, both humeri, a left ulna, a right first metacarpal, a left third metacarpal, the left ischium, the right pubic bone, both thighbones, both shinbones, the left calfbone, the left metatarsus, two toe phalanges and a foot claw. The skeleton was not articulated. Despite the missing skull it represents one of the most complete known skeletons of early titanosaurs.
	The holotype individual had an estimated length of 7.6 metres and a weight of 1.5 tonnes. It probably was not fully grown.
	The describing authors indicated some distinguishing traits. Five of these are autapomorphies, unique derived characters. The middle and rear dorsal (back) vertebrae have an accessory ridge or "lamina", forked at the top, located between the normal ridge connecting the front articular processes, and the neural channel. The rear back vertebrae lack a ridge connecting the rear articular processes because the ridge on the rear of the neural process runs all the way down to the neural channel. The middle tail vertebrae have a vertebral body of which the rear face is widened to above and sideways, resulting in a heart-shape. The upper inner side of the front edge of the shoulder blade, the part touching the coracoid, features a curved crest running parallel to a groove. Each of the paired breast bone plates is exceptionally small, equalling just 42% of the length of the humerus.
	"Mnyamawamtuka" was placed in the Titanosauria in 2019. Cladistic analyses indicated several possible positions in the evolutionary tree. "Mnyamawamtuka" was sometimes recovered outside of the Lithostrotia. Alternatively, it was positioned in a basal position within the lithostrotians, as sister species of "Malawisaurus".

= = = Heru Setyawan = = =

	Heru Setyawan (born March 10, 1993) is Indonesian football player who currently plays as a midfielder for Liga 1 club Persela Lamongan.

= = = Huanghai Landscape F1 = = =

	The Huanghai Landscape F1 or Huanghai Qisheng F1 (黄海 旗胜F1) is a mid-size SUV produced and sold by SG Automotive (曙光汽车) under the Huanghai Auto (黄海) marque.
	The Huanghai Landscape F1 was originally revealed in 2008 as the Huanghai Landscape CUV or Huanghai Qisheng CUV, featuring an exterior body design resembling the first generation Kia Sorento with a front fascia resembling the second generation Hyundai Santa Fe. 
	A version named Huanghai Landscape F1 replaced the Huanghai Qisheng CUV later, with the full exterior design resembling the first generation Kia Sorento, and grille inserts that resembles the Mercedes-Benz M-Class. The price of the Huanghai Landscape F1 ranges from 82,800 yuan to 99,800 yuan.
	The Huanghai Plutus (大柴神) is essentially the pickup version of the Huanghai Landscape F1 SUV. Originally launched in 2009 with a front fascia resembling the first generation Chevrolet Colorado, the Huanghai Plutus was later facelifted to share the same front end as the Huanghai Landscape F1.

= = = ZipRecruiter = = =

	ZipRecruiter is an American employment marketplace for job seekers and employers.
	The company is headquartered in Santa Monica, California with offices in Tempe, AZ; London, UK and Tel Aviv, Israel.
	ZipRecruiter was founded in 2010 by Ian Siegel, Joe Edmonds, Ward Poulos and Will Redd.
	As the company started growing, they opened an R&D center in Israel focused on developing their Artificial Intelligence algorithm to increase the accuracy of their job seekers/employers matches.
	In 2017, Facebook also partnered with the company and integrated ZipRecruiter into its platform.
	In 2018, the company reported that over 1.5 million businesses and 430 million job seekers used its platform.
	In December 2018, the company's users' names and email addresses were exposed in a data breach. ZipRecruiter claimed that they were able to fix it within 90 minutes after the technical glitch was reported.
	In March 2019, ZipRecruiter began operating in Canada.
	ZipRecruiter delayed raising venture capital until 2014, when the company's first round of financing of $63 million was led by IVP.
	In October 2018, the company raised $156 million for its online employment marketplace, which brought its total funding to $219 million. Blake Irving, Cipora Herman, and Emilie Choi were added as new members to its board. The October 2018 raise was at a valuation of $1 billion.

= = = The Fighting Code = = =

	The Fighting Code is a 1933 American Western film written and directed by Lambert Hillyer. The film stars Buck Jones, Diane Sinclair, Ward Bond, Richard Alexander, Alfred P. James and Erville Alderson. The film was released on December 30, 1933, by Columbia Pictures.

= = = Landeshoheit = = =

	In the Holy Roman Empire, Landeshoheit or superioritas territorialis (translated as territorial superiority, territorial supremacy or territorial sovereignty) was the authority possessed by the immediate lords within their own territories. It was possessed by all imperial estates and imperial knights. It has often been conflated with sovereignty, but while it "carried with it nearly all the ingredients or attributes of true sovereignty, [it] was legally distinct from it, and was everywhere in Germany admitted to be so."
	The Peace of Westphalia has frequently been portrayed as conferring full sovereignty on at least the imperial princes. In fact, the princes' powers were not expanded, but the right of their aristocratic subjects (mediate lords) to maintain military forces was removed. The princes' right to make treaties and enter into alliances—to engage in foreign relations—was not affected, but remained "constrained by the obligation not to harm the emperor or Empire." Their authority in their own territories remained "circumscribed by imperial law and by the emperor's formal position as their feudal overlord."

= = = Waterman's Beach Lobster = = =

	Waterman's Beach Lobster was a family owned lobster pound in South Thomaston, Maine. Anne Manahan (maiden name Waterman) opened it in 1986. Her daughter, Sandy Manahan, closed the place on September 4, 2016. She didn't want to sell it "because we don't want our name to go downhill."
	Besides lobsters and steamed clams, Anne was just as famous for the homemade pies she would bake.
	In 2017, the Manahan family applied, and was approved, to turn the spot into a microbrewery and tasting room.
	In 2001, Waterman's won an America's Classics award from the James Beard Foundation.
	Epicurious named it one of their 7 Favorite Maine Lobster Shack, pointing out the seaside location (overlooking Penobscot Bay) and picnic tables.

= = = Modbury Vista SC = = =

	Modbury Vista Soccer Club are a soccer club from Modbury, South Australia. Modbury Vista play in the South Australian State League 2. Their home ground is at Richardson Reserve which is located in the suburb of Wynn Vale.

= = = Peninsula Strikers FC = = =

	Peninsula Strikers Football Club is an Australian soccer club based in Melbourne, Victoria currently playing in the Victorian State League Division 2. Predominantly supported by Frankston, they play at the Centenary Park in Frankston, Victoria. Peninsula Strikers also have a junior club by the name of Peninsula Strikers Junior FC. In 2019, Peninsula Strikers Junior FC was one of the thirteen new teams added to the Junior Boys National Premier Leagues competition in Victoria.
	They were founded in 1975
	Peninsula Strikers FC
	Frankston Strikers Soccer Club was formed officially in December 1993 with the amalgamation of 25-year-old Karingal United Soccer Club and 6-year-old Frankston United Soccer Club and Frankston United Junior Soccer Club.
	Talks between some committee members from all clubs began many months before that and the main aims were to:
	a) Unify fragmented soccer interests in Frankston area
	b) Provide better facilities for members and their families
	c) Open the opportunity of advancement for the club
	Meetings were held on 6 October 1993 when the decision to amalgamate was made by majority vote by all three clubs. The final Annual General Meetings were held a short time later in support of the amalgamation.
	On Friday 26 November 1993 the inaugural General Meeting of the new club was held in the McClelland Drive Clubrooms. A steering committee was formed comprising members from all clubs and this was to be the basis of the new committee to guide the club through its first year. Frankston Soccer Club officially commenced operation on 1 December 1993. View newspaper article
	First business of the steering committee was to create a new image for the club resulting in the name change to Frankston Strikers Soccer Club and new club colours of green and gold.
	The enthusiasm generated by the merger was evident by the support being received from the Victorian Soccer Federation, the Frankston City and local Council and Government representatives, with the City Council showing their support and confidence in the new club with an extensive renovation and upgrade of the ground.
	In 1995 the Frankston City completed a $120,000 restructure of the playing surface at Centenary Park which is a dedicated soccer complex of similar design to Lakeside Stadium, home of South Melbourne Soccer Club. The playing surface has been designated an "A" status by the Council and receives top priority maintenance throughout the year. The Club developed member and spectator facilities to ensure that the complex will meet all criteria for promotion through the Leagues. The complex is one of the finest sporting spectator facilities on the peninsula. View Ground Picture 1, View Ground Picture 2
	The Club took the first step in reaching their aims by earning promotion from Division 4 in 1994 to State League Division 3 in 1995 where they finished the season very strongly in 3rd position. 
	The Club won the 1996 Division 3 Premiership and finished third in Division 2 in 1997
	Fifth in Division 2 in 1998 and fourth in Division 2 in 1999, first in Division 2 in 2000, 11th in Division 1 in 2001 and relegated, 8th Division 2 South-East in 2002, 4th Division 2 South-East 2003, 11th Division 2 South-East 2004 and relegated, 10th Division 3 South East 2005 and 11th Division 3 South East 2006.
	The local community have shown their support through good attendances at home games at Centenary Park. The Club is always aiming to build its supporter base from amongst the local community.
	Additionally, major long term commitments have been developed with several large sponsors which will guarantee the sound financial structure of the Club for the future.
	At the club's AGM George announced that he had had discussions with Peninsula Junior Soccer Club re-amalgamation which would guarantee a strong junior section and the possibility that some of these players would eventually play senior soccer.
	This move has eventuated with great success.
	The climate really hit home over the next few months no rain and all watering of grounds prohibited, the result was that the grass died and the local council informed the club that for 2007 they would be relocated to Ballam Park.
	Perhaps it was meant to be that on his retirement game Steve Keenan scored the winning goal.m Great celebrations went on for weeks. The 2008 season would see the club in division 2 S.E. and, due to the council having put in summer grass which is drought resistant, would return to their home ground at McClelland Drive.
	Season 2008 had promised to see the continued good fortune of the club, all the club coaches both firsts and reserves had been reappointed, pre-season began in December at the Monash hockey centre and all the squad of 2007 started training, however after the Xmas break and the start of training in January the players had changed dramatically, perhaps to much celebrating had caused players to retire or jump ship for more money at another club. George and Dougie began the process of signing replacements. Sad to say the new players could not come to terms with the higher football level. It was to be some time before the club picked up points. The season did not get any better, supporters were great but rued the loss of so many players from the title-winning side. The higher the league the harder it is, money being a prime factor for whom a player signs, and so Peninsula could not attract better players able to deal with the higher class of football. The end of the season found the club second bottom of the league and to return to the third division in 2009.
	The seventeen goals that Negus scored ensured a good season, after being relegated it is sometimes hard to get motivation going but in a fourth-place finish the coaches had done just that. The club hoped now for some stability in the club with the hope they could build on the season. That proved wishful thinking and as fast as one season was finishing another just around the corner the club lost both senior coaches plus a lot of players who went with them.
	Billy Armour who had been signed by the club at the latter part of 2009 was appointed player-coach for the coming season.
	So 2011 saw Billy Wright an ex-New Zealand International appointed as coach, Billy had previously coached Nunawading also in the league and so he already knew a lot about the club. Billy was to bring a few players with him but because of distance, some left after a few weeks of first team training. Once again the usual turnover in players occurred pre-season, so more players needed to be signed, and overall through the season they struggled, they had no depth and the supporter base put up with the best they could offers. Once again the club finished near the bottom of the league.
	Jamie Skelly who had played in the title-winning team of a few years ago was appointed coach for 2012. A young coach who had learned his trade as Langwarrins under 21 side coach his credentials were excellent, not only that he brought with him many good players from that club, this time they would stay for the season. It should be mentioned here that reserve stalwart coach Dave Reid was still looking after the young hopefulls in the reserve side. On reflection the season did not go to the plan that Jamie had hoped for, consistency in matches did not occur and the team at times never lived up to itself, mixed results went with us throughout the year, injuries robbed us of vital players in the wrong games. Nevertheless, they reached a creditable position in the top half of the league at season's end, the youngsters also finished near the top. Overall there were hopes for a season to build on in 2013.
	Hurricane winds were to sweep through the club pre-season Jamie Skelly assured of his position by the previous committee was ousted by the new incoming committee who thought a change in direction was the way to go.
	Dave Reid was appointed coach with the view of putting out a team most of whom had learnt their soccer coming through from the junior ranks.
	Jamie's departure also saw the exodus of most of their best players in revolt at the decision to sack him. It was to turn out to be a long season, the usual highly-thought-of soccer on the field disappeared to alarming levels and the crowds did the same. The players on the field did their best but at the end of the season found themselves in a playoff with Sandringham to determine if they were to be relegated.
	In a nail-biting game they survived and everyone looked forward to a more successful season in 2014
	Having been reappointed for 2014 Dave Reid managed to secure some new players for the club in the opening game of the season at Seaford expectations were high and despite a loss, many thought that the club could do well. At the halfway mark of the season, Dave Reid tended his resignation and Billy Rae was appointed the new coach, his approach to the players was give ninety minutes of soccer or you can leave the club. 
	At the end of the season, they found themselves second bottom on the ladder and every likelihood that they would be playing in State League Three in 2015.
	It was with a great sigh of relief on hearing that Eastern Lions were going to join the new Victorian soccer competition the Federation had canvassed other clubs into joining the league that was now to enter its second season, amazingly Nunawading who finished below ourselves also decided to join, the Lions move meant a vacancy would occur that they could fill and stay in the same league.
	The club's new committee also decided on appointing a new coach Craig Lewis who gained a lot of respect as a player at Strikers some years ago, accepted the challenge. Little did he know what would face him at those early training sessions very few players from either the firsts or the reserve squads from 2014 came back and in some desperation began to seek new players from contacts that he had. Players came from many areas and yes by the first game they had two teams. To summarise the season Craig established some stability in the club, again it would not be a really good season however the first eleven finished mid table which with everything that had occurred throughout the season was an excellent result. Sad to say the usually good reserve side struggled all season on some occasions not even able to field a full side. Billy Buchanan who had returned from Scotland during the year took over the coaching role when Jimmy Stewart decided to relinquish the job, both these guys were dedicated people but they simply did not have the players and they were cellar dwellers all season. The seeds, however, have been sown for next season and provided they could retain the majority of the players season 2016 could be a lot brighter.
	The reappointment of Craig Lewis as coach, Billy Buchanan as his assistant together with two very experienced ex-players Mark Duff and Graham Watson looking after a very young reserve side the coaching side of the club looked in very good hands. Added to this was that the majority of last year's squad were back. 
	Off the park president Mark or Chopper Brandon has worked hard with a very small committee behind him to get us new floodlights, two new pitches behind the grandstand and grants for extending the club rooms giving us extra changing rooms and other changes which can only improve the club. 
	The introduction of a girls’ team in the via and in their first season gained promotion. The metro team also had a good year and will be looking at promotion for 2017.
	The best called veterans team eclipsed all again and won the league and cup double. 
	Clayton Lee once again was the rock at the club and once more showed himself to be a great clubman.
	2017 will go down as perhaps the most disastrous season in the club's existence, though much was made pre-season that the squad of players assembled would be pushing the club for promotion. However, at the end of the day they were relegated for only the second time in the club's history.
	Where did it all go wrong initial coach Craig Lewis had thought he had found not only the right players but a good balance in the squad, for the first time the club signed three overseas Visa players.
	Of the three Danny and Raph who took on the captain's role saw out the season but Leandro chose to leave early in the season for more money from another club. 
	Graham Watson took on the coaching role of the reserve team.
	Several of the players did get a chance for first-team soccer and hopefully, the club can benefit from this next year. Results were very mixed some poor team performances.
	Dave McKinney is to be congratulated on all the youngsters showing in Metro 4 Division some really good performances, Josh Vega who scored well over forty goals in his season.
	Marty Moore once again coached the girls team for another season.
	The Sunday Celebrities team never let the club down. The Bayside team have been a benchmark for all the teams who compete in the over 35's competition their records will never be beaten but boys thank you for flying that flag again so high for the club.
	The club has used between seventy and eighty players either in the reserve side on in their first eleven side this season. Four first-team coaches only Graham (Winker) Watson remained steadfast in coaching the reserve squad.
	Trevor Johnston once again took on the Presidents job and together with the committee Andy O'Dell was appointed the new club coach, he had had a great career coaching Altona City and everything in the club looked rosy. The club again gained Visa players mainly from the UK plus Andy brought some good players with him, Danny Brooks remained from the intake of last years Visa crop. 
	The new coach quit before round 1 to return to his previous club for more money, not only did he go but players went with him.
	This was to be the start of many comings and goings which were to dog the club for months ahead leading to the aforementioned turnover in coaches and players
	Trevor was working hard to keep everything going off the pitch and must have been wondering at times where to turn next.
	Salvation in the name of Jamie Skelly sacked by Cranbourne Comets he was approached to coach at Strikers he brought with him two assistants, Ben Caffrey and Joe Donaghy Jnr, but more importantly, good seasoned players.
	Jamie was approached to take on an assistant's role at nearby Langwarrin an offer he could not turn down that club being a much higher league than ourselves.
	For the first time in a while there is now no representation in the Bayside competition. The over 35s side had to withdraw from their league due to lack of players.
	New Year New coach – Danny Verdun brings with him his assistant Neil Standish,
	League
	These 2 clubs first met in 1995 in State League Division Three where both games were draws (2-2 and 3-3), 20 years later they met again in 2014 in State 2 league.
	In round 22 in 2016 was probably the low point in the rivalry where strikers lost 0-8 and from memory lots of red cards.
	These 2 clubs first met in 1997 in State League Division 3
	Peninsula Strikers Play at Centenery Park Frankston
	"Squad correct as per Feb 2019."

= = = When a Shadow Is Forced into the Light = = =

	When a Shadow Is Forced into the Light is the seventh studio album by Finnish extreme metal band Swallow the Sun. It was released on January 25, 2019, by Century Media. The album deals directly with the death of Juha Raivio's partner, the singer Aleah Stanbridge.. It is their shortest studio album release to date, and also the first to have a much more prominent emphasis on clean vocals.

= = = G Fatt = = =

	G Fatt (; born Myat Thu on 31 December 1992) is a Burmese singer, songwriter, rapper and actor. He is considered one of the most commercially successful Burmese singers. G Fatt released his debut album "Gin" on 21 February 2016 which became the best-selling album of the year.
	G Fatt was born on 31 December 1992 in Yangon, Myanmar to parent Nyo Oo and his wife Myint Myint Wai. He is the youngest son of two siblings, having an elder sister. He attended high school at Basic Education High School No. 2 Thingangyun. He is currently studying in Myanmar major at the Dagon University.
	G Fatt started out on his music career in the underground outfit and released underground hip-hop songs since before he got his big break. He first participated in group album "Amone Kabar Mha Nae Swel Myar" (The dates from hate world). He gained recognition in music industry with his songs "8 Day, 8 Month, 8 Hour" and "Pyi Pa Thoe Pay Sar" (A letter to my love abroad). The songs became widely popular and major hits in Myanmar since the day he released it on online. Since then, he gained the first recognition from his fans and participated in many group albums, stage performances, and many concerts at various locations throughout Myanmar.
	In 2016, G Fatt started working with Frenzo Production, a major music production company in Myanmar and owned by Sai Sai Kham Leng. Since them, he started entertaining in Sai Sai Kham Leng's birthday show every year. G Fatt started endeavoring to be able to produce and distribute a solo album. He launched his debut solo album "Gin" on 21 February 2016 which turned out to be a success creating him a place to stand in Myanmar music industry. His second solo album "120/B" was released on 2 March 2018.
	On 1 April 2019, Frenzo released an animation music video for "Nga Yee Zar Ka Po Mite Tal" (My girlfriend is better than yours) collaborating with Frenzo artists G Fatt, Sai Sai Kham Leng, Nay Win, Phyo Lay, Bunny Phyoe, Ki Ki Kyaw Zaw and John, which is one of the tracks in Sai Sai Kham Leng's album "Sai Sai is Sai Sai", was released on 1 April 2018. The music video became widely popular since the day released it on Sai Sai Kham Leng's official Facebook page and YouTube channel, and was praised for the animation quality and music video created by Pencell Studio. That music video was earned 1 M views within 24 hours and then 2 M views in 7 days.
	On 11 November 2018, G Fatt performed his first one-man show concert in the open area of Myaw Sin Island, Kandawgyi. Even with drizzling rain at the start of the concert, a huge crowd of loyal fans were celebrate enjoy the show in the rain.
	G Fatt made his acting debut in the Bumrese hip hop life film "Ko Tha Mine Ko Yay Kya Thu Myar 2", where he played the main role with local hip hop artists include Yone Lay, Ya Tha, Kyat Pha, J Fire, Pyone Mya Thwe, Su Nandar Aung and others. The film is directed by Joe and which premiered in Myanmar cinemas on 12 January 2018.
	1st Major M Music Awards (2018)

= = = Hooper Solar PV Power Plant = = =

	The Hooper Solar PV Power Plant is a 50 megawatt (MW) photovoltaic power station in the San Luis Valley, located near the town of Mosca, Colorado. It was the largest solar facility in the state when it came online at the end of 2015. The electricity is being sold to Public Service of Colorado, a subsidiary of Xcel Energy, under a long-term power purchase agreement.
	The facility occupies about 320 acres of previous agricultural farmland, and is located near several other large solar power plants in the sunny and cool San Luis Valley. It was developed and constructed by SunPower, and is owned by a subsidiary of the French company Total S.A. which is also the majority owner of SunPower. The plant is built using SunPower's Oasis Power Plant System, which includes single-axis tracking, robotic panel cleaning, and real-time monitoring at the company's operations center.
	Construction began in early 2015, and employed about 150 workers. Mortenson Construction completed the site preparation and installed the array support piles and other civil structures. Commercial operations began in December 2015 shortly after the delivery of first electricity to the grid.
	The facility is sited adjacent to a San Luis Valley substation and has been planned to accommodate a future 100 MW expansion.

= = = 1968 Dayton Flyers football team = = =

	The 1968 Dayton Flyers football team represented the University of Dayton in the 1968 college football season.

= = = Home Sweet Homicide (novel) = = =

	Home Sweet Homicide is a 1944 comedic mystery novel written by American author Craig Rice, following the story of three young siblings as they investigate a murder in their neighborhood. The novel was adapted into a film of the same name in 1946. 
	Widowed mystery writer Marian Carstairs is a mother of three living off the sales of her books. Her children, Dinah (14), April (12), and Archie (10), inspired by reading their mother’s fictitious mystery novels, decide to take part in some amateur sleuthing when they hear shots in the house next door. Understanding detective work from the novels, they take specific notes on clues that they encounter, but they also falsify their testimonies to the cops with the end goal of crediting the solved case back to their mother for publicity purposes. In addition to their detective work, the children also attempt to romantically connect the handsome police lieutenant, Bill Smith, on the case with their mother.
	"Home Sweet Homicide" is a slight diversion from Rice’s regular style of novel due to the absence of alcohol and focus on children, rather than a character similar to the hard-drinking womanizer, "The Amazing Mr. Malone", who appears often in Rice’s most famous series of novels. "Home Sweet Homicide" is also thought to be a semi-autobiography of Rice, but the similarities to her life are very few and far between.
	The novel was published by Simon & Schuster in 1944, and Rice immediately started to try and find a movie producer to take on the story for a sum of $50,000. However, after no sales all through 1944, Rice conceded to 20th Century Fox’s offer of $20,000 for the adaptation of "Home Sweet Homicide". This sale earned Rice a spot on the January 28th, 1946 cover of "Time Magazine". After a 50 year spell of dormancy out of print, "Home Sweet Homicide" began to gain popularity again with Jeffrey Marks’s 2001 biography of Craig Rice, "Who Was That Lady".
	"The Saturday Review" declared the novel "delightful" with an "artfully deceptive plot, vast supply of good fun, and ample excitement," and the Carstairs "the most amusing children since Penrod."

= = = Joel Baxley = = =

	Joel C. Baxley is an American businessman and government official who currently serves as the Acting Assistant to the Secretary for Rural Development.
	Baxley was born and raised in Bay County, Florida and received a Masters of Business Administration from the University of Alabama. He later went on to earn a postgraduate diploma in financial strategy from the University of Oxford.
	Baxley served as the managing partner of Baxley Property Advisors, LLC before holding the titles of Consulting Services Director and the senior real estate technical consultant with RSM US LLP's Financial Advisory Services consulting practice. He eventually rose to become Administrator of USDA Rural Development's Rural Housing Service. In 2019, he was by Sec. Sonny Perdue to replace Assistant to the Secretary for Rural Development Anne Hazlett, who was named the Senior Adviser at the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy.
	Baxley is married and has three children.

= = = Dedication (Steve Kuhn album) = = =

	Dedication is an album by pianist Steve Kuhn which was recorded in 1997 and released on the Reservoir label.
	The AllMusic review by Ken Dryden called it "a multifaceted trio session" which "opens with a pair of enjoyable originals ... does justice to two compositions by bassist Steve Swallow" and "His fresh, somewhat darker approach to Kenny Dorham's catchy "Blue Bossa" starts subtly but grows in intensity. Nor does the leader ignore standards. His bright, swinging take of "It's You or No One," the lush setting of "For Heaven's Sake," and a loping waltz treatment of "Like Someone in Love " all merit high praise". In JazzTimes, Bret Primack noted "What truly delights on "Dedication" is Kuhn’s phrasing and elucidation, the ability to make each composition his own. Also notable, the way his sympathetic rhythm section pushes the music and increases the energy level".
	All compositions by Steve Kuhn except where noted

= = = Jamie Leveridge = = =

	Jamie Leveridge (born July 11, 1994) is a Caymanian rugby union player.
	Leveridge was born in George Town, Cayman Islands but he does qualify to play for on residency grounds as he has spent most of his life living in Oakville, Ontario, Canada. Leveridge plays Centre. Leveridge attended and played rugby at McMaster University from 2012-2016.
	On December 11, 2018 Leveridge signed a professional contract with the Toronto Arrows of Major League Rugby after previously participating in the Arrows exhibition season in the spring of 2018. Leveridge made his Major League Rugby debut at inside centre for the Arrows in their first match of the 2019 season against the NOLA Gold.

= = = MLB Taiwan All-Star Series = = =

	The MLB Taiwan All-Star Series was an end-of-the-season tour of Taiwan made by an All-Star team from Major League Baseball (MLB) after 2011 MLB season, contested in a best-of format against the Chinese Taipei national baseball team.
	The series featured many great players, such as Nori Aoki, Barry Bonds, Ken Griffey Jr., Chase Utley, Ryan Howard, Hideki Matsui, Ichiro Suzuki, Robinson Canó and Manny Ramírez.
	In the beginning of all games the American and Republic of China national anthems are all played.
	This series was similar set up compared with the long-standing MLB Japan All-Star Series.
	Jim Small, vice president of MLB Asia appreciated the reception of Taiwan during the series and mentioned possible return in future.
	In 2010, it was announced that MLB had agreed to hold a series of postseason baseball games at Taiwan in 2011 postseason.
	The major reason behind was to capture the growth in popularity in baseball by Taiwanese after several household names playing Major League games at the beginning of the Millennium. The trend started from Chin-Feng Chen and Chin-Hui Tsao earned debut for Los Angeles Dodgers in September 2002 and July 2003 respectively. The most famous player was Washington Nationals pitcher Chien-Ming Wang who played for New York Yankees during 2005 to 2009 seasons.
	In March 2010, manager Joe Torre led a Los Angeles Dodgers team that included Manny Ramirez and James Loney for a rain-truncated two game series. This was the first visit of MLB team to Taiwan in the 21st century. Taiwan-born pitcher Hong-Chih Kuo was on the Dodgers roster.
	The rosters were announced in October 2011. 
	Due to scheduling conflicts and unable to agree on the terms with the event organiser, CPBL players were not allowed to participate in the series. 
	In 2011, Jim Small commented on possible return of the series in future. However, this has not been materialized. 
	In April 2017, during negotiation with CPBL, Jim Small proposed to send an all star team to South Korea and then to play 3 games in Taiwan next November. In June 2017, during a visit to Taoyuan, Small further confirmed the selection of hosting city. Mayor of Taoyuan Cheng Wen-tsan promised to search for a suitable venue such as Taoyuan International Baseball Stadium. However, the series did not come to fruition.
	In 2019, after promotion to senior vice president of MLB’s international business, Jim Small reiterated the interest of hosting MLB Opening Series in Taiwan. He stressed on two important factors in consideration, adverse weather causing delays or cancelled games just like Dodgers game in 2010 and 2011 series and huge costs of hosting games in Asia. Therefore Small expressed hope for the completion of Taipei Dome with over 40,000 capacity as the first covered baseball stadium in Taiwan to enhance the possibility.

= = = Jason Smalley = = =

	Jason Smalley (born March 26, 1981) is an American politician who has served in the Oklahoma Senate from the 28th district since 2014. He previously served in the Oklahoma House of Representatives from the 32nd district from 2012 to 2014.

= = = Zach O'Brien = = =

	Zachary O'Brien (born June 28, 1992) is a Canadian professional ice hockey winger who currently plays for the Newfoundland Growlers in the ECHL while under contract to the Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League (AHL).
	Prior to turning professional, O'Brien played three seasons with the Acadie–Bathurst Titan of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). During his time with the Titan, O'Brien won the Frank J. Selke Memorial Trophy as the league's most sportsmanlike player twice.
	O'Brien played Major Midget hockey with the St. John's Fog Devils of the Newfoundland and Labrador Major Midget Hockey League. In his final year, he recorded 176 points to help lead his team to the 2010 Telus Cup where he was then named the National Midget AAA Championship's MVP.
	Originally drafted by the Moncton Wildcats in the 2008 QMJHL Draft, O’Brien chose to complete high school before playing major junior hockey. O’Brien then played three years with the Acadie-Bathurst Titan who had acquired him in a trade.
	While he was never drafted in the NHL, O'Brien was invited to the San Jose Sharks training camp in 2010. He then returned to the Acadie-Bathurst Titan for the 2010–11 season where he led all first year players in goals and points and set a new team record for goals scored. He also tied Réal Godin as the only player in QMJHL history to record no penalty minutes while accumulating at least 50 points in a season. As a result of his play, O'Brien was named to the 2011 Subway Super Series roster to play in an exhibition tournament against the Russian national junior team. He ended the season with a career-high 101 points and won the Frank J. Selke Memorial Trophy as the QMJHL most sportsmanlike player. He was also named a finalist for the RDS Cup as Rookie of the Year and Michel Bergeron Trophy as Offensive Rookie of the Year.
	During the 2011–12 season, O'Brien scored four goals in six-minutes and 10-seconds in a 7–4 win over the Moncton Wildcats. On April 5, 2012, O'Brien signed an amateur tryout agreement with the St. John's IceCaps of the American Hockey League (AHL) but he returned to the Acadie-Bathurst Titan for the 2012–13 season as an assistant captain after playing one game. During that season, O'Brien broke his 186-game streak with no penalties in a 5–1 loss to the Moncton Wildcats. O'Brien was the recipient of the CHL Player of the Week for the first week of January for recording two hat tricks that week. He won the Frank J. Selke Memorial Trophy for the second time at the conclusion of the season, having only accrued two penalties that season.
	Coming out of major juniors, O'Brien joined the Ontario Reign of the ECHL. He was loaned to the Manchester Monarchs for the rest of the 2013–14 season after playing in five games for the Reign. He signed a contract extension with the Monarchs on August 4, 2014, and won the Calder Cup with the team that season.
	After winning the Calder Cup, O'Brien signed a one-year contract with the Chicago Wolves of the AHL on July 14, 2015. He was invited to the St. Louis Blues training camp on a professional tryout agreement, but began the 2015–16 season with the Wolves.
	After playing in 20 games for the Ravensburg Towerstars, O'Brien opted to conclude the season in North America with the ECHL's Wichita Thunder. After playing in 24 games for the Wichita Thunder and recording 19 points, O'Brien was loaned to the Binghamton Senators of the AHL on March 23, 2017.
	He signed an AHL contract with Bakersfield Condors on July 6, 2017, for the 2017–18 season and attended the Edmonton Oilers training camp on a professional tryout contract. After being cut from both the Oilers and Bakersfield Condors training camp he was reassigned to the Wichita Thunder of the ECHL to begin the season. His demotion was short-lived however as he was called up to the AHL on November 16, 2017.
	On July 3, 2018, O'Brien signed a contract with the Toronto Marlies of the AHL. He attended the Marlies training camp but was assigned to their ECHL affiliate, the Newfoundland Growlers. Prior to the 2018–19 season, the Growlers inaugural season, O'Brien was named an assistant captain. While playing for the Growlers, O'Brien scored the first hat trick in franchise history to help beat the Reading Royals 5–4 on November 16, 2018. He scored his second hat trick with the Growlers in a 5–1 win over the Jacksonville Icemen on January 5, 2019. On February 25, O'Brien was recalled to the AHL along with teammates Hudson Elynuik, Brady Ferguson, and Josh Kestner. O'Brien was reassigned to the ECHL along with Kestner on February 28 where he then helped lead the Growlers to the 2019 Kelly Cup playoffs. He was subsequently awarded the June M. Kelly Award as MVP on June 5, after winning the Cup.

= = = Shuyga = = =

	Shuyga () is a rural locality (a settlement) in Surskoye Rural Settlement of Pinezhsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The population was 472 as of 2010. There are 11 streets.

= = = Yasny, Arkhangelsk Oblast = = =

	Yasny () is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Shilegskoye Rural Settlement of Pinezhsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,299 as of 2010. There are 17 streets.

= = = Sektensaurus = = =

	Sektensaurus (meaning "island lizard", "sekten" meaning "island" in Tehuelche) is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur, possibly an elasmarian, from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian to Maastrichtian) of Patagonia, Argentina. Its remains were uncovered in the fluvial tuffs of the Lago Colhué Huapí Formation in the Golfo San Jorge Basin. The type and only species is S. sanjuanboscoi.
	"Sektensaurus" is the first non-hadrosaurid ornithopod of central Patagonia. The discovery of the genus increases the anatomical knowledge of ornithopods and adds new data on the compositions of dinosaur faunas that lived in Patagonia close to Antarctica at the end of the Cretaceous.

= = = Baratikha = = =

	Baratikha () is a rural locality (a village) in Tarasovskoye Rural Settlement of Plesetsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The population was 29 as of 2010.

= = = Multiple Intelligence International School = = =

	Multiple Intelligence International School (MIIS) is an international co-educational day and progressive school... The Main Campus of MIIS is located in Loyola Heights, Quezon City, and the Upper School campus is located along Katipunan Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines
	The Multiple Intelligence International School was first established as Child's Place Preschool in 1996, by Mary Joy Canon-Abaquin.
	It is the first educational institution in the Philippines that has based its approach on the multiple intelligence framework of Harvard-based cognitive psychologist, Howard Gardner.
	Child’s Place is the preschool department of MIIS that caters to the Preschool Child from 2 to 5 years. The Multiple Intelligence International School (Grades 1-8) was founded to serve Lower and Middle School students. MIIS Upper School (Grades 9-12), was founded in 2007. 
	In 2012, music researcher Pamela Costes-Onishi conducted a study that evaluated MIIS' Music Education curriculum with that of the Department of Education and found that it had distinct differences in approach and pedagogy.
	In 2016, MIIS celebrated their 20th founding anniversary. 
	MIIS does not conform to traditional modes of Philippine education. Following Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, MIIS focuses on eight intelligences among their students.
	The K-12 program covers 6 years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and two years of Senior High School. MIIS is aligned with the Philippine Department of Education standards for the enhanced K-12 program. 
	The school has been acknowledged as a leader in youth entrepreneurship in the Philippines.
	In September 23, 2019, MIIS partnered with Smart Communications to hold the Youth Innovation Challenge, at the Philippine International Convention Center. 
	MIIS is located in two campuses in Loyola Heights, Quezon City, near Ateneo de Manila University and the University of the Philippines Diliman. The Main Campus, located in Escaler Street, Loyola Heights, Quezon City, houses the Child's Place Preschool and Lower and Middle School. The Upper School is located at Elizabeth Hall, Katipunan Avenue, Quezon City. 
	In 2018, MIIS was given accreditation by the Council of International Schools. MIIS was the fourth international school in the Philippines to attain CIS accreditation at the time. 

= = = Battle of Lypovec = = =

	The Battle of Lypovec was an armed clash fought between the Slovak Rychlé brigade and troops of the Red Army on 22 July 1941 in the set of Operation Barbarossa. It was the first battle of Slovakia with the Red Army. The Soviet defense on the cross of the San River was the unit of the 10th Fortified area of 12th Army. The defense of Lypovets was led by 44th Siberian Division under the command of General Kechenko. This division consist of then two new regiments: The 305th and the 319th; it too participated in the battle two tired infantry regiments: the 25th and the 295th. His task was to lead the delays that fight in a given direction. The Rychlé brigády took Lypovets with less than 5,000 soldiers, 43 tanks and 123 artillery pieces, but the brigade commander, Colonel , blame the 44th Red Army of taking additional measures. Due to the Slovak tanks refueling, the soldiers had to carry a disproportionately heavy fight and compensated the disaster with artillery, that decimate the soviets enough to let the slovak soldiers retreat.
	The slovak Rychlé brigády lost 5 tanks: three LT vz. 35, one LT vz. 38 and one LT vz. 40. Plus one OA vz.30 armored car.
	Slovaks had 261 human casualties: 75 killed, 167 wounded, 2 POWs and 17 MIA; While the soviets had 600 between killed and wounded. The Rychlé brigády has not the enough force to defeat a strongest enemy positioned in pre-prepared. The dislike of the slovak soldiers of fight the Soviet Union was too the first defeat of the soviets, and it was informed that this was absent in official reports. The automotive workshop staff had enough technical means to repair all of the battalion vehicles, but under the command of anti-fascist officers and of Czechoslovak orientation, they withdrawn all the vehicles and the whole battalion to Slovakia on the pretext that they can not be repaired under field conditions. The rest of the brigade was annexed to the German . General Josef Turanec wrote in his diary: "The creature is essentially coward, once the russians start shooting, they run away, the officers are on the offensive, but on the first line retreat. In the same way, the germans themselves note that the slovak soldiers were too sensible to artillery fire and were running away".
	"This article uses a translation of the text of the on the czech Wikipedia."

= = = Phrynobatrachus pintoi = = =

	Phrynobatrachus pintoi is a species of frog native to Guinea. It can be found at elevations from 200–428 meters.
	"Phrynobatrachus pintoi" is found in forests as well as savannas. There are black spots and black bands covering its body. It has an oval, compact body shape and its snout is short and rounded.

= = = Bogdanovo = = =

	Bogdanovo () is a rural locality (a selo) in Fedovskoye Rural Settlement of Plesetsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The population was 66 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

= = = Lamont Johnson (disambiguation) = = =

	La'Mont Johnson, laMont Johnson, Lamont Johnson, or "variation", may refer to:

= = = Joseph Wei Jingyi = = =

	Joseph Wei Jingyi (; born May 1958) is a Chinese Catholic priest and the current Bishop of the Apostolic Prefecture of Qiqihar since 2000.
	Wei was born in Qingyuan County, Hebei, in May 1958, to a Catholic family. During the three years of natural disasters, his family moved to Shulan County, Jilin Province. After high school in 1976, he became a worker and two years later became a salesperson in a supply and marketing cooperative. In 1983 he was accepted to Jilin Seminary. He was ordained a priest in 1985. He began to spread Catholicism in Heilongjiang in 1986. On December 7, 1987, he was arrested by the local government for printing Catholic publications. A few months later he was released. On September 21, 1990, he was arrested and imprisoned for attending underground Roman Catholic church. He was released after reeducation through labour. In January 1994 he was arrested by the Xushui County Public Security Bureau in Hebei province. On June 22, 1995, he was elected Coadjutor bishop of the Apostolic Prefecture of Qiqihar. On August 1, 2000, he was elected Bishop of Apostolic Prefecture of Qiqihar. In 2002 he was received by Pope John Paul II in the Vatican City. In October 2005, Pope Benedict XVI invited four Chinese bishops to attend the World Bishop Conference in Rome, including Joseph Wei Jingyi.

= = = Bishop Byrne High School (Texas) = = =

	Bishop Byrne High School was a Catholic high school in Port Arthur, Texas. It was located near Texas State Highway 73. It was in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Beaumont.
	Christopher E. Byrne, a bishop, consolidated St. James High School and St. Mary High School into a single school, which initially had the two campuses but later got a single one. In 1949 the first class of students graduated. In 1965 the school had 500 students. In 1983 170 students were enrolled. In 1983 all of the teachers were lay teachers except for a single nun; the school administration believed having more clergy on staff would show a stronger religious image and encourage more people to enroll.
	The school closed in 1983. The owners sold the building, and Christus Southeast Texas established outpatient operations in it.
	The Bishop Byrne Alumni Association is in operation.

= = = Liberec railway station = = =

	Liberec railway station (, ) is a railway station in the city of Liberec, the capital of the Liberec Region, Czech Republic.
	The railway station was built in 1859 as a part of connection between Liberec and Pardubice to the south, and Zittau to the north. The project was realised by "Společnost Pardubicko-liberecké dráhy" (Pardubice-Liberec Railway Company). In 1900 the station area had to be improved because of a new line to Česká Lípa. A second large reconstruction was completed in 2009–11.
	All five platforms are equipped with elevators and audiovisual information systems. Daily express trains link Liberec with Děčín, Ústí nad Labem, Hradec Králové and Pardubice, but there is no direct connection to Prague. The private company Die Länderbahn run services branded Trilex which connect Liberec with Zittau and Dresden.
	Other frequented stations in the city are "Liberec-Horní Růžodol" on line 086 and "Liberec-Rochlice" on line 036.
	The station is served by two express routes operated by Czech Railways.

= = = Douglas C. Heggie = = =

	Douglas Cameron Heggie (born 7 February 1947) is a Scottish applied mathematician and astronomer, formerly holding the Personal Chair of Mathematical Astronomy at the School of Mathematics at the University of Edinburgh. His main research interests are in stellar dynamics.
	Heggie has conducted pioneering theoretical research on the topic of the classical gravitational N-body problem, with a particular focus on the three-body problem, and related applications to the dynamical evolution of globular star clusters and high-performance computing. The article in which he presented the theory of binary evolution in stellar dynamics (often referred to as "Heggie's law") has found an outstanding spectrum of applications in many astrophysical domains.
	One of the originators of the current paradigm of the dynamical evolution of collisional stellar systems, he has made seminal contributions also to the quantitative study of prehistoric mathematics and astronomy. On these subjects, he has authored or co-authored of two books: "The Gravitational Million-Body Problem: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Star Cluster Dynamics" and "Megalithic Science: Ancient Mathematics and Astronomy in North-west Europe".
	Educated at George Heriot's School in Edinburgh, Scotland (Captain and Dux 1965), he spent a decade as an undergraduate student (Wrangler 1968), graduate student (PhD 1973), and research fellow (1972–1976) at Trinity College, Cambridge and Institute of Theoretical Astronomy. Following his appointment to a Lectureship (1975) at the then Department of Mathematics in Edinburgh, his entire professional career has been based there, with prolonged research visits to Princeton, Cambridge, Kyoto, and Warsaw.
	He was appointed Professor of Mathematical Astronomy at the University of Edinburgh in 1994, has held visiting professorships at Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg and Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto, and an honorary professorship at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh.
	Among other indicators of esteem, he has served as the President of Commission 37 of the International Astronomical Union, on the Council of the Royal Astronomical Society of London (Triennium 1982–1985), as an Editor of long standing of its main research journal, Monthly Notices, as well as an Advisory Editor of the Journal for the History of Astronomy.
	Recipient of the Tyson Medal (1969) and Smith's Prize (1971). Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1989).

= = = Bolshaya Kyama = = =

	Bolshaya Kyama () is a rural locality (a settlement) in Obozerskoye Urban Settlement of Plesetsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2010.

= = = Sandeep Goud = = =

	Sandeep Goud (born 8 November 1991) is an Omani cricketer. In February 2019, he was named in Oman's Twenty20 International (T20I) squad for the 2018–19 Oman Quadrangular Series in Oman. He made his T20I debut for Oman against the Netherlands on 15 February 2019. Five days prior to his T20I debut, he played in Oman's Development XI team, in a twenty over fixture against Ireland, top-scoring with 55 not out. He made his List A debut for Oman against Scotland on 19 February 2019, following the 2018–19 Oman Quadrangular Series.
	In March 2019, he was named in Oman's team for the 2019 ICC World Cricket League Division Two tournament in Namibia. Oman finished in the top four places in the tournament, therefore gaining One Day International (ODI) status. Goud made his ODI debut for Oman on 27 April 2019, against Namibia, in the tournament's final.
	In September 2019, he was named in Oman's squad for the 2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier tournament. In November 2019, he was named in Oman's squad for the 2019 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup in Bangladesh.

= = = 2018 in modern pentathlon = = =

	This article lists the main modern pentathlon events and their results for 2018.

= = = Robbery (song) = = =

	"Robbery" is a song by American rapper Juice Wrld. It was released on February 13, 2019, via Grade A Productions through exclusive licensing to Interscope Records, as the lead single for his second studio album, "Death Race for Love".
	An emotional separation-themed song, "Robbery" was described as being about "a woman stealing Juice's heart", by "Complex" and how Juice takes revenge against her while consuming liquor.
	It was produced by Nick Mira, who also produced Juice's multi-platinum-certified single "Lucid Dreams". "Rolling Stone" described the song as "dark and melodramatic" while calling it "a clunky metaphor about a woman demanding love" from Juice.
	Lyrically, the first verse discusses the comparison of Juice's father advising him about not revealing his insecurities to women and his heart's stance of the contrary.
	"XXL" noted the song as a "heartfelt track about a love that has left Juice broken and confused," while "Highsnobiety" identified it as a "melancholic lamenting about a past love."
	The official music video for the song was published on Valentine's Day to Lyrical Lemonade, a YouTube channel owned by Cole Bennett, who directed the video along with several of Juice's other music videos.
	Bennett was noted for "bringing his after-effects-addled eye" to the video of "Robbery" and "providing it with the same bugged out visual energy" of "Lucid Dreams". Artistically, the video was described as having "splashes of flames" in many scenes while lacking Bennett's signature neon and warping effects.
	"HipHopDX" described the plot as an emo-crooning of Juice while being "surrounded by a background of fire".
	Plot-wise, Juice is shown drinking a bottle of Hennessy while walking through the wedding of his ex-lover with another person, to "numb the pain" and "deal with the agony". Shortly after, while leaving, he throws his burning cigarette onto a flower held by a guest, eventually causing the venue's destruction.
	Adapted from Tidal.

= = = Anuradha Kapur = = =

	Anuradha Kapur is an Indian theatre director and professor of drama. She taught at the National School of Drama (NSD) for over three decades and was the director of NSD for six years (2007–2013). For her work as a theatre director, the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award was conferred on her in 2004.
	Anuradha Kapur was born in Nainital in 1951. She is the daughter of M. N. Kapur, the longest-serving Principal of Modern School, New Delhi, and Amrita Kapur. Art historian and critic Geeta Kapur is her sister. After completing her schooling from Modern, Anuradha studied English at Miranda House, Delhi. She obtained her master's degree in English from the University of Delhi in 1973.
	Kapur started her teaching career as lecturer in English in Delhi University's Bharati College. However, she was always sure that she wanted to pursue theatre as a profession. During her student days, she had been a member of the theatre group Dishantar led by Om Shivpuri, and acted in a number of plays, including Adhe-Adhure by Mohan Rakesh. She obtained leave from the college to study for a master's degree in drama and theatre arts at the University of Leeds, UK, where she eventually completed a Ph.D.
	In 1981, Kapur joined the faculty of NSD as associate professor. She later became professor, and stayed with NSD until her superannuation. During this period, she taught many students who went on to make a mark in theatre and cinema. Some of them are Seema Biswas, Irrfan Khan, Rajpal Yadav and Nawazuddin Siddiqui.
	In July 2007 Kapur was appointed director of NSD for a five-year term, later extended by a year up to July 2013. She was also Chief of the NSD Repertory Company. Currently she is visiting professor at the School of Culture and Creative Expressions, Ambedkar University Delhi.
	Kapur has taught in several institutions in India and abroad. During 2016–2017, she was Fellow at Freie Universitat, Berlin.
	A distinguishing feature of Kapur's work as a director has been its open and interactive nature. She has worked extensively in collaboration with visual and video artists and filmmakers. Some of the people she has worked with are Arpita Singh, Bhupen Khakhar, Madhusree Dutta, Nalini Malani, Nilima Sheikh and Vivan Sundaram. She is one of the founding members of Vivadi, a working group of painters, musicians, writers and theatre practitioners. "Porous borders between art forms", according to Kapur, take the work "to a level where meanings emerge in multitudes." 

= = = John Baptist Wang Xiaoxun = = =

	John Baptist Wang Xiaoxun (; born January 19, 1966) is a Chinese Catholic priest and Bishop of the Apostolic Prefecture of Xing'anfu from 2016. For the Chinese government, he was Bishop of the Diocese of Ankang, a diocese founded by the government.
	Wang was born in Xi'an, Shaanxi, on January 19, 1966. From a young age, he soon joined the path of practice at the Xi'an Seminary. In 1985, he attended the Shaanxi Theological Academy and graduated in 1992. In July 1992, he was ordained a priest when he was 26 years old, led by the archbishop of Xi'an Li Dao'an.
	After ordained a priest, he did pastoral work in many parishes. In 2005, he was appointed a priest to administer the main parish of Ankang Parish. On October 13, 2010, he was elected as a Bishop's Assistant to the Ankang diocese, a diocese established by the Chinese government, with a close district. In April 2005 he was appointed pastor of Ankang diocese. On October 13, 2010, he was elected Coadjutor bishop of the Ankang diocese. He accepted the episcopacy with the papal mandate on November 30, 2016.

= = = Ahmadu Umaru Fintiri = = =

	Ahmadu Umaru Fintiri is the current governor of Adamawa State He was a member of the Adamawa State House of Assembly, and was appointed the Speaker of the House. He became the acting Governor of Adamawa State Nigeria, following the impeachment of admiral Murtala Nyako in July 2014, handing later to Bala James Ngilari after serving for three months.
	Fintiri won the governorship election of Adamawa State that took place on the 9th of March 2019, however, the election was declared inconclusive because the number of cancelled votes was more than the margin between the winner and his close opponent.
	Umaru Fintiri was declared winner of the election in the early hours of Friday after having secured 376,552 votes to defeat incumbent Governor Jibrilla Bindow of the All Progressives Congress (APC) who polled 336,386 votes.
	In the March 9, 2019 Adamawa State Governorship Election and upon the completion of March 28, 2019 Adamawa State supplementary election, Ahmad was declared winner of the Election having polled 376,552 votes defeating the Incumbent governor Bindo Jibrilla of the All Progressive Congress who polled 336,386 votes.

= = = Pertame language = = =

	Pertame, also known as Southern Arrernte or Southern Aranda, is an Arandic language (but not of the Arrernte language group) from the country south of Alice Springs, along the Finke River, north and north-west of the location inhabited by speakers of Lower Arrernte. "Ethnologue" classes Pertame as a variant name for Lower Southern, but other sources vary in their classifications and descriptions of this language.
	With only 20 fluent speakers left by 2018, the Pertame Project is seeking to retain and revive the language, headed by Pertame elder Christobel Swan.
, Pertame is one of 20 languages prioritised as part of the Priority Languages Support Project, being undertaken by First Languages Australia and funded by the Department of Communications and the Arts. The project aims to "identify and document critically-endangered languages — those languages for which little or no documentation exists, where no recordings have previously been made, but where there are living speakers". 
	Renowned artist Erlikilyika (Jim Kite) was a Pertame speaker.

= = = Joyce Sumbi = = =

	Joyce Annette Madkins Sumbi (October 23, 1935 – July 17, 2010) was an American librarian. She was the first African-American administrator in the LA County Library system.
	Joyce Annette Madkins was born in Oklahoma and raised in Merced, California, the daughter of Raymond Madkins Sr. and Pearl Lofton Madkins. Both of her parents were from Oklahoma; her mother was a nurse. Joyce Madkins trained as a teacher at Fresno State University. In 1960 she earned a master's degree in library science from the University of Southern California.
	Sumbi began her career as an elementary school teacher in San Diego. Unhappy with the instability of the parent and student body, she resigned after one year, moved to Los Angeles, and obtained a master's degree in library science in order to join the LA County Library system. She remained in the system for 32 years until her retirement. She became the first African American administrator in the county library system. "Probably, I was the first African American librarian serving the public in a Los Angeles County community library," she said. "There were a few other African American librarians on the payroll, but they worked at headquarters behind the scene." 
	In 1971 she joined five black colleagues in charging the county library system with discrimination against minorities in job assignments and promotions. At the time, the system had 242 librarians, of which 13 were black and 4 were Hispanic. Sumbi was a founding member of the California Librarians Black Caucus in 1972.
	In 1973 Sumbi was the Audio-Visual Librarian at the Los Cerritos branch. She was involved in leading the Our Authors Study Club, a group dedicated to promoting black history and culture in Los Angeles. In 1991, she was involved in a controversy about a Langston Hughes quote, used on a poster about gay history. Librarian Elizabeth Martinez recalled Sumbi as "the compass who calmly brought reality to our work" in the Way Out Project, a federal grant to bring cultural programming to Chicano and African-American libraries in Los Angeles.
	In 1994 Sumbi was named a Living History Maker by "Turning Point" magazine, and won the Phyllis Wheatley Award from International Black Writers and Artists. In 2003 she received a President Award from the USC Alumni Association, for serving on the board of directors of the university's Black Alumni Association from its founding in 1976. She also received recognition from the American Library Association, the YWCA of Great Los Angeles, the Mayor's office, and others. In 2008, she gave an oral history interview for the UCLA Center for Oral History Research.
	Sumbi had three sons, David, Paul, and James. She died in 2010, aged 75 years, at her home in Los Angeles. The California Librarians Black Caucus presents a Joyce Madkins Sumbi Emerging Leaders Award at the Leimert Park Book Fair, an event she helped to create.

= = = Kantabanji railway station = = =

	Kantabanji railway station is a railway station near Kantabanji town of Balangir district, Odisha. It serves Kantabanji town. Its code is KBJ. It has two platforms. Passenger, Express, and Superfast trains halt here.
	The following major trains halt at Kantabanji railway station in both directions:

= = = Reward (song) = = =

	"Reward" is a song by English band The Teardrop Explodes. It was released as a single in early 1981 and is the band's biggest hit, peaking at No. 6 in the UK and No. 11 in Ireland. The song was not initially included in the original 1980 UK & Europe releases of their debut album "Kilimanjaro", but was included in the 1980 U.S. release together with the track "Suffocate" (replacing two tracks from the UK release). "Reward" was however added to later pressings of the album from 1981.

= = = Ruth-Ann Thorn = = =

	Ruth-Ann Thorn is a Luiseño gallerist and art collector from Vista California USA.
	Thorn was born in San Francisco California to Henry Rodriguez and Gloria Lee. When she was five her family moved to Portland and back to San Diego when she was twelve. She started working in restaurant business in her early 20s and admitted in Palomar College where she studied theater and art. She took admission in University of Hawaii for higher studies and worked at Hyatt Regency hotel in the Waikiki Beach area where she worked for five years.
	Thorn worked at Images International, one of the prestigious art galleries at Hawaii which went out of business during recession of 1990s.  When the company went out of business she thought of setting up her own art gallery, and started selling arts in meeting rooms of hotels loaded in a U-haul trailer. In 1998 Ruth-Ann Thorn and her mother Gloria Lee founded a gallery, EC Gallery.
	Before the inception of EC Gallery, Thorn worked at an art gallery, Images International of Hawaii, in Hyatt Regency hotel in the Waikiki Beach area and this inspired Thorn to open her own Art Gallery. After spending 5 years at Images she wanted to open her own art gallery but couldn't open because she was refused a loan from the bank.  In 1998 she opened her first art gallery in La Jolla and closed that and opened one at Fashion Valley in San Diego. In 2002 she opened Crown Thorn Publishing representing unknown artists and bringing them to market. Thereafter she opened several art galleries in different cities of the USA. She opened a 5,000 sq ft gallery in Solana Beach in November 2018.
	Thorn picks unknown artists for EC Gallery and brings them to the attention of collectors. She brought Michael Flohr, Henry Asencio, Christopher M,  and Michael Summers to the attention of art collectors and they are now internationally acclaimed artists. Thorn helped in bringing Asencio to the limelight when he was almost homeless.
	She plans to develop a YouTube station and where she will air the art shows and documentaries for which she will travel to different localities. Since inception Thorn had spread the location of EC Gallery to different localities of USA, now she will bring artist from different regions and plans to host two shows; “Winter Wonderland” in January and “Hearts and Flowers” in February.
	She has been working with the Tribal Council and Cultural Committee for presenting the cultural and historical aspects of the tribes through art. She has worked with Rincon Band of Luiseño Indians, Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation and other tribal administrations. 
	In 2015, Thorn won The American Art Awards (AAA) for her gallery, Exclusive Collection Gallery.
	In 2019, Thorn worn The American Art Award (AAA) for her gallery, Exclusive Collection Gallery.

= = = Zone 74, Qatar = = =

	Zone 74 is a zone of the municipality of Al Khor in the state of Qatar. The main districts recorded in the 2015 population census were Simaisma, Al Jeryan, Al Khor City. 
	Other districts which fall within its administrative boundaries are Al Egda,Al Heedan, Al Khor Industrial Area, Al Khor Island, Al Rashida, Ras Matbakh, Rawdat Bakheela, and Umm Anaig.
	The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) breaks down land use in the zone as follows.

= = = Zone 75, Qatar = = =

	Zone 75 is a zone of the municipality of Al Khor in the state of Qatar. The main districts recorded in the 2015 population census were Al Thakhira, Ras Laffan, and Umm Birka. 
	Other districts which fall within its administrative boundaries are Al Waab, Umm Al Hawaya, Umm Al Qahab, Umm Ethnaitain, Wadi Al Harm, and Waab Al Mashrab.
	The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) breaks down land use in the zone as follows.

= = = Thermal amplitude = = =

	Thermal amplitude or thermal range refers to the temperature range in which a cold autoantibody or cold-reacting alloantibody binds to its antigen. Cold antibodies that can bind to antigen above are considered potentially clinically significant and may lead to disease that occurs or worsens on exposure to low temperatures. The closer the thermal range comes to core body temperature (37 °C or 99 °F), the greater the chance that the antibody will cause symptoms such as anemia or Raynaud syndrome. Antibodies that are only reactive at temperatures below are generally considered unlikely to be clinically significant.

= = = Zone 76, Qatar = = =

	Zone 76 is a zone of the municipality of Al Khor in the state of Qatar. The main district recorded in the 2015 population census was Al Ghuwariyah. 
	Other districts which fall within its administrative boundaries are Abu Al Qararis, Rawdat Al Faras, and Umm Al Maa.
	As of the 2010 census, the zone comprised 315 housing units and 173 establishments. There were 4,834 people living in the zone, of which 80% were male and 20% were female. Out of the 4,834 inhabitants, 93% were 20 years of age or older and 7% were under the age of 20. The literacy rate stood at 95.1%.
	Employed persons made up 91% of the total population. Females accounted for 3% of the working population, while males accounted for 97% of the working population.
	The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) breaks down land use in the zone as follows.

= = = Zone 69, Qatar = = =

	Zone 69 is a zone of the municipality of Al Daayen in the state of Qatar. The main districts recorded in the 2015 population census were Al Egla, Al Kharayej, Jabal Thuaileb, Lusail, and Wadi Al Banat. 
	Another district which falls within its administrative boundaries is Al Aaliya Island.
	The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) breaks down land use in the zone as follows.

= = = List of Nagpuri films = = =

	This is a list of notable Nagpuri films produced in the Nagpuri language.

= = = Fabrizio Mazzotta = = =

	Fabrizio Mazzotta (born December 1, 1963) is an Italian voice actor and comic book writer.
	Born in Monza, Mazzotta entered a career of voice dubbing for anime, cartoons, movies and other entertainment. He is well known for providing the Italian voice of Krusty the Clown in the animated sitcom "The Simpsons" and he has served as a dialogue writer for the Italian dubbed versions of shows such as "Saved by the Bell", "Beverly Hills, 90210" and "Party of Five".
	As a comic book writer, Mazzotta has assisted with the publications of comic strips featuring characters such as Lupo Alberto and . He has even provided Italian dialogue for Mickey Mouse comic book stories.

= = = Zone 70, Qatar = = =

	Zone 70 is a zone of the municipality of Al Daayen in the state of Qatar. The main districts recorded in the 2015 population census were Leabaib, Al Ebb, Jeryan Jenaihat, Al Kheesa, Rawdat Al Hamama, Wadi Al Wasaah, Al Sakhama, Al Masrouhiya, Wadi Lusail, Lusail, Umm Qarn, and Al Daayen. 
	Other districts which fall within its administrative boundaries are Al Rehayya, Qaryat Al Lusail Al Shamaliya, and Tenbek.
	The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) breaks down land use in the zone as follows.

= = = Zone 5, Qatar = = =

	Zone 5 is a zone of the municipality of Ad Dawhah in the state of Qatar. The main districts recorded in the 2015 population census were Al Najada, Barahat Al Jufairi, and Fereej Al Asmakh.
	The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) breaks down land use in the zone as follows.

= = = Rita Maestre = = =

	Rita Maestre Fernández (born 1988) is a Spanish politician. A member of the Madrid City Council since 2015, she served as Spokesperson of the municipal government board presided by Manuela Carmena from 2015 to 2019.
	Born in Madrid on 13 April 1988, she grew up in the neighborhood of Ventas. She is daughter of civil servants, her father having worked for the Tax Agency and her mother for the City Council. Graduated in political science at the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) she later took post-graduate studies in International Economy. She was a founder of the "Juventud sin Futuro" group in 2011 and took part in the 15-M protests. A collaborator in LaTuerka TV show, she joined Podemos, helping in the party campaign for the 2014 European Parliament election.
	Following the October 2014 Podemos meeting in Vistalegre, Maestre became a member of the party's "Citizen Council" in the Constituent Assembly celebrated a month later.
	She ran 5th in the Ahora Madrid list for the May 2015 Madrid municipal election, being elected to the City Council. As Manuela Carmena was invested as the new Mayor on 13 June, Maestre was included in the municipal government board ("Junta de Gobierno") assuming the government area of "Spokeswomanship, Coordination of the Government Board and Relations with the Plenary". She also briefly held the councillery-presidency of the Salamanca district.
	Days after assuming office, she was charged with a transgression of "offense to religious feelings" due to her participation in a 2011 pro-laicist protest in the chapel of the UCM Faculty of Psychology, for which she was initially sentenced to pay 4,320 € in March 2016, ultimately being fully acquitted in December 2016 after appealing to a higher judicial instance.
	Maestre stood as challenger to the leadership of the regional organization of Podemos in the Community of Madrid. Considered linked to the '"errejonista"' faction, her candidature "Adelante Podemos" was beaten by Ramón Espinar's "Juntas Podemos" in the November 2016 primary election.
	Following the renouncement of Maestre and other 5 councillors members of Podemos and also members of the municipal group of Ahora Madrid to run in the Podemos process to select the candidates to the 2019 municipal election (pending potential mergings into a wider candidature), preferring to directly do it instead in the Más Madrid platform around Carmena, all 6 councillors' individual memberships to Podemos were suspended in a precautionary basis in November 2018 after a request by Julio Rodríguez.

= = = 2019 Washington State Cougars football team = = =

	The 2019 Washington State Cougars football team represented Washington State University during the 2019 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team played their home games in Martin Stadium in Pullman, Washington. They were led by 8th-year head coach Mike Leach and competed as members of the North Division of the Pac-12 Conference.
	The 2018 season was one of the greatest in Washington State history. Despite being predicted to finish fifth place in the Pac-12 North division by the Pac-12 media poll, the Cougars won a school record-tying ten games, the first time they had won that many in the regular season since the Rose Bowl year of 2002. They also surged as high as seventh in major polling and went into the Apple Cup with a chance to clinch the Pac-12 North title and a shot at the Rose Bowl, but lost 28–15 to rival Washington in the snow in Pullman, a sixth consecutive loss to the Huskies. The Cougars were invited to the Alamo Bowl in San Antonio to play the Iowa State Cyclones. They won 28–26 for a school record 11th win.
	In the Pac-12 preseason media poll, Washington State was voted to finish in fourth place in the North Division and fifth place in the Pac-12 Championship.
	Staff for the 2019 season.
	Source:

= = = Kostas Panayiotou = = =

	Konstantinos "Kostas" Panayiotou (; 1937 – 17 June 2014) was a Cypriot footballer who played as a defender and made 19 appearances for the Cyprus national team.
	Early in his career, Panayiotou played for various amateur English clubs before joining Leyton Orient on trial. In 1959, after returning to Cyprus, he joined Omonia where he remained until his retirement in 1970.
	Panayiotou made his debut for Cyprus on 13 November 1960 in a friendly match against Israel, Cyprus' first official international match, which finished as a 1–1 draw. He went on to make 19 appearances before making his last appearance on 19 April 1969 in a 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Austria, which finished as a 1–2 loss.
	Panayiotou was born in Larnaca, Cyprus in 1937. In 1950, his family emigrated to London, England. He returned to Cyprus in 1959 after being informed that he had been selected for military service in the British Army.
	He died on 17 June 2014 at the age of 77.

= = = Zone 17, Qatar = = =

	Zone 17 is a zone of the municipality of Ad Dawhah in the state of Qatar. The main districts recorded in the 2015 population census were Al Rufaa and Old Al Hitmi.
	The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) breaks down land use in the zone as follows.

= = = Tor Bina = = =

	Tor Bina (2017) is an Indian, Nagpuri drama romance film directed by Dipen Toppo. The film feature Joy Bose, Binod Mahli, Kajal Singh, Anuska Soni, Kunal Bharti, and Neeraj Vats in prominent roles.
	There are four songs in the film music by Bubai. Manoj Sahri, Pawan Roy, Jyoti Sahu and Vivek Nayak have given their voice in songs.

= = = 2006–07 V-League (South Korea) = = =

	The 2006-7 V-League season was the 3rd season of the V-League, the highest professional volleyball league in South Korea. The season started on 23 December 2006 and finished on 31 March 2007. Cheonan Hyundai Capital Skywalkers were the defending champions in the men's league and Cheonan Heungkuk Pink Spiders the defending female champions.

= = = Ahmad Abubakar = = =

	Ahmad Moallahyidi Abubakar (born 5 September 1957) is a Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria from Adamawa State. He represents Adamawa south in the current 8th National Assembly. Senator Nyako is the vice-chairman, Culture and Tourism Committee and also Gas Committee of the 8th National Assembly.
	Nyako was elected as a senator into the 8th National Assembly under the All Progressives Congress (APC).
	Adamawa south Senatorial District covers seven local government areas.
	Abubakar started his primary education at Ganye 1 Primary School Ganye and completed it in 1975 before proceeding to North East College of Agricultural Science in Maiduguri and later proceeded to Ahmadu Bello University for both his Bachelors and master's degrees.
	Abubakar, won the 2015 Adamawa South Senatorial polls on the platform of the All Progressives Congress to emerge as the senator of the district.

= = = The Circular Staircase (film) = = =

	The Circular Staircase is a 1915 mystery silent film directed by Edward LeSaint and starring Guy Oliver, Eugenie Besserrer, and Stella Razeto. The film was produced by the Selig Polyscope Company. It is based on the mystery novel of the same name by Mary Roberts Rinehart, which was originally published in five parts starting with the November 1907 issue of "All-Story" magazine. The film is now lost.
	Halsey and Gertrude Innes, along with Gertrude's fiancé Jack Bailey, visit their Aunt Ray who is leasing banker Paul Armstrong's home for the summer. Aunt Ray finds Arnold Armstrong, Paul's son, dead at the foot of the staircase and suspicion falls on Jack since he is Arnold's business enemy. Lousie Armstrong, who is travelling with her dad, is found hiding and dazed. The house keeper, Mrs. Watson, develops blood poisoning and falls down the stairs. Soon after, news arrives from Armstrong's bank, which was recently robbed, that Armstrong has died. Mrs. Watson confesses to shooting Arnold because he had beat her with a golf club. Aunt Ray accidentally discovers Paul Armstrong hiding in a secret room and screams, alerting the others. Detective Jamieson and the new gardener Alex pursue Armstrong. During the chase, Armstrong slips and fatally falls down the stairs. It is revealed that Alex was actually Jack in disguise trying to clear his name. Gertrude embraces him, and Louise hugs Halsey.
	Mary Roberts Rinehart adapted "The Circular Staircase" into a play titled "The Bat" with Avery Hopwood. The play opened on August 23, 1920, at Morosco Theatre. It ran for 878 performances on Broadway before travelling to other cities as well. "The Bat" would spawn adaptations of its own, including a novel titled "The Bat" and three movies titled "The Bat" (1926), "The Bat Whispers" (1930), and "The Bat" (1959). In his autobiography, Bob Kane says that he got the inspiration for Batman from "The Bat."

= = = The Latvian Institute of International Affairs = = =

	The Latvian Institute of International Affairs () is a think tank in Latvia. Founded on May 20, 1992, the organization seeks to provide “Latvia's decision-makers, experts, and the wider public with analysis, recommendations, and information about international developments, regional security issues, and foreign policy strategy and choices”. They achieve this by publishing original research, hosting conferences, and partnering with other institutions in these tasks. Their research focuses on important topics such as Latvian foreign policy; transatlantic relations; European Union policies, including its neighborhood policy and Eastern Partnership; and multilateral and bilateral relations with Russia. The LIIA is a nonprofit and does not receive regular government funding. Its funding primarily comes from its partners for individual projects. While the LIIA is a non-governmental organization, they do advise the Latvian Parliament, as well as other decision-making bodies within and outside of Latvia. The current director (2011) of LIIA is Andris Sprūds. 
	The Latvian Institute of International Affairs was founded in 1992 by founder/former director Atis Lejiņš (1992-2011). Dr Andris Sprūds became director of the Latvian think thank in 2011, whilst Karlis Bukovskis is the current Deputy Director. The LIIA consists of 10 or more research fellows with expertise in varying fields such as; foreign policy and security issues, the dynamics of the European Union and EU external relations, transcontinental interconnectivity initiatives, including those of the New Silk Road. and Latvia's membership in the EU. There are also a number of associate research fellows at the institute. 
	The Latvian Institute of International Affairs focuses its efforts on publishing and presenting research, often in coordination with its partners. These events include the annual presentation and publication of the "Latvian Foreign and Security Policy Yearbook", launches for other books and collaborations with various embassies in Latvia, and the annual "Riga Dialogue Afterthoughts" conference. Frequent topics explored in these dialogues include the future of the EU, the future of NATO, and relations with Russia. Such gatherings provide opportunities for prominent political figures and thinkers in Europe to discuss current events and to foster cooperation with one another.
	One such effort is the New Silk Road Programme, launched in July 2017, it is led by Una Aleksandra Bērziņa-Čerenkova, Head of the New Silk Road programme. 
	In the context of the development of the New Silk Road interconnectivity initiatives, the LIIA New Silk Road Programme aims to:
	The LIIA is a member of numerous research networks and has many prominent partners. These research networks include:
	The Latvian Institute of International Affairs works in conjunction with the European partners mentioned below:
	These collaborative endeavours include research, seminars, conferences, lectures, and publications.

= = = Ahmad Badri Mohd Zahir = = =

	Ahmad Badri bin Mohd Zahir is the current Secretary-General of the Treasury of Malaysia. As secretary-general, Ahmad Badri also serves as Chairman of the Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia (LHDN), Retirement Fund (Incorporated) (KWAP) and the Public Sector Home Financing Board (LPPSA). He also currently sits on the board of directors of Permodalan Nasional Berhad (PNB), Central Bank of Malaysia (BNM), Tabung Haji and the "Perbadanan Insurans Deposit Malaysia" (PIDM) as an ex officio member. He also serves as a non-independent non-executive director at Tenaga Nasional.
	Ahmad Badri holds a Master of Business Administration (MBA) from the University of Hull, United Kingdom. He also obtained Diplomas in Land and Property Management from the MARA University of Technology and Public Administration from the National Institute of Public Administration (Malaysia) respectively.
	Ahmad Badri had served in various senior posts within the Ministry of Finance (Malaysia) for more than 20 years before being appointed as its secretary-general. His last post before being promoted was as deputy secretary-general (Management), succeeding Ismail Bakar, who was chosen to ascend to the office of Chief Secretary to the Government of Malaysia.

= = = Bala James Ngilari = = =

	Bala James Ngilari is a Nigerian lawyer and the governor of Adamawa State, Nigeria from October 2014 to May 2015. He was succeeded by Bindo Jibrilla, the winner of the 2015 Adamawa gubernatorial election. Ngilari was sentenced to five years in jail without option of fine by a Yola High court for corruption, but was soon afterward acquitted and freed by the Court of Appeals.

= = = Reebok Pro Summer League = = =

	The Reebok Pro Summer League, known originally as the Shaw's Pro Summer League, was a professional basketball developmental league hosted by the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA) during the league's off-season at Clark Athletic Center on the campus of the University of Massachusetts Boston. Founded in 1999, the league planned a 2004 season, but was forced to fold due to the 2004 Democratic National Convention, which was being held in Boston. From 1999 to 2002, the league was sponsored by grocery store chain Shaw's. In 2003, footwear and apparel company Reebok became the title sponsor of the league.
	The Shaw's Pro Summer League was announced in 1999 as an off-season development league hosted by the Boston Celtics at Clark Athletic Center on the campus of the University of Massachusetts Boston. Along with the Celtics, the league featured the Indiana Pacers, New Jersey Nets, New York Knicks, Philadelphia 76ers, Washington Wizards and Seattle SuperSonics. There was also a select team of members of the 1999 German men's national basketball team. Tickets for the league were $8, which was good for two games. Shaw's, a grocery store chain, gave away 11,000 tickets in conjunction with the United Way of Massachusetts Bay.
	In March 2000, the Boston Celtics announced the Shaw's Pro Summer League would return to the University of Massachusetts Boston campus from July 17 to July 24. Between July 18 and July 20 three games were broadcast on ESPN2. During the 2000 season, Shaw's sponsored the Shaw's Cup, which was an award given to the most valuable player in the league. The inaugural award was given to Desmond Mason of the Seattle SuperSonics. He was also named to the 2000 Shaw's Pro Summer League All-Tournament team, along with Shammond Williams, Michael Redd, Jumaine Jones and Jeff Foster. Williams, who also played for Seattle, led the league in scoring with 20.5 points per game, followed by Mason who averaged 18.2 points per game. The two led the SuperSonics to a 5–1 record, which was tied for first place with the Milwaukee Bucks.
	Philadelphia 76ers player Raja Bell won the 2001 Shaw's Cup, which was given to the league's most valuable player. He averaged 21.4 points per game and shot 61.5 percent from the field. Bell was also named to the Shaw's Pro Summer League All-League team along with teammate Jumaine Jones, Dion Glover of the Atlanta Hawks, Kwame Brown of the Washington Wizards and Joe Johnson of the Boston Celtics. The New Jersey Nets defeated the 76ers, 93–89 for the 2001 league title. The Nets had a 5–1 record.
	In 2002, the league featured ten teams—the host Boston Celtics, the Atlanta Hawks, Milwaukee Bucks, Minnesota Timberwolves, New Jersey Nets, New York Knicks, Orlando Magic, Philadelphia 76ers, San Antonio Spurs, and Washington Wizards. The 2002 Shaws Cup, which was awarded to the league's most valuable player, was won by Dion Glover of the Atlanta Hawks. He averaged 17.8 points per game in six games played. The Hawks had a perfect 6–0 record and were crowned league champions.
	Reebok became the league's title sponsor in 2003. That season, the league went from July 14 to July 20 and was again held at Clark Athletic Center Gymnasium at the University of Massachusetts Boston. NBA TV broadcast nine games from the Reebok Pro Summer League, starting with a July 16 game between the Celtics and San Antonio Spurs. Matt Devlin and Spero Dedes served as the play-by-play announcer and Bill Raftery and Sam Vincent were the color commentator. The league had unique rules that differed from regular season NBA rules. Quarters were limited from 12 to 10 minutes with three minute overtime periods if necessary, no mandatory timeouts (unless the game is broadcast on television), and the foul penalty was seven. No player was eligible to be fouled out, but after a player's sixth foul any subsequent fouls by that player would result in a single technical foul shot. Ten teams competed that year, with the San Antonio Spurs winning the league title with a 6–0 record.
	In 2003, John Salmons of the Philadelphia 76ers was named the league's Most Outstanding Player with an average of 19.6 points and 5.8 assists per game. Salmons was also named to the Reebok Pro Summer League First Team with Kedrick Brown and Brandon Hunter of the Boston Celtics, Devin Brown of the San Antonio Spurs and Donny Marshall of the New Jersey Nets. The second team consisted of Juan Dixon of the Washington Wizards, T.J. Ford of the Milwaukee Bucks, Marcus Banks of the Boston Celtics, Brian Scalabrine of the New Jersey Nets and Carlos Boozer of the Cleveland Cavaliers.
	The league planned to continue in 2004, but that year's Democratic National Convention was being held in Boston, and as a result hotel rooms were scarce. Warren LeGarie invited the Reebok Pro Summer League teams—the Boston Celtics, Cleveland Cavaliers, Denver Nuggets, Phoenix Suns, and Washington Wizards—to play in his upstart league, the Las Vegas Summer League. The league is now owned and run by the National Basketball Association.

= = = Lead Upturn 2016: The Showcase = = =

	Lead Upturn 2016 ～The Showcase～ (stylized as "Lead Upturn 2016 ～THE SHOWCASE～") is the thirteenth concert video released by the Japanese hip-hop group Lead. The video was released on December 21, 2016. It took the #57 spot during its first week on the Oricon DVD charts and remained on the charts for two weeks.
	The tour corresponded with their seventh studio album, "The Showcase", along with songs from previous albums, including "Virgin Blue" from "4" (2006) and the then-unreleased song "Dilemma", which would later be released on a future single.
	"Lead Upturn 2016 ～The Showcase～" is the thirteenth concert video released by the Japanese hip-hop group Lead. The video was released on December 21, 2016 on both DVD and Blu-ray. It took #57 on the Oricon DVD charts and #90 on the Oricon Blu-ray charts, remaining on the charts for two weeks and one week respectively.
	The DVD included a collection of MCs showing off their skills, while the Blu-ray carried behind-the-scene footage of the tour's finale. For those who purchased the concert video, there was one of two probable items: a ticket to Lead's New Year's Party in Tokyo in January, or a special tour good.
	The tour became their first in four years to correspond with the release of an album, their previous being "", corresponding with their seventh studio album "The Showcase".
	With the album having been put together in order the group intended to perform the songs, most of the tracks were performed in the order released, only broken up occasionally by songs from singles released throughout the era. The concept of the tour was to give the members a challenge, whereas they performed various genres previously unreleased. The group only performed two songs outside of those released post "Now or Never" through "The Showcase"; the song "Virgin Blue" from the album "4" (2006), and their then-unreleased song "Dilemma", which would later be released on their 2017 single "Tokyo Fever". 
	The performance utilized on the DVD and Blu-ray was of their finale at Nakano Sun Plaza in Nakano, Tokyo on September 10, 2016.

= = = Navapur railway station = = =

	Navapur railway station is located on Gujarat-Maharashtra state border in Navapur town of Nandurbar district, Maharashtra. Its code is NWU. It has three platforms. Passenger, MEMU, Express and Superfast trains halt here.
	The following trains halt at Navapur railway station in both directions:

= = = Cammock's Hotel = = =

	Cammock's Hotel, at 28 N. Main St. in Lodge Grass, Montana, dates from 1920. Also known as the Old REA Building, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.
	It is a two-story brick building which was built by Edward Cammocks in 1920. It later served the Rural Electric Association.

= = = Prunus beccarii = = =

	Prunus beccarii is a species of "Prunus" native to Borneo with a few sterile specimens discovered on Sumatra. It is a tree reaching 27m and can be distinguished from similar species by the absence of any basal leaf glands but the presence of a large hollow gland in its stipules. Among the Penan people it is called betolei, a name they also give to the much more common "Prunus arborea".

= = = Perry Richards = = =

	Perry Richards (January 14, 1934 – July 16, 2008) was an American football end. He played for the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1957, Detroit Lions in 1958, Chicago Cardinals in 1959, St. Louis Cardinals in 1960, Buffalo Bills in 1961 and for the New York Titans in 1962.

= = = HK01 = = =

	HK01 () is a Hong Kong-based online news portal launched by Yu Pun-hoi, a former editor of the "Ming Pao". It is operated by HK01 Company Limited (), established on 10 June 2015. The website went live on 11 January 2016. The company has a staff of approximately 700.
	HK01 publishes a weekly paper every Friday, the first edition of which was released on 11 March 2016.
	In 2017, HK01 was criticised by the Hong Kong Journalists Association (HKJA) for deleting an article covering release of new details of the Tiananmen Square massacre by the UK Government Archives shortly after the article's publication. Pressure from founder Yu Pun-hoi was suspected to have motivated the removal. The article was later republished with a rebuttal, saying that mistakes had been made when verifying the information contained in the original version and denying there had been self-censorship.
	In 2018, HK01 was again criticised by the HKJA over its tagging an article it published about Taiwanese independence with an anti-independence disclaimer. The company maintains a black-list containing pro-independence parties and groups in Hong Kong whose events it will not attend, with whom it will not form partnerships, and from whom it will accept advertising.

= = = Yuat = = =

	Yuat may refer to:

= = = Universal Dependencies = = =

	Universal Dependencies, frequently abbreviated as UD, is an international cooperative project to create treebanks of the world's languages. The treebanks are openly accessible and available for all purposes having to do with automated text processing in the field of NLP (natural language processing) and for research into natural language syntax and grammar, especially with respect to typological studies. The UD webpage introduces UD's development and goals as follows:
	Evident in this passage is that the UD annotation scheme uses a representation in the form of dependency trees (as opposed to a phrase structure trees). Annotation is supposed to occur in a consistent manner cross-linguistically, using similar analyses for neighboring constructions whenever possible. At the present time (February 2019), there are just over 100 treebanks of more than 70 languages available in the UD inventory.
	The UD annotation scheme produces syntactic analyses of sentences in terms of the dependencies of dependency grammar. Each dependency is characterized in terms of a syntactic function, which is shown using a label on the dependency edge. For example:
	This analysis shows that "she", "him", and "a note" are dependents of the "left". The pronoun "she" is identified as a nominal subject (nsubj), the pronoun "him" as an indirect object (iobj) and the noun phrase "a note" as a direct object (obj) -- there is a further dependency that connects "a" to "note", although it is not shown. A second example:
	This analysis identifies "it" as the subject (nsubj), "is" as the copula (cop), and "for" as a case marker (case), all of which are shown as dependents of the root word "her", which is a pronoun. The next example includes an expletive and an oblique object:
	This analysis identifies "there" as an expletive (expl), "food" as a nominal subject (nsubj), "kitchen" as an oblique object (obl), and "in" as a case marker (case) -- there is also a dependency connecting "the" to "kitchen", but it is not shown. Note that the copula "is" in this case is positioned as the root of the sentence, a fact that is contrary to how the copula is analyzed in the second example just above, where it is positioned as a dependent of the root.
	The examples of UD annotation just provided can of course give only an impression of the nature of the UD project and its annotation scheme. The emphasis for UD is on producing cross-linguistically consistent dependency analyses in order to facilitate structural parallelism across diverse languages. To this end, UD uses a universal POS tagset for all languages -- although a given language does not have to make use of each tag. More specific information can be added to each word by means of a free morpho-syntactic feature set. The universal labels of dependency links can be specified with secondary relations, which are indicated as a secondary label behind a colon, e.g. nsubj:pass, following the "universal:extension" format.
	Within the dependency grammar community, the UD annotation scheme is controversial. The main bone of contention concerns the analysis of function words. UD chooses to subordinate function words to content words, a practice that is contrary to most works in the tradition of dependency grammar. To briefly illustrate this controversy, UD would produce the following structural analysis of the sentence given:
	This example is taken from the article here. An alternative convention for showing dependencies is now used, different from the convention above. Since the syntactic functions are not important for the point at hand, they are excluded from this structural analysis. What is important is the manner in which this UD analysis subordinates the auxiliary verb "will" to the content verb "say", the preposition "to" to the pronoun "you", the subordinator "that" to the content verb "likes", and the particle "to" to the content verb "swim". 
	A more traditional dependency grammar analysis of this sentence, one that is motivated more by syntactic considerations than by semantic ones, looks like this:
	This traditional analysis subordinates the content verb "say" to the auxiliary verb "will", the pronoun "you" to the preposition "to", the content verb "likes" to the subordinator "that", and the content verb "swim" to the participle "to".

= = = Henry Barker (canon) = = =

	Henry Barker (1657–1740) BA DD was Canon of Westminster from 1714 until 1740.
	The Rev Dr Henry Barker, born in 1657, was the son of the Rev Joseph Barker of Sherborne in Dorset. He was educated at Sherborne and Trinity College, Oxford, awarded a BA in 1676 and becoming a Doctor of Divinity in 1713 . 
	Dr Barker was Rector of Rotherfield Greys, Oxfordshire, before being made a prebendary Canon of Westminster in 1716. He remained a prebendary of Westminster until his death in 1740. He is buried in the south transept of Westminster Abbey where his memorial is inscribed, 'Dr Harry Barker, prebendary of this Collegiate Church, died on he 5th day of September in the year of Our Lord 1740 aged 87'.
	Dr Barker lived in one of the houses abutting on the north side of the nave of Westminster Abbey. These houses were demolished soon after his death. He never married and left his estate to his servant, widow Lake Chapman, and her family. 

= = = Zone 18, Qatar = = =

	Zone 18 is a zone of the municipality of Ad Dawhah in the state of Qatar. The main districts recorded in the 2015 population census were As Salatah and Al Mirqab.
	The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) breaks down land use in the zone as follows.

= = = Pittosporum mackeei = = =

	Pittosporum mackeei is a species of plant in the Pittosporaceae family. It is endemic to New Caledonia.
	The species epithet, "mackeei", honours Hugh Shaw MacKee, a botanist who collected for over 30 years in New Caledonia, and who collected the type specimen in the high valley of la Tchamba at an altitude of 150 metres on 10 May 1967.
	"P. mackeei" flowers and fruits in March, April and May. The inflorescences consist of white flowers, forming an umbel and may be axillary or terminal.
	Its fruits are bivalve capsules, which are smooth or weakly warty.
	"Pittosporum mackeei" is an endangered species due to habitat loss.
	"Pittosporum mackeei" is an uncommon small tree, which occurs exclusively in the Ponérihouen area of New Caledonia at an altitude of 100 to 500 metres above sea level. Its area of occupancy is equal to 20 km² and its extent of occurrence to 428 km². It occurs in just five subpopulations each of which is threatened by Rusa Deer ("Rusa timorensis"). This deer is an invasive species thoroughly adapted to the ecosystems of New Caledonia, and the cause of the continuous decline in habitat quality of "P. mackeei" and other endemic plant species of New Caledonia's humid forests.

= = = Congress Party Alliance = = =

	The Congress Party Alliance (CPA; ) is a political party in the Republic of China. The party was established on 18 October 2018 during its inaugural meeting in Taipei City. The Central Party Department is located in the Zhongzheng District of Taipei City. The CPA elected Wujue Miaotian as the first party chairman at the first National Party Congress, and the party was approved by the Ministry of the Interior on 29 November of the same year. The Minkuotang merged into the CPA on 25 January 2019, becoming the first instance of a political party merger in the history of the Republic of China.
	The CPA intends to reform the government system, reform and opening up, guarantee the people's freedom and social welfare, actively develop various economic construction, create an affluent life for the whole people; promote political party cooperation, promote cross-strait peace and development, and build Taiwan as its purpose.
	The CPA said that the ruling party must abandon the ideology of the individual or the party itself in thinking about cross-strait relations, and seek the people's well-being and public opinion as the highest principle of decision-making. It is a government responsible for the people. The two sides of the strait should have more exchanges and interactions outside of political issues. At the same time, the Chinese mainland should respect and accept Taiwan's public opinion and work together for cross-strait peace.

= = = Zone 25, Qatar = = =

	Zone 25 is a zone of the municipality of Ad Dawhah in the state of Qatar. The main districts recorded in the 2015 population census were Fereej Bin Durham and Al Mansoura.
	The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) breaks down land use in the zone as follows.

= = = Amélie Oudéa-Castéra = = =

	Amélie Oudéa-Castéra (born 9 April 1978) is a French businesswoman and former professional tennis player.
	Born in Paris, Castéra was the 14 and under Junior Orange Bowl champion in 1992. She was a girls' singles semi-finalist at the 1993 US Open, 1994 French Open and 1994 Wimbledon Championships.
	As a professional player she reached a best singles ranking of 251 in the world. Castéra competed as a wildcard in the women's singles main draw at the 1994 French Open, where she lost in the first round to Sabine Appelmans. On the WTA Tour she qualified for two tournaments, the 1994 Internationaux de Strasbourg and 1995 Eastbourne International.
	Castéra is the head of e-commerce, data and digital at French retailer Carrefour and is a former senior executive at insurance firm AXA. She married to banker Frédéric Oudéa, who is the CEO of Société Générale.

= = = John Wang Renlei = = =

	John Wang Renlei (; born April 1970) is a Chinese Catholic priest and the current Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Xuzhou from 2011.
	Wang was born in Weishan County, Shandong, in April 1970, to a Catholic family. He is the third of three brothers. He graduated from the National Seminary of Catholic Church in China in May 1996. He was ordained a priest in August 1996. In August of the same year, Joseph Liu Yuanren, the former chairman of the Chinese Catholic Church and then Bishop of Nanjing Diocese, consecrated him as a priest. From August 1996 to January 2005, he served in the Fengxian Catholic Church. On November 30, 2006, he was elected Coadjutor bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Xuzhou. In 2011 he became Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Xuzhou. At the beginning of 2012, he reconciled with the Holy See, which recognized him as the rightful Ordinary.

= = = IDV = = =

	IDV or IdV may refer to:

= = = Zone 28, Qatar = = =

	Zone 28 is a zone of the municipality of Ad Dawhah in the state of Qatar. The main districts recorded in the 2015 population census were Al Khulaifat and Ras Abu Aboud.
	The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) breaks down land use in the zone as follows.

= = = Dondaicha railway station = = =

	Dondaicha railway station is located in Dondaicha town of Dhule district, Maharashtra. Its code is DDE. It has two platforms. Passenger, MEMU, Express and Superfast trains halt here.
	The following trains halt at Dondaicha railway station in both directions:

= = = St. Joseph's Catholic Church (Washington, D.C.) = = =

	St. Joseph's Catholic Church, also commonly known as St. Joseph's on Capitol Hill, is a parish of the Roman Catholic Church in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Washington, D.C., in the Archdiocese of Washington. The church is located less than half a mile from the United States Capitol Building and United States Supreme Court Building.
	The church was founded by German immigrants. On October 25, 1868 when a reported crowd of 20,000 people, including President Andrew Johnson, came to lay the cornerstone. The architect was from Cologne, Germany and modeled St. Joseph's design after the Cologne Cathedral. The church was constructed of brown stone from Hershey, Pennsylvania and cost $75,000 to build. It was dedicated on January 18, 1891. Masses were originally said in Latin (as it was everywhere before 1964) with homilies in German until Italian immigrant stonemasons working on expansion of the Capitol began joining the congregation. The church underwent an extensive renovation and restoration beginning in 2002.
	The church's proximity to the Supreme Court, Capitol, and congressional office buildings have attracted many members of Congress, congressional staffers, and Supreme Court justices to daily Mass. St. Joseph is located on the Senate side of the Capitol, and is commonly known as the Senate church, while its counterpart on the House side of the Capitol, St. Peter's, is commonly known as the House church. Those known to attend daily Mass at St. Joseph's include Senator John E. Kenna, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, Senator Ted Kennedy, and Antonin Scalia. In 2017, the church began holding an annual "Gold Mass" for congressional staffers.

= = = Zone 32, Qatar = = =

	Zone 28 is a zone of the municipality of Ad Dawhah in the state of Qatar. The main districts recorded in the 2015 population census were Madinat Khalifa North and Dahl Al Hamam.
	The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) breaks down land use in the zone as follows.

= = = Neva Walker = = =

	Neva Walker (born December 14, 1971) is an American politician who served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from district 61B from 2001 to 2009.

= = = Hapi House! = = =

	Hapi House! is a family situational comedy television series in the Philippines that was aired on IBC from 1987 to 1990. It starred Tito Sotto, Sandy Andolong, Chuckie Dreyfus, Isabel Granada, Laura Hermosa and Aga Muhlach. It was a Filipino version of American sitcom, "Our House".
	Reruns of the series was aired on IBC from February 11 to July 19, 2019.

= = = Zone 37, Qatar = = =

	Zone 37 is a zone of the municipality of Ad Dawhah in the state of Qatar. The main districts recorded in the 2015 population census were Fereej Bin Omran, New Al Hitmi, and Hamad Medical City.
	The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) breaks down land use in the zone as follows.

= = = Zone 39, Qatar = = =

	Zone 39 is a zone of the municipality of Ad Dawhah in the state of Qatar. The main districts recorded in the 2015 population census were Al Sadd, New Al Mirqab, and Fereej Al Nasr.
	The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) breaks down land use in the zone as follows.

= = = Sindkheda railway station = = =

	Sindkheda railway station is located near Sindkheda town of Dhule district, Maharashtra. Its code is SNK. It has two platforms. Passenger, MEMU, Express and Superfast trains halt here.
	The following trains halt at Sindkheda railway station in both directions:

= = = Zone 50, Qatar = = =

	Zone 50 is a zone of the municipality of Ad Dawhah in the state of Qatar.
	The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) breaks down land use in the zone as follows.

= = = Zone 58, Qatar = = =

	Zone 58 is a zone of the municipality of Ad Dawhah in the state of Qatar.
	The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) breaks down land use in the zone as follows.

= = = Nardana railway station = = =

	Nardana railway station is located near Nardana town of Dhule district, Maharashtra. Its code is NDN. It has three platforms. Passenger and Express trains halt here.
	The following trains halt at Nardana railway station in both directions:

= = = Zone 61, Qatar = = =

	Zone 61 is a zone of the municipality of Ad Dawhah in the state of Qatar. The main districts recorded in the 2015 population census were Al Dafna and Al Qassar.
	The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) breaks down land use in the zone as follows.

= = = Nandita Palshetkar = = =

	Nandita Palshetkar (born October 30, 1963) is a medical director and IVF & Infertility specialist in India. Dr Nandita Palshetkar is the president of Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India (FOGSI) elected in 2019. She is also the 1st vice president of FOGSI.
	Indian television producer, film producer and director Ekta Kapoor successfully get a baby through egg freezing under the consultation of Dr. Nandita Palshetkar.
	Former Miss world Diana Hayden gave birth to a baby through egg freezing under the consultation of Dr. Nandita Palshetkar.
	She is the IVF and Infertility director at Eight Bloom IVF centers in India including Fortis Bloom IVF Centers (New Delhi, Gurgaon, Chandigarh, Mumbai), Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre Mumbai, PalshetkarPatil Nursing Home Mumbai, D.Y. Patil Medical College and Sakra World Hospital Bangalore.
	Dr Nandita is also an invited speaker and faculty since 1994 on various events, hospitals and medical institutions in India.
	Nandita was born to Patil family in 1963. Her father D.Y. Patil was the governor of Bihar and west Bengal from Nationalist Congress Party.
	She did her schooling from Hill Grange High School, Mumbai. She was A grade student and her keen interest in athletics and won the best athlete award at the school. She did her MBBS and MD from Grant Medical College, Mumbai.
	After her post graduation she further specialized in IVF & Micro-manipulation and PGD from the University of Ghent, Belgium, Alpha School of Embryology Naples, OVERIAN TISSUE FREEZING Copenhagen, Denmark. She researched on various topics of IVF & Infertility during her specialization. Her research also includes Embryo transfer.
	Dr Nandita started ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection) for males with low sperm count in 1996 first time in India. She introduced Assisted Laser hatching and blastocyst culture for improving pregnancy rates at the Lilavati Hospital, Mumbai, 1998.
	She achieved birth by combining Egg donation and Surrogacy i.e. child with 3 mothers in the year 2004. Dr Nandita introduced Spindle view technology to increase ICSI pregnancy rates in 2005 and introduced oocyte freezing & Embryo freezing by vitrification in 2006. She did ovarian tissue freezing for young women undergoing Chemo/radiation in 2007.
	Dr Nandita is the very first doctor in India who introduced Intracytoplasmic Morphologically Selected Sperm Injection (IMSI) in 2008 and introduced INVO first time in India, In Vivo Vaginal Culture in 2008.
	Nandita Palshetkar did installation of IVF-Metabolomics Machine first time in Asia & Fifth in the World at Lilavati Hospital IVF Centre, Mumbai in 2010. She also introduced Embryoscope at Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai in 2012 and Spindle Check technology in 2017.
	Dr Nandita Palshetkar is actively involved in Social & Community Services. During her tenure as President of MOGS, she along with the help of the council, has been in charge of organising and executing educational awareness activities for the young, conducting "Pap smear Camps" across the city, working at a grass root with NGOS such as Salam Balak Trust, and Sneha Foundation.
	Nandita has also been actively involved in the Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan launched by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India to provide fixed day assured, comprehensive and quality antenatal care to pregnant women on 9th of every month.
	She has been instrumental in organizing various rural health Camps & Organ donation Drives. Her role in the ARMMAN Project in collaboration with ARMMAN in creating programs for antenatal care for pregnant women with HIV.
	Dr Nandita supported ‘She’s Ambassador’ Programme 2017 a PVR Nest initiative which was designed to develop leadership skills and increase health awareness among the girls. The program has inspired over 50,000 girls from 50 Schools across Mumbai to bring change within themselves and their communities and act as “Health Ambassadors” for others.

= = = Cross-country skiing at the 1968 Winter Olympics – Men's 50 kilometre = = =

	The men's 50 kilometre cross-country skiing competition at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France, was held on Saturdayday 17 February at Autrans. Kalevi Oikarainen of Finland was the 1970 World champion and Sixten Jernberg of Sweden was the defending champion from the 1964 Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria.
	Each skier started at half a minute intervals, skiing the entire 50 kilometre course. Of the 51 athletes who started the race, 4 did not finish. 
	Ole Ellefsæter of Norway took his second gold medal of the Games after being a part of Norway's winning team in the 4×10 kilometre relay earlier in the games.

= = = Zone 66, Qatar = = =

	Zone 66 is a zone of the municipality of Ad Dawhah in the state of Qatar. The main districts recorded in the 2015 population census were Onaiza, Leqtaifiya, and Al Qassar.
	The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) breaks down land use in the zone as follows.

= = = .224 Valkyrie = = =

	The 224 Valkyrie cartridge is a .22 caliber rimless bottlenecked intermediate rifle cartridge, developed by Federal Premium Ammunition to rival the performance of the .22 Nosler, while still compatible with modern sporting rifles.
	In order to fill a need for a long range "small platform" Modern Sporting Rifle, Federal took their proven 6.8 SPC case and necked it down to utilize a .224 diameter projectile. Prior to this, the ability to compete at long range (1000+ yards) was dominated in competition by the large-frame MSR's, primarily in .308 Winchester and 6.5mm Creedmoor.
	There are several loads available for this cartridge from the factory.
	Those loads include a 60 grain Nosler ballistic tip with a velocity of 3300 ft./s and a G1 BC (ballistic coefficient) of .270. This round was also one of the original four.
	Berger Gold Medal .224 Valkyrie loaded with a Berger boat-tailed (BT) target 80.5 grain bullet with a velocity of 2925 ft./s and a BC of .441 in G1 format and a G7 of .226.
	Barnes TSX .224 Valkyrie. This cartridge is loaded with an all copper hollow point 78 grain Barnes Triple-Shock X bullet with a velocity of 2850 ft./s and a G1 BC of .383. In states that do not allow lead projectiles to be used for hunting purposes this would be an Excellent choice since it is all copper and retains near 100% percent of its weight upon impact.
	Federal Gold Medal Sierra Match King .224 Valkyrie was one of the original four loads offered by Federal Premium Ammunition. The 90 grain Sierra Match King has a very high ballistic coefficient at .563 G1 BC and .274 G7 BC because its very heavy (and thus long) for its caliber. This high BC allows the bullet to resist wind effects better, while its mass makes it retain velocity longer. It has a rated velocity of 2700 ft./s. The 90 grain Sierra Match King had a rough launch however, with inconsistency in the ammunition produced by Federal. To Federal's credit, they have since rectified the inconsistency problems with a second generation 90 grain Sierra Match King load which seems to have fixed the problems with the previous generation. This round is intended for use in PRS (Precision Rifle Series) and similar small frame AR rifles.
	Federal Fusion MSR .224 Valkyrie 90 grain. This particular cartridges is interesting in the fact that it was originally supposed to be 100 grains However it had stability problems in 1:7 twist barrels, hence the change to a 90 grain bullet. Recently there has been a trend towards 1:6.5 twist barrels that may be able to stabilize the 100 grain bullets, leading to some speculation that they may return to production. Its velocity is 2700 ft./s and a G1 BC of .424. This particular cartridge is meant for hunting medium game such as white-tail and black-tail deer, prong-horn antelope, and feral hogs.
	Federal Varmint and Predator .224 Valkyrie. This cartridge is loaded with a Hornady 60 grain V-MAX Bullet with a velocity of 3300 ft./s and G1 BC of .265 and is intended for, as the name suggests, varmints and predators such as coyotes.
	American Eagle Rifle .224 Valkyrie. This cartridge is the plinking/economy cartridge of .224 Valkyrie with a full metal jacket 75 grain bullet traveling 3000 ft./s with a G1 BC of .400. It is one of the original four loads released for the .224 Valkyrie.
	Hornady .224 Valkyrie 88 grain ELD Match. This is Hornady's extended range cartridge firing a 88 grain ELD match bullet at a velocity of 2675 ft./s and has a BC of .545 (G1) and .274 (G7). This bullet is meant for long range target shooting and competition.
	Hornady .224 Valkyrie 75 grain BTHP Hornady Black. This cartridge fires a 75 grain BTHP bullet at a velocity of 3000 ft./s and a G1 BC of .395. This cartridge is meant to be used in target/competition shooting.
	Hornady .224 Valkyrie 60 grain V-MAX Varmint Express. Not to be confused with Federal's 60 grain V-MAX (which uses the same bullet), the specifications from both manufacturers are the same.
	Precision Rifle Series competitors benefit from having a bolt action rifle and MSR platform rifle in a common caliber.

= = = Kodie Curran = = =

	Kodie Curran (born December 18, 1989) is a Canadian ice hockey defenceman playing for Rögle BK of the Swedish Hockey League. Before starting his professional career, Curran played five seasons at the University of Calgary.
	He won the Danish cup with Esbjerg Energy in the 2016–17 season. The following season he moved to Storhamar Ishockey in Norway. He was named captain of the team in November when Patrick Thoresen transferred to SKA Saint Petersburg. Storhamar won the league and the cup, and Curran was named player of the year.

= = = Poinciana (Nick Brignola album) = = =

	Poinciana is an album by baritone saxophonist Nick Brignola which was recorded in 1997 and released on the Reservoir label.
	The AllMusic review by Mark Romano said "these are the best renderings of a true baritone sax artist. The title cut on this album is worth the price of admission alone ... unforgettable and to be reckoned with. There's hard bop and swing here, too ... Brignola had an uncanny ability to combine his muscular phrasing with a supreme sensitivity. Nick Brignola never got the recognition that he deserved while alive, which is common with jazz musicians. But that doesn't mean that their work won't live forever in the form of recorded music. Highly recommended for jazz fans and listeners who want to go beyond musical categories". In JazzTimes, Sid Gribetz noted "Brignola plays with staggering virility and facile expertise on the sometimes cumbersome bari, and he produces a sound that is silky smooth and possessed of honest emotion".

= = = Zone 68, Qatar = = =

	Zone 68 is a zone of the municipality of Ad Dawhah in the state of Qatar. The main districts recorded in the 2015 population census were Jelaiah, Al Tarfa, and Jeryan Nejaima.
	The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) breaks down land use in the zone as follows.

= = = Shivani Vasagam Wedanayake = = =

	Shivani Vasagam Wedanayake (born 25 February 1971) is a Sri Lankan model, beauty queen and entrepreneur.
	Wedanayake (née Vasagam) is the daughter of the acclaimed cinematographer A. V. M. Vasagam whose films "Shri 293", "Chandiya", "Dupathega Putha", "Dheewarayo" and "Vaadai Kaatru" were box office hits in the 1960s. His early education in cinematography was at the University of Mysoor, Karnataka, India and he was given a scholarship by the French government to study film direction in the 1960s. Wedanayake forayed into the fashion and beauty industry encouraged by her father to follow the tradition in the entertainment and field of arts. She is also a published poet with the National Library of North American poets.
	Wedanayake educated at Bishop's College, Colombo started her career as a model in 1991 when a fashion photographer discovered her while walking in her home town of Colombo. Having persuaded her to model, she enrolled herself in Senaka De Silva school of Catwalk and Photographic modeling and embarked on a successful career as a fashion and photographic model.
	She won the Model of the Year in 1992, which established her as a supermodel. She has modeled for Senaka De Silva, Lou Ching Wong, Chrys Fernandopulle, Dinesh Chandrasena, Andre Estefan, Dhammika Amerasekera, Mangala Innocence, Mariposa, Odel, Buddhi Batiks Eric sooriyasena amongst others and was a Fit model for Victoria’s Secret.
	Having established as a front runner she was invited to open many shows and was the most photographed cover girl in the country in the 1990s. Through the ‘Shades of Sri Lanka’ fashion show she has travelled to Belgium, Italy, France, Abu Dhabi, Oman promoting Sri Lanka’s Batiks, Silks and Handlooms industries as a model. She also modeled for Tex Linen in India as a print model.
	Her work as a print and television model included fronting the Odel Elephant orphanage, Axe Oil, Lakme cold cream, Lipton Tea promotion and Janome sewing machine working with leading photographers in the country including Gamini Saparamadu and Athula Mahawalage.
	Wedanayake was invited to represent her country at the Miss. Asia Pacific Quest held in Manila, Philippines in 1993. 
	Wedanayake competed for the Miss Universe Sri Lanka in 1995 pageant was held on 2 April 1995 at Kings Court, Trans Asia Hotel (now Cinnamon Lakeside),and won the competition and the right to represent her country at the 44th Miss Universe pageant held on 12 May 1995 at the Windhoek country club and resort , Namibia. She received 9.13 for interview, 9.11 for evening gown during the preliminaries and was placed 22nd out of 82 countries.
	In 1999 she took part in the Mrs. Sri Lanka and won the title of Mrs. World Sri Lanka held on 30 October 1999 at BMICH, and competed at the Mrs. World pageant held in Jerusalem, Israel. She competed with 48 countries and won the 4th runner-up place at the Mrs. World.
	Wedanayake co-founded WEB Syndicate, Sri Lanka’s pioneer web design and development company with the birth of the Internet in 1996. Having established as a leader in the country the company provided cutting edge technology for exporters Ceyon black tea, hotels such as the Confifi Group, conglomerates including the Stassen Group and multi-nationals Unilever through the World Wide Web. The company was the first to design, develop and deploy the country’s fully integrated shopping cart facility for Dilmah tea and the first to build their fully owned state of the art design studio.

= = = 2018–19 Icelandic Men's Basketball Cup = = =

	The 2018–2019 Bikarkeppni karla, named Geysisbikarinn for sponsorship reasons, was the 53rd edition of the Icelandic Men's Basketball Cup, won by Stjarnan against Njarðvík. The competition was managed by the Icelandic Basketball Federation and the final four was held in Reykjavík, in the Laugardalshöll in February 2019, and was broadcast live on RÚV. Brandon Rozzell was named the Cup Finals MVP after turning in 30 points and 4 assists.
	Twenty-nine teams signed up for the Cup tournament.

= = = 2019–20 Coupe de France Preliminary Rounds, Overseas departments and territories = = =

	The 2019–20 Coupe de France Preliminary Rounds, Overseas departments and territories are the qualifying competitions to decide which teams from the leagues of the overseas departments and territories of France take part in the main competition from the seventh round. Separate qualifying competitions take place in Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Mayotte, Réunion (including Saint Martin) and Saint Pierre and Miquelon. Two teams from each of the qualifying competitions of Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique and Réunion are included in the seventh round draw, as is one team from the qualifying competition of Mayotte. The winning team from the Saint Pierre and Miquelon qualifying competition is placed into one of the mainland Regional qualifying competitions at the third round stage.
	In 2018–19, Aiglon du Lamentin from Martinique were the longest surviving in the main competition, reaching the round of 64 before losing to Orléans after extra time.
	The draw was originally made on 14 February 2019, with a total of 48 clubs participating from Régionale 1, Régional 2 and Régionale 3 divisions. This draw was subsequently cancelled, and replaced on 20 February 2019 with an expanded draw involving 65 clubs, including teams from Régionale 4. To achieve this, a preliminary round with one match was required. Note that the Mayotte League continue to refer to this as the first round.
	The second round draw was published on 19 April 2019, with 16 ties being drawn.
	The third round draw was published on 4 June 2019, with 8 ties being drawn.
	The fourth round draw was published on 16 July 2019, with 4 ties being drawn.
	The fifth round draw was published on 16 August 2019, with 2 ties being drawn.
	The details of the sixth round match were published on 8 October 2019.
	This match was played on 27 February 2019.
	These matches were played on 20 and 27 March 2019.
	These matches were played on 4 May 2019, with one rescheduled for 10 June 2019.
	These matches were played between 22 and 29 June 2019.
	These matches were played on 3 August 2019.
	These matches were played on 14 September 2019, with one replayed on 29 September 2019.
<onlyinclude>This match was played on 12 October 2019.
</onlyinclude>
	The draw for the competition was made on 12 April 2019, with a total of 42 clubs participating from Régionale 1 and Régional 2 divisions. To achieve the required outcome of two clubs qualifying for the seventh round, a total of five rounds are required. To align with the other qualifying competitions, this competition starts at the second round. The 14 Régionale 1 clubs and 8 of the Régionale 2 clubs were exempted to the third round.
	Rounds three to six were straight knockouts, each drawn in two groups, to produce one winning team who would play in the seventh round at home and one winning team who would travel to France.
	These matches were played on 20 and 21 April 2019. with one rescheduled for 2 June 2019. 
	These matches were played between 1 and 7 June 2019.
	These matches were played on 18 August 2019.
	These matches are scheduled to be played on 14, 15 and 25 September 2019.
<onlyinclude>These matches were played on 27 October 2019.
</onlyinclude>
	The initial draw was made on 8 July 2019, with a total of 32 teams competing from Régionale 1 and Régionale 2 divisions.
	The draw for the fourth round was published on 16 September 2019. Eight ties were drawn.
	The draw for the fifth round was published on 30 September 2019. Four ties were drawn.
	The draw for the sixth round was published on 16 October 2019. The two final ties were drawn, the winners of which qualify for the seventh round.
	This season, the preliminary rounds start with the third round, due to the number of teams entered.
	These matches were played between 21 and 25 August 2019, with two rearranged for 7 September 2019 and one rearranged for 14 September.
	These matches were played between 18 and 21 September 2019.
	These matches were played on 5 October 2019.
<onlyinclude>These matches were played on 25 and 26 October 2019.
</onlyinclude>
	A total of 52 teams from the three Régionale divisions entered the competition. Twelve teams (eleven from Régionale 1 and one from Régionale 2) were awarded a bye in the opening round, leaving 20 ties involving 40 teams. Only 19 were played, with the tie between Olympique Le Marin and AS Silver Star being void due to AS Silver Star withdrawing. 
	In the third round, the 19 winners were joined by AS Silver Star plus the twelve original byes, with 16 ties drawn. In the fourth round, eight ties were drawn.
	The fifth round draw was made on 30 September 2019, with four ties drawn.
	The sixth round draw was made on 12 October 2019, with two ties drawn.
	This season, the preliminary rounds start with the second round, due to the number of clubs entered.
	These matches were played between 24 and 31 August 2019.
	These matches were played between 13 and 15 September 2019.
	These matches were played on 24 and 25 September 2019.
	These matches were played on 4 and 5 October 2019.
<onlyinclude>These matches were played on 23 October 2019.
</onlyinclude>
	The draw for the opening round was made on 10 August 2019, with a total of 52 clubs participating. To align with the other qualifying competitions, this competition started at the second round. Twelve clubs from the Régional 1 division were exempted to the third round.
	The sixteen ties of the third round were drawn on 3 September 2019. The fourth round draw, with eight ties, followed on 20 September 2019. The draw for the fifth round was made at the start of October 2019.. The sixth round was drawn in the week of 25 October 2019.. The sixth round was drawn in the week of 25 October 2019.</ref>
	This season, the preliminary rounds start with the second round, due to the number of clubs entering.
	These matches were played between 31 August and 10 September 2019.
	These matches were played between 13 and 15 September 2019, with two postponed until 28 September 2019.
	These matches were played on 28 and 29 September 2019, with the exception of two games which were dependent on late games in the previous round, and are scheduled to be played on 6 and 9 October 2019.
	These matches were played on 16 and 19 October 2019.
<onlyinclude>These matches were played on 26 and 27 October 2019.
</onlyinclude>
	Following a debut last year the Overseas Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon had a qualifying competition again. With only three teams in the collectivity, there is just one match in each of two rounds, with one team receiving a bye to the second round. The winner, AS Îlienne Amateurs, gained entry to the third round draw of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.
	The match was played on 19 June 2019.
	The match was played on 3 July 2019.

= = = Sacred Heart Cathedral (Xuzhou) = = =

	The Sacred Heart Cathedral () also known as the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Xuzhou, China. It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Xuzhou. The cathedral is located at 216 Youth Road. 
	Construction of the Sacred Heart Cathedral, designed by German Catholic clergyman Joseph Wu, commenced in 1908 and was completed in 1910.
	In November 1987, it has been categorized as a municipal level cultural unit by the Xuzhou Municipal Government. It was renovated and refurbished in 1992. In April 1995, it has been designated as a provincial level cultural heritage conservation unit by the Jiangsu Provincial Government.

= = = Intels Nigeria = = =

	Intels Nigeria Limited is Nigeria's largest logistics company. It was founded in 1982 as Nicotes Services Ltd and is based in Onne, Nigeria. It is partly owned by Nigeria's former vice President Atiku Abubakar. The company provides integrated logistics services for the Nigerian oil and gas industry. Its services include agency services; cargo services; port management and support services in shore bases. The company also provides equipment, including cranes, forklifts, pipe handlers, generators, trucks, trailers and others specialized services, port facilities, equipment, and personnel services.
	Intels is the concessionaire of the Onne Free Trade Zone in Onne Rivers State Nigeria.

= = = Varangaon railway station = = =

	Varangaon railway station is located near Varangaon town of Jalgaon district, Maharashtra. Its code is VNA. It has three platforms. Passenger, Express, and Superfast trains halt here.
	The following trains halt at Varangaon railway station in both directions:

= = = Fort of São Bruno = = =

	The Fort of São Bruno is situated on the estuary of the River Tagus in Caxias, Oeiras municipality, near Lisbon in Portugal. It was built in 1647 and became operational in 1649 as part of the construction of a line of forts to control access to Lisbon, which stretched from Cabo da Roca on the Atlantic coast to the Belém Tower near Lisbon. The fort is well preserved, following its original design, and is considered one of the most attractive examples of maritime military architecture on the Portuguse coast. It presently serves as the headquarters of the Associação Portuguesa dos Amigos dos Castelos (Portuguese association of friends of castles).
	During the Portuguese Restoration War, King John IV of Portugal identified the need to strengthen Lisbon's defences in the face of attacks by the Spanish navy. In 1647 he ordered construction of a fort at Caxias to improve the defence of the right bank of the Tagus by making possible crossfire with the Fort of Nossa Senhora do Vale (Our Lady of the Valley) to the east, now demolished, and the Fort of Giribita to the west, thus reinforcing the major Fort of São Julião da Barra to the west. António Luís de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Marialva, was given responsibility for the work.
	Built on a rocky outcrop into the river estuary, the Fort of São Bruno (taking its name from a nearby convent) is in the shape of a star around a raised central square. Following a Mannerist style, it was built with batteries targeted at both the estuary and towards the land, together with rectangular bartizans on the front corners. The entrance to the interior is through a large arched gate, on which was placed the shield of Portugal, with the date 1647. It was equipped with cannon in 1649. A military inspection carried out in 1735 reported that the fort was deactivated and all its artillery had been destroyed. It also stated that at least one of the lower batteries had been invaded by sand. Some repairs took place in 1751 and the fort seems to have emerged relatively unscathed from the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Throughout the 18th century the fort was deactivated on several occasions and was reported on one occasion to be occupied by farmers. However, it was again in operation during the Spanish-Portuguese War of 1762–1763, being armed with 16 cannon. 
	King Miguel I used the fort in 1831 for target practice, using its artillery to aim at barges moored in the middle of the Tagus for that purpose. These were the only occasions on which artillery has been fired from the fort. With the end of the Portuguese Civil War the fort was once again deactivated. After that it ceased to be used for military purposes and in 1888 was leased to a private individual for nine years. In 1902 it was handed back to the Government and in 1903 occupied by the Guarda Fiscal, the Portuguese Customs and Excise department, to guard against smuggling. The Guarda Fiscal was responsible for it until 1946, although in 1941 it was used as a sailing centre by the Mocidade Portuguesa, a youth organization of the right-wing Estado Novo Government. A well-supported campaign in 1999-2000 for the restoration of the fort and improvements to the surrounding area led to significant work being carried out by the Oeiras municipality.

= = = Wong Wah-bo = = =

	Wong Wah-bo was a martial artist and an opera singer of the late Qing Dynasty.
	Not much was known about his childhood life except that he was born in Heshan, Guangdong, Qing Empire during the late Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty.
	From the Daoguang to Xianfeng period, Wong made a living as an opera singer, often played as Guan Yu, and was first trained by Leung Lan-kwai (梁蘭桂) in an unnamed martial arts boxing skill and later with Leung Yee-tai (梁二娣) in exchange for his Six-and-a-Half Point Pole skill.
	He retired at the age of 60 and moved to Qingyun Street, Kuai Zi, Foshan. At Foshan he trained his students, whom included Leung Jan, whom he was introduced by Yee-tai. Due to both of them were from Gulao (古勞) Village, Wong taught Leung the whole of the skill set. Leung was noble and his skills were exquisite, he was deeply respected by other martial artists and was known as "Mr. Jan of Foshan" (佛山贊先生).
	When Leung Jan later became an official, this martial arts skill was officially known as Wing Chun, which he was later known as the "King of Wing Chun Kuen" (詠春拳王).
	In the 1981 TVB television drama series "Kung Fu Master of Fat Shan", he was portrayed by Chang Yu.
	In the 1981 film "The Prodigal Son", he was portrayed by Sammo Hung.
	In the 2005 TVB television drama series "Real Kung Fu", he was portrayed by Yuen Wah.
	In the 2006 TVB television drama series "Wing Chun", he was portrayed by Sammo Hung.

= = = 2019 UT Martin Skyhawks baseball team = = =

	The 2019 UT Martin Skyhawks baseball team represents the University of Tennessee at Martin during the 2019 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Skyhawks, led by Second-year head coach Ryan Jenkins, play their home games at Skyhawk Park as members of the Ohio Valley Conference.

= = = Trischettn = = =

	Trischettn or Treschetten is an historical card game from the South Tyrol for two players. The game is clearly an Austrian variant of Tresette, the major differences being that it is played with a 32-card, German-suited pack rather than a 40-card Italian pack, resulting in a different card ranking, the Tens and Nines becoming the highest rankers in each suit. It also features points for declaring certain combinations such as four Nines. The game is played for 31 points. It used to be one of the three most common card games in South Tyrol, along with Stichwatten and Labbieten, but is threatened with extinction today.
	Having been one of the three most common card games in South Tyrol, together with Stichwatten and Labbieten, Trischettn is nowadays under threat of dying out. Nevertheless there are moves to revive it by teaching Trischettn alongside other traditional South Tyrolean card games. It is closely related to the Italian game of Tresette, albeit played with different packs and a different card ranking, "treschetten" being South Tyrolese for 'playing tresette'.
	Trischettn is played with 32 cards from a Salzburg pattern pack, the Sixes being removed. If an Italian Salzburg ("Salisburghesi") pack is used, the Fives are also removed. There are no trumps. Cards rank and score as follows:
	Points are scored by collecting the face cards – the Kings, Obers and Unters – as well as the Tens and Nines; each of which scores one third of a point. An Ace scores one full point. Fractional scores are rounded down. Thus there are 10 (strictly 10⅔ but fractions do not count) points in a pack; with the point for the last trick that makes a total of 11 points available, excluding declarations (q.v.).
	Eight cards are dealt to each player and the rest are placed face down as a talon. Players must follow suit and a trick is won by the higher card of the led suit. If a player cannot follow suit he may discard any card. The winner of a trick draws another card from the talon. The opponent then does likewise, before the trick winner leads to the next trick. Once the talon is exhausted, players continue to play tricks from their hands. A variant rule is that players must reveal their drawn cards each time.
	During the game, players may also score bonus points for declaring certain card combinations in their hand as follows:
	Players may use cards in more than one declaration e.g. a player may announce three Tens for 3 points and, later, four Tens for an additional point. Declarations may only be made after a player has taken one trick and is 'on lead' to the next trick.
	Once the last trick has been decided, players tot up their card points and any points won for declarations or taking the last trick. Any fractions are ignored, hence there are 11 points per deal, excluding any bonuses. Game is usually 31 points; occasionally 41 points. Sometimes the first two games are played for 31 and, if a decider is needed, the 3rd game is played for 41. Sometimes games are played for 31, except the last game of the evening which is played to 41.

= = = Kim Jin-tae (politician) = = =

	Kim Jin-tae (; born 13 October 1964) is a South Korean politician who was a prosecutor. He is member of the National Assembly since 2012.
	Kim Jin-tae was born on 13 October 1964 in Chuncheon, Gangwon Province. He entered Seoul National University School of Law in 1983.
	Kim passed the 28th judicial examination in 1986. He was after completing the 18th Judicial Research and Training Institute and commissioned as a prosecutor in 1992, he served as the director of the planning department of the Judicial Research and Training Institute and the director of the Organized Crime Division of the Supreme Prosecutors' Office. In 2009, he ended his official career as the chief of the Wonju Public Prosecutor's Office, and opened up as a lawyer in Wonju.
	Kim was nominated by the Saenuri Party in the 2012 legislative election and was elected in Chuncheon, Gangwon Province. In February 2016, he announced his candidacy for the 2016 legislative election and won the nomination of the Saenuri Party to win re-election by defeating the Democratic Party candidate Heo Young.
	On 14 March 2017, he announced that he would run for presidential election. However, he was defeated by Hong Jun-pyo in the Liberty Korea Party presidential primary.

= = = 2018–19 Icelandic Women's Basketball Cup = = =

	The 2018–2019 Bikarkeppni kvenna, named Geysisbikarinn for sponsorship reasons, was the 45th edition of the Icelandic Women's Basketball Cup, won by Valur against Stjarnan. The competition is managed by the Icelandic Basketball Federation and the final four was held in the Laugardalshöll in Reykjavík during the days of 13–16 February 2019. Helena Sverrisdóttir was named the Cup Finals MVP after turning in 31 points, 13 rebounds and 6 assists.
	Danielle Rodriguez of Stjarnan led all scorers with 104 points in 4 games.
	Sixteen teams signed up for the Cup tournament.

= = = John Wang Ruowang = = =

	John Wang Ruowang (; born 1962) is a Chinese Catholic priest and Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Qinzhou since 2011.
	Wang was born in China in 1962, to a devout Catholic family.
	Like many other priests, he experienced a long period of study, after which he was ordained a priest. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Qinzhou left the court in July 2003 after the death of the bishop Casimir Wang Mi-lu. The Holy See assigned priest John Wang Ruowang as Bishop. He accepted the episcopacy with the papal mandate on August 19, 2011.

= = = Learning curve (machine learning) = = =

	A learning curve shows the validation and training score of an estimator for varying numbers of training samples. It is a tool to find out how much a machine learning model benefits from adding more training data and whether the estimator suffers more from a variance error or a bias error. If both the validation score and the training score converge to a value that is too low with increasing size of the training set, it will not benefit much from more training data.
	The machine learning curve is useful for many purposes including comparing different algorithms, choosing model parameters during design, adjusting optimization to improve convergence, and determining the amount of data used for training.
	In the machine learning domain, there are two connotations of learning curves differing in the x-axis of the curves, with experience of the model graphed either as the number of training examples used for learning or the number of iterations used in training the model.

= = = Rick Schantz = = =

	Rick Schantz is an American soccer coach. He co-founded FC Tucson in 2010 and was its first head coach. He is currently the head coach of Phoenix Rising FC in the USL Championship.

= = = L'Express du Midi = = =

	L'Express du Midi was a daily newspaper published in Toulouse and serving that city as well as the surrounding Haute-Garonne region in southern France. It was published between 1891 and 1938.
	The first edition of the paper was published on 29 September 1891 with the subtitle "journal quotidien de Toulouse et du Sud-Ouest" (daily newspaper of Toulouse and the South-West). Subsequent subtitles were "organe quotidien de défense sociale et religieuse" (daily organ for social and religious defense) and "organe régional de redressement national, de défense religieuse et de progrès social" (regional organ for national recovery, religious defense and social progress).
	From its inception, "L'Express du Midi" was right-wing and royalist. Its first directors were a group of aristocrats from the Haute-Garonne (the counts of Suffren, Palaminy, and Adhémar), and it often published lengthy extracts from articles by Charles Maurras who was the principal philosopher of Action Française, a right-wing monarchist political movement. The paper claimed the upholding of Roman Catholic values to be part of its mission, but its approach was not always looked upon with favour by Catholic prelates.
	In 1893 "L'Express" absorbed "Le Nouvelliste du Tarn", a daily newspaper based in the department of Tarn and established in 1880. In 1914 it absorbed "Le Ralliement et le Courrier de Tarn-et-Garonne", a daily paper also based in Tarn and established in 1904, and that same year took over the subscriptions to "La Voix du peuple", an organ of the Union Conservatrice party in Gers. Between 1909 and 1914 the paper also published an edition for the Hautes-Pyrénées region entitled "L'Action pyrénéenne".
	"L'Express" ceased publication after its issue of 18 January 1938. On that day its front page featured articles on the Japanese seizure of Kiautschou, the Spanish Civil War, and the resignation of Léon Blum as Vice-Premier of France as well as a lengthy article on the paper's history and its farewell by Armand Praviel. It re-emerged two days later as "La Garonne" with the same address (25 rue Roquelaine, Toulouse), a new proprietor, and René Séguy as its editor. Its front page featured lengthy articles by Séguy and by Abel Bonnard on the newly launched paper's future direction and purpose. "La Garonne" ceased publication on 20 August 1944.

= = = Nandura railway station = = =

	Nandura railway station is located in Nandura city of Buldhana district, Maharashtra. Its code is NN. It has two platforms. Passenger, Express, and Superfast trains halt here.
	The following trains halt at Nandura railway station in both directions:

= = = Michael Rabasca = = =

	Michael Rabasca is an American soccer coach who currently serves as director of high performance for Toronto FC in Major League Soccer. He previously served as head coach of Toronto FC II in USL League One.

= = = Madison Prespakis = = =

	Madison Prespakis (born 2 November 2000) is an Australian rules footballer playing for Carlton Football Club in the AFL Women's (AFLW). A midfielder who won multiple accolades at junior level and played in the VFL Women's (VFLW) as a teenager, Prespakis was selected in the AFL Women's All-Australian team and won the Carlton best and fairest award (tied with Brianna Davey) and AFL Women's Rising Star award in 2019.
	Prespakis is the daughter of Damien and Jody. Her mother is an Indigenous Australian from the Djadjawurrung tribe. Prespakis has three siblings: twin sister Annalea, Georgie, and Jimmy. She attended Gisborne Secondary College and supported growing up.
	Prespakis began playing football at four years old through the Auskick program in Romsey, north-west of Melbourne. She played in boys' teams at first, before representing the under-15 Sunbury girls side.
	In 2017, Prespakis played in the premiership-winning Calder Cannons side in the TAC Cup Girls. She was named in the league's team of the year and placed second in the league's best and fairest with 20 votes. She competed at the 2017 AFL Women's Under 18 Championships for Vic Metro and was named in the All-Australian squad. In October, Prespakis was named in the 2018 AFLW Academy squad as one of twenty-nine seventeen-year-old prospects. As part of this squad, she trained with the and over the following months.
	In 2018, Prespakis became captain of the Calder Cannons and won their best and fairest award with 113 out of a possible 120 votes. She was again named in the TAC Cup Girls Team of the Year and tied with Nina Morrison for the league best and fairest. She again competed at the 2018 AFL Women's Under 18 Championships; she shared the competition's most valuable player award with Morrison on 16 votes apiece, won Vic Metro's most valuable player award and was named in the All-Australian side. She played in an exhibition game for Victoria, acting as a curtain raiser for the E. J. Whitten Legends Game. Prespakis amassed 21 disposals in Victoria's win, the most of any player. Aside from under-18 competitions, she also played six matches for in the VFL Women's (VFLW).
	Ahead of the 2018 AFL Women's draft, Prespakis was widely predicted to be taken with one of the first selections. Prospective draftees were required to nominate a state or region they wished to play in; Prespakis selected the Melbourne metropolitan area, citing a wish to remain home with her family. This prevented from recruiting her with pick one or two and allowed Carlton the opportunity to select her with pick three.
	Carlton recruited Prespakis with their first selection and third overall in the 2018 AFL Women's draft. She made her AFL Women's debut in the opening round of the 2019 season against at North Hobart Oval. The following round, she was nominated for the 2019 AFL Women's Rising Star award after kicking one goal and amassing 20 disposals, seven clearances and nine contested possessions against . Prespakis went on to play in the 2019 AFL Women's Grand Final loss to Adelaide in front of a record AFL Women's crowd, and was among Carlton's best players. Following a debut season in which she averaged 19 disposals and kicked seven goals across nine games, Prespakis won the 2019 AFL Women's Rising Star award with 49 votes and was named in the 2019 AFL Women's All-Australian team. She also won the AFLW Players' best first-year player award and tied for the Carlton best and fairest award with captain Brianna Davey, capping off a memorable first season.
	Leading into the 2020 season, "womens.afl" journalist Sarah Black named Prespakis at no. 23 on her list of the top 30 players in the AFLW.
! colspan=3 | Career
! 9
! 7
! 3
! 113
! 59
! 172
! 17
! 27
! 0.8
! 0.3
! 12.6
! 6.6
! 19.1
! 1.9
! 3.0
! 5
	Individual

= = = Riikka Honkanen = = =

	Riikka Honkanen (born 17 July 1998) is a Finnish alpine ski racer.

= = = Septién = = =

	Septién is a surname. Notable people with the name include:

= = = Lozère's constituency = = =

	The constituency of the Lozère (French: "Circonscription de la Lozère") is a French legislative constituency in the Lozère "département". Like the other 576 French constituencies, it elects one MP using the two-round system, with a run-off if no candidate receives over 50% of the vote in the first round.
	The constituency of Lozère is the only constituency within Lozère, making it one of only two such departments in metropolitan France (along with Creuse). The second constituency was abolished as a result of the 2010 redistricting of French legislative constituencies. Despite this adjustment the electorate in the seat remains low when compared to other constituencies.

= = = Château de Belzunce = = =

	The Château de Belzunce is a ruined castle in the "commune" of Ayherre in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" of France. Its construction dates from the 13th, 14th and 16th centuries
	The castle was built for Garcie Arnaud II.
	The castle has a trapezoidal plan flanked by four towers, representing two periods of construction, the Middle Ages and the 16th century. During the 16th century, it was redeveloped and finally ruined. During the French Revolution, it was sold as national property. It appears to have been used as a stone quarry. Neighbouring buildings and the outer fortifications survive only as foundations. The castle is notable for the Belzunce family. (François de Belzunce was Bishop of Marseille at the beginning of the 18th century and the Marseille district of Belsunce was named by him.)
	It is privately owned and has been registered since 1992 as a "monument historique" by the French Ministry of Culture. It is not possible to visit the site, but it may be clearly seen from the road.

= = = Murder Hole Beach = = =

	Boyeeghter Strand or Boyeeghter Bay, commonly known as Murder Hole Beach, is a beach situated on the Melmore head peninsula beside Downings in County Donegal, Ireland. It has cliffs, hills, dunes, and small caves. The area is undeveloped with no road access. When the tide is in there are two beaches, which merge into one, when the tide is out.
	There is a small tidal island roughly 15 meters from the shore, called Rough Island.
	The official name of the beach, Boyeeghter Strand, derives from the Irish "Trá Bhá Íochtair" meaning the strand of the lower (or northern) bay.
	The common name of the beach, Murder Hole Beach, is rumoured to originate from the 1800s, when a young woman reputedly fell from a cliff near the beach. Other reports suggest that the name is derived from how the dangerous currents make swimming perilous.

= = = Bulatovo, Arkhangelsk Oblast = = =

	Bulatovo () is a rural locality (a settlement) in Oksovskoye Rural Settlement of Plesetsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The population was 314 as of 2010. There are 10 streets.

= = = Nipun Lakshan = = =

	Nipun Lakshan (born 5 April 1999) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Panadura Sports Club in the 2018–19 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 15 February 2019. He made his List A debut for Panadura Sports Club in the 2018–19 Premier Limited Overs Tournament on 15 March 2019. He made his first-class debut for Panadura Sports Club in Tier B of the 2018–19 Premier League Tournament on 10 February 2019.

= = = Asantha Basnayake = = =

	Asantha Basnayake (born 1 April 1987) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Panadura Sports Club in the 2018–19 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 15 February 2019. He made his List A debut for Panadura Sports Club in the 2018–19 Premier Limited Overs Tournament on 4 March 2019.

= = = Joe Apoloney = = =

	Joe Apoloney (1880-1952) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s and 1910s. He played for Balmain and was a foundation player of the club.
	Apoloney made his first grade debut for Balmain against Western Suburbs on 20 April 1908 at Birchgrove Oval, which was the club's first ever game and also the opening week of the inaugural NSWRL competition. Balmain went on to win the match 24-0 in front of 3000 spectators.
	Apoloney played with Balmain up until the end of the 1912 before retiring. Apoloney played representative football for New South Wales in 1909 and played 2 games for Metropolis which was the early version of the modern day NSW City team.

= = = Grishina, Arkhangelsk Oblast = = =

	Grishina () is a rural locality (a village) in Tarasovskoye Rural Settlement of Plesetsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The population was 2 as of 2010.

= = = Tharusha Fernando = = =

	Tharusha Fernando (born 5 June 1999) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Panadura Sports Club in the 2018–19 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 15 February 2019. He made his List A debut for Panadura Sports Club in the 2018–19 Premier Limited Overs Tournament on 4 March 2019.

= = = All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli = = =

	All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli (AIIMS Raebareli) is a medical college and hospital located in Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India. One of the All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), it was established in 2013 and operates under the mentorship of the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), but only started operation in 2019, one of six AIIMS to do so in that year.
	An AIIMS in Raebareli was cleared in 2009 as "Phase-II" of the Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY) initiative. Following the approval of the "All India Institute of Medical Sciences (Amendment) Act, 2012" the institute was officially established via a Gazette notification in 2013. in 2018 it started operation of an outpatient department (OPD). The institute has March 2020 as target day of completion. It operates under the mentorship of the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) with the director of PGIMER, Jagat Ram, acting as director in additional charge. It started operation with the first batch of 50 MBBS students in 2019, one of the six AIIMSs to become operational in 2019.
	AIIMS Raebareli's main campus is located in Munshiganj, Dalmau Road, Raebareli. The main campus is spread into different locations containing the temporary OPD block, main hospital block, medical college, administrative wing, hostels, faculty and staff quarters.

= = = Ferrari SF90 = = =

	The Ferrari SF90 was a Formula One racing car designed and constructed by Scuderia Ferrari to compete during the 2019 Formula One World Championship. The car was driven by Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc. The car made its competitive debut at the 2019 Australian Grand Prix.
	Ferrari designed and constructed the SF90 as a Formula One car to compete during the 2019 Formula One World Championship. The car is being driven by four time world champion Sebastian Vettel and Ferrari debutant Charles Leclerc and has driven in every race of the 2019 season to date. Ferrari named the car the SF90 to celebrate the companies 90th anniversary and in keeping with tradition Vettel named his car "Lina".
	The new regulations for the 2019 season meant that the teams had to adopt a new simpler front wing design and a higher and wider rear wing. Ferrari produced a radical front wing design, that tapered downwards from the middle towards the endplates of the wing, whereas Mercedes and Red Bull, their nearest rivals, went with a conventional design that is high from middle to end. This design was meant to encourage flow around the tyres with the front wing being below the maximum allowed height. Ferrari's front wing design meant that the majority of the loading would be felt on the middle of the wing and this in turn would cause the air flow to be directed to within the front tyres. This design would make the car more predictable with its downforce levels but give less downforce overall.
	An anonymous senior aerodynamicist therefore commented that because the front wing wasn't creating as much downforce as the front wings of some of its rival cars Ferrari would have to compensate the aerodynamics of the rest of the car. The anonymous aerodynamicist further commented that because the front wing didn't generate as much downforce Ferrari instead had to compensate and increase the size of their barge boards to provide this downforce. This in turn meant that the rear would be unable to produce as much downforce as the front going forward in the development of the car. This would likely lead to a car prone to oversteer, therefore it was anticipated that the SF90 wouldn't develop as fast as some of its rivals and the amount of downforce the car would produce would be limited.
	Ferrari also changed the engine cover on the SF90 making it smaller compared to the engine cover on the SF90's predecessor the SF71H in order to save weight and for aerodynamic purposes. Ferrari also adopted a matte finish to the car's livery instead of gloss to save weight. The SF90 also had a reworked cooling system with the engine cover developing a smaller inlet, now triangular rather than oval and the radiator air inlets were made larger. The rear bodywork was also remodeled suggesting an increase in rear aerodynamic performance.
	Ferrari took a few upgrades to the first test. The most notable of these was the location of the exit for the air that would have come through the side pod. Instead of the traditional place of letting the air out of the rear of the car the SF90 redirected some of the air out behind the base of the halo. This would have 2 advantages, the first would be that by bringing the air up there is would help to generate extra downforce in the middle of the air and the second benefit would be that the SF90 would be able to manipulate the air flow to its rear wing. A second upgrade that Ferrari brought to the first test was with the wheel. The wheel rim was redesigned with holes in it to transfer heat away from the tyres thus keeping the tyres in their operating window. Although this innovation wouldn't help with the SF90's outright pace it would allow the SF90 to take better care of its tyres therefore improving the cars race pace. After the first week of pre season testing it was the SF90 which had the clear advantage having completed a high number of laps and with both Leclerc and Vettel commenting how comfortable they felt with the car. Although the SF90 finished in 8th and 9th after the first test they only used the harder and therefore slower tyres, when the times were adjusted to show predicted lap time had they all been on the same tyre it was predicted that the SF90 would have been the fastest.
	At the the Ferraris lined up third and fifth for Vettel and Leclerc, respectively. During the race, both cars suffered from a lack of overall pace compared to the two Mercedes cars, as well as the Red Bull of Max Verstappen. They finished in fourth and fifth places. 
	At the Ferrari locked out the front row of the grid just as they had done the previous year, with Charles Leclerc setting a new track record in the process. However, during the race both cars suffered from issues, Vettel from driver errors and Leclerc with an engine issue which cost him the victory.
	At the the Ferraris were running close to each other when Leclerc was asked to yield to Vettel, allowing Vettel on an alternate strategy to fight Red Bull's Verstappen for a podium. Leclerc finished fifth himself.
	At the , the Ferraris looked to have the measure of the Mercedes in free practice with the Ferrari displaying superior straight line speed. However, during qualifying Leclerc crashed out heading into the castle section. The resulting delay of qualifying, and subsequent drop in track temperatures, played into the hands of the Mercedes, who locked out the front row with Vettel salvaging third for Ferrari. Vettel would go on to take a podium the next day while Leclerc, starting from tenth, fought through the field to finish fifth, setting the fastest lap and taking the accompanying point.
	At the , neither Ferrari finished on the podium, with Vettel fourth and Leclerc fifth. At the however, the team bounced back, with Vettel taking Ferrari's best result of the season in second place, however, Leclerc only managed to qualify 16th after a strategical error during qualifying; Leclerc would also go on to retire from the race following a puncture.
	At the , Ferrari were the favorites to win with their superior straight line speed. Vettel took pole position while Leclerc managed third behind Hamilton. During the race, Vettel and Hamilton dueled with Vettel managing to stay ahead of Hamilton. However, on lap 48 Vettel went off the track and rejoined dangerously in front of Hamilton, which resulting in Vettel being given a penalty for rejoining the track dangerously. As a result, Ferrari missed out on their first victory of the season due to Vettel's penalty, although Ferrari subsequently announced that they would appeal.
	At the , Leclerc took third in qualifying while Vettel was hampered by an engine issue and would start ninth. During the race Leclerc took a podium while Vettel finished in fifth.
	At the , Leclerc took his second pole position of his career while Vettel didn't set a time in Q3 due to mechanical issues. During the race, an intense battle developed between Verstappen and Leclerc, which culminated in the Red Bull overtaking up the inside heading into turn 2. Leclerc was pushed wide and had to use the runoff area and despite an investigation being launched into the overtaking maneuver it was found to be lawful. Vettel finished off the podium in fourth having started ninth.
	At the , Leclerc qualified third and Vettel sixth. During the race Vettel and Verstappen collided which saw Vettel fall back to finish 16th while Leclerc took his fourth consecutive podium.
	At the , Ferrari seemed to be competitive for pole position, but the team had mechanical issues for Vettel in Q1 and Leclerc in Q3. In a rain-affected rain Vettel managed to finish second after starting 20th. Leclerc crashed out of the grand prix.
	The last race before the summer break was a poor performance for Ferrari. Leclerc and Vettel qualified fourth and fifth respectively at the . In the race, the Ferrari SF90 wasn't competitive and both drivers finished the race 1 minute behind race winner Hamilton with Vettel in third, on an alternate strategy, and Leclerc fourth.
	Ferrari entered both the Belgian and the Italian Grands Prix as favourites with a car which is highly suited to the circuits. Charles Leclerc subsequently won both races taking his debut win at the Belgian Grand Prix though both Grands Prix were only won narrowly with Mercedes finishing second and third on both occasions within a second of Leclerc. Vettel meanwhile finished fourth in Belgium and 13th in Italy following a collision with Lance Stroll.
	For the following race, the , Ferrari introduced new aero updates with new fins on the car's floor and a new nose in a bid to improve downforce among other smaller changes to the cars aerodynamics. The team managed a 1-3 qualifying result and Vettel won the race from pole-sitter Leclerc to secure Ferrari's first 1-2 finish since the 2017 Hungarian Grand Prix, and Vettel's first win since the 2018 Belgian Grand Prix. Ferrari continued to show their improved pace in the , with another 1-3 qualifying result. However, a nonstandard Mercedes strategy, a mechanical retirement for Vettel, and a Virtual Safety Car and Safety Car period meant that Ferrari were caught out and could only salvage a podium finish with Leclerc.
	At the Japanese Grand Prix, the Ferraris locked out the front row, with Sebastian Vettel taking a track record pole position. However, the start of the race went badly for Ferrari as Vettel lost out to Bottas at the start and Leclerc collided with Verstappen at turn 1. Leclerc was instructed to stay out despite a clearly damaged front wing, showering bits and pieces onto the cars behind. Finally, Michael Masi, the race director, instructed Ferrari to call Leclerc into the pits to repair the front wing. In the end Leclerc finished a lap down in eighth place, promoted to sixth following the disqualification of the Renault's, while Vettel withstood a challenge from a charging Hamilton to hold on to second.
	At the Mexican Grand Prix, the Ferraris appeared to once again be the team to beat, with Leclerc taking pole position ahead of his teammate after Verstappen received a penalty for ignoring yellow flags. However, an alternate strategy from Mercedes, combined with Ferrari's lack of race pace, saw the two drivers finish fourth and second for Leclerc and Vettel, respectively.
	At the United States Grand Prix, Ferrari looked to have a decent chance at the race victory with Vettel lining up on the front row and Leclerc lining up fourth. However, the team suffered a poor start, with Vettel dropping five places on the first lap. On lap 9 Vettel retired due to a suspension failure. Leclerc salvaged fourth for the Scuderia, 50 seconds behind race winner Bottas. Ferrari's poor performance once again created controversy around the legality of their engine.
	At the , Vettel qualified on the front row for the fourth consecutive time. Leclerc started 14th after a grid penalty. Vettel ran in third for most of the race, not really being a threat to the race leaders Hamilton and Verstappen. Leclerc meanwhile made his way through the field. After the safety car restart, Vettel lost third place to Albon. On lap 65, Leclerc overtook Vettel into turn 1 for fourth position, but a few corners later Vettel was on the attack. He got alongside his teammate and they made contact, resulting in a suspension failure for Leclerc and a puncture for Vettel. Both drivers retired after the collision. This was the first race since Singapore 2017 that Ferrari scored no points.
	At the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, Leclerc qualified 4th and Vettel 5th, but both gained one grid position after Valtteri Bottas was handed a grid penalty. Leclerc took the final podium spot, while Vettel finished in 5th. After the race, the FIA investigated Leclerc's car for any illegalities. Although he wasn't disqualified, Ferrari were fined €50,000 for an inaccurate declaration of the car's fuel load.
	The car holds the following official and outright lap records :
	Driver failed to finish the race, but was classified as they had completed over 90% of the winner's race distance.

= = = Dalia Leinartė = = =

	Dalia Leinartė (born October 25, 1958) is a member and former Chair of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), Professor at Vytautas Magnus University, and Fellow Commoner at Lucy Cavendish College, University of Cambridge. In 2018, "Apolitical" selected her as one of the 100 most influential people in gender policy around the world.
	Leinarte was born in 1958, Trakai, Lithuania. In 1981, she graduated from Vilnius University and earned her PhD in History at Vytautas Magnus University in 1996. She was a Fulbright Scholar at State University of New York at Buffalo.. In 2005, she won an International Scholarship of the American Association of University Women (AAUW). In 2009, Leinarte became full professor at Vilnius University.
	After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Leinarte became actively involved in the promotion of women's rights and gender equality. Leinarte and her colleague are the first academics to have founded a non-governmental organization for women in Lithuania. The same organization, ""Praeities Pėdos"" (Traces of the Past), is also among the first Lithuanian organizations to introduce the notion of "women victims of trafficking". Until 2017, she was Director of the Gender Studies Center at Vilnius University, and since 2000, she is a consultant of the Inter-Ministerial Commission on Equal Opportunities of Women and Men, Lithuania. Leinarte drafted the Review of the Implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action Adopted, at the Fourth World Conference on Women Beijing 1995 and participated in drafting the reports of Lithuania to CEDAW.
	In 2007–2009 Leinarte was Visiting Professor at Idaho State University.
	In 2012, Leinarte became the first expert from Easter European country to be elected to the CEDAW Committee. After serving two years as Vice-Chair, she was elected as Chair of the CEDAW Committee in 2017. 
	Since 2014 she is a Fellow Commoner at Lucy Cavendish College, University of Cambridge.
	Since 2018 she is Chair of the CEDAW Committee's Working Group on General Recommendation Trafficking in women and girls in the context of global migration.
	Books:
	Selected articles:

= = = Mimi Haas = = =

	Miriam "Mimi" Lurie Haas is an American billionaire businesswoman, the widow of Peter E. Haas, the great-grandnephew of Levi Strauss, the founder of denim manufacturer Levi Strauss & Co.
	She was born Miriam Ruchwarger, the daughter of Jewish refugees from Yugoslavia, and grew up in Washington, D.C., where her father was a psychiatrist. She attended Oxon Hill High School, in Oxon Hill, a suburb of Washington, DC, and graduated in the class of 1964. She earned a degree in political science from George Washington University.
	Haas is president of the Miriam and Peter Haas Fund, since August 1981.
	In July 2004, Haas was elected as a director of Levi Strauss & Co, succeeding her husband, who stood down as chairman emeritus.
	Haas is vice chair of the board of trustees and chair of the committee on painting and sculpture of the New York Museum of Modern Art, and vice chair of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.
	Haas owns 16.7% of Levi Strauss & Co, making her a billionaire, following the February 2019 plan for the company to be publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange.
	On June 12, 1968, she married Brian Lurie, who she had met in Israel when on an American Friends of the Hebrew University program. Rabbi Brian Lurie was head of the Jewish Community Federation for many years, and now runs the progressive New Israel Foundation. They had two sons, Ari Lurie and Daniel Lurie, who runs Tipping Point Community.
	She was married to Peter E. Haas (his second marriage) from 1981 until his death in 2005.
	She lives in San Francisco.
	In 2010, she bought one of the apartments owned by Charles R. Schwab at 834 Fifth Avenue, New York, for $12.5 million.

= = = 2021 World Beach Games = = =

	The 2021 World Beach Games, officially known as the 2021 ANOC World Beach Games will be the second edition of the World Beach Games, an international beach multi-sport event organized by the Association of National Olympic Committees.

= = = Yui Yatyer = = =

	Yui Yatyer (, ), real name Jariya Preedakul (), is a Luk thung singer.
	Yui Yatyer was born on 19 February 1978 and is the daughter of Chana-Saiyud Preedakul. Her stage career began when she won the TV variety series "Concert Contest" in 1987, and she has been a prominent figure in Thai entertainment ever since.
	In 1995, she signed onto Four-S label. Her most popular songs include "Phok Miea Ma Dua Ruea" (), "Noo Chop Chop" (), "Lueak Miea Bok Maa" (), "Hoa Hai Duea" (), "Khun Nai Khaa Ma Laeng Saab" ().
	She is married to Choo-Chat Phongtrakool () and they have one son.

= = = John Hay (priest) = = =

	John Hay (b 1945) was Dean of Raphoe from 2003 to 2013.
	Hay was educated at the Church of Ireland Theological Institute and ordained in 1980. He began his ecclesiastical career as a curate in Newtownards. He was the incumbent at Fintona from 1989 until his time as Dean.

= = = Supun Madushanka = = =

	Supun Madushanka (born 11 December 1993) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Police Sports Club in the 2018–19 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 15 February 2019. He made his List A debut for Police Sports Club in the 2018–19 Premier Limited Overs Tournament on 8 March 2019. He made his first-class debut for Police Sports Club in Tier B of the 2018–19 Premier League Tournament on 6 February 2019.

= = = Lasan de Silva = = =

	Lasan de Silva (born 6 July 1983) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Police Sports Club in the 2018–19 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 15 February 2019. He made his List A debut on 14 December 2019, for Police Sports Club in the 2019–20 Invitation Limited Over Tournament.

= = = Gretchen Bangert = = =

	Gretchen Bangert (born June 11, 1966) is an American politician who has served in the Missouri House of Representatives from the 69th district since 2017.

= = = Pyrénées-Orientales's 1st constituency = = =

	The 1st constituency of the Pyrénées-Orientales (French: "Première circonscription des Pyrénées-Orientales") is a French legislative constituency in the Pyrénées-Orientales "département". Like the other 576 French constituencies, it elects one MP using the two-round system, with a run-off if no candidate receives over 50% of the vote in the first round.
	The 1st constituency of Pyrénées-Orientales mainly consists of the majority Perpignan, which is shared with Pyrénées-Orientales's 3rd constituency and Pyrénées-Orientales's 2nd constituency. The seat also includes the town of Toulouges just to the west of the city.
	The constituency has vacillated between left and right, however in 2017 the voters opted for centrist En Marche! over the far right National Front in the second round. The Republicans trailed in 3rd in the 1st round and there was no candidate from the PSdespite them winning the seat in the previous election.

= = = Bård frydenlund = = =

	Bård Frydenlund (born 11 July 1972) is the director (CEO) at Eidsvoll 1814 in Norway. He is the former CEO at Næs Jernverksmuseum.
	He is an author and a historian, and has a background as researcher and teacher at IAKH – Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo. His field of expertise is Norway and Scandinavia in the age of revolutions - political history, trade networks and social elites.
	Frydenlund was formerly head of the Student Parliament of the University of Oslo (1998) and policy advisor for former rector (vice chancellor) Kaare R. Norum at the University of Oslo (2000-2001). He has been working as an advisor at the Ministry of Education and Research (2004), as book review editor at Historisk Tidsskrift (Norway) (2005-2009), and as board member of the University of Oslo (2010-2012). In 2009 he published the biography of Norway's first prime minister Peder Anker. Frydenlund is currently chairman of ABM-Media AS (the media house for the archive, library and museum's sector in Norway).

= = = Denislavye = = =

	Denislavye () is a rural locality (a selo) in Oksovskoye Rural Settlement of Plesetsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The population was 38 as of 2010.

= = = Benguela Bank Marine Protected Area = = =

	The Benguela Bank Marine Protected Area is an offshore conservation region in the exclusive economic zone of South Africa
	A long narrow strip of steep outer shelf and shelf edge in the 250-450 m depth range off Doringbaai was considered untrawlable ground, because of the loss and damage to nets which snagged on the seabed, but the only visual survey to date (2019) was on a sandy area. It has been suggested that there may be cold seeps in this region.
	A marine protected area is defined by the IUCN as "A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values".
	The specific purpose of this MPA is to protect remnants of untrawled rocky habitat.
	This is an offshore MPA in the 250 m to 400 m depth range about 80 nautical miles west of Papendorp on the coast of Namaqualand. The water column, seabed and subsoil are protected by the MPA.
	The boundaries of the MPA are:
	The whole protected area is zoned as a controlled area.
	The marine protected areas of South Africa are the responsibility of the national government, which has management agreements with a variety of MPA management authorities, which manage the MPAs with funding from the SA Government through the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA).
	The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is responsible for issuing permits, quotas and law enforcement.
	The MPA is in the warm temperate Southeast Atlantic ecoregion to the west of the continental shelf which extends northwards to the Orange River. There are some species endemic to South Africa in this region.
	Three major habitats exist in the sea in this region, two of them distinguished by the nature of the substrate. The substrate, or base material, is important in that it provides a base to which an organism can anchor itself, which is vitally important for those organisms which need to stay in one particular kind of place. Rocky reefs provide a firm fixed substrate for the attachment of plants and animals. Sedimentary bottoms are a relatively unstable substrate and cannot anchor kelp or many of the other benthic organisms. Finally there is open water, above the substrate and clear of the kelp forest, where the organisms must drift or swim. Mixed habitats are also frequently found, which are a combination of those mentioned above. 
	Rocky reefs
	There are rocky reefs and mixed rocky and sandy bottoms. For many marine organisms the substrate is another type of marine organism, and it is common for several layers to co-exist.
	The type of rock of the reef is of some importance, as it influences the range of possibilities for the local topography, which in turn influences the range of habitats provided, and therefore the diversity of inhabitants. Sandstone and other sedimentary rocks erode and weather very differently, and depending on the direction of dip and strike, and steepness of the dip, may produce reefs which are relatively flat to very high profile and full of small crevices. These features may be at varying angles to the shoreline and wave fronts. There are fewer large holes, tunnels and crevices in sandstone reefs, but often many deep but low near-horizontal crevices.
	Sediment bottoms (including silt, mud, sand, shelly, pebble and gravel bottoms)
	Sedimentary bottoms at first glance appear to be fairly barren areas, as they lack the stability to support many of the spectacular reef based species, and the variety of large organisms is relatively low. The sediment may be moved around by water action, to a greater or lesser degree depending on weather conditions and exposure of the area. This means that sessile organisms must be specifically adapted to areas of relatively loose substrate to thrive in them, and the variety of species found on an unconsolidated sedimentary bottom will depend on all these factors. Sedimentary bottoms have one important compensation for their instability, animals can burrow into the sediment and move up and down within its layers, which can provide feeding opportunities and protection from predation. Other species can dig themselves holes in which to shelter, or may feed by filtering water drawn through the tunnel, or by extending body parts adapted to this function into the water above the sand.
	The open sea
	The pelagic water column is the major part of the living space at sea. This is the water between the surface and the top of the benthic zone, where living organisms swim, float or drift, and the food chain starts with phytoplankton, the mostly microscopic photosynthetic organisms that convert the energy of sunlight into organic material which feeds nearly everything else, directly or indirectly. In temperate seas there are distinct seasonal cycles of phytoplankton growth, based on the available nutrients and the available sunlight. Either can be a limiting factor. Phytoplankton tend to thrive where there is plenty of light, and they themselves are a major factor in restricting light penetration to greater depths, so the photosynthetic zone tends to be shallower in areas of high productivity. Zooplankton feed on the phytoplankton, and are in turn eaten by larger animals. The larger pelagic animals are generally faster moving and more mobile, giving them the option of changing depth to feed or to avoid predation, and to move to other places in search of a better food supply.
	The MPA is in the cool temperate Southeastern Atlantic ecoregion to the west of the continental shelf which extends northwards to the Orange River. There are some species endemic to South Africa in this region.

= = = Reven Kelly = = =

	Reven Kelly (born 9 March 1999) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Sri Lanka Navy Sports Club in the 2018–19 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 15 February 2019. He made his List A debut for Sri Lanka Navy Sports Club in the 2018–19 Premier Limited Overs Tournament on 4 March 2019.

= = = Charuka Wijelath = = =

	Charuka Wijelath (born 2 April 1992) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Sri Lanka Navy Sports Club in the 2018–19 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 15 February 2019. He made his List A debut for Sri Lanka Navy Sports Club in the 2018–19 Premier Limited Overs Tournament on 10 March 2019.

= = = Hell's Kitty = = =

	Hell's Kitty is a 2018 American comedy horror film based on a web series and a comic book of the same name, which aired during 2011-2015. The web series is said to be based on the true life events of the writer, director, Nicholas Tana's real-life experiences living with his strange cat, Angel. Hell's Kitty makes its musical theater debut at the Hollywood Fringe Festival in June 2019. The musical features the American Tracks award winning song Chainsaw Kitty. 
	Nick, a Hollywood writer, and Angel, his possessed and very possessive cat live together. Nick's cat Angel behaves possessively of his owner around women, which results in some comical yet horrific situations.

= = = Rothschild 22 Tower = = =

	Rothschild 22 Tower () is a 29-story Israeli skyscraper reaching 117.9 meters in height, with an additional 9-meter tall decorative mast, and which covers an area of 1.9 dunam.
	The tower, serving as office space and as a hotel, is located at 22 Rothschild Boulevard, Tel Aviv, on the corner of Nachalat Binyamin street. Built from 2010 to 2014, the tower was constructed on the plot which previously was the location of the Beit ZIM building, which was destroyed in a fire in the year 1966.
	In 1958, Zim Integrated Shipping Services (ZIM) constructed Beit ZIM, a five-story office building for designed by the architect Dov Karmi. The building contained offices for ZIM, Dizengoff Trading, Dizengoff West Africa, Yachin Hakal Israel, Gmul, Alda, Astraco, Scandinavian Airlines, and other companies. In February 1966 the building was severely damaged in a large conflagration, which led to the decision to completely destroy the building due to safety considerations. The plot of land, now empty, was nicknamed "The ZIM pit" ().
	In 1981, Bank Mizrahi acquired the plot from ZIM in order to build its central headquarters. The bank planned to lay the building's cornerstone in April 1986; however a week before the expected date the Bejski Commission published its conclusions regarding the 1983 Israel bank stock crisis including a call for the bank's CEO to resign. Following this development the bank decided to indefinitely postpone the construction.
	In August 1997 the bank planned to construct a 18-story tower on the plot to serve as its offices. In order to do so, the Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality required the bank to buy an old house for the purpose of historic preservation as a condition in order to receive a zoning permit. In that month, the bank bought the historic building Beit Naparsteg from the businessman Zadik Bino for approximately 4.5 million USD, after which it received a building permit. The bank only begun the building process in 2001, and after digging the foundations the bank's management changed its mind and decided to instead move its offices to the Moshe Aviv Tower in Ramat Gan; following this building was halted.
	In October 2006, Bank Mizrahi sold the plot to the Russian-French-Israeli businessman Arcadi Gaydamak together with four other buildings intended for preservation in the area, in exchange for 26 million USD. In June 2008 Gaydamak sold the plot and the buildings to Aviv Group & Co. in exchange for 135 million ILS. In August 2008 the Aviv Group sold the historic Beit Naparsteg building on Rothschild Boulevard 48 to the Jewish-Canadian billionaire Gerry Schwartz for 28 ILS.
	In May 2009 the Tel Aviv city council approved the Aviv Group's request to build 8 additional floors in the tower which had already been approved to be built to the height of 21 stories. In June 2010 the building of Rothschild 22 Tower commenced, on the area which had until then served as a temporary parking lot. In May 2013 the "LR" Group led by Roi Ben Ami and Ami Lustig joined as a partner in the project of building the Rothschild 22 Tower, and in 2014 its construction was completed and its floors were rented out.
	In April 2014, the hotel chain Fattal rented floors 2 through 10 of the tower (9 floors total) and founded "Hotel Rothschild 22", which contains about 155 rooms. The first floor hosts the restaurant Galeria 22 which serves as a cafeteria for the hotel's guests in the morning, and later in the day serves as a branch of the chain Aroma.
	The 11-th floor was rented by the accounting firm kartax, and the 12-th floor was rented by the regus company. In July 2014, Autodesk Israel rented floors 14 through 17 (4 floors total), in February 2015 ClicksMob rented the 18-th floor the 19-th floor of the tower was rented by Israel Discount Capital Markets and Investments Inc., and the 20th floor was rented by Ram Dekel Law Offices. In September 2014, Facebook Israel rented the 21 through 24th floors (4 floors total), and in December 2014 it moved its offices into the tower. In April 2015 the venture capital firm Magma Ventures rented the 25th floor of the tower; Magma Ventures had previously invested in Onavo Mobile (affiliated with Facebook Israel). In May 2015 the organization "Startup Nation Central" rented the 13th, 26th, and 27th floors of the tower. 
	The tower contains six elevators of which two are transparent. It contains seven underground parking levels. The lobby on the building's ground floor is officially a public space for the use of the public, and this is in fact the only air conditioned and roofed public square in Israel.
	In August 2017 it was first reported on TheMarker that the lobby of Rothschild 22 Tower is an open public space, which was hidden from the public.
	As a sign of protest against the alleged censorship perpetrated by Facebook Israel, one of the primary resident companies in the tower, the protest movement "The Rothschild 22 Lobby Liberation Front" () coalesced. This movement included members such as the administrators of the Mizbala blog which was blocked from Facebook and the activists of the Ba'im LaBankaim protest whose Facebook page was removed, and social activists such as Dori Ben Israel and Barak Cohen.
	Since August 2017 the movement began public and media activities in the lobby of the tower which it believed must be "liberated". Video clips recorded in the lobby were viewed hundreds of thousands of times and were livestreamed on Facebook.
	As an act of protest against the blocking of the Mizbala page on Facebook, in August 2017 Dori Ben Israel moved the offices of the Mizbala blog to the lobby in the tower.
	Despite efforts to prevent it, in September 2017 the movement held a public screening of the movie "Facebookistan" in the tower's lobby. Over 150 attendees came to the event, including many police officers.
	In October 2017 the Members of Knesset Ayman Odeh and Dov Khenin were photographed in the tower's lobby, and they called upon the public to come.
	In December 2017, Dov Ben Israel and Barak Cohen were chosen among the People of the Year by Time Out Tel Aviv magazine, partially because of their activities in the movement of the Rothschild 22 lobby.

= = = Dilan Chandima = = =

	Dilan Chandima (born 12 February 1990) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Sri Lanka Navy Sports Club in the 2009–10 Premier Trophy on 2 October 2009.

= = = River Styles Framework = = =

	The River Styles Framework is a scientific tool used to describe and explain the diversity and distribution of river types in a catchment according to river character and behaviour. The River Styles Framework is based on the science of fluvial geomorphology. Each river type is called a "River Style" and its name is constructed following a consistent naming convention. The River Styles Framework differs from other classification systems (e.g. Rosgen Stream Classification) in that it provides an open-ended process for description rather than fitting rivers into pre-existing categories. The River Styles Framework is designed to provide a scientific basis for river management. It was developed by researchers at Macquarie University.
	The River Styles Framework was developed by Gary Brierley and Kirstie Fryirs at Macquarie University. The first peer reviewed paper on River Styles was published in 2000. Initial research that helped to develop the River Styles Framework was funded by Land & Water Australia and New South Wales Department of Land and Water Conservation.
	River character refers to a river's geomorphology and its position within a catchment; for example, its valley setting, its shape and its variety of geomorphic features.
	Determining river behaviour requires interpretation of geomorphic fluvial processes from observation of geomorphic features. River behaviour is interpreted at three flow stages: 'low flow' (or 'baseflow'; i.e. under typical conditions); 'bankfull' stage (in the rising stage of a flood, when stream power is at its highest and water has reached the top of the river banks); and 'overbank' stage (when a flood spills over the top of the river banks and onto the floodplain). Interpreting river behaviour requires expertise in geomorphology.
	The River Styles Framework has four stages of analysis, which provide a framework to describe river character, explain how the river behaves and predict how a river may adjust its form in the future. The following overview of the stages is sourced from the book,""Geomorphology and River Management: Application of the River Styles Framework"".
	Stage 1 provides a baseline survey of a river's character and behaviour. Steps in Stage 1 include:
	Stage 2 assesses and explains geomorphic river condition throughout a catchment. River condition is a determination of environmental quality pertaining to a river's geomorphology. Steps in Stage 2 include:
	Stage 3 determines the potential for a river to 'recover', or improve in condition. Steps in Stage 3 include:
	Stage 4 uses information from Stages 1 to 3 to identify 'target conditions' for a River Style as a goal toward which river rehabilitation (or restoration) can work. Steps in Stage 4 include:
	The River Styles Framework has been used to support river management in Australia, New Zealand, United States and Brazil. In Australia, the Department of Industry (New South Wales) used the River Styles Framework as a key component in developing the River Condition Index (RCI) as a tool to assess river value, risk to river value and to monitor changes in river condition over time. The River Styles Framework also contributes to the method for determining 'High Ecological Value Aquatic Ecosystems' (HEVAE) as part of the Australian National Water Initiative.
	In the United States, The River Styles Framework formed part of the protocol for the Columbia Habitat Monitoring Program (CHaMP) developed for the Columbia River Basin. The CHaMP protocol used River Styles to help with comparing river types, predicting fish habitat suitability and prioritising river conservation and rehabilitation activities.
	A cost-benefit analysis completed by Land & Water Australia found that the River Styles Framework had a benefit-to-cost ratio of 28:1 and had contributed a net value of $40 million (AUD) in 2010.
	An accreditation framework has been developed for use of the River Styles Framework to ensure quality control. There are two levels of accreditation: 'Provisional' and 'Accredited'. 'Provisional' practitioners have undertaken a River Styles Short Course and have passed the associated assessment tasks. 'Provisional' practitioners may undertake assessments of River Styles under the supervision of a fully accredited practitioner. Full accreditation is gained following successful completion of a River Styles Short Course and completion of a satisfactory River Styles Report. 'Accredited' practitioners may undertake River Styles assessments unsupervised and may also supervise 'Provisional' practitioners.

= = = Pyrénées-Orientales's 2nd constituency = = =

	The 2nd constituency of the Pyrénées-Orientales (French: "Deuxième circonscription des Pyrénées-Orientales") is a French legislative constituency in the Pyrénées-Orientales "département". Like the other 576 French constituencies, it elects one MP using the two-round system, with a run-off if no candidate receives over 50% of the vote in the first round.
	The 2nd constituency of Pyrénées-Orientales covers the northern portion of the department along with a coastal strip along the Mediterranean Sea. The constituency also includes a small part of Perpignan.
	In the 80s and 90s the seat swung broadly inline with the national trend, however since 2002 it has returned conservative deputies. In 2017 the constituency joined seven others in electing a far right National Front deputy.

= = = Konyovo, Arkhangelsk Oblast = = =

	Konyovo () is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Konyovskoye Rural Settlement of Plesetsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The population was 2,838 as of 2010. There are 23 streets.

= = = Yoga Makaranda = = =

	Yoga Makaranda (Sanskrit: योग मकरन्द​), meaning ""Essence of Yoga"", is a 1934 book on hatha yoga by the influential pioneer of yoga as exercise, Tirumalai Krishnamacharya. Most of the text is a description of 42 asanas accompanied by 95 photographs of Krishnamacharya and his students executing the poses. There is a brief account of practices other than asanas, which form just one of the eight limbs of classical yoga, that Krishnamacharya "did not instruct his students to practice".
	The yoga scholar Mark Singleton notes that the book is almost legendary among Pattabhi Jois's students, though "very few have actually seen it". Singleton notes, too, that the book was "experimental". 
	The yoga scholar Norman Sjoman criticises the book's "padded academic bibliography" full of irrelevant works, and the perfunctory and ill-informed coverage of yoga practices other than asanas, while another yoga scholar, Elliott Goldberg, comments that the photographs serve to demystify the asanas of their spiritual content, and that Krishnamacharya was falsely claiming an ancient origin for his dynamic vinyasa system of yoga.
	Hatha yoga, the medieval practice which used asanas (yoga postures) and other practices such as shatkarmas (purifications) to gain moksha, spiritual liberation, was despised and in decline by the start of the 20th century. Western gymnastics such as Niels Bukh's "Primary Gymnastics" became popular in India, partly as a result of Hindu nationalism which sought to show Indian men as strong. At the same time, yoga in various forms was being popularised in the West by advocates such as Vivekananda (without asanas), Yogananda, and Yogendra.
	The yoga teacher T.K.V. Desikachar, one of Krishnamacharya's sons, explained that his father had intended to write a series of books on yoga, of which this was to have been the first, but the death of his sponsor the Maharaja of Mysore, Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV, in 1940 caused the series to be abandoned. He stated that his father had decided to cover practices (shatkarmas, purifications) such as neti and dhauti "which he himself did not recommend". And he noted that the asanas in the book are described in "vinyasa krama", which was the way Krishnamacharya taught yoga to children in the Mysore palace. Other practices which he strongly endorsed like pranayama and meditation were to be topics of later books and were therefore not covered.
	Krishnamacharya's disciple and biographer A. G. Mohan states that the book was written "in three nights" according to Krishnamacharya's wife, at the behest of the Maharaja. Mohan notes without comment that the book covers yoga practices other than asanas that Krishnamacharya "did not instruct his students to practice".
	"Yoga Makaranda" was published in the Kannada language by the Madurai C.M.V. Press in 1934. A Tamil edition appeared in 1938. An English translation by Lakshmi and Nandini Ranganathan was published in India in 2006, and released by them as a free download. A different English translation by Krishnamacharya's grandson Kausthub Desikachar and son T.K.V. Desikachar was published in paperback in 2011 and online in 2013.
	The book is introduced with a discussion of why yoga should be practised, the chakras (elements of the subtle body on which yoga is said to operate), pratyahara, dharana and dhyana (elements of Patanjalis's yoga), and who "has the authority to practise Yoga", which in Krishnamacharya's view is "everyone". It discusses the elements of yoga, starting with yamas and niyamas, warning that "sleep, laziness and disease" are obstacles to becoming "an adept yogi". The book then describes where to practise yoga, recommending "a place with plenty of water, a fertile place, a place where there is a bank of a holy river, where there are no crowds, a clean solitary place — such places are superior." It gives a description of the purifications (which it calls shatkriyas) and seals (mudras). The bulk of the book (pages 51-151) is taken up with a description of 42 asanas.
	Each asana is described with some paragraphs of instructions, and illustrated with one or more photographs. The student is instructed how to stand, and which limbs should be straight. For many poses, the claimed medical benefits are then described, without adduced evidence. The term vinyasa is used with the meaning of "stage in the execution of an asana". For example, Sarvangasana is introduced with the words "This has 12 vinyasas [stages]. The 8th vinyasa is the asana sthiti [the actual pose]."
	There are four photographs of Krishnamacharya's "Yogasala" showing the hall and students. The chapter on asanas is illustrated with 95 monochrome photographs, each of an individual performing the named pose. Many are of Krishnamacharya himself; others are of his students, including T. R. S. Sharma as a boy, or of Keshavamurthy, stated by Elliott Goldberg to be his favourite student, who performs difficult poses such as Durvasasana (standing with one leg behind the neck). Some poses, such as Krishnamacharya demonstrating Mayurasana, are on a tiger skin.
	Krishnamacharya names the asanas, in Sanskrit, by the parts of the body and the stretches involved. For example "Adhomukha Uttanasana" means "Face Down Extended Stretch Pose", while "Supta Utthita Dakshinapada Janusirsasana" is "Reclining Extended Right Foot Head to Knee Pose"; a glossary of Sanskrit is provided in the text.
	The yoga scholar Mark Singleton notes that the book "has quasi-legendary status among contemporary <nowiki>[</nowiki>Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga<nowiki>]</nowiki> students of Pattabhi Jois [though] very few have actually seen it". He quotes the original introduction by V. Subhramananya Iyer, which called the book "a result of the many tests conducted under the special orders of the Maharaja of Mysore", in other words that the book "was intended to be, and in practice was, "experimental" (his italics)". Singleton observes that the book called for the asanas to be held for long periods (3 to 15 minutes), arguing that the rapid sequences inherited by his pupil Pattabhi Jois were a special case, even then.
	The yoga scholar Norman Sjoman is critical of the book's perfunctory treatment of both academic requirements and yogic practices other than asanas. He comments that Krishnamacharya's list of sources "reveals his relation to tradition", but is "a padded academic bibliography with works referred to that have nothing to do with the tradition he is teaching in". The list includes for instance the well-known hatha yoga texts, the "Hatha Yoga Pradipika", the "Gheranda Samhita" and the "Sritattvanidhi" as well as the Yoga Upanishads. Sjoman gives as an example the recommendations for "vajroli mudra" which call for "a glass rod to be inserted into the urethra [of the penis] an inch at a time. His recommendations show that he has most certainly not experimented with this himself in the manner he recommends."
	The yoga scholar Elliott Goldberg comments that the photographs of Krishnamacharya's schoolboy pupils in the poses "don't truly capture yogins using their body as a tool for spiritual development either. In fact, the photos demystify whatever spirituality may obtain to the exercises." He adds that the group photographs are "showy ... eye-catching tricks", with boys in familiar asanas but arranged in a pyramid. The vinyasa system of yoga, too, was in Goldberg's view "spectacularly different" from anything practised in India at the time; he is dismissive of Krishnamacharya's "spurious claim for the ancient origin of Vinyasa yoga", citing Singleton's analysis in "Yoga Body" of its origins in Surya Namaskar, suggesting "self-aggrandizement and self-protection" as the motives. Despite all this, Goldberg states that Krishnamacharya's main interest in yoga was to nourish spirituality ("adhyatmika krama"), quoting his words in "Yoga Makaranda": "Once you stop the oscillating nature of mind, you can reach the level[s] of dhyana, nididhyasanam, and samadhi [the highest levels of Patanjali's eight-limbed yoga]" and through that you can see the atma[n]. He notes that Krishnamacharya was following the traditional interpretation of Patanjali's "Yoga Sutras", that the eight limbs formed a sequence of steps.
	These references are supplied to indicate the parts of the "Yoga Makaranda" text being discussed.

= = = Yohan Chanuka = = =

	Yohan Chanuka (born 4 May 1994) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Sri Lanka Ports Authority Cricket Club in the 2015-16 AIA Premier T20 Tournament on 13 January 2016. He made his List A debut for Sri Lanka Ports Authority Cricket Club in the 2018–19 Premier Limited Overs Tournament on 8 March 2019.

= = = Alacrity (ship) = = =

	Several ships have been named Alacrity:

= = = Impossible Engineering = = =

	Impossible Engineering is a television series produced for Discovery's Science Channel in the US., UKTV's Yesterday in the UK, RMC Decouverte in France, Societe Radio-Canada's Ici Explora in Canada, SVT in Sweden, Discovery Italy in Italy as well as with other broadcasters around the world. 
	Each episode focuses on one modern day engineering marvel, with historical segments about the engineering pioneers who helped pave the way for the modern day engineers. Each one hour long programme details how giant structures, record-beating buildings, and the world's most cutting-edge ships, trains and planes are built and work using 3D graphics, archive and specially shot footage.
	As of January 2020, five series of "Impossible Engineering" have been produced so far. In addition, two series of a spin-off called "Impossible Railways" in most territories and "Impossible Engineering: Extreme Railroads" in the US have been produced.
	The series is produced by British independent production company Twofour Broadcast
	At the conclusion of season 4 in 2019, Discovery announced it was the highest rating season of Impossible Engineering to date, with an audience 17% bigger than the previous season, helping Science match its best ever year.
	Every episode of Impossible Engineering broadcast by UKTV to date. The episode titles are the titles that UKTV use and are listed on their website. Other broadcasters may have different titles for each episode. 
	This series premiered from March 2017 in the US.
	This series premiered from January 2019 in the US. 
	This series premiered from January 2020 in both the US and the UK.

= = = Dongsong, Henan = = =

	Dongsong () is a town in the west of Henan province, China. It is under the administration of Luoning County in the prefecture-level city of Luoyang. Dongsong was made a people's commune in 1958. It became a township in 1984. In 2011, Dongsong became a town.
	Villages:

= = = Bograd = = =

	Bograd () is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Bogradsky District of the Republic of Khakassia, Russia. Population: 

= = = Dingzhai = = =

	Dongzhai () is a village in the west of Henan province, China. It is under the administration of Dongsong town, in Luoning County, Luoyang. Road building and clean water projects were started in Dingzhai in the late 2010s.

= = = You and I (Scorpions song) = = =

	"You and I" is a song by German rock band Scorpions from their thirteenth studio album "Pure Instinct". It was released as the first single from the album, and was a Top 40 hit in at least five countries, including their native Germany where it peaked at No. 22. A "Butcher" radio remix of this song was included as a Japan-only bonus track on the band's 1999 album "Eye II Eye".

= = = Spa Road Works = = =


= = = BAFE Fire Safety Register = = =

	BAFE Fire Safety Register is an independent fire safety registration body for the United Kingdom. BAFE establish, develop and monitor schemes for UKAS (United Kingdom Accreditation Service) Accredited Third Party Certification for the fire safety industry.
	UKAS (United Kingdom Accreditation Service) Accredited Third Party Certification Bodies licensed to deliver the BAFE Schemes offer independent assessment of the following BAFE Schemes:
	Government of the United Kingdom Home Office fire safety guidance documents for business recommend the use of Third Party Certificated products and services for fire protection.
	""Third-party certification schemes for fire protection products and related services are an effective means of providing the fullest possible assurances, offering a level of quality, reliability and safety that non-certificated products may lack. This does not mean goods and services that are not third-party approved are less reliable, but there is no obvious way in which this can be demonstrated."
	"Third-party quality assurance can offer comfort both as a means of satisfying you that goods and services you have purchased are fit for purpose, and as a means of demonstrating that you have complied with the law.""
	- Section 8 Quality assurance of fire protection equipment and installation (Ref: )

= = = RaiPlay = = =

	RaiPlay is the multimedia portal owned by Italian national broadcaster RAI replacing Rai.tv since September 12, 2016.
	Free login and registration are required to watch on demand content on RaiPlay. Initially, access has been required only for the app, but since August 21, 2017, it is also required when using the browser.
	RaiPlay has accounts on the main social media networks (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) where the latest content and live streaming is shared. The site is also available for smartphones with the dedicated app downloadable from Microsoft Store, Google Play and App Store. Commercials are managed by Rai Pubblicità.
	RaiPlay was created on January 9, 2007 as Rai.tv and operated by Rai Net. The website allowed viewers to watch and listen to programs entirely or partially produced by Rai. The availability of programs was subject to copyright. The website also hosted exclusive content including interviews, extras, specials and blogs. A podcasting service was also made available from RaiPlay. Until January 2009, the app used by the site to play files had been Windows Media Player 11. Since February 2009, Rai.tv used Silverlight for video streaming while choosing Silverlight or RealPlayer for audio content (of radio channels). Microsoft Silverlight limited the availability of live video streaming exclusively to Microsoft users.
	From 2007 to 2014 many videos have been available on the Rai's Youtube channel, but in 2014 the broadcaster decided not to renew the partnership with the famous web site, removing 150 000 videos in a 9 year period. The economic loss due to this decision has been estimated at €1,5 million.
	On 12 September 2016, Rai.tv became RaiPlay, renewing its graphics and functions but not including the live streaming or radio content. RaiPlay has been available on Smart TV since December 2016.
	Since 1 June 2017, during the airing of the second season of "Non uccidere", all episodes of new seasons belonging to Rai series or purchased from other broadcasters were made available online via RaiPlay Anteprima.
	On October 30 2019 a huge update was released, making the app look more similar to other services like Netflix or Amazon Prime Video. On November 5 of the same year, the first original program of the service, Viva RaiPlay!, was released. This program also aired on Rai 1 until November 8. On November 13, it became a RaiPlay exclusive.
	On the home page are shown news or exclusive content, collections of programs divided in sections which will be customized if logging on with a RaiPlay account.
	On the sidebar (which can be opened by clicking on the dedicated button) are available these sections: 

= = = Look Out! (song) = = =

	"Look Out!" is a song by British dubstep producer and DJ Rusko. It was self-released on 26 January 2018.
	In May 2017, it was revealed that Rusko had been diagnosed with gastric lymphoma, a rare type of stomach cancer and that he would take time off from producing music to receive treatment. In October, he appeared in an interview with electronic music publication website Your EDM, announcing that his treatment was successful and that he had become cancer-free.
	The song was released on 26 January 2018 as a digital download and on music streaming services by Rusko. The song was marked as Rusko's first release since his collaborative extended play "EP 2" with dubstep producer Caspa, released in 2016. Overall, he went through eight months between the start of his treatment and the release of "Look Out!".
	"Look Out!" was well received by most critics. Sadye Auren of "Nest HQ" called the song Rusko's "victory anthem", noting the songs' reggae influence and wrote that the song unveiled "a dynamic design of reverberation." Writing for "Billboard", Jennica Abrams wrote that the song was as "fun and colourful as Rusko's ever been", nothing the songs' "old-school vibe" and describing it as one that fans would enjoy. "Your EDM's" Matthew Meadow described the song as a true "ode to classic Rusko sounds, complete with super crisp snares and heavy kicks, plenty of wobbles, horns, and those telltale UK sound bytes." Raz Ahmad of "Earmilk" stated that Rusko hadn't "lost a bit of his UK bass swagger", writing that he wasted "no time reminding us that there's no better dispenser of wobbly basslines married to buzzing synths, playful instrumentals, and wonky ambient vocal interjections than himself." 

= = = Mary Jones World = = =

	Mary Jones World () is a small heritage centre located in Llanycil near Bala, Gwynedd, Wales. Situated on the north shore of Bala Lake, it provides information on Mary Jones, a fifteen-year-old girl from Llanfihangel-y-Pennant. After she had saved her money for six years, in 1800 Jones walked 26 miles to buy a Welsh language Bible, which were very rare in those days.
	The heritage centre is an initiative of the British and Foreign Bible Society and was opened on 5 October 2014 at a cost of £1.3 million in the former village church which was dedicated to Saint Beuno. It is open daily from April to October from 10am to 5pm with free visitor parking and a café. As well as information about Mary the centre tells about the growth of the Bible Society, and Thomas Charles who sold Mary her bible is buried in the church yard of St Beuno. School group visits are encouraged and there is a children's play area next to the centre.

= = = Devastations of Osorio = = =

	The Devastations of Osorio (in Spanish, las Devastaciones de Osorio) refer to a period in the colonial history of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola in the early 17th century. In order to eliminate the contraband trade in the north and the northwest parts of the island, the Spanish monarch Felipe III sent an order to the then-governor of Hispaniola, Antonio de Osorio, to depopulate those parts of the island (by force if necessary) and to relocate the inhabitants to the vicinity of Santo Domingo in the southeast of the island. The Devastations were carried out between 1605 and 1606.
	In 1604, the King of Spain, Philip III, observing the growing lack of Crown control in the north and western parts of Hispaniola, granted Governor Antonio de Osorio and Archbishop Agustín Dávila y Padilla the power to take whatever action they deemed prudent in order to stop the incursion of foreign contraband as well as contact between Catholic subjects of the Crown and heretics. The origin of the problem was that the residents of Puerto Plata, Montecristi, Bayajá and Yaguana traded their products (especially cured meat and hides) with the French, the English and the Dutch, and received contraband goods in return. This traffic had been carrying on from the middle of the 16th century and kept growing year by year. The king's order forced the officials to carry out the depopulation of the regions in which smuggling was rampant, so that the Crown’s subjects could be moved to a location closer to the capital of the island, Santo Domingo. When the people of the northwest first heard about this order, the town councils began to raise petitions in which they requested the abolition of the measure. However, Governor Osorio, who upon the death of the archbishop Dávila y Padilla had to face the situation alone, decided to comply with the letter of the royal ordinance. In mid-February 1605, royal representatives left for the northern part of Hispaniola to proclaim that the people of the area would be forgiven crimes committed against the Spanish Crown resulting from the practice of trafficking with foreigners and heretics, but only under one condition: that they would collect all their personal belongings, slaves, cattle and other property, and move to the southeast, to locations pre-determined by the royal authorities of Santo Domingo. (Some officials of the Spanish "audiencia" tried to suppress the royal order, since their own smuggling interests would also be affected.) 
	The population of the north resisted and Osorio had to ask for reinforcements to comply with the royal order. The help came from the governor of Puerto Rico, Sancho Ochoa de Castro, who in September of that same year 1605 sent an infantry company to Santo Domingo to help out the forces of Hispaniola. The contingent, composed of 159 soldiers under the command of Captain Francisco Ferrecuelo, went to the north of the island, where the orders of Osorio were forcibly imposed, and the residents of the region obliged to abandon their farms and homesteads. In order to achieve their objective, the soldiers destroyed sugar plantations, burned huts, ranches, haciendas and churches, and dismantled everything that the villagers needed to live in those places. The main depopulated areas were Puerto Plata, Montecristi, Bayajá and Yaguana. At the end of January 1606, Antonio de Osorio wrote to the king, communicating that the devastation had ended and that he only needed to go through the herds of cattle of the north, and those of Santiago, San Juan and Azua. The process was however delayed until the middle of the year. Eventually, the governor established a border that stretched from Azua in the south all the way to the north coast, and prohibited the Hispanic inhabitants from crossing it. The inhabitants of Bayajá and Yaguana were concentrated in a new town that received the name of Bayaguana, and the inhabitants of Montecristi and Puerto Plata were relocated to Monte Plata. 
	In any event, the governor's operation failed to stop smuggling in the region. The destruction of about 120 herds of cattle, which totaled more than 100,000 cattle, cows, pigs and horses, proved to be disastrous, since only 15% of the cattle could be moved to new locations, while the rest were abandoned. Within a short time, these herds turned wild. Moreover, the destruction of the mills and trapiches accelerated the decline of the sugar industry which, added to the loss of livestock and plantations of cane and ginger, increased poverty on the island and removed Santo Domingo to the margins of colonial trade. The depopulation of the northwestern part of Hispaniola was taken advantage of by black slaves who, fleeing from their masters, settled in that region. Runaway slaves came not only from the island itself, but also from neighboring Cuba and Puerto Rico. Likewise, the evacuation of half of Hispaniola did not cause this territory to be forgotten, as the Crown had wished, but rather it fell upon the mercy of foreigners who benefitted greatly from the cattle and other fruits of the land left behind by the Spaniards. Finally, the misery that was generated after the Osorio Devastations also affected the tax revenues of the colony, to the point that these were no longer enough to cover bureaucratic expenses nor the maintenance of the armed forces in Santo Domingo. 
	It is interesting to note that a similar situation occurred in Florida. In the middle of 1601, King Philip III, observing the difficulties in maintaining the sparse population of Spanish settlers in the face of continued attacks by the native Indians (and also noticing the limited amount of agricultural and livestock production), ordered the governor of Havana, Juan Maldonado Barnuevo, to send an expedition northwards. The expedition, composed of soldiers and friars under the command of Captain Don Fernando de Valdés, was to perform an inspection and determine the cost to the Crown of maintaining the province. Although the expedition found places in Florida that could have been better utilized for colonial establishments, the Captain warned that the abandonment of San Agustín could harm Spain to the benefit of her enemies. Finally, the combined efforts of Fernando de Valdés and other officials such as Alonso de las Alas, Bartolomé de Argüelles, Juan Menéndez Marques and the friars who accompanied the expedition (who believed that the Indians of Florida provided bountiful opportunities for conversion to Christianity) proved to be successful in averting the abandonment of Florida.
	The Osorio Devastations signified the beginning of the strengthening of the Hispanic military presence in Hispaniola, since, to put the order into practice, the support of 159 soldiers from the garrison of San Juan was requested from Puerto Rico. The terrible economic impact of the royal order eventually caused a change in the financing of Hispaniola, transferring it from the viceroyalty of New Spain to that of viceroyalty of Peru. However, from the 1680s onwards, the growing threat of buccaneers as well as that of French forces meant that Hispaniola and Cuba became major recipients of economic resources from New Spain, primarily for military purposes. 
	Historians conclude that the Devastations of Osorio constituted an error that brought no benefits to the colonists nor to the Spanish Crown. Instead, it left the economy of the island in a state of crisis and stagnation that lasted several decades. In addition, it presented an opportunity for foreigners and enemies of Spain to settle the abandoned territory, who later formed the French colony of Saint Domingue. From the 18th century, thanks to its productive sugar and coffee plantations, it became one of the strongest economies of the Caribbean and the principal colony of France.
	The Devastations form the backdrop of Antonio Benitez-Rojo's short story "Windward Passage" in the collection "A View from the Mangrove". 

= = = Zhao Jinmai = = =

	Zhao Jinmai (born 29 September 2002) is a Chinese actress. 
	On September 29, 2002, Zhao was born in Liaoning, China.
	Zhao started her acting career as a child actress in the early 2010s. She participated in several television series and films, in particularly the fantasy children film "Balala the Fairies". In 2016, she starred in the urban family drama "A Love for Separation", which was popular and introduced Zhao to a wider audience. In 2017, Zhao starred in the modern drama "My! Physical Education Teacher". In 2018, Zhao starred in the comedy film "Go Brother!".
	In 2019, Zhao starred in the film "The Wandering Earth" adapted from Liu Cixin's novel, playing the lead female character. The film is one of the highest grossing films in China and led to increased recognition for Zhao. The same year she gained recognition for her role in the family drama "Growing Pain". She also played the lead female role in the youth romance drama "A Little Thing Called First Love".
	"Forbes China" listed Zhao under their 30 Under 30 Asia 2019 list which consisted of 30 influential people under 30 years old who have had a substantial effect in their fields.

= = = Josh Kerr (rugby league) = = =

	Josh Kerr (born 11 February 1996) is an Australian rugby league footballer who plays as a for the St. George Illawarra Dragons in the NRL.
	He previously played for the Indigenous All Stars.
	Kerr was born in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
	He was a Redcliffe Dolphins junior and was signed to play in the Melbourne Storm's Under 20s. 
	Kerr represented the Indigenous All Stars in the 2019 All Stars match. On 21 March 2019, round 2 Kerr made his NRL debut for St. George Illawarra against the South Sydney Rabbitohs.

= = = Three Days of Happiness = = =

	A man in his twenties, Kusunoki, who can barely afford food or rent is selling everything he can to get his hands on money, when the owner of a bookstore notices he is strapped for cash after he comes in to trade his books. The shopkeeper tells him of a place which buys health, time, and lifespan. After going to another store to trade in his CDs, the cashier there notices as well, and tells him about the same shop. Kusunoki ultimately decides to go, and after having his life evaluated based on the presence of factors such as happiness, actualisation, and contribution, he discovers that his life is valued at ¥10,000 (~$100) per year. Due to the low value, he decides to sell all of his life span except for three months.
	The novel written by Sugaru Miaki and illustrated by Shōichi Taguchi was published in a unique volume by ASCII Media Works in the Media Works Bunko Imprint in December 25, 2013.
	A manga adaptation of the novel by Shōichi Taguchi began in Shueisha's website and smartphone app at Shōnen Jump+ in August 8, 2016 and ended in October 10, 2017 with three volumes published in print.

= = = Alf Latta = = =

	Alf Latta (1882-1947) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s and 1910s. He played for Balmain and was a foundation player of the club.
	Latta made his first grade debut for Balmain against Western Suburbs on 20 April 1908 at Birchgrove Oval, which was the club's first ever game and also the opening week of the inaugural NSWRL competition. Balmain went on to win the match 24-0 in front of 3000 spectators. Latta scored Balmain's first ever try as a club and also kicked the club's first goals during the game.
	Latta played with Balmain up until the end of the 1912 before retiring with his last game being an 8-5 loss against Annandale.
	Latta played representative football for New South Wales in 1909 and played 2 games for Metropolis scoring 3 tries
	Latta's son Ernie also went to play for Balmain in 1935.

= = = 2007–08 V-League (South Korea) = = =

	The 2007-8 V-League season was the 4th season of the V-League, the highest professional volleyball league in South Korea. The season started on 1 December 2007 and finished on 17 April 2008. Cheonan Hyundai Capital Skywalkers were the defending champions in the men's league and Cheonan Heungkuk Pink Spiders the defending female champions.

= = = Adam Schnelting = = =

	Adam Schnelting is a Republican member of the Missouri House of Representatives. He represents the 104th district, which encompasses portions of St. Peters and St. Charles in St. Charles County, south of Mexico Road and extending southeastward beyond Route 94 to Towers Road. Schnelting was elected to the Missouri House in November 2018.
	Schnelting is a 7th-generation Missourian and member of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. He is also a member of the National Rifle Association, Missouri Right to Life, American Center for Law & Justice, Missouri Society for Military History, and the Missouri State Defense Force. Schnelting has degrees in political science and Christian ministry from Oklahoma Wesleyan University. He is a licensed minister and former pastor.
	Schnelting has prior experience as a legislative assistant in the Missouri House of Representatives. In 2016, he ran in the Republican primary for the 65th house district, though lost to Tom Hannegan. Republican incumbent Kathie Conway was term-limited in 2018 from serving again in the 104th district. Schnelting ran unopposed in the August 2018 primary, then defeated Democrat Peggy Sherwin in the November general election.
	Representative Schnelting serves on the following committees:

= = = Australia A cricket team in England in 2019 = = =

	The Australia A cricket team toured England to play 5 List A matches against several County Clubs and First-class matches against Sussex and the England Lions cricket team, all played in June and July 2019.
	In April 2019, Australia A announced two 14-man touring parties. Ahead of the First-class matches, Joe Burns added to the squad. 

= = = Aleksandr Kharitonov (chess player) = = =

	Aleksandr Kharitonov (; born 8 November 1986) is a Russian chess grandmaster (2006).
	Aleksandr Kharitonov repeatedly represented Russia at the European Youth Chess Championships and World Youth Chess Championships in different age groups, where won three medals: gold (in 2002, at the European Youth Chess Championship in the U16 age group), silver (in 2003, at the World Youth Chess Championship in the U18 age group) and bronze (in 2003, at the European Youth Chess Championship in the U18 age group).
	He is a winner of many international chess tournaments, including winning of first prize in Ryazan (2001), Ostrava (2002), Jeseník (2002), Eforie (2004, 2005).
	In 2002, Aleksandr Kharitonov was awarded the FIDE International Master (IM) title and received the FIDE Grandmaster (GM) title four year later.

= = = Cammy Gill = = =

	Cameron Gill (born 7 April 1998) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays for Dunfermline Athletic, as a goalkeeper.
	Gill attended Gracemount High School.
	Gill began his career with Edinburgh South Boys Club, joining Dunfermline Athletic at under-11 level. In January 2017 he signed a new contract with the club, following links to clubs including Scottish Premiership sides Celtic and Heart of Midlothian, and later that month he moved on loan to Arbroath. Upon his return to Dunfermline he stated his intention to break into the first team.
	Following the departure of Hutton at the end of the 2016–17 season, Gill became Dunfermline's second-choice goalkeeper for the 2017–18 season. He made his senior debut on 2 September 2017, coming on as a second-half substitute in a Scottish Challenge Cup match with Buckie Thistle, with the youngster keeping a clean sheet in 30 minutes he was on the field of play. Gill made his first full start for Dunfermline on 28 July 2018, in a Scottish League Cup match at East End Park against Stirling Albion.
	After previously playing for the Scotland under-16 team, he was called up by the Scotland under-20 team in November 2018.

= = = 68th FIFA Congress = = =

	The 68th FIFA Congress was held in Moscow, Russia, on 13 June 2018, prior to the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
	It was the first time since 1966 the FIFA World Cup Host was selected by the FIFA Congress.
	The bidding process was originally scheduled to start in 2015, with the appointment of hosts scheduled for the FIFA Congress on 10 May 2017 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. On 10 June 2015, FIFA announced that the bid process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup was postponed. However, following the FIFA Council meeting on 10 May 2016, a new bid schedule was announced for May 2020 as the last in a four-phase process. The United bid (Canada/Mexico/United States) were awarded the 2026 World Cup with 134 votes over Morocco with 65 votes and None of the bids only 1 vote from Iran.
	Bids:

= = = Refaat R. Kamel = = =

	Refaat R. Kamel is an Egyptian surgeon and past world president of the International College of Surgeons. He is one of the surgeons depicted in Henry Ward’s 2010 painting ‘’The 'Finger-Assisted' Nephrectomy of Professor Nadey Hakim’’. He has been elected president of the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation (MESOT) for 2018 to 2020.

= = = Claude Chabauty = = =

	Claude Chabauty (born May 4, 1910 in Oran, died June 2, 1990 in Dieulefit) was a French mathematician.
	He was admitted in 1929 to the École normale supérieure in Paris. In 1938 he obtained his diploma, majoring in number theory. Consequently he was a professor in Strasbourg. From 1954 on, and for 22 years, he was the director of the department of pure mathematics at the University of Grenoble.
	He worked on Diophantine approximation and geometry of numbers, where he used both classical and p-adic analytic methods. He introduced the Chabauty topology to generalise Mahler's compactness theorem from Euclidean lattices to more general discrete subgroups.

= = = Jenna McClure = = =

	Jenna McClure (born 8 May 1981) is a former Western Australian netball player. She played for the Perth Orioles in the Commonwealth Bank Trophy.

= = = More Sexy Canterbury Tales = = =

	More Sexy Canterbury Tales (also known as "More Filthy Canterbury Tales"; ) is a 1972 Italian decamerotic comedy film directed and shot by Joe D'Amato, who also wrote the story and acts in a small part as one of the monks.
	Because D'Amato wanted to stay unaccredited as director, the directorial credit in the Italian version reads "Romano Gastaldi" - a pseudonym of Romano Scandariato (who acted as assistant director in this film) - and in the English version "Ralph Zucker." As cinematographer, D'Amato is credited under his birth name Aristide Massaccesi.
	The film's narrative frame is introduced in the title credits with a group of monks running away from their to visit a convent of nuns. While the younger friars get to be with the more attractive nuns, the Father Superior is caught and taken in by an old and lecherous nun.
	The main part of the film is taken up by three episodes, between which is a short vignette that shows the monks and the nuns before and after their trysts.
	In the first episode (), an old husband leaves his young wife for a business trip, and his wife uses his absence to invite a young sculptor to have sex. When her husband's sister unexpectedly arrives, she too has sex with the sculptor.
	In the second episode (), a young priest falls in love with a young wife during confession, during which she seduces him. She then lets him pay for sexual favours. Having finally tired of him, she tells her brutish husband of his advances, who squeezes the priest's penis with the lid of a chest in a such a way that the priest is forced to castrate himself with a knife.
	In the final episode (), a young man successfully infiltrates the household of a rich merchant and his sexually unfulfilled wife by disguising himself as a maid. When the husband finds out about "her" penis, he nonetheless lets "her" stay and even orders "her" to sleep with his wife. He has found out that the offspring of hermaphrodites is always male.
	The frame story is resumed at the end of the third episode. The situation is now reversed: The monks are walking back to their own monastery, slowly and worn out, while their Father Superior walks behind and spurs them on. Since he thought it unfair that he never gets the younger nuns, he made them have sex with the old and lecherous nun.
	In alphabetical order (as shown in the Italian title credits):
	Unaccredited (among others):
	In Italy, the film passed the board of censorship on 11 August 1972; it was released to cinemas the same year and was later distributed on VHS by Shendene & Moizzi in their "Collezzione decamerotico" and shown on Italian TV.
	In Germany, the film was distributed theatrically by Mercator under the title "Hemmungslos der Lust verfallen". In Great Britain, it was passed uncut with a run time of 75 minutes and 50 seconds under the title "More Filthy Canterbury Tales".
	In 1999, Marco Giusti called it "a cruel decameron, and erotically much more daring than usual" (). 
	In 2004, Gordiano Lupi called the film "entertaining, well written, erotic in the right amount" (). Lupi highlighted Franco Salina's theme song that plays during the opening and end credits and starts with the lyrics, (translation: "Father, father, father superior, defend our hearts from sin..."). Its melody returns throughout the film.
	In his 2015 monograph on Joe D'Amato, Sébastien Gayraud saw a thematic link between the self-castration in the film's second episode and the ending of D'Amato's later film "Sesso nero".

= = = Tashiro Sanki = = =

	Tashiro studied abroad in China between 1487 and 1498, and returned to Japan with new ideas regarding medicine. He promulgated the use of medicine for emotional disorders.
	Tashiro's workbooks were written in a cryptic style, using uncommon characters and terminology, in order to preserve the secrets of his school for initiates only.

= = = Learning rate = = =

	In machine learning and statistics, the learning rate is a tuning parameter in an optimization algorithm that determines the step size at each iteration while moving toward a minimum of a loss function. Since it influences to what extent newly acquired information overrides old information, it metaphorically represents the speed at which a machine learning model "learns." The learning rate is often denoted by the character η or α.
	In setting a learning rate, there is a trade-off between the rate of convergence and overshooting. While the direction toward the minimum is usually determined from the gradient of the loss function, the learning rate determines how big a step is taken in that direction. A too high learning rate will make the learning jump over minima but a too low learning rate will either take too long to converge or get stuck in an undesirable local minimum. 
	In order to achieve faster convergence, prevent oscillations and getting stuck in undesirable local minima the learning rate is often varied during training either in accordance to a learning rate schedule or by using an adaptive learning rate. In Newton's method, the learning rate is essentially determined from the local curvature of the loss function, by using the inverse of the Hessian matrix as the step size.
	A learning rate schedule changes the learning rate during learning and is most often changed between epochs/iterations. This is mainly done with two parameters: decay and momentum . There are many different learning rate schedules but the most common are time-based, step-based and exponential.
	Decay serves to settle the learning in a nice place and avoid oscillations, a situation that may arise when a too high constant learning rate makes the learning jump back and forth over a minima, and is controlled by a hyperparameter.
	Momentum is analogous to a ball rolling down a hill; we want the ball to settle at the lowest point of the hill (corresponding to the lowest error). Momentum both speeds up the learning (increasing the learning rate) when the error cost gradient is heading in the same direction for a long time and also avoids local minima by 'rolling over' small bumps. Momentum is controlled by a hyper parameter analogous to a ball's mass which must be chosen manually—too high and the ball will roll over minima which we wish to find, too low and it will not fulfil its purpose. The formula for factoring in the momentum is more complex than for decay but is most often built in with deep learning libraries such as Keras.
	Time-based learning schedules alter the learning rate depending on the learning rate of the previous time iteration. Factoring in the decay the mathematical formula for the learning rate is:
	formula_1
	where formula_2 is the learning rate, formula_3 is a decay parameter and formula_4 is the iteration step.
	Step-based learning schedules changes the learning rate according to some pre defined steps. The decay application formula is here defined as:
	formula_5
	where formula_6 is the learning rate at iteration formula_4, formula_8 is the initial learning rate, formula_3 is how much the learning rate should change at each drop (0.5 corresponds to a halving) and formula_10 corresponds to the droprate, or how often the rate should be dropped (10 corresponds to a drop every 10 iterations). The "floor" function here drops the value of its input to 0 for all values smaller than 1.
	Exponential learning schedules are similar to step-based but instead of steps a decreasing exponential function is used. The mathematical formula for factoring in the decay is:
	formula_11
	where formula_3 is a decay parameter.
	The issue with learning rate schedules is that they all depend on hyperparameters that must be manually chosen for each given learning session and may vary greatly depending on the problem at hand or the model used. To combat this there are many different types of adaptive gradient descent algorithms such as Adagrad, Adadelta, RMSprop, Adam which are generally built into deep learning libraries such as Keras.

= = = Christopher Chen = = =

	Christopher Chen is an obstetrician and gynaecologist in Singapore who in 1986 was the first to successfully freeze a human egg which subsequently led to egg banks being started around the world. In 1998, he successfully produced Singapore’s first IVF sextuplets.

= = = South Signal, Taguig = = =

	South Signal Village is one of the 28 barangays of Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines. It was former part of Barangay Signal Village which divided in to three (3) barangays. North Signal Village and Central Signal Village are the others. The barangay is also known as Triumph.

= = = 1973 Icelandic Cup = = =

	The 1973 Icelandic Cup was the 14th edition of the National Football Cup.
	It took place between 13 June 1973 and 13 September 1973, with the final played at Laugardalsvöllur in Reykjavik. The cup was important, as winners qualified for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (if a club won both the league and the cup, the defeated finalists would take their place in the Cup Winners' Cup).
	Clubs from the 1. Deild entered in the last 16, with clubs from lower tiers entering in the three preliminary rounds. Teams played one-legged matches. In case of a draw, the match was replayed at the opposition's ground.
	Fram Reykjavik won their second Icelandic Cup, beating ÍBK Keflavík in the final. The club therefore qualified for Europe.
 

= = = William Manly King = = =

	William Manly King (May 19, 1886 – 1961) was an architect in the United States. He is known for the buildings he designed in Florida, especially West Palm Beach. Several are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
	King was born in Macon, Mississippi. His family moved to Atlanta and he attended University School for Boys in Stone Mountain, Georgia. He graduated from Georgia Tech with a degree in architecture in 1908.
	After a couple of partnerships in Birmingham, Alabama, King moved to Florida in 1921 and worked with Addison Mizner before establishing his own practice.
	King's office was in West Palm Beach. He was the Palm Beach County Board of Public Instruction's architect and designed school buildings throughout Palm Beach County. He also designed hotels in West Palm Beach. He designed the seal for the City of West Palm Beach.

= = = Stephen White (priest) = = =

	Stephen Ross White (b 1958) is an Anglican priest.
	White was educated at Queen's University Belfast, Hull University and Ripon College Cuddesdon. He was ordained in 1986 and began his ecclesiastical career as a curate in Redcar. He was the incumbent at Gweedore from 1998 until 1992; Dean of Raphoe from 1992 until 2002; and Dean of Killaloe and Clonfert from 2002 until 2012. Between 2011 and 2012 he was Chancellor of Saint Patrick’s Cathedral, Dublin, the National Cathedral of the Church of Ireland.
	Since 2012 Dr White has been Priest in charge at Dunsfold with Hascombe.

= = = NBL1 = = =

	NBL1 is a semi-professional basketball league in Australia, comprising a north conference and a south conference with both a men's and women's competitions. The league is run by Basketball Victoria and includes teams from Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory. The league replaced the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL), Australia's pre-eminent semi-professional basketball league between 1981 and 2018. Following the NBL1's inaugural season in 2019, the 2020 season saw the 2019 teams comprise the new south conference and the former Queensland Basketball League become the new north conference.
	In October 2018, following the demise of the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL), Basketball Victoria announced a new senior elite league to take the reins as Australia's pre-eminent semi-professional basketball league. All Victorian SEABL teams joined the new league, while Knox Raiders, Eltham Wildcats, Ringwood Hawks and Waverley Falcons moved up from the Big V Championship division. The North-West Tasmania Thunder men and Launceston Tornadoes women also kept their place, as did Basketball Australia's Centre of Excellence teams. In February 2019, the league was named NBL1.
	After a successful first season, the league announced in October 2019 that it would be expanding into Queensland for the 2020 season. In January 2020, NBL1 expanded with the establishment of North and South conferences for the 2020 season. After a landmark agreement with Basketball Queensland, NBL1 North replaced the Queensland Basketball League (QBL). As a result, the 2019 NBL1 teams formed the new south conference.
	Founded in 2019, the South conference was the only conference in NBL1 during its inaugural season and predominately consisted of teams from the defunct South East Australian Basketball League. The South conference currently has 18 teams spread across Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia and Tasmania.
	In 2020, the North conference joined the league, becoming the second conference introduced following NBL1's merger with the former Queensland Basketball League. The North conference currently consists of 13 teams, all of which are based in Queensland.

= = = Lenz (surname) = = =

	Lenz is a German surname.
	Notable people with the name include:

= = = Daniel Delamare = = =

	Daniel Delamare (born May 17, 1954) is a French businessman who formerly owned an Art Gallery.
	Orphaned as a child ("pupille de la nation", brought up by the state), Daniel Delamare was raised at Fondation OPEJ - Baron Edmond de Rothschild. After spending three years at Lycée Charlemagne, he decided to study journalism in Paris.
	Delamare started his career in a Paris press agency before launching his own textile business in 1978. After being granted a license by The Walt Disney Company, Daniel Delamare created the Mickey Mouse polo shirts. He sold his company in 1985. 
	In 1987, he launched an art gallery on the Avenue Matignon in Paris. During the first years following the opening, "Gallery Daniel Delamare" mainly exhibited impressionist paintings. Delamare built personal collections of wealthy Asian and American businessmen. One of its main clients was Japanese businessman M.Okamura, former CEO of Taihei Sangyo K.K. 
	At M.Okamura's special request, Daniel Delamare started selling "genuine copies" of famous painters including Amedeo Modigliani, Manet, Degas, Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Cézanne. Daniel Delamare and his partner, Danielle Van Santen, hired 15 painters and each of their copies was said to be unique. Each canvas had stamped on the back “Daniel Delamare - Copy”. Although these paintings were not originals, the gallery rewarded some painters’ descendants with royalties.
	Western businessmen became interested in these paintings as well. Renowned buyers included Laurence Rockefeller and Baron Edmond de Rothschild. 
	In 1990, M.Okamura ordered 2,000 copies to create the "Daniel Delamare Museum" in order to exhibit exclusively genuine copies in Japan. The press valued the transaction at 250 million francs, equivalent to €38 million.
	Before he sold his gallery in 1995, he exhibited humorous drawings from French cartoonists (Cabu, Georges Wolinski, Roger Testu, Pichon, Soulas, Hoviv, Siné, Trez, Loup). Delamare contributed in creating an art market for humorous drawings as these ones were, at the time, considered a "journalistic work".
	In 1990, he co-published "Traits d'Humour" with François Cavanna to present pastiches of impressionists' masterpieces revisited by cartoonists. In 1992, he publishes "Daniel Delamare présente 40 ans de Dessins d'Humour et de Presse", a new compilation of ironic cartoons.
	First public auction for humoristic drawings was led by "Maître" Pierre Cornette de Saint Cyr at Hôtel Drouot in 1991. 
	In 2013, Daniel Delamare launched a digital platform, Politiclic, to help European Parliament candidates promote their electoral programs. He also founded Initiative Commune Connectee which provides city halls with mobile apps to make citizens and politicians closer. The company was sold to VINCI in 2017. 
	Daniel Delamare is now managing his own investment firm specialised in the art industry.
	Daniel Delamare has given art classes in many French universities including Ecole du Louvre and Sciences Po Paris. 

= = = Jesper Søndergaard Thybo = = =

	Jesper Søndergaard Thybo (born 10 January 1999) is a Danish chess Grand Master (2020).
	Jesper Søndergaard Thybo repeatedly represented Denmark at the European Youth Chess Championships and World Youth Chess Championships in different age groups, where won gold medal in 2017, at the European Youth Chess Championship in the U18 age group. In 2016, he won the Nordic Youth Chess Championship. In 2017, in Jūrmala Jesper Søndergaard Thybo won tournament with International Master norm. In 2017 he won third place in the Danish Chess Championship. He two times played for Denmark in World Youth U16 Chess Olympiads (2012, 2014).
	Jesper Søndergaard Thybo played for Denmark in the European Team Chess Championship:
	In 2017, Jesper Søndergaard Thybo was awarded the FIDE International Master (IM) title. 

= = = Danske Kvinders Forsvarsforening = = =

	The Danske Kvinders Forsvarsforening (DKF), or Danish Women's Defence Association, was a Danish women's organization established in 1907 to improve the readiness of the Danish armed forces as tensions increased across Europe. With a membership of some 50,000, it was one of the largest Danish women's organizations up to the First World War. Politically neutral, it had chapters throughout the country. With a view to making Denmark's neutrality more convincing, it sensitized politicians to the need for more effective armed forces while encouraging men to take renewed interest in defence. In 1913, a collection from its membership provided funding for ammunition and uniforms for the voluntary shooting corps. After women had obtained voting rights in 1915, it was decided future progress on defence should be based on their political involvement. The organization was therefore dissolved in 1921.
	Leading figures included Charlotte Norrie, founder and president 1907–15, Agnes Slott-Møller, president 1915–17, and Kirsten Langkilde, president 1917–19. Mathilde Malling and Johanne Münter were also active members of the organization. 
	Given the continued support for the aims of the organization south of the new Danish border in Southern Jutland, on the initiative of Ellen Bjerre, Julie Ramsing and Dagmar Schmiegelow, in 1921 a new organization was created as Danske Kvinders Slesvigske Forening (Danish Women's Scheswig Association).

= = = John Woodward (rugby league) = = =

	John Woodward was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s and 1910s. He played for Balmain and was a foundation player of the club. Woodward also played one season for North Sydney.
	Woodward was a foundation player for Balmain in 1908 and competed in the club's first season which was also the first season of rugby league in Australia.
	Woodward played with Balmain up until the end of 1913 and then joined North Sydney in 1915 playing 1 season for Norths before retiring.
	Woodward played representative football for New South Wales in 1910 making 1 appearance against Queensland in the interstate series.
	His brother, James Woodward also played first grade rugby league for Balmain and Annandale between 1911 and 1914.

= = = Illegal immigration to the United States and crime = = =

	The issue of crimes committed by Illegal immigrants to the United States is a topic that is often asserted and debated in politics and the media when discussing Immigration policy in the United States. According to many studies, undocumented immigrants in the United States are less likely to commit crime than native-born citizens and have no impact on violent crime rates.
	According to empirical evidence, immigrants (including illegal immigrants) are less likely to commit crimes than native-born citizens in the United States.
	A 2018 study found that undocumented immigration to the United States did not increase violent crime rates. A 2017 study found that "Increased undocumented immigration was significantly associated with reductions in drug arrests, drug overdose deaths, and DUI arrests, net of other factors." A 2017 study found that California's extension of driving licenses to unauthorized immigrants "did not increase the total number of accidents or the occurrence of fatal accidents, but it did reduce the likelihood of hit and run accidents, thereby improving traffic safety and reducing costs for California drivers ... providing unauthorized immigrants with access to driver's licenses can create positive externalities for the communities in which they live."
	A 2018 study in the "American Economic Journal: Economic Policy" found that by restricting the employment opportunities for unauthorized immigrants, the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) likely caused an increase in crime rates. A 2018 "PLOS One" study estimated that the undocumented immigrant population in the United States was 22 million, approximately twice as large as the estimate derived from the
	United States Census Bureau's figures. An author of the study notes that this has implications for the relationship between undocumented immigration and crime, suggesting that the crime rate among undocumented immigrants is significantly lower than previously estimated: "You have the same number of crimes but now spread over twice as many people as was believed before, which right away means that the crime rate among undocumented immigrants is essentially half whatever was previously believed."
	According to analysis of the 2010 United States Census, "immigrants to the United States are significantly less likely than native-born citizens to be incarcerated. The authors found that 1.6 percent of immigrant males age 18-39 are incarcerated, compared to 3.3 percent of the native-born... The divide was even sharper when the authors examined the incarceration rate among immigrant men the authors believe likely to be undocumented — specifically less-educated men from El Salvador and Guatemala between age 18-29. ... According to the analysis, these likely undocumented immigrants had an incarceration rate of 1.7 percent, compared with 10.7 percent for native-born men without a high school diploma".
	A 2018 study found no evidence that apprehensions of undocumented immigrants in districts in the United States reduced crime rates.
	According to immigration analyst Alex Nowrasteh, and criminologist Barry Latzer, Texas is the only state that tracks illegal immigrants by the specific crime committed. Homicide data are regarded as more accurate than data on other crimes because "a much higher proportion of murders are solved." The Texas data for 2016 showed that the rate of murder convictions in 2016 was 3.2 per 100,000 native-born Americans, 0.9 for every 100,000 legal immigrants and 1.8 per 100,000 illegal immigrants.
	A 2016 study of an effort to reduce crime in North Carolina by identifying and deporting illegal immigrants showed no correlation between increased deportation enforcement and local crime rates.
	Individuals who are in the United States illegally and who have been convicted of crimes are eligible to be deported under federal law. Research suggests that immigration enforcement has no impact on crime rates.
	Crimes committed by illegal immigrants who had previously been arrested or convicted of crimes have been a focus of particular attention.
	Sanctuary cities—which adopt policies designed to avoid prosecuting people solely for being in the country illegally—have no statistically meaningful impact on crime, and may reduce the crime rate.
	Discussion has been particularly intense when an illegal alien has been arrested for a minor offense and is known to be in the country illegally is released because the jurisdiction where he was arrested is a sanctuary city that limits police cooperation with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE,) and goes on to commit a new crime. Examples include the 2018 Tulare County spree shooting, where the suspect had previously served time in American prisons and been deported twice before being arrested on a misdemeanor and released under California Sanctuary Law SB54 the day before he killed two and wounded seven in a spree shooting.
	Special Order 40 is a directive issued jointly by the Los Angeles City Council and the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) under Chief Daryl Gates and the Los Angeles City Council in 1979 prohibiting officers of the LAPD officers from questioning individuals for the sole purpose of whether they were in the United States legally. The Special Order was the center of controversy following the 2008 Murder of Jamiel Shaw II by a perpetrator who was a member of the 18th Street gang and an illegal immigrant to the United States. An effort to put a repeal measure on the ballot in 2009 failed. Police Commissioner William Bratton successfully opposed rescinding the Special Order.
	The "Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act" (Arizona SB 1070,) was enacted by the Arizona legislature in 2010 as a response to broad public dislike of illegal immigration among Arizona voters, and by a widespread belief that a great deal of crime was being committed by illegal immigrants that persisted despite a scholarly consensus that illegal immigrants commit proportionately fewer crimes than American citizens. Public support for the bill was driven by the March 2010 murder of Arizona rancher Robert Krentz.
	Texas Senate Bill 4 was enacted in 2017 to block municipalities in Texas form becoming sanctuary cities, that is, to prevent local authorities from refusing to cooperate with federal authorities in enforcing immigration laws by directing police and court officials not to question persons accused of crimes about their immigration status and to ignore requests by federal authorities to hold individuals who are in the country illegally and have been arrested for minor crimes for deportation. Texas Senate Bill 4 also allows police officers to check the immigration status of those they detain if they choose.
	During his presidential campaign Donald Trump asserted that the immigrants are responsible for higher levels of violent and drug-related crime in the United States. A 2016 study was undertaken to test this hypothesis, specifically with regard to immigrants from Mexico. According to the study, "Results largely contradict the Trump Hypothesis: no evidence links Mexican or undocumented Mexican immigrants specifically to violent or drug-related crime."
	In July 2015, Donald Trump invited what he terms Angel Families, families who have had a member killed by an illegal immigrant to meet with him. Some had lost relatives in road accidents, others were shot or stabbed, but all had family members who died due to actions taken by what Trump describes as people who never should have been in the U.S. in the first place. The Remembrance Project, a nonprofit that works to draw attention to the victims of crimes committed by illegal immigrants, helped the campaign locate families of victims.
	During the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, a political advertisement showing mugshots of illegal immigrants who committed violent crimes in the U.S. alternate with footage of candidate Jeb Bush saying, "Yeah, they broke the law, but it's not a felony... It's an act of love," is regarded as having played a role in Bush's withdrawal from the race. At a May 2016 campaign rally, Trump told an audience that illegal immigrants “Raped, sodomized and killed" Americans.
	Jamiel Shaw, Sr., the father of a high school student murdered by an illegal immigrant in 2008, became a spokesman for the Trump campaign.
	During his Presidency, Donald Trump has repeatedly asserted that crimes committed by illegal immigrants to the United States make the construction of a wall along the U. S. - Mexico border an urgent necessity. Trump's assertions about crimes committed by illegal immigrants were regularly shown to be inaccurate.
	"One Nation," a political nonprofit supporting Republican candidates produced, an ad showing a masked, knife-wielding man with a voice saying, “We need tough immigration enforcement to keep dangerous criminals out.” Other ads criticized sanctuary cities, something Matt Gorman, spokesman for the National Republican Congressional Committee, said that many Americans oppose.

= = = Adel Ramzy = = =

	Adel Ramzy is an Egyptian surgeon who served as the World President of the International College of Surgeons in 2014. He is one of the surgeons depicted in Henry Ward’s painting ‘’The 'Finger-Assisted' Nephrectomy of Professor Nadey Hakim’’.

= = = 2016 North Cyprus Open = = =

	The 2016 Dynamic Northern Cyprus Open,
	was the third Euro Tour 9-Ball pool event in 2016. The event was won by Austria's Mario He who defeated Greece's Nikos Ekonomopoulos 9-5 in the final. In winning the event, He won his first Euro Tour event.
	The event saw a total of 143 players compete, in a double-elimination knockout tournament, until the last 32 stage; where the tournament was contested as single elimination.
	The tournament prize fund will be similar to that of other Euro Tour events, with €4,500 for the winner of the event.

= = = Jordan–Kurdistan Region relations = = =

	Jordan–Kurdistan Region relations are bilateral relations between Jordan and the Kurdistan Region. Jordan is represented in Kurdistan Region through a consulate general in Erbil since 2011, while Kurdistan Region has no representation in Jordan. Relations are described as historical, dating back to the times of Mullah Mustafa Barzani and King Hussein bin Talal. As a response to the unilateral Kurdish independence referendum in September 2017, Jordanian Foreign Minister Ayman Safadi stated that the issue was an internal Iraqi affair and that Jordan did not interfere in other countries' domestic affairs. The Jordanian Consul General in Erbil described ties as "strong and solid" in August 2018.
	In 1996, Iraqi Kurdish rebel leader Jalal Talabani and King Hussein of Jordan met to press for the Iraqi opposition to unite. At the inauguration of the Jordanian consulate general, Jordanian Prime Minister Marouf Bakhit visited Kurdistan Region with a delegation including Minister of Agriculture Samir Habashneh, Minister of Trade and Industry Hani Mulki and Minister of Energy and Natural Resources Khaled Toukan and four other ministers. During the visit, seven Memoranda of Understandings were signed between the two parties. Jordanian King Abdullah II of Jordan and Kurdish President Masoud Barzani has met on five occasions; March 2007, in May 2014, in May 2015, in February 2016 and in May 2017. Kurdish Prime Minister Nechirvan Barzani also met with the King in January 2018 during the World Economic Forum in Davos and relations were described as 'excellent'. In January 2019, Masoud Barzani visited Jordan and met with King Abdullah for regional talks.

= = = Cát Linh station = = =

	Cát Linh Station () is a metro station in Hanoi, located on Đống Đa, Hanoi. It is an interchange station of the Cát Linh Line () and the Văn Miếu Line (). 

= = = Fred Woolley = = =

	Fred Woolley (1880-1955) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s and 1910s. He played for Balmain and was a foundation player of the club.
	Woolley played Rugby Union with Northern Districts, Glebe and Balmain before switching codes to join Balmain in 1908.
	Woolley was a foundation player for Balmain and played in the club's first ever season which was also the first season of Rugby League in Australia.
	In 1909, Woolley was selected to play for Australia, New South Wales and Metropolis.
	Woolley went on to play with Balmain up until the end of 1910 and remarkably went his whole career without scoring a try.
	Woolley was the uncle of Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame inductee Wally Prigg.

= = = Ian Sutherland (bowls) = = =

	Ian Charles Sutherland (1935-1999), was a Welsh international lawn bowls player. 
	He represented Wales during the Lawn bowls at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games. Four years later he won a bronze medal in the men's fours at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton with Ellis Stanbury, Gwyn Evans and John Thomson. 
	He won a national pairs title in 1971 when with the Ebbw Vale club. 

= = = Ernest Arthur Freeman = = =

	Ernest Arthur Freeman (1900–1975) was an English orthopaedic surgeon.
	Freeman received his secondary education at Westminster City School. In the last few weeks of WWI, he was conscripted and served as a private in the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey). With his ex-serviceman's grant he entered St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School in 1919 as a student at the University of London. In 1925 he qualified MRCS, LRCP. In 1927 he graduated MB BS (Lond.) and qualified FRCS. At St Bartholomew's Hospital, after house appointments and serving as a junior demonstrator in pathology he joined George Gask's professorial unit as third assistant in a team comprising Thomas Peel Dunhill, Geoffrey Keynes, and James Paterson Ross.
	Freeman's claim to fame rests upon the 1938 description of the eponymous Freeman–Sheldon syndrome. The foot deformities involved in two paediatric cases of the syndrome were brought to Freeman's attention for possible surgical correction. Freeman then consulted with Sheldon, who was an expert on diseases of bone.
	In 1950 in Wolverhampton, Freeman married Joan Mary Fisher Horrell (1912–2006). Upon his death he was survived by his widow, a son, and a daughter.

= = = Bill Weld 2020 presidential campaign = = =

	On February 15, 2019, former Massachusetts Governor Bill Weld announced the formation of an exploratory committee to consider running for the Republican nomination in the 2020 United States presidential election. On April 15, 2019 Weld officially announced he would be running for president, challenging incumbent Donald Trump. Weld previously was the 2016 Vice Presidential nominee of the Libertarian Party on the Gary Johnson ticket.
	On February 15, 2019, Weld officially announced the formation of an exploratory committee in preparing to run for the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries. Soon after, Weld began making appearances in media, appearing on CNN on Presidents Day 2019, stating he believed Trump has "showed contempt for the American people". He appeared on both Bloomberg News and MSNBC's "Morning Joe" the next day. On "Morning Joe", he criticized Donald Trump as president, with a focus especially on what he labeled bad foreign policy in regards largely to North Korea and Russia.
	On April 15, 2019, Weld officially announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination during an appearance on "The Lead with Jake Tapper". Weld's campaign is being managed by Jennifer Horn, the former chair of the New Hampshire Republican State Committee and also includes Stuart Stevens, a top strategist for Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign.
	Weld has been strongly pro-choice for the entirety of his career.
	Weld has been a consistent supporter of LGBT rights, and the right to same-sex marriage. 
	Weld has described himself as fiscally conservative, with goals of slashing spending and balancing the budget. For this reason, he has been described as a "classic conservative". He has proposed to drastically reduce military spending, withdraw American forces from foreign engagements, and refocus American politics on domestic issues primarily.
	Weld has been a supporter of charter schools, having established the first twenty-five Massachusetts charter schools as governor.
	On October 26, 2019, it was reported that while speaking at Tufts University, Weld suggested that Trump might not even appear on the 2020 ballot. Weld noted that choosing a secret vote about impeachment is an option available to the Senate, and that former Senator Jeff Flake suggested that a secret vote in the process could shield senators effectively from adverse political reactions by the "Trump base", thereby freeing them to vote for conviction. Weld estimated that under those circumstances, 30 to 35 votes to convict would be attained easily and that only 20 are needed.

= = = Evgenios Ioannidis = = =

	Evgenios Ioannidis (; born 12 January 2001) is a Greek chess International Master (2018).
	Evgenios Ioannidis is multiple Greek Youth Chess Championships in different age groups (U08, U10).
	Evgenios Ioannidis repeatedly represented Greece at the European Youth Chess Championships and World Youth Chess Championships in different age groups, where won two gold medals: in 2011, at the European Youth Chess Championship in the U10 age group, and in 2018, at the European Youth Chess Championship in the U18 age group. In 2010, he won European School Chess Championship in the U11 age group. In 2016, he played for Greece in World Youth U16 Chess Olympiad. In 2017, in Uppsala he won the international youth chess tournament. 
	In 2018, Evgenios Ioannidis was awarded the FIDE International Master (IM) title.

= = = Jagera = = =

	Jagera may refer to:

= = = John Thomson (bowls) = = =

	John Thomson is a former Welsh international lawn bowls player. 
	He won a bronze medal in the men's fours at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton with Ellis Stanbury, Gwyn Evans and Ian Sutherland. 
= = = Cobb &amp; Co. (restaurant) = = =

	Cobb & Co. is a New Zealand family restaurant chain.
	It is New Zealand's oldest surviving family restaurant chain, having opened its first branch in 1973. Its name derives from the Cobb & Co stagecoach business originally founded in Australia in the 19th century by Freeman Cobb, although the chain has no direct historical connection with that company.
	The chain's trademark feature is a stagecoach theme with red saloon-style doors. It offers a casual dining menu with steak, hamburgers, seafood, and similar items. It is known for its non-alcoholic mocktail drinks.
	The chain was created by the hotel division of New Zealand Breweries (now Lion). Their first Cobb & Co opened in 1973 in their Auckland South Pacific Hotel.
	At its peak in the 1980s there were 37 Cobb & Co restaurants around New Zealand, but the chain had shrunk to eight branches: six in regional towns and centres in the North Island (Rotorua, Taupo, Tauranga, New Plymouth, Levin, and Whakatane), and two cities in the South Island (Christchurch and Dunedin).
	In the 1980s it ran a series of television commercials featuring British actor David Jason.
	In 2012 the chain was purchased by Sue and Ben Gower, who had originally been franchisees of the Tauranga branch. In 2016, plans to re-expand the chain were announced.
	Controversy arose in 2017 when a newly relaunched branch located in the historic Dunedin Railway Station applied for a licence to include slot machines on its premises, with the Problem Gambling Foundation criticising the presence of gambling machines in a family restaurant.

= = = Stephen Houlgate = = =

	Stephen Houlgate (born 24 March 1954) is a British philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Warwick. He is known for his works on Hegel, Heidegger and Derrida's thought.

= = = MVision = = =

	MVision is a Finnish company using artificial intelligence to improve cancer radiation therapy. MVision's software helps clinicians to draw up a radiation treatment plan for cancer patients. It is used for prostate cancer, and is expected to be functional for head and neck, and breast cancers. The software has been deployed in Turku University Hospital and the Docrates Cancer Center in Helsinki.
	The company was founded in 2017, and in 2018 raised €620,000 in pre-seed funding from Icebreaker.vc, Nuard Ventures, Asko Schrey and Otto Söderlund, as well as Business Finland.

= = = 2019 Women's Herald Sun Tour = = =

	The 2019 Women's Herald Sun Tour sponsored by Lexus of Blackburn was a women's cycle stage race held in Victoria, Australia, from 30 to 31 January 2019. 2019's was the second edition of the race and centred around Phillip Island and Churchill. The race was won by Lucy Kennedy.

= = = Philipp Tyurin = = =

	Philipp Petrovich Tyurin (born 1910 in Sumerki, Ryazan Governorate, Russian Empire - 1947 in Leningrad, RSFSR), also known as The Leningrad Maniac and The Hellraiser, was a Soviet serial killer who operated between 1945 and 1946 in Leningrad. According to investigators, during this period Tyurin murdered 14 people, but he himself confessed to 29 total murders.
	Tyurin, a veteran of the Great Patriotic War, who was seriously wounded after enrolling in the ranks of the armed forces, was treated in one of the military hospitals of Leningrad. After the war, he decided to stay in the city. In April 1945, Tyurin got a job as a teamster at the canteen of the Bolshevik plant, and was allocated a room in the hut. It was there that he lived until the moment of his arrest half a year later, and where, according to investigators, he committed all of his murders. At his disposal was also a telega drawn by a horse, which allowed him to freely remove the bodies in the dead of night.
	The first murder the maniac committed was in April 1945. All of the murders, as Tyurin himself said, were committed in the same scenario - in the Baptist and Smolensk markets of Leningrad, he tracked down people with large sums of money or valuable things to exchange, offering them to sell potatoes at a reduced price, after which he took them to the hut. In the hut, he offered the victim to go down into the cellar and collect the potatoes themselves. When the buyer began to descent the stairs, Tyurin would hit them on the head with a heavy object. Nevertheless, this version caused great doubts, since the examination showed that there are no traces of human blood in the barracks, it was likely that Tyurin committed the killings outside of the barracks, and undressed the victims afterwards.
	According to Tyurin, in the period between April 1945 and December 1946, he committed 29 murders. He dropped a number of bodies into the Utkina Zavod, which is probably why they were never found. In December 1946, near the hut where the murderer lived, the bodies of two of his victims were discovered. The surrounding buildings were checked, and traces of blood were found in Tyurin's room, which later turned out to be traces of animal blood, but law enforcement agencies became interested in the teamster. At that time, Tyurin returned home to the Ryazan Oblast and, according to the testimony of neighbors, his luggage was around 11 suitcases. On January 27, 1947, when Tyurin returned to Leningrad, he was arrested and interrogated. During the initial interrogations, he refused to testify, but soon began speaking. During the investigative experiments, the bodies of 13 victims were found, one more was not possible to be located, since a railway was laid above the burial site. At least 9 more victims of Tyurin, by his own admission, were drowned in the Utkina Zavod, however, the bottom of the reservoir was so silty that even divers could not find the bodies. As a result, Tyurin was accused of committing 14 murders. On May 4, 1947, his case was transferred to the court, which soon sentenced the maniac to death through firing squad. The sentenced was carried out in 1947.

= = = Results breakdown of the 2015 Spanish local elections (Canary Islands) = = =

	This is the results breakdown of the local elections held in the Canary Islands on 24 May 2015. The following tables show detailed results in the autonomous community's most populous municipalities, sorted alphabetically.
	The following table lists party control in the most populous municipalities, including provincial capitals (shown in bold). Gains for a party are displayed with the cell's background shaded in that party's colour.

= = = Wahyudi Hamisi = = =

	Wahyudi Setiawan Hamisi (born in July 28, 1997), is an Indonesian professional footballer who currently plays as a defensive midfielder for Liga 1 club Borneo.

= = = Rishi Kumar Shukla = = =

	Rishi Kumar Shukla (born 23 August 1960) is an IPS officer and the director of Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). He assumed office on 2 February 2019 for a tenure of two years.
	Shukla has a post graduate qualification in Philosophy.
	Shukla is a 1983 batch Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. After his training stint at the National Police Academy, he was posted in Shivpuri, Damoh, Raipur, and Mandsaur districts of Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh. He has trained in crisis management and negotiations in the United States, and was briefly associated with the Intelligence Bureau handling sensitive cases.
	Prior to being appointed as the director of the CBI, he was appointed the director general of Madhya Pradesh Police in 2016 and the chairman of the Madhya Pradesh Police Housing Corporation in Bhopal.

= = = Listed buildings in Stoke St. Milborough = = =

	Stoke St. Milborough is a civil parish in Shropshire, England. It contains 20 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade II*, the middle of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish contains the village of Stoke St. Milborough and smaller settlements, and is otherwise rural. Most of the listed buildings are farmhouses, farm buildings and houses, the earlier of which are timber framed. The other listed buildings include a church, memorials in the churchyard, two Methodist chapels, and a milepost.

= = = Vrije Groepen Amsterdam = = =

	The Vrije Groepen Amsterdam (VGA, "Free Groups of Amsterdam") was a federation of Dutch resistance groups in Amsterdam during the final years of World War II. The VGA was founded in late 1943 to coordinate the activities of Amsterdam's resistance groups. The groups counted some 350 members, about a fifth of whom had a Jewish or part-Jewish background. The VGA focused primarily on hiding Jews from the Nazis and caring for Jews in hiding. Their activities included distributing falsified identification documents, as well as ration cards and financial support, to Jews and others in hiding (so-called "onderduikers") and to members of the resistance movement.
	The 38 groups united under the VGA umbrella included the PP group led by Bob van Amerongen and Jan Hemelrijk, which consisted mainly of Jewish and part-Jewish members. The "groep-Gerretsen" and "groep-Brandsma" resistance groups were also part of the VGA.
	The name "vrije groepen" ("free groups") indicated that the resistance groups did not want to join the national resistance organisation "Landelijke Organisatie voor Hulp aan Onderduikers" (LO) but preferred to remain independent. The choice to remain independent was often related to the fact that the LO reported all families hiding Jews and others from the Nazis to the "Nationaal Steun Fonds" (NSF), an organisation which coordinated the financial support of the Dutch resistance activities. This reporting was considered too risky by the "vrije groepen", who therefore chose not to be affiliated with the LO. Another reason why these groups preferred to remain independent of the national organisations was that many of the groups represented specific minorities such as Jews or socialists.
	In late 1943, the various organisations caring for Jews and others in hiding in Amsterdam established regular contact. A number of leaders of these groups met at Keizersgracht 695 to found the VGA. A similar federation was established in The Hague, the "Vrije Groepen Den Haag".
	"For us, it was the most dangerous meeting of the war", Jan Hemelrijk said of the gathering on Keizersgracht. "There were about thirty people, all representing various groups. I went there shaking in my boots. Fortunately we were not betrayed, or the Germans would have been able to arrest the entire non-affiliated resistance movement in Amsterdam in one fell blow."
	The VGA had a special branch aimed at identifying traitors and helping members who had been arrested, in some cases even attempting to break them free. The intelligence work included making contact with a broad network of jailers, attorneys, physicians, priests and even members of the German "Sicherheitsdienst" (SD) intelligence agency.
	In April 2013, a book by Loes Gompes documenting the history of the PP group, one of the organisations in the VGA, was published under the title "Fatsoenlijk land: Porgel en Porulan in het verzet". The book was accompanied by a documentary film of the same title, which was shown in the Joods Historisch Museum (Jewish Historical Museum) in Amsterdam in January 2014 and broadcast in April of that year on national television channel Nederland 2
	In May 2014, the film was shown in cinema Tuschinski in Amsterdam, followed by interviews with children of PP group members. Following the showing, a ceremony was held to unveil a plaque on the building at Keizersgracht 695 commemorating the founding of the VGA there.
	The archive of the VGA is maintained by the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies.

= = = AZ Phoenicis = = =

	AZ Phoenicis (HR 239) is a variable star in the constellation of Phoenix. It has an average visual apparent magnitude of 6.47, so it is at the limit of naked eye visibility. From parallax measurements by the Gaia spacecraft, it is located at a distance of from Earth. Its absolute magnitude is calculated at 1.65.
	AZ Phoenicis is a Delta Scuti variable that pulsates with a single period of 79.3 minutes, causing its visual brightness to vary with an amplitude of 0.015 magnitudes. Its variability was discovered by Werner Weiss in 1977, from observations with the 50-cm telescope at La Silla Observatory. AZ Phoenicis has also been classified as a possible Ap star, which remains uncertain, even though the star has a large concentration of metals; the overall metallicity of the star has been measured to about 3 times the solar metallicity.
	This star is classified with a spectral type of A9/F0III, corresponding to a giant of type A or F. With an estimated radius of 2.7 times the solar radius, it is shining with 19 times the solar luminosity at an effective temperature of 7,280 K. The astrometric observations by the Hipparcos spacecraft detected a significant acceleration in the proper motion of AZ Phoenicis, indicating it is an astrometric binary.

= = = Antisemitism in Argentina = = =

	Antisemitism in Argentina is a significant issue for the Jewish community in the country as well as Argentina in general.
	Argentina is noted for its history of serving as a refuge for Nazis. It is believed by Jewish activists that two organized neo-Nazi groups are currently active in Argentina, however, these groups are relatively uninfluential politically and include less than 300 members between the two groups. On the other hand, it is believed that most antisemitic activity in Argentina stems from anti-Israel movements of militant Islamists and radical leftists, rather than from neo-Nazis.
	Journalists observing the number of spray-painted swastikas on the streets of Buenos Aires have voiced concern that antisemitism persists underneath Argentina's political correctness.
	In 2017, twenty five percent of discrimination complaints submitted to the Buenos Aires City Prosecutor’s Office involved antisemitic activity. By the following year, seventy percent of all cases were closed due to lack of evidence, thirteen percent were subject to an lengthier investigation, eight percent were being processed in the courts and two percent of those accused of antisemitic acts were sentenced by the courts.
	Reporting on antisemitism is compiled in the Annual Anti-Semitism Report published by the Center for Social Studies (CES) of the Delegation of Argentine Israelites Associations (DAIA).
	According to the 2017 CES report on antisemitism, close to ninety percent of the over 400 complaints it received that year related to online activities, especially on social media.
	In 2009, following public outcry concerning a prominent Catholic bishop who made statements denying the Holocaust, the Argentian government expelled British-born bishop, Richard Williamson, though the official reason cited by immigration authorities was a visa technicality.
	A notable incident in late 2018 involved a throng of soccer fans chanting an antisemitic slogan of "killing Jews to make soap," (referencing the actions of Nazi Germany producing soap made from human corpses). The fans went on to damage property and police were called to ensure the safety of the players and other spectators. The incident was sparked by the outcome of the soccer match in which one team with Jewish roots won the match. The incident was subsequently investigated by Argentinian police.

= = = Babak Zarrin = = =

	Babak Zarrin (; also Romanized as Bābak Zarrin; ) (born 30 July 1978) is an Iranian composer and songwriter.
	Alireza Shabani Zarrinkafsh was born in 1978 in the city of Rasht, Guilan province. In adolescence, he began piano lessons with Azadeh Pourbayram and Sohrab Falakangiz, continuing to study the musical theory in his birthplace.
	He is a graduate of the Tehran Conservatory in the field of composition, counterpoint, song music, and opera singing.
	Later, Zarrinkafsh became a pupil of Babak Bayat and Mohsen Elhamian. Babak Zarrinkafsh chose the artistic name of "Babak Zarrin".
	Zarrin has been collaborating with renowned Iranian singers in making over 20 musical albums, as songwriter, amont them, Moein, Aref Arefkia, Salar Aghili, Mohammad Esfahani, Reza Sadeghi, Farzad Farzin, Alireza Ghorbani, Mohammad-Reza Foroutan, Mohammad Alizadeh, Hamid Hami, Mani Rahnama, Reza Bahram and Shahab Mozaffari. He also has composed several film scores and theme music for TV series and movies such as "Foggy Tabriz" and "The Enigma of the Shah".

= = = Maciste and the Silver King's Daughter = = =

	Maciste and the Silver King's Daughter (, ) is a 1922 German-Italian silent epic film directed by Luigi Romano Borgnetto and starring Bartolomeo Pagano, Helena Makowska and Ludwig Hartau. It was one of a series of films featuring the character of Maciste.

= = = Ghanshyam Patidar = = =

	Ghanshyam Patidar (died 2 February 2019) was a former minister in the government of Madhya Pradesh in India from 1998 to 2003, and an MLA from the Jawad Constituency.

= = = Yuran Maduranga = = =

	Yuran Maduranga (born 18 December 1998) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Colombo Cricket Club in the 2018–19 Premier League Tournament on 31 January 2019.

= = = Paul Gutkeled = = =

	Paul Gutkeled () was a Hungarian influential lord, ban of Severin between 1272 and 1275 under Ladislaus IV of Hungary reign.
	He was appointed many times as ban of Severin by king Ladislaus IV of Hungary between 1272 and 1275.

= = = Battle of Lagabraad = = =

	The Battle of Lagabraad, also known as the Battle of Logiebride, or Lagebread, was a Scottish clan battle that took place in 1480, or 1483, and was fought between the Clan Donald and the Clan Mackenzie of the Scottish Highlands.
	In 1475, John of Islay, Earl of Ross, chief of Clan Donald, forfeited the MacDonald Earldom of Ross to James III of Scotland and although the MacDonald Lordship of the Isles was not forfeited until 1493, in many ways 1475 marked the end of the lordship as a potent force. John of Islay's natural son, Aonghas Óg (Angus), was at feud with Kenneth Mackenzie, 7th of Kintail, chief of Clan Mackenzie, and believed that the Mackenzies intended to acquire the Earldom of Ross. Angus therefore gathered a large force from the Isles as well as men from the Clan MacDonald of Keppoch and the Clan MacDonell of Glengarry, and set out for Ross. The government realizing that they faced a rebellion of some magnitude commissioned John Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl to set out and subdue it. 
	The Clan Donald account of their feud with the Mackenzies states that according to one manuscript history of the Mackenzies, Angus is described as having fought a battle which actually took place after his death and that his uncle, Celestine MacDonald, who died in 1478, is described as having been killed in 1491 at the Battle of Blar Na Pairce (Battle of Park). The Clan Donald account goes on to say that the Battle of Lagabraad where the MacDonalds defeated the Mackenzies was not recorded in any of the Mackenzie family chronicles, but that the Battle of Park where the Mackenzies defeated the MacDonalds is honoured with particular detail.
	According to the Clan Donald account, the noble Earl of Atholl at the head of the northern clans which included the Mackenzies, Mackays, Brodies, Frasers and Rosses took to the field against the Western host. The two armies met at a place called Lagabraad and sanguinary battle took place which resulted in a victory for Angus and the Clan Donald and an utter rout of his opponents. The Earl of Atholl's army lost 517 men killed and the chief of Mackays was allegedly captured, while the Earl and Kenneth Mackenzie barely escaped with their lives.
	Soon after the battle, the government gave instructions to the Earl of Huntly and Earl of Crawford to lead a new expedition against the rebels. However, it is not clear if they did so with hostile action or with success. Angus seems to have later reconciled with the Earl of Atholl.

= = = Maciste and Prisoner 51 = = =

	Maciste and Prisoner 51 () is a 1923 German silent action film directed by Luigi Romano Borgnetto and starring Bartolomeo Pagano, Karl Beckersachs and Karl Falkenberg. It was one of several German films featuring the Italian peplum hero Maciste.

= = = Atlantic Center of Modern Art = = =

	The Atlantic Center for Modern Art (Spanish:Centro Atlántico de Arte Moderno (CAAM) ) is a contemporary art museum in the Canary Islands, Spain. It is in Vegueta in Las Palmas, the capital city of Gran Canaria.
	The building was designed by the architect Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza, retaining the façade of two older neoclassical houses. It was opened on 4th December 1989, initially to house the collections of Canarian art of the island council, the Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria.
	CAAM has a permanent collection of over 2600 works, many of them from the Americas, Africa and Europe, reflecting the influence of the culture of three continents on the Canarian archipelago. The museum promotes this theme of "tricontinentality" - the dialogue between the European, African and American continents - as an approach for appreciating Canarian works of art.
	It has a noted collection of Canarian art, particularly works by artists from the and the Informalist movement such as Manolo Millares, Martín Chirino, and Pablo Serrano. Works from the 1980s and 1990s by Spanish artists such as José María Sicilia, Cristina Iglesias and Luis Gordillo also feature in the collection, along with works by Andreas Schulze and Jiri Georg Dokoupil.
	CAAM is a popular visitor attraction in Las Palmas.

= = = The Cigarette Countess = = =

	The Cigarette Countess () is a 1922 German silent drama film directed by Wolfgang Neff and starring Esther Carena, Carl Auen and Olga Limburg.
	The film's sets were designed by the art director Franz Schroedter.

= = = Noble's leaf-toed gecko = = =

	Noble's leaf-toed gecko ("Phyllodactylus magister") is a species of gecko. It is endemic to Peru.

= = = Pedro Cerbuna = = =

	Pedro Cerbuna del Negro (27 February 1538 – 5 March 1597) was a Spanish monk, bishop of Tarazona and founder of the University of Zaragoza. He was born in Fonz and died in Calatayud.
	His parents were Juan Nadal Cerbuna, "alguacil" or sheriff of the Spanish Inquisition and bailiff of Fonz, and of Isabel del Negro y de Ejea. He studied at the universities of Huesca, Valencia, Lérida and Salamanca, where he gained his doctorate in theology in 1563. The following year he was ordained priest at Lérida. He later held several ecclesiastical positions such as professor of theology and vicar general of the diocese of Lérida, canon penitentiary and visitor to Huseca and canon and vicar general to the Archbishop of Zaragoza (1583-85).
	He dedicated the income from the Archbishopric of Zaragoza (then vacant) to creating the University of Zaragoza, allowing him to open it on 24 May 1583, almost twenty years after it had first been granted its concession by Charles I of Spain on 10 September 1542. He was consecrated Bishop of Tarazona on 24 November 1585. There he founded a Jesuit college under the patronage of Vincent of Saragossa and a Conciliar Seminary of San Gaudioso. He was also made apostolic administrator of the Diocese of Calahorra by pope Sixtus V.

= = = Volleyball at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's team rosters = = =

	The following teams and players took part in the men's volleyball tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics, in Moscow.
	The following volleyball players represented Brazil:
	The following volleyball players represented Bulgaria:
	The following volleyball players represented Cuba:
	The following volleyball players represented Czechoslovakia:
	The following volleyball players represented Italy:
	The following volleyball players represented Libya:
	The following volleyball players represented Poland:
	The following volleyball players represented Romania:
	The following volleyball players represented the Soviet Union:
	The following volleyball players represented Yugoslavia:

= = = Treffynnon, Pembrokeshire = = =

	Treffynnon (Welsh: "tref" - town + "ffynnon" - spring, well) is a hamlet of about twenty houses located between St.Davids and Fishguard, about a mile inland from the A487 at Croesgoch in Pembrokeshire. On the edge of the village stands Treffynnon Chapel, a Welsh Calvinistic Methodist foundation, originally built in 1867 and rebuilt in 1876. Treffynnon has only one named road with the unusual address of Council Houses, a row of six local authority dwellings dating from the 1960s known locally as The Street.

= = = Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (Edinburgh Edition) = = =

	Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (Edinburgh Edition) is commonly known as the first Edinburgh Edition and the partial second impression has become known as the Stinking Edition. It is a collection of poetry and songs by Robert Burns, first "Printed for the Author" by William Smellie in Edinburgh and published or "Sold by William Creech" of Edinburgh on the 17 April, an announcement being made in the "Edinburgh Advertiser" on that date, although the date 21 April 1786 is given by a few authors. The Kilmarnock Edition made Robert Burns "Caledonia's Bard" whilst the 'Edinburgh Edition' elevated him into a position amongst the world's greatest poets.
	It was the second published edition of Burns's work, his first edition having been printed nine months before in Kilmarnock. It cost 5 shillings for subscribers and 6 shillings for non-subscribers. Circa 3000 copies were printed, with estimates ranging from 2,894 to 3,250, and 1500 subscribers are listed, however Burns lost some of the Subscription Bills ".. and perhaps some have been mislaid" resulting in a need to sell some copies at the subscribers price. By comparison only 612 copies of the Kilmarnock Edition of which 84 are known to survive however no record exists of the number of the first Edinburgh Edition that are extant.
	The volume was dedicated to the "Noblemen and Gentlemen of the Caledonian Hunt". The 1787 Edinburgh edition contained an extra seventeen poems and five new songs. In addition most of the poems present in the 1786 Kilmarnock Edition are reprinted such as "Halloween", "The Twa Dogs", "The Cotter's Saturday Night", "To a Mouse", etc. New poems included "Death and Doctor Hornbrook", "The Brigs of Ayr", "The Holy Fair", John Barleycorn, Address to the "Unco Guid, or the Rigidly Righteous" and significantly "To a Haggis" (often given elsewhere as "Address to a Haggis"). Of the seven new songs "Green grow the Rashes. A Fragment" is an example of Burns's gift for re-working traditional folk-verse.
	Ross notes that ""The peculiar feature of the 1786 edition is that the "an", "et" and " 't" endings ... probably on Creech's advice he abolished the older endings in his edition of 1787, sunstituting " in' " or "ing" for "an" and "it" for "et"."" 
	Nearly twice the length of the Kilmarnock Edition of 1786 it printed in octavo format, measuring 22.3 x 14.3cm, untrimmed, had 343 pages, a 38-page subscribers list and an expanded 24-page glossary or 'dictionary' of Scots words for those unfamiliar with the language. It was published and then bound by Mr Scott in French gray paper 'printers' boards with most copies subsequently being cut and ornately bound once purchased so that uncut copies in the original paper wrappers with a cream paper spine and label are exceedingly rare, especially those of the 'Stinking Edition'. No perfect unbound copies of the Kilmarnock Edition survive, however due to the extra rarity value attempts have been made to produce 'fake' copies with their paper wrappers, labels, etc. The watermark fleuron is a classic fleur-de-lis.
	Burns added a number of annotations to clarify or enhance the understanding of his works such as with "Halloween" on page 156 and his notes on the 'Cove of Colean' (Culzean) as the Elfhame or home of the fairies.
	Such was the popularity of the Kilmarnock Edition that his family back at Mossgiel were only read his work in print from the Edinburgh Edition despite Gilbert Burns having subscribed for 70 copies of the first.
	Gilbert Burns recalled that Robert's friend John Ballantine, Provost of Ayr in 1787, had offered to lend money for the publication of the 'Edinburgh Edition' as well as advising him to contact an Edinburgh publisher. On 18 April 1787 Robert wrote to him to say that he had sent John one hundred copies of his newly published poems and songs.
	William Smellie had printed a first run of pages as far as the gathering or signature 'Mm' (page 281) when he discovered that he had insufficient copies to cover all the subscribers and due to a shortage of type he was forced to reset the printing blocks and repeat the run as a partial second impression. Burns had remarked that Smellie was also publishing a Gaelic Bible and a Hebrew grammar. In the haste to reset the blocks a large number of mainly minor errors were introduced, the most famous of which is the substitution of a 't' for a 'k' that converted the Scots word 'skinking' (meaning watery) into 'stinking'. This error has resulted in the term "Stinking Burns" or the "Stinking Edition" being applied to this rarer impression, around 1000 out of 3000 copies being so altered.
	The full details are that the gathering 'Kk' appears to have been overlooked at first and as with the gatherings 'Nn' to 'Yy' the contents of the two impressions are identical. Gatherings 'a' to 'f' bore the title page, portrait, dedication (Dated 4 April 1787), etc. and were printed in one run towards the end of the process. The portrait was printed from a copper plate and close observation shows that is not printed onto the same laid or 'chain and line' type of paper but on wove or velin paper that lacks the visible lines of the laid. The "Subscribers Names" list required an addenda. All the errors and differences in the partial second impression occur in gatherings 'Aa' to 'Ii' and 'Ll' to 'Mm'. For example on ( 9 ), the very first page of poems, the line "That bears the name of Auld King Coel," has 'of' in the second impression and ' o' ' in the first.
	Robert Burns probably made £855 from selling the copyright to William Creech and from the profits from the sale of copies.
	Six of the original holograph manuscript versions of the poems from the Kilmarnock and Edinburgh editions are in the possession of the Irvine Burns Club in North Ayrshire, who also possess a copy of the Kilmarnock Edition and the Edinburgh Edition.
	In the announcement of the publication William Creech is named as the publisher however the statement goes on to say that ""This book is printed by subscription for the sole benefit of the author"". Creech had no financial responsibility therefore, however on the title-page the statement ""Printed for the author, and sold by William Creech." Creech can be technically seen as the publisher however the financial and practical arrangements were not straightforward.
	William Creech commissioned Alexander Nasmyth to paint Burns' portrait from which John Beugo engraved the copper plate required for the printing process. Nasmyth was a landscape painter and was reluctant to take on the work however he met with Burns and they became friends resulting in Nasmyth producing a portrait which he never fully completed due to his concern over spoiling what he had already achieved. John Beugo the engraver arranged several sittings with Burns and produced a better likeness as confirmed by Gilbert Burns. Nasmyth refused payment from Creech and gave the painting to Jean Armour. 
	An intriguing incident is that Burns had heard that Creech was secretly publishing another edition and to prove this he visited Beugo and asked for the engraved plate used to print the frontispiece portrait. Beugo engraved a 'distinguishing mark' on it and this secret mark subsequently appeared on a large number of copies of the Edinburgh edition.
	Burns presented a copy to 'Mr. Nicoll, High Street, Edinburgh' who was the 'Willie' of "Willie brewed a peck o'maut", inscribing it as from 'the author'.
	Burns borrowed a copy of the 'Edinburgh Edition' from Dr John Geddes at Edinburgh in 1787 and carried it with him on his Tour of the Highlands. It had been bound in with twenty extra blank pages and upon returning it to Dr Geddes in 1789, the owner found that Burns had written fourteen poems in it. The 'Geddes Burns' is now with an owner in America and copies have been published. Geddes was responsible, in his position of influence as a Catholic bishop, in persuading five Catholic seminaries to subscribe to the 'Edinburgh Edition'.
	The Earl of Eglinton appears to be amongst the most enthusiastic subscribers as he sent ten guineas to Burns on his arrival in Edinburgh as a subscription for a 'brace', that is two copies, quoted however as 42 by most authors (36 by one and in the subscribers list) of the Edinburgh Edition of the Poems. At 5s for subscribers and 6s for others, 10 guineas for two would have been extremely generous. and the actual intention is quoted as "To bespeak (order in advance) the new edition and hand him a suitable gift of money." Mrs. Dunlop of Dunlop, a regular correspondent of Burns, had spoken to her friend Doctor John Moore about Burns as a "Miracle of Genius" and it was this 'Kind Man' who had encouraged the Earl to become a patron of Burns.
	John Farquhar-Gray of Gilmilnscroft subscribed for two copies. John was the Justice of the Peace and magistrate who is said to have married Robert and Jean in a secret civil ceremony circa April 1788.
	In 1793 a second two volume Edinburgh edition was published, much enlarged and for the first time containing the poem "Tam o' Shanter." although It had already appeared in such publications as the second volume of Francis Grose's "Antiquities of Scotland", for which it was originally written.
	The first London Edition was published by A Strahan and T Cadell directly from a copy of the Edinburgh edition in 1787 and as a copy of the 'Stinking Edition' was used the 'stinking' error was perpetuated within it and therefore the London Edition is also sometimes known as the 'Stinking Edition'.
	Other 18th century editions are those published in Dublin, Belfast, London and New York, not always with the authors knowledge or with the permission of William Creech, the copyright holder.
	The copyright for the 1787 'Edinburgh Edition' expired in 1801.
( ) - The missing name from the poem or song.
	Burns as illustrated above used a variety of methods to keep the names of individuals more or less hidden, such as with a series of asterisks between a first and last letter denoting missing letters, a solid line giving no clue to the number of letters or initials only.

= = = Richard le Blond = = =

	Richard le Blond (died after 1323) was an Irish lawyer and judge of the early fourteenth century. After serving for many years as Serjeant-at-law (Ireland) he was rewarded for his services to the Crown with a seat on the Court of Common Pleas (Ireland).
	He was born in Arklow, County Wicklow. He was appointed King's Serjeant, as the office of Serjeant-at-law was then known, in 1298. He appears to have been diligent in arguing pleas on behalf of the English Crown: in 1301 he appeared for the Crown at the assizes in County Louth, and in the same year he was acting for the Crown in each of the royal Courts in Dublin. In 1309 he made the first of several official complaints against the maladministration of Geoffrey de Morton, a corrupt and unpopular local government official and former Mayor of Dublin. An inquiry was held into the allegations, but it ended inconclusively.
	After a quarter of a century's service as Serjeant he was appointed to the Common Pleas in 1323.

= = = Yuri Raevsky = = =

	Yuri Nikolayevich Raevsky (born 1952 in Penza, RSFSR - 1973 in Moscow, RSFSR), also known as The Vnukovo Maniac, was a Soviet rapist and serial killer.
	Yuri Raevsky was born in 1952 in Penza to a prosperous family. At his vocational school, he was part of a Komsomol group.
	It became a shock for everyone when the 16-year-old Raevsky attacked his neighbor and raped her (according to other sources, he tried to rape her). In 1970, he was imprisoned after a court trial. To serve his sentence, he was transferred to the Mordovian ASSR, in a corrective labor colony 30 kilometers away from Saransk. There he was abused by the homosexual inmates, with a tattoo even being applied to the "lowers" on the back - a blue rose. It has been suggested that from that moment on he began to dislike women. In June 1971, he escaped from prison.
	Raevsky was able to attract women, including ones older than him, with future victims agreeing to accompany him to dubious places.
	On the day of his escape, Raevsky met a woman on the outskirts of Saransk, whom he raped and tried to kill, first strangling then beating her on the head with a piece of asphalt. The victim survived, but remained disabled for the rest of her life.
	Later it turned out that before the first arrest and trial, Raevsky hid his real passport and declared that he had lost it. After the trial, in order to impede the legalization in case of escape, the recovered passport was confiscated from him. But after escaping, the criminal took an old passport from a cache and was able to move around the country.
	On August 11, 27 and September 14 in Moscow, Raevsky raped, killed (he repeatedly throttled, and then struck several times with a knife) and robbed three young women. Later examinations found that the second victim was pregnant. The first two murders were committed in a forest belt near Vnukovo Airport, and the third - at a construction site near the Dinamo metro station. Raevsky chose tourists as his victims. Upon meeting them, he would give them a blue rose (the blue color was obtained when the rose was put in water tinted with ink), which was left next to the deceased's bodies.
	During the investigation of the first murder, authorities found a witness who testified that he saw the victim in the Vnukovo Airport building meeting with a man. It was later found that the latter was the fiancé of the woman, and that she had had a quarrel with him. The former fiancé fell under suspicion and was arrested, but at this time the second similar murder occurred.
	After the second murder, the investigation was taken under special control by the Procurator General of the Soviet Union, who established that the perpetrator did not leave any fingerprints or semen at the crime scene. At the second and third murder site, the killer had torn the passports of his victims in order to further complicate their identification. The actions of the offender made the police assume that he was previously convicted. The suggestion was confirmed when they found a witness who saw a tall guy on a construction site near Dinamo metro station with a dark spot on his lower back (the witness had noticed a tattoo when Raevsky was wearing a T-shirt). The tattoo on the lower back brought the investigators to the idea that the killer was abused during detention. Verification of criminal records, including reports of escapes from prisons, made it possible to identify Raevsky.
	On September 24, Raevsky planned to commit a new crime. He lured a girl into the forest park zone in Gagarinsky District, but they were met by a local police officer, who was suspicious of a blue rose in the hands of the girl. Noticing that the policeman was heading towards him, Raevsky ran away. His would-be victim identified her companion in the photographs presented to her. After the encounter with the policeman, Raevsky left Moscow. From that time, he decided to change his residence after each murder committed and stopped using the blue rose when meeting his victims.
	In October, two weeks after leaving Moscow, Raevsky raped and killed a female tourist in Klaipėda, inflicting 14 stabs with a knife on her. The girl was with a group brought to an archaeological site in Klaipėda Castle. While leaving the crime scene, Raevsky dropped his passport, which some schoolchildren noticed. They picked it up and returned it to him, but not before they read his name, after which they reported the suspicious man to the police.
	Soon after, Raevsky raped and killed a woman who had come to Mineralnye Vody. This crime became known only after his capture.
	At the end of October in Kharkiv, Raevsky raped, killed and robbed another woman, a local of the city. The next day, while trying to sell the Polish demi-season coat of his victim, he was arrested. It is noteworthy that at the time of detention Raevsky was only suspected of speculation, with the female militiaman who wrote the protocol on the administrative offense writing him a pass to leave. But while in the department, suspicions were aroused because the identity of the detainee could not be quickly established, as he did not have a passport with him, claiming that he had arrived from the Kursk Oblast. But information about the residence and workplace of the detainee couldn't be verified. Soon, after paying attention to orientation, in which the murder of a woman associated with rape was mentioned, and the stealing of a Polish demi-season overcoat.
	The investigation lasted about a year. The forensic psychiatric examination, conducted in 1972 in the Serbsky Center, recognized Raevsky as sane, but could not explain the reason for his cruelty.
	In the summer of 1973 (according to other sources, it was on February 26, 1973) Yuri Raevsky was sentenced to death by firing squad. The killer filed for a pardon to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, which was rejected. In December, the sentence was carried out.

= = = Dutch leaf-toed gecko = = =

	The Dutch leaf-toed gecko ("Phyllodactylus martini" ) is a species of lizard in the family Phyllodactylidae. The species is endemic to the Caribbean.
	The specific name, "martini", is in honor of German geologist Johann Karl Ludwig Martin.
	"P. martini" is found on Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, many of the Leeward Islands, and Puerto Rico.
	"P. martini" is oviparous.

= = = 2019 Open Sud de France – Singles = = =

	Lucas Pouille was the defending champion, but lost in the second round to Marcos Baghdatis.
	Jo-Wilfried Tsonga won the title, defeating Pierre-Hugues Herbert in the final, 6–4, 6–2.
	The top four seeds received a bye into the second round. 

= = = Cheng Taining = = =

	Cheng Taining (; born 9 December 1935) is a Chinese architect. He is Director of the Design and Theoretical Research Center of Southeast University and Chief Architect of .
	Cheng was born 9 December 1935 in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. He graduated from the School of Architecture of Nanjing Institute of Technology (now part of Southeast University). In 1984 Cheng became director and chief architect of the Hangzhou Architectural Design Institute. He won the Liang Sicheng Architecture Prize in 2004 and was elected a member of Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2005. His pieces were collected in "20th-Century World Architecture" by International Union of Architects.
	Cheng has designed more than 40 large-scale projects, including the National Theatre of Ghana, the Hangzhou railway station, National Assembly Building of Mali, Shaoxing Citizens' Square, Shaoxing Lu Xun Museum, and Haining Museum.

= = = Leokadia Serafinowicz = = =

	Leokadia Serafinowicz was an artist and promoter of Polish puppet theater and Theater for Young Audiences (TYA). She was a puppeteer, director, scenographer, and a writer of scenarios as well as theater and film adaptations. She served as director and art director at the Teatr Lalki i Aktora (Actor and Puppet Theater) "Marcinek" in Poznań from 1960 to 1976, making it one of the most prestigious puppet theaters of its time. She was a co-founder and the first president of ASSITEJ Poland (1981–1982), and an honorary member of UNIMA (from 2000)..
	She initiated a number of events featuring Polish puppet theater and TYA, including the Biennial of Art for Children which has been taking place in Poznań since 1973. 
	She received a number of awards both for her artistic work and for her organizational and promotional efforts, including the Gold Medal of the 20th Prague Quadrennial of Performance Design and Space (1971), the Order of the Smile (1978) and the Order of Polonia Restituta, or the Officer's Cross (1985).
	She died on 24 November 2007 in Puszczykowo, Poland.
	Serafinowicz was born in Jonava, Lithuania on 23 February 1915 in a Polish family and raised as a Polish patriot. She studied painting at the Fine Arts Faculty of the Stefan Batory University in Vilnius (1937–1939). After World War II, she was repatriated to Poland. She continued her studies at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (1945–1948), and earned her diploma in painting (1951). In 1954 she passed her extramural acting examination in puppetry. In 1961, she qualified as a puppet theater director.
	From 1948 to 1956 she worked in the Puppet Theater "Groteska" in Cracow as an actor and an assistant of Władysław Jarema, one of the greatest puppet artists of the post-war period in Poland. It was there that she made her first steps as an independent director. She held the position of art director at the Puppet Stage of Teatr Rozmaitości (Variety Theater) in Wrocław from 1956 to 1958, where she developed her directing skills and made her debut as a scenographer. She worked as a director and scenographer at the puppet theater "Banialuka" in Bielsko-Biała from 1958 to 1960. Here she directed many plays, including two plays she authored under the pen name Dominika: “O słońcu, sroczce i krasnoludkach” (1958) and “Profesor Serduszko” (1960).
	From 1960 to 1976 she held the position of Director at the Actor and Puppet Theater “Marcinek” in Poznań, which quickly became one of the most important puppet theaters in Poland and most well-known ones abroad. In addition she held the position of Art Director from 1960 to 1980.
	She wrote in a program for one of the plays she directed:
	As director and art director, she realized these aspirations by creating an ambitious theater program for young audiences and adolescents, which dealt with current, significant social issues and used contemporary means of artistic expression. Treating this program as a "theater for the man of the future", she arranged the repertoire to reflect the complexity of life and the world, and teach critical thinking. The Marcinek aimed to educate future contemporary art audiences. Thus, Serafinowicz's efforts not only led to the creation of an ambitious repertoire for children, but also contributed to the establishment of puppet theater as an art form addressed to both adolescents and adults. As a result of her efforts the Marcinek was one of the first Polish theaters which regularly put on plays for older audiences.
	Under Serafinowicz's management, the Marcinek developed an original artistic style, and the Poznań puppet scene became known for the high artistic, musical and literary quality of its performances. Leokadia Serafinowicz's collaborators in this effort included Wojciech Wieczorkiewicz (director), Jan Berdyszak (scenographer), Józef Ratajczak (poet) and Krystyna Miłobędzka (poet, playwright). In addition, the Marcinek was associated with composers such as: Krzysztof Penderecki, Marek Stachowski, Jerzy Milian and Jerzy Kurczewski.
	Serafinowicz also invited foreign artists to cooperate with the Marcinek, including: Jetta Donega (Italy), Julia Ognianowa (Bulgaria), Josef Krofta (Czech Republic), Karel Brožek (Czech Republic), František Vitek (Czech Republic) and Vera Řičařova (Czech Republic).  
	The plays put on at the Marcinek were translated into English, French, Spanish, German, Italian, Czech and Esperanto. They were often presented at international festivals in England, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Japan, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, GDR, FRG, Switzerland, US, Hungary, Italy and the USSR.
	Serafinowicz worked in many theaters in Poland and abroad. She directed plays in Romania ("Tigrisorul", 1970) and Czechoslovakia ("Aj tak sejou mak…", 1973). She also designed the artistic setting for performances in Bulgaria ("Misterium-buffo", 1968), Romania ("Tigrisorul", 1970), Czechoslovakia ("Janosik," 1975), FRG ("Reineke Fuchs", 1980; "Jim Kopf und der Lokomotiveführer", 1987; "König Jemand," 1988; "Jim Kopf und die Wilde 13", 1988) and Russia ("Szewczyk Dratewka", 1996).
	Serafinowicz participated in group stage design exhibitions in Warsaw (1956, 1962), Venice (1964), Liège (1970), Prague (1971), Paris (1972, 1975), Zurich (1972) and Budapest (1996). She had many individual exhibitions organized in Poland and abroad, including in Bristol (1986) and Prague (1988).

= = = Central leaf-toed gecko = = =

	The central leaf-toed gecko ("Phyllodactylus microphyllus") is a species of gecko. It is endemic to Peru.

= = = Syngenetic permafrost growth = = =

	Syngenetic permafrost growth is a mode of the growth of permafrost whereby additional material is deposited to a permafrost site during freezing conditions, causing the permafrost layer to build upwards. It is cited as an efficient mode of permafrost growth, compared with heterogenetic permafrost growth, which occurs when freezing temperatures penetrate into previously unfrozen ground of uniform composition. Lunardini gives the basic formulas for permafrost generation under both modes. 
	Syngenetic deposition of frozen materials comes from any of a variety of sources, sediment from streams and rivers, material fallen from hillsides, material blown by the wind, and material deposited at the bottom of lakes. Studies of such formations are partly based on observations in the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory tunnel into permafrost near Fairbanks, Alaska.
	Ice wedges that intrude into cracks in permafrost may be regarded as syngenetic, if they grow upwards.

= = = 2019 Hub accident = = =

	2019 Hub accident refers to a road accident on 21 January 2019 in which a passenger bus collided with a tank truck in Hub, Balochistan, Pakistan. At least 26 people were killed and 16 others suffered burn injuries as a result of the accident. The bus was travelling from Karachi to Panjgur with more than 40 people on board. The dead bodies were moved to Edhi Foundation's morgue in Sohrab Goth, Karachi.
	A joint investigation team was established to investigate the crash.
 

= = = Bogusław Kanicki = = =

	Bogusław Kanicki (born 9 July 1953) is a Polish volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = PG(3,2) = = =

	In finite geometry, PG(3,2) is the smallest three-dimensional projective space. It can be thought of as an extension of the Fano plane.
	It has 15 points, 35 lines, and 15 planes. It also has the following properties:
	Take a complete graph "K". It has 15 edges, 15 perfect matchings and 20 triangles. Create a point for each of the 15 edges, and a line for each of the 20 triangles and 15 matchings. The incidence structure between each triangle or matching (line) to its three constituent edges (points), induces a PG(3,2). (Sylvester's work on duads and synthemes, 1859)
	Take a Fano plane and apply all 5040 permutations of its 7 points. Discard duplicate planes to obtain a set of 30 distinct Fano planes. Pick any of the 30, and pick the 14 others that have exactly one line in common with the first, not 0 or 3. The incidence structure between the 1+14 = 15 Fano planes and the 35 triplets they mutually cover induces a PG(3,2).
	PG(3,2) can be represented as a tetrahedron. The 15 points correspond to the 4 vertices + 6 edge-midpoints + 4 face-centers + 1 body-center. The 35 lines correspond to the 6 edges + 12 face-medians + 4 face-incircles + 4 altitudes from a face to the opposite vertex + 3 lines connecting the midpoints of opposite edges + 6 ellipses connecting each edge midpoint with its two non-neighboring face centers. The 15 planes consist of the 4 faces + the 6 "medial" planes connecting each edge to the midpoint of the opposite edge + 4 "cones" connecting each vertex to the incircle of the opposite face + one "sphere" with the 6 edge centers and the body center.
	A 3-(16,4,1) block design has 140 blocks of size 4 on 16 points, such that each triplet of points is covered exactly once. Pick any single point, take only the 35 blocks containing that point, and delete that point. The 35 blocks of size 3 that remain comprise a PG(3,2) on the 15 remaining points. If these 16 points are arranged in a 4x4 grid and assigned 4-bit binary coordinates like in a Karnaugh map for example, one gets the square representation. Geometrically, the 35 lines are represented as a bijection with the 35 ways to partition a 4x4 grid into 4 regions of 4 cells each, if the grid represents an affine space and the regions are 4 parallel planes.
	PG(3,2) arises as a background in some solutions of Kirkman's schoolgirl problem. Two of the seven non-isomorphic solutions to this problem can be embedded as structures in the Fano 3-space. In particular, a "spread" of PG(3,2) is a partition of points into disjoint lines, and corresponds to the arrangement of girls (points) into disjoint rows (lines of a spread) for a single day of Kirkman's schoolgirl problem. There are 56 different spreads of 5 lines each. A "packing" of PG(3,2) is a partition of the 35 lines into 7 disjoint spreads of 5 lines each, and corresponds to a solution for all seven days. There are 240 packings of PG(3,2), that fall into two conjugacy classes of 120 under the action of PGL(4,2) (the collineation group of the space); a correlation interchanges these two classes.
	The Doily diagram often used to represent the generalized quadrangle GQ(2,2) is also used to represent PG(3,2).
	The automorphism group of PG(3,2) maps lines to lines. The number of automorphisms is given by finding the number of ways of selecting 4 points that are not coplanar; this works out to 15⋅14⋅12⋅8 = 20160 = 8!/2. It turns out that the automorphism group of PG(3,2) is isomorphic to the alternating group on 8 elements A.
	It is known that a PG("n",2) can be coordinatized with (GF(2)), i.e. a bit string of length "n" + 1. PG(3,2) can therefore be coordinatized with 4-bit strings. A common mapping between these coordinates and the tetrahedral representation above is for tetrehedron vertices to have Hamming weight 1, such as 0001, 0010, etc., and for other points to be the XOR thereof. Thus edge midpoints get Hamming weight 2, face centers get Hamming weight 3, and the body center gets Hamming weight 4.
	In addition, the line joining points and can be naturally assigned Plücker coordinates where , and the line coordinates satisfy . Each line in projective 3-space thus has six coordinates, and can be represented as a point in projective 5-space; the points lie on the surface .

= = = Leszek Molenda = = =

	Leszek Molenda (23 July 1953 – 15 June 1999) was a Polish volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Oaxacan leaf-toed gecko = = =

	The Oaxacan leaf-toed gecko ("Phyllodactylus muralis") is a species of gecko. It is endemic to Mexico.

= = = Robert Malinowski = = =

	Robert Malinowski (born 1 March 1957) is a Polish volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = 2019 Open Sud de France – Doubles = = =

	Ken and Neal Skupski were the defending champions, but lost in the quarterfinals to Benjamin Bonzi and Antoine Hoang.
	Ivan Dodig and Édouard Roger-Vasselin won the title, defeating Bonzi and Hoang in the final, 6–4, 6–3.

= = = Włodzimierz Nalazek = = =

	Włodzimierz Nalazek (born 10 April 1957) is a Polish volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Rhytidogyne = = =

	Rhytidogyne is an Asian genus of bush crickets in the tribe Agraeciini, belonging to the 'conehead' subfamily Conocephalinae.
	The "Orthoptera Species File" lists this genus as monotypic with the single species Rhytidogyne griffinii , which is found only in Vietnam.

= = = The Fifth Street = = =

	The Fifth Street () is a 1923 German silent film directed by Martin Hartwig and starring Lucy Doraine, Ernst Hofmann and Willy Kaiser-Heyl. It was screened at the Marmorhaus in Berlin.
	The film's sets were designed by the art director Alfred Columbus.

= = = Leinegraben = = =

	Leinegraben may refer to:

= = = Roland de Mois = = =

	Roland de Mois (c.1520 - 1593) was a Flemish painter of the Spanish Renaissance. He was born in Brussels and was active in Aragon from 1559 onwards, having been summoned there with Pablo Esquert by Martín de Gurrea y Aragón, Duke of Villahermosa. He died in Zaragoza.

= = = David Bruce Ingram = = =

	David Bruce Ingram (born 1952) is an American philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at Loyola University Chicago. He is a recipient of Casa Guatemala's Human Rights Award (1999) and a recipient of the Alpha Sigma Nu Award for Best Book.
	Ingram is married to Jennifer Parks, Professor of Philosophy at Loyola University.

= = = 2019 Sofia Open – Singles = = =

	Mirza Bašić was the defending champion but lost in the first round to Martin Kližan.
	Daniil Medvedev won the title, defeating Márton Fucsovics in the final, 6–4, 6–3.
	The top four seeds received a bye into the second round. 

= = = Phyllodactylus pachamama = = =

	Phyllodactylus pachamama is a species of gecko. It is endemic to Peru.

= = = 1922–23 Rugby Union County Championship = = =

	The 1922–23 Rugby Union County Championship was the 30th edition of England's premier rugby union club competition at the time. 
	Somerset won the competition for the first time after defeating Leicestershire in the final. 

= = = Allu Ramendran = = =

	Allu Ramendran is a 2019 Indian Malayalam-language comedy thriller film directed by Bilahari and starring Kunchako Boban in the title role. The screenplay was written by Sajin Cherukayil, Vineeth Vasudevan, and Gireesh A. D., the film was produced by Ashiq Usman. Shaan Rahman composed the music. The film was released in India on 1 February 2019.
	Police driver Ramendran (Kunchacko Boban) leads a typical life with his wife Viji (Chandini Sreedharan), his father and sister Swathi. (Aparna Balamurali). His jeep always gets a puncture with nails and is baffled as this happens only to him, but doesn't occur if anyone else is driving the vehicle. He is now on a quest to find out who puts the nails (allu) in his path, earning him the nickname Allu Ramendran.
	One day while inspecting a puncture on the roadside he sees and almost catches the person who put the nails, but misses. After the scuffle Ramendran finds his wallet with a childhood photo in it but couldn't identify him. Due to all these mishaps, Ramendran is forced to go on leave. Meanwhile, his sister Swathi is in love with a young man named Jithu who is unemployed and is hopeful of an upcoming interview to Dubai. Jithu could not land the job as well seems to be shocked to realize Ramendran is Swathi's brother, which he was not aware till now. As the family starts to look for a suitable groom for Swathi, they plot a plan and ask Jithu to come home with the proposal as if in an arranged marriage.
	Everything goes well until Swathi's family visit Jithu's home and Ramendran finds old photos of him. Ramendran confronts Jithu, and he confesses for keeping Spikes. On the day of his interview, Jithu had parked the bike in front of a tea shop, and Ramendran while chasing a runaway accused (Sreenath bhasi), had taken his bike, and in the heat of the moment leave it on the roadside , fallen. All of his certificates were soiled and hence to take revenge started to keep spikes for Ramendran's vehicle. If Ramendran makes Jithu do many petty things like making two self-goals in the local football tournament, beg on the street etc, if Jithu wanted to marry Swathi. Jithu does everything but at last Ramendran would still say no to their marriage.
	Ramendran now happy that his spike (Allu) nightmares are over rejoins his job, and on the first day while transporting a gun to the court gets a spike again. Alarmed, he and a fellow policeman will spot a person and chase him while the custodial gun gets stolen from the jeep. Ramendran is again on suspension and believes that Jithu has done this. During a local event, he spots the old accused (Sreenath bhasi), he would have relocated to Bangalore after the initial scuffle), and while following him is attacked by his goons. But Jithu will come to the rescue and the lost gun is found with the accused. Everything is finally settled and Jithu is married to Swathi.
	At last Jithu and Ramendran set aside the differences and become family after the wedding. Finally, Ramendran is seen chasing a person whom he suspects of keeping spike for the wedding vehicle of Swathi and Jithu
	The songs and score was composed by Shaan Rahman. Soundtrack was released by the label Muzik 247 on 18 February 2018.
	The film was released in India on 1 February 2019.
	"The Times of India" rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and stated "The film is a good time-pass comedy, a wholesome family entertainer". The "Deccan Chronicle" considered the film to be "A throughout entertainer which won’t disappoint you" and rated the film 3 out of 5 stars. "Malayala Manorama" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, saying "It is a tale with romance, comedy, suspense, action, drama, many flat tires and a hell of a lot of fun". Filmibeat rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and said that "with a thin-yet-interesting storyline and fresh narration, Allu Ramendran does join the league of well-crafted entertainers".

= = = Mike Moses = = =

	Michael P. Moses is an American aerospace engineer and aerospace industry executive. He was the Space Shuttle program Launch Integration Manager from 2008 until the conclusion of the program in 2011. Moses joined Virgin Galactic in 2011 as vice president of operations and was named president in 2016.
	Moses got his Bachelor of Science in physics from Purdue University in 1989, an MS in space sciences from Florida Institute of Technology in 1991, and an MS in aerospace engineering from Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1995. He is married to Beth Moses.

= = = 2018 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 200 metre individual medley = = =

	The Women's 200 metre individual medley competition of the 2018 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) was held on 15 December 2018.
	Prior to the competition, the existing world and championship records were as follows.
	The heats were started on 15 December at 9:36.
	The final was held on 15 December at 19:07.

= = = Dick Raikes = = =

	Lieutenant Commander Richard Prendergast Raikes (21 January 1912 – 24 May 2005) was an officer in the Royal Navy notable for being the commanding officer of the submarine HMS "Tuna" that launched the canoes during Operation Frankton in 1942. His part in the operation was portrayed in the 1955 war film "The Cockleshell Heroes" where he was played by Christopher Lee.
	Raikes was born in London, one of five children of Major Lawrence Taunton Raikes, an Indian Army officer. Until his parents returned from India when he was ten, he was brought up in Wales by his grandparents and three aunts. His aunts had seven brothers who had been awarded eight DSOs and four MCs in World War One; two had died, one had become a general and another had become an admiral.
	Raikes entered Dartmouth aged thirteen in 1925; he became Chief Cadet Captain and was awarded the King’s dirk. He served in the battleship HMS "Warspite" as a midshipman when she was based in Malta. Whilst there he used to rise at dawn to exercise Lord Louis Mountbatten's ponies. He was promoted to Sub-Lieutenant on 16 January 1933 but in the same year the ‘bullshit’ of the gunnery course at HMS "Excellent" on Whale Island made him determined to only serve in small ships without guns. He attended submarine training at HMS "Dolphin" in Gosport later that year and served in HMS "L22", HMS "Clyde", HMS "H32" and HMS "Severn" before the war. He was promoted to Lieutenant on 16 March 1935 and was present the same year at the Fleet Review for King George V's Silver Jubilee off Spithead whilst serving in the newly built River-class submarine HMS "Clyde". "Clyde" sailed to the Mediterranean and was present in Palestine during the Arab general strike. During this time Raikes, after a couple of hours shunting practice at Haifa station, was in command of an armoured train, keeping the line to Samakh open despite ambushes and derailments. On one night he joined the Trans-Jordan Frontier Force and rode his horse at full gallop across the country by the light of a burning oil pipeline. He returned to Malta and became first lieutenant of the submarine HMS "Severn".
	Raikes passed his ‘Perisher' course in 1940 and in September 1941 took command of HMS "Seawolf" which was sent to Polyarnoe in the Arctic, where he remained for a year. On patrol in March 1942 Raikes sighted the German battleship "Tirpitz": he was too far away to attack, but his enemy-locating report enabled the carrier "Victorious" to attack with her Albacore torpedo-bombers. On the same patrol, Raikes heard the propeller noise of a U-boat surfacing and carried out an attack with his stern torpedoes; there was an explosion and black smoke, but no wreckage was found. ‘For daring enterprise and devotion to duty in successful patrols in H.M. Submarine Seawolf’ Raikes was awarded the DSO.
	Raikes became commanding officer of HMS "Tuna" on 24 August 1942. On 26 November 1942, orders were prepared for Raikes’s part in Operation Frankton. These orders stated that a "“small party of approximately twelve officers and men will be disembarked from the submarine in the vicincity of the mouth of the Gironde estuary. The party will paddle up to the Bassen-Bordeaux area in Cockles Mark II, where they will carry out a limpet attack on the blockade runners in the port”". His orders continued laconically, "“The party will escape overland to Spain.”"
	On the 30 November 1942 in Holy Loch, "Tuna" embarked thirteen Royal Marines from the Boom Patrol Detachment and Raikes received his orders, sailing south on passage to the Bay of Biscay.
	On the evening of 7 December 1942, Raikes navigated HMS "Tuna" his way underwater through a fishing fleet and an RAF minefield before deciding to run a serious risk by moving the canoe launch point two miles south into the mouth of the Gironde. When "Tuna" broke surface in the calm water, Raikes was first on the bridge to check that he had a better view than the enemy. Canoe Cachalot was damaged but the other five canoes were launched successfully. Raikes recorded in his post-operational report, "“2022 waved ‘au revoir' to a magnificent bunch of black faced villains with whom it has been a real pleasure to work, and, withdrew to the south and west”."
	From 1943 to 1945 Raikes was a member of the personal staffs of the C-in-C Coastal Command, Air Marshal Jack Slessor, and Air Marshal Sholto Douglas. He was promoted to Lieutenant Commander on 16 March 1943. He attended the Trend committee which oversaw the U-boat war. He then commanded the captured U-3514 and a group of similar U-boats during Operation Deadlight, the scuttling by the Royal Navy of surrendered boats.
	Raikes was medically discharged from the Royal Navy in 1946. He initially wanted to go into the hotel trade but eventually took up a job in the publicity department of Marconi, where he worked from 1947 to 1972.
	Raikes married Joan Margaret Edgington in 1938. She once took passage in HMS "Tuna" from Holy Loch to Arrochar. The couple had three daughters. His wife and one daughter predeceased him. Raikes’s uncle was Admiral Sir Robert Raikes. His cousins were Vice Admiral Sir Iwan Raikes who became Flag Officer Submarines and Raymond Raikes the producer and director.

= = = Uyil = = =

	Uyil is a folksong in Othon-koy style (long long song). There are four options. 
	The song was first recorded by I. Saltykov in the 1920s. The song is about the military service of Bashkirs on the Orenburg border line. 
	The song was included in the manuscript collection "Bashkir folk melodies." The text was written by Akhnaf Harisov in 1946 in the Ilishevsky district Bashkir ASSR by Sh. Sh. Shurifullin and published in the collection "Bashkir folk art" (1954, volume 1). Other versions were recorded by M. Baimov, F. Nadrshina, Salawat Salmanov, L.K. Salmanova, poet Rashit Shakur. The song is lyrical and epic. The song "Uyyl" was composed by the Bashkirs carrying the border service on the Orenburg line (southeastern border of the Russian Empire).
	At the end of the 18th century, after the defeat of the uprising led by Yemelyan Pugachev and Salawat Yulayev, a canton management system was introduced in Bashkortostan. In 1798, the Bashkirs by decree of Emperor Paul I were transferred to the Cossack position (1798-1865). Bashkirs were obliged to take part in military campaigns of the Russian army, and each Bashkir male was to participate in protecting the Russian Empire's border for 25 years. Service members had to participate in many wars and campaigns. 
	Many songs about the military service of the Bashkirs survive. They relate to classic folk songs. One of them is "Uyyl". The song is associated with the Bashkir's military service in Kazakhstan. The Uyyl River begins in the steppes near Aktyubinsk and goes underground, not reaching the Caspian Sea. The Bashkir army army often had to cross the Uyyl River, but more often served in the fortress.
	Judging by the words and the dramatic nature of "Uyyl", the song reflects the thoughts of a warrior who is forced to stay in military service for 25 years and who misses his homeland. Two versions of the lyrics survive. "Uyyl" is a song of a wide range (duodecim) and rich ornamentation. The gradual strengthening of the melody enhances the sense of sadness and hopelessness. It was first edited by composer Abrar Gabdrakhmanov for voice and piano as well as for an a capella choir.
	In 1937, Lev Lebedinsky recorded in the village of Ibrai, Zianchurinsky district from Sh. Kulmukhametov, «Song of Lenin», where a slightly modified melody of the song "Uyyl" was used.
	A variant of "Uyil", is called "Willow has been grown behind the house" ("Oey artynda tal uthtertheng"). It is included in the manuscript collection "Bashkir folk songs".
	Suleiman Abdullin, Azat Ayytkolov, F. F. Gareev, Zaki Makhmutov, Gilman Safargalin, Ramazan Yanbekov, Gulsara Davletgareyeva ensemble “Masem tash” recorded versions of "Uyil".

= = = Deraldo Wanderley = = =

	Deraldo Wanderley (born 29 April 1956) is a Brazilian volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Honduras leaf-toed gecko = = =

	The Honduras leaf-toed gecko ("Phyllodactylus palmeus") is a species of gecko. It is endemic to the Bay Islands in Honduras.

= = = 2019 Sofia Open – Doubles = = =

	Robin Haase and Matwé Middelkoop were the defending champions, but lost to Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan and Purav Raja in the quarterfinals.
	Nikola Mektić and Jürgen Melzer won the title, defeating Hsieh Cheng-peng and Christopher Rungkat in the final, 6–2, 4–6, [10–2].

= = = João Graneiro = = =

	João Graneiro (born 22 February 1957) is a Brazilian volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Davis Evan Bedford = = =

	Brigadier Davis Evan Bedford (1898–1978) was a British physician and cardiologist.
	After education at Ipswich School and at Epsom College, D. Evan Bedford entered the Middlesex Hospital Medical School in 1916. In 1918 he became a surgeon sub-lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) and in 1919 resumed his medical training, graduating in 1921 MB BS (Lond.) and qualifying MRCS, LRCP. After resident appointments at the Middlesex Hospital, he was appointed medical officer in charge of the cardiac wards at the Orpington Hospital belonging to the Ministry of Pensions. In 1925 he graduated MD. At the Orpington Hospital, he was influenced by John Parkinson and in 1925–1926 pursued postgraduate study in France.
	Returning from France, Bedford in 1926 was appointed Paterson Research Scholar at the London Hospital and assistant physician to the Middlesex Hospital. At the Cardiac Club he became a member in 1928 and was the Club's secretary from 1932 to 1936. In 1931 he was elected FRCP. In 1933 he was appointed physician to outpatients at the National Heart Hospital. With J. Maurice Campbell, Bedford was the co-editor of the "British Heart Journal" from 1939 to 1947 when he resigned. 
	When WWII ended, D. Evan Bedford resumed his appointments at the Middlesex Hospital and the National Heart Hospital and established a large private practice in cardiology. In the post WWII era, cardiac catherization and angiocardiography helped to revolutionize cardiac surgery. Evan Bedford and William Somerville worked closely with cardiac surgeons such as Thomas Holmes Sellors and Russell Brock.
	Bedford was appointed in 1946 the Bradshaw Lecturer, in 1960 the Lumleian Lecturer, and in 1968 the Harveian Orator. He was president from 1960 to 1964 of the British Cardiac Society and was in 1963 appointed CBE. He was intimately familiar with the history of cardiology and often quoted from memory such sources as Rokitansky’s "Die Defecte der Scheidewande des Herzens", Lower’s "Tractatus de Corde", or the writings of the Irish Victorians, Adams, Stokes and Corrigan.
	He collected a private library of over 1000 books which he donated in 1971 to the Royal College of Physicians. According to Peter Robert Fleming, the Bedford collection is an indispensable and comprehensive resource for historians of cardiology.
	In 1935 in Marylebone, London, he married Audrey Selina Ely (b. 1902), daughter of Milton Victor Ely (b. 1873), chair of the Board of Governors of the National Heart Hospital. Evan and Audrey Bedford had two sons.

= = = Phyllodactylus papenfussi = = =

	Phyllodactylus papenfussi is a species of gecko, a lizard in the family Phyllodactylidae. The species is endemic to Mexico.
	The specific name, "papenfussi", is in honor of American herpetologist Theodore Johnstone Papenfuss (born 1941).
	"P. papenfussi" is found in the Mexican state of Guerrero.

= = = Mimbres School = = =

	The Mimbres School, in Mimbres, New Mexico, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It is located East of NM 61 and Forest Rt. 73.
	According to its 1988 National Register nomination, "This is one of four unaltered historic buildings remaining in Mirabres... Built in the
	1890s, this along with the San Juan school, is one of the first two schools built in the valley and [is] a good reminder of the early settlement of Grant County. It uses typical materials of the local New Mexico Vernacular—adobe and corrugated roofing—but adapted to a new purpose, and a scale just slightly larger than the
	normal residence. It [is] as a good, well-preserved example of the New Mexico Vernacular type."
	It was listed on the National Register as part of a 1988 study of historic resources in the Mimbres Valley of Grant County.

= = = Phyllodactylus paralepis = = =

	Phyllodactylus paralepis is a species of gecko. It is endemic to Honduras.

= = = Pardita Norte leaf-toed gecko = = =

	The Pardita Norte leaf-toed gecko ("Phyllodactylus partidus") is a species of gecko. It is endemic to Isla Partida in Mexico.

= = = Tom Eby Storage Building = = =

	The Tom Eby Storage Building, near Dwyer, New Mexico, was built in 1888 or later. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
	It is located about west of State Road 61 and north of Eby Ranch Rd. It is a rectangular stuccoed adobe building with a corrugated metal hipped roof with "gablets". Some original flat earthen roof sections remain. It has four single doors. Original windows were closed in.
	According to its National Register nomination "This building began as a house for Simeon Eby who received the patent for his homestead in 1888. The building is a good example of New Mexico Vernacular construction in the valley and as such meets Criterion C. Its single file plan with a door to each room, adobe construction and hipped roof with gablets are all typical of this predominant historic type. The rooms are deeper than normal, however. After a new house was built nearby by Tom Eby, the building was used as a farm kitchen. In 1972, the windows were bricked in and the building devoted to storage."
	It was listed on the National Register as part of a 1988 study of historic resources in the Mimbres Valley of Grant County.

= = = Ivica Jelić = = =

	Ivica Jelić (born 10 August 1952) is a Serbian volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Rasheed Yusuff = = =

	Rasheed Yusuff (born 16 October 1994) is a Qatari handball player for Al Sadd and the Qatari national team.
	He represented Qatar at the 2019 World Men's Handball Championship. He was part of the Qatari team that won gold medals at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta.

= = = Amritasiddhi = = =

	The Amṛtasiddhi (Sanskrit: अमृतसिद्धि), written in about the 11th century, is the earliest substantial text on what became haṭha yoga, though it does not mention the term. 
	The yoga scholar James Mallinson suggests that it comes from a Tantric Buddhist environment, not Tantric Shaivism.
	A verse in a paper manuscript of the "Amṛtasiddhi", possibly a later copy, asserts its date as 2 March 1160. It is written in two languages, Sanskrit and Tibetan.
	Chapters 1-10 describe how the yogic body functions. Chapter 7 asserts that "bindu", described as a "single seed" and identified with Sadashiva, the moon, and "other exotic substances", is the basic essence of all that exists. "Bindu" is controlled by the breath, requiring control of the mind. The reference to Sadashiva implies a Saivite Tantric audience, while the text's use of Tantric Buddhist terms implies that the text came from that environment. Chapter 11 describes the use of "mahāmudrā", the "great seal", to hold the "bindu", and hence to control "body, speech, and mind" and ultimately to prevent death. 
	The "Amṛtasiddhi" places sun, moon, and fire inside the body. As in earlier texts, the moon is in the head, dripping "amṛta"; the text introduces the new idea that the sun/fire is in the belly, consuming the "amṛta", leading to death. The "bindu" is for the first time identified with the dripping "amṛta" and with semen. Also for the first time, the text states that preserving this fluid is necessary for life: "The nectar of immortality in the moon goes downwards; as a result men die." (4.11) The "bindu" is of two kinds, the male being "bīja", semen, and the female being "rajas", the "female generative fluid". The text is the first, too, to link the "bindu" with the mind and breath, whose movements cause the "bindu" to move; and the first to state that the yogic practices of mahāmudra, mahābandha and mahāvedha can force the breath to enter and rise along the central channel.
	The text has several Buddhist features, including a verse praising the goddess Chinnamasta; the Buddhist idea of a "chandoha", a gathering place; the existence of four elements (not five as in Shaivite tradition); the term "kutagara", a "multi-storeyed palace"; the three "vajras" ("kaya", "vak", and "citta"); "trikaya", the Buddhist triple body; and in early versions even the Buddha is associated with "bindu", Shiva, and Vishnu. (7.15) In addition the text mentions the Vajrayana notion of "svadhisthana yoga", visualising oneself as a god.

= = = 3rd Ural Corps = = =

	The 3rd Ural Corps (Russian: 3-й Уральский армейский корпус) was one of the main formations of the Siberian Army during the Russian Civil War.
	Its commander was Col. Mikhail Hanzhin and its headquarters were situated in Chelyabinsk, 
	On January 3, 1919, the 6th Ural Army Corps was formed by separating the 11th and 12th Ural rifle divisions from the 3rd Ural Army Corps. The commander was Nikolai Sikin and the 6th Ural Army Corps was disbanded on May 26, 1919.

= = = Vladimir Bogoevski = = =

	Vladimir Bogoevski (born 1 December 1953) is a Macedonian volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Rio Marquez Valley gecko = = =

	The Rio Marquez Valley gecko ("Phyllodactylus paucituberculatus") is a species of gecko. It is endemic to Mexico.

= = = Boro Jović = = =

	Boro Jović (born 30 June 1954) is a Yugoslav volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Mladen Kašić = = =

	Mladen Kašić (born 8 September 1958) is a Croatian volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Beer City Bruiser = = =

	Matt Winchester (born July 21, 1978 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin), is an American professional wrestler currently signed to Ring of Honor under the ring name Beer City Bruiser.
	After a non-televised match in 2013, Winchester debuted in Ring of Honor on January 3, 2015, participating in the 2015 Top Prospect Tournament. He defeated Mikey Webb before being eliminated in the semi-finals by Will Ferrara.
	Soon thereafter, Winchester formed his now long-standing tag team with Silas Young. Bruiser lost to Dalton Castle on September 12 and a week later, he and Silas Young defeated The Boys, the former 'servants' of Dalton Castle.
	Bruiser made his pay-per-view debut at Glory By Honor XIV on October 24, teaming with Young in a losing effort to The All-Night Express (Kenny King and Rhett Titus). At supercard of Honor X April 2, 2016, Bruiser and Young wrestled for the ROH World Tag Team Championship against War Machine (Hanson and Rowe).
	At ROH/NJPW War of the Worlds 2016 on May 9, BCB and Young lost to ACH and Matt Sydal. On June 12, they won the 2016 Tag Wars tournament, defeating the All-Night Express and the Briscoe Brothers, becoming number one contenders to the ROH Tag Team titles. On June 25, they lost to defending champions The Addiction (Christopher Daniels and Frankie Kazarian).
	In September 2016 BCB was injured, forcing the cancellation of his ROH and independent commitments. He made his return at Glory By Honor XV, losing in a three-way match against Punishment Martinez and winner Donovan Dijak. BCB and Silas Young teamed again the following night against The Motor City Machine Guns.
	On March 4, 2017 at Manhattan Mayhem VI, Bruiser participated in an ROH World title number one contendership 20-man battle royal. On April 1st at Supercard of Honor XI, he and Silas Young defeated The Kingdom (Matt Taven and Vinny Marseglia.
	On May 10 - the second day of ROH/NJPW War of the Worlds 2017 - Bruiser competed in a seven-man TV title number one contendership match, which was won by Cheeseburger. On July 29, Bruiser lost against Jay Lethal in a no disqualification match. In 2018 Beer City Bruiser and Brian Milonas formed the tag team called The Bouncers after a falling out with Silas Young. On ROH television, Silas Young defeated Beer City Bruiser in a no disqualification match to end their feud. 

= = = Can't Say I Ain't Country Tour = = =

	The Can't Say I Ain't Country Tour is the fifth headlining concert tour by American country duo Florida Georgia Line. The tour supports the duo's fourth studio album "Can't Say I Ain't Country" (2019). The tour began on June 13, 2019 in Rogers, Arkansas at Walmart AMP in and set to conclude September 28, 2019 in Irvine, California at FivePoint Amphitheatre compromising 36 concerts.
	The tour was officially announced via the duo's official Twitter account. The duo stated "Y’all knew it was comin! #CantSayIAintCountry Tour kickin’ off this summer baby! AND we’re bringing our buddies @DanAndShay @MorganCWallen @canaansmith and @HardyMusic out with us! Join our mailing list - don't miss out on pre-sales & on-sale announces" Within the tweet, the duo announced the opening acts for the tour would be Dan + Shay, Morgan Wallen and for certain dates Canaan Smith and Hardy would perform. In August, it was announced that Dylan Schneider would join the tour for select dates as well. 
	The duo is composed of Tyler Hubbard and Brian Kelley.
	This set list is representative of the concert in Tinley Park, Illinois on August 9, 2019. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour.

= = = Anelytra = = =

	Anelytra is an Asian genus of bush crickets in the tribe Agraeciini, belonging to the 'conehead' subfamily Conocephalinae.
	The "Orthoptera Species File" lists:

= = = Zdravko Kuljić = = =

	Zdravko Kuljić (born 4 March 1953) is a Yugoslav volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Daniel Dumbacher = = =

	Daniel Dumbacher is an American aerospace engineer, educator and administrator. Dumbacher was appointed an executive director of American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 2017. He served as deputy associate administrator of NASA's Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate from 2007 to 2014. Dumbacher was a professor at Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics from 2014 to 2017. 
	Dumbacher earned a BS in mechanical engineering from Purdue University in 1981 and an MBA from the University of Alabama in Huntsville in 1984.

= = = Phyllodactylus pumilus = = =

	Phyllodactylus pumilus is a species of gecko. It is endemic to Ecuador.

= = = FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 – Men's alpine combined = = =

	The Men's alpine combined competition at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 was held on 11 February 2019.
	The downhill was started at 12:00 and the slalom at 16:00.

= = = Slobodan Lozančić = = =

	Slobodan Lozančić (born 8 April 1955) is a Yugoslav volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 – Women's alpine combined = = =

	The Women's alpine combined competition at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 was held on 8 February 2019.
	The downhill competition was started at 11:30 and the slalom run at 16:15.

= = = FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 – Men's downhill = = =

	The Men's downhill competition at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 was held on 9 February 2019.
	In the final event of his international career, Aksel Lund Svindal won the silver medal, two-hundredths of a second behind compatriot and training partner Kjetil Jansrud.
	The race was delayed an hour due to weather and started at 13:30.
	Snowing during the race, its start was lowered to the Super-G start, shortening the length by to .

= = = FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 – Women's downhill = = =

	The Women's downhill competition at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 was held on 10 February.
	In the final event of her international career, Lindsey Vonn won the bronze medal, a half-second behind repeat champion Ilka Štuhec, and Corinne Suter took the silver.
	The race was started at 12:30.
	Due to its start was dropped to the lowered Super-G start, shortening the length by to .

= = = 1927 Constitution of the Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic = = =

	The 1927 Constitution of the Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic (, "Konstitutsiya Azerbaydzhanskoy Sotsialisticheskoy Sovetskoy Respubliki"; ) was adopted by the Central Executive Committee of the Azerbaijan SSR at the 5th All-Azerbaijani Congress of Soviets on .
	The constitution was based on the 1925 Constitution of the Russian SFSR and the Constitution of the Transcaucasian SFSR.
	Shortly after the adoption of the first constitution of the Azerbaijan SSR, on March 12, 1922, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic was formed, and on December 30 on the same year, the USSR was formed. These union formations emphasizes the status of Azerbaijan SSR as a union republic, rather than a separate soviet republic. The first constitution was amended after these changes on 1925.
	In later years, the entry of the Nakhichevan ASSR under Azerbaijan SSR, further changes of the state apparatus, political, and socio-economical life, prompted the government to change the constitution as a whole. This led to the adoption of the 1927 Constitution of Azerbaijan SSR at the 5th All-Azerbaijan Soviet Congress on 26 March 1927.
	The Constitution is divided into 5 sections and 9 chapters. The constitution consisted of 101 verses.
	1. General Provisions
	2. About the affairs of the Azerbaijani Soviet Congress and the Soviet of the Central Executive Committee of the Azerbaijan SSR
	3. Central Government
	4. About the Supreme Court of the Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic<br>
	5. About the Nakhichevan Socialist Soviet Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast<br>
	6. Regional Government
	7. About the Elections of the Soviet Government
	8. About budgeting rights
	9. About the flag and the emblem of the Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic
	The first section of the constitution contains the general provisions of the organization of power in the republic. In general, it is modeled on the first chapter of the 1925 Constitution of the RSFSR, with some of its articles are copied directly from the Constitution of the RSFSR, and some others copied the articles of the Constitution of RSFSR with minor changes.
	The section states that Azerbaijan SSR is a sovereign state." However, the limits of the sovereignty of the Azerbaijan SSR are set to the authority of the supreme bodies of the USSR and the Transcaucasian SFSR. The same article extends this sovereignty to the right of free withdrawal from the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. This statement itself is contradictory to the Constitution of the Transcaucasian SFSR and the USSR, on which the only way of the withdrawal of the republic was by territorial and border changes, and these matters were administered by the supreme bodies of the USSR.
	The section enumerates the terms for an Azerbaijani citizenship. The constitution states that an Azerbaijani citizen is also the citizen of the Transcaucasian SFSR and the USSR wit the basis of each entities' constitution. However, the Transcaucasian SFSR does not have special legislation on its citizenship, while in Azerbaijan there are the law “Detailed Provision on Azerbaijani Citizenship” which was adopted by the CEC of the Azerbaijan SSR on May 14, 1927, and the USSR with the law "Provisions on Union Citizenship" which was adopted on October 29, 1924.
	The second section of this constitution contains the issues under the jurisdiction of the All-Azerbaijan Congress of Soviets and the Azerbaijan Central Executive Committee. This section is modeled with the same chapter of the 1925 Constitution of the RSFSR, but with several additional articles about territorial changes and the legislation of the Azerbaijani citizenship.
	The third section of the constitution enumerates to the structure of the Soviet government. The constitution was modeled with the same chapter of the 1925 Constitution of the RSFSR.
	The Central Executive Committee of the Azerbaijan SSR was enumerated as a legislative, regulatory and supervisory body. The work of the Presidium of the was held in the presidiums of the committee and separate commissions. The Greater Presidium reviewed and approved legislation-specific decisions, while the lesser presidium was established in 1932 in place of the MICS Secretariat, which included the chairman, deputy chairman, secretary of the SCC, as well as the People's Commissar for Public Employees Inspection.
	The government of the Azerbaijan was enumerated in the constitution which constituted of the chairman of the Sovnarkom, the deputy and 11 people's commissars. The Heads of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Region and Nagorno-Karabakh Territorial Council, the Baku Soviet, the State Planning Committee, the State Political Office and the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan (Azneft) also acts as the consultative part of the government. Members of the Government, as well as the representatives of the People's Commissariat of the Transcaucasian SFSR, were included with consultative or decisive voice.
	The Supreme Court of the Azerbaijan SSR was established by the constitution as a part of the system of a single People's Court. The Supreme Court of the Azerbaijan SSR controls judicial affairs in the Azerbaijan SSR.
	The Nakhichevan ASSR and the Nagorno-Karabakh AO was established by the constitution as an integral part of the ASSR and under its jurisdiction.
	The local governments of the Azerbaijan SSR is divided into county and district. The rate of representation for county assemblies is 1 deputy per 100 voters from city councils and 1 deputy per 1,000 district population. The Councils of Workers, Peasants, Red Army and Sailor's Deputies are formed in other cities of the Azerbaijan SSR with a significant working population. For cities with more than 10,000 people, it is estimated that 1 deputy is for every 300 citizens. In rural communities, it is estimated that 1 deputy is for 25-40 villagers. On the condition of a city that do not meet the conditions specified, the council are not formed and the authority of the appropriate district congress of the councils and the district executive committee extends to these cities. The same condition applies to rural communities with less than 250 inhabitants. The inhabitants of such communities exercise their right to participate in the elections of the village council of the neighboring village, which has the right to elect an independent council, or by joining with the neighboring villages to choose the village council common to all these settlements.
	The fourth section of the constitution enumerates the procedures of elections. The chapter was modeled after the 1925 Constitution of the RSFSR.
	The fifth section of the constitution enumerates the budgeting laws. The budget of the Azerbaijan SSR is included into the state budget of the Transcaucasian SFSR and through it into the unified state budget of the USSR in accordance with the Constitutions of the USSR and the Transcaucasian SFSR and laws issued in accordance with the all-union federal and republican legislations. The distribution of expenses, as well as incomes collected by the territory of the Azerbaijan SSR, to expenses and incomes made in the USSR, Transcaucasian SFSR, and the Azerbaijan SSR budgeting list is confirmed by the legislations of the following entities.
	All local revenues and expenditures are consolidated in the local budgets in the order of all-union, federal and republican legislation. In accordance with the legislation of the USSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR and the Azerbaijan SSR, to cover the expenses allocated under these legislations to the funds bt the local government, budgets of local governments are provided with revenue sources from tax and non-tax.
	The final chapter of the Constitution is devoted to the description of the emblem and the flag. A characteristic difference between the flag and the emblem of the Azerbaijan SSR is the image of a star and crescent. The section established the seat of the government of the Azerbaijan SSR in Baku.

= = = FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 – Men's giant slalom = = =

	The Men's giant slalom competition at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 was held on 15 February 2019. A qualification was held on 13 February 2019.
	The first run started at 14:15 and the second run at 17:45.

= = = FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 – Women's giant slalom = = =

	The Women's giant slalom competition at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 was held on 14 February. A qualification was scheduled to take place on 11 February, but was cancelled.
	Petra Vlhová won the gold, the first-ever for Slovakia at the World Championships. First run leader Viktoria Rebensburg took the silver, and reigning Olympic champion Mikaela Shiffrin settled for bronze; defending champion Tessa Worley was sixth.
	Run 1 was started at 14:15, and run 2 at 18:00. Rain preceded the first run, with unseasonable temperatures well above freezing.
	Due to high winds, the start was lowered , reducing the vertical drop to .

= = = Radovan Malević = = =

	Radovan Malević (born 29 May 1957) is a Serbian volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 – Men's slalom = = =

	The Men's slalom competition at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 was held on 17 February 2019. A qualification was held on 16 February 2019.
	Run 1 was started at 11:00 and the final run at 14:30.

= = = FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 – Women's slalom = = =

	The Women's slalom competition at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 was held on 16 February 2019. A qualification was scheduled to take place on 15 February, but was cancelled.
	Run 1 was started at 11:00 and run 2 at 14:30.

= = = Liara (insect) = = =

	Liara is an Asian genus of bush crickets in the tribe Agraeciini, belonging to the 'conehead' subfamily Conocephalinae.
	Species of "Liara" can be found in Indo-China and Malesia, including the Philippines.
	The "Orthoptera Species File" lists:
	Subgenus "Acanthocoryphus" Karny, 1907
	Subgenus "Liara" Redtenbacher, 1891

= = = FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 – Men's super-G = = =

	The Men's super-G competition at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 was held on 6 February.
	The race was started at 12:30.

= = = FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 – Women's super-G = = =

	The Women's super-G competition at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 was held on 5 February, and was the first event of the championships.
	The race was started at 12:30.
	Due to its start was lowered , shortening the length by to .

= = = FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 – Nations team event = = =

	The Nations team event competition at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019 was held on 12 February 2019.
	The participating nations were seeded according to the overall nations cup standings prior to the World Championships.
	In case of a tie, the single times of the fastest men and women would determine the winning team.

= = = Baade-Wesselink method = = =

	The Baade-Wesselink method is a method for determining the distance of a Cepheid variable star suggested by Walter Baade in 1926 and further developed by Adriaan Wesselink in 1946. In the original method the color of the star at various points during its period of variation is used to determine its surface brightness. Then, knowing the apparent magnitude at these points in time the angular diameter can be calculated. Measurements are also taken of the radial velocity using Doppler spectroscopy. This allows one to determine the speed at which the front surface of the star moves toward or away from us at various points in the cycle. Since the difference between this and the average speed is the derivative of the radius, one obtains the variation in radius. Combining this with the change in angular diameter gives the distance. It is now possible to measure the angular diameter of the pulsating star directly using optical interferometers, allowing a more accurate measurement of the star's distance. This newer technique is known as the geometric Baade–Wesselink method.
	A closely related technique is the expanding photosphere method, which can be used to determine the distance to Type II supernovae. 

= = = Miodrag Mitić = = =

	Miodrag Mitić (born 15 September 1959) is a Yugoslav volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = The Chain Clinks = = =

	The Chain Clinks () is a 1923 German silent film directed by Paul L. Stein and starring Ressel Orla, Alphons Fryland and Grete Diercks.
	The film's sets were designed by the art director Fritz Lederer.

= = = Liaromorpha = = =

	Liaromorpha is an Asian genus of bush crickets in the tribe Agraeciini, belonging to the 'conehead' subfamily Conocephalinae. Species records are mostly from Indo-China.
	The "Orthoptera Species File" lists:

= = = Chris Sainty = = =

	Christopher James Sainty (born 29 March 1967) is a British diplomat and civil servant. He is the current British Ambassador to Portugal.
	Sainty was born on 29 March 1967 in London, England, as the first son of Sir John Sainty. He was educated at Westminster School, an all-boys public school attached to Westminster Abbey. He studied mathematics and philosophy at New College, Oxford, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree.
	Sainty entered the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in 1989, beginning his career as a diplomat.
	He was Deputy Head of Mission in The Hague from 2006 to 2008, and in Rome from August 2011 to August 2015. Since 1 October 2018, he has served as the British Ambassador to Portugal.
	Sainty is married to Sarah. Together they have three children: two daughters and a son.

= = = Lichnofugia = = =

	Lichnofugia is an Asian genus of bush crickets in the tribe Agraeciini, belonging to the 'conehead' subfamily Conocephalinae.
	The "Orthoptera Species File" lists:

= = = Pseudosubria = = =

	Pseudosubria is an Asian genus of bush crickets in the tribe Agraeciini, belonging to the 'conehead' subfamily Conocephalinae. Species records are from Indo-China and Malesia.
	The "Orthoptera Species File" lists:

= = = Sialaiana = = =

	Sialaiana is an Asian genus of bush crickets in the tribe Agraeciini, belonging to the 'conehead' subfamily Conocephalinae.
	The "Orthoptera Species File" lists:

= = = Goran Srbinovski = = =

	Goran Srbinovski (born 14 August 1956) is a Yugoslav volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Gerardo Cagnoli = = =

	Blessed Gerardo Cagnoli (c. 1267 – 29 December 1342) was an Italian Roman Catholic and professed religious from the Order of Friars Minor. He looked after his ill mother after his father died and remained at her bedside until she died. It was following this that he embarked on a long pilgrimage south where he passed through Rome and Naples before settling in Trapani and then on the slopes of Mount Etna for a long hermitage. He later entered the Franciscans and served in two of their Sicilian convents where he was known for having caused miracles in addition to his humble and simple childlike nature which people believed was one of the signs of his holiness.
	The Sicilian people revered Cagnoli as a saint after his death and the fame of his holiness spread throughout Italian regions as far north as Liguria close to his home province. The process for his beatification opened in 1622 but stalled on one occasion before it resumed two centuries later. It culminated in mid-1908 after Pope Pius X confirmed his longstanding "cultus" (or popular devotion to him) and beatified him.
	Gerardo Cagnoli was born circa 1267 in Valenza in the Alessandria province and was believed to have been born to nobles. He cared for his widowed mother (his father died when he was ten) who was suffering from tuberculosis (since 1277 when she became widowed) and was at her bedside until she died in 1290 at the age of 40. His mother's death saw Cagnoli on his own and so he decided to give all his possessions to the poor and begin life as a hermit.
	Cagnoli decided to become a hermit and tried finding the ideal place to begin his hermitage. He travelled south to Rome and then Naples but believed the great mass of people was too much. He continued further south (leaving Naples on a ship to Messina) where he settled in Erice in Trapani near Mount San Giuliano but later relocated around 1294 to the slopes at Mount Etna. He served his hermitage there on the slopes at Mount Etna and later ended this solitude to join the Order of Friars Minor in 1307 at their Radazzo convent in Catania as a professed brother rather than as a priest. Cagnoli would spend over three decades (the rest of his life) at the convent of San Francesco in Palermo. He also served as a cook at the convent of and was known for bringing about miracles and for his childlike and simple nature.
	He was an ardent devotee to Saint Louis of Toulouse (whom Pope John XXII canonized in 1317) who was also a Franciscan and his example was the reason that Cagnoli decided to enter the order in the first place.
	The friar died on 29 December 1342 in Palermo at the San Francesco convent after he took ill not long before during that month . His remains are housed in Palermo in the Chiesa di San Francesco.
	His reputation for holiness was evident in Palermo throughout his lifetime with people learning of the miracles he was said to have performed. His fame for personal holiness and for the miracles he did spread to Corsica and as far north as Liguria near his home province. The process for his beatification opened in Palermo in 1622 but was interrupted in 1630 before it resumed there again in a process that spanned from 18 June 1888 until 31 May 1889.
	He was beatified on 13 May 1908 after Pope Pius X confirmed that there existed a longstanding "cultus" (or popular devotion and veneration) to the late friar that was sufficient ground for his beatification based on his enduring reputation for holiness.

= = = List of UCLA Bruins head softball coaches = = =

	The UCLA Bruins softball program is a college softball team that represents the University of California, Los Angeles in the Pac-12 Conference in the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The team has had 3 head coaches since it started playing organized softball in the 1975 season. The current coach is Kelly Inouye-Perez, who took over the head coaching position in 2007.
	UCLA's first coach, Sharron Backus, led the team from 1975–1988 before becoming co-head coach with Sue Enquist. The two jointly led the team from 1989 through 1996, when Backus retired. Enquist then served as head coach by herself from 1997 to 2006.

= = = Aleksandar Tasevski = = =

	Aleksandar Tasevski (born 14 October 1953) is a Yugoslav volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Acta de Tejeros = = =

	The Acta de Tejeros was a document prepared on March 23, 1897 which proclaimed the events at the Tejeros Convention on March 22 to have been "disorderly and tarnished by chicanery." Signatories to this petition rejected the insurgent government instituted at the Convention and affirmed their steadfast devotion to the ideals of the Katipunan. This and the later Naic Military Agreement repudiating the Tejeros Convention results would later cost Andres Bonifacio his life. He would be tried for treason at Maragondon, Cavite on May 10, 1897 and sentenced to death.
	The Act was handwritten in the Tagalog language. An English translation follows:

= = = Men with Sword = = =

	Men with Sword () is a 2016 Chinese web series produced by Sohu and premiered on August 14, 2016 with 30 episodes. The all-male cast is mainly composed by members of the Taiwanese boy band SpeXial, including Eden Zhao, Evan Ma, Dylan Xiong, Ian Yi, Simon Lian, Wayne Huang and Win Feng.
	A second season, also of thirty episodes, was released on June 15, 2017. The series focuses on the power struggle of different Kings and their closest confidants, as they must choose between loyalty, love and revenge. 
	After more than three centuries, the Empire of Juntian begins to collapse, as three of the four major duchies - Tianquan, Tianshu, and Tianxuan - declare their independence. Ling Guang, the power-hungry king of Tianxuan, sends his close companion, the swordsman Qiu Zhen, to assassinate the Emperor. Although Qiu Zhen succeeds, he is tormented over his actions and kills himself in order to protect his king from malicious rumors, sending Ling Guang into a deep state of depression. The death of the Emperor prompts the final duke, Jian Bin, to declare his duchy Tianji an independent kingdom as well. In Tianshu, the warrior scholar Zhong Kunyi becomes a confidant of the young king Meng Zhang, who orders him to begin undermining Tianji. Meanwhile, a mysterious wandering musician of renowned beauty called Murong Li arrives in remote Tianquan, where he is doted upon by the naive and childish king Zhi Ming, who quickly becomes romantically obsessed with him. 
	An uneasy balance settles among the four kingdoms, maintained mostly by the military genius of Tianji's general Qi Zhikan and the political acumen of Tianxuan's deputy prime minister, Gongsun Qian. To everyone's surprise however, a fifth nation, Nansu, reveals itself when its king, Yu Qing, requests official recognition from the other four kingdoms. As the four swordsmen travel to Nansu, shifting alliances, deep emotions, and a carefully-laid conspiracy of revenge spur the world towards war.
	The series was filmed during the summer of 2016. In July, the first promotional poster was released, followed by other posters and trailers featuring the characters in the following days. Despite its low budget and cast of amateur actors —seven of which were members of the Taiwanese boy band SpeXial—, the series became highly successful and received generally positive reviews. The show had over 200 million views during the premiere of the twelfth episode, while the whole drama accumulated 430 million views in total, becoming one of the ten most popular series of Sohu throughout its transmission.
	However, it has suffered from interference by Chinese censors. The show was taken offline after it became popular and made available again shortly after, with a number of cuts censoring romantic scenes between the male characters.

= = = Naic Military Agreement = = =

	The Naic Military Agreement was a document prepared on April 18, 1897 in which a number of participants in the Tejeros Convention repudiated the convention results. This repudiation, which followed on the 23 March Acta de Tejeros, would later cost Andres Bonifacio his life. Bonifacio would be tried for treason at Maragondon, Cavite on May 10, 1897 and sentenced to death.
	The Act was handwritten in the Tagalog language. An English translation follows:

= = = Vladimir Trifunović = = =

	Vladimir Trifunović (born 14 June 1958) is a Yugoslav volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Rok da House = = =

	"Rok da House" is the debut single by British production trio the Beatmasters featuring hip hop duo the Cookie Crew. Released as a single in 1987, the song was a Top 40 hit in at least seven countries. In the UK, its first release only managed a peak of No. 79, but a remixed re-release six months later was much more successful, peaking at No. 5 on the UK Singles Chart.
	"Rok da House" is known to be one of, or even the very first hip house record released, having been recorded in August 1986.
	UK 12" single

= = = Nicholas Snowdon Willey = = =

	Nicholas Snowdon Willey also spelt Nicholas Snowden Willey (1946-2011) was an English poet.
	Nicholas Snowdon Willey was born in London on 21 February 1946, to Fred Willey and Eleanor née Snowdon. Fred Willey was Labour Party MP for Sunderland North in the 1945 Labour Government. Both parents came from County Durham. He was educated at University College School, Hampstead, and later at King Alfred School. He started writing poetry at an early age, an activity which continued until his death.
	In 1962 at the age of sixteen he had the first of a series of serious depressions, and spent most of that year in hospital. The illness was never to be far away throughout his life.
	Willey's work was included in the seminal anthology of beat poets by Michael Horovitz, "". His work however does not (as he himself considered) lend itself usefully to definition beyond that of poetry itself. He had a profound understanding of the sonorous meaning of poetry, and was a fine reader of his work. A small number of recordings of him are held in the British Library.
	The earliest publication of his poetry was "The Green Tunnel" (Signals Press 1965), a hard-back collection of twenty poems including one especially written to celebrate a London exhibition by Takis entitled "L'espace Interieur". A pamphlet of seven poems, "Seven Poems" (Villiers Press 1974) also appeared, and both publications are now unobtainable. His poems also appeared regularly in a number of magazines, including "Encounter" magazine and more recently "Ambit". A collection of forty of his early poems, "Liminal Green", (Light Touch Publications 2019) with a CD of readings by Joss Wynne Evans is recently published.
	In June 1969 the BBC Third Programme transmitted a reading of Willey's poetry entitled "The Living Poet - Nicholas Willey" introduced by Hallam Tennyson.
	In 1973, he met his future wife Sarah at a time when he had been working happily for quite a long period at the Play Library at the BBC. Upon marriage they moved to the West Country eventually settling in a cottage in Wiltshire. There were two children of the marriage, a son, Matt, born in Bristol 1974 and a daughter, Jane born in Bath, Somerset 1977. Also during that period he took a degree in Philosophy at Bristol University.
	In later years Willey worked with deaf and blind adults, and also for several years with young adults with learning difficulties.
	He died of cancer on 20 November 2011.

= = = Amin Mekki Medani = = =

	Dr. Amin Mekki Medani (February 2, 1939 – August 31, 2018)( Arabic: د. ٱمين مكي مدني ) was a renowned Sudanese lawyer, politician, and human rights activist. He was the president of the Confederation of Sudanese Civil Society, Vice President of Civil Society Initiative, and President of the Sudan Human Rights Monitor (SHRM). He served as head of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) office in the West Bank and Gaza, Chief of Mission of the OHCHR in Zagreb, Croatia, legal advisor to the Special Representative of the U.N Secretary-General in Iraq as well as Afghanistan, and a Regional Representative for the OHCHR in Beirut, Lebanon. He held a Ph.D. from the University of Edinburgh in Comparative Criminal Law. He was the 1991 recipient of the Human Rights Watch Award for Human Rights Monitoring and 1991 Recipient of the American Bar Association Human Rights Award, as well as the 2013 recipient for the European Union Human Rights award
	Born in 1939 in Wad Madani, Al Jazeera State during the British occupation of Sudan. He comes from one of Wad Madani’s prominent families. His father was the first Sudanese Undersecretary of the Ministry of Irrigation, as well as a member of the Umma Party.
	After graduating high school in Wad Madani, Medani, studied law at the University of Khartoum, obtaining his LL.B. with (Honours). Then in 1964, he received his Dipl. Civ.L. (Civil Law) from the University of Luxembourg. Then went on to receive a masters (LLM) with distinction at the University of London in 1965, and finally in 1970 he received a PhD, in Comparative Criminal Law from the University of Edinburgh.
	In 1962 after obtaining his LLB, he started working as a magistrate in the Judiciary of Sudan. Then in 1966, upon his return from London, he joined the faculty of law at Khartoum University, as a Senior Scholar and Lecturer until 1971. To which then he became the Acting Representative of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Tanzania. Then as an attorney to the World Bank in Washington DC. In 1976 he returned to Khartoum and worked at the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, in this time he also started his fighting for a democratic government in Sudan. In 1985, after the revolution that overthrew the Nimeiry dictatorship, he was appointed as Minister of Peace, Administrative Development, Labour and Social Affairs by then democratically elected Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi. In 1991, he was imprisoned, then expelled from Sudan by the Al-Bashir regime. To which then he fled to Cairo and worked at the Egyptian Bar Association.
	Dr. Medani previously served as head of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) office in the West Bank and Gaza, Chief of Mission of the OHCHR in Zagreb, Croatia, legal advisor to the Special Representative of the U.N Secretary-General in Iraq as well as Afghanistan, and a Regional Representative for the OHCHR in Beirut, Lebanon.
	Dr. Amin Mekki Medani established his law firm in 1978 along with Mr. Eltigani Elkarib, and the law firm is now the most successful in the country. Some of its clients include the US Embassy, the British Embassy, French Embassy, Canadian Embassy, and the Bank of Khartoum
	In December of 2014, after returning from the signing of the Sudan Call held in Addis Ababa, Dr. Medani was arrested when a large number of personnel from the Sudanese National Intelligence and Security Services (NISS), arrived at his home in Khartoum just before midnight on Saturday, 6 December. Although his family was not informed of the reasons for the arrest, it is believed he was arrested for signing the “Sudan Call” on behalf of the Civil Society Initiative. The Sudan Call is a statement signed by representatives from political and armed opposition parties, to work towards the ending of the conflicts in Sudan in Darfur, South Kordofan and Blue Nile and build a foundation for a lasting democracy based on equal citizenship and comprehensive peace. He had been held incommunicado in an unknown location until the 21st of December, 2014, when Dr. Medani was transferred to Kober Prison in Khartoum. On the 22nd of December, Dr. Medani was finally permitted to meet with his lawyers and two days later with his family. On January 10, 2015 he was charged under Article 50 (undermining the constitutional system) and Article 51 (waging war against the state) in the 1991 Criminal Code. His trial before a special court created under the 1991 anti-terror law started on February 23. He was released five months later on April 9, 2015.
	On August 31, 2018, after a long battle with heart disease and kidney failure, Dr. Mekki Medani passed away. His passing was seen and televised all over Sudan. The US, British, French, and Canadian Embassies, as well as many other international organisations and public figures, published statements to mourn his loss.
	In 2018, shortly after the death of Dr. Medani, the Amin Mekki Medani Foundation was founded. The foundation focuses on the pursuit of human rights, civil and political liberties, fighting for democracy, and many pressing issues, such as, the work of addressing injustices, and highlighting the lifetimes spent by the tireless effort of the human rights and political activists in the country. The foundation is supported by many international organizations and governments in hoping to help spread the realization of justice in Sudan.

= = = Gert Hekma = = =

	Gerhardus "Gert" Hekma (born 24 September 1951) is a Dutch anthropologist and sociologist, known for his research and publications, and controversial public statements, about (homo)sexuality. For thirty-three years he has taught gay and lesbian studies at the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences of the University of Amsterdam.
	Hekma finished Gymnasium-β, and in 1978 obtained his master's degree in Cultural anthropology at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. From 1979 to 1981, he worked at Utrecht University. He was one of the organizers of the June 1983 social-scientific congress "Among Women, Among Men" (Dutch: "Onder Vrouwen, Onder Mannen"). In 1987, Hekma received his PhD in Historical anthropology from Utrecht University.
	From 1984 (succeeding Mattias Duyves) until 2017, Hekma was an assistant professor and teacher at the University of Amsterdam, specializing in the sociology and history of (homo)sexuality. Hekma's research is part of an academic counterculture, and some of his statements, in particular about pedophilia and about sadomasochism, have caused conflicts between him and some of his colleagues and the university board, and resulted in threats directed at Hekma.
	Hekma has served as editor or editorial board member of many periodicals. He has also co-organized several conferences, and has studied the life and works of Jacob Israël de Haan, Louis Couperus, and Gerard Reve. He has taught students at Queens College and at the City College of San Francisco.
	In 2017, three activities took place related to Hekma's retirement: a two-day symposium, "Perils and Pleasures: Confronting Erotic Diversions", in Amsterdam University Library; an exhibition, "Rooie Flikkers en Homostudies UvA", at IHLIA in the Openbare Bibliotheek Amsterdam; a Mosse Lecture by Hekma. The latter was organized by the George Mosse Fund, that he co-founded in 2001.
	Hekma is the son of a notary and grew up in Bedum, the Netherlands. He was a frequent visitor of the DOK gay disco and was a member of the radical "Red Faggots" (Dutch: "Rooie Flikkers"). Hekma is a book collector, and has a fetish for satin. He is a fan of Marquis de Sade: not only is De Sade one of his favorite authors and a source of inspiration, Hekma is also fascinated by De Sade's position on violence, and has used De Sade to provide his students with another perspective on sexuality and violence. Hekma advocates against masculinity, paternalism and traditional gender roles.
	In 2007, he received death threats after supporting the idea of including a boat for adolescents at the Amsterdam Gay Pride. In 2014, Hekma co-created a petition addressed to the Supreme Court of the Netherlands, pleading the Dutch Supreme Court to not ban pro-pedophilia association Vereniging MARTIJN. His support of MARTIJN resulted in death threats and an attempted burglary. Hekma has stated he is not a pedophile. He and his significant other, sociologist Mattias Duyves (1953), have been together for more than forty years. They met in 1977 and married in 2007. Both champion sexual and relational freedom.
	Hekma was interviewed for John Scagliotti's documentary film "Before Homosexuals" (2017).
	Hekma has published widely on the LGBT history in the Netherlands and Europe, both as a sole author and as a contributing editor. His publications include scientific works and popular documents. A selection follows.

= = = 1923–24 Rugby Union County Championship = = =

	The 1923–24 Rugby Union County Championship was the 31st edition of England's premier rugby union club competition at the time.
	Cumberland won the competition for the first time after defeating Kent in the final. 

= = = Neighbourhood Midwives = = =

	Neighbourhood Midwives was an employee-owned private service in the United Kingdom that partnered with the National Health Service to deliver one-to-one midwifery to expectant mothers in line with government targets to improve antenatal care. In 2015 it was praised in the House of Lords as pioneering by Baroness Cumberlege.
	On 31 January 2019, Neighbourhood Midwives shut down with little notice, for unclear reasons. In its last accounts its liabilities exceeded its assets by over £900,000.
	Neighbourhood Midwives

= = = Evolution Without Selection = = =

	Evolution without Selection: Form and Function by Autoevolution is a 1988 book on evolution by cytogeneticist A. Lima-de-Faria.
	The book argues that only physical and chemical processes are real and the modern neo-Darwinian population genetics approach to evolution is misguided. Lima-de-Faria emphasizes that the laws of physics and chemistry generate the basic forms found in living organisms, and that physicochemical forces and organisms interact at many levels. The central premise of the book is that the current models of biological evolution such as the modern evolutionary synthesis ignore the active contribution of these forces.
	Lima-de-Faria proposes an alternative to the modern evolutionary synthesis known as "autoevolutionism", a form of orthogenesis. He argues in the book that selection is not the mechanism of evolution because it cannot be weighed on a balance, poured into a vial, or measured in specific units. Only a material component can be the mechanism of evolution, and this must be found in the physico-chemical processes.
	Lima-de-Faria holds that there are no random events in evolution, there is no natural selection and all living and non-living matter evolve from the same laws. Lima-de-Faria lists 56 principles of "autoevolutionism". He also gives 75 differences between autoevolution and neo-Darwinism. Lima-de-Faria wrote that "In the framework of autoevolutionism, orthogenesis appears as the direct result of the canalization inherent to the evolutions that preceded biological evolution, and as a result of the autonomous evolutions that occur within the cell and the organism."
	The book also argues against sexual selection. Lima-de-Faria maintains that the bright colours in certain animals are caused by high temperatures.
	The idea of autoevolutionism has been described as a "minority opinion at the fringes of official circles of thoughts and of the mainstream."
	A review by multiple authors in the "Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres" journal noted:
	There are a few valid points in A. Lima-de-Faria's "Evolution Without Selection Form and Function by Autoevolution" but unfortunately they are embedded in the far-fetched examples, illogical progressions and disjointed lists with which the author attempts to demonstrate that evolution occurs not by natural selection but by autoevolution. Lima-de-Faria's major problem with natural selection seems to be that it is not Popperian enough. The term is abstract and the concept is impossible to prove with a controlled scientific experiment; as Lima-de-Faria states it 'Selection cannot be weighed or poured into a vial. As such it is not a component of the mechanism of evolution' (pp. 7, 312). This is a good example of the type of non sequitur that is abundant in this book, in that weighability and pourability are not criteria that come to mind when evaluating theories, nor is autoevolution itself especially weighable or pourable.
	Geneticist Austin L. Hughes wrote that the basic idea behind the book "seems to be that there are certain laws of form built into the universe which somehow determine the development of organisms as well as a number of abiotic processes", but the definition of autoevolution was never made clear. He criticized the book noting that "many aspects of biology are discussed in the text, but these discussions are riddled with erroneous and unsupported statements" and concluded that population biology has discredited any theory of orthogenesis.
	Historian of biology Igor Popov who has written a book on the history of orthogenesis has commented that the Lima-de-Faria's treatise has "all the drawbacks of theoretical biological treatises such as bulky collections of facts, hasty generalisations, the lack of scientific argumentation and a style which is critical without being creative."
	Biologist Gert Korthof has criticized Lima-de-Faria for employing outrageous criteria.

= = = Swan Stakes = = =

	The Swan Stakes (Japanese スワンステークス) is a Grade 2 horse race for Thoroughbreds aged three and over run in October over a distance of 1,400 metres at Kyoto Racecourse.
	It was first run in 1958 and was promoted to Grade 2 in 1984 when its distance was reduced from 1600 metres.

= = = Albert Pommer = = =

	Albert Pommer (1886 – 1946) was a German film producer. He was the elder brother of Erich Pommer, the head of the leading German studio UFA during the 1920s. Albert worked on a number of films distributed by UFA. He had earlier been appointed by his brother an executive of the newly-formed Decla Film in 1915.

= = = Rochester Hotel = = =

	The Rochester Hotel, at 726 E. Second Ave. in Durango, Colorado, was built in 1909. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.
	Its construction was begun in 1890. E.T. Peeples took over construction in 1891. It was completed in 1892 by new owners J.E. Schutt and W.C. Chapman.

= = = Manchester City W.F.C. in European football = = =

	Manchester City Women's Football Club is an English football club based in Manchester. The club was founded in 1988 and has competed in the UEFA Women's Champions League every season since 2016–17.
	The club's first entry into European competition came in 2016, when - as runners-up in the 2015 FA WSL - they were given direct entry to the knockout stages of the 2016–17 UEFA Women's Champions League. Given several easier draws, City managed to progress to the semi-finals, where they met the holders Lyon. Despite a creditable win in the away leg thanks to a goal from FIFA World Player of the Year Carli Lloyd they were beaten over two legs and went out at that stage. History would repeat itself the following season, when Lyon again knocked City out at the semi-final stage once again, though with only a single goal across both legs dividing the two teams. In both cases, Lyon went on to win the competition.
	Their third season in Europe - 2018–19 - saw City instantly facing tough opposition in Atlético Madrid, who had won their national league the previous two seasons. City were unable to overcome the challenge, drawing away before losing at home to exit the competition in the Round of 32.

= = = Chilean ship Chacabuco = = =

	Several ships of the Chilean Navy have been named Chacabuco after the Battle of Chacabuco :

= = = Antonio Pérez (volleyball) = = =

	Antonio Pérez (born 10 October 1956) is a Cuban volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Miobalaenoptera = = =

	Miobalaenoptera is an extinct genus of rorqual from the Late Miocene (Messinian) of Japan.
	"Miobalaenoptera" is distinguished from other rorquals (both extinct and extant) in the features of the earbone (incl. periotic) as well strongly diverging basioccipital crests 
	The holotype specimen was found in marine deposits in Numata town, Hokkaido, Japan. It was initially assigned to "Balaenoptera" cf. "acutorostrata" by Shinohara (2012) and thought to be Pliocene in age, but analysis of diatoms in the matrix and preparation showed it to not only late Miocene but also a distinct species of extinct rorqual.

= = = Carlos Ruíz (volleyball) = = =

	Carlos Ruíz (born 9 November 1957) is a Cuban volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Janet Healy = = =

	Janet Healy is a film producer whose films include Illumination's "Despicable Me" animated series and other animated films by the studio.
	She worked with directors Stanley Kramer, Hal Ashby and Sam Peckinpah. Healy is the founder of the Visual Effects Society. She then joined George Lucas's Industrial Light & Magic.
	In 1995, she joined Walt Disney Animation Studios.
	Healy is one of producer of the "Despicable Me" franchise as well as other Illumination films including "Sing" (2016) and "The Secret Life of Pets" (2016). Beside that, she also produced "Shark Tale" (2004) for DreamWorks Animation.

= = = The Woman on the Panther = = =

	The Woman on the Panther () is a 1923 German silent film directed by Alfred Halm and starring Grete Reinwald, Hermann Thimig and Olga Limburg.

= = = Jorge Garbey (volleyball) = = =

	Jorge Garbey (born 3 April 1954) is a Cuban volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Irving Park station = = =

	Irving Park station could refer to:

= = = Jorge Garbey = = =

	Jorge Garbey can refer to:

= = = Staplecross = = =

	Staplecross is a village in the civil parish of Ewhurst and the Rother district of East Sussex, England. Staplecross is the largest settlement in Ewhurst parish, and is on a southern ridge of the valley of the River Rother which flows through Bodiam at the north of Staplecross. The village is in the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. In 2011 it had a population of 760.
	Staplecross is east-northeast from the county town of Lewes, and east from the A21 road, which in East Sussex runs north to south from Flimwell to Hastings. It is on the B2165 road which runs from the Ewhurst parish village of Cripps cross, to the south, to Beckley, to the east. While in Staplecross the B2165 locally becomes Northiam Road. The village is centred on the junction of Northiam Road, and Bodiam Road which runs to Bodiam Castle, to the north.
	Community amenities and facilities include a village hall with the adjacent Staplecross Club, The Cross Inn public house, a Londis convenience store & post office (the only post office in the parish), a bowls club, and a playing field with a children's play area. On Bodiam Road is Staplecross Methodist Primary School, north from which is a park with tennis courts. At the east of the village is the small red brick Parish Church of St Mark's which includes a preschool playgroup. A war memorial is at the junction of Northiam Road and Bodiam road.
	To the south, outside the village on the B1265 is a garden centre and a plant nursery, and at the east, a cattery. At 3 miles to the north-east, in Northiam, is the Lutyens house and gardens of Great Dixter. On the B2244, less than 1 mile north-west from the village, is the Stainsmoor Wood, managed by a charitable trust.
	Staplecross is connected by bus to Hastings, Bodiam and Hawkhurst (349), and Westfield, Northiam and Robertsbridge (381). The closest railway station is at Bodiam, part of the heritage Kent and East Sussex Railway, to the north, linking to the town of Tenterden at the north-east. The closest National Rail station is at on the Hastings line, 3 miles to the west, linking to and .
	Within Staplecross, defined by East Sussex County Council's village entry road signs, are fifteen Grade II listed buildings and structures.
	On Bodliam Road is 'Wrens Cottage' a two-storey, weatherboarded and hipped-roof cottage dating to at least the 18th century; the early 19th-century two-storey 'School House'; the two-storey 'Brewery House' of red brick with hipped roof from the early 18th century, also its adjacent outbuilding of red brick below, weatherboarding above, and hipped roof, coupled with a conical oast house with cowl and fantail, from the late 18th or early 19th century; 'The Old Mill', a red brick former mill building with 1815 datestone; 'The Mill House', a two-storied and weatherboarded house from the early 19th century; and three two-storey 18th-century cottages of white-painted brick and half-hipped roofs. Behind the 18th-century cottages, and on Forge Lane, are the conjoined 'Forge House', probably 17th-century, and 'Forge Cottage', 18th-century. Both are of a brick wall ground floor with overlapping red tile facing above, the House also with a hipped roof.
	At the junction of Northiam Road, Bodiam Road and Forge Lane, is Staplecross War Memorial to the memory of those killed in the First and Second World Wars; unveiled in 1921, it is high, of Portland stone, and surmounted by a reclining lion. Opposite is the 'Cross Inn', the northern part of which is listed, being two-storey and L-shaped of two wings. the 18th-century north wing is of red brick below with overlapping red tile facing above, the 19th-century west wing completely red brick. South from the war memorial junction on the west side of Northiam Road are three listed cottages. The first, adjacent to and north from the Londis store are the conjoined two-storey 'Manor Cottage' and 'Stratfield Cottage' dating to at least the 18th century, of red brick below with overlapping red tile facing above. The second, adjacent to and south from the Londis store, is the early 19th-century two-storey 'Edgell Cottage', of three bays and weatherboarded, with sash windows, a hipped slate roof and a gabled central porch. The third, in the second plot down from Edgell Cottage and just inside the village, is the 15-century two-storey 'Solomon's Garden', timber-framed with infill of plaster set on a ground floor red brick plinth; the roof is thatched and hipped.
	At the east from the war memorial on the north side of Northiam Road is a terraced range of four listed early 19th-century two-storey cottages, the brick ground floor, and weatherboarding above, painted white. The back of the range is of eight gables. Adjacent and detached to the east is the early 19th-century 'South View', similar in style and of two bays, weatherboarded, and white painted. Further east, beyond Staplecross village hall, and opposite Cricketers Field (road), is 'Marigolds', a two-storey three-bay house dating to the 18th century. Its ground floor is stuccoed and painted white, and with a central wood trellis porch, with overlapping red tile facing above. Further east again are 'Bowling Alley Cottages' opposite the village bowling green. The building was a conjoined range of three cottages, today two, and dates to the 18th century. The range has gabled porches, and is of two-storeys in painted brick, with a hipped roof and first floor of overlapping red tile facing on the west-most cottage.

= = = Space Systems Finland = = =

	Space Systems Finland (SSF) is a Finnish software and systems engineering company. Since its founding in 1989, the company has developed software and systems for several European Space Agency spacecraft.
	SSF develops software and systems for customers in aerospace, defense, medical, machinery, and nuclear industries. Approximately half of the company's revenue come from space projects, and the remaining half from terrestrial projects. Since 2016, the company has expanded into internet of things development and data science.
	SSF was founded in 1989 to develop software for Finnish space projects ongoing at that time. Initially, the company also manufactured electronics for space use, but later focused on developing space software. In 1998, SSF was mentioned as the only Finnish company focusing in space technology.
	In addition to space software, the company has implemented safety-critical software for other domains such as heavy machinery, medical technology, and nuclear industry. SSF has also developed navigation technologies related to Galileo and signal simulators for testing GNSS receivers.
	Flight and ground software for the GOMOS instrument of Envisat, launched in 2002, was developed by SSF.
	SSF has developed pseudolite-based navigation technologies for areas where GNSS signals are weak or not available.
	From 2003 to 2008, SSF developed main flight software for the Herschel and Planck space telescopes, both launched in 2009. The software was responsible for controlling and monitoring most spacecraft functions, including e.g. fault detection and correction, thermal control, and resource management.
	The company developed main flight software for the GOCE spacecraft, operated from 2009 to 2013, and helped solve a major communications malfunction in the satellite in July 2010.
	SSF has developed flight and ground software for the European MetOp weather satellite programmes. SSF has also supported the development of the Aalto-1 nanosatellite.
	Recovery software for the ExoMars rover, to be launched in 2020, has been developed by SSF. The software can be used to analyze the rover state and relay updates to the main rover software.
	In early 2018, SSF was selected to develop the main software for the PLATO space telescope.

= = = José David Suárez = = =

	José David Suárez (born 26 June 1953) is a Cuban volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Luis Oviedo = = =

	Luis Oviedo (born 24 March 1957) is a Cuban volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Ricardo Leyva = = =

	Ricardo Leyva (born 3 June 1956) is a Cuban volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Charles T. Patterson = = =

	Charles Tillinghast Patterson (February 4, 1869 - March 27, 1918) was an owner and trainer of Thoroughbred racehorses best known for his win in the 1917 Kentucky Derby with Omar Khayyam and as the owner and trainer of Ornament, the 1897 American Horse of the Year and American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse.
	Patterson's father was an owner of Standardbred horses and as young man, Charles was a harness racing driver. In 1891 his interests shifted to Thoroughbred racing and he was hired to train the horses of renowned Kentucky owner and breeder John Madden.
	Charles Patterson died on March 27, 1918. He was training for Robert L. Gerry from a base at Belmont Park at the time of his death.
 

= = = Order For Services to the Republic of Dagestan = = =

	The Order "For Merit to the Republic of Dagestan" (), is the highest meritorious order awarded by the Dagestani government for exemplary service in accordance with Article 7.2 of the Law No. 6 “On State Awards of the Republic of Dagestan”. 

= = = I Had a Comrade (1923 film) = = =

	I Had a Comrade () is a 1923 German silent film directed by Hans Felsing and starring Willy Kaiser-Heyl, Henri Peters-Arnolds and Margit Barnay. It takes its title from a popular song.

= = = Automobile Driving Museum = = =

	The Automobile Driving Museum is an automotive museum located at 610 Lairport Street, El Segundo, California, USA.
	The museum is nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization, founded in 2002 by car collectors Stanley Zimmerman and architect Earl Rubenstein. Its mission is to "collect, preserve, exhibit and ride in historic vehicles." It contains about 130 classic, antique, and vintage automobiles created between 1886 and 2000, of which roughly half are on display at any time. Visitors are permitted to touch and sit in most cars, and on Sunday Car Rides, experience driving around in classic vehicles. Its collection includes:

= = = Oxford Concordance Program = = =

	The Oxford Concordance Program (OCP) was first released in 1981 and was a result of a project started
	in 1978 by Oxford University Computing Services to create a machine independent text analysis program for producing word lists, indexes and concordances in a variety of languages and alphabets.
	In the 1980s it was claimed to have been licensed to around 240 institutions in 23 countries.
	OCP was designed and written in FORTRAN by Susan Hockey and Ian Marriott of Oxford University Computing Services in the period 1979–1980 and its authors acknowledged that it owed much to the earlier COCOA and CLOC (University of Birmingham) concordance systems.
	During 1985–86 OCP was completely rewritten as version 2 to increase the efficiency of the program, a version was also produced for the IBM PC called Micro-OCP.

= = = Matt and Emma Hill Farmstead = = =

	The Matt and Emma Hill Farmstead is a historic farmstead in Pike Township, Minnesota, United States. It was established in 1897 by one of many Finnish Americans who left employment in Iron Range mines to begin farming northern Minnesota's cutover forests. The farm was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 for its state-level significance in the themes of agriculture, architecture, and European ethnic heritage. It was nominated for reflecting the pivot of St. Louis County's Finnish immigrants from industrial labor to agriculture, and their use of traditional log architecture.
	The historic district consists of eight contributing properties. A house, hay barn, cattle barn, outbuilding, and the farm's original smoke sauna date from 1897 to 1903. An improved sauna was built around 1920. All were designed and constructed in log by Matt Hill. Rounding out the inventory of historic properties are the farm's well and agricultural fields.

= = = Chimney Gulch = = =

	Chimney Gulch is a valley and arroyo in the Diablo Range, in Santa Clara, California. Its mouth is at an elevation of 932 feet / 284 meters at its confluence with an unnamed creek tributary to East Fork Pacheco Creek that runs westward down below Hagerman Peak to join the East Fork about an eighth of a mile below its confluence with Chimney Gulch. The head of Chimney Gulch and the source of the stream, is a pond south of the Fifield Ranch on the northeast slope of Hagerman Peak at .

= = = EBella = = =

	eBella was a South African Digital satellite television channel created and owned by e.tv's eMedia Investment for Openview and DStv.
	After eMedia Investments and Platco Digital successfully launched its OpenView platform, they decided to expand their family of channels. With eExtra in particular being popular in airing telenovelas such as Santa Diabla, e.tv decided to bulk in on international dramas and series.
	The launch was also because of a new local content channel on DStv called Moja Love, launched on the 14th of February 2015. The channel was centered to love and relationship seekers, to which e.tv created eBella to be a female-skewed channel.
	eBella was terminated at the end of March 2019 due to low viewership. All content was be moved to eExtra.
	eBella shows a number of local and international series, movies, dramas and telenovelas.

= = = Florian Roski = = =

	Florian Roski (* 22. September 1974 in Nürnberg) ist ein deutscher Unternehmer, Sachbuchautor, Investor, Hochschuldozent und ehemaliger Mister Germany.
	Florian Roski (born September 22, 1974 in Nuremberg) is a German entrepreneur, business angel and former Mister Germany.
	After graduating from high school, in 1995 Roski started studying business administration at the Friedrich-Alexander-University in Nuremberg. He graduated in 2001 and worked in various companies as an investment controller, head of controlling and accounting.
	In 2005, together with a partner, he founded the "four-quarters group", whose managing director and principal shareholder he is. The start-up consulting company of the group now operates under the name "four-quarters EXIST GmbH". Since 2008, Roski has also been a founder and managing director of "IKSOR GmbH" (Family Office & Business Angel) and since 2012 authorized representative of "mein-mikrofinanzierer GmbH", a state-accredited microfinance institution.
	Since August 2012 he has been a lecturer at the ICN Business School Nuremberg and the Technical University Nuremberg Georg-Simon Ohm. During his teaching activities and in addition to his activities as Managing Director of the automotive supplier industry, Florian Roski also continued to educate himself and was studying abroad in Beijing (China) and graduated in December 2006 from the European University of Applied Sciences in Hamburg with the Master of Business Administration (MBA). In 2012 he obtained his doctorate in Business Administration (DBA) from the University of Surrey in England.
	Florian Roski is a volunteer student of immigrant students at the Nuremberg association "DEGRIN - Begegnung und Bildung in Vielfalt e.V.”.
	In 1999 Florian Roski took part in the election to Mister Germany. After first winning the title "Mister South Germany", he prevailed in Berlin in the election at the Estrel Festival Center against his remaining competitors and won the title "Mister Germany 1999".

= = = Bhudhaar = = =

	Bhudhaar is a e-governance project that is intended to assign a 11 digit unique number to every land parcel in the state of Andhra Pradesh as part of the "land hub in E-Pragati programme". Bhudhaar is the first in India to address issues in land record management. Bhuseva Authority, an inter-departmental committee was formulated to implement and monitor the progress. Eventually all land related transactions will use Bhudhaar as single source of truth to reduces land related disputes. On 18 February 2019, the Andhra pradesh Assembly gave its consent to the legal usage of the Bhudhaar Number in land documents. This project is being regularly monitored by AP CM Dashboard (CORE Dashboard) which was developed and managed by Real Time Governance Society (RTGS) in real time basis.
	Land in the state of Andhra Pradesh is generally categorized into agricultural lands, rural properties, and urban properties ( like houses, house sites, vacant lands) and forest land. These lands and their records are mainly managed by eight departments in the state. On 13 June 2015 the Revenue Department of the state launched the Mee Bhoomi portal to enable citizens and land owners to view their land records and ownership status at any time. Although people were given land records publicly, it did not solve the integration problem as each department has their own procedural guidelines in providing services to citizens which causes hardship in getting seamless and integrated services.
	For instance, a property buyer has to go the corresponding municipality office to enter his name in municipal records as the new property owner. This process takes a long time and causes inefficiency in land governance.
	To create a single source of truth on land records and to manage land records efficiently, the Bhuseva Authority started the Bhudhaar program and distributed a number to each property. In this project, all land related departments are to integrate their services to the Bhuseva core platform and assign a Bhudhaar number to all properties along with built up properties when successful transactions are completed.
	Land records consists two types of data. Textual data (like village name, name of land owner, survey number, extent, owner ID proofs like aadhaar, voter id or other related documents) and spatial data (the data depicting the sketch of the land, its measurements (in links/meters/feet), adjacent fields, location on ground). The Bhudhaar number issued in two stages.
	As of 22 February 2019, nearly 53% of temporary Bhudhaar numbers were generated.
	Although the present Bhudhaar project has plans to extend nationwide, it was missing scientific approach and harmonization in assigning unique numbers to various regions. To collect taxes and to generate revenue from different properties, each urban or local administration authorities use various assessment numbers. The state of Andhra Pradesh uses the digital door numbering program. To bridge the gap, a nationwide comprehensive system is needed. While preserving the existing assigning process, a brand new Bhudhaar numbering system with a 12 digit alphanumeric pattern can be used.
	First two digits—State codes (census code for temporary bhudhaar number, vehicle registration code for permanent bhudhaar number)
	Third and fourth digits—District code in the respective states
	Fifth and sixth digits—Sub-district code in respective districts.
	Seventh and eighth digits—Village/block/ward level code in the respective sub-district/municipality.
	Last four digits—random 4 digits containing alphanumeric letters.

= = = Levasseur PL.11 = = =

	The Levasseur PL.11 was an observation seaplane built by Levasseur in the early 1930s. It was a biplane of mixed wood and metal construction with floats for operating from water.

= = = Thomas N. Farris = = =

	Thomas Neal Farris is an American aerospace engineering professor and university administrator. He is known for his research on mechanics of fretting fatigue. Tom Farris has been the Dean of Rutgers School of Engineering since 2009. He served as the Head of Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics from 1998 to 2009. 
	Farris received a BS degree in mechanical engineering in 1982 from Rice University and a Ph.D. in Applied Mechanics at Northwestern University in 1986.
	Farris is a Fellow of American Society of Mechanical Engineers since 2001 and a Fellow of American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics since 2009.

= = = 1947 Columbia Lions football team = = =

	The 1947 Columbia Lions football team was an American football team that represented the Columbia University during the 1947 college football season. In its 17th season under head coach Lou Little, the team compiled a 7–2 record, was ranked No. 20 in the final AP Poll, and outscored opponents by a total of 170 to 113.
	Columbia's victory over No. 6 Army on October 25, 1947, broke the Cadets' 32-game unbeaten streak dating back to November 1943.
	Columbia end Bill Swiacki was a consensus first-team All-American; he also finished eighth in the 1947 voting for the Heisman Trophy.

= = = Parliamentary Committees of Bangladesh = = =

	House Committee are committees in the Jatiya Sangsad (Parliament of Bangladesh) that carry out the majority of the functions of the legislative branch of the government of Bangladesh.
	In the 10th parliamentary sessions, there were 50 committees.

= = = Dávid Szintai = = =

	Dávid Szintai (born 9 June 1997) is a Hungarian tennis player.
	Szintai has a career high ATP singles ranking of 1052 achieved on 2 July 2018. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 984 achieved on 1 May 2017.
	Szintai represents Hungary at the Davis Cup, where he has a W/L record of 0–1. He made his debut at the 2019 Davis Cup Qualifying Round in a dead rubber against Germany's Philipp Kohlschreiber in a losing effort.

= = = Levasseur PL.12 = = =

	The Levasseur PL.12 was an observation flying boat built by Levasseur in the early 1930s. It was a high-wing monoplane with a monocoque fuselage.

= = = John Baxter (political reformer) = = =

	John Baxter (dates unknown), was a radical British writer and silversmith, living in St Leonards parish, Shoreditch during the 1790s and until at least 1817. He is noteworthy as chairman of the London Corresponding Society in 1794 and as one of the twelve indicted during the 1794 Treason Trials. He also compiled and published ‘’A new and impartial history of England’’ in 1796.
	Little is known of Baxter’s early life prior to his involvement with the London Corresponding Society, except that he was thrown out of a vestry meeting in Shoreditch and assaulted for doubting 'the existence of persons who were Levellers, or who wished to convert England into a Republic.' 'Seeing he could not resist, he put his hand into his pocket, and pulled out many of the society's addresses, and threw them with a great deal of exultation among the people there.' His assailants accused him of High Treason, but Magistrates rejected the charge. They then indicted him for a libel, which was also rejected so he was eventually charged with causing a riot. No further details of the case are known, but one of the accounts of the incident states that Baxter was 'scarcely three feet and a half high', so he may have suffered from dwarfism.
	Baxter became the Chairman of the London Corresponding Society following the arrest of Maurice Margarot in 1793 and his subsequent transportation. Baxter was then described as a journeyman silversmith living in the parish of St Leonards, Shoreditch. In November 1793 he was responsible for drawing up addresses to 'the friends of peace and parliamentary reform' and to 'His Majesty' calling for an end to the war against France, together with Thomas Hardy, the Secretary.
	In June 1794 he was arrested and indicted for High Treason during the 1794 Treason Trials. One of the prosecution witnesses in the trial of Thomas Hardy claimed that Baxter had said 'there is not a man in the Society who believes that a Parliamentary Reform is all we want; and without having recourse to the sanguinary measures of the French Revolution, may be brought about in a few hours. He did not wish the King or any of the Royal Family to be killed. They may be sent to Hanover; but at the fame time some blood must unavoidably be shed, on account of the insults offered to the people, which human nature could not bear.'. However, following the acquittals of Hardy , John Horne Tooke, and John Thelwall, the authorities took no further action and he was released in the December. During the period of his imprisonment, Baxter's wife received various payments from the London Corresponding Society.
	In March 1795 the bookseller Joseph Burks and Baxter broke away from the London Corresponding Society to form ‘The Friends of Liberty’, of which Baxter became president. Williams suggests that the new group was ‘probably more anarchist’ than the remainder of the London Corresponding Society, but Goodwin questions this arguing that Baxter took ‘a realistic rather than a revolutionary attitude.’
	In November 1795, Baxter gave and later published a lecture entitled "Resistance to oppression, the constitutional right of Britons asserted", where he ascribed much of the current distress among the poor to the ‘Pride and Luxury of the Great’, but made it clear that he was not advocating 'the opposition of Force to Force'.
	In February 1796 Baxter circulated proposals for "A new and impartial history of England" written by him and ‘assisted by several gentlemen, distinguished friends to liberty and a Parliamentary reform’. The work was dedicated to the London Corresponding Society, 'to the numerous Political Societies in Great-Britain and to the people at large.It was published in weekly parts during 1796 and early 1797. This work was intended as an antidote to David Hume’s history, to provide Englishmen with 'a perpetual memento of their rights and privileges.' The first thirty-three numbers (to 1689) were largely an abridgement and plagiarism of Hume, although with revised interpretations of certain key political events such as Magna Carta, or the Glorious Revolution. The remaining 17 numbers were Baxter's own work and brought the whole story up to date. Baxter has been criticised for not acknowledging Hume's large contribution in his preface, and only mentioning him in the text in order to criticise his interpretations.
	Over the next twenty years, Baxter’s name crops up among other radicals in London in a variety of official records and reports from government spies. Thus in 1798 he was a member of a debating society and in 1799 he was arrested with members of the United Irishmen during a raid on the ‘Nags Head’ public house. He was noted attending Margarot’s funeral in 1815 and in the following year was listed on the satirical broadside ‘’The polemical fleet’’ where he was given the nickname ‘Impregnable’. In 1817 he was involved in organising political discussion groups at the Mulberry Tree public house..

= = = Venkateswara Rao Yadlapalli = = =

	Venkateswara Rao Yadlapalli is an agriculturalist from Andhra Pradesh, India. In 2019, he was conferred the Padma Shri award by the President of India for his contributions towards organic farming.
	Yadlapalli was born in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. He has been involved in agriculture since his younger days, and continued to work for the development of agriculture and horticulture. To impart education and awareness about various farming methods, he launched three magazines: "Rythunestham" (2005), "Pasunestham" (2012), and "Prakruthi Nestham" (2014). He created the "Rythunestham Puraskaram" awards to motivate and encourage farmers and the Rythu Nestham Foundation (2016) to teach natural and organic farming methods.
	In 2019, he was conferred the Padma Shri award by the President of India for his contributions towards organic farming.

= = = Kuhn Rikon = = =

	Kuhn Rikon is a Swiss cookware manufacturer based in Rikon im Tösstal, Zell, Switzerland. It is particularly known for pressure cookers sold under the brand name Duromatic, which is often used in Switzerland as a synonym for pressure cooker. The company is a family owned public limited company. The name Kuhn Rikon is also associated with the Tibet Institute Rikon, which was established by the co-founders of the business as a non-profit spiritual and cultural center for the exiled Tibetans in Switzerland.
	In 1926, Heinrich Kuhn-Boller acquired the bankrupt copper and steel manufacturer Kindlimann and founded the Heinrich Kuhn Metallwarenfabrik. He developed the cookware brand Duro, which was designed for the emerging electric stoves, with flat rather than curved bottoms.
	When Heinrich Kuhn died in 1932 as a result of a brain tumour operation, Henri Kuhn took over the management and transformed the business into a share limited company (Aktiengesellschaft). From 1947 his younger brother Jacques Kuhn worked as the technical director and introduced the production line. In 1949 they released the Duromatic pressure cooker which laid the basis for export activities, becoming the market leader.
	In 1964 when Switzerland took in 1,000 Tibetan refugees, Henri and Jacques Kuhn provided them with jobs and company housing. In 1967, on the advice of the Dalai Lama, they founded the Tibet Institute Rikon with an endowment of 100,000 francs and land for building. The institute was inaugurated in 1968 and has become a major religious centre for Tibetans in Switzerland and neighbouring countries. Even now, employees of Kuhn Rikon have many workers of Tibetan descent.
	Henri Kuhn died unexpectedly in 1969, but in 1976 his son Hans-Heinrich Kuhn joined the family business, as the third generation. This phase also coincided with the launch of the world's first double-walled cookware (Durotherm), which was patented worldwide and boosted international expansion. In 1984, Jacques Kuhn retired from the company.
	In 2001 the company changed its name from Heinrich Kuhn Metallwarenfabrik to its present name Kuhn Rikon AG.
	In 2006 Kuhn Rikon opened a museum on the history of cooking.
	In 2010 they launched a range of cheese and meat fondue pots, portable stoves and forks, co-developed by Kuhn Rikon and ceramic expert Hanspeter Landert.
	In 2012 Philipp Kuhn, Dorothee Auwärter, Christian Kuhn and Willi Auwärter became the fourth generation of family owners, joining the Board of Directors. In April 2014, Dorothee Auwärter took over the company presidency as Chairwoman.
	In 2007 the Coop offered promotional kitchen appliances under the label Kuhn Rikon, which were not manufactured by Kuhn Rikon, but were produced in China on license.
	Based on a report from the Kassensturz TV show, Kuhn Rikon confirmed that there were 140 known cases of exploded double-walled pans of the Durotherm brand by 2009, with 14 cases of injury. Kuhn Rikon stressed that this was not due to production errors, but to improper use, e.g. damage caused by dropping. In cases of uncertain damage after a fall, Kuhn Rikon recommends testing the appliance and carries out tests for customers free of charge.

= = = Thou Shalt Not Kill (1923 film) = = =

	Thou Shalt Not Kill () is a 1923 German silent film directed by Fritz Hofbauer and starring Werner Krauss and Emil Jannings.

= = = Jérôme Kym = = =

	Jérôme Cyrill Kym (born 12 February 2003) is a Swiss tennis player.
	Kym represents Switzerland at the Davis Cup, where he has a W/L record of 1–0. He defeated Evgeny Donskoy and Andrey Rublev in his first doubles tie, alongside Henri Laaksonen.

= = = 1988 UCLA Bruins softball team = = =

	The 1988 UCLA Bruins softball team represented the University of California, Los Angeles in the 1988 NCAA Division I softball season. The Bruins were coached by Sharron Backus, who led her fourteenth season. The Bruins played their home games at Sunset Field and finished with a record of 53–8. They competed in the Pacific-10 Conference, where they finished first with a 15–3 record.
	The Bruins were invited to the 1988 NCAA Division I Softball Tournament, where they swept the West Regional and then completed a run through the Women's College World Series to claim their third NCAA Women's College World Series Championship. The Bruins had earlier claimed an AIAW title in 1978 and NCAA titles in 1982 and 1984.

= = = Levasseur PL.200 = = =

	The Levasseur PL.200 was an observation seaplane built by Levasseur in the mid-1930s. It was a high-wing monoplane with a short, all-metal fuselage nacelle at mid-span, and a wing made of metal. 
	The fuselage and wings were supported on struts above the two floats which extended rear-wards to form the tail unit with twinfins and rudders and single tailplane with elebvator. The Hispano-Suiza 9Vbrs engine was mounted as a tractor in the nose of the fuselage nacelle, which also housed the crew of three. An improved version was developed, with extended fins and a Gnome & Rhône 9Kfr engine as the PL.201,

= = = Wymondley House = = =

	Wymondley House is a building in the North Hertfordshire village of Little Wymondley that was built in 1724. At one time the home of a dissenting academy called Wymondley College, it was classified as a Grade II* listed building in 1968.
	Wymondley House was first occupied by John Pym, a wealthy barrister, in 1724. He had enclosed of common land at Little Wymondley and appears to have won a court battle to retain it, subsequently erecting the house there. After his death in 1770, the house remained in his family's possession for a further 29 years.
	In 1799, a philanthropic trust established by William Coward took possession of the building as a replacement for the dissenting academy that it had funded in Northampton and which had closed. The Coward Trust spent £4,258 on purchase and renovation, enlarging it to accommodate two tutors and 24 students in their pursuit of studies for dissenting ministry. The trust also determined that the institution should be known as "Wymondley House", although in practice even in its own day it was more commonly referred to as "Wymondley College" or "Wymondley Academy".
	Following the closure of the academy around 1832, Wymondley House became a boys' boarding school and then, in 1880, was used for its original purpose as a private house. A ballroom and conservatory were added in 1904 and in 1930 it became an approved school. Used in part to house evacuees from London during World War II, the building then became a Roman Catholic school and thereafter commercial premises. , it is once more privately owned housing.
	The structure was listed Grade II* in 1968.
	Notes
	Citations

= = = Ei8ht (album) = = =

	Ei8ht is the eighth studio album by Nik Kershaw, released on his independent label Shorthouse Records in 2012. The album reached No. 91 on the UK Albums Chart and No. 12 on the UK Independent Albums Chart.
	Kershaw started working on the album in early 2011. Speaking to "The Evening Times" in 2012, he said: "I sat down about 18 months ago and decided it was time to make another [album]. I have to do that every now to again to get it out my system."
	Two singles were released from the album. A radio version of "The Sky's The Limit" was released in August, with a music video for the song premiering on YouTube on 4 August. It was directed by Steve Price and was filmed at Armagh Observatory and Armagh Planetarium, Northern Ireland, and Haytor, Dartmoor. The second and final single, "You're the Best", was released in September.
	"The Sky's the Limit" was featured in the 2016 biographical film "Eddie the Eagle" and appeared on its soundtrack release, "Fly".
	Upon release, Ben Hogwood of "musicOMH" wrote: "Good songwriters don't usually lose their knack overnight, and Kershaw proves that as he gets on this particular bike once more. Many of the songs grow in to earworms, which by the third or fourth listen are burned in to the consciousness." Fiona Shepherd of "The Scotsman" stated: "In less conservative hands, this desperately dull MOR pop album might yield an insipid hit or two, but Kershaw's arrangements drain the life from the songs."
	Production

= = = Ed Kluska = = =

	Edward L. Kluska (1917 – April 20, 1996) was an American football coach. He served as the head football coach at the Xavier University from 1947 to 1954, compiling a record of 42–33–4. He died following a stroke on April 20, 1996, at Good Samaritan Hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio.

= = = Gadzhibekov = = =

	Gadzhibekov is a surname. People with that name include:

= = = Laurine Delforge = = =

	Laurine Delforge (born 18 July 1990) is an international field hockey umpire and a Belgian field hockey player. She was the winner of the 2016 FIH umpire award and was one of the two first women to umpire at the Euro Hockey League.
	Delforge started playing hockey when she was 6. She started playing at Royal Parc Hockey Club in Brussels, but later moved to Royal Antwerp. Delforge currently plays for Royal Antwerp in the top Belgian league. She played for all the Belgian youth squads, but has never played for the Belgian national women's team. However, she has been a member of the national indoor field hockey squad since 2011.
	Delforge started umpiring serious in 2008, and received her first international appointment in 2012. In 2016 Delforge won the Golden Whistle for best umpire of the year in Belgium. The same year she umpired in the Olympic field hockey tournament at the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. She made history being the first Olympic debutant to also umpire the Olympic final. She also won the 2016 International Hockey Federation (FIH) Umpire of the Year award. During the 2018 Women World Cup in London, UK, Delforge umpired her 100th international game. She received the FIH 'Golden Whistle' for this achievement. She went on to umpire the final in that tournament.
	In 2018 Delforge made history, together with fellow umpire Michelle Meister, by being the first female umpire in the Euro Hockey League, the annual European men's field hockey cup competition.

= = = Babs Anderson = = =

	Flora 'Babs' Anderson is a former Botswana international lawn bowler.
	In 1986 she won bronze medal in the singles at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh. She has represented Botswana at four consecutive Commonwealth Games from 1986 until 1998.
	Flora started bowling in 1972 and won the national title on multiple occasions. She also represented Botswana at the first African Nations Tournament.
	Her bronze medal in 1986 was the first Commonwealth Games medal to be won by Botswana.

= = = Jiří Lehečka = = =

	Jiří Lehečka (born 8 November 2001) is a Czech tennis player.
	Lehečka has a career high ITF junior combined ranking of 11 achieved on 21 January 2019.
	Lehečka has a career high ATP singles ranking of 536 achieved on 6 May 2019. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 1171 achieved on 17 December 2018.
	Lehečka represents the Czech Republic at the Davis Cup, where he has a W/L record of 0–1. He made his debut at the 2019 Davis Cup Qualifying Round against Robin Haase of the Netherlands.

= = = Akkaarakkani Nacchumanar = = =

	Akkārakkani Nacchumanār (Tamil: அக்காரக்கனி நச்சுமனார்) was a poet of the Sangam period to whom verse 46 of the Tiruvalluva Maalai is ascribed.
	Akkārakkani Nacchumanār was a poet belonging to the late Sangam period (between 1st century BCE and 2nd century CE). The term "Akkārakkani" denotes the Hindu god Vishnu. Thus, he is believed to have been a follower of Vaishnavism.
	Akkārakkani Nacchumanār wrote verse 46 of the Tiruvalluva Maalai. He opines about Valluvar and the Kural text thus:

= = = Virgil Gomis = = =

	Virgil Vilela Gomis (born 16 April 1999) is a French professional footballer who plays for Nottingham Forest, as a forward.
	After three seasons with the Nottingham Forest academy, Gomis joined National League side Braintree Town on a one-month loan on 31 October 2018, where he scored on his debut with the club. On 31 January 2019, Gomis again moved on loan, this time to Forest's city rivals Notts County, where he would remain for the rest of the 2018-19 season.
	On 9 August 2019, Gomis joined League Two side Macclesfield Town on loan for the season. He scored his first goal for Macclesfield in an EFL Cup tie against Blackpool on 13 August 2019. Gomis was recalled from his loan early by Nottingham Forest on 3 January 2020.

= = = Rakesh Tripathi = = =

	Rakesh Tripathi(born 6 December 1985 in Siddhartha Nagar) is an Indian politician. He serves as state spokesperson of Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP). He has served as a BJP spokesperson since 2013.
	He did his post-graduate studies in Journalism from Makhanlal Chaturvedi Rashtriya Patrakarita Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh and did LLB(Hons.) from Lucknow University. He was the state joint secretary of Akhil Bahrtiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) in 2005.
	He served as a state convener in Youth Against Corruption from 2011 to 2014. He was a member of legal cell of Bhartiya Janta Yuva Morcha from 2014 to 2016. In Lok sabha Election of 2014 he was in charge of the media war room.
	Rakesh Tripathi is the youngest BJP political party spokesperson. He has participated in many debates. He advocated the BJP's viewpoint on various matters.

= = = Freda Elliott = = =

	Freda Elliott is a former Irish international lawn bowler.
	In 1986 she won gold medal in the pairs at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh with Margaret Johnston.
	She is a twice national champion of Ireland.

= = = Shabnam Ghani Lone = = =

	Shabnum Ghani Lone is a Kashmiri woman analyst, politician and lawyer at Supreme Court of India. She is the younger daughter of Abdul Ghani Lone, a separatist leader who was killed in a rally in Srinagar in 2002.
	After the assassination of her father, in 2007, she joined politics. In the general election, 2008, she stood as an independent candidate but lost it with a narrow margin to the member of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election, 2008.
	Being an activist, Shabnum was held hostage by unidentified gunmen in Srinagar, and was booked under TADA by government of Jammu and Kashmir.
	Shabnam Lone, who is a lawyer in Supreme Court of India is elder sister of Sajjad Gani Lone, who is a minister in Jammu and Kashmir.

= = = Charles Arthur Ford Whitcombe = = =


= = = Hiyy Halaaku = = =

	Hiyy Halaaku is a 1999 Maldivian romantic drama film directed by Aishath Ali Manik. Produced under EMA Productions, the film stars Assad Shareef, Sheela Najeeb, Ali Seezan and Niuma Mohamed in pivotal roles. The plot combines two love triangles set years apart. The first half covers friends on a college campus, while the second tells the story of a widower's young daughter who tries to reunite her dad with his old friend. The film was an unofficial remake of Karan Johar's romantic drama film "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai" (1998)
	The film opens showing the strong bond between Shahil (Yoosuf Shafeeu) and his best friend, tomboy Fazlee (Niuma Mohamed) who are popular students at college. Although they are very close, both of them deny any romantic feelings for each other. They are then introduced to the college principal Mr. Shameel's (Ali Shameel) daughter Zeena (Sheela Najeeb) who joined the college from Oxford University to finish her degree. Zeena quickly becomes friends with Shahil and Fazlee while Shahil constantly flirts with Zeena, trying to win over her. As times fly by, Fazlee realises her true affection towards Shahil but before she is able to declare her feelings, she discovers that Shahil is in love with Zeena.

= = = Knoller D.I = = =

	The Knoller D.I series 70 was a prototype fighter aircraft built in thee Austro-Hungarian Empire during World War I for use by the "Kaiserliche und Königliche Luftfahrtruppen" (KuKLFT).

= = = East Fork Pacheco Creek = = =

	East Fork Pacheco Creek is a 5 mile long tributary stream of North Fork Pacheco Creek in the Diablo Range in Santa Clara County, California. Its confluence with the North Fork is at an elevation of 610 feet / 186 meters. Its source is located about a half mile nortnortheast of the Fifield Ranch at at an elevation of 1600 feet / 488 meters just west of County Line Road that runs along the crest of the Diablo Range between Santa Clara County and Stanislaus County, California about a quarter mile before its intersection with the Fifield Grade and McCabe Road that climbs upward from the canyon of Romero Creek on the east slope of the Diablo Range in Merced County, California. 
 

= = = Ramal de Reguengos = = =

	Ramal de Reguengos, originally called Linha do Guadiana, was a railway branch line which connected the stations of Évora and Reguengos de Monsaraz, in Portugal. It was opened on 6 April 1927.

= = = Wednesbury Herald = = =

	The Wednesbury Herald was a weekly newspaper published in the Municipal Borough of Wednesbury, England, during the Victorian era. It billed itself as the only conservative paper published there. The publisher was Robert Ryder and an associated "Ryder's Annual" was published each November. Microfilm copies of the paper are held by Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council archives.

= = = Vailulu'u = = =

	Vailulu'u is a volcanic seamount discovered in 1975. It rises from the sea floor to a depth of 593 m and is located between Ta'u and Rose islands at the eastern end of the Samoa hotspot chain. The basaltic seamount is considered to mark the current location of the Samoa hotspot. The summit of Vailulu'u contains a 2 km wide, 400 m deep oval-shaped caldera. Two principal rift zones extend east and west from the summit, parallel to the trend of the Samoan hotspot. A third less prominent rift extends southeast of the summit.
	Eruptions at Vailulu'u were recorded in 1973. An earthquake swarm in 1995 may have been related to an eruption from the seamount. Turbid water above the summit shows evidence of ongoing hydrothermal plume activity. Vailulu'u may breach the surface of the ocean and officially become an island if a high rate of eruptions continue.
	The seamount was first discovered in 1975 after seismic activity, including earthquakes, was noted in the area and was originally known as either Rockne Volcano or Fa'afafine seamount. The name Vailulu'u refers to a sacred rain that supposedly fell with every gathering of the last king of Samoa; it was assigned by Samoan high school students in 2000. The Nafanua cone is named after a Samoan war goddess, Nafanua. Today the seamount is part of the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa.
	Vailulu'u is located east of American Samoa; the easternmost island Ta'u is located west of Vailulu'u. Even farther west lie Ofu-Olosega and Muli, while Malumalu Seamount is located south of Ofu-Olosega. Rose Atoll and Malulu Seamount are located southeast from Vailulu'u.
	Vailulu'u is a conical seamount and reaches a depth of and features a wide and deep crater; the shallowest part of the seamount is located on the western crater rim which has a scalloped appearance. Two additional summits and three breaches can be found in the crater rim; the deepest breach lies in the southeast and is deep.
	The seamount has a star-like shape, with two prominent ridges east and west and a somewhat less prominent ridge south of the volcano; it also features smaller ridges at its foot and amphitheatre-shaped scars from landslides. The total volume of the volcano is estimated to be about and its height above the seafloor is comparable with that of major isolated volcanoes such as Fuji, although much smaller than compound volcanic islands such as Hawaii. The seafloor around Vailulu'u lies at a depth of about ; the foot of the seamount has a diameter of about . A saddle at a depth of depth connects it to Ta'u.
	A high cone in the crater bears the name Nafanua, and formed in 2004 in the western half of the crater. Prior to the formation of the cone, the crater contained several pit craters; it is possible that the crater was once occupied by a higher cone, which might have risen to shallow depths. The Nafanua cone consists mostly of pillow lavas.
	Hydrothermal vents are found at a number of sites within the crater with varied characteristics, including high and low temperature vents. The bulk of the venting occurs through the a complex known as the Northern Moat Hydrothermal Complex and reaches temperatures of , while another complex, called the South Wall Fe Chimney, vents water with temperatures of in massive vents. The hydrothermal activity influences the waters within the crater, making them turbid and warmer than the water in the free ocean. Low temperature hydrothermal vents are found on the western ridge of Vailulu'u as well.
	The hydrothermal fluids vented at the Northern Moat Hydrothermal Complex appear to be rich in sulfides, and droplets of carbon dioxide have been observed in the vented fluids. Particles emitted by the vents in some places reduce visibility underwater to less than , and the vented fluids are subject to complicated buoyancy, ocean current and mixing processes once they enter the seawater.
	The total flow is estimated at about . The total power of the hydrothermal system is estimated to be 610-760 megawatts and it forms substantial hydrothermal plumes in the crater; the altered water extends some distance from the volcano.
	Vailulu'u lies at the eastern end of the Samoan volcanic chain and is considered to be the present-day location of the Samoa hotspot; this interpretation is based on both the position of the seamount and the isotope ratios of rocks taken from it. Young rock ages have also been observed on Malumalu Seamount, implying that the hotspot is currently feeding both volcanoes and forming two separate volcanic chains. These two volcanoes are the endpoints of two separate volcano lineaments in the Samoa islands.
	Samoa is located just northeast of the northern corner of the Tonga Trench, where the Pacific Plate is subducting. This proximity to the trench is probably the reason why the older volcanic islands all display recent volcanic activity, such as activity from 1905-1911 on Savaii and originally led to proposals of a non-hotspot origin of the Samoa islands. However, the islands' formation shows an eastward trend and evidence of age progression, which has been interpreted as reflecting an age progressive chain of volcanoes that begins at Vailulu'u and at Malumalu Seamount. The Malulu Seamount and Rose Island east of Vailulu'u do not appear related to the Samoa hotspot system. On the other side of the volcanic chain are the seamounts Lalla Rookh Bank, Combe Bank and Alexa Bank which are older products of the Samoa hotspot.
	The origin of the Samoan volcanic chain has been explained with either a hotspot influenced by the Tonga Trench or by cracking of the Pacific crust; today the preferred theory is that the Samoan chain is a hotspot-generated volcanic chain while the "anomalous" younger volcanism is produced through an interaction between the islands and the Tonga Trench and a neighboring transform fault. This hotspot is under the influence of the mantle flows triggered by the Tonga Trench, which distort the rising plume and also changes its upwelling flux. This interaction has only begun recently.
	Alkali basalts and picrites have been dredged from the volcano. The volcanic rocks on Vailulu'u reflect a magma suite called "end-member magma type 2" (EM2) although there are noticeable differences between the geochemistries of various volcanic units at Vailulu'u.
	Evidence of hydrothermal alteration includes quartz in rock samples. Iron oxide chimneys with sizes measured in centimetres to metres have been formed by low temperature hydrothermal venting. A total mass flux of of manganese has been estimated. Hydrothermal sulfide and oxide deposits may become targets for mining.
	Various bacteria live on Vailulu'u, including in microbial mats on basalts, which are related to bacteria from Tangaroa Seamount in the Kermadec Ridge, Loihi in Hawaii and in the East Pacific Rise. A number of mostly pigmented yeasts and other fungi have been identified in deposits from the Nafanua Cone and in iron mats and might play important roles in the ecosystems of Vailulu'u.
	Microbial mats with thicknesses of (though possibly thicker in depressions) have been found at Vailulu'u; they often contain iron hydroxide/iron oxide deposits. The widespread production of siderophores by microorganisms may not only serve to make iron available to them but also to reduce the trapping of the organisms within iron oxides.
	Sulfur, manganese and iron may serve as electron donors in organism metabolism at Vailulu'u; hydrogen sulfide, iron, manganese and methane-oxidizing proteobacteria have been encountered.
	Demosponges have been observed in breaches of the crater rim and presumably rely on incoming nutrient-rich water from the ocean, while crinoids, gorgonians, ophiuroids and sponges have been found on the western rift zone of Vailulu'u. In non-hydrothermal areas, echinoderms, octocorals and sponges dominate the surfaces, and crabs, eels, octocorals and octopi have been observed in the summit areas. The eel populations have given that part of the volcano the nickname "Eel City"; the eels subsist on food species transported by ocean currents, such as crustaceans.
	There are differences between the animal fauna in various parts of the volcano. For example, the oxygenated waters and availability of shrimp as food source attract eels to the summit of Nafanua, while the crater floor displays a high animal mortality and is called the "moat of death"; polychaetes feeding on dead fish have been found on the crater floor. This is due to the very low availability of oxygen for respiration at the crater floor, unlike at the summit of Nafanua cone.
	Vailulu'u is an active volcano, with earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and hydrothermal activity recorded. In particular, the seamount is a site with common earthquakes in this otherwise mostly aseismic part of the Pacific Plate and away from the earthquakes of the Tonga Trench, recording an average 4 earthquakes per day. Seismic swarms were observed in 1973 and 1995; an earthquake swarm took place in 2000. The hypocentres of these earthquakes appear to coincide with the hydrothermal areas and the earthquakes correlate with the southeastern ridge, which is a rift zone.
	Disequilibria in thorium and uranium isotopes of rock samples taken from the seamount indicate that Vailulu'u was frequently active in the last 8,000 years and that eruptions within the summit crater took place in the last hundred years. Dredge samples showed fresh rocks; radiometric dating produced ages of less than ten years according to 1984 and 1999 publications.
	The seismic swarm in 1973 appears to have been a major submarine eruption. The last eruption, between 2001 and 2004, went unobserved and formed the Nafanua volcanic cone; for the most part, the shape of the volcano has not changed over time. Repeated eruptions like the one that formed Nafanua could cause Vailulu'u to emerge from the sea. The summit of Vailulu'u is shallow enough that explosive eruptions may occur which can affect coastal communities and ships. It appears that isostatic effects from the growth of the seamount may have altered shorelines on Tutuila.

= = = Dwaine O. Cowan = = =

	Dwaine O. Cowan (25 November 1935 – 5 May 2006) was an American chemist. He was a professor of chemistry at The Johns Hopkins University. He is best known for his pioneering work in the field of organic conductors. His other research interests included organometallic chemistry, organic photochemistry, organic chemistry, metallocenes and the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur, selenium, and tellurium.
	He received a B.S. in chemistry from Fresno State College in 1958 and a Ph.D. in chemistry from Harry Stone Mosher at Stanford University in 1962.
	Cowan was one of the dominant, world-renowned figures in physical organic chemistry during his thirty-year career. He is considered to be the father of "organic conductors and superconductors", a burgeoning area of science and technology that cuts across the disciplines of chemistry, physics and materials science.
	Cowan was invited to contribute a special report titled "The Organic Solid State" on the subject of organic conductors to "Chemical and Engineering News" (July 21, 1986).
	Cowan and his students have authored 190 scientific articles, four patents and two monographs. He co-authored a book with Ronald Drisko entitled "Elements of Organic Photochemistry" ().
	He was preceded in death by his wife, LaVon "Bonnie" Adams Cowan; and his parents Oliver and EvaBelle Cowan.
	He received a number of major awards including Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship (1968-1970), Guggenheim Fellowship, University of Basel, Switzerland (1970-1971), elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1989) and the Alexander von Humboldt Senior Scientist for the University of Heidelberg, Germany (1992- 1993).

= = = Johnny Lion = = =

	Johnny Lion, (born John van Leeuwarden; 4 July 1941 – 31 January 2019), was a Dutch singer, journalist and actor, best known for his hit single "Sophietje".
	Lion started his musical career as singer of "Johnny and his Jewels", later named "The Jumping Jewels". They had a number-one hitsingle in the Netherlands with "Wheels" in 1961. He left the band in 1965 to focus on a solo career and subsequently delivered hitsingles "Sophietje", "Tjingeling" and "Alleen in Dallas". Sophietje was a Dutch translation of Swedish song "Fröken Fräken" and dedicated to Lion's then-girlfriend Sophie van Kleef.
	He also collaborated with Rob de Nijs in Circus Boltini. Boltini was Lion's second wife Mariska Akkerman's uncle.
	In the 1990s he wrote columns for weekly-magazine Panorama.
	Lion acted in the 1998 film Siberia and in 2003 he had a minor role in Van God Los.
	He was married twice. Lion was suffering from Alzheimer's disease and lung cancer and died in January 2019.

= = = Pannwitz = = =

	Pannwitz is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Landesbühne = = =

	The term Landesbühne (federal state stage) or "Landestheater" (federal state theatre) is added to the name of some publicly owned theatre companies in Germany and Austria. These companies have a mandate to perform in areas without public theatres. Less than half of performances usually take place at the seat of a Landesbühne, thereby distinguishing them from the so called "Stadttheater" (city theatre) or "Staatstheater" (national theatre). Legal control can lie with the respective Bundesland or a collaboration of several municipalities and local authorities. The spectrum of presented productions can be very diverse. The repertoire can include all or parts of the popular disciplines: play, musical theatre (opera, operetta, musical), ballet, and children's and youth theatre.
	List of federal state theatres in Germany.
	List of federal state theatres in Austria.

= = = Feng Li = = =

	Feng Li (, born 1971) is a Chinese photographer, based in Chengdu. He is a street photographer and (more recently) a fashion photographer, as well as working a day job as a photographer for the Sichuan provincial department of communication.
	Feng's long-term ongoing series of street photography, "White Night," has been published in a book and shown in solo exhibitions at Nanjing University of the Arts Museum in Nanjing, China, Galerie Oberkampf in Paris, and at Rencontres d'Arles in Arles, France. It has won him the Best Photographer Prize at Jinan International Photo Biennale, the Grand Jury Prize at Lianzhou Photo Festival, and the Discovery Award at the Jimei x Arles International Photography Festival, all in China.
	Feng was born and raised in the city of Chengdu in Sichuan province, southwestern China. He studied traditional Chinese medicine.
	He took up photography in 1996, then got a civil service job working as a photographer for the Sichuan provincial department of communication. The job involves "photographing technological hubs, high tech factories, and CEOs".
	Feng's long-term ongoing series of flash-lit colour photographs, mostly of people, is titled "White Night." It comprises mostly candid street photography but also photos of people he knows. Work made for the series in Chengdu between 2005 and 2015 was published as a book in 2017.
	In 2018 he also did some fashion photography.

= = = Suzette Harbin = = =

	Suzette Harbin (July 4, 1915 — September 5, 1994) was an African-American actress and dancer.
	Harbin was from Ledbetter, Texas. 
	Harbin was raised in California, first in Pacific Grove, California, and then in Los Angeles. Harbin graduated from Jefferson High School in 1934, soon after the school's buildings were destroyed in the 1933 Long Beach earthquake.
	Harbin worked as an artists' model in Los Angeles in the 1930s. Harbin's film appearances included roles in "So Red the Rose" (1935), "Up Jumped the Devil" (1941), "Cabin in the Sky" (1943), "Stormy Weather" (1943), "I Dood It" (1943), "Jam Session" (1944), "To Have and Have Not" (1944), "Ziegfeld Follies" (1945), "Look-Out Sister" (1947), "The Foxes of Harrow" (1947), "The Pirate" (1948), "Sky Dragon" (1949), "Destination Murder" (1950), "The Cimarron Kid" (1952), "Skirts Ahoy!" (1952), "Lydia Bailey" (1952), "Bomba and the Jungle Girl" (1952), "The Green-Eyed Blonde" (1957). She was also in an episode of the television program "Wagon Train" (1958). She was sometimes told that she was "too pretty" for the roles available to African-American actresses in mainstream films of the 1940s and 1950s.
	In 1954, Harbin went to Korea to give 25 performances for American troops at military installations there, headlining the "first all-Negro entertainment package to tour Korea." She also toured military bases in Alaska that year, in a troupe where she was the only African-American performer. In 1960 she retired to the Monterey Peninsula and directed children's theatre; she also worked as a Monterey County juvenile officer. She moved back to Texas in 1980, and worked as a tour guide at the airport in San Antonio.
	Harbin married Hildred Claude Johnson in 1938, and for a time used the name Suzette Harbin-Johnson. She was injured in a car accident in 1952. She married caricature artist Calvin Bailey in 1954. Harbin died in 1994, aged 79 years, in San Antonio, Texas.

= = = 2019 British Motocross Championship = = =

	The 2019 British Motocross Championship is the 68th British Motocross Championship season. Evgeny Bobryshev will start the season as the defending champion in the MX1 class, with Conrad Mewse going into 2019 as the reigning champion in he MX2 class. The championship is due to start on the 10th March at FatCat MotoParc, near Armthorpe and will conclude after eight rounds on September 15th at Landrake.
	The championship will be contested over 8 rounds.
	List of confirmed riders.

= = = 1947 NC State Wolfpack football team = = =

	The 1947 NC State Wolfpack football team was an American football team that represented North Carolina State University as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon) during the 1947 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Beattie Feathers, the team compiled a 5–3–1 record (3–2–1 against SoCon opponents), outscored opponents by a total of 92 to 57, and was ranked No. 17 in the final AP Poll.

= = = Phryganeoidea = = =

	Phryganeoidea, the giant caddisfly superfamily, may be paraphyletic with Limnephiloidea.

= = = 2004–05 Four Hills Tournament = = =

	The 53rd edition of the annual Four Hills Tournament was held in the traditional venues: Oberstorf and Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Germany, and Innsbruck and Bischofshofen in Austria. 
	The Four Hills tournament counts as part of the World Cup season. Before the competition in Oberstorf, eight out of twenty-eight events were already held. Janne Ahonen had won seven of them, and placed second in the only one he did not. This early-season dominance of the Finnish athlete, who had already won the Four Hills tournament twice before, made him the favourite for the title, and Ahonen did not disappoint. He won the first three events, though he failed to become the second ski jumper after Sven Hannawald to win all four events of the tournament when runners-up Martin Höllwarth snatched the victory at the final event in Bischofshofen.
	At each of the four events, a qualification round would be held. The 50 best jumpers would qualify for the competition. The fifteen athletes leading the World Cup at the time would qualify automatically. In case of an omitted qualification or a result that would normally result in elimination, they would instead qualify as 50th.
	Unlike the procedure at normal World Cup events, the 50 qualified athletes would be paired up for the first round of the final event, with the winner qualifying for the second round. The rounds start with the duel between #26 and #25 from the qualification round, followed by #27 vs #24, up to #50 vs #1. The five best duel losers, so-called 'Lucky Losers' also qualify for the second round.
	For the tournament ranking, the total points earned from each jump are added together. The World Cup points collected during the four events are disregarded in this ranking.
	The standings at the time of the tournament, after seven out of twenty-two events, were as follows:
	The number of athletes a nation was allowed to nominate was dependent on previous results. In addition, a "national group" from the host nation is added to each event.
	The defending champion was Sigurd Pettersen. Six other competitors had also previously won the Four Hills tournament: Andreas Goldberger in 1992-93 and 1994-95, Janne Ahonen in 1998-99 and 2002-03, Primož Peterka in 1996-97, Kazuyoshi Funaki in 1997-98, Andreas Widhölzl in 1999-00 and Adam Małysz in 2000-01.
	The following athletes were nominated:
	Schattenbergschanze, Oberstorf
<br>28-29 December 2004
	Defending champion Sigurd Pettersen was not among the fifteen pre-qualified jumpers, and only placed 63rd in the qualification round. Thus, he failed to qualify.
	In the final event, Roar Ljøkelsøy's jump over 140.0 meters catapulted him from 18th place after the first round onto 2nd place overall.
	Qualification winner: Janne Ahonen
	Große Olympiaschanze, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
<br>31 December 2004 - 1 January 2005
	Qualification winner: Janne Ahonen
	Bergiselschanze, Innsbruck
<br>02-03 January 2005
	Qualification winner: Janne Ahonen
	Paul-Ausserleitner-Schanze, Bischofshofen
<br>05-6 January 2005
	Qualification winner: Martin Höllwarth
	After failing to qualify in Oberstorf, the defending Four Hills champion, Sigurd Pettersen, ultimately ranked 22nd overall (678.1 points).

= = = Kate Nation = = =

	Kate Nation is an experimental psychologist and expert on language and literacy development in school age children. She is Professor of Experimental Psychology and Fellow of St. John's College of the University of Oxford, where she directs the ReadOxford project and the Language and Cognitive Development Research Group.
	Nation won the Spearman Medal in 2000, an award given by the British Psychological Society for outstanding published work by an early career psychologist. Nation's Spearman Medal lecture focused on children with poor reading comprehension whose deficits in language processing often go unnoticed.
	Nation gave the 2007 Experimental Psychology Society Prize lecture on "Making connections between learning to read and reading to learn." She was awarded the 2018 AJLD Eminent Researcher Award from Learning Difficulties Australia in recognition of her research on "how children learn to read words and comprehend text, and more generally, the relationship between spoken language and written language."
	Nation received her B.S. and DPhil in Psychology from the University of York. Her dissertation, focusing on children's spelling development, was completed in 1994. Her early research, supervised by Charles Hulme, focused on young children's ability to form analogies between a visually presented stimulus word and a similar sounding target word to be spelled.
	Nation worked as a research fellow at the University of York for five years before being appointed as Lecturer in Psychology in 1999. As an early career researcher, Nation collaborated with Maggie Snowling on studies of individuals with reading difficulties, which distinguished the clinical profiles associated with dyslexia and impaired reading comprehension. Their collaborative work highlighted the importance of oral language skills in addition to phonological skills in the development of reading.
	Nation moved to the University of Oxford in 2002, where she teaches students in fields of psychology, psycholinguistics, and neuroscience. Nation is an affiliated researcher at the ARC Center of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders at Macquarie University, where she has collaborated with Anne Castles on studies of orthographic processes in reading.
	Nation's research has been supported by grants from the Economic and Social Research Council, the Wellcome Trust, the Nuffield Foundation, and the Leverhulme Trust.
	Nation's research program has focuses on the psychology of language and literacy, in typical children and in clinical populations such as children with autism spectrum disorder. Her work indicates that both phonological processing deficits and language comprehension deficits contribute to the development of reading difficulties. Such findings have implications for designing targeted interventions for children with poor reading comprehension skills.

= = = Zong Zijie = = =

	Zong Zijie (; born February 20, 1996), is a Chinese actor managed under NoonTalk Media and based in Singapore. He starred in "While We Are Young" in 2017.
	Zong was born in China and moved to Singapore. Zong studied in Bedok View Secondary School.
	Zong plays the guitar and trains various types of martial arts.
	In 2009, 13 year old Zong made his television debut in the drama “My School Daze” . Since then, the Singapore based Chinese Artiste was part of various TV productions including Star Awards 2016 Top-Rated Drama series “Tiger Mum”.
	Zong was nominated for the Star Awards for Best Newcomer in 2018 with his work "While We Are Young" playing a lead role.
	In 2014, Zong joined Dasmond Koh's company, Noontalk Media to support his career. Other Noontalk members are Xu Bin, the late Aloysius Pang, Kimberly Chia, Gavin Teo and many others.
	Mata Mata

= = = Enos Luther Brookes = = =

	Enos Luther Brookes (1891–1944) was an American chemist, academic and an early civil rights movement activist.
	He attended Tuskeegee Institute and his bachelor's degree from Lincoln University in 1923 where he was valedictorian. He received his masters in chemistry from Columbia University in 1928.
	Brookes served as a faculty member at Columbia University and was also a faculty member at Clark University. He was the head of the Department of Science at Clark University. He also worked at Alabama State University and at Florida A & M. He was a founder of Alpha Delta Alpha Scientific Society at Clark University. Professor Brookes in collaboration with Mr. Henry Lewis Van Dyke of Alabama State College wrote a syllabus for "Survey of the Physical Sciences" via a grant from the General Education Board of New York City. He is one of the Black Faces of Science on the North Carolina A & T mural.
	Brookes served as the President of the Atlanta branch of the NAACP. He spoke at a number of NAACP regional conferences. He was key in setting up a task force in dealing with internal conflicts that plagued the NAACP. He was a member of the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity and founded the chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha at Clark University. He served on the Board of Directors of the Atlanta Tuberculosis Association.
	He was born in Jamaica, as the son of school teacher James M. Brookes and Martha Brookes. He came to America in 1914. In 1928, he married historian Dr. Stella Lucille Brewer. He died of a heart attack in 1944.

= = = The Emperor's Old Clothes = = =

	The Emperor's Old Clothes () is a 1923 German silent film directed by Franz Seitz and starring Dary Holm, Ernst Rückert and Fritz Greiner.
	The film's sets were designed by the art directors Kurt Dürnhöfer and Karl Machus.

= = = Kalathur Kilar = = =

	Kalathūr Kilār (Tamil: களத்தூர்க் கிழார்) was a poet of the Sangam period to whom verse 44 of the Tiruvalluva Maalai.
	Kalathūr Kilār was a poet belonging to the late Sangam period that corresponds between 1st century BCE and 2nd century CE. He hailed from the town named Kalathur. He is known for referring to the Mahabaratha as the "Fifth Veda" in his Tiruvalluva Maalai verse.
	Kalathūr Kilār has authored verse 44 of the Tiruvalluva Maalai. He opines about Valluvar and the Kural text thus:

= = = Kirshbaum = = =

	Kirshbaum is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = List of Medknow Publications academic journals = = =

	This is a list of academic journals published by Medknow Publications.

= = = High15 = = =

	High15 is a Swedish pop band. They met at a Stage Academy camp, a musical education to which they had all applied at the age of 12. They first started receiving attention for their covers, which they published on YouTube. They participated in Talang 2017 which was broadcast on TV4 in Sweden, where they made it to the semifinals. On 13 April 2018, the band released the music single "Adios". In 2019, they participated in Melodifestivalen with the song "No drama". They performed the song in the first semifinal in Gothenburg on 2 February 2019, where they finished in 6th place. The band consists of members Amie Parfitt, Lleucu Young, Alva Lindgren and Tiana Salmon. When they met, none of them lived in the same area. Parfitt comes from Lilla Beddinge in Skåne, Salmon from Stockholm, Lindgren from Sundsvall and Young from Helsinki, Finland.
	On 4 February 2019, the group's song "No Drama" entered the Spotify 200 chart at place 46.

= = = 1947 Kent State Golden Flashes football team = = =

	The 1947 Kent State Golden Flashes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State University during the 1947 college football season. In their second season under head coach Trevor J. Rees, the team compiled a 4–4 record (2–1 against OAC opponents), finished in a tie for fifth place in the conference, and was outscored by a total of 95 to 89. The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Kent, Ohio.

= = = Joni Mataitini = = =

	Ratu Joni Cure Mataitini (13 April 1865 – 13 June 1934) was a Fijian chief, civil servant and politician.
	Mataitini was born into a family of chiefs, and was educated by Joseph Waterhouse. He began working in the civil service in 1890, initially as a clerk to the Chief Medical Officer, before becoming an Inspector of Police in 1898. In 1904 he succeeded to the title of Roko Tui of Rewa. He returned to working in the medical service in 1913.
	On 2 June 1924 Mataitini was appointed a nominated member of the Legislative Council. Later in the year he became Assistant to the Native Lands Commissioner. In 1926 he joined the Great Council of Chiefs.
	Mataitini retired from his posts in August 1931. He died on 13 June 1934.

= = = Stayers Stakes = = =

	The Stayers Stakes (Japanese ステイヤーズステークス) is a Grade 2 horse race for Thoroughbreds aged three and over run in December over a distance of 3,600 metres at Nakayama Racecourse.
	It was first run in 1967 and was promoted to Grade 3 in 1984. The Stayers Stakes became a Grade 2 race in 1997.

= = = Werpe = = =

	Werpe is a locality in the municipality Schmallenberg in the district Hochsauerlandkreis in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
	The Werpe has 212 inhabitants and lies in the west of the municipality of Schmallenberg at a height of around 430 m. The river Wehrsiepen flows through the village. 
	Werpe borders on the villages of Harbecke, Felbecke, Wormbach, Schmallenberg and Fleckenberg. Schmallenberg’s aerodrome (Motorsport- und Segelflugplatz Rennefeld) is between the villages of Werpe and Wormbach. In the village centre the Landesstraße 737 meets the Kreisstraße 25. 
	Werpe was first mentioned in 1221 in a document. The village used to belong to the municipality of Wormbach in Amt Schmallenberg until the end of 1974. 

= = = Ramal de Rio Maior = = =

	Ramal de Rio Maior was a Portuguese branch line which connected the station of Vale de Santarém, on the Linha do Norte, to the Espadanal mines, in Rio Maior.

= = = Gabrielle Alphen-Salvador = = =

	Thérèse Léa Maryvonne Gabrielle Alphen-Salvador (1856–1920) was a French philanthropist, feminist suffragist and pacifist. From the 1890s she was active in the women's movement, becoming one of the founders of the National Council of French Women ("Conseil national des femmes françaises") in 1901 and later participating in the French Union for Women's Suffrage "(Union française pour le suffrage des femmes)". She is remembered above all for helping to establish the "École professionnelle d'assistance aux malades", France's first school for nurses. As the institution's president from 1900 to 1920, she was instrumental in its further development.
	Born on 1 April 1856 in Paris, Thérèse Léa Maryvonne Gabrielle Salvador was the daughter of Daniél Lévi Salvador, generally known as Gabriel Salvador, and Séphora Adamine Crémieux. In March 1878, she married the banker Émile Alphen who died in 1891. From then on she lived with her sister Margueritte Brandon in a large Paris apartment becoming a prominent socialite. They held a salon, inviting scientific and cultural figures, including the author André Gide and the politician Eugène Rouart.
	In 1900, following the death of her mother, Alphen-Salvador financed the establishment of the first nursing school in France, originally known as the "Association pour le développement de l'assistance aux malades" (ADAM).
	She took a wide interest in the women's movement, becoming one of the three vice-presidents of the "Comité exécutif des femmes françaises" founded in April 1901. When the National Council of French Women ("Conseil national des femmes françaises") was re-organized in 1901, she first headed the section on education and then the section on health. From 1914 to 1919, she served on the board of the International Council of Women. She was also honorary president of the "Union des françaises contre l'alcool" (Union of French Women against Alcohol) and was a member of the French Union for Women's Suffrage "(Union française pour le suffrage des femmes)". Alphen-Salvador was one of the delegates at the Inter-Allied Women's Conference held in Paris from 10 February 1919 to develop women's topics for the Paris Peace Conference.
	Gabrielle Alphen-Salvador died on 15 June 1920 at Ballan-Miré, Indre-et-Loire. She is buried in the family tomb in the local cemetery.

= = = Zeana = = =

	On 4 February 2019, the song "Mina bränder" entered the Spotify 200 chart at place 12.

= = = Zaida, the Tragedy of a Model = = =

	Zaida, the Tragedy of a Model () is a 1923 German silent film directed by Holger-Madsen and starring Gertrude Welcker, Alf Blütecher and Alexander Murski.
	The film's sets were designed by the art director Jack Winter.

= = = Paul Norman = = =

	Paul Norman may refer to:

= = = Bring the Funny = = =

	Bring the Funny is an American comedy competition series that premiered on July 9, 2019 on NBC.
	Hosted by comedian Amanda Seales, the series features various comedy acts performing in front of an audience for a chance to win $250,000. The first season consisted of 11 episodes: 10 regular episodes and an additional results episode for the finale. Judges for the series include Kenan Thompson, Chrissy Teigen and Jeff Foxworthy.
	The Open Mic round features 40 contestants with 10 acts per episode. The judges then selected six out of the 10 acts to move onto the Comedy Clash.4 of them will be eliminated 
	The Comedy Clash features all 24 selected acts and pits them against each other. The Judges then vote on who advances to the Showcase.twelve move on. Twelve are Eliminated 
	The Semi-Final Showcase features the remaining 12 selected acts as voted by the judges. The judges will choose 2 acts from each week to move on to the finale, with the viewers choosing one act to advance to the finale as a wildcard.7 will be Eliminated 
	The finale began by revealing The Valleyfolk got the most votes from the viewers, and they return to the competition. After the episode ends, the viewers then vote on the five acts to decide who brought the funny. The winner of Bring the Funny’s first season will be revealed in a results episode the following week. Three will finish as finalists, and the winner will be announced by Amanda.

= = = Highline National Recreation Trail = = =

	The Highline National Recreation Trail is a 54.7-mile trail that runs below the Mogollon Rim in the Tonto National Forest in Arizona. The trail showcases beautiful vistas of rim canyons, brushy hills, distant mountains, unique rock formations, and wonderful stands of Ponderosa pine. The trail was established in 1870 and was used to travel between homesteads and to attend school in Pine, Arizona. Zane Grey (who had a cabin in the area) and Babe Haught used the Highline Trail while hunting. The portion of the Highline Trail from the Washington Park Trailhead to the Pine Trailhead is part of the Arizona Trail passage 26.
	Sections of the trail have been burned multiple times, including by the deadly Dude Fire in 1990, and the Highline fire in 2017, where part of the trail was used as a firebreak. The eastern part of the trail underwent significant maintenance an improvement between 2012 and 2018.

= = = Hishofuji Hiroki = = =

	Hishofuji Hiroki (born July 14, 1989 as Hiroki Sumi) is a former sumo wrestler from Hyōgo-ku, Kobe, Japan. The highest rank he reached was Juryo 13, which he held for just a single basho. He wrestled for Nakamura stable until it closed down in December 2012, then transferring and finishing his career at Azumazeki stable. He retired in January 2017. He now lives in Los Angeles and participates in sumo exhibitions and amateur tournaments, often alongside Ulambayaryn Byambajav and Yamamotoyama.
	Hiroki was always a large boy and by the time he had graduated from Hyogo junior high school he was already 190 cm tall and weighted 120 kg. Hiroki was also a notable judoka at the prefectural level. This along with his exceeding size garnered him an invitation to join Nakamura stable. He made his debut in March 2005 and made steady progress up the banzuke. This continued until he reached Sandanme in March 2007 recording a mere three losing records on his way there. After a few losing records and bouncing between sandanme and Jonidan he returned to steady progress and was promoted to Makushita. This is where he would spend most of his career. He was helped along by the 2011 match fixing scandal which saw many wrestlers forced to retire, and in September 2011 was promoted to his career high rank of Juryo 13 and become a sekitori. Sadly he would win only four of his fifteen matches and was immediately demoted back down to makushita, he would never make it back to the salaried ranks again. In November 2012 with his stable master Fujizakura reaching the mandatory retirement age and closing down the stable he transferred to Azumazeki stable. In late 2013 Hiroki suffered a major right knee injury which would see him sit out for over a year and drop off the banzuke. He would return to the dohyo in January 2015 and start an impressive 22 win streak picking up two lower division yusho (Jonokuchi and Sandanme) in the process. After this though he would put up mediocre records having been troubled by a left ankle issue. After three consecutive losing records and losing his opening bout of the January 2017 basho he decided to retire.
	After retiring from the Japan Sumo Association. He decided to leave Japan for U.S., here he would start doing sumo exhibitions and amateur tournaments, often alongside Ulambayaryn Byambajav and Yamamotoyama.
	He also debuted in the WWE at the WWE Greatest Royal Rumble where he was the 7th entrant but, was quickly eliminated by Mark Henry.
 

= = = John Jewkes (MP) = = =

	John Jewkes (1683–1743) was a British lawyer and Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1730 and 1743.
	Jewkes was baptized on 28 April 1683, the eldest son of Humphrey Jewkes of Petworth and his wife Sarah Whitehead, daughter of John Whitehead of Clandon, Surrey. 
	Jewkes, was returned unopposed as a Whig Member of Parliament for Bridport at a by-election on 20 February 1730. In Parliament he voted with the Administration in all known divisions. After 1733 he was political agent and intelligence gatherer for the Duke of Newcastle in the Petworth area. He did not stand at the 1734 British general election but was returned as MP for Aldborough, the Duke’s pocket borough, at a by-election on 19 February 1735. He was returned there again unopposed at the 1741 British general election.
	Jewkes died unmarried on 25 September 1743.

= = = Ewoud Pletinckx = = =

	Ewoud Pletinckx (born 10 October 2000) is a Belgian footballer who plays as a defender for Zulte Waregem.
	Pletinckx joined the youth academy of Zulte Waregem in 2012. Pletinckx made his professional debut with Zulte Waregem in a 2-1 Belgian First Division A loss to Antwerp on 19 January 2019.
	Pletinckx is a youth international for Belgium, and represented the Belgium U19s in 2018.

= = = Life-saving appliances = = =

	Life-saving appliances are those appliances that protect human life at sea. The devices are documented as part of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, or SOLAS Convention.
	In the SOLAS Convention and other maritime related standards, the safety of human life is paramount. Ships and other watercraft carry life saving appliances including lifeboats, lifebuoys, life-jackets, life raft and many others. Passengers and crew are informed of their availability in case of emergency. Life-saving appliances are mandatory as per chapter 3 of the SOLAS Convention. The International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code gives specific technical requirements for the manufacture, maintenance and record keeping of life-saving appliances. The number and type of life-saving appliances differ from vessel to vessel, and the code gives a minimum requirement to comply in order to make a ship seaworthy.
	Life-saving appliances include:

= = = 2014–15 Ford Trophy = = =

	The 2014–15 Ford Trophy was the 44th season of the official List A cricket tournament in New Zealand, and the fourth in a sponsorship deal between New Zealand Cricket and Ford Motor Company. The competition ran from 27 December 2014 to 1 February 2015. The tournament was won by Central Districts for the fifth time, after defeating Auckland in the final by 73 runs.
	Teams qualified for the finals

= = = 2019 Córdoba Open – Doubles = = =

	This was the first edition of the tournament.
	Roman Jebavý and Andrés Molteni won the title, defeating Máximo González and Horacio Zeballos in the final, 6–4, 7–6.

= = = Valtriano = = =

	Valtriano is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Fauglia, province of Pisa. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 334.
	Valtriano is about 25 km from Pisa and 6 km from Fauglia.

= = = Ramal do Canal de São Roque = = =

	Ramal de São Roque was a Portuguese branch line which connected the station of Aveiro, on the Linha do Norte, to the Canal de São Roque.

= = = Nathaniel Wood (fighter) = = =

	Nathaniel Wood (born August 5, 1993) is an English mixed martial artist who competes in the Bantamweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A professional competitor since 2012, he formerly competed for Cage Warriors, where he was the Bantamweight Champion.
	Wood won the vacant Cage Warriors Bantamweight Championship by defeating Marko Kovacevic at Cage Warriors 84. He then defended his titles twice against Josh Reed at Cage Warriors 86 and Luca Iovine at Cage Warriors 92. Following his win over Iovine, Wood signed with the UFC. 
	Wood made his promotional debut against Johnny Eduardo on 1 June 2018 at . He won the fight via submission in Round 2, for which he was awarded with a "Performance of the Night" bonus.
	Wood was originally scheduled to face Tom Duquesnoy on 29 December 2018 at UFC 232. However, Dusquenoy pulled out due to an injury and was replaced by Andre Ewell. He won the bout via submission in the third round.
	Wood faced José Alberto Quiñónez on 16 March 2019 at . He won the fight via a submission in round two.
	Wood is expected to face John Dodson on 15 February 2020 at UFC Fight Night 167.

= = = Harald Stamm = = =

	Harald Stamm (born 29 April 1938) is a German opera singer (bass) and voice teacher.
	Born in Frankfurt, Stamm grew up in Bingen am Rhein. After the Abitur at the local Stefan-George-Gymnasium and subsequent sport studies, he worked as a teacher and took private singing lessons with Franz Fehringer.
	After his graduation Stamm had engagements on the stages of Gelsenkirchen (1968), Kassel and Cologne. In 1973 he became a permanent member of the ensemble of the Hamburgische Staatsoper.
	In 1979 he achieved his international breakthrough with Sarastro from "The Magic Flute," his signature role, at the Metropolitan Opera. In 1987 he made his debut in Covent Garden as Raimondo in "Lucia di Lammermoor".
	In 1988 Stamm was appointed Kammersänger by the Senate of the Hanseatic City of Hamburg.
	From 1993 to 2003 Stamm was Professor of Singing at the Berlin University of the Arts. Stamm gave his farewell performance at the Hamburg State Opera on 1 June 2009 as Veit Pogner in Wagner's "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg" and since then has only been active as a teacher.
	"Kraftvoll entspanntes Singen: Anleitung zur Technik nebst einigen Ratschlägen für junge Opern- und Konzertsänger.", Taschenbuch, Thiasos Musikverlag, October 2002, 

= = = Luciana, Fauglia = = =

	Luciana is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Fauglia, province of Pisa. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 317.
	Luciana is about 25 km from Pisa and 5 km from Fauglia.

= = = Cyril Krejčí = = =

	Cyril Krejčí (born 18 May 1957) is a Czech volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Igor Prieložný = = =

	Igor Prieložný (born 25 February 1957) is a Slovak former volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = The Girl from Hell = = =

	The Girl from Hell () is a 1923 German silent drama film directed by Frederic Zelnik and starring Lya Mara, Carl Auen and Harald Paulsen. It premiered at the Marmorhaus in Berlin.
	The film's sets were designed by the art director Fritz Lederer.

= = = Claude Hettier de Boislambert = = =

	Claude Hettier de Boislambert (26 July 1906 - 22 February 1986) came to prominence during the German occupation of France in the 1940s as a Resistance leader, appointed by the Général a in 1943. After the war, with Germany under military occupation, he served between 1946 and 1951 as governor of the region that during his period in office was reconfigured as Rheinland-Pfalz. Subsequently, he became a Gaullist member of parliament (""l'Assemblée Nationale""). From 1960 his contribution to public life was made, principally, as a member of the diplomatic service, notably in Africa.
	Claude André Charles Antoine Marie Hettier de Boislambert was born at Hérouvillette (Calvados) just outside Caen into an upper-middle-class family with long roots in this part of Normandy. He successfully passed his school final exams ("Baccalauréat") in 1922. He studied Law and went on to study political sciences at the prestigious Institut d'Études Politiques in Paris. After that, according to one source, he worked as a journalist. Other sources focus on what might be interpreted as a more self-indulgent life-style. By the time he graduated he had inherited sufficient wealth to lead a quasi-aristocratic existence, involving much sport and extensive foreign travel in central Africa where it is reported that he carried out "ethnographic research", in Scandinavia, in central Europe and in the middle-east. His favourite sport was hunting ("la chasse"). He was also a landowner, and by 1939 was running a well managed farm-estate at Sainte-Marie-du-Mont (between Caen and Cherbourg).
	On 16 January 1928 Claude Hettier de Boislambert, whose father had died two years earlier, married the heiress Solange de Maleville in what was described as "a very elegant ceremony in the Chapel of Beaulieu-Siorac" in the Dordogne region. The bride's beautiful satin dress by the couturier Henriette Boudreau did not go unremarked in news reports.
	The German army launched an invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. The and British governments reacted by declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939, albeit without becoming militarily involved in Poland, even after the Soviet army launched its own invasion of Poland from the other side on 17 September 1939. The French army was more active closer to home, however, and Claude Hettier de Boislambert was called up in September 1939 as part of a generalised mobilisation: he was to serve as a cavalry lieutenant. Immediately he was sent to Lorraine to take part as leader of a horse-back platoon in a reconnaissance group. During the brief invasion of Germany which took place from eastern France in September/October 1939, his reconnaissance group was one of the first to undertake some of the many patrols that the French army high command ordered in the occupied Saarland, notably in the Sierck sector adjacent to the Luxembourg frontier. 
	After this he became a liaison officer with the British, serving on 1st Division of Cuirassiers which was part of a multi-national combined military operation that also included the British Expeditionary Force, and which had been assembled to defend France's northern frontier against a possible German attack through Belgium (as had happened in 1914 at the start of the First World War). The anticipated German invasion of Belgium and Luxembourg was eventually launched on 10 May 1940. Hettier de Boislambert took part with a tank unit in the fighting around Tienen and in which French and British forces attempted to resist the German advance towards the English Channel. Then he was ordered to rejoin the main French army which was consolidating a defensive frontline along the Somme. Because of the way the battle lines had moved this now involved crossing enemy lines as the German invasion forces continued their push towards the sea. Hettier de Boislambert rejoined the French army at the Somme frontline on 20 May 1940. 
	He fought in the 1940 Battle of the Somme (generally identified in English-language sources as the Battle of Abbeville) between 27 May and 4 June 1940, and then in a succession of smaller "delaying actions", first alongside the Seine where the Germans were fighting to capture a series of critical bridges before defenders could blow them up, and then further to the west in Normandy and Brittany. The German invasion of France is nevertheless remembered for the speed with which German forces were able to use their air superiority and pioneer new motorised warfare techniques to capture the northern part of the country. German armies entered Paris on 14 June 1940 and the French government signed an armistice a few days later. By 16 June 1940 Claude Hettier de Boislambert was at the port of Brest. As France fell, he resolved to continue the fight, which meant crossing to Britain, which he did accompanied by those officers and sub-officers who had been fighting under his command who now volunteered to follow him. They travelled on a liner/troop ship that the English had sent to pick up Polish troops who had been fighting in France against the German invasion, having fled the German-Soviet occupation of their own country.
	On reaching England he learned that Général de Gaulle, whom he had come across during the fighting in northern France, was already on London. On 19 June 1940 Claude Hettier de Boislambert became the first French officer to offer his services to France's self-appointed wartime resistance leader in London. He was invited to participate in the construction of the general's first staff team and join his first "cabinet". Before the war Hettier de Boislambert had come to know Africa well thanks to his regular hunting trips. De Gaulle now teamed him up with resistance commanders René Pleven and Philippe Leclerc for a mission to French Equatorial Africa and Cameroon. They embarked on 6 August 1940. Their objective was to rally the French colonial forces to back Général de Gaulle rather than the Vichy puppet government under Philippe Pétain that was being set up in southern France with German backing. By the end of 1940 French Equatorial Africa had become the strategic centre of Free French activities in Africa, but that was only achieved after several months of fighting against forces backing the Vichy regime. Hettier de Boislambert took command responsibilities successively in Douala and in Cameroon. He took the command at Pointe-Noire under extremely difficult conditions and managed to capture five or seven large cargo ships which now passed to allied control. The success of the mission provided the allies with the means to deliver desperately needed fighter aircraft to the Syria-Lebanon ("Proche-Orient") front. He was later made a as a result of this action. 
	Hettier de Boislambert was now promoted to the rank of squadron leader ahead of the attempt on 23 September 1940 to capture the strategically important port city of Dakar from the pro-German Vichy French administration of what was then known as French West Africa (modern-day Senegal). The attempt failed, however. Hettier de Boislambert was given charge of the land-based support operation for the Franco-British landing which in the end had to be aborted. After five days at liberty during which he was able to piece back together many of the resistance elements which had been disrupted during the operation, he was himself one of the two resistance leaders captured in the jungle by Pro-Vichy forces on 30 September 1940. There followed long weeks of interrogation in prisons at Dakar and, later, Bamako during which he faced, among others, the Vichy-appointed colonial governor general , but sources insist that these sessions left his interlocutors and their Vichy bosses none the wiser about the resistance activities in which he had been engaged.
	He was then transferred to mainland France where he was imprisoned first at Marseille, then at Clermont-Ferrand and thirdly at Gannat (a small town in the hills between Clermont-Ferrand and Vichy. After approximately nine months of pre-trial detention, it was at Gannat that Claude Hettier de Boislambert faced a court martial on 13 June 1941. The death sentence which the court conferred on him was immediately commuted to "forced labour in perpetuity". Initially he was now taken to another prison, this time in Saint-Etienne, where conditions were particularly harsh. Later he was taken back to the prison at Gannat. At the end of 1942 he managed to escape, probably from a labour gang, which ended a period of detention that by now had extended to approximately 26 months. He spent a couple of months living "underground" (unregistered) in France and was then returned to the presence of The Général in London. The return involved what one source describes as "an aerial operation in the region of Clermont-Ferrand", which was undertaken during the night of 14/15 January 1943. 
	When Hettier de Boislambert was captured in September 1940 many believed that Hitler's Germany would win the war. By the time of his escape from custody, just over two years later, the Nazi-Soviet pact had been upended in June 1941 and the German army had been haemorrhaging men and capability at Stalingrad since the late summer of 1942. On the allied side, the US military had been lining up alongside the British since the Attack on Pearl Harbor at the end of 1941. Hettier de Boislambert's return to de Gaulle's side coincided the start of the Casablanca Conference at which, almost for the first time, western leaders were able to plan seriously for an end to the war on allied terms. Général de Gaulle's attendance was deemed essential by the US and British leaderships, and de Gaulle was determined that if he attended he would do so on his own terms. He arrived accompanied by Claude Hettier de Boislambert whose presence the general evidently thought would be useful. That was quickly followed by a succession of missions to the colonies in Africa. 
	Promoted by the general to the rank of lieutenant colonel, Hettier de Boislambert was given the delicate but critical mandate to create, organize and command the Mission militaire française de liaison administrative (MMLA, "literally, "French military mission for administrative liaison""). The purpose was to establish and harmonise relations between allied forces and liberated civilian populations. It was in reality the core element in support of a larger objective on the part of de Gaulle, to block Anglo-American plans for the establishment of Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories - in other words, the administration of postwar France by British and American military personnel. The head of the MMLA, supported by representatives from not yet created government ministries, had to ensure the security of civilian populations, reorganise health provision in each territorial sector as it was liberated, deal with reanimating hospitals and to prepare to address the housing needs of displaced persons. It had to attend to provision of essential supplies directly following liberation, the installation of civil administration and take the first steps to restore a civilian police force and internal security more generally. Ensuring the viability of basic communications channels was another urgent responsibility.
	The massive scope and diversity of the MMLA mission presented formidable challenges, but it was in large part successfully accomplished, despite the difficulties inherent in the wartime conditions and frequent instances of irritation or incomprehension on the part of allied military commanders and officers. The achievements of the MMLA reflected the care and skill of its leader and of the officers whom he had carefully recruited, indoctrinated, trained and brought to operational readiness. As the allied armies fought their way through Normandy, and as each city and town was liberated from German occupation, it would be the MMLA officers or indeed their chief who would be among the first whom the populations would be able to identify. Claude Hettier de Boislambert, personally, was among the first to enter Caen and Saint-Lô. It was therefore not entirely surprising that on 2 August 1944, outside Rennes, he was wounded, as he struggled to be among the first to enter the city so as to be able to release the French men and women who had been imprisoned by the Germans in the city jail. 
	The was in effect a nominated pre-parliament, launched by the Général from Algiers in September 1943 at a time when France was still under German occupation. It reflected his determination that as the Germans were beaten back there should be no hint of a power vacuum in France that British or US generals might be tempted to fill with some kind of military rule driven from London and Washington. The Provisional Consultative Assembly was expanded between December 1943 and November 1944 as the liberation progressed, notably through the appointment of an additional 16 Resistance representatives from outside metropolitan France (""Représentants de la Résistance extra-métropolitaine""). Hettier de Boislambert was one of these, and he became the group's leader in the assembly. As soon as he was nominated an assembly member he left the MMLA: its work was done. As an influential assembly member he joined its Commission for Colonies and its Finances Commission. The assembly also appointed him Reporter for the Colonies Budget, responsible for presenting to fellow assembly members the budgetary proposals and controls proposed by the government, and for facilitating discussion and where appropriate amendments in respect of colonial budgetary matters. It was another high-level liaison role. 
	On 15 November 1945 the de Gaulle government appointed Claude Hettier de Boislambert as Governor of the Rhineland. He took up the appointment with effect from 1 December 1945. The division of the western two thirds of postwar Germany into four military zones of occupation had been agreed between the wartime allies well before the actual end of the war, and the Rhineland represented approximately 50% of the German territory that came under French control in 1945. Hettier de Boislambert had a superficial but usable knowledge of the German language and proven inter-personal diplomatic skills. He was evidently in agreement with de Gaulle's insistence that he should "never forget that without Germany we will not be able to build Europe" (""Und vergessen Sie nicht, daß man Europa ohne Deutschland nicht bauen können wird""). During the allied occupation of Germany the British and American occupation zones would be administered in line with broadly parallel objectives. The French occupation zone was always administered with more than half an eye on the strategic vision of a more co-operative future between European states than had been achieved during the 1920s and ill-starred 1930s. (Differences between the western zones and the Soviet occupation zone quickly became more stark, and subsequently were of greater interest to western commentators and most historians.) 
	The French occupation zone identified as the Rhineland corresponded to more than one of the pre-1933 states of Germany, some of which during the nineteenth century had been administered from Berlin as Prussian states and one of which had been administered from Munich as a semi-detached corner of Bavaria. In 1946 the entire territory was relaunched as the single German state of Rheinland-Pfalz ("Rhineland-Palatinate"). The French military governor, Claude Hettier de Boislambert, now became "General Representative" (""Délégué général"") of the new state, though in most sources the title of "governor", which he retained, continued to be the title used at least till 1949. It has traditionally been thought that the territorial amalgamations that led to the creation of Rheinland-Pfalz resulted from British and American plans formulated before those countries' leaderships had accepted and thought through the need to include France as one of the powers occupying Germany. There are indications that more recently it has become apparent from re-evaluations of the records that the principal push for the creation of the unified state of Rheinland-Pfalz came from within the French government. There were some who thought this might facilitate a future transfer of the entire territory to France, fulfilling a strategic vision dating back to at least as far back as the time of Napoleon. It was always apparent that neither the Americans nor the British, nor indeed the Germans would accept such a development. There were indeed plenty of influential voices within the French political establishment opposed to the unified Rheinland-Pfalz project. Hettier de Boislambert himself stated that the differing historical traditions of the former Prussian and Bavarian provinces involved were so disparate that he could foresee no prospect that such a territorial amalgamation would endure. Peter Altmeier, who went on to serve for 22 years as Minister President (head of the state government) in Rheinland-Pfalz expressed similar views. Nevertheless, with the Paris government increasingly uniting on the issue, the creation of the unified state of Rheinland-Pfalz went ahead.
	On his appointment Hettier de Boislambert took up residence near Koblenz in Schloss Bassenheim: as his "hunting park" he used the "Forstamt Adenau" (now a nature reserve).
	He quickly established close contacts with the venerable Bishop Bornewasser of Trier. Within in a couple of months the two of them had agreed denazification measures for those priests identified as being in need. He also teamed up with Bornewasser to promote the credentials of Trier as a university city. (The University of Trier had been closed in 1798, when - as between 1945 and 1951 - the city had been under French military control.) There were rival bids for university investment from Speyer and Mainz, but the bishop and Hettier de Boislambert were able to insist on the superior strategic position of Trier in relation to Cologne, Frankfurt am Main, Koblenz, Luxembourg and the economically (and politically) vital Saarland. In the end Trier lost out to Mainz, although a few decades later, in 1970, the University of Trier would indeed be re-established. In 1948 Hettier de Boislambert delivered the formal Catholics' Day greeting to General Kœnig, the French army commander in the occupation zone. Both men were close political allies of Général de Gaulle, and although he had by this time resigned the French presidency, The General remained a formidable focus of political power. Hettier de Boislambert took the opportunity of the greeting to General Kœnig, which took place in Mainz, to deliver a shamelessly Gaullist speech setting out a vision for a future Europe united in Christian faith.
	Germany had abandoned democracy in 1933, and a return to an appropriate form of democracy was a priority in all four of the allied occupation zones. Hettier de Boislambert approved the creation of the Christian Democratic Party (CDP) in Rheinland-Pfalz on 16 January 1946. Almost immediately the CDP was rebranded as the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) which emphasized the importance of avoiding a political system in which the political moderate centre was fragmented into several rival parties. He was also responsible for authorizing the relaunch in his state of what became the Free Democratic Party (FDP) and for the re-establishment of both the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and the Communist Party (KPD). At the end of his life, in reviewing this aspect of his time as governor in an autobiographical piece, Hettier de Boislambert would nevertheless assert provocatively that he himself had never been much of a democrat!
	The later 1940s and 1950s were a period of political discontinuity for France, especially following the resignation as chairman of the provisional government of Charles de Gaulle in January 1946. Eleven different men served a prime minister during the presidency of Vincent Auriol between 1947 and 1954. In 1951 the governor of Rheinland-Pfalz was in receipt of a recommendation from the government in Paris that he should take a holiday in order the be able to continue in post over the medium and longer term. Hettier de Boislambert was by now increasingly out of sympathy with the government in Paris. He interpreted the suggestion that he take a holiday as an invitation from the Queuille government to resign. He resigned in April 1951 and stood for election to the Assemblée Nationale ("parliament") in the general election that took place three months later. 
	In June 1951 Claude Hettier de Boislambert stood for election to the national assembly as a representative for the Manche department under the flag of the RPF party. The 1951 parliamentary election was conducted according to a list-based system of proportional representation system. In the Manche department the RPF received 61,249 of the 199,487 votes recorded, which translated into two seats in the assembly. Hettier de Boislambert's name was at the top of the party list for the department, so one of the seats went to him. The RPF had been launched a couple of years earlier as a national political party by Charles de Gaulle in order to campaign for a presidential constitution. De Gaulle observed the political status quo of the 1930s and 1940s and concluded that the parliamentary system, which he characterised as "the regime of the parties" did not permit the operation of a strong and efficient state. In 1951 the RPF won 121 of the 625 seats in the parliament, which was more than the number of seats won by any other individual party. Nevertheless, the other parties were unanimous over rejecting the idea of giving significantly increased political power to any president, so the RPF was excluded from government coalitions during Hettier de Boislambert's time as a parliamentarian. His status as an opposition member of the assembly permitted him a degree of independent action that might have been harder to achieve if he had become a member of a government. 
	As an assembly member with extensive overseas experience it was not surprising that Hettier de Boislambert became a member of its Foreign Affairs standing commission. From 1954 he was also a member of the standing commission for Overseas Territories (as colonies were now designated). He was accordingly involved in several overseas missions. He was tasked with drawing up the general report of the latter commission, following their enquiry into the application in overseas territories of French social legislation and the French labour code. He was also able to undertake a large number of study visits to Africa on behalf of the national assembly which deepened his already profound knowledge of the continent. It was also consistent with his background and interests that he took a particular interest in the French Union, a structure intended to replace the old French colonial system which was developed during the early 1950s. In 1954 he accepted nomination to join a commission to study questions involving the CECA (""European Coal and Steel Community"").
	Claude Hettier de Boislambert served as a member of the National Assembly between 1951 and 1956. It would not give a complete picture to indicate that his only concern during this time was with foreign and overseas matters. He submitted numerous motions for resolutions or legislation on domestic business. On 27 June 1952 he proposed a law to create a "national hunting permit" (""permis national de chasse"") to replace the patchwork of administrative and regulatory structures governing hunting in different parts of France. On 22 July 1953 he proposed a resolution inviting the government to enforce the implementation of an old-age pension system for the self-employed. He also intervened in support of victims of the coastal floods that breached the dykes of the in his home department during the Spring of 1954.
	It was presumably out of personal regard for a former Free France comrade that Hettier de Boislambert merely abstained in the investiture vote for Prime Minister René Pleven on 24 July 1951. He was nevertheless open in his hostility to attempts to govern with a so-called Third Force coalition government, voting against the composition of the government on 11 August 1951. The next month he backed what became known as the "Marie and Barangé laws", which provided for financial support for children educated in private schools and was bitterly opposed by left wingers and by secularists. (Most of the private schools affecged were church schools.) On 13 December 1952 he voted against parliamentary endorsement of the treaty which confirmed French membership of the CECA (""European Coal and Steel Community""). As the RPF party began to break apart under the pressure of its own internal contradictions, Hettier de Boislambert did not join the 27 party members in the assembly who voted on 6 March 1952 to support the appointment as Prime Minister of Antoine Pinay. He chose to abstain in the vote to approve the composition of the Pinay government. Shortly after this Charles de Gaulle, who continued to direct the RPF from his lofty position above and beyond the political fray from his home in Colombey-les-Deux-Églises, effectively released the party's members in the assembly from their residual bonds of party loyalty and Hettier de Boislambert threw in his lot with the short-lived party which was in some respects a successor to the RPF. As the URAS dissolved he joined the Social Republicans (CNRS). The fact that he was a member successively of three parties during his time as a member of the Assemblée Nationale masks an essential continuity in Hettier de Boislambert's six year parliamentary career, since each of the three parties was, in is different way, the de facto Gaulliste party of the moment, albeit operating within a parliamentary constitutional structure which the Gaullistes repudiated. On 6 January 1953 Hettier de Boislambert voted in support of the appointment as Prime Minister of René Mayer, and on 27 May 1953 he took part in the investiture debate for Paul Reynaud. He never concealed the fact that his voting actions were driven by his continuing and absolute backing for constitutional reform, and on this point he had been encouraged by undertakings that Reynaud was understood to have provided. However, Reynaud was a committed proponent of European Union, and his advocacy of a European army quickly irritated Hettier de Boislambert. He insisted that Reynaud's presentation of a choice between a European army and a German army offered a false dilemma. Drawing on his experiences as Governor of Rheinland-Pfalz he pointed out that the West German "without us" reaction to the idea of a European army was not a cry of cowardice but a cry of prudence. In respect of the treaty establishing the European Defence Community, Hettier de Boislambert called for certain additional safeguards: to be sure, "stability and government continuity [were] indispensable", but it could not be possible to impose them at too high a price. He decided to abstain in the vote following the debate. He also abstained on 4 June 1953 in the vote to back the prime ministerial appointment of Pierre Mendès France. By way of contrast, he voted in support of Joseph Laniel's appointment, but the deteriorating situation in Indochina later led him to withdraw his support from the Laniel government.
	On 6 May 1954 and again on 13 May, Claude Hettier de Boislambert effectively challenged the government over its Indochina policy. He stressed the interconnectedness of question involving the and Indochina. He said, "The problems we face are even more serious than the barbed wire of Điện Biên Phủ. Because it is our presence in Asia, the structure and cohesion of the entire French Union, which is challenged". He refused to express confidence in the government. "As we think with anguish about our wounded, about the ones who are fighting, about the hardships they undergo, many of us will answer 'no' when asked to express confidence [in the government]". He added, "It is the glory of our military that allows for an honorable negotiation which cannot in any way ... be seen as a capitulation". The next day the fighting stopped at Điện Biên Phủ. On 13 May Hettier de Boislambert again refused, "on behalf of his friends", to accord confidence to the government. On 25 May 1954 he was appointed by the Commission for Overseas Territories to membership of the coordinating committee for examining the country's problems associated with Indochina. Then on 12 June 1954 he again refused to give his confidence to the government, and was thereby instrumental in its collapse. Accordingly he backed the installation of Pierre Mendès France as prime minister, backing his investiture and his Indochina policy. He supported Général Aumeran in the vote of 30 August 1954 which effectively rejected, without a debate, the European Defence Community in the wake of the . On 4 February 1955 he again backed the government over its policy in North Africa (though the government nevertheless lost the vote).
	On 26 October 1955 Claude Hettier de Boislambert participated in the discussion of arrests and more generally the policy of the Edgar Faure government. He described himself as "a convinced supporter of the need for governmental stability and a just distribution of powers and responsibilities". He denounced afresh the governmental instability and criticsed the policy of a cabinet which led France to retreat and isolation, evidenced by the disappointing 1955 Saar referendum results in which more than two thirds of participating voters had backed union with West Germany in preference to remaining in economic union with France. As for the deteriorating conditions in North Africa, the situation called for a policy of firmness in place of the dithering which, till that point, had been the government reaction. Finally the member from Manche again shared his doubts on the French government's Indochina policy. He gave vent to his mistrust of the Vietnamese political leader, Ngo Dinh Diem and denounced the election rigging: "The referendum was held in conditions that would be comical if the situation were not so serious". He suggested that the United States were calling the shots with the Vietnamese at a time when there should be a pulling together to confront the main danger presented by the communism in the north of the territory. He maintained that everything being done by the French government in Indochina was only encouraging communism, "the main beneficiary from your government's attitudes", as he accused Prime Minister Edgar Faure on 2 January 1956. That was the date of the 1956 general election, held six months ahead of schedule after the government had lost a confidence vote. From the Manche department Claude Hettier de Boislambert as not re-elected.
	The 1958 general election represented a popular endorsement, by a sufficient albeit far from overwhelming majority, for a return to national leadership by Charles de Gaulle and for the new constitution which gave the president very significantly increased executive powers. Claude Hettier de Boislambert had been a regular traveller to since the 1920s and had acquired a profound knowledge of the continent. On 14 June 1960 the Général appointed him Ambassador and High Representative to the newly reconfigured Mali Federation. After its dissolution he served French ambassador to Dakar (Senegal) till 1962. 
	On 22 August 1962 the Général appointed Claude Hettier de Boislambert to the position of Grand Chancellor of the [highly prestigious] Order of Liberation. His mandate would be renewed four times. The only higher rank in the order was that of Grand Master, which was held by Charles de Gaulle himself. After the general died in November 1970 the council of the order determined that there could be no successor . The Grand Chancellor remained in post till 1978, however. He did not view the role simply as a sinecure. He oversaw a restoration of the Hôtel des Invalides and the Robert de Cotte Paviliion in which he installed, in 1967, the Chancellry of the Order of Liberation. In 1970 he and his wife Odette created the Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération at Les Invalides.
	He caused particular consternation among members of the Gaulliste old-guard at the time of the 1974 presidential election when he gave his support not to the Gaulliste candidate, Jacques Chaban-Delmas (who came a very distant third) but to the intellectually assertive young upstart Independent Republican candidate, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (who - very narrowly - won). 
	Claude Hettier de Boislambert died in Paris in 1986. His body was buried at Sallenelles Calvados.

= = = Cascine di Buti = = =

	Cascine di Buti is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Buti, province of Pisa. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 2,999.
	Cascine di Buti is about 25 km from Pisa and 3 km from Buti.

= = = Wind power in Ukraine = = =

	Wind power in Ukraine is gradually expanding in capacity.
	The coasts of the Black and Azov Seas, the mountainous regions of the Crimean peninsula (especially the north-eastern coast) and the Carpathians, Odessa, Kherson, Zaporozhye, Donetsk, Luhansk and Mykolaiv regions are the most suitable for the construction of wind power plants. Only the potential of Crimea is sufficient to produce more than 40 billion kWh. electricity every year.
	Ukraine has a rather high climatic potential of wind power, which provides productive work not only of autonomous power units, but also of powerful wind power plants. The interest in exploring the most promising places for using wind energy is growing, based on its climatic potential and indicators of its possible utilization. According to the Global wind energy council, about 40% of the areas are suitable for wind power generation. In the medium term, it is possible to develop about 5,000 MW of wind energy, that is, 20-30% of total electricity consumption in the country. In 1996, the government announced a strategy for the construction of 200 MW of wind power by 2010, but by the end of 2011, only 151 MW were put into operation.
	By the end of 2017, 505 MW of wind power plants had been launched in Ukraine, with 138 MW remaining in the occupied territory of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, and another 87.8 MW left in occupied Crimea.
	As of March 2019, 8 powerful wind farms were being built in Ukraine with a total capacity of almost 1 GW. This is Ovid Wind (Odesa Oblast) - 87 MW; Black Sea WPP (Mykolaiv Oblast) - 70 MW; Prymorska WPP (Zaporizhia Oblast) - 200 MW; Overyanivska (Kherson Oblast) - 70 MW; Kramatorska WPP (Donetsk Oblast) - 70 MW; Orlivska WPP (Zaporizhia Oblast) - 100 MW; WES Sivash (Kherson Oblast) - 250 MW; Dnipro-Bug WPP (Kherson Oblast) - 110 MW.

= = = Ján Cifra = = =

	Ján Cifra (born 21 October 1955) is a Slovak volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Catholic Church and deism = = =

	Deism is the philosophical belief which posits that although God exists as the uncaused First Cause, responsible for the creation of the universe, God does not interact directly with that subsequently created world. The deists, differing widely in important matters of belief, yet agreed denying the significance of revelation in the Old and New Testaments. They either ignored the Scriptures, endeavoured to prove them in the main by a helpful, or directly impugned their divine character, their infallibility, and the validity of their evidences as a complete manifestation of the will of God. Deism manifested itself principally in England towards the latter end of the seventeenth century.
	A Deist is defined as "One who believes in the existence of a God or Supreme Being but denies revealed religion, basing his belief on the light of nature and reason." Deists generally reject the Trinity, the incarnation, the divine origin and authority of the Bible, miracles, and supernatural forces. 
	Because of the individualistic standpoint which they adopt, it is difficult to class together the representative writers who contributed to the literature of English deism as forming any one definite school, or to group together the positive teachings contained in their writings as any one systematic expression of a concordant philosophy. There is no central authority that defines Deist beliefs and practices, thus Deists vary considerably in their beliefs. Many of them were materialistic in their doctrines; while the French thinkers who subsequently built upon the foundations laid by the English deists were almost exclusively so. Others rested content with a criticism of ecclesiastical authority in teaching the inspiration of the Sacred Scriptures, or the fact of an external revelation of supernatural truth given by God to man. Deism inevitably undermined the personal religion of the Judeo-Christian tradition. "Since the beginning the Christian faith has been challenged by responses to the question of origins that differ from its own...Some admit that the world was made by God, but as by a watch-maker who, once he has made a watch, abandons it to itself (Deism)."
	In 2013, Catholic author Al Kresta wrote that "Newton's mechanics turn into the clockwork universe of deism."
	C.J. Betts argues that the accounts of Deists at Lyon (France) suggest that the origin of the term Deism lies in the anti-Trinitarian movement which was then an important phenomenon in the religious life of Europe. Using the word 'Deist' Verit was likely referring to a group of Lyonnaise anti-Trinitarians.In England the deistical movement seems to be an almost necessary outcome of the political and religious conditions of the time and country. The Renaissance had fairly swept away the later scholasticism and with it, very largely, the constructive philosophy of the Middle Ages. The Protestant Reformation, in its open revolt against the authority of the Catholic Church, had inaugurated a slow revolution, in which all religious pretensions were to be involved. The new life of the empirical sciences, the enormous enlargement of the physical horizon in such discoveries as those of astronomy and geography, the philosophical doubt and rationalistic method of Descartes, the advocated empiricism of Bacon, the political changes of the times--all these things were factors in the preparation and arrangement of a stage upon which a criticism levelled at revelational religion might come forward and play its part. And though the first essays of deism were somewhat veiled and intentionally indirect in their attack upon revelation, with the revolution and the civil and religious liberty consequent upon it, with the spread of the critical and empirical spirit as exemplified in the philosophy of Locke, the time was ripe for the full rehearsal of the case against Christianity as expounded by the Establishment and the sects. The issue of private judgment had split Protestantism into a great number of conflicting sects.
	According to Avery Dulles, "Deism drew its vitality from the oppressive policies of the religious establishments against which it was reacting."
	The last case of an execution by the inquisition was that of the schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll, accused of deism by the waning Spanish Inquisition and hanged on 26 July 1826 in Valencia after a two-year trial.
	In addition to the 13th century Averroist movement, the 1911 "" identified the following philosophers as men whose writings foreshadowed deism:
	Deism relies on the teleological argument for the existence of God on the basis of his orderly design. This concept, which was present in both Classical philosophy and the Bible, was also , such as in the writings of Thomas Aquinas.
	In his "Meditations on First Philosophy" René Descartes sets forth two proofs for God's existence. Descartes considered himself to be a devout Catholic, and one of the purposes of the "Meditations" was to defend the Catholic faith. His attempt to ground theological beliefs on reason encountered intense opposition in his time, however: Pascal regarded Descartes's views as rationalist and mechanist, and accused him of deism. "I cannot forgive Descartes; in all his philosophy, Descartes did his best to dispense with God. But Descartes could not avoid prodding God to set the world in motion with a snap of his lordly fingers; after that, he had no more use for God." Descartes steered clear of theological questions, restricting his attention to showing that there is no incompatibility between his metaphysics and theological orthodoxy. Later on, Cartesian dualism reinforced natural theology in 18th century French deism, especially in the writings of Claude Gilbert and in the anonymous "Militaire philosophe".
	18th century Irish Protestant clergyman Philip Skelton argued that Deists and Catholics were allied in certain matters. In particular, they both attacked certain arrangements involving the government and the Church of England. Skelton noted that although deists sometimes railed against Protestant writers, they never argued against them; deist writers argued against Protestant rather than Catholic writers. Skelton was of the opinion that some deists would actually convert to Catholicism prior to death. Skelton felt that Catholics and deists had similar positions on the authority of Scripture, the indulgence of vice, and even purgatory. Skelton also thought that since Protestants and deists were equally heretics in the eyes of the Catholics anyway, they had no real reason to favor Protestants against the deists. Rather, Skelton thought Catholic apologists would prefer to work with a Deist than a Protestant, as it is easier to convert someone who is an unbeliever already. As part of his argument, Skelton cited the Jesuit educations of the prominent deists Matthew Tindal and John Toland and also noted that Pilloniere was once a member of the Jesuit order himself.
	In 1824 Pope Leo XII issued "Ubi Primum" discussing a number of concerns, from bishops residing in their dioceses to the popularity of indifferentism, which he also associated with deism. "The current indifferentism has developed to the point of arguing that everyone is on the right road. This includes not only all those sects which though outside the Catholic Church verbally accept revelation as a foundation, but those groups too which spurn the idea of divine revelation and profess a pure deism or even a pure naturalism... But a tolerance which extends to Deism and Naturalism, which even the ancient heretics rejected, can never be approved by anyone who uses his reason.
	Contrary to the image of a clockmaker, the Catholic Church teaches that creation is a continuing work of God, in which man shares. "With creation, God does not abandon his creatures to themselves. He not only gives them being and existence, but also, and at every moment, upholds and sustains them in being..."
	"Attribution": contains material from the articles "Pandeism".

= = = Hangerok = = =

	The hangerok (sometimes spelled hangerock or hangeroc) was a type of dress worn by Viking women and some other early medieval northern European cultures. The garment was shaped somewhat like a pinafore, with two straps over the shoulders secured by brooches. It would usually be worn over a tunic-dress called a "særk" or a kirtle (underdress).
	The word originates from German or Germanic "Hängerock". "Rock" means skirt or (historically) dress in German, while "hänger" refers to the hanging of items from the brooches.

= = = Ján Repák = = =

	Ján Repák (born 18 February 1956) is a Slovak volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Rosebush (ship) = = =

	The Rosebush was a vessel of the British Navy and is named as one of his Majesty's ships in 1660, commissioned by James, Duke of York who at that time was commander (Lord High Admiral of England) of the Royal Navy.
	The Rosebush (Dutch "Rozeboom"), was a Dutch prize from the 1st Anglo Dutch war. Built in Amsterdam in March 1651/52, it was Captained by Kapitein Bartolomeus Riesbeeck and Gerrit Schuyt and was present at the Battle of Dover on 19 May 1652. It was among five ships that were taken by the British on 4 June 1653 during the Battle of the Gabbard.
	Rosebush was commissioned as a fourth rate being fitted out in June of 1653 under command of Captain Valentine Tatnell (1653 - 1654), and was stationed at St Helen's in the winter of 1653-54. Later in 1654 she was under command of Captain Richard Hodges who held her until 1656, stationed with Sir William Penn's fleet in the West Indies (1655-56). 
	On 1 January 1660, by order of James, the vessel was to be fitted out "for a voyage to Jamaica" and to be "delivered into possession of Colonel Thomas Middleton". Around this time the Rosebush was one of 37 vessels designated as a fifth rate. Captain Seth Hawley commanded the vessel until June 1660, the vessel being for Iceland Fishery protection. 
	The ship is mentioned in the dairy of Samuel Pepys, as being captained by John Browne of Walthamstow, Essex. Browne's wife Elizabeth was sister of Sir William Batten.
	Pepys mentions the vessel as Rose-bush being at Woolwich on 14 February 1661, as being dinner guests of Captain Browne. Elsewhere the vessel has been erroneously named "Rosebud". 
	The ship again comes into the fore when on 31 July 1662, Pepys in the company of William Coventry, witnesses the Browne being chastised by Coventry in the streets of London for not having sailed. Later in the same day at Woolwich visiting the Rosebush which was in a state of disarray, not being ready for dispatch on account of officer delinquency.
	A later entry in Pepys diary on 16 December 1662 makes note of an official complaint made by the purser Thomas Strutt against Browne causing Pepys to have a headache on account of Strutt. William G. Matthews notes that Strutt was discharged from the Rosebush in July 1662 at his own request, while his successor resigned in March 1663.
	The last entry Pepys makes is on hearing of Caption Browne's death on 25 April 1663 caused by a blow to the forehead by a stone in some altercation with one of his seaman, his servant.
	The Rosebush remained in service to the Royal Navy until 1664 in close relationship to Sir William Batten. It is mentioned in several letters pertaining to Harwich. On 19 October the vessel was at Deptford being made ready for a voyage to Harwich. The Master-Attendant at Deptford Capt. William Badiley however on 1 November objected of fitting the main mast of the Dunkirk to the Rosebush and suggests she be towed by the Harwich hoy instead. By 16 December the Rosebush had arrived at Harwich as noted by Anthony Deane who in October 1664 was appointed as the Navy Board's master shipwright on Pepys' recommendation of reopening the derelict Harwich Dockyard. Batten's boatswain William Baker sends word to Sir William noting of the ships arrival at Harwich and his need for a house for lodging and provisions for fitting Rosebush for a hulk. 

= = = Tremoleto = = =

	Tremoleto is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Crespina Lorenzana, province of Pisa. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 105.
	Tremoleto is about 30 km from Pisa and 6 km from Crespina.

= = = Jaroslav Kopet = = =

	Jaroslav Kopet (born 5 December 1952) is a Czech volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = The Bitter Chills = = =

	The Bitter Chills are an American indie rock band from New Jersey.
	The Bitter Chills are a six-piece indie folk rock band from Northern New Jersey, that formed in 2011. They play Americana, folk rock and "roots pop." Prior to the Bitter Chills, Matt Cheplic released two solo albums, "Don't Let Me Lose My Mind" in 2001, and "Who Burned the Book of Love", in 2008. The records received airplay on public and college radio stations, and Cheplic performed around the United States. He began playing with Pietro Ciliberto, as the group Crazy Morgan. Both were teachers at Roselle Catholic High School, and Cheplic notes in an interview with "Jersey Beat", that "when I formed the band with Pete, part of the mantra for me was I wanted to do something with more of a sense of humor to it." 
	They released their first record, entitled "Birth Of The Cold", in 2013, which is described as a low-fi acoustic album. Cheplic acknowledges inspiration for "Birth Of The Cold" from the music of The Beatles, Elvis Costello, Barenaked Ladies, and Johnny Cash. 
	The Bitter Chills signed with the independent label Mint 400 Records, in 2016. They released the single "Why Not Us?" that year, along with a music video, which was directed by Neil Sabatino. The Bitter Chills performed at the 2016 North Jersey Indie Rock Festival. On 3 February 2017, they released their second full-length album, entitled "Feel-Good Songs for Feel-Bad People", also produced, mixed and mastered by Sabatino. The album contains "root music," that features mandolin, upright bass, accordion, piano and acoustic guitars. 
	For 'the compilation album "At the Movies," the Bitter Chills do a rendition of "The Power of Love". The song "Nothing but Love, Unfortunately" appears on the compilation album "NJ / NY Mixtape".
	Matt Cheplic and Christian Kisala are also members of the indie rock group Fairmont.

= = = Jaroslav Šmíd = = =

	Jaroslav Šmíd (born 10 November 1955) is a Czech volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Tripalle = = =

	Tripalle is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Crespina Lorenzana, province of Pisa. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 124.
	Tripalle is about 30 km from Pisa and 2 km from Crespina.

= = = Paul Peterson (disambiguation) = = =

	Paul Peterson (born 1964), also known as St. Paul Peterson, is an American singer and musician.
	Paul Peterson may also refer to:

= = = Lluís de Bellviure = = =

	Lluís de Bellviure () (d. Barcelona, January 27, 1392) was a "converso" Majorcan merchant of the fourteenth century. He was appointed bailiff of Majorca and castellan of the Bellver Castle by King John I of Aragon after Nuño Ruiz.
	On August 2, 1391, a peasant revolt burst in the context of the anti-Jewish massacres of 1391. While several citizens were seeking refuge in the Bellver Castle, the "forans" (peasants) assaulted Palma. Bellviure redirected their leader, Antoni Sitjar "Brou de Pella", to the Jewish quarter, where around 300 Jews were killed. It is not clear whether he directed a unique attack, or, in a turn of events, on August 17, began to recruit men to re-assault the Jewish quarter. In any case, the governor ordered his arrest. After fleeing from Sóller to Menorca on August 9, he was captured by Jofredo de Cavanal on December 8 and sent to Barcelona by boat to be trialed by the King. There he was executed, in the Llotja, after informing Queen Violant of Bar of his arrest.
	He was married to Joaneta de Requesens, a "conversa". It is unclear whether he was a relative of Catalan poet Pau de Bellviure.

= = = Josef Novotný = = =

	Josef Novotný (born 29 March 1956) is a Czech volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Josef Pick = = =

	Josef Pick (born 11 November 1958) is a Czech volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Pavel Valach = = =

	Pavel Valach (born 26 October 1953) is a Czech volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = List of exoplanets discovered in 2019 = = =

	This list of exoplanets discovered in 2019 is a list of confirmed exoplanets that were first observed during 2019.
	For exoplanets detected only by radial velocity, the listed value for mass is a lower limit. See Minimum mass for more information.
<onlyinclude>

= = = Vlado Sirvoň = = =

	Vlado Sirvoň (born 8 July 1951) is a Slovak volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Loiret's 2nd constituency = = =

	The 2nd constituency of the Loiret (French: "Deuxième circonscription du Loiret") is a French legislative constituency in the Loiret "département". Like the other 576 French constituencies, it elects one MP using the first past the post election system with a run-off.
	The 2nd Constituency of the Loiret stretches from the north western suburbs of Orléans towards the western edge of department.
	In common with the department the seat has historically tended towards the centre right, with Gaullist parties dominating. However, at the 2017 the constituency elected the centrist En Marche! candidate at the expense of the conservative LR incumbent.

= = = Paul Hofer (footballer) = = =

	Paul Hofer (* 7 September 1881; †) was a Swiss footballer who played for FC Basel. 
	Between the years 1898 and 1905 Hofer played a total of 56 games for Basel. He played mainly in the position as goalkeeper, but he also played out in the field as defender. 27 of these games were in the Swiss Serie A and 29 were friendly games

= = = Sara González = = =

	Sara González may refer to:

= = = Reimagines the Eighties = = =

	Trevor Horn Reimagines the Eighties is a studio album by English music producer Trevor Horn, released in 2019.
	The album was recorded over about a year.

= = = Resurrection (1923 film) = = =

	Resurrection ( or ) is a 1923 German silent drama film directed by Frederic Zelnik and starring Lya Mara, Rudolf Forster and Lydia Potechina. It premiered at the Marmorhaus in Berlin.

= = = Disappearance of Immaculate Basil = = =

	Immaculate ("Mackie") Mary Basil is a 27-year-old woman who went missing early on Friday, June 14, 2013 near the Kuz Che Indian Reserve, 70 km north of Fort St. James in British Columbia. It was reported that she was last seen with her cousin and another man leaving a house party. Her disappearance is considered uncharacteristic of her personality.
	The daughter of Samuel Basil and Patricia Joseph, Mackie Basil was mother to Jamison, who was 5 years old when she disappeared. Basil had three sisters and three brothers: Crystal, Ida, Samantha (deceased), Nick, Peter and Travis (deceased). Immaculate Basil was born on December 8, 1985, that day is also the Roman Catholic Feast of the Immaculate Conception. It's likely the date influenced her name.
	Basil grew up in the foster care system with her sisters Ida and Crystal. Ida says that their experience there bonded them; they called each other daily at 10 am. Mackie was part of the Tl'azt'en Nation, based out of Tachie, south of the Kuz Che Reserve. Basil lived in Fort St. James at the time of her disappearance, working part-time as a secretary and as a teacher's assistant at the school. She had recently split from her long-time partner and father to Jamison.
	She was known to be an introvert who rarely partied and was not known to drink or do drugs. It was a surprise to family that she was going to a party alone and drinking; she was very selective with who she spent time with and preferred to spend time at home cleaning, decorating, completing tasks, being online, talking with her sisters or spending time with her son. She would often make porridge for him and set out frozen huckleberries; her son was important to her. Ida said of her sister that she was a "caring, beautiful person" and that "she'd help out in any way she can if you asked her for help."
	Basil had recently separated with her common law husband just before the time of her disappearance. News of the breakup was also a surprise to the family, and the cause of the separation is unknown. It is not public knowledge how long she was with her husband.
	The events leading up to her disappearance are not entirely known, but she was seen at a house party on the Tachie Reserve before she left with a man named Victor and her cousin Keith shortly after midnight. It is not substantiated, but it was reported that she attempted to hitchhike alone after the truck that she was in got into an accident.
	Basil was not driving a vehicle at the time of her disappearance. Uncharacteristically for her for an overnight trip, she did not bring her makeup bag or an extra set of clothes, and didn't own a cell phone. She was reported to have been wearing grey yoga (capri) pants, white shoes, and a black hoodie with a maple leaf on the front. She also had a dark blue iPod Shuffle with white earphones on her when she went missing. None of the items that went missing with Mackie were ever found.
	Basil attended a house party on Thursday, June 13, 2013, in Tachie. It is not public knowledge who also was at the party that night, or how many people were there, but Vanessa Joseph believes that it was mostly Basil's cousins. One cousin Keith, and a man named Victor, who was known to Vanessa, were also there. The party was at a house that was a 20-minute walk from Basil's house.
	Large portions of Mackie's timeline the night that she went missing are not public knowledge. She was alone for much of the night and after midnight, she left with Victor and her cousin Keith, who haven't made public what happened.
	According to the RCMP's report to the family, Victor and Keith reported that they were riding in a white truck with Basil the night of the disappearance. Sometime early on June 14, 2013, the truck that Keith, Victor, and allegedly Basil, were traveling in got into an accident on Leo Creek Forest Service Road between Tachie and Kuzche, near a place called "16 kilometer." The accident happened while the truck was traveling away from the cabin. Vanessa said the accident was apparent because there were parts of the truck near a tree that was broken in half. Vanessa said that she learned that an attempt was made to get a black truck at the hunter's cabin in Kuzche to pull the truck. Victor and Keith both told the RCMP that Basil separated from them after the accident. RCMP press releases indicated that she separated from the two other men shortly after their truck got stuck in the mud.
	At about 10 am on Friday, June 14, 2013 Victor was seen walking down the street in Tachie wearing clothes that were wet up to his chest. Vanessa, Joseph, and Ron witnessed this in front of Ron's house. They thought it strange, but not knowing that Basil was missing at the time, didn't investigate further. After learning that the truck that Victor was driving was in an accident near Kuzche, Vanessa considered it odd that Victor would be back in town so soon, on foot. The black truck from the hunting cabin was not driven back to Tachie but was left on Leo Creek Forest Service Road, an hour away by vehicle from where Victor was seen walking.
	Both Victor and Keith were given polygraph tests. The RCMP reported to the family that both men were cooperative. They were also interviewed by a forensic psychologist. The psychologist's report to the family stated that they found nothing suspicious. Vanessa believes that the police interviewed everyone involved.
	No one revealed to the family that Basil left the party with Keith and Victor until after police interviews on 18 June 2013, when the RCMP disclosed this to the family. According to relatives, the family did not hear much from the RCMP in the first year after she went missing, though the RCMP issued a press release to the public on the third anniversary of Mackie's disappearance.
	The RCMP took part in the search effort for about a week after 18 June 2013. They used dogs, and there was a hailstorm and unfavorable rainy weather on the weekend of 22 June 2013. Extensive ground and air efforts were made in the days after Basil's disappearance, carried out by numerous search-and-rescue organizations, RCMP air services, relatives, and locals. In the time since search efforts have been made only by search-and-rescue and the Tl'azt'en band. An approximate 20 km radius area was searched in the area around Tachie/Kuzche.
	Tl'azt'en nation, which includes the communities of Tachie, Kuzche, Binche and Dzitl’ainli, is located on the northeastern shore of Stewart Lake, British Columbia. Tachie is about 45 minutes north of Fort St. James, and Kuzche is located about 45 minutes north of Tachie. The area consists of numerous rivers, ponds, lakes, rolling hills and lakes. Most of the land is covered in forest, and the area has one main highway to Fort St. James, numerous logging roads, and a railway that runs through it and through both Tachie and Kuzche; industry in the area consists mainly of mining and logging. Both Tachie and Kuzche are accessible by road as well. The railroad is no longer in use and the local sawmill, owned by Tanizul Timber, has been shut down since before Basil's disappearance. Various animals are known to the area, including moose, mule and white-tailed deer, elk, cougars, sheep, mountain goats, black and grizzly bears, coyotes, wolves and woodland caribou. Geology consists of numerous types of igneous and metamorphic rocks and their related soils.
	Numerous posters, billboards and news articles have gone up in an effort to raise awareness about the disappearance. The RCMP released numerous press releases, including one during the month marking the three-year anniversary of Basil's disappearance. In 2016, shortly after the third anniversary ress release, the Tl'azt'en nation also offered a $20,000 reward for information leading to Basil's recovery at the behest of her brother Peter Basil.
	Due to family connections and a young child whom Basil was known to be affectionate toward, in addition to no history of running away, it is considered unlikely that she ran away. Although they are skeptical that she ran away, the RCMP are hesitant to attribute her disappearance to foul play. This leaves animal attack or accident as possible explanations for Mackie's disappearance.
	Though they haven't confirmed it, the RCMP haven't ruled out the possibility of foul play playing a role in Basil's disappearance.
	Although there are numerous dangerous wild animals that are known to live in the area around Tachie/Kuzche, the theory of an animal attack is brought into question due to the lack of evidence of an attack found by the searchers involved in the thorough ground and air search. There was no confirmed recovery of any of the items that the young mother had when she went missing, nor was there any discovery of blood or other remains confirmed to be hers. If she went missing due to an accident or misadventure, then it is also reasonable to presume that she would have walked to where she met her demise. This would have been well within the range of the search party who were looking for her remains, which were never found.
	A number of unsubstantiated rumors and inconsistent reports happened after Basil went missing. The RCMP followed up on many and reported to her family their findings.
	Basil was reported to have been seen on the morning of June 14, 2013 by either forestry workers, tree planters, or a truck driver. The rumor was that she was seen attempting to hitchhike. The RCMP followed up with these claims and determined that they were false.
	Another false sighting was near Saik'uz reserve, south of Vanderhoof, British Columbia.
	Basil was allegedly riding with two men, Keith and Victor, in a white pickup truck; at the time of her disappearance, they were heading to a hunter's cabin near Kuzche reserve to pick up some unused roofing tin to deliver to an elder. This story was only substantiated by Keith and Victor with no other witnesses.
	Neither man has talked with the family about exactly what happened that night. Keith is younger than Basil. Victor was about 48 years old at the time and not from Tachie. In addition to being reported to have been mean to his ex-wife, he has a history of convictions for violent crime (files 22683-1-K, 24087-1-KC, 25237-2-A, 27961-6-C and 29420-1) and at least one charge of sexual assault (file 27961-6-C). Most of these crimes had resulting court appearances in the Dease Lake court.
	Considering the area's remoteness and the timing of Basil's vanishing, it is unlikely that she disappeared due to a stranger abduction. However, according to the FBI, stranger abductions involving women mostly are motivated by sexual assault and are also the most likely to involve the use of a firearm.
	Basil disappeared in an area that is part of what is known as "the Highway of Tears corridor." Mackie's cousin Bonnie Marie Joseph went missing along the same corridor. Joseph was last seen hitchhiking east towards Prince George from Vanderhoof on Saturday, September 8, 2007. She was last seen by her cousin Joanne.

= = = Capel Lofft Holden = = =

	Brigadier-General Sir Henry Capel Lofft Holden (23 January 1856 – 30 March 1937) was a British engineer and senior officer in the Royal Artillery.
	He was born in Cheltenham, the eldest son of the classical scholar Hubert Ashton Holden, and his wife, Letitia Lofft. He was educated at the Queen Elizabeth's School, Ipswich and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He joined the Royal Artillery in 1875 and saw service in India.
	From 1881, he served in the technical branches of the Army in connection with the development of artillery and the manufacture of ordnance. He was made captain inspector at Woolwich Arsenal in 1885 and Inspector of Stores in 1888. Promoted Major in 1892 he was appointed Superintendent of the Woolwich Royal Gun Factory in 1899 and also of the Royal Carriage Factory in 1907. He held both positions until his retirement from the Army as a colonel in 1912. 
	During his working life he was credited with the design and development of numerous artillery related electrical instruments such as the chronograph for measuring projectile speeds. He served on the board of the National Physical Laboratory from 1907 to 1911.
	He was also an early enthusiast of the automobile. In 1895 designed an engine he fitted to a bicycle and designed the first four-cylinder motorcycle between 1899 and 1902. In 1906 he designed the Brooklands motor racing circuit in Weybridge, Surrey. He was a director of BSA, who manufactured motorcycles amongst other things and in 1921 became chairman of the Royal Aero Club.
	He lived in retirement in Malvern and died in 1937. He had married in London in 1889 Elizabeth (Bessie), the daughter of R. Farrant.

= = = John Dada Arthur = = =

	John Arthur (born 19 June 1994) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.
	Arthur began his career for Tarkwa United FC and joined in 2014 to Ebusua Dwarfs. After two years for Ebusua Dwarfs in January 2015 to Al Khartoum SC and Al Ahli SC (Khartoum) in 2016. 
	On January 10, 2017, Arthur joined Medeama SC as free agent and terminated his contract on a mutual agreement on October 15, 2018. 
	He is usually fielded as Attacking Midfielder.

= = = Mbale Regional Cancer Centre = = =

	Mbale Regional Cancer Centre (MbRCC) is a public, specialized, tertiary care medical facility owned by the Uganda Ministry of Health, intended to serve the Eastern Region of Uganda.
	When established, the centre is expected to be on the campus of Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, which is responsible for the day-to-day running of the establishment. This is located off of Pallisa Road, in the central business district of the city of Mbale, the largest city in the Eastern Region of Uganda. This is approximately , by road, northeast of Kampala, the largest city in Uganda and its national capital.
	MbRCC is a cancer treatment, research, and teaching center, affiliated with the Busitema University School of Medicine and with the Mbale Regional Referral Hospital. MbRCC is expected to become functional in the 2019/2020 financial year, which starts on 1 July 2019.
	The establishment of the centre is aimed towards relieving the increased patient burden at Uganda Cancer Institute, in Kampala, where 4,500 to 6,000 new patients are registered annually. Other regional cancer centers established in this effort include Arua Regional Cancer Centre, Gulu Regional Cancer Centre and Mbarara Regional Cancer Centre.
	The cancer centre works in collaboration with Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI), the leading cancer treatment and research institute in Uganda, which is under transformation into the "East African Cancer Centre of Excellence". UCI specialists work together with Arua Regional Referral Hospital staff to provide the necessary oncology care.

= = = Antonio Bonini = = =

	Antonio Bonini (born 15 July 1954) is an Italian volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Giulio Belletti = = =

	Giulio Belletti (born 23 May 1957) is an Italian volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = Loiret's 3rd constituency = = =

	The 3rd constituency of the Loiret (French: "Troisième circonscription du Loiret") is a French legislative constituency in the Loiret "département". Like the other 576 French constituencies, it elects one MP using the first past the post election system with a run-off.
	The 3rd Constituency of the Loiret lies in the south of the department covering a largely rural area including the town of Sully-sur-Loire upstream on the Loire from Orleans.
	With the exception of the 1988 this constituency has continually supported candidates from the centre right. At the 2017 election incumbent Claude de Ganay held off the En Marche! surge by just 59 votes.

= = = Fred la marmotte = = =

	Fred la marmotte is a Canadian groundhog located in near Percé, Quebec who predicts weather on Groundhog Day.
	According to the tradition of Groundhog Day, if the groundhog sees his shadow then spring will be delayed; if he does not see his shadow, then spring will be early.
	Fred is unique in being the only weather-predicting groundhog whose habitat is located on a World Heritage Site. The original Fred "Gros Fred" was used from 2010 to 2017 and again in 2019 but was replaced by his son "Petit Fred" in 2018.

= = = Sebastiano Greco = = =

	Sebastiano Greco (born 11 February 1953) is an Italian volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

= = = The Pregnant = = =

	The Pregnant () is a 2011 Russian comedy film directed by Sarik Andreasyan. It stars Dmitri Dyuzhev, Anna Sedokova, Mikhail Galustyan and Ville Haapasalo.
	The Hindi remake rights are owned by T-Series and Maddock Films.
	Sergei and Diana Dobrolyubov have long dreamt of having a child, but Diana simply isn't getting pregnant. Sergei, who works as a TV presenter at the Muz-TV channel, makes a wish to a falling star (“I want a child”), and his wish is fulfilled, but with a catch: instead of his wife, he, himself, becomes pregnant. Sergei's friend, Zhora, convinces him that pregnancy is not a reason to hide, but instead is an opportunity to gain fame and money. The show "The Pregnant" becomes the most popular television project, and its main character - Sergei Dobrolyubov - a star. In the end, in order to give birth to his child in peace, Sergei decides to inform his fans that he falsified the pregnancy.
	The film's score was written by Aleksandr Vartanov. The following songs are featured in the picture.
	The film received generally negative reviews in Russian media.

= = = Patikul, Sulu shootout = = =

	Five soldiers were killed and five others were injured in a shootout with the ISIL-linked group, Abu Sayyaf, in Patikul, Sulu. Three terrorists were killed and 15 others were injured. This attack happened a week after a bombing that killed 20 people in a cathedral in the neighboring city of Jolo. 

= = = Fred E. Syddall = = =

	Frederick Ernest Syddall (died 5 May 1934) was a British-born Western Samoan businessman and politician. He was a member of the first Legislative Council from 1920 until 1923.
	Originally from Manchester, Sydddall moved to Western Samoa from South America in 1894. He began farming in Felefa district and worked for the H.J. Moors trading firm. He briefly moved to Fiji, before returning to Samoa and opening his own store in Apia, before taking over the Tuvoa banana and cocoa plantation. He was also an architect.
	In December 1919 he was invited by Governor Robert Ward Tate to join an Advisory Council, formed as a precursor to the Legislative Council due to be formed the following year. He was subsequently appointed as one of the first group of 'unofficial' members alongside Alfred Tattersall and Arthur Keeling. He held office for three years, and also served as a member of the Land and Titles Commission for a decade.
	Syddall died of a heart attack on 5 May 1934 at his Tuvao plantation, leaving a widow and six children.

= = = Brayan Edinson Angulo Mosquera = = =

	Brayan Angulo (born 19 July 1993) is a professional Colombian football midfielder, who plays for Pafos.

= = = Alexander Taran = = =

	Alexander Fedorovich Taran (born 1951 in Alexandrovskoye, Stavropol Krai, RSFSR), also known as The Voroshilov Sharpshooter, is a Russian beekeeper who committed a series of attempted and accomplished murders in order to avenge the death of his children.
	After his service in the army, Taran began working at a sovkhoz as a zoo technician, fireman and inspector. During the market reforms, he became a beekeeper. He had a house, farm, wife and two children: Natalia (1974-1994) and Vladimir (1977-2001). But in the mid-1990s, his family began to have problems. His daughter Natalia fell in love with a drug addict and soon began taking drugs herself. In June 1994, she was admitted to hospital in a serious condition caused by a drug overdose, where she soon after died. Allegedly, she died from an allergic reaction to an injection given by the doctors. Taran sued the doctor Konoplyankin, who was on duty that day in intensive care (according to some sources, the doctor had long suffered from alcoholism), but Konoplyankin was ultimately justified and pardoned.
	Alexander's wife, Nadezhda, went to live and work in Greece a year after Natalia's death. Taran stayed in Russia, focusing his care on his son Vladimir, who had a drinking problem.
	In October 2001, Vladimir was killed in a fight at a local disco. Izhayev, the nephew of local entrepreneur Magomed Erkenov, was arrested but later released. No further arrests were made and the case was closed. Taran believed the investigators leading the case were bribed by Erkenov.
	Taran purchased two AK-47s while in Mozdok and carried out six attacks.
	December 31 2003 Fifteen minutes after the festive Battle of the Bells, Taran opened fire at the windows of Erkenov's house. No one was hurt, and at that time the identity of the shooter remained unknown. 
	May 21 2003 Taran shot and killed Erkenov at point-blank range at the gate of his own house. 
	September 5 2003 Taran shot at the windows of the house of Head Physician of the District Hospital, Sergey Gresev. The doctor survived, but was disabled by a shoulder injury.
	October 20 2003 Taran killed the senior security officer, Oleg Tanchik (38 years old).
	June 21 2004 Taran killed the Police Chief of the Criminal Department of the Aleksandrovsky ATS, Vladimir Shtan. 
	November 27 2005 Taran fired at a commander of a traffic police platoon named Andrei Radchenko with a machine gun. He was injured, but survived. Five months earlier, Radchenko had stopped Taran's Volga, and when he refused to undergo a medical examination, his car was taken to a penalty area.
	The investigation took a very long time, as nobody suspected Taran of committing these crimes. Eventually, evidence was discovered by chance. In 2008, one of the villagers from Alexandrovskoye found an AK-47 assault rifle with a homemade silencer wrapped in a bathrobe in the forest. During a walk around the repair shops, one of the local locksmiths identified the silencer and said that it was ordered by Taran, who needed it for a nozzle for a gas burner. Soon after, he was arrested. During a search of his house, a gas pistol was located. Hair belonging to Taran was also found on a machine gun hidden in the forest. A friend of Taran's gave the authorities the second rifle, which he had been storing for Taran. The subsequent examination determined that the 3 murders and 2 attempted murders were committed with these weapons. Initially, Taran confessed to the murders, but refused to cooperate further. 
	Despite the large amounts of evidence, a jury trial held on May 29 2009 fully acquitted Taran. The verdict was appealed and protested by the prosecutor's office. On September 3, the Supreme Court of Russia rejected the verdict and set the case for a new consideration. Taran was given a new trial, and the new jury convicted him. On December 9, the Stavropol Regional Court sentenced Alexander Taran to 23 years imprisonment. In addition, the court decided that he must pay 1 million and 50 thousand rubles to the family members of the surviving victims for moral damage. Taran did not plead guilty and together with his lawyer, Vyacheslav Savin, tried to appeal the verdict. On March 16 2010, the sentence was upheld by the Supreme Court of Russia.
	The case of Alexander Taran caused a great resonance throughout Russia. Residents from Alexandrovskoye, where Taran lived until his arrest, expressed mixed feelings towards their fellow villager. Some supported him for attempting retribution, while others condemned him for the bloody mob law. Representatives of the government also responded to the case.
	Senator Vladimir Lukin said the following:
	Stanislav Govorukhin refused to comment on the Taran case.
	According to the lawyer Vyacheslav Savin, there were violations towards his client's rights during the second trial. Some of the evidence against Taran was declared unfit.
	The professionalism with which some of the crimes were committed raised doubts about Taran's guilt. For instance, in the case of Erkenov's murder, the killer had previously disabled the surveillance camera near the house and fired a sighting. One of the villagers later said that if Erkenov's relatives were sure of Taran's guilt, they would've already killed him. Oleg Tanchik's mother also expressed her doubts about Alexander's guilt:

= = = Laura Justice = = =

	Laura M. Justice (born October 9, 1968) is a language scientist and expert on interventions to promote children's literacy. She is the EHE Distinguished Professor of Educational Psychology at Ohio State University, where she also serves as the Executive Director of the A. Sophie Rogers School for Early Learning.
	Justice received the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers from President George W. Bush in 2005. Justice received this award for her scientific research identifying techniques to raise the reading levels of pre-school children from low socioeconomic households and those identified as having language impairments. This award was the first Presidential Early Career Award to be given in the field of education research. Justice's other awards include the Annie Glenn Leadership Award in Speech-Language Pathology and the Early Career Publication Award from the Division of Research, Council for Exceptional Children.
	Justice has authored several books including "Scaffolding with Storybooks: A Guide for Enhancing Young Children's Language and Literacy Achievement","Communication Science and Disorders," "Clinical Approaches to Emergent Literacy Intervention," "The Syntax Handbook: Everything You Learned About Syntax ...(but Forgot)" (with Helen K. Ezell), "and Engaging Children with Print: Building Early Literacy Skills through Quality Read-Alouds" (with Amy Sofka).
	Justice has held the position of Editor in Chief of "Early Childhood Research Quarterly," Editor of the "American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology", and Editor of the "Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools."
	Justice received her Bachelor of Arts degree (1992) and BSEd (1996) from Ohio University. She continued her education there receiving her PhD in Speech Hearing Sciences in 2000 under the advisement of Helen K. Ezell. Justice's early research with Ezell investigated ways parents of children diagnosed with speech delays engaged with their children during story time. Their research revealed that parents' questions to their children about the books tended to focus entirely on the pictures and not on the print. Justice's doctoral dissertation, titled "An experimental evaluation of an intervention to stimulate written language awareness in preschool children from low-income households" initiated a program of research on literacy interventions.
	Justice joined the faculty of the Curry School Of Education at the University of Virginia where she developed a program of translational research on children's emergent literacy and early interventions to promote reading. She subsequently moved to Ohio State University where serves as the Director of the Pre-School Language and Literacy Research Lab and as the CCEC Executive Director of The Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy.
	Justice's research has been funded by numerous grants from agencies including the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Institute of Education Sciences. She has been a visiting scholar at the University of Canterbury (supported by an Erskine Fellowship), the University of Zagreb (supported by a Fulbright Scholar Award) and the University of Bologna.
	Justice's research has focused on early interventions to support emergent literacy, especially for children growing up in low-income families and for children with specific language impairment (also known as developmental language disorder). Her collaborative research highlights the role of parent involvement in literacy interventions and the need for professional development to support teachers of children growing up in at-risk economic circumstances. Other research has investigated effects of poverty on toddler's early language skills and the impact of quality preschool programs on children's academic gains.
	Justice and her collaborators received the ASHA Editor's Award for their 2004 article "Relations among maternal, child, and demographic factors and the persistence of preschool language impairment." This article used data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care to examine language outcomes of children, who at the age of 3 appeared to exhibit specific language impairment. At age 4.5, over half of the children show a persistent language impairment, with maternal depression identified as a risk factor in the children's prognosis.
	Justice and her colleagues have used shared storybook reading as a context for early intervention, and stress the importance of emphasizing print over pictures while reading to develop children's literacy awareness. Her research team has tied early exposure to picture books to the so-called Million Word Gap.

= = = Lady Marina Windsor = = =

	Lady Marina Charlotte Alexandra Katharine Helen Windsor (born 30 September 1992) is a relative of the British royal family. She was removed from the British line of succession in 2008 after being confirmed in the Catholic Church.
	Lady Marina Windsor was born on 30 September 1992 at Rosie Hospital in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire. She is the second child of George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews and Sylvana Tomaselli. She is a younger sister of Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick and an older sister of Lady Amelia Windsor. She is the paternal granddaughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, a first cousin of Elizabeth II, and Katharine, Duchess of Kent, the only daughter of Sir William Worsley, 4th Baronet. She is a maternal descendant of the Austrian Tomaselli family. Lady Marina is named after her great-grandmother Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark.
	On 21 January 1993 Lady Marina was christened Marina Charlotte Alexandra Katharine Helen Windsor in an Anglican ceremony by William Booth, the sub-dean of Chapel Royal, at St James's Palace. Her godparents are Lady Ralph Kerr, Katherine Ruth Panter, William Hanbury-Tenison, and Sasha Poklewski-Koziell.
	Until 2008 Lady Marina had been 25th in the line of succession to the British throne. She forfeited her place in the line of succession, in compliance of the Act of Settlement 1701, along with her older brother, after being confirmed in the Roman Catholic faith of her mother and paternal grandmother.
	Lady Marina attended St Mary's School, a Catholic boarding school for girls in Ascot, Berkshire.
	In 2010 she modeled for Hardy Amies in "Tatler" alongside her siblings. She later expressed interest working in foreign diplomacy and not a modeling career.
	In 2011 she attended the wedding of her cousin Prince William, Duke of Cambridge to Catherine Middleton. In 2018 Lady Marina and her siblings were reportedly not invited to the wedding of their cousin Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex to Meghan Markle.
	In May 2012 Lady Marina traveled to Thailand, where she trained in Muay Thai boxing.
	As the daughter of a courtesy earl, Lady Marina is entitled to the title and style of "Lady".

= = = Khari Wendell McClelland = = =

	Khari Wendell McClelland is an American musician and music historian living and working in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He is a member of the gospel trio Soujourners. He is known for his multimedia show, "Freedom Singer", which depicts his research into the music of slaves who travelled on the underground railway to Canada.
	McClelland was born and grew up in Detroit, Michigan. He moved to Canada in about 2006.
	McCLelland joined the gospel trio Sojourners in 2011, replacing founding member Ron Small.
	In 2015 McClelland travelled around Canada with CBC's Jodie Martinson, collecting and studying traditional songs and gospel music brought to Canada by fugitive slaves. The trip was the subject of a one-hour documentary for the CBC Television show "Absolutely Canadian".
	McClelland released his debut solo album, "Fleeting is the Time", in 2016.
	In 2017, with Martinson and director Andrew Kushnir, he developed a multimedia show, "Freedom Singer", showing the results of his research and performing his own versions of songs that he had discovered. The show was performed across Canada in 2017 and 2018.
	In 2018 McClelland took over as MC of the Eastside Heart of the City Festival in Vancouver. Also that year he performed as part of the Mad Dogs and Vancouverites concert in Vancouver, and continued to perform with the Sojourners, including a concert with blues musician Jim Byrnes.

= = = Nilesh Jalamkar = = =

	Nilesh Jalamkar (born 6 July 1977) is an Indian actor, Film Director and producer of Marathi films. He has worked in Indian cinema and sometimes acted in well-known movies such as "Aasud".
	He began his directorial career with the groundbreaking "Debu" (2010) and has since delivered many box office hits over a period of 9 years. Jalamkar's films are known for their technical nuances and fantasy concepts and he is one of the few Indian filmmakers who have made successful films in the fantasy genre.
	Jalamkar started his career in Marathi movies with "Debu" and "Mahanayak Vasant Tu". He has Worked with prominent names like Anu Malik and Sonu Nigam as a Director and a Lyricist. His most notable work is the Multi-starrer "Nagpur Adhiveshan" with "Makarand Anaspure", "Mohan Joshi" and "Chetan Dalvi". His Current Work Aasud will be released on 8 February 2019.
	Nilesh Jalamkar is M.A from Shivaji College, Amravati and B.Ed from Nabira College, Nagpur. He spends most of his time teaching English Grammar for MPSC and UPSC students. He dreamed of being a Movie Creator since childhood. Mr. Jalamkar acted as Pralhad in a play when he was in 4th Grade.

= = = KLM Flight 608 = = =

	KLM Flight 608 was an international scheduled passenger flight from New York City to Amsterdam. On 23 August 1954 the aircraft crashed in the North Sea off IJmuiden during the Shannon-Amsterdam leg of the flight. The crash killed all 21 passengers and crew on board.
	The Douglas DC-6B, construction number 43556 and line number 257, was delivered to KLM on 22 August 1952 as PH-TFO and christened "Willem Bontekoe". On 6 March 1954 the aircraft was re-registered as PH-DFO.
	At 09:29 GMT, Flight 608 left Shannon Airport, bound for Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Weather at the time was poor, with low clouds and heavy rain. Two hours later, the aircraft was cleared to descend to 5500 feet to prepare for landing. This was eventually changed to 3500 feet. At 11:35, air traffic controllers cleared Flight 608 to descend to 2500 feet, but received no response. After an extensive search, floating debris from the aircraft was found at 16:10 off the Dutch coast near Bergen.
	Witnesses on the ground noticed that the aircraft was behaving strangely: some reported hearing the aircraft pass overhead near Egmond where the "Green 2" airway crossed the coast and others reported seeing the aircraft at 12:01 passing overhead at low altitude heading back towards the sea. Yet others reported hearing a loud bang over the water, possibly from an explosion.
	Salvage work ended on 25 November, with 45-50% of the wreckage brought ashore.
	The cause of the crash was never definitively determined. However, some investigators speculate that the crash may have been caused by an overheating of the aircraft's electrical system, an explosion of a pressure bottle, a cockpit window failure, or autopilot failure.
	An investigator from the State Aviation Authority claims that the crash may have been caused by a faulty cabin heater. Because of the fumes from the heater, the crew may have attempted to open a cockpit window and due to the risk of fire, the electrical system was probably turned off, explaining the radio silence. 
	Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network

= = = 1947 Youngstown Penguins football team = = =

	The 1947 Youngstown Penguins football team was an American football team that represented Youngstown University (now known as Youngstown State University) during the 1947 college football season. In its ninth season under head coach Dike Beede, the team compiled an 8–2 record. The team played its home games at Rayen Stadium.

= = = Sisir Kumar Bose = = =

	Sisir Kumar Bose (2 February 1920 – 30 September 2000) was an Indian pediatrician, legislator and freedom fighter. 
	He was born in Calcutta on 2 February 1920 to barrister and Indian nationalist leader Sarat Chandra Bose and Bivabati Bose (née Dey). In 1941, while a medical student in Calcutta he helped his uncle, the Indian freedom fighter Subhas Chandra Bose escape from house arrest. He helped Subhas Bose plan his escape from his ancestral house on Elgin Road in Calcutta and drove him out of the house in secret up to Gomoh in the neighbouring state of Bihar, from where Subhas took a train to Peshawar. During the Quit India Movement in India launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1942, Sisir Bose was badly injured in a police attack on a student protest and imprisoned in Presidency Jail in Calcutta and later interned at home in 1943. For assisting his uncle and continued involvement with the Indian independence movement, Sisir Bose was arrested again by the British colonial government and imprisoned in the Red Fort in Delhi, the Lahore Fort and Lyallpur Jail, including long periods in solitary confinement, until the end of the war.
	After his release at the end of the Second World War Sisir Bose completed his medical studies and received advanced training in pediatrics in London, Sheffield and Vienna.
	On his return to India Bose worked with Indian pediatrician K. C. Chaudhuri, who founded the first pediatric hospital in India, the Institute of Child Health in Calcutta, inaugurated in 1957. Sisir was Rockefeller Fellow at Harvard Medical School and the Children's Hospital in Boston and the first editor of "Indian Pediatrics" (1964–66). He became Director of the Institute of Child Health from 1972 for twenty years and then President until his death in 2000.
	Bose was also Director and later Chairman of Netaji Research Bureau, Netaji Bhawan, located in the Bose family house on Elgin Road in Calcutta, from the 1950s to his death. The family house had been dedicated to the public by his father Sarat Chandra Bose in 1946 as a memorial to Subhas Chandra Bose. Sisir Bose built up the museum and archives at Netaji Bhawan over several decades and created an institute for history, politics and current affairs. The Wanderer car in which he drove his uncle Subhas out of their ancestral house on Elgin Road in Calcutta is displayed in the museum and was recently unveiled by the President of India after restoration. 
	From 1982 to 1987 Sisir served as a member of the legislative assembly of West Bengal for the Indian National Congress party, representing the Chowringhee constituency in Calcutta. From 1996 to 2004 his wife Krishna Bose became Member of Parliament for the Indian National Congress and later Trinamool Congress from the state. 
	Sisir Kumar Bose edited or co-edited the complete works of Subhas Chandra Bose, published by Oxford University Press. He also edited and co-edited numerous other books on Subhas Chandra Bose, Sarat Chandra Bose and the Indian freedom movement, including "Netaji and India's Freedom: Proceedings of the International Netaji Seminar 1973" (1975), "Netaji: a Pictorial Biography" (Ananda Publishers, 1975, 1995), "The Voice of Sarat Chandra Bose" (1979) and the collected works of Sarat Chandra Bose 1945-50 ("I Warned My Countrymen", 1968). He co-authored a biography of Subhas Chandra Bose, "A Beacon Across Asia", with Alexander Werth and S A Ayer (1973) and wrote "Remembering My Father", a biography of Sarat Chandra Bose. His account of Subhas Bose's escape from India was published in Bengali by Ananda Publishers ("Mahanishkraman", 1975, 2000) and in English as "The Great Escape" (Netaji Research Bureau, 1974, 1999). His account of the Bose family, "Boshubari", was serialised for three years in Anandamela and published by Ananda Publishers in 1985. 
	After his death the street in Calcutta adjacent to Netaji Bhawan, into which he turned when driving his uncle Subhas out of the house during his escape, was renamed Sisir Kumar Bose Sarani.

= = = Argentine Baseball League = = =

	The Argentine Baseball League (Spanish: Liga Argentina de Béisbol) is the professional baseball league of Argentina. The league was established in 2017. As of the 2018 season, the LAB consists of six teams, representing five different sports clubs.
	The league was formed in 2017 by two local associations: Federación Cordobesa de Béisbol representing the Córdoba Province, and Liga Salteña de Béisbol, representing the Salta Province. The league was formed to allow Argentina to be represented on the international baseball stage and following affiliation with the Latin American Professional Baseball Association, the league champion is invited to compete in the Latin American Series. 
	Unlike many other professional baseball leagues, the team nickname does not match the name of the sports club it represents, and on the uniforms themselves, it is the club's name which is written, with the nicknames acting as a way of differentiating between teams from the same sports club. 

= = = Bukali II = = =

	Bukali II (Bukali, Bukari, Abukari, Abubakar; born 1939 or 1940's) is the current Yaa Naa, traditional ruler of the Kingdom of Dagbon in Ghana.
	Bukali was born in royalty at Mion to Mahama II, the Yaa Naa from 1938 to 6 February 1948. His mother, Ayishetu, was a princess from Kulunpke, a small community near Chaazaadaanyili in Northern Ghana. Bukali's first undertook public duties as the chief of Kpunkpono until he was elevated to Savelegu; one of three gate skins to succeed the Yaa Naa. 
	Bukali was ordained by the kingmakers of Dagbon as the 41st Yaa Naa on January 18, 2019, following a chieftaincy dispute that left the "Yendi skins" vacant for 16 years. His selection to the Yendi skins came by with little disagreement, as was characterized for his predecessors from the last 100 years.
	The ceremony to outdoor Bukali II began on January 25 throughout 27 of 2019. The preceding two weeks of his investiture was devoted to the celebration of the final funeral rites of Mahamadu IV and Yakubu II; each lasting one week with the former taking the lead. This timeline was determined by the Committee of Eminent Chiefs formed by the Government of Ghana to intervene the dispute that followed the murder of the immediate past Yaa Naa Yakubu II that led to a 17-years long vacancy of the "Yendi skins".
	On Friday January 18, 2019; the final day of the funeral of Yakubu II, kingmakers of Dagbon led by the Kuga Naa "Abdulai Adam II", consulted the Dagbon oracles to select a new king from among four contenders; namely, Yoo Naa "Abukari Mahama"; chief of Savelugu, Kampakuya Naa Abdulai Yakubu; regent of Yakubu II, Bolin Lana "Abdulai Mahamudu"; regent of Mahamadu IV, and Tampion Lana "Alhassan Andani", chief of Tampion. Grass pulled from the roof of the Gbewaa Palace by the "Gushei Naa" was handed over to Abukari Mahama by the Kuga Naa. This gesture signified that the oracle had chosen Abukari Mahama to be the Yaa Naa.
	The ceremony of the investiture was held at the forecourt of the Gbewaa Palace. Special guest of honor was the president of Ghana, Nana Akufo Addo. Present at the ceremony were Chiefs from Dagbon and their entourage, religious leaders, government officials, politicians and political party representatives including former president John Mahama, and delegations sent by various paramouncies and chiefdoms including Asanteman and Mamprugu. The ceremony was chaired by Togbe Afede XIV, Agbogbomefia of the Asogli State in the Volta Region and President of the National House of Chiefs.

= = = Ajani Ibrahim = = =

	Ajani Ibrahim (born 13 May 1990) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Enugu Rangers.
	Ajani Ibrahim started his career from Sunshine Stars F.C. when he was signed on 1 January 2013. He played for Sunshine Stars F.C. for three years before being signed to Shooting Stars S.C. in 2016. On 1 January 2016 he left Shooting Stars S.C. to Al-Faisaly Amman a football club in Jordan. After his one year deal with Al-Faisaly Amman his contract expired and he was signed to Enugu Rangers.

= = = Ponteginori = = =

	Ponteginori is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Montecatini Val di Cecina, province of Pisa. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 532.
	Ponteginori is about 75 km from Pisa and 10 km from Montecatini Val di Cecina.

= = = Massachusetts v. Purdue = = =

	Massachusetts v. Purdue is a lawsuit filed on August 14, 2018 suing the Stamford, Connecticut-based company Purdue Pharma LP, which created and manufactures OxyContin, "one of the most widely used and prescribed opioid drugs on the market", and Purdue's owners, the Sacklers accusing them of "widespread fraud and deception in the marketing of opioids, and contributing to the opioid crisis, the nationwide epidemic that has killed thousands." Purdue denied the allegations.
	In June 1, 2018, Massachusetts Attorney General Maura Healey notified eight members of the Sackler family Richard Stephen Sackler, Beverly Sackler, David Sackler, Ilene Sackler Lefcourt, Jonathan Sackler, Kathe Sackler, Mortimer David Alfons (Mortimer) Sackler, Theresa Sackler, as well as Purdue's Peter Boer, Judith Lewent, Cecil Pickett, Paulo Costa, Ralph Snyderman, John Stewart, Mark Timney, and Craig Landau of her intention to file a 300-page lawsuit accusing Purdue and eight members of the Sackler family and nine other people currently or formerly associated with the company "of misleading doctors and patients about the risks of OxyContin." Healey alleged that "Purdue deceived patients and doctors to get them to prescribe and take the addictive drug." Healey said in the court complaint that, "Revealing the truth about Purdue's misconduct is important to achieve justice and make sure deception like Purdue's never happens again." On June 16, NBC described Healey's lawsuit that named eight of the Sackler family members, as an "unusual step".
	On December 21, 2018, AG Healey filed an amended complaint to Massachusetts v. Purdue with 700 redacted sections. Purdue Pharma had unsuccessfully attempted to prevent documents that were part of the AG's complaint, public. According to "CNN", in a ruling by Massachusetts Superior Court Judge Janet L. Sanders, an "unredacted amended complaint must be publicly released by February 1". In response, Purdue Pharma filed a motion on January 30 to stay Judge Sanders' order that "could expose details about one of America's richest families and their connection to the nation's opioid crisis." In the lawsuit, Healey said that eight members of the Sackler family are "personally responsible" for the deception. She alleges they "micromanaged" a "deceptive sales campaign." On January 31, Judge Sanders agreed with "The Times" and other media organizations, that the entire complaint related to Massachusetts v. Purdue, should be made public, in spite of Purdue's efforts to block the release.
	In 1995, Purdue Pharma laboratory tests showed that "68% of the oxycodone could be extracted from an OxyContin tablet when crushed". A July 1996 study co-authored by Paul D. Goldenheim MD - who later became Purdue's chief medical officer - published in the "Journal of Clinical Pharmacology" reported that the controlled-release (CR) formulation - by mouth - had a variable duration of action ranging from 10–12 hours. The report by eight authors said that, "[t]reatment with CR oxycodone was safe and effective in this study, and its characteristics will be beneficial in the treatment of pain." The report said that the study was independent of Purdue Pharma.
	In 1996, Purdue Pharma "began a massive marketing campaign", based on a "unique claim" for OxyContin, with FDA permission, that, "as a long-acting opioid, it might be less likely to cause abuse and addiction than shorter-acting painkillers like Percocet." By 1998, Purdue's audiotapes, brochures, videotapes, literature and its website "Partners Against Pain", "claimed that the risk of addiction from OxyContin was extremely small."
	In 2001 "New York Times" journalist Barry Meier, who is the author of "", began investigating Purdue Pharma and OxyContin, then a relatively unknown drug made by a relatively unknown family the Sacklers, who were at that time "one of the wealthiest families in the United States". In an August 24, 2001 taped-interview with three top Purdue executives, CEO Michael Friedman, Howard Udell and Dr. Paul Goldenheim, the executives told Meier that "they had learned of OxyContin’s growing abuse only in early 2000, a statement they also made before congressional committees".
	The number of prescriptions of OcyContin rose to more than 14 million in 2001 and 2002 up from 316, 000 prescriptions in 1996. This represented almost $3 billion in sales compared to $44 million in 1996. Purdue directly sponsored and/or gave grants for over "20, 000 pain-related educational programs" influencing doctors' prescribing in the United States from 1996 to July 2002. In 2002 during the United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Hearing on "OxyContin: balancing risks and benefits", Paul Goldenheim reported that in 2001 alone Purdue spent $200 million marketing OxyContin.
	A 2004 "New York Times" review of Meier's 2003 book, "Pain Killer", described how "For years, doctors who prescribed OxyContin were told that the risk of addiction to the painkiller was less than 1 percent. Only after the drug had devastated thousands of lives was it revealed that this figure, touted as scientific fact, was based on a small study that had no relevance for the general public."
	In 2014, the Office of the Attorney General (OAG) of the State of New York began an investigation of Purdue's Abuse and Diversion Detection (ADD) Program and Purdue's unbranded website www.inthefaceofpain.com. In 2015, Purdue entered into an Assurance of Discontinuance with the New York Attorney General.
	In a 2015 article in the "Annual Review of Public Health", researchers wrote that, "Between 1996 and 2002, Purdue Pharma funded more than 20,000 pain-related educational programs through direct sponsorship or financial grants and launched a multifaceted campaign to encourage long-term use of [opioid painkillers] for chronic non-cancer pain. As part of this campaign, Purdue provided financial support to the American Pain Society, the American Academy of Pain Medicine, the Federation of State Medical Boards, the Joint Commission, pain patient groups, and other organizations. In turn, these groups all advocated for more aggressive identification and treatment of pain, especially use of [opioid painkillers]."
	In 2016, investigative journalists Harriet Ryan, Lisa Girion, and Scott Glover of the "Los Angeles Times" published the results of their extensive investigation into OxyContin, reporting that Purdue had "marketed OxyContin for its supposed ability to provide 12 hours of pain relief", which put it at a competitive advantage over other pain killers. However,"[e]ven before OxyContin went on the market, clinical trials showed many patients weren’t getting 12 hours of relief. Since the drug’s debut in 1996, the company has been confronted with additional evidence, including complaints from doctors, reports from its own sales reps and independent research." In response to the series, Senator Edward J. Markey, (D-MASS) asked the DOJ, the FDA, and the Federal Trade Commission to launch an investigation into Purdue Pharma. In 2017, "Purdue sold $1.74 billion of OxyContin...according to Symphony Health Solutions".
	Governor Andrew Cuomo said, "The opioid epidemic was manufactured by unscrupulous distributors who developed a $400 billion industry pumping human misery into our communities."
	On October 30, 2017, "The New Yorker" published a lengthy exposé on Raymond Sackler, who was the co-founder along with his brother Mortimer Sackler of Purdue Pharma, and the Sackler family, that linked Raymond and his older brother, Arthur Sackler's business acumen with the rise of direct pharmaceutical marketing and eventually to the rise of addiction to OxyContin. The article implies that the Sackler family bears a moral responsibility for the opioid epidemic in the United States.
	By August 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration continued to approve Purdue's "scientific and medical information it has provided to doctors". By 2018, 27 States and Puerto Rico, including New York, U.S. states, counties and cities, including New York City, Bridgeport, New Haven and Waterbury, had filed lawsuits, accusing "Opioid makers and distributors" of "using deceptive marketing to sell the painkillers".
	A 2004 "New York Times" review of Meier's 2003 book, "Pain Killer", described how "For years, doctors who prescribed OxyContin were told that the risk of addiction to the painkiller was less than 1 percent. Only after the drug had devastated thousands of lives was it revealed that this figure, touted as scientific fact, was based on a small study that had no relevance for the general public." The U.S. Department of Justice investigated the allegations.
	On May 10, 2007, Purdue Frederick Company Inc, a holding company affiliated with Purdue Pharma, along with 3 company executives, pleaded guilty to criminal charges of misbranding OxyContin by claiming that it was less addictive and less subject to abuse and diversion than other opioids" after the U.S. Department of Justice investigated the allegations. They pleaded guilty to a felony charge that it had fraudulently to misled the public about Oxycontin's risk of addiction and had claimed to doctors and patients that OxyContin would cause less abuse and addiction than competing short-acting narcotics like Percocet and Vicodin." It was fined a total of , one of the largest pharmaceutical settlements in U.S. history was put on five years' probation.
	Purdue Pharma's three top executives, president Michael Friedman, top lawyer, Howard R. Udell, and former chief medical officer Paul D. Goldenheim, pleaded guilty as individuals to misleading the public about Oxycontin's risk of addiction, a misbranding charge — a criminal violation. At their sentencing hearing in July 2007, Judge James P. Jones of the United States District Court sentenced Friedman, Udell and Goldenheim to three years’ probation", and community service in drug treatment programs and , and in fines, respectively, representing $34.5 million in fines.
	Just before the trial, John Brownlee, the federal attorney in Roanoke in rural Virginia met privately with Barry Meier, author of "Pain Killer: A Wonder Drug's Trail of Addiction and Death", to tell him that his August 2001 interview with the three top Purdue executives Friedman, Udell, and Goldenheim, had helped "inform" the DOJ's investigation. Meier and a "New York Times" photographer met the three executives on May 10, 2007, as they had left the federal courthouse in Roanoke, heading to their corporate jet to go back to Connecticut, just before Brownlee's public announcement of their guilty pleas of "misbranding" OxyContin.
	According to a May 25, 2018 "CNBC" article, Rudolph W. Giuliani, who was representing Purdue Pharma as lead counsel and lead spokesmen during their 2006-2007 negotiations with federal prosecutors over charges that the Purdue had misled the public about OxyContin's addictive properties, held meetings with Alice S. Fisher who was head of the United States Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division from 2005 to 2008. Following these meetings, Fisher "chose not to pursue indictments against Purdue Pharma for their role in opioid abuse".
	According to the NPR, the city of Everett, Washington filed a lawsuit in In February 2017, against Purdue Pharma calling for Purdue to cover the costs of the City's opioid crisis which the city claims Purdue caused through their negligence. In January 2018 New York City filed a "lawsuit seeking $500 million from Purdue and seven other opioid makers and distributors to fight the opioid crisis there". A coalition of 41 States is "investigating the opioid industry". In 2016 alone, there were about 3,086 deaths in New York state and over 1,100 in New York City.
	On December 20, 2018 George Jepsen, the Connecticut Attorney General, brought a lawsuit against Purdue Pharma et al.
	According to a December 2, 2018 article in "Vox" opioid companies, including Purdue, have faced an "increasing number of lawsuits from cities, counties, and states blaming the drug manufacturers for irresponsibly fostering the current overdose crisis."
	According to a January 31, 2019 article in "The Guardian", the Oklahoma case against Purdue Pharma will go to trial in May 2019; the first of more than forty states suing Purdue Pharma.
	New York State Governor Andrew M. Cuomo and Attorney General Barbara D. Underwood announced on August 14, 2018, that they had filed a lawsuit "Suffolk County v. Purdue" or "New York v Purdue Pharma LP et al" at the New York State Supreme Court against the Stamford, Connecticut-based company Purdue Pharma LP, which created and manufactures OxyContin, "one of the most widely used and prescribed opioid drugs on the market", and Purdue's owners, the Sacklers The complaint against Purdue Pharma L.P., Purdue Pharma Inc., Pursue Frederick Company, Inc. ("Purdue") and defendants, alleges a "decades-long and continuing pattern of persistent deceptive and illegal conduct, whereby Purdue's misled prescribers and patients about the risks of its opioids, including OxyContin, intentionally understating the risks and overstating the benefits of these powerful and dangerous drugs". They are accused of "widespread fraud and deception in the marketing of opioids, and contributing to the opioid crisis, the nationwide epidemic that has killed thousands." NPR's WSHU described Suffolk County's August 2018 lawsuit as "rare"—while there are "tens of thousands of opioid lawsuits" in the United States naming Purdue Pharma—the Suffolk County lawsuit specifically names the Sackler family. According to an October 30, 2017 "The New Yorker", there are eight members of the Sackler family, representing three generations, who were serving on Purdue Pharma's board of directors in 2017. Attorney Paul Hanley, who represents Suffolk County in the lawsuit, said in a radio interview that, the Sackler family "marketed the drug while knowing it was promoting faulty information about it." "[They] were instrumental in developing the entire marketing program for OxyContin, which was predicated upon entirely false science … or no science at all … and because among other things, they have profited grandly from sales of OxyContin." According to Paul Hanley, who is representing Suffolk County in Suffolk County v. Purdue, said that because of the release of new evidence in October 2018, he expanded the 2016 lawsuit to include the Sackler family.

= = = List of historic properties in Williams, Arizona = = =

	This is a list, which includes a photographic gallery, of some of the remaining historic buildings, houses, bridges, structures and monuments in Williams, Arizona, some of which are listed in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Also included is the Grand Canyon Locomotive No. 539 which was built in 1917 for the Northern Pacific Railroad in the Williams Santa Fe Depot.
	The area where the town of Williams is located was once inhabited by the Cohonina, early ancestors of the Hopi people and therefore, the area is considered as sacred.
	In 1876, the first settlers in the area who were not Native-American, were cattle and sheep ranchers of European descent. In 1881, the town's founding fathers named the settlement "Williams" in honor of William Sherley "Old Bill" Williams a noted mountain man and frontiersman. Although "Old Bill" never lived there, the settlers also named a river the Bill Williams River; and a mountain Bill Williams Mountain after him. An 8-foot-tall bronze sculpture by B. R. Pettit, was erected in 1980 in the Bill Williams Monument Park of Williams. The town's population continued to grow and as such soon had its own post office.
	Four fires practically ravaged the town. The first of these fires occurred in 1884, it consumed 36 businesses, 2 hotels and 10 homes. Another occurred in 1901 and one in 1903, destroying six saloons, one restaurant and two homes. The fourth fire in 1908, took out an entire city block and 10 homes. The Tetzlaff Building was one of the few structures that survived three fires because unlike the other buildings, that were made basically out of wood material, the Tetzlaff was made of brick. The Tetzlaff Building was built in 1897, by a German immigrant by the name of August Tetzlaff. The building housed a saloon, a bordello and in the back of the building, thru an alley, there was a Chinese chophouse and Wu's Joint, an opium den.
	Williams was incorporated as a town in July 9, 1901. The avenues in the commercial area were named Railroad and Bill Williams, while those in the residential area were named after American Civil War generals (Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, Hancock, Meade).
	In 1901, the same year that the town of Williams was incorporated, the Williams and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway extended its passenger line from Williams to the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, thus Williams became known as "Gateway to the Grand Canyon". The slogan first appeared in the
	Williams News in 1901. The railroad extension greatly increased tourism to the area. In 1908, the Frey Marcos Hotel, one of the historic Harvey House's was inaugurated. It was built alongside the Williams Santa Fe Depot.
	There were many saloons on Railroad Ave. The local government at the time did not mind the many of the buildings of vice to an area on Railroad Avenue which became known as “Saloon Row”. The oldest of these buildings are the Tetflaff and Cabinet Saloon. Both of these structures were survivors of the 1908 fire. Prostitution in Williams was outlawed in 1907.
	The historic Route 66, which runs through Williams, was completed in 1926. The establishment of Route 66 was one of the major factors which contributed to the growth of the town. People who emigrated to the western part of the United States and tourists from different parts of the country often stopped and visited the city. As a consequence many motels were built, among them the Motor Hotel, located on the southeast corner of 4th Street, and the 9 Arizona Motor Hotel located on 315 W. Route 66.
	On October 13, 1984, Interstate 40 was opened around the town which represented the essential end of US 66. However, an agreement was reached with the government which allowed the state to build three exits to Williams, thereby the town was able to avoid the state of abandonment which normally occurs when a town is bypassed by a highway. The following year Route 66 was decommissioned.
	The Arizona Memory Project has a collection in the City of Williams Public Library of photographs depicting the early days of Williams. This was made possible by a collaboration between the Williams Public Library and the Kaibab National Forest officials. It features photos of local ranching, logging, railroad activity, people and places of Williams.
	The fact that a property is listed in the National Register of Historic Places does not mean that the property is safe from being demolished by its owner. According to Jim McPherson, Arizona Preservation Foundation Board President: 
	Kefalogiannis has denied all the charges and said he would appeal. He accused the prosecutor of attempting to blacken his name and claimed the trial was politically motivated.
	The Prime Ministers office announced that Kefalogiannis would abstain from his duty as the PMs advisor until the probe was completed. Nevertheless, Kefalogiannis case caused great discomfort to PM Costas Karamanlis government.
	On 19 December 2008, the appeal was heard and Kefalogiannis was sentenced to a 5 mοnths suspended prison sentence.

= = = Robbie Grabarz = = =

	Robert "Robbie" Karl Grabarz (born 3 October 1987) is a former British high jumper. He is the 2012 Olympic bronze medalist.
	Grabarz was born in Enfield, England. His grandfather, Ernst Karl Grabarz (1934–2001), emigrated to England from Poland. Robbie attended Crosshall Junior School and Longsands College in St Neots, Cambridgeshire and started a foundation degree programme with Loughborough College in 2006.
	Grabarz finished twelfth at the 2006 World Junior Championships and competed at the 2011 European Indoor Championships, finishing 23rd and failing to reach the final. Grabarz subsequently failed to qualify for the 2011 World Championships in Athletics and lost his National Lottery funding.
	After this string of poor performances and funding loss, Grabarz "realised I didn't want that disappointment to happen again and I realised it was my decision to make it not happen again." He moved to Birmingham to train and "make a fresh start so I could give 100% of what I have to offer." He secured financial help from the Ron Pickering Memorial Fund and BackleyBlack, the company run by former athletes Steve Backley and Roger Black. His coach Fuzz Ahmed commented: "If I hadn't found him backing and if he didn't have a credit card, I would have funded him, because that's how much I believed in him. I recognised he had matured into a person that wanted to be a world class high jumper, rather than somebody who was just a very good high jumper."
	2012 saw a much improved Grabarz. In January 2012 he made his international breakthrough by jumping 2.34 metres at an indoor high jump gala in Wuppertal. His previous best was 2.28m and the jump saw him pass the Olympic 'A' qualifying standard. In June, Grabarz won gold at the European Athletics Championships with a jump of 2.31m. He followed this up at the 2012 London Olympics in August, by clearing 2.29 metres in the final to win a bronze medal. After victories in the Rome and Birmingham Diamond League events, Grabarz took the overall 2012 IAAF Diamond League high jump crown, winning the Diamond Trophy and $40,000 prize money.
	His personal best jump is 2.37 metres, a mark set at the Lausanne Diamond League meeting on 23 August 2012, equalling the British men's outdoor record held by Steve Smith since 1992.
	Grabarz finished joint fourth at the 2016 Olympics. He cleared a season's best height of 2.33 metres, the same height as bronze medallist Bohdan Bondarenko, at the first attempt but earlier in the competition he had failed at his first attempt at 2.25 metres, meaning that Bondarenko won the bronze on countback.
	In May 2018 he announced his retirement, because he doesn't enjoy the competitions anymore.

= = = Patema Inverted = = =

	Cinedigm and GKIDS released the film on Blu-ray and DVD in North America on November 11, 2014. The film received mainly positive reviews from critics, praising its originality, characters, and plot.
	In 2067, scientists attempt an experiment intended to harness energy from Earth's gravity. However, the experiment fails and gravity reverses, causing nearly everyone and everything to start flying away from Earth.
	Years later, Patema is a respected teenager who lives in an underground society that imposes rules to keep its members away from "danger zones" that surround the community. Inspired by her friend Lagos, who has mysteriously disappeared, Patema explores the tunnels. One day while exploring, she is startled by a figure that walks on the ceiling and falls into a shaft below.
	Patema falls outside the fence bordering Aiga. Eiji, another teenager, finds her on the fence. Her gravity is inverted from his. After carrying her safely to the ground, he takes her to a nearby shed, where they learn about each other's worlds. Eiji tells Patema about his father, who supposedly fell from a flying craft while demonstrating it, inspired by what the government dubs the "Inverts".
	Aiga's controlling leader, Izamura, discovers Patema's presence and orders his troops to capture her. Eiji discovers that by holding Patema, her inverted gravity makes him lighter, reducing the speed at which he falls. They evade the troops, but are soon captured. Eiji is scolded and reprimanded, while Izamura takes Patema to the Control Tower, threatening to release her into the sky. He shows her that he had captured Lagos, who has since died, and imprisons her on the top floor with an inverted weight, with only glass separating her from the sky.
	Eiji returns to the fence and unexpectedly finds Porta, one of Patema's friends, and is reluctantly brought to the underground. They, along with the society's Elder, devise a plan to free Patema. Eiji and Porta work together, using each other's weights to sneak into the tower by going through its abandoned basement. Eiji enters the top floor alone and frees Patema, but Izamura and numerous forces soon arrive, chasing the two to the roof. Izamura grabs Patema and orders his right-hand man, Jaku, to shoot Age. Patema, however, jumps off Izamura and grabs Eiji, and they float off into the sky. Izamura then commands that Eiji's "death" be reported as an accident.
	The unconscious Patema and Eiji awaken as they continue to fly up. As they make it through the clouds, they find that the "sky" is a mechanical ceiling that manufactures Aiga's atmosphere and projects the "stars." They discover Eiji's father's flying machine there. Eiji reads his father's notes, and discovers that he had befriended Lagos and that they both created the floating vehicle. There, Patema and Eiji profess their love and release the inverted weights levitating the craft, allowing it to float steadily back to Aiga.
	Meanwhile, Jaku, suspicious of Izamura, discovers that he had Eiji's father killed and Lagos captured, specifically to prevent anyone from discovering how small Aiga is. As Izamura finds Jaku, they spot the flying machine falling back down and Izamura orders his troops to capture it. Kaho, Eiji's classmate who doubts that his "death" was accidental, and others also witness the flying machine.
	Eiji and Patema jump from the descending vehicle, falling into the shaft leading to Patema's society. The Inverts are glad to see the two alive. However, Izamura and Jaku pursue them in the craft, and Eiji, Patema, and Porta are taken with them as the vehicle falls, eventually crashing to the floor of the shaft. Izamura shoots and wounds Eiji, and attempts to kill Patema, but is thwarted by Porta who knocks away the gun. After drawing a knife to finish Patema, the damaged floor collapses, revealing Earth's true surface: thousands of ruined buildings and open sky, including a ring of debris around the Moon. It is revealed that Aiga and its citizens are actually those who survived the catastrophic experiment, and were living in an artificial world underground that supported their inverted gravity.
	Floating upward, Izamura desperately holds onto Patema, but loses his grip when the broken craft flies up into him, sending him into the sky. Eiji jumps and grabs onto the falling Patema, and Jaku and the Elder quickly secure the two. Eiji later wakes to discover the surface world. The Elder reads the notes about his son Lagos. He, Porta, and Jaku agree that their worlds should work together now that the truth is known. Patema and Eiji hold on to each other and survey the surface.
	Major characters as listed in the closing credits:
	"Patema Inverted" received positive reviews. The film garnered a 79% approval rating from 14 critics with an average rating of 5.7 out of 10 on the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes. Metacritic provides a score of 66 out of 100 from 8 critics, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".
	Jeannette Catsoulis of "The New York Times" called the film "delightful" while praising musical score and animation. She also compared "Patema Inverted" with a 2012 feature film "Upside Down" (which was using similar plot and main theme) but pointed out that "this 'Can we get along?' movie literalizes a physical attraction that acts as a counterargument to the divided worlds' insistence on separation". ("Patema Inverted" was released as a web animé before "Upside Down", and they did not influence each other.)
	The film won the Audience Award and the Judges Award at the 2013 Scotland Loves Anime. It was also nominated for the Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Animated Feature Film at the 7th Asia Pacific Screen Awards.

= = = St Ebba's Hospital = = =

	St Ebba's Hospital formerly Ewell Epileptic Colony (1904–1918) and later Ewell Mental Hospital (1927–1938) is a mental handicap and former psychiatric hospital near Epsom in the county of Surrey in the United Kingdom.
	St. Ebba's was the third hospital to be built within the Epsom Cluster, opening in 1904. The colony was designed for the London County Council by William C. Clifford Smith and constructed at a cost of £98,000 to house a total of 326 epileptic patients, 60 of whom were female. The hospital consisted of eight free-standing villas housing 38 patients each centered on a central block containing administrative offices, a recreation hall and other hospital services as well as a 32-bed admission ward for female patients.
	In the hospital's first year 315 patients were admitted, 25% of whom had attempted suicide at one time. Nearly 50% were regarded as of faulty heredity. A well-defined history of head injury or severe falls was found in 14% and a further 14% had arteriosclerosis. Patients received regular treatment including doses of bromide of strontium and a specially regulated diet. By the end of the year 17 of the 315 patients had died.
	In 1918 the hospital became the Ewell War Hospital for treating neurasthenic ex-servicemen returning from the First World War, administered by the Ministry of Pensions.
	In 1927 the hospital was returned to the LCC for use as a mental hospital. It was renamed the Ewell Mental Hospital and under the Mental Treatment Act 1930, became one of the first ever voluntary admission public mental hospitals. The LCC made special provision for patients with acute or recent illnesses to be admitted on a voluntary basis for no more than two years before being transferred elsewhere. Medical students from various London teaching hospitals attended the hospital on rotation, while consultant staff from the hospital held out-patient clinics in London. The Hospital also established a working relationship with nearby HMP Wandsworth, providing treatment to prisoners with mental health problems when necessary.
	Between 1935 and 1938 the hospital was expanded to provide 933 beds and in 1938 it was renamed St. Ebba's Hospital. By the late 1940s, some 95–97% of patients at the hospital had been admitted voluntarily and in 1948 the Hospital joined the National Health Service as part of the South West Metropolitan Regional Board. Unlike the other hospitals in the Epsom Cluster, patients continued to be admitted from all of the London Metropolitan Regions, except for the North West. In 1949 an adolescent unit was established for patients aged between 12–17 years and at the same time an occupational therapy department opened: Able-bodied patients worked in the laundry and workshops, while those too ill to leave the wards practised handicrafts. Patients could also attend discussion groups and classes in music appreciation, art, drama, dancing and dress-making or produce plays, make use of the social club or even contribute to 'Trees' the hospital's own weekly magazine.
	In 1962, the hospital changed use to cater for mentally subnormal patients. Most of the psychiatric patients were sent to hospitals nearer their homes and the wards were renovated to provide 470 beds: 183 for the mentally ill and 287 for the mentally retarded. Later the remaining psychiatric patients were transferred to other hospitals and the Adolescent Unit moved to Long Grove Hospital. In 1969 an Industrial Training Unit opened in one of the villas which provided training in skills and handicrafts for 200 patients. A cement products factory opened in 1971 which employed patients to produce paving slabs in a variety of sizes and colours. By 1979 St. Ebba's Hospital had 629 beds, making it the largest hospital for the mentally handicapped in the district.
	By 1987 patient numbers were declining and a Parents and Relatives Group was formed to campaign for the retention of the site as a village for people with learning disabilities. By 1995 the Hospital had 484 beds and patients were being rehoused in community homes. In 2004 work began to convert and upgrade some of the old buildings for 55 long-stay handicapped patients. In 2008 a purpose-built Therapy Suite with a new hydrotherapy pool was opened by the Mayor of Epsom and Ewell. As of 2011, most of the hospital buildings were being redeveloped with only a small number of patients remaining on site.

= = = Sittingbourne Community F.C. = = =

	Sittingbourne Community F.C. is an English football club located in Sittingbourne, in Kent. The club plays in the Kent County Football League Division Two East. Woodstock Park was accepted into the newly formed Kent Invicta Football League for the inaugural 2011–12 season. They left the league the following season, rejoining the Kent County League. At the start of the 2014–15 season, Woodstock Park entered into an agreement with Sittingbourne (who play their home games at the same ground) to become Sittingbourne Community FC, which now serves as a feeder team to Isthmian League level Sittingbourne.
	The club was founded as Woodstock Park Football Club in 2002 by Sunday league club Old Oak F.C. who were themselves formed in 1970. The new club entered the Kent County Football League Division Two East and finished runners-up at their first attempt. The club then spent two seasons in Division One East before being relegated back to Division Two. It took them another four seasons to gain promotion again to Division One East when they finished as Runners-up at the end of the 2008–09 season. The club then gained automatic promotion again when they won Division One East, to the Premier Division. For the 2011–12 season the club was accepted into the Kent Invicta Football League at level 10 of the English football league system for the league's inaugural season. However, the following season, the club voluntarily left the Kent Invicta League and rejoined the Kent County League.
	Sittingbourne Community's colours are navy blue shirts, shorts and socks. The away kit is red shirts, shorts and socks.
	Sittingbourne Community play their home games at The W.E.Manin Stadium, Broad Oak Rd, Sittingbourne, ME9 8AG.
	Traditionally known as Woodstock Park, the stadium has been renamed The W.E.Manin Stadium as part of a sponsorship deal.
	The ground is home to both Sittingbourne Community and Woodstock Sports who play in the Southern Counties East Football League. Originally, the ground was home of Woodstock Park.

= = = Erik Kynard = = =

	Erik Kynard Jr. (born February 3, 1991) is an American track and field athlete who competes in the high jump. In his Olympic debut at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London as a 21-year-old, he won a silver medal in the men's high jump.
	Kynard was born in 1991, the son of Erik Kynard and Brandynn Adams. He is a 2009 graduate of Rogers High School in Toledo, Ohio, and a graduate of Kansas State University where he trains under Cliff Rovelto. He jumps off his right leg. 
	At the 2012 United States Olympic Trials, Kynard made the Olympic team by placing second behind Jamie Nieto with a height of 2.28 m. At the Olympics, Kynard won silver behind Russian Ivan Ukhov with a height of 2.33 m, the first major international medal of his career. Ukhov won the competition with a height of 2.38 m. Throughout the high jump competition, Kynard was noticed by his American-themed tube socks. He will likely get gold after the disqualification of Ukhov for doping in 2019.
	At the start of the 2013 outdoor season, he cleared a world-leading mark of 2.34 m at the Mt SAC Relays. He won the high jump title at the United States Outdoor National Championships in 2014 and 2015: in the latter he tied his personal best, and the Meet record, of 2.37m (7' 9-1/4").

= = = Simpson Street School = = =

	Simpson Street School is a historic school complex located at Mechanicsburg in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. The complex consists of a Romanesque Revival style building built in 1892, and two Late Gothic Revival style buildings added in the 1920s. The 1892 building is square in plan, 2 1/2-stories with a raised basement. It is built pressed brick and features three ornate projecting entrances. The addition was built in two phases, in 1926 and 1929. It is two-stories and constructed of yellow brick with brownstone trim. It was used as a high school until 1957, then as a junior high until 1981, when it was sold by the school district.
	It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

= = = Keser Torah Radomsk = = =

	Keser Torah Radomsk (), also spelled Keter Torah Radomsk, is the name of yeshivas and kollels in Israel and the United States affiliated with the Radomsk Hasidic dynasty. The name was originally coined for a network of 36 yeshivas in pre-war Poland founded by the fourth Radomsker Rebbe, Rabbi Shlomo Chanoch Hakohen Rabinowicz and led by his son-in-law, Rabbi David Moshe Hakohen Rabinowicz .
	World War I uprooted hundreds of thousands of Eastern European Jews and decimated established communities. Thousands of "shtiebelach" (small houses of prayer and study) in which Hasidic youth traditionally learned the customs and lore of their dynasties were destroyed. On Lag BaOmer 1926, Rabbi Shlomo Chanoch Hakohen Rabinowicz, the fourth Radomsker Rebbe and a prominent Polish Hasidic leader, announced his plan to innovate a new trend in Hasidic education before a gathering of Radomsker Hasidim. He declared:
	"The time has come to found yeshivas where the younger generation will be able to learn and toil in Torah. We must plant the light of Torah in every city in Poland. Until now, everybody learned where he desired and what he desired. Times have changed and today the necessity is to set up organized yeshivas and appoint roshei yeshivas who will educate our youth. The yeshivas will be called Keser Torah".
	Soon after the Rebbe's announcement, eight yeshivas were opened – in Będzin, Podgórze, Chrzanów, Wolbrom, Oświęcim, Częstochowa, Łódź and Kraków. In the city of Sosnowiec, the Rebbe also founded Kibbutz Govoha, a high-level study group exclusively for advanced students and "avreichim" (married students). He appointed his new son-in-law, Rabbi David Moshe Hakohen Rabinowicz (1906–1942), a brilliant Torah scholar, to head it. Rabbi David Moshe, a first cousin of the Rebbe, married the Rebbe's only daughter in 1929. He also served as rosh yeshiva of the entire Keser Torah network, monitoring students' progress, delivering "shiurim", and administering the end of the semester tests.
	By 1930, nine yeshivas and the kibbutz were functioning. Over the following decade, more yeshivas were added. On the eve of World War II, there were 36 Keser Torah yeshivas enrolling over 4,000 students in Poland.
	Though Hasidic in nature, the yeshivas did not promote Radomsker Hasidism, nor were students and staff exclusively Radomsker Hasidim. (In Sosnowiec, for example, the rosh yeshiva was a Ger Hasid.) Each yeshiva had its own rosh yeshiva and initially studied its own "masechta" (section of the Talmud); later, all the yeshivas studied the same "masechta" at the same time. To encourage a high level of learning, the yeshiva network also produced its own Torah journal containing the best "chidushim" (original Torah thoughts) by students, together with "shiurim" by the rosh yeshivas. The Radomsker Rebbe paid for the entire operation, including staff salaries, food, and student lodging, out of his own pocket.
	With the German invasion of Poland in 1939, the yeshivas disbanded. The Radomsker Rebbe and Rabbi Dovid Moshe Rabinowicz were both incarcerated in the Warsaw Ghetto, where the latter continued to give regular "shiurim". The Rebbe and all the members of his family, including his only daughter, son-in-law, and their infant son, were shot to death during the "Aktion" of 1 August 1942.
	After World War II, Radomsker Hasidim and Keser Torah yeshiva students who had survived the Holocaust founded Kollel Keser Torah in Bnei Brak, Israel. In 1965 they asked Rabbi Menachem Shlomo Bornsztain, son of the Sochatchover Rebbe and a nephew of Rabbi David Moshe Rabinowicz, to head the kollel. Bornsztain, who became known as the Sochatchover-Radomsker Rebbe, died in an automobile accident in 1969. After Bornsztain's death, his eldest son, Rabbi Shmuel Bornsztain, assumed the leadership of Kollel Keser Torah.
	Today Keser Torah Radomsk institutions exist in these locations:

= = = Jordanian Meningitis Foundation and Caring for the Disabled from Meningitis = = =

	The Jordan Meningitis Foundation is a non-governmental Nonprofit organization which was established in 1995 in Amman - Jordan.
	The Jordan Meningitis Foundation is the brainchild of the painter Sana Al Masri, who lost her 17-year-old daughter “Sarab” to Meningitis. Her efforts, since then, along with volunteers, members, doctors, professionals and others, have been devoted to work towards the eradication of this disease.
	by holding lectures and distributing free pamphlets about Meningitis in Jordan.
	Vaccination is the only public health tool available to prevent the vast majority of HIB disease. There is no vaccine yet available against all strains of Meningitis. Research continues in many countries abroad to develop vaccines against the most common strains and to find better ways of controlling the disease. Over 40 countries have included HIB vaccines in their expanded programs of immunization.
	In October 1998, the JMF received a grant, generously provided by the Embassy of Japan in Jordan, to purchase Hib vaccine. Through this grass-root grant, a first step was taken to establish a pilot project in East Amman with plans for expansion into a second rural area. The pilot project would protect approximately 10,000 children from the HIB disease.
	Jordanian Meningitis Foundation supports research and studies which help in controlling the disease.
	The JMF rehabilitation center has helped disabled children from meningitis to be promising cases after being regarded hopeless cases under the supervision of specialized physiotherapist, and with the aid of specialized equipment (donation from the Japanese Embassy), thus improving mobility for children.
	The rehabilitation program is pursuant to 4 days a week which runs by a pediatrician, a physical therapist, a special needs assistant and a social worker.
	JMF also runs monthly field trips to family homes, where by a physiotherapist, and the social worker, respectively, attend to physical therapy, and attend to health, sanitation, and general social and financial well being of the children and their surroundings.

= = = Reginald Fisher = = =

	Reginald Fisher may refer to:

= = = Sergey Mudrov = = =

	Sergey Mudrov (born 8 September 1990) is a Russian high jumper.
	As a teenager he won the silver medal at the 2007 World Youth Championships, finished fourth at the 2008 World Junior Championships and the gold medal at the 2009 European Junior Championships.
	He later competed at the 2011 European Indoor Championships without reaching the final, won the silver medal at the 2011 European U23 Championships and the bronze medal at the 2011 Universiade. His personal best jump was 2.30 metres, achieved in July 2011 in Ostrava. He has achieved 2.31 metres outdoors, a mark set in April 2011 in Des Moines.
	In 2013, he won the Gold medal at the 2013 European Athletics Indoor Championships, jumping a new personal best of 2.35 metres and beating compatriot Aleksey Dmitrik.

= = = Fresno Buddhist Temple = = =

	The Fresno Buddhist Temple (also known as the Betsuin Buddhist Temple and Mrauk Oo Dhamma) is three-story Buddhist temple in Fresno, California, United States. 
	The temple was built by Issei to replace a wooden temple that burnt down in 1919, the temple features gilded columns, marble stairs, detailed woodwork and a Spanish tile roof. The entire building was built by local people of Japanese ancestry. 
	During World War II the building was closed due to the internment of people of Japanese ancestry. This included United States citizens. After re-opening, the building served as a hostel and an education center, before eventually reopening as a temple, again. 
	In the summer of 2011, the congregation placed the building and location up for sale for $1.1 million.
	It was purchased in 2018, and it became a Burmese Buddhist temple. The temple, now called the Mrauk Oo Dhamma, cost $750,000 for a group of Burmese-American physicians and their families to purchase.

= = = Bodhu Boron = = =

	Bodhu Boron is a ritual performed to welcome the bride to the groom's home. 
	The women of the house pour water on the ground beneath their vehicle when they alight. Then the bride stands on a wooden square structure "Jalchouki". Most often the groom's elder brother's wife holds a plate containing "Durba", lac dye and milk. Durba is spread on bride's forehead as a blessing. A pot full of rice is placed in front of the bride's feet which is gently kicked by her. It symbolizes the wish and belief of having so much rice that it can even be kicked off. Then the bride puts her feet on a plate of Alta (a traditional cosmetic used to color feet). Having imprinted the soles of her feet thus, she is taken into the house. The elders of the house bless the newly weds.
	This tradition varies to a little extent from one place to another. In many places the bride's (bodhu's) feet are not let to touch ground. Her brother or sisters-in-law take her from the Palki (chariot) to the house by carrying her on the lap. This is a sign of love and veneration towards the bride. Alta is also used as a replacement of milk.

= = = 1898 in Italy = = =

	"See also:" 
	1897 in Italy, 
	other events of 1898, 
	1899 in Italy.
	Events from the year 1898 in Italy.
	The year is marked by widespread bread riots all over Italy. The tariff on the duty on imported wheat is lowered from 75 lire a tonne to 50 lire. In 1897 the wheat harvest in Italy was substantially lower than the years before; it fell from on average 3.5 million tons in 1891–95 to 2.4 million tons that year. Moreover, import of American grain was more expensive due to the Spanish–American War in 1898. Wheat prices in Milan increased from 225 lire a tonne to 330 lire a tonne in April 1898. In order to try to diminish the rising prices the government of Antonio Di Rudinì was urged to abolish the duty on imported wheat. The lowering of the tariff is generally considered to be too little and too late. Street demonstrations demanding "bread and work" began in the South of Italy, which already had seen widespread revolts by the Fasci Siciliani in 1893–94. In towns like Bari and Naples rioting could be suppressed, while Florence was controlled by demonstrators for a whole day. The situation escalated when demonstrators were shot by nervous policemen, and rioting increased.<br>The Finance Minister in the administration of Prime Minister Antonio di Rudinì, Luigi Luzzatti, passed two measures of social legislation in 1898. The industrial workmen’s compensation scheme from 1883 was made obligatory with the employer bearing all costs; and a voluntary fund for contributory disability and old age pensions was created.<br> 'O sole mio the globally known Neapolitan song is composed. Its lyrics were written by Giovanni Capurro and the music was composed by Eduardo di Capua.

= = = Frederick Turnovsky = = =

	Frederick Turnovsky (28 December 1916 – 12 December 1994) was a notable New Zealand manufacturer, entrepreneur, advocate for the arts and community leader. He was born in Prague, Bohemia in 1916.
	Turnovsky was the second son of Max Turnovsky and Caroline Weiser. Max was a jeweller and of Jewish ethnicity. Turnovsky was bilingual in Czech and German and attended a German-speaking school. At school he also learnt English and French. His interest in music began when he was seven and attended his first opera.
	At 16, while a school a Realgymnasium pupil, Turnovsky joined the youth wing of the German-speaking section of the Social Democratic Party. He was elected to executive positions in the party and was prominent in the unsuccessful efforts to persuade leading France and Britain to intervene against Hitler. In March 1939 he fled to London after being advised that the Gestapo were after him.
	On 27 June 1939 he married Liselotte Felicitas Wodaková at Hampstead and in December 1939 they left for Wellington, New Zealand. Arriving in January 1940 Turnovsky undertook casual employment. Founding the Tatra Leather Goods Company he manufactured and sold watch straps. The success of this venture led to a number of successful manufacturing ventures. Turnovsky was thought to be the first resident New Zealander to become a member of Lloyd’s, the British insurance underwriters.
	Tatra was one of the largest makers of soft leather goods in Australasia by the mid 1960s and in 1966 was a government Export Award in 1966. Turnovsky represented the New Zealand Manufacturers Federation at the National Development Conference (1968–69) and was its president(1972–73 and 1979–80). He was appointed to the Manufacturing Development Council, was a member of trade missions to Pacific states (1971) and China (1973). He led a delegation of manufacturers to Canberra (1973), and was honorary consul for Mexico (1973–81).
	Because of his Social-Democrat beliefs, as chairman of the Development Finance Corporation from 1973 to 1976, he gave weight to social objectives as well as sound business procedures in the corporation’s funding of new business ventures.
	Turnovsky helped establish the Wellington Chamber Music Society and was its chair from 1950 to 1954. He was vice president of the Federation of Chamber Music Societies (1950–53) and president (1953–60). In 1953 he was a founding member of the New Zealand Opera Company, and was chairman of its board from 1959 to 1969.
	He was also a founding member of the Arts Advisory Council in 1960, becoming deputy chairman of its successor, the Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council of New Zealand, from 1970 to 1973. In 1962 Turnovsky was appointed to the cultural sub-commission of the New Zealand National Commission for UNESCO. He was a member of the national commission (1963–88) and its chairman (1974–78). He was a member of UNESCO’s executive board (1978–83).
	He was a trustee of the New Zealand International Festival of the Arts, and a member of the project development board of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. In 1984 he set up the Turnovsky Endowment Trust to recognise and encourage outstanding achievement in the arts.
	For services to the arts, Fred Turnovsky was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1965 New Year Honours, and was a foundation member of the Order of New Zealand in 1988. The young Czech patriot had become one of the most eminent New Zealanders of his generation.
	In the New Year Honours 1965 Turnovsky was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services in the field of music. On 6 February 1988, Turnovsky was the tenth appointee to the Order of New Zealand.
	Turnovsky died on 12 December 1994 in Wellington, survived by his wife, and their son and daughter. His ashes were buried at Karori Cemetery.

= = = Steins Peak = = =

	Steins Peak is a mountain in Hidalgo County, New Mexico. It lies south of the upper reach of Doubtful Canyon. It is located east of the Arizona, New Mexico State line and north northwest of Steins, New Mexico.
	The peak was named for U. S. Army Major Enoch Steen (1800–1880) who led troops and an expedition in the area in 1849 and the early 1850s. It was a landmark for travelers that indicated the Doubtful Canyon pass through the Peloncillo Mountains along the Butterfield Overland Mail where it built its Steins Peak Station to the north of the mountain along Doubtful Canyon.

= = = Harvey Turner = = =

	Sir Harvey Turner (11 September 1889 – 31 December 1983) was a New Zealand auctioneer, horticultural wholesaler and distributor, and businessman. He was born in Auckland, New Zealand, in 1889.
	In the 1953 Coronation Honours, Turner was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. He was appointed a Knight Bachelor, for services to the fruit and produce industry, in the 1967 New Year Honours. He died in Auckland in 1983, and was buried at Purewa Cemetery.

= = = Charles Turner (engineer) = = =

	Charles William Oakey Turner (27 January 1901 – 18 May 1994) was a notable New Zealand mechanical and civil engineer, engineering administrator and consultant. He was born in Cardiff, Wales, in 1901.
	In the 1963 Queen's Birthday Honours, Turner was appointed a Companion of the Imperial Service Order.

= = = Alexander Kingcome Turner = = =

	Sir Alexander Kingcome Turner (18 November 1901 – 7 July 1993) was an Auckland-born New Zealand lawyer and judge.
	He was one of four children, all sons, born to Joseph Hurst Turner, a teacher, and his wife, Gertrude Kingcome Reid, daughter of a Methodist minister, and attended Mount Eden School and Auckland Grammar School. When he was 11, his father died, leaving the family in genteel poverty.
	Turner graduated from Auckland University College (BA, 1921; MA with first-class honours in economics, 1922; LLB, 1923).
	He married Dorothea Frances Mulgan (the sister of writer John Mulgan), a writer, critic, Greek scholar, and weaver, in Wellington on 21 March 1934. The couple would have three children.
	As a barrister, notable successes came in two criminal trials, R v Gardner (1932) 51 NZLR 1648 and R v Phillips [1949] NZLR 316, cases where he was able to have confessions procured by the police by threat or inducement excluded from the evidence. These cases are still cited in textbooks on the law of evidence today. In 1952, he was made Queen's Counsel. On 29 June 1953, he was appointed judge of the Supreme Court of New Zealand. After serving on provincial courts he was named senior Auckland judge. On 30 August 1962 he was elevated to the Court of Appeal in Wellington, alongside Sir Alfred North and Sir Thaddeus McCarthy. Turner served as the court's President from 1 February 1972 until his retirement 17 months later.
	On retiring from the Court of Appeal, Turner joined the legal publisher Butterworths of New Zealand as a director and editor-in-chief, a post he was active in until shortly before his death. In his 70s and 80s, he updated a series of textbooks originally written by George Spencer Bower in the early years of the 20th century: "Actionable Misrepresentation" was published in 1974 and " by Representation" in 1977. The last of these, "The Law of Actionable Non-Disclosure" (which Turner co-authored with Professor R.J. Sutton) was published in 1990 when Turner was 88.
	He was awarded an honorary LLD by the University of Auckland in 1963. He was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 1963 New Year Honours, a Privy Councillor in 1968, and a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1973 New Year Honours.
	Turner died in Auckland on 7 July 1993, aged 91, survived by his wife and three children.

= = = Widow Piper's Tavern = = =

	Widow Piper's Tavern, also known as the Old Courthouse and Shippensburg Civic Center, is a historic inn and tavern located at Shippensburg in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. It was built about 1735, and is a 2 1/2-story, irregular stone building with a 1-story kitchen wing. It housed the First Court of General Sessions of the Peace from July 1750 to April 1751. The building was donated to the Civic Club of Shippensburg in the 1930s.
	It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It is located in the Shippensburg Historic District.

= = = 2011–12 Sporting de Gijón season = = =

	The 2011–12 Sporting de Gijón season was the 4th successive season that the club played in La Liga, the highest tier of football in Spain.
	In
	Out

= = = Thomas Ridell = = =

	Sir Thomas Ridell (died 1652) was an English royalist Royalist cause in the English Civil War.
	Ridell was the son of Sir Thomas Ridel of Gateshead and his wife Elizabeth Conyers daughter of Sir John Conyers. He became recorder of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and was of Fenham. 
	In the Civil War, Ridell espoused the royal cause with great zeal. He commanded a regiment of foot for the king and was governor of Tynemouth Castle. A reward of one thousand pounds was offered for his capture. He escaped from Berwick in a small fishing smack. His lordship of Tunstal was sold to satisfy composition.
	Ridell died in exile at Antwerp in 1652. 
	Ridell married in 1629 Barbara Calverley widow of Ralph Calverley and daughter of Sir Alexander Davison of Blakiston.

= = = Stephanie Hanna = = =

	Stephanie "Steph" Hanna (born July 31, 1982) is a Canadian curler from Stittsville, Ontario. She is the long-time teammate of her sister, Jenn Hanna.
	Hanna won the provincial Bantam championship in 1999 playing second for Julie Reddick.
	Hanna has played with her sister Jenn since the 2003-2004 season, when she played lead for the team, which included Dawn Askin and second and Joëlle Sabourin at third. In their first season, the team lost the semi-final at the 2004 Ontario Scott Tournament of Hearts.
	In 2005, Pascale Letendre replaced Sabourin at the third position. The new team won the provincial title, and went on to lose the final of the 2005 Scott Tournament of Hearts.
	After a number of lineup changes, Stephanie was promoted to the team's second position in 2007 and then to third in 2008. After the team skipped the 2010-11 season, Letendre (who left the team after the 2005 Hearts) was brought back to play third, and Stephanie was bumped to second position. During this period, the Hanna team would not return to the Tournament of Hearts.
	At the end of the 2011-12 season, both Stephanie and her sister Jenn announced they would not curl competitively in the 2012-13 season, and had no intention of curling competitively in the near or immediate future. However, the Hanna sisters and Letendre teamed up with Lisa Paddle to curl in the 2013–14 curling season.
	Hanna is a childcare supervisor at the Children's Place Childcare Centre. She is married to Patrick Danis and has two children.

= = = Let It Rain (Eric Clapton song) = = =

	"Let It Rain" is a song and single written and released by the British rock musician Eric Clapton and Bonnie Bramlett; it appears on his 1970 debut studio album "Eric Clapton". It is the third and final single that was released from the album.
	Like Clapton's "Strange Brew", the song was originally recorded with other lyrics. The original version, titled "She Rides", is available on the expanded edition of the album.
	"AllMusic" writer Matthew Greenwald notes, the song is "led by a striking electric guitar riff" with "the melody [being] woven elegantly around the simple, almost folk-like chord changes". Speaking to the lyrics, the critic recalled "the clever use of "rain" and "reign" regarding the power of love is the core here" and thinks that "Clapton and Bramlett utilize it quite well". Regarding the instrumental music work on the title, Greenwald finishes his song analysis by stating the "song has some striking instrumental sections, including a lovely, brief section by Stephen Stills". The song is in the key of D major. The melody has a strong resemblance to Stills' own song "Questions", recorded by both Buffalo Springfield and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.
	The song was released with the B-side of "Easy Now" in 1972 on a 7" vinyl gramophone record. Besides being released as a single in 1972 and on the original album in 1970, the song is featured on various compilation albums, including "Eric Clapton at His Best" (1972), "Backtrackin'" (1984), "Crossroads" (1988), "The Cream of Clapton" (1995) and "Complete Clapton" (2007). A live interpretation of the track can be found on the video album "Live at Montreux 1986", released on September 19, 2006. In total, the track has been released on over 15 albums. Live concert versions by Derek & the Dominoes are featured on their albums "In Concert" (1973) and "Live at the Fillmore" (1994).
	In his review of Clapton's debut album, "AllMusic" critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine likes that the title "features extended solos". He also notes, that the song consists of a "pop element". Fellow critic Greenwald recalls the piece as "one of Eric Clapton's first self-written classics" and goes on to say the song "showcased the influence that Delaney Bramlett" had on Clapton at the time. Robert Christgau finds in his album review that "Let It Rain" deserves a "classic status".

= = = Second United Presbyterian Church = = =

	Second United Presbyterian Church (also known as La Segunda Iglesia Presbyteriana Unida ; Second Church) is a historic Presbyterian church at 812 Edith Boulevard, NE in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
	It was built in 1922 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

= = = First Methodist Episcopal Church (Albuquerque, New Mexico) = = =

	First Methodist Episcopal Church (also known as Friendship Hall) is a historic Methodist church at 3rd Street and Lead Avenue in downtown Albuquerque, New Mexico. It was built in 1904 to replace an earlier adobe church on the same site, which the congregation had outgrown. The architect was Charles Frederick Whittlesey. The earlier church, built in 1880–2, was the first church in New Town but had become inadequate by the turn of the century and was torn down.
	The new stone church was dedicated on January 8, 1905. It was itself replaced by a larger sanctuary in 1955 but has remained in use by the church as a general-purpose space. The building was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties in 1975 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

= = = Shippen House = = =

	Shippen House is a historic home located at Shippensburg in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. It is a large 2½-story, limestone building, built in three phases. 
	The oldest section of the house was built in about 1750. It measured 28 feet wide and 32 feet deep. The original house was built by Edward Shippen, III (1703-1781), who laid out Shippensburg and occupied the house on periodic visits to his trading companies.
	This is where Anne Shippen was born in 1763 where her parents William and Alice Shippen lived. William Shippen lectured in anatomy and midwifery in a lecture theater which was just by the house.
	Anne Shippen returned as Mrs Livingston after her arranged marriage failed by 1783 and she then started a journal. A two-bay addition was built in 1785, and a two-story, brick rear addition was built in 1935 as part of a major restoration effort. A classical porch was also added in 1935. 
	It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It is located in the Shippensburg Historic District.

= = = First Baptist Church (Las Vegas, New Mexico) = = =

	The First Baptist Church in Las Vegas, New Mexico is a historic Baptist church at 700 University Avenue. It was built in 1922 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
	It is a three-story utilitarian building. It served the Baptist congregation in Las Vegas which was organized in 1880 and had its first church building by 1885.

= = = Diego Reynoso = = =

	Diego Reynoso (born November 1, 1981 in Paraná (Entre Ríos), Argentina) is an Argentine footballer currently playing for Cobreloa of the Primera División in Chile.

= = = Raghu Kunche = = =

	Raghu Kunche is an Indian film music director, playback singer, actor, lyricist, dubbing artist and anchor in the Telugu, Tamil and Kannada film industries, currently residing in Hyderabad, Telangana. He has won 5 NANDI awards given by the state government of Andhra Pradesh.
	Raghu Kunche began his singing career in 2000 with the movie Bachi. He has sung about 600 songs for Telugu Films. Raghu Kunche made his debut as a Music Director for the movie "Bumper Offer" in 2009. He won 5 NANDI Awards in his career. He worked as a Dubbing Artist for movies and anchor for various Telugu TV channels before he became a Playback Singer and then a Music Director.
	Raghu Kunche sang about 600 songs in Telugu films. "Enduke Ravanamma" - a song about recession from the movie "Bumper Offer" shot him to fame.
	His most popular songs are:
	Raghu Kunche is actor/anchor/dubbing artist who has acted in many TV serials and played roles in movies and short films.
	Raghu Kunche has received 5 Nandi Awards.

= = = East Juniata Junior/Senior High School = = =

	East Juniata Junior/Senior High School is a diminutive, rural, combined middle school and high school. It is one of two secondary campuses in the Juniata County School District. The school is located along Route 35 in Fayette Township. In 2013, the school reported an enrollment of 555 pupils in grades 7th through 12th, with 35% of its pupils eligible for a federal free or reduced price lunch due to the family meeting the federal poverty level. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind.
	In 2011, East Juniata Junior/Senior High School enrollment was 534 students (male 298, 236 females) in grades 7-12 from the eastern reaches of Juniata County (excluding Greenwood Township). In 2010, 154 students qualified for the federal free or reduced lunch program due to family poverty.
	In 2013, East Juniata Junior Senior High School was 94.5%. In 2012, East Juniata Junior Senior High School's graduation rate was 92%.
	East Juniata Junior Senior High School achieved 70.4 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature - 71.79% were on grade level. In Algebra 1, 66% showed on grade level skills. In Biology, 52% showed on grade level science understanding.
	In 2012, East Juniata Junior Senior High School declined to Warning Adequate Yearly Progress status. In both 2011 and 2010, East Juniata Junior/Senior High School achieved AYP status under the federal No Child Left Behind Act.
	PSSAs are NCLB related examinations which were administered from 2003 through 2012. In 2013, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania changed its high school assessments to the Keystone Exams in Algebra 1, Reading/literature and Biology1. The exams are given at the end of the course, rather than all in the spring of the student's 11th grade year.
	Science in Motion East Juniata Junior Senior High School took advantage of a state program called Science in Motion which brought college professors and sophisticated science equipment to the school to raise science awareness and to provide inquiry-based experiences for the students. The Science in Motion program was funded by a state appropriation and cost the school nothing to participate. Susquehanna University provided the science enrichment experiences to schools in the region.
	In 2013, East Juniata Junior Senior High School students took the SAT exams. The District's Verbal Average Score was 540. The Math average score was 551. The Writing average score was 507. The College Board reported that statewide scores were: 494 in reading, 504 in math and 482 in writing. The nationwide SAT results were the same as in 2012.
	In 2012, 41 East Juniata Junior Senior High School students took the SAT exams. The District's Verbal Average Score was 498. The Math average score was 511. The Writing average score was 473. The statewide Verbal SAT exams results were: Verbal 491, Math 501, Writing 480. In the USA, 1.65 million students took the exams achieving scores: Verbal 496, Math 514, Writing 488. According to the College Board the maximum score on each section was 800, and 360 students nationwide scored a perfect 2,400.
	In 2011, 34 East Juniata Junior Senior High School students took the SAT exams. The school's Verbal Average Score was 477. The Math average score was 508. The Writing average score was 487. Pennsylvania ranked 40th among state with SAT scores: Verbal - 493, Math - 501, Writing - 479. In the United States, 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing.
	All students graduating from East Juninata must earn 23 credits as well as complete a graduation project in order to graduate.
	Four Courses of Study are available:
	There are several course offerings available at East Juniata:
	In 2013, East Juniata Junior Senior High School offered 3 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. At East Juniata Junior Senior High School 45% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam.
	The school comes complete with a state-of-the-art library containing over 10,000 Fiction and Non-Fiction books. World Book and Britannica Encyclopedias, Electronic resource access (World Book Online & POWER Library, nine student computers five nocal newspapers, three specialty newspapers and over 50 magazine subscriptions.
	The Juniata County School District offers a wide variety of clubs, activities and sports at East Juniata Junior Senior High School. Eligibility to participate is set by school board policies.
	By Pennsylvania law, all K-12 students in the district, including those who attend a private nonpublic school, cyber charter school, charter school and those home schooled, are eligible to participate in the extracurricular programs including all athletics. They must meet the same eligibility rules as the students enrolled in the district's schools.
	Effective with the 2011-12 school year, students must pay a $250 fee (in advance) to participate in athletics. Booster clubs are responsible for funding all costs for a sport that is not covered by the athletic fee.
	The following athletics are available at East Juniata. EJ participates in PIAA District IV and is part of the Tri-Valley League:

= = = Patterson v. Alabama = = =

	Patterson v. Alabama, 294 U.S. 600 (1935), was a United States Supreme Court case which held that an African-American defendant is denied due process rights if the jury pool excludes African-Americans.
	This case was the second landmark decision arising out of the Scottsboro Boys trials (the first was the 1932 case, "Powell v. Alabama"). Haywood Patterson, along with several other African-American defendants, were tried for raping two white women in 1931 in Scottsboro, Alabama. The trials were rushed, there was virtually no legal counsel, and no African-Americans were permitted in the jury. All defendants, including Patterson, were convicted. The Communist Party of the United States assisted the defendants and appealed to the Supreme Court, which overturned the convictions in 1932 (in the "Powell v. Alabama" decision) due to lack of legal counsel.
	A second set of trials was then held in Decatur, Alabama. In spite of lack of evidence, the jury convicted Patterson to death in the electric chair. Judge James Edwin Horton overturned the verdict, and a third trial was held in 1933. The third trial also resulted in a death penalty verdict. No African Americans were present in any of the juries, nor were any ever considered for jury duty in Alabama. This decision was appealed to the Supreme Court, on the basis that the absence of African Americans from the jury pool denied the defendants due process.
	The Supreme Court agreed, and the convictions were overturned.
	In 1936, the defendants were tried, some for the fourth time, again for rape. In this trial, the verdicts were again guilty, but sentences were long prison terms, rather than the death penalty.

= = = Raging Fists = = =

	Raging Fists () is a 1975 French drama film directed by Éric Le Hung.

= = = Buddleja davidii 'Buddma' = Moonshine = = =

	Buddleja davidii 'Buddma' (selling name ) is a cultivar raised by Pieter van Manen from a chance seedling found at Happybeeplant for Plantipp Nurseries, Ederveen, The Netherlands, in 2006. 
	reaches a height of , and is principally distinguished by the Chartreuse colour of its foliage, complementing panicles, 15–20 cm long, of pinkish purple flowers. Buddleja ‘Moonshine’ has green/yellow leaves and beautiful pinkish purple flowers.
	is cultivated in western Europe. In the UK, a specimen is grown as part of the NCCPG national collection held by the Longstock Park Nursery near Stockbridge. It is not known (2013) in the United States.

= = = Sara Varga = = =

	Sara Varga Madeleine Jonsson (born 14 April 1982), known professionally as Sara Varga, is a Swedish vispop singer, songwriter, author, and DJ.
	In Summer 2010, Varga went on concert tour together with the boy band "Rebound!". In Autumn 2010 she was DJ in the 4th season of the TV-program "Raw Comedy Club".
	Varga contested Melodifestivalen 2011 with the song "Spring för livet", which she wrote together with Figge Boström, and finished on 9th place. She will participate again in Melodifestivalen 2017 with Juha Mulari with the song "Du får inte ändra på mig".

= = = Prime Minister of Transnistria = = =

	The prime minister of Transnistria is the head of government of the Pridnestrovian Moldovan Republic.
	From 3 September to 29 November 1990, there was a separate position of Chairman of the Government (Council of Ministers), the acting was Stanislav Moroz. After that, the office of Prime Minister was abolished. Until 2012, the head of government is the president.
	Prime Minister of Transnistria was introduced on 1 January 2012 in accordance with amendments made in June 2011 to the Constitution of Transnistria.

= = = Shah (caste) = = =

	Shah (also spelt as Sah) are a Hindu caste found in the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Gujarat. 
	The Shah constitute a small (about 0.03 per cent population) but important community of the Kumaon and Garhwal region. Shah basically means King. Tehri Garhwal was ruled by Shah dynasty from 14th - 18th Century. Balbhadra Shah was the first king of Garhwal who use the title "Shah" and Manavendra Shah was the last king or ruler of Garhwal.Each section of the Shah community has its own origin myth. For example, the Gangola Sah are said to have immigrated from Badaun in western Uttar Pradesh, while Thulgharia Sah are said to have originated in Jhunsi in Allahabad.
	The Sah surname is also used by Gond/Gorh (गोंड़) caste in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Gond caste falls under Scheduled Tribes (ST) under the ninth schedule of the Constitution of India. Sah surname is also used by the Baniya community in Bihar. According to their traditions, the Shah/Sah are Rajputs from western India, some claiming to be Chauhans, while other to be Parmars.
	The Shah are an urban community, and those found in Almora, Nainital, Ranikhet, Bageshwar, and Pithoragarh are primarily engaged in trade, army and government services.
	The community is divided into a number of clans such as the Thulgharia, Gangola, Kumaoiya, Kalare, Jagati, Tamkia, Kholibhiteria, Phatrat and Salimgarhia. Each of these groups derives its name from either the name of an ancestral village, office they held or title they received in the past. For example, the Gangola get their name from the territory of Patti Gangoli, while the Kumaoiya from Kumaon, while the word Thulgharia literally means economically prosperous.

= = = Bethlehem Baptist Church (Phoenix, Arizona) = = =

	Bethlehem Baptist Church is a historic National Baptist church located at 1402 E. Adams Street in Phoenix, Arizona. The church was built circa 1920 and has been active continuously since its opening. The church was designed in the Colonial Revival style. The building's design includes a symmetrical facade, a gable roof with a boxed cornice, and a Greek Revival style entrance featuring a triangular pediment supported by Doric columns.
	The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

= = = Léon Savary = = =

	Léon Savary (Fleurier, 1895 - Boudry, 1968) was a Swiss French-speaking writer and journalist from Payerne, Vaud.
	Savary was the son of a German russified aristocratic mother from the Baltic region (Von Paucker) and a father who was Protestant pastor from Vaud and was a converted to Roman Catholicism. After studying at the University of Fribourg, he worked from 1921 to 1923 for the Geneva newspaper "la tribune de Genève", in Geneva, and correspondent in Bern (1935-1946) and Paris (1946-1956). He was Historian of the city of his own choice Fribourg. He wrote about twenty books, most of them are not published anymore.
	With René de Weck and Gonzague de Reynold, he formed the troika of Fribourg writers of the early twentieth century.
	He had a great knowledge of the Swiss political system and habits. In "Letters with Suzanne" (French: "Lettres à Suzanne", Lausanne, Switzerland, 1949), he denounced ""the occult influence of hitlerism on Swiss people during the second world war, which were not conscious of being under"". About Swiss Politic in general, in the same book, covering the Federal Palace, he said, with his alert and sharp pen:
	""The Swiss do not desire great men, and in politics, they are afraid to have them. What they like is honesty and average aptitude to manage public affairs like a shop. They mistrust superiority and, let us frankly admit, they are horrified at genius. No geniuses, no saints, even talent is suspect. It is enough to say that a politician who showed signs of surpassing the low water mark would be promptly subject to public discredit""
	After coming back from Paris in 1956, he spent the end of his life in the cities of Vevey and Bulle.
	Léon Savary won the in 1960.

= = = Wadsworth Union Church = = =

	Wadsworth Union Church is a historic church at the junction of Lincoln Hwy and Railroad Avenue in Wadsworth, Nevada.
	It was built in 1888 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

= = = Gossip Girl (EP) = = =

	Gossip Girl is the debut mini album by the South Korean girl group Rainbow. It was released on November 12, 2009 with the song with same name as title track.
	DSP Media announced in November 4 they will debut a new 7-members girl group, called "Rainbow". On November 6, they released another teaser image of the girls and revealed their names, ages, respective colors and the name of their debut EP. On the same day, they released a screencap image of the music video for "Gossip Girl". During the debut time, they were called the "second KARA" due to both groups are signed on the same label. The music video for "Gossip Girl" was released in November 12, along with the EP release.
	The group debuted in November 14, on the MBC's show "Music Core". They also promoted on the shows KBS's "Music Bank", SBS's "Inkigayo" and Mnet's "M! Countdown". They followed the promotions of the EP with the song "Not Your Girl" on January 16, 2010. The promotions ended in February 21, on the show "Inkigayo".
	The song "Gossip Girl" was produced by Hur Youn Won, "Not Your Girl" was produced by Han Sang Won and "Kiss" was composed by SS501's member Park Jung-min.

= = = The Old Bachelor = = =

	The Old Bachelor is the first play written by British playwright William Congreve, produced in 1693. Henry Purcell set it to music.
	The 'Old Bachelor' is Heartwell, 'a surly old pretended woman-hater', who falls in love with Silvia, not knowing her to be the forsaken mistress of Vainlove, and is lured into marrying her, only discovering her true character afterwards, from the gibes of his acquaintances. The parson who has been brought in to marry them, however, is in fact Vainlove's friend Belmour, who has assumed the disguise for the purpose of an intrigue with Laetitia, the young wife of an uxorious old banker, Fondlewife; and Heartwell is relieved to discover that the marriage was a pretence. 
	The comedy includes the amusing characters of Sir Joseph Wittol, a foolish knight, who allows himself to be really married to Silvia, under the impression that she is the wealthy Araminta; and his companion, the cowardly bully, Captain Bluffe, who under the same delusion is married to Silvia's maid. The success of this comedy was in part due to the acting of performers Thomas Betterton and Anne Bracegirdle.

= = = Love's Body = = =

	Love's Body is a 1966 book by the American classicist Norman O. Brown.
	Literary critic Camille Paglia calls "Love's Body" "one of the most famous and influential books of my college years." Sam Keen notes that "Love's Body" is very different in approach from Brown's previous book, "Life Against Death" (1959): "The old style is no more. Gone are the rational arguments supporting the end of argumentation, the prose defending poetry, the reasoned appeals for ecstasy. In their place are aphorism, poetry, and free association. Playfully and with abundant exaggeration Brown paints a portrait of the divinely inspired schizophrenic who transforms the world by poetic imagination and by his refusal to accept the boundaries that define the normal (or average) sense of reality." Brown commented of the book that, "I did feel when writing "Love's Body" some kind of obligation to undo what I had done in "Life Against Death". I wanted to release any followers I had acquired or at least to confuse them. [...] I felt under some existential stress to write "Love's Body" in order to torpedo "Life Against Death", to destroy it as a position."
	Paul Robinson writes that "Love's Body" "makes quite clear that psychoanalysis was only a stage in Brown's development toward a rather curious (and radical) brand of religious mysticism. The very concrete body of Freudian psychology has been absorbed into the Mystical Body of traditional Christian theology. To be sure, Freud remains an important authority, and there is a racy (and confusing) display of sexual rhetoric. But the erotic language is largely metaphorical; as Brown himself says, 'Everything is symbolic...including the sexual act.' Most significant, Brown has been candid enough to make explicit the pronounced antipolitical assumptions which were only implicit in "Life Against Death". He now argues that politics can never be the vehicle of liberation, not merely because political action is invariably corrupt, but also because politics don't really exist. Political revolutions are 'reorganizations of the theater, of the stage for human action. The matter remains the same.'"
	"Love's Body" was criticized by Herbert Marcuse in the February 1967 issue of "Commentary". Brown's reply to Marcuse appeared in "Commentary"'s March 1967 issue.

= = = Takahashi Unions = = =

	The were a Japanese team in Nippon Professional Baseball. A Pacific League expansion team in 1954, they were brought into the league to increase the number of teams to eight. The team was stocked with players from the other Pacific League teams, including aging pitcher Victor Starffin. In their three years of existence the team finished in the second division every season.
	The Unions played their games at Kawasaki Stadium in Kawasaki, Kanagawa.
	The Pacific League had seven teams since the Japan Baseball League split into the Central and the Pacific League, but having an odd number of teams was inconvenient for scheduling and playoffs. Therefore, in 1953 it was decided that any team which finished below a winning percentage of .350 would be disbanded. However, all the teams finished above the mark (Kintetsu had the worst record at .410) — therefore the league decided to admit an eighth team, the Unions.
	The Unions were owned by Ryutaro Takahashi, the former president of Dai-Nippon Beer and owner of the Eagles Baseball Club/Kurowashi Black Eagles from 1939 to 1941. Takahashi had originally wanted to name the Unions the "Takahashi Eagles" after himself and a beer that had been produced by Dai-Nippon. However, the teams's name ended up being chosen by a public vote.
	The team became the Tombo Unions after Tombow Pencil bought a share of the team in 1955, but reverted to its original name after Tombow withdrew before the following year. 
	Starffin pitched for the team in 1954–1955, going a combined 15-34, but managing to earn his 300th career win with the team.
	The Unions, now in financial trouble, only lasted one more year before they merged with the Daiei Stars on February 26, 1957, to form the Daiei Unions.

= = = Inge Heiberg = = =

	Inge Valdemar Heiberg (11 October 1861 – 1 July 1920) was a Norwegian physician who served as director of medicine in Belgian Congo from 1911 to 1920.
	He was born in Christiania as a son of judge Edvard Omsen Heiberg (1829–1884) and Minna Rode (1836–1917). He was a brother of Gunnar and Jakob Vilhelm Rode Heiberg, as well as a first cousin of Eivind and Gustav Adolf Lammers Heiberg and a first cousin once removed of Bernt, Axel and Edvard Heiberg, and uncle of Hans Heiberg.
	He took the examen artium in 1879 and enrolled in medicine studies. After leading a social life among the "Kristiania bohême", being engaged to Bokken Lasson for some years, he graduated with the cand.med. degree in 1893. He tried his luck as a general practitioner in Aalesund, but quit after three years. He was hired as a physician in Congo Free State (from 1908: Belgian Congo) in 1897, and remained here until 1920, except for a study leave at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM) in 1902–03. 
	He assisted an LSTM team that arrived in the Congo Free State on 23 September 1903 to assess public health, and sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis) in particular.
	The members were Cuthbert Christy, Joseph Everett Dutton and John Lancelot Todd. The team spent nine months in the Lower Congo, then on 30 June 1904 began investigating upstream as far as Kasongo. 
	In Congo, he lived in Lado and Ibembo before moving to Boma when promoted to "Médicin en chef" (director of medicine) in 1911. Among his professional endeavors was to fight the "sleeping sickness", but he also believed a certain degree of corporal punishment of the natives to be necessary as a part of disciplining and civilizing.
	He was also a benefactor and item collector for the Ethnopgraphic Museum in Norway's capital. He also contributed to a lesser degree to the Zoological Museum. For his contributions, he was decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 1908.
	He was unmarried. In 1920 he retired, and moved home to Norway where he died the same year.

= = = Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint = = =

	Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint () (1874; second edition 1924) is an 1874 book by the Austrian philosopher Franz Brentano, in which the author argues that the goal of psychology should be to establish exact laws. Brentano's best known book, it established his reputation as a philosopher, helped to establish psychology as a scientific discipline, and influenced developments such as Husserlian phenomenology, analytic philosophy, gestalt psychology, and Alexius Meinong's theory of objects. It has been called Brentano's greatest work, and compared to Wilhelm Wundt's "Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie" and Sigmund Freud's "Project for a Scientific Psychology". However, the results that Brentano produces from his method in "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" have been described as "deadly dull and nearly vacuous."
	Discussing Eduard von Hartmann's "Philosophy of the Unconscious" (1869), Brentano comments that Hartmann "uses the term 'consciousness' to refer to something different from what we do. He defines consciousness as 'the emancipation of the idea from the will...and the opposition of the will to this emancipation,' and as 'the bewilderment of the will over the "existence" of the idea, which existence the will does not want but which, nevertheless, is sensibly present.' Brentano suggests that Hartmann's definition of consciousness perhaps refers to "something purely imaginary", and certainly does not agree with Brentano's definition.
	Brentano was at work on "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" in 1873, while travelling in Europe after leaving the Roman Catholic Church and resigning from his position at the University of Würzburg. He completed the first two books of the work in March 1874. Brentano originally intended to produce a large work consisting of six books, the first five of which would cover psychology as a science, mental phenomena in general, and their three basic classes, while the sixth would deal with the mind-body problem, the soul, and immortality. However, Brentano was ill with smallpox after publishing the first two books. The work remained incomplete. In 1911, Brentano published book two of "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" under the new title "Von der Klassifikation der psychischen Phänomene", with the addition of remarks explaining his later views, where they differed from those he held in 1874.
	"Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" was first published as "Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkte", but subsequent editions were published as "Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt", which is the more commonly cited name. The first edition was designated Volume 1, but this was also abandoned in later editions. In 1924, after Brentano's death, the book was published in a new edition, which included explanatory notes by Oskar Kraus.
	"Psychology from an Empirical Stanpoint" is Brentano's best-known book, and much has been written about its "intentionality passage", quoted above. Brentano reintroduced the concept of intentionality into the philosophy of mind. However, in "Sexual Desire" (1986) the philosopher Roger Scruton describes the intentionality passage of "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" as both obscure and hesitant. Scruton believes that the obscurity of the passage is "compounded by Brentano's description of intentionality as the mark which distinguishes mental "phenomena" from physical "phenomena", the latter being described, not as objective features of the natural world, but as appearances." According to Scruton, while in later editions of "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" Brentano described intentionality as a property of mental activity, and characterized it as a kind of "mental reference", Brentano never makes clear precisely what kind of property he believes it to be anywhere in his writings.
	"Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" has been compared to Sigmund Freud's early metapsychology, especially as expressed in his "Project for a Scientific Psychology". Paul Vitz, who calls "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" Brentano's greatest work, notes that while Brentano rejected the unconscious, "his answer followed largely from his definitions of consciousness and unconsciousness, and the evidence subsequently available to Freud did not, of course, figure in Brentano's thought."
	The philosopher Clark Glymour writes that "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" "gave Freud one vision of what psychology should seek to know, and of what methods it should use." According to Glymour, Brentano believed that "psychology should have exact laws, and that the goal of psychology should be to find such laws...Brentano held that there are exact laws that refer only to the mental, and do not need to appeal to physical circumstances." In Glymour's view, while "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" "contains lively criticism", Brentano nevertheless "had no laws of any interest to propose" and when Brentano tries to produce results from his method "the product is deadly dull and nearly vacuous." Glymour considers Brentano's efforts "lame" in comparison to the work of the physician Carl Wernicke, who produced a new analysis of the capacity for language.
	The philosopher Barry Smith writes that Brentano's thesis about intentionality has "proved to be one of the most influential in all of contemporary philosophy. It gave rise to Husserlian phenomenology, but it also lies at the root of much of the thinking of analytic philosophers on meaning and reference and on the relations of language and mind. In addition, the notion of intentionality, and Brentano's use of this notion as a criterion for the demarcation of the psychological realm, pervades much contemporary philosophizing within the realm of cognitive science." Scruton commented in 1994 that none of the volumes of "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" "fulfil the promise made in the book's title", adding that Brentano eventually came to doubt that an empirical science of the mental is likely to be invented.
	According to the philosopher Peter Simons, "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" "forged Franz Brentano's reputation and it remains his most important and influential single work...it helped to establish psychology as a scientific discipline in its own right. Through Brentano's illustrious circle of students it exerted a wide influence on philosophy and psychology, especially in Austria, Germany, Poland, and Italy." Simons compares the influence of Brentano's work to that of Wilhelm Wundt's "Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie", also published in 1874. Simons lists gestalt psychology and Alexius Meinong's theory of objects as additional developments related to Brentano's work, noting that "The course of the "Psychology"'s influence has yet to be fully run." Simons comments that Kraus's notes on "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" "are frequently shrill and intrusive." Simons writes that while passages in chapter one "clearly accord mental phenomena an epistemological advantage over physical phenomena", Kraus "cannot forbear intervening several times to explain how Brentano expresses himself misleadingly, how this conflicts with other things he says elsewhere, and so on." Simons believes that the purpose of Kraus's notes is to harmonize Brentano's views in "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" with views he adopted subsequently.

= = = Giles Greenwood = = =

	Giles Greenwood is a male former weightlifting competitor for England and current weightlifting coach.
	At the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester he won a gold medal in the 105+ kg snatch, a silver in the combined and a bronze in the clean and jerk. Previously he had competed at both the 1994 Commonwealth Games for England and the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur for England where he won a silver medal in the snatch and a bronze medal in the combined.

= = = Norris v. Alabama = = =

	Norris v. Alabama, 294 U.S. 587 (1935), was one of the cases decided by the United States Supreme Court that arose out of the trial of the Scottsboro Boys.  This was a case in which nine African-American teenagers were accused of raping two white women in 1931.  The Scottsboro Trial Jury had no African-American members.  Several cases were brought to the Supreme Court to debate the constitutionality of all-White juries. "Norris v. Alabama" centered around Clarence Norris, one of the Scottsboro Boys, and his claim that the jury selection had systematically excluded black members due to racial prejudice.
	On April 1, 1935, an 8–0 court decision reversed the conviction of Clarence Norris on the grounds that evidence proved that African-Americans were unlawfully excluded from the jury.  The lack of dissent characterizes the shift of national opinion on the ideas of race within the criminal justice system. The court opinion states that though Alabama had no direct laws prohibiting African-American involvement in juries, its practices essentially accomplished such.  
	The Supreme Court held that the systematic exclusion of African Americans from jury service violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The case was a significant advance in the Supreme Court's criminal procedure jurisprudence. Building on the existing precedent of "Strauder v. West Virginia" (1880) and "Neal v. Delaware" (1882), the Supreme Court addressed an Alabama statute that was facially neutral, but held that a criminal defendant could establish a prima facie (that is, accepted as true unless proven otherwise) claim of discrimination by showing that a substantial number of African Americans live in a community and that African Americans have been excluded from serving on juries. The prima facie in this case was the disproportionality in the amount of African-Americans who lived in the county compared to the amount of African-Americans represented on juries.
	Clarence Norris, though sentenced to death twice, died of old age in the year 1989.  He was paroled in 1943 and pardoned by the Alabama Governor George Wallace in 1976.  He spent 15 years in prison and 30 years as a fugitive running from his parole. During this period as a runaway, Norris worked in New York as a warehouse employee.  He was forced to change his name upon arrival because the stigma of being a Scottsboro Boy was too difficult to live with.  Also during his time in New York, Norris unsuccessfully fought for $10,000 in reparations for the injustices against him. Though each of the Scottsboro Boys but the youngest received the death penalty, none of them were actually executed. Clarence Norris was the last survivor out of the group of nine. 
	The ultimate impact of the "Norris v. Alabama" case is its direct effect on how racial discrimination is viewed constitutionally. Prior to this judgment, all-white juries were commonplace and not considered unconstitutional.  This Supreme Court opinion that made racial diversity and proportionality a necessity in the courtroom. It relied upon the principles of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, the Equal Protection Clause, which states that the law should protect every American in an equal manner. 

= = = Mighty Og = = =

	Mighty Og was a roadside attraction consisting of a high sculpture of a gorilla from the waist up. It originally graced a billboard promoting Rawhide City, a tourist attraction in Mandan, North Dakota. 
	The statue was auctioned following the Rawhide City bankruptcy. It was purchased by James Lelm who engaged a house mover to transport it the to Harvey, North Dakota. He had intended it as an attraction to his hardware store, but opted not to proceed due to structural concerns. A site was eventually located on Highway 52. The figure shakes its fist at a large hornet above its head to indicate that "even a gorilla can't beat the Hornets", a reference to the local school team.
	The structure was destroyed in a strong windstorm sometime before June 2005.
	North Dakota has a number of these giant statues including a sandhill crane, a high Holstein cow, a grasshopper, and a buffalo. One hypothesis put forth is that these figures distinguish one community from another in an otherwise somewhat featureless landscape.

= = = Caged (TV series) = = =

	Caged is an American reality television series which aired on MTV. It focuses on a group of young up and coming mixed martial arts fighters in small town Minden, Louisiana. The series premiered on January 9, 2012 on MTV and ran for 10 episodes on its first and only season.
	Although the show is typically panned by MMA fans, it catapulted "Danger" (Matt Schnell) to the professional ranks after being discovered by Tito Ortiz. In November 2012, he won his professional debut against fellow newcomer Ryan Hollis by a split decision, and now fights in the UFC.
	Tony Kelley made his professional debut in April 2013 winning by first round TKO against Kody Thrasher.
	From Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly":
	From Lucas High of "TVGEEKARMY":
	From Stephen Boyle of "Sports Illustrated":
	From Josh Nason of "Bloody Elbow":
	From Eric Ball of "The Bleacher Report":

= = = Waihee Church = = =

	Waihee Church (also known as Waihee Protestant Church) is a historic church in Waihee, Hawaii, United States. The church began construction in 1848 and finished ten years later in 1958. It is located on a small parcel heavily planted with trees and flowers in the plantation town of Waihee. The church was established for Waihee's missionary congregation. Johnathan S. Green first established the church by building a thatch and pole meeting house on the present site in 1803. Early records indicated that between 100 and 300 Hawaiians attended the early meetings. The church is significant for its architecture. It was built with lava rock and has a limestone foundation and wooden siding. A wooden bell tower originally topped the building; however, it was removed in 1987 due to termite and storm damage. In 1930, the church was devastated by a flash flood cascading from the mountains at the back of the church property. It is still standing today but most of the church records were destroyed. Waihee Church is a historic landmark and museum. The church became an official branch of the Kaahumanu Church in Wailuku in 1868.
	Over a hundred years later the church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.

= = = Thomas Turnbull = = =

	Thomas Turnbull (1824–1907) was a notable New Zealand architect. 
	He was born in Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland in 1824. He was the first president of the Wellington Association of Architects, and a member of the Wellington City Council in 1891. He designed the Old Bank Arcade, St John's Church in Willis Street, and St Patrick’s Catholic Church, Masterton. His 3-storey design for the General Assembly Library was not completed because of rising costs, and it was finished with only two floors by John Campbell in 1899.
	His youngest son, William Turnbull, joined his practice in 1891.

= = = Elizabeth Turnbull = = =

	Elizabeth Turnbull (2 May 1885 – 4 June 1988), also known as Bessie Turnbull, was a New Zealand woollen mill worker and centenarian. She was the head of her section in the hosier department at Mosgiel Woollen Mill. 
	Turnbull was born in Mosgiel, Otago, on 2 May 1885 to Catherine Armstrong, a milliner, and Sydney Turnbull, a baker. Her parents emigrated from Scotland in 1864. Turnbull was the youngest of eleven children. She attended East Taieri School from the age of 6 to 14. Turnbull had aspirations to become a teacher but her family could not afford to keep her in school. Her family attended the East Taieri Presbyterian Church.
	Turnbull began working as a domestic servant at the age of 14. She earned three shillings a week. In 1900, she joined the hosiery department at Mosgiel Woollen Mill where she began making socks. At the mill, women earned lower wages than men for completing the same work. She worked 5.5 day weeks and earned 24 shillings a fortnight. She was known for her assertiveness and speaking on behalf of others when she saw injustice. She disliked unions and resisted joining until she was given an ultimatum of being fired or paying union fees. She became head of her section in the hosier department. Turnbull was forced to retire in 1957.
	Turnbull's father died in 1903. She never married, and lived with her mother. When her mother died in 1927, Turnbull moved to a house on Gordon Road in Mosgiel. She lived independently and cared for her hens and vegetables. She became a local celebrity when she became a centenarian. Turnbull was the guest of honour at the 130th anniversary of the East Taieri School and participated in Mosgiel's centenary celebrations. She died on 4 June 1988 at the Ross Home in Dunedin, and was buried at East Taieri Cemetery.

= = = Pibor County = = =

	Pibor is a county in Boma State, South Sudan. The county was part of the erstwhile Jonglei state.
	During the 2011–2012 South Sudan tribal clashes some six to eight thousand "armed raiders" entered the county in late December 2011, ransacking and burning. Three Médecins Sans Frontières clinics, the only source of formal healthcare in Jonglei state, were looted and torched.

= = = Greyson = = =

	Greyson is a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:

= = = Uror County = = =

	Uror is a county in Bieh, South Sudan. It has nine payams: Pathai, Pieri, Pulchuol, Palouny, Motdit, Motot, Karam, Pajut, Weykol and Padiek. Before the reorganisation of states, it was a part of Jonglei state.

= = = Turikatuku = = =

	Turikatuku (?–1827) was a notable New Zealand tribal leader. Of Māori descent, she identified with the Ngā Puhi iwi. She and her younger sister, Tangiwhare, became wives of Hongi Hika and she travelled everywhere with him, including a number of skirmishes. For much of her adult life she was completely blind after suffering an inflammation of the eyes. Her daughter Rongo (baptized Hariata) became the wife first of Hone Heke and then of Arama Karaka Pi.

= = = Aviate Raptor = = =

	The Aviate Raptor is a South African two-seat ultralight trike that was designed by Manfred Springer and produced by Aviate Products of Booysens. The aircraft was introduced in 1992 and supplied as a kit for amateur construction.
	The Raptor was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including the category's maximum gross weight of . It also carries South African government certification. The aircraft has a maximum gross weight of . It features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a two-seats-in-tandem open cockpit, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.
	The aircraft is made from steel tubing, with its double-surface Raptor 17 XP wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its span wing incorporates 34 stiffening battens, is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame control bar. The basic aircraft offered a standard Rotax 447 twin cylinder, two stroke, air-cooled, single ignition engine, while the Raptor 912 model came equipped with the Rotax 912UL four cylinder, four-stroke air- and liquid-cooled, dual ignition engine. The Rotax 582 was also a factory option. The aircraft was supplied as a kit that requires 20 to 30 hours to assemble.
	Factory standard equipment included two bucket seats, side skirts with integral saddle bags and a nose wheel fender. In 2000 the carriage cost US$3500 and the Raptor 17 XP wing cost $4500. The aircraft's carriage was designed so that it would also accept French Cosmos ULM wings. Fifty examples had been delivered by 2000.

= = = Rusthall F.C. = = =

	Rusthall F.C. is an English football club located in Rusthall, near Royal Tunbridge Wells, in Kent. The club plays in the . Rusthall spent most of its history in the Tunbridge Wells League before entering the Kent County Football League in 1983–84. After winning three championships at this level, the club was accepted into the newly formed Kent Invicta Football League for the inaugural 2011–12 season.
	Rusthall Football Club was formed in 1899 when they registered with the Kent County Football Association and entered the Tunbridge Wells League. They won their first silverware in 1904–05, winning the league. They won the league a further five times in the 1920s, and a further four times in the 1930s. During this time Rusthall also won four Tunbridge Wells Senior Cups. After the Second World War they won the league only once more in 1951–52 and the Senior Cup twice before entering the Kent County Football League in 1983. They won the Kent County League Division Two West in their first season, achieving promotion to Division One West, which they also won in their first season. They won the Tunbridge Wells Senior Cup a further six times before winning the West Kent Challenge Shield in 2003–04. The following season Rusthall won both Division One West and the Tunbridge Wells Senior Cup, earning promotion to the Premier Division. For the 2011–12 season the club was accepted into the Kent Invicta Football League at level 10 of the English football league system for the league's inaugural season.
	Flood lights were installed in April 2016 allowing evening games to be played and play in the FA Vase.
	Rusthall gained promotion to the Southern Counties East Football League Premier Division as Division One runners-up during the 2016–17 season. They also competed in their first ever FA Cup game against CB Hounslow United in the extra preliminary round of the 2017–18 FA Cup.
	Rusthall's colours are green and white striped shirts, with green shorts and socks. The away kit is red and white striped shirts, with red shorts and socks.
	Rusthall play their home games at The Jockey Farm Stadium, Nellington Road, Rusthall, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, TN4 8SH. Before the 1980s the club played at Southwood Road, but moved to Jockey Farm in order to meet ground grading criteria.
	Rusthall has won three league championships and one cup in its time in the Kent County League, and eleven league championships and thirteen cups at the Tunbridge Wells level.

= = = Mohi Turei = = =

	Mohi Tūrei (1829 – 2 March 1914) was a notable New Zealand tribal leader, minister of religion, orator and composer of haka. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Ngāti Porou iwi. He was the only child of Te Omanga Tūrei of Ngāti Hokupu hapū and Makere Tangikuku of Te Aitanga‐a‐Mate hapū.
	He was an accomplished carver including working on the Hinerupe meeting house (Wharenui) at Te Araroa. While Turei embraced Christianity, he acquired an understanding of old Maori religion and traditional learning from Pita Kapiti, a tohunga, at Te Tapere-Nui-ā-Whatonga.
	He spent his childhood at Te Kautuku near Rangitukia near the mouth of the Waiapu River. By 1839, a school was opened at Rangitukia, which Tueri is believed to have attended. He later attended the Waerenga-ā-hika school at the mission of the Church Missionary Society (CMS), which had been established by the Rev. William Williams in the Gisborne area.
	Tūeri attended the first synod of the Diocese of Waiapu at Waerenga-ā-hika on 3 December 1861. He undertook theological study at St. Stephen's College in Auckland. He was appointed a deacon on 25 September 1864 and appointed as the first minita (minister) at Waiapū Pariha (parish), which was the third Anglican parish established by the Ngati Porou. Hikurangi Pariha was established by the chief Ropata Wahawaha and Reverend Raniera Kawhia in 1860 and Tokomaru Pariha was established by the chief Henare Potae and Reverend Matiaha Pahewa in 1863. In 1865 there were fourteen clergymen - six European and eight Māori - in the Diocese of Waiapu. The Māori were: at Tokomaru, Matiaha Pahewa; at Wairoa, Tamihana Huata; at Turanga, Hare Tawhaa; at Waiapu, Rota Waitoa, Raniera Kawhia and Mohi Turei; at Table Cape, Watene Moeka; at Maketu, Ihaia Te Ahu.
	The Waiapu Maori Church, representing the district from Hicks Bay to Table Cape (Kahutara Point), Māhia Peninsula, met at Turanganui on 30 October 1870. There were eight clergymen present, seven of whom were Māori, as well as Māori laymen. William Williams, who had been appointed the Bishop of Waiapū, ordained Tūrei, and Hare Tawhaa of Turanganui, as priests, and Wi Paraire of Hicks Bay and Hone Pohutu, as deacons.
	Tūrei opposed the Pai Mārire movement (commonly known as Hauhau) when its missionaries were active on the East Coast by 1865. Tūrei accompanied the Ngati Porou warriors who defeated the Hauhau forces at Waerenga-ā-hika in November 1865. On 13 July 1897, Tūrei together with Matiaha Pahewa, Eruera Kawhia and Piripi Awarau, assisted the Rev. H. Williams in conducting the burial service for Ropata Wahawaha, who had fought the Hauhau.
	In 1904 Tūrei was appointed the first vicar of Waiapū. He supervised the building of the second St John's Church, to replace the church that was burnt by the Hauhau. He was the minister at Rangitukia until 1909, when he retired as he had become bed-ridden with paralysis.

= = = Duk County = = =

	Duk was a county in Jonglei, South Sudan. In May 2016, it was divided into 3 counties which were Duk Padiet, Duk Payuel and Panyang.
= = = Yeo Guat Kwang = = =

	Yeo Guat Kwang (; born 27 January 1961) was a former Member of the Parliament of Singapore from 1997 to 2015, as a member of the People's Action Party (PAP). He is currently the Assistant Director-General in the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC).
	Yeo is of Teochew descent, where his ancestral hometown is Chaoan District, Chaozhou.
	Yeo studied at The Chinese High School from 1974 to 1977, and at Nanyang Junior College from 1978 to 1979. He then graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Social Sciences from the National University of Singapore in 1986, and holds a Postgraduate Diploma in Education from the National Institute of Education, which he obtained in 1987. He obtained a Masters in Public Administration and Management from NUS Business School and Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy in 2013.
	Yeo started his career in 1987 as a teacher at Nanyang Junior College, and in 1991, he became a Head of Department at Anderson Secondary School. From 1993 to 1996, he was a Specialist Inspector for Chinese at the Ministry of Education.
	In 1997, he joined the labour movement as an Executive Secretary for the Building Construction and Timber Industries Employees Union (BATU). In 2001, he moved on to become the Executive Secretary for Singapore Industrial and Services Employees Union (SISEU). In 2007, he became the Executive Secretary for the Amalgamated Union of Statutory Board Employees (AUSBE).
	In January 2014, Yeo was appointed Assistant Secretary-General (ASG) in the NTUC, which has close ties with the Singapore government.
	In December 2016, Yeo was promoted to Assistant Director-General in NTUC.
	Yeo is also the chairman of the NTUC's Migrant Workers' Centre, which was set up in 2009. He is also the head of the Centre for Domestic Employees, and the director for Workplace Safety and Health.
	Yeo was president of the Consumers Association of Singapore (CASE), a consumer advocacy group founded by the NTUC, until June 2012. Some have criticized CASE for being toothless.
	Yeo was a Member of Parliament for Cheng San Group Representation Constituency (GRC) from 1997 to 2001, Aljunied GRC from 2001 to 2011 and Ang Mo Kio GRC from 2011 to 2015. During the 2015 general election, he led the PAP team for Aljunied GRC, but they lost.
	He is currently a board member at the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore.
	He used to be a board member at the Public Utilities Board, Land Transport Authority, and SPRING Singapore.
	Yeo currently holds directorships in Asiagate Holdings and SIIC Environment Holding.
	He was previously a director in other private companies, including Neo Group, Asia Water Technology, HLH Group, Japan Foods Holding, Grandwork Interior, Eco3 Tech & Engineering, Advance SCT, NAFA-Asiagate Education Corporation, Eco-World Biotechnology, Esplanade, China Gaoxian Fibre Fabric Holdings, Singapore Chinese Orchestra, and United Envirotech.

= = = Lucius Israel Barber = = =

	Lucius Israel Barber (October 7, 1806 – February 16, 1889) was a politician in the Wisconsin Territory and Connecticut.
	Barber was born in Simsbury, Connecticut on October 7, 1806. He graduated from Amherst College and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1835, he moved to what would become the Wisconsin Territory, which at that time was part of the Michigan Territory, settling in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He later moved to Jefferson County, Wisconsin in 1839. Barber died on February 16, 1889 in Simsbury, Connecticut.
	Barber was a member of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature from 1838 to 1839, serving as Speaker of the Wisconsin Territorial House of Representatives in 1839. He was again a member of the Legislature serving in the Wisconsin Territorial Council from 1840 to 1844. Barber was a member of the Whig Party. He moved back to Simsbury, Connecticut. In 1850, he served in the Connecticut House of Representatives as a Whig and was a probate judge. Barber was also a historian and wrote books about the history of Simsbury, Connecticut.

= = = Adelino Maltez = = =

	José Adelino Eufrásio de Campos Maltez (born 1951, Coimbra), is a Portuguese lawyer and university professor and researcher in political science. He is also poet and writer.
	With a degree in law by the University of Coimbra in 1974, Maltez obtained the degree of Doctor in social sciences, specialized in political science at the Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa in 1990 where he has been teaching,
	He was a guest professor at the University of Lisbon's Faculty of LAw in the school years of 1996-1997 and 2005-2005.
	He was a guest lecturer at the University os Strasburg, at the National University of Brazilia and at the National University of East Timor. at the Universidade Técnica de Lisboa in 1990.

= = = List of number-one digital singles of 2012 (Japan) = = =

	This is a list of songs that reached #1 on the RIAJ Digital Track Chart chart in Japan in 2012. The highest-selling digital singles in Japan are published by "Recording Industry Association of Japan". PC downloads and ringtone downloads are not eligible for the chart, only cellphone downloads ("Chaku-uta Full") count for the chart.
	The chart week runs from Wednesday to Tuesday. The first week of 2012, starting January 3, was merged with the following week (1/4-1/10) due to New Year's celebrations.

= = = Jake Carroll = = =

	Jake Carroll (born 11 August 1991) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a left back or centre midfielder for Scottish Premiership club Motherwell. He previously played for League of Ireland side St Patrick's Athletic, English sides Huddersfield Town, Bury, Hartlepool United and Cambridge United and in Scotland with Partick Thistle.
	Carroll was raised in Lucan, Dublin and started playing football with junior club, Home Farm in 1998 and he later moved to Belvedere, where he won the FAI Under-17 Cup at Tolka Park. While at Belvedere he played in a side that included fellow future League of Ireland players Neil Harney, Stephen Traynor, David Lodola, Craig Sexton, Paul Corry, Gary Burke, David O'Connor, Tom O'Halloran, Garvan Broughnall, Sean Skelly and future Pats' teammate Chris Forrester.
	Carroll became the first player of the partnership between NUI Maynooth and St Patrick's Athletic was signed up to the St Pat's under 20's team by then first-team manager Pete Mahon in 2010.
	Carroll was then signed up for the first team for the 2011 season, given the number 19 shirt. Carroll's first game for the senior team was a 3–0 win in a friendly away to Drogheda United at Hunky Dorys Park on 13 February 2011 and his first competitive game for the first team was at home to Dublin rivals Shamrock Rovers in the League Cup, a game in which the Saints won 3–1 on penalties after the scores were level at 1–1 after 120 minutes. His first league game came in a 5–2 win over Galway United in which Carroll provided a wonderful assist for Daryl Kavanagh to score. Carroll's first goal for St Pat's came in an FAI Cup third-round tie with Crumlin United when he curled in a superb free-kick to make it 3–0, he capped a great night for him by winning the Man of the Match award. After his performances, he was highly praised throughout the national media, in newspapers, on television and on the internet. Carroll had his first taste of Europa League action when he came on for the final 18 minutes of the third qualifying round tie away to FC Karpaty Lviv of Ukraine. Carroll was part of the Pats' side that won the 2010-11 Leinster Senior Cup against Dublin rivals Bohemians, ending the club's trophy drought that went back to 2003. The left back won the Man of the Match award after a great display in a 2–0 win at Dalymount Park. He only managed 7 appearances in the league and 14 in all competitions in 2011 due to the excellent form of first choice left-back Ian Bermingham.
	Carroll was given the 3 shirt by newly appointed manager Liam Buckley when he signed a new two-year contract to keep him at the club until the end of the 2013 season, on 18 December 2011. Carroll started in all of the Saints pre-season games and featured at a new attacking position of left wing as well as his familiar left back role. He provided the assist for Chris Forrester's wonder goal against Phoenix in a 4–0 win in the Leinster Senior Cup at Richmond Park. He played in yet another new role for the team when he played as a center midfielder against U.C.D in the EA Sports Cup having previously played there for his NUI Maynooth college team. Carroll impressed in his sides Leinster Senior Cup Quarter Final defeat away to Shamrock Rovers at Tallaght Stadium. This earned him his first league appearance of the season at home to Cork City and played well, putting in some very good crosses and nearly scoring. It was a sense of Dé-ja-vu for Carroll when Pats once again played Crumlin United in the FAI Cup Second Round. Just like the previous season, the Saints won 3–0 with Carroll scoring and getting the FAI Ford Man of the Match award, this time for his excellent play at centre midfield and his cool finish after 12 minutes. Carroll's first start in a Dublin derby in the league came within the three derby he played in in the space of seven days, when he started at centre-midfield vs Bohemians in a 2–1 win. The other two games included the 120 minutes of the EA Sports Cup Quarter-final vs. Shamrock Rovers where he started at his familiar left back role, and the third was when he came on at half time for Christy Forrester at half time in the 1–0 win over Northside rivals Shelbourne. Carroll played three times in the Saints 2012 Europa League, the first was away to Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja at the Hásteinsvöllur in Iceland when he played a big part in getting Pats through after extra-time, holding the ball up and protecting the back four. The other two were against German giants Hannover 96, one at the Tallaght Stadium and the other in front of 25,000 at the AWD-Arena. Carroll scored his first ever League of Ireland goal when he scored the winner in a 2–1 Dublin derby win over Shamrock Rovers on 25 September 2012. Carroll started the 2012 FAI Cup Final against Derry City on 4 November at the Aviva Stadium but was substituted off early in the game due to injury as the Saints agonisingly lost 3–2 in extra-time.
	Carroll's performances in the holding midfielder role impressed supporters and manager Liam Buckley, making him one of the favourites along with Shane McFaul and Greg Bolger to fill the void left by James Chambers who departed to fierce rivals Shamrock Rovers during the transfer window. Carroll made his 50th appearance for St Patrick's Athletic playing at centre back in a 1–0 win away to Limerick at Thomond Park on 30 March 2013. He performed well at centre back and kept club captain Conor Kenna out of the team, starting there in the 1–0 wins away to Bray Wanderers and UCD. On 26 April, it was announced that Carroll had signed a contract to join Huddersfield Town from July 2013 for an undisclosed fee believed to be in the reign of €150,000. His next appearance came nearly a month after his move was secured, on 20 May 2013 when he played 120 minutes in a 3–2 win after extra-time away to Salthill Devon in the League Cup. Carroll's final two appearances for St Patrick's Athletic came on 1 and 4 June 2013 when he came on from the bench in a 4–0 home win over UCD in the FAI Cup and 120 minutes in a 2–0 win after extra-time over Longford Town in the Leinster Senior Cup Quarter Final, also at Richmond Park. Carroll left Pats with 58 appearances in all competitions over 3 seasons, scoring 3 goals. At the end of the 2013 season, St Patrick's Athletic awarded Carroll a League of Ireland medal for his contribution in the first half of the season towards winning the 2013 League of Ireland, the club's ninth league triumph.
	On 26 April 2013, it was announced that Carroll had signed for the English Championship side Huddersfield Town for an undisclosed fee believed to be in the region of €150,000, completing the move in July. Carroll was given the number 25 shirt for the season. Carroll revealed that Manager Mark Robins persuaded Carroll to join the club and expect him to make a breakthrough in the first team.
	He made his début in the 2–1 League Cup victory over Bradford City on 6 August, then made his first league start four days later in the 1–1 draw with Queens Park Rangers. Then on 24 August, Carroll won the penalty after being brought down and then it was successfully converted.
	On 19 February 2014, Carroll joined League Two side Bury on a one-month loan. He scored his first goal in England in the 4–1 win over Mansfield Town a week later, before returning a month later.
	On 29 August 2014, Carroll joined Scottish Premiership side Partick Thistle on loan until January 2015. The next day, on 30 August 2014, Carroll made his début for the club, in a 2–0 loss against Aberdeen.
	On 12 June 2015, it was announced that Carroll would sign for League Two club Hartlepool United, on a free transfer, effective on 1 July 2015. He scored his first goal for the club on 12 March 2016, in a 3–1 victory over Dagenham & Redbridge at Victoria Park. In his first season, Carroll made 41 appearances in league football, and an additional four appearances in the FA Cup.
	In his second season playing for the club, Carroll recorded 21 appearances in league football, two appearances in the FA Cup, and an appearance in the Football League Cup. With Hartlepool very low in the league table, Carroll opted to leave the club in January 2017.
	On 12 January 2017, Carroll signed for fellow League Two club Cambridge United, for an undisclosed fee.
	On 29 April 2019, Carroll signed a pre-contract agreement to join Motherwell ahead of the 2019–20 season, on a two-year deal.
	Carroll was called up the Republic of Ireland Under 18 Schools team after he impressed coaches with his performances for his school team Confey College from Leixlip. Carroll made his debut against Australia in a friendly when he came on from the bench in the 69th minute. He then started in the Carnegie Centenary Shield against Northern Ireland in a 1–0 loss.

= = = 2012 Waratah Cup = = =

	The 2012 Waratah Cup was the 10th season of the knockout competition under the Waratah Cup name. The preliminary round for the competition commenced on 23 March 2012.
	The champions were Sutherland Sharks – their second title (including the Statewide Cup competition) – who beat APIA Leichhardt Tigers in the Cup Final.
	The draw was announced on 23 March 2012.
	The twenty winners from Round Two were joined by the twelve clubs from the NSW Premier League.
	The quarter final draw was conducted on 23 May 2012.
	The semi final draw was conducted on 8 June 2012.

= = = Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Women's 800 metres = = =

	These are the official results of the Women's 800 metres event at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. The competition was held on 31 of August and 3 of September. The favorite coming into the Olympics was West German champion and world record holder Hildegard Falck. In the 1971 West German Championships she became the first woman to officially better two minutes. She was the pre Olympic favorite to win the gold on home soil, the rest of the field was wide open to claim the other podium spots.
	In the final, like the men's race, the favorite was the slowest starter, though Falck quickly moved into sixth place. By the end of the first lap the field was tightly packed, Ileana Silai, Vera Nikolić and Svetla Zlateva and three abreast for the lead at 58.31. At 500 metres, Falck decided to move and slightly accelerated away from Nijolė Sabaitė and Gunhild Hoffmeister but found herself blocked behind the wall. The wall began to break up during the final turn, Silai the first to start fading allowing Falck some running room, coming off the turn she accelerated into the lead. Pulling away from the field Falck relaxed to cruise across the finish line. Sabaitė made a late run at her from a huge deficit, as she came into view, Falck had to accelerate a little to hold her off for a narrow win. Hoffmeister followed Sabaitė in passing the pack for bronze, but was too far behind to be competitive for higher medals.
	While the 2 minute barrier had been broken barely a year before this race, five women finished under 2 minutes here, with the remainder of the field bunched within .17 of a second of 2 minutes. While the world record was 1:58.5 (hand timed at the time), this electronically timed 1:58.55 was intrinsically faster, but that conversion was not included in record keeping. Zlateva would improve the world record the following year.
	The top three runners in each heat (blue) and the next fastest (pink), advanced to the semifinal round.
	Top four in each heat advanced to the final round.
	Key: OR = Olympic record; DNS = did not start; DNF = did not finish

= = = Bibhu Bhattacharya = = =

	Bibhu Bhattacharya (17 September 1944 – 22 September 2011) was a Bengali Indian male actor of TV and films. He was born in Jharia, Bihar, British India (now Jharia, Jharkhand, India). He gained prominence and became a household name only in 1998 as Jatayu (Lalmohan Ganguly) in Sandip Ray’s "Feluda", based on stories by his late father, maestro Satyajit Ray. In 2011, he died of a heart attack in Kolkata, West Bengal.
	Bibhu Bhattacharya never attended any school. He was acting in studios, when other boys of his age were studying. At the age of four-and-a-half he started acting in a film called "Maryada", starring Uttam Kumar.
	He was called Master Bibhu, one of the most prominent child actors in Bengali films and very popular with actors like Jahar Ganguly and Chhabi Biswas. He played the title role in the movie "Prahlad" (1952) and did movies like "Bindur Chhele" (1952), "Dhruba" (1953), "Rani Rashmoni" (1955) and "Dui Bon" (1955). After he grew up and became a teenager, he could no longer be a child actor and offers began to dry up. His last film as a child actor was "Sagar Sangame" (1959). Then, he didn’t get another film for almost 38 years. In between, he kept himself busy with theater and TV serials.
	It was only in 1998 that he got the dream role of Jatayu. His first film as Jatayu was "Jahangirer Shornomudra" (1999) and he also acted as Jatayu in "Bombaiyer Bombete" (2003), "Kailashey Kelenkari" (2007), "Tintorettor Jishu" (2007) , "Gorosthaney Sabdhan" (2010) and "Royal Bengal Rahasya" (2011). He was legendary in his performance and managed to capture in essence the spirit of the character so well that even Sandip Ray, the director, found him perfect as a replacement. He had completed dubbing for the Feluda film "Royal Bengal Rahasya" the day before he died. Initially, it was difficult to replace the legendary actor, Santosh Dutta as Jatayu, but he became popular with time.

= = = Independence Association of Puerto Rico = = =

	The Independence Association of Puerto Rico (Asociación Independentista) was a political organization whose members favored Puerto Rican independence and which played an important role in the formation of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party.
	In 1920, Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa became disillusioned with the Union Party of Puerto Rico's leadership and together with José S. Alegría (father of Ricardo Alegría) and Eugenio Font Suárez co-founded the Independence Association (Asociación Independentista).
	José Coll y Cuchí, who belonged to the Union Party of Puerto Rico, felt that the Union Party was not doing enough for the cause of Puerto Rican independence and together with his followers quit the party and founded the Nationalist Association of Puerto Rico (Asociación Nacionalista de Puerto Rico) in San Juan in 1919.
	The Nationalist Association had a youth group called the "Juventud Nacionalista" (Nationalist Youth) which was at that time presided by José Paniagua. The Nationalist Youth was then composed of students from the University of Puerto Rico and High School students.
	On September 17, 1922, the Independence Association merged with Coll y Cuchí's Nationalist Association of Puerto Rico and the Nationalist Youth (Juventud Nacionalista) political organizations to form the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party.

= = = Rebecca Haynes = = =

	Rebecca Haynes (born 24 October 1984) is a basketball player from Australia.
	Haynes was born on 24 October 1984, and has two siblings, a brother and a sister. She is tall. During the 2010/2011 basketball season, she attended the Queensland University of Technology where she worked towards a degree in accounting. Prior to that, she had attended Daytona Beach Community College, Community College of Rhode Island and Jacksonville State University.
	In basketball, she plays two different positions, guard and forward. She first played competitive basketball for the Southern Districts Spartans based in Queensland. She joined the WNBL for the 2008/2009 season as a member of the Logan Thunder and then continued playing for them in the 2009/2010 season. In her first season, she had an average of 2.8 points and 1.3 rebounds a game in 15 games played. Her second season showed improved numbers, where she had an average of 3.4 points per game and 2.9 rebounds per game while playing in 20 games. She switched teams and played for the Canberra Capitals for the 2010/2011 season. In an October 2010 game against the Sydney Uni Flames, she scored 8 points in the second quarter in a game that the Capitals came from behind to win, a win that her coach Carrie Graf gave Haynes significant credit for. At the end of the season, she did off contract and not on the roster to play for the Capitals during the 2011/2012 season. In 2011, Haynes was a member of the Gladstone team in the Queensland Basketball League. In a game that season, she came in second in scoring with 42 points, 8 points behind Capitals teammate Jessica Bibby who scored 50.
	Haynes has played basketball for three university teams in the United States: Daytona Beach Community College, Community College of Rhode Island and Jacksonville State University. While attending the Community College of Rhode Island, she was named the student athlete of the year.

= = = Queen's Park, Bridgetown (Barbados) = = =

	Queen's Park is a national park in Barbados. The park was the former home of the Commander of the British Troops stationed in Barbados for the West Indies. Situated in the northeastern segment of the capital city Bridgetown, the park's borders are roughly Roebuck and Crumpton Streets to the north and west, and Halls and Constitution Roads located east and south. It shares parts of its grounds with Harrison College and the Headquarters of the Barbados Transport Board. Like some of the island's other national parks, Queen's Park remains a site of historic interest.
	Queen's Park House, is a two-storey structure, built in 1786 located inside the park. The house was initially used as the residence of the Commander in Chief of the British Garrison when they were permanently stationed in Barbados at St Anne's Fort from 1780 to 1905. In the first year that the house was rented for this purpose it was destroyed by the great hurricane of 1780. 
	Nevertheless, on December 27, 1782 the Crown bought the property from Edward Falkinham and the house was rebuilt two years later.
	At one time there was a sizable barracks of soldiers in the southern part of the property. When the British Garrison presence's at St. Ann's Fort was phased out in 1905, the Barbados Government then purchased the property and the Adjutant-General's Quarters and leased to the Vestry of St Michael. It was opened as a national park on June 10, 1909.
	The park was designed by Lady Gilbert Carter, (the same person who designed the gardens at Ilaro Court, the now the official residence of the Prime Minister of Barbados.)
	Today the National Conservation Commission (NCC) is responsible for the maintenance of the park. Queen's Park not only boasts of a playground for children but also a gazebo, a Steel Shed, a pool & fountain, beautiful gardens and a sports ground where sports like cricket could be played.
	It is also the home of one of the only 2 existing baobab trees on the island. The other is located in St Thomas. This massive tree, which is almost 1000 years old, is about 18m in circumference.
	Additionally, Queen's Park House today is still well preserved and now houses the Daphne Joseph Hackett theatre and the Queen's Park Gallery.
	Throughout the years Queen's Park has doubled as a park and the site of numerous cultural events, CARIFESTA 1981, the annual Healthy Lifestyle Extravaganza and the traditional Christmas Morning Service.

= = = Hyuna discography = = =

	South Korean singer-songwriter and rapper Hyuna has released six extended plays and nine singles as a lead artist. As of December 2017, Hyuna sold 12.4 million records.

= = = Miyazaki Nichinichi Shinbun = = =

	The , known as the Miyanichi for short, is a daily newspaper that targets Miyazaki Prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan.
	It was founded on November 25, 1940, as a consolidation of nine daily papers in Miyazaki Prefecture. It assumed its current name on 1 January 1961. It provides general news collected from the national and international network of Kyodo News, as well as news from Miyazaki Prefecture. As of 2011, its circulation is 216,302, with 42.9% of Miyazaki households reading the paper, making it the most read newspaper in Miyazaki.

= = = Poskota = = =

	Pos Kota ("The City Post") is an Indonesian daily newspaper published in Jakarta, published by PT. Media Antarkota Jaya since 1970. Generally, the newspaper contains local, crime, and society news, as well as sports and entertainment news targeted for the mid-lower society. One distinctive feature of the newspaper is the conspicuous and irregular layout.
	"Pos Kota" was founded by the former Minister of Information of the New Order, Harmoko, and several partners, including John Surjawinata, Tahar S. Abiyasa, and Pansa Tampubolon.
	Before that, Harmoko made a survey in several places in Jakarta, such as Tanjung Priok, Jatinegara, Tanah Abang, and Senen. The survey found that people want the news relating to the real problems in their daily lives. Therefore, the "Pos Kota" news content are ranging from crime, law, sexuality, and sports news. Post City was first published on 15 April 1970 with 3,500 copies and got a good reception so that a few months later the circulation rose into 30.000-60.000 copies per month.
	In 1999, "Pos Kota" published digital versions, named "Pos Kota Online", and began targeting business sector as its market share. In its development, Pos Kota also covered political issues in its news coverage.
	In May–June 2005, "Cakram" magazine published the results of Nielsen Media Research survey, which puts "Pos Kota" as the Indonesia's biggest-selling newspaper, with a circulation of 600,000 and 2,551 readers, thus defeating the national daily "Kompas".

= = = Hannah Lewis = = =

	Hannah Lewis (born 29 January 1984) is an Australian basketball player. She has joined a Women's National Basketball League (WNBL) team for the 2005/2006 season when she played for the Perth Lynx. She has subsequently played for the Canberra Capitals in the same league. She has also played for the Canberra Nationals in the Waratah Basketball League.
	Lewis She is tall.
	Lewis played her junior basketball for the Sturt Sabres of South Australia. Lewis first played in the WNBL during the 2005/2006 season where she played for the Perth Lynx. She did not play in the WNBL during the 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 season.
	Lewis joined the Canberra Capitals for the 2008/2009 season and continued to play for them during the 2009/2010 season, where she played the role of bench forward in a season when the club won the WNBL Championship. During the season, Lauren Jackson was quoted as saying the Capitals training was really intense because of players like Lewis. Lewis and her teammates watched the 2009/2010 preliminary final together, and made a bet amongst themselves as to who would win the game and with what score. Each player put in $2 AUD. Lewis won the bet. At the end of the season, Lewis attended a costume party at Marianna Tolo and Carly Wilson's house with the rest of her teammates to celebrate their WNBL Championship win.
	Lewis was also a member of the Capitals 2010/2011 team. That season, in the pre-season, she played in the September 2010 game against the Sydney Uni Flames. At the beginning of the season, team captain Jessica Bibby said Lewis was one of the promising players on that season's team. At the end of the season, she was a free agent.
	In 2010, Lewis played for the Canberra Nationals in the Waratah Basketball League. She was joined by several of her Canberra Capitals teammates including Lauren Jansen, Chantella Perera, Kellie Abrams and Nicki Graham. In the team's fourth victory of the season, a 62 to 53 win against the Hornsby Spiders, Lewis led the team with 20 points and 8 rebounds. In the Grand Final loss versus Bankstown Bruins, she scored 14 points.

= = = Mildred Amelia Woodbine Pomare = = =

	Mildred Amelia Woodbine Pomare (24 December 1877 – 7 September 1971), also known as Miria Tapapa, was a New Zealand community leader. Of Māori descent, she identified with the Rongowhakaata and Te Aitanga-a-Mahaki iwi. She was born in Ahipakura, East Coast, New Zealand in 1877.
	She was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1918 New Year Honours.

= = = Wiremu Piti Pomare = = =

	Wiremu Piti Pomare (? – 29 January 1851) was a New Zealand Māori leader. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Ngati Mutunga iwi.

= = = Naroli = = =

	Naroli is a village in the Tehsil Bayana district Bharatpur Rajasthan.

= = = Amazing Eats = = =

	Amazing Eats is an American food reality television series that premiered on January 11, 2012 on the Travel Channel. The program is hosted by actor and food enthusiast Adam Richman. In each episode, Richman tracks down cuisines of the United States.
	Episodes air every Wednesday at 9pm EST in place of Richman's popular series "Man v. Food" during its mid-season break. The episodes consist primarily of footage from "Man v. Food" and "Man v. Food Nation" re-edited by theme instead of city, and with the eating challenge segments omitted.
	In "Amazing Eats", Adam Richman travels the United States to visit food establishments for a taste of the specialties they serve up. Every episode starts off with a brief history lesson about the specialty food that is featured.
	Opening: ""Magnificent mouth-watering foods. You can find it all across our great nation. And I'm on a quest to taste some of the best. This isn't just food. These aren't just meals. These are the incredible edibles that just can't be beat. This is Amazing Eats!""

= = = Zibusiso Mkhwanazi = = =

	Zibusiso Mkhwanazi (born 10 June 1983, Soweto, South Africa) is Group CEO of M&N Brands and co-founder of Avatar, South Africa's largest black owned and managed advertising agency. Avatar won Financial Mail's AdFocus medium-sized agency of the year 2016 and were a finalist in 2017. A World Economic Forum Young Global Leader, Mkhwanazi is now building an African owned agency network through his investment company, M&N Brands. Mkhwanazi is also the founder of David's League, a Christian-based business mentorship program designed to uplift and empower young entrepreneurs from disadvantaged backgrounds in their business journeys.
	Mkhwanazi is a Trustee of the National Economic and Education Trust (NEET), which has provided over 4,200 scholarships to underprivileged ICT students. Born in 1980, he is the founder of David's League, a Christianity-based mentorship programme designed to uplift and empower young entrepreneurs from disadvantaged backgrounds in their business pursuits.
	Mkhwanazi started his first business, Csonke, a web design company, at the age of 17 (in 2000). Csonke then merged with Krazyboyz in 2007 and Mkhwanazi served as Executive Chairman until July 2010, developing and overseeing growth, strategy and marketing for both the Cape Town and Johannesburg offices. He then took on the role of CEO from July 2010 – December 2011.
	In January 2012, Mkhwanazi went into partnership with Veli Ngubane to found Avatar which has won numerous awards (AdFocus) including most digitally integrated agency (MarkLives) and also the agency that has done the most to drive transformation in the SA industry (MarkLives). Avatar opened their Cape Town office in 2016 and have won numerous accounts such as H&M and Chevron.
	He also served as Chairman of ARM advertising and design in 2009, as well as Chairman of The Red quarter Brand Design August 2010 – November 2013.
	Mkhwanazi is the majority shareholder in M&N Brands, with partner Veli Ngubane, an investment company building an African owned agency network. In 2017 they acquired Mela Events, a gold-Loerie award-winning events company with clients such as Standard Bank and Nando's. In 2017, the 33-year-old Financial Mail ADFocus awards created the industry's first transformation award at Mkhwanazi's urging, which was sponsored by M&N Brands.
	"Mkhwanazi’s story from the humble streets of Soweto" is as follows:
	Bramley primary school, Bedfordview High School, NDip Information Technology (2005) and Dip Corporate Law (2006) at the University of Johannesburg, Foundations for Leadership in the 21 Century (2012) Yale and Global Leadership and Public Policy for the 21 Century (2013) at Harvard.

= = = Sarpech = = =

	Sarpech (/, from Persian) also known as an aigrette is a turban ornament that was worn by significant Hindu and Muslim princes. "Sar" means head or front and "pech" means screw. Hence, the word "Sarpech" literally means that which is screwed onto the front (of the turban). It was also worn in Persia where it was known as "jikka" or "jiqa" () which means crest or tuft and in Turkey it was known as "Sorguch" which is considered a corrupt form of the Persian word "sarpush". In India, dominantly two kinds of turban ornaments exist: "Sarpech" and Kalgi (ornament).
	In India, various types of Sarpech are found depending on their time of production. Those produced in the 16th and 17th centuries resembled a plume and were worn on the right side of the turban. Their material depended on the occasion. The original 16th-century Sarpech was a single unit; then, in the 18th century, two side units were added. With the 19th century, emphasis on elaborate jewelry increased and there were Sarpech big enough to cover half the turban.
	This is a general description of the Sarpech. The basic structure of a gold Indian Sarpech is flat ("hamwar"). It is a single sheet of metal with gemstones set in its hollow construction. Designs are usually symmetrical ("ba-qarina") and gemstones are set ("jadau") on the front ("rukh"). The backside is exquisitely enameled too but remains hidden from the viewer. "Sarpeches" with one upward rising unit are known as "ek kalangi" while those with three projections are called "tin kalangi". Most Sarpech patterns are floral in nature and seem to have borrowed from the existing textile vocabulary in Mughal India.

= = = James Alexander Pond = = =

	James Alexander Pond (1846–1941) was a New Zealand analytical chemist and homoeopathic pharmacist. He was born in London, England, in 1846. He is the Son of Frances Sophia Beacon

= = = Charles Quentin Fernie Pope = = =

	Charles Quentin Fernie Pope (1900–1961), known as "Quentin," was a New Zealand writer, journalist, poet and poetry anthologist, foreign correspondent and war correspondent. He was born in Wanganui, New Zealand, and died in Hong Kong.
	Kowhai Gold, the 1930 anthology of New Zealand poetry edited by Quentin Pope and published in London and New York included some poets still read: Eileen Duggan, A. R. D. Fairburn, Robin Hyde, Katherine Mansfield and R. A. K. Mason. But with many less distinguished and overly sentimental contributions, "Kowhai Gold" became a derogatory term to later poets.
	As a war correspondent from New Zealand in World War II, Pope chafed against the censorship of his writing, particularly about the American forces stationed in New Zealand and he "caused [..] more trouble than all the other Press correspondents put together."

= = = James Henry Pope = = =

	James Henry Pope (1837–1913) was a New Zealand teacher, school inspector, educationalist, amateur astronomer and writer. He was the first Inspector of Native schools in New Zealand in 1980. Pope was one of the founders of the Polynesian Society and was its President from 1899 to 1900. He was the father of the poet, cricketer and teacher Robert J. Pope
	James Henry Pope was born in St Helier, Channel Islands in 1837., on 11 September 1837, the son of Jane Dacombe and her husband James Pope, a retired English confectioner who migrated from Hampshire to Jersey in the early 1830s. He was educated privately in Jersey where he became fluent in French before he emigrated to Melbourne, Australia, with his parents in 1852 aged 15, on the "Castle Eden" and landed at Port Phillip, Melbourne.
	Pope spent the next five or so years in the Victorian gold diggings, pursuing his studies at the same time. His scholastic efforts were rewarded with the highest attainable honours of the Victorian Denominational School Board. On 22 December 1862, at Ballarat he married Helen Grant Rattray, daughter of the Sexton of the Ballarat Cemetery, in a Presbyterian service: they were to have 12 children; eight boys and four girls; two of the girls dying at an early age.
	In 1858 he was appointed Headmaster of a large primary school in Ballarat, a position he held until 1863. In 1864 Pope moved to Dunedin, New Zealand to become assistant master at the High School of Otago (later Otago Boys' High School). He was soon respected for his breadth of knowledge, energy and teaching ability. He was large, untidy, apparently vague in manner, and considered to be unconventional in his methods, but he knew everything that went on in the classroom and kept strict order. He was an accomplished linguist, equally at home, it was said, in Greek, Latin, French and German, and well versed in Hebrew. He was an enthusiastic astronomer and botanist and an accomplished musician. Although unassuming, he had the confidence of his colleagues, and was acting Rector of the school from 1868 to 1869. He transferred to the Otago Girls' High School in 1873, where the principal, Margaret Burn, regarded him as her right-hand man.
	In 1876 Pope went back to Ballarat to become Rector of Ballarat College, but his health broke down after a few months and he resigned and returned to Dunedin to recuperate. There was a staffing disruption at the Girls' High School in 1878 and as one of the steps to restore confidence in the school, Pope was appointed Deputy Principal. He continued to be dogged by ill health, and retired at the end of the year, highly esteemed by staff and students alike.
	After a three-month period as an organising teacher in Taranaki in 1879; in Jan 1880, Pope was appointed to be an organising inspector of the 57 Native schools. This was the first opportunity of the Education Department to exert a direct influence on this branch of the national education system. His role was to supervise the teachers, inspect their work and examine pupils. His title was changed to Inspector of Native Schools in 1885. Popes first task was to draft the native school code which would provide policy guidelines.
	For that period, the Māori schools were well provided with textbooks, teaching equipment and reference books. School gardens, properly fenced, were developed as model gardens for each village. New species of trees and plants were regularly sent to schools for planting in the school glebe.
	James Pope became a fluent speaker of Māori and one of the best informed Pakehas of his time on Māori lore and traditions. He won the respect of tribal leaders throughout the country and conferred continually with them to establish schools, keep them in good running order, and ensure that the children of school age attended school regularly. He was known in the villages as "Te Popi".
	While in Dunedin he was a regular writer of leaders, articles and astronomy notes for the Evening Star. He is remembered for the reading primers he wrote for the native school pupils and for his reader on Māori health and sanitation, "Health for the Māori: A Manual for Use in Native Schools", to be used later as a basis for the marae campaigns of Āpirana Ngata, Reweti Kohere and Tahupōtiki Wiremu Rātana.
	After Pope's retirement as Chief Inspector of Native Schools in December 1903 he was presented with an Illuminated Address and a beautifully carved bookcase by the Teachers of the Native Schools Teacher's Association. Both are now on display in the Old Government Buildings, Wellington, now the home for the Law School of Victoria University, Wellington. The farewell statement concludes, "...we, the teachers in these schools are compelled reluctantly to bid you farewell.It is no exaggeration to say that your benevolence, your matured wisdom, and your absolute justice have built up between us a relationship quite unique in its paternal character as well as in its warmth and extent".
	A silver epergne presented by the Officers of the Education Department is now in the care of Rev Moorie Robinson.
	The history of the telescope owned by Pope is described by He stated that Ida Fownes inherited the instrument when the Fownes bought 34 Kelburn Parade from the widow of Frederick Sidney Pope who had in turn inherited the property and telescope from his father James Henry Pope in 1913.
	William Renwick in his biography wrote, "All references to James Henry Pope mention his modesty, the breadth of his sympathies, the range of his interests and his considerable talents. He was, Reweti Tuhorouta Kohere wrote, 'of a lovable nature and so perfectly transparent that he won your respect and confidence on your first meeting.' He was also one among a handful of men who shaped the direction of public education in this country and left a valued personal stamp on its ethos".
	Barrington, J M & T H Beaglehole, Maori schools in a Changing Society, Wellington 1974 pp122–160.
	Butchers, A G Education in New Zealand. Dunedin 1930.
	The Cyclopaedia of New Zealand Vol 1 Wellington 1897.
	Obit New Zealand Times 4 Aug 1913.
	Obit Otago Daily Times 4 Aug 1913.
	See Otago Girls' High School Jubilee Magazine p12 for details of his appointment to Otago GHS in 1873, and an account of his personal appearance, his scholarship, his ability as a teacher and the admiration his pupils held for him. On p14 the impact of his resignation in June 1976 is discussed as well as the first recommendation of the Royal Commission into the functioning of Otago GHS in November 1877, that Mr Pope be reinstated. On p86, of the Jubilee Magazine, Lady Stout remembers with admiration the teaching ability of Mr Pope.
	NZ Free Lance 1903 19 Dec p3b
	M E Wallis's book, "A Rare Vision,". Page 33 is dedicated to the teaching skills of Mr J H Pope.
	The following editions are held by the Alexander Turnbull Library Wellington;

= = = Maria Sophia Pope = = =

	Maria Sophia Pope (1818–1909) was a New Zealand shopkeeper and businesswoman. She was born in London, London, England in 1818.

= = = Dugald Poppelwell = = =

	Dugald Louis Poppelwell (2 July 1863 – 23 September 1939) was a New Zealand lawyer, local politician and conservationist. He was born in Tokomairiro (now Milton), Otago, New Zealand in 1863.
	Poppelwell was the tenth of twelve children of his parents, William Poppelwell, a Scottish mariner turned farmer, and his wife, Catherine Robertson McLachlan. His family's house was known for their hospitality, as well as being a centre for local Catholics. He attended the Christian Brothers' Boys' School in Dunedin, and was awarded the Bishop Moran's Scholarship in 1878. He later became a law clerk in the office of Donald Reid in Milton. He was also appointed lieutenant in the Bruce Rifle Volunteers in 1887. From 1889 to 1891 he studied law at the University of Otago, and once he was admitted as a lawyer, he moved to Gore to establish a practice there.
	Poppelwell was a liberal in politics, and was invited to stand for Parliament several times. He refused every time, but was elected to the Gore borough council in 1893. In 1895 he was elected mayor of Gore, as well as being elected for the borough council again from 1900 to 1903. He then served as mayor four more times from 1904 to 1931. After he had served as mayor, he was made a justice of the peace. Poppelwell was largely responsible for many public works in the city, including setting aside 200 acres of the undisposed part of Croydon Bush for a public reserve. He was president also of the Southland District Law Society, and in 1935 was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal.
	Poppelwell was also an amateur botanist, and spent some of his free time collecting plants. He had been interested in horticulture and conservation for some time, and his interest was greatly increased by reading "Manual of the New Zealand Flora" by T.F. Cheeseman in 1906, and also by "Plants of New Zealand" by R.M. Laing and E.W. Blackwell.
	Poppelwell met Nora Green in Gore around 1892, and they were married on 10 April 1894. Of their eight children, three died young. The five who survived were William, Harold, Dugald, Moana and Mary. Moana and Mary both became Sisters of Mercy.

= = = Elisa Sednaoui = = =

	Elisa Sednaoui (born December 14, 1987) is a model, actress, philanthropist and film director of Italian, Egyptian, and French descent. She has appeared in such films as "Eastern Drift", "La Baie du renard", "","", and "Remember Now", as well as in fashion campaigns for Chanel Eyewear, Giorgio Armani, Missoni and Roberto Cavalli. In 2013, she created the Elisa Sednaoui Foundation, dedicated to promoting creative learning, after-school initiatives for youngsters.
	Elisa Sednaoui was born in Bra, Piedmont, Italy and raised between three countries, Egypt, Italy, and France. She spent much of her early life in Luxor and Zamalek, Cairo. Her mother is of Italian heritage, while her father has Syrian-Egyptian and French roots. The Sednaoui family, a Melkite Greek Catholic family of Syrian descent, finds its roots in the city of Sednaya, from where their surname originates. The Sednaoui family migrated to Egypt at the end of the 19th century and developed successful department stores in Cairo.
	Sednaoui’s first feature film, Šarūnas Bartas’ "Eastern Drift" was released in Paris in December 2010. She played the lead female role of "Gabriella", alongside Bartas. The film was shown at – section “The International Forum of New Cinema.” In "La Baie du Renard", a short film selected to close Critics Week (Semaine de la Critique) at Cannes Film Festival 2009, Sednaoui starred alongside Pierre Torreton 
	She was recently seen on French screens in Christopher Thompson's first feature film "Bus Palladium", co-starring with Marc André Grondin and Arthur Dupont. Sednaoui also starred opposite French actor Pascal Greggory in Karl Lagerfeld’s short film "Remember Now", the introduction to the 2010 Chanel Cruise Collection.
	Sednaoui has also appeared in "Love Lasts Three Years", released by Europa in January 2012,
	Sednaoui co-directed with Martina Gili the documentary "Kullu Tamam" ("Everything is Good"). The film showcases Egyptians not covered by mainstream media by telling the stories of characters who, despite their differences of age and belief, share the sudden discovery of what is usually referred to as “freedom of expression”. The film depicts the countryside of Luxor.
	In 2013, Sednaoui created the Elisa Sednaoui Foundation, a nonprofit organization that promotes creative learning after-school programs for youngsters. The foundation's pilot program, a music workshop for youngsters in Luxor, Egypt, took place in April, 2014. During a full school-week, local youngsters attended the workshop (organized with the support of Makan—the Egyptian Center For Culture and Arts—and fellow NPO MIMA Music), which consisted in creative, game-like activities that helped them write and record a full song.
	In addition to film, Sednaoui has appeared in campaigns for Chanel Eyewear, Giorgio Armani and a Roberto Cavalli fragrance campaign in February 2012, shot by Steven Klein for print and Johan Renck for television. In December 2015 she collaborated with Oscar-winning director Paolo Sorrentino on his campaign for Missoni Fragrance. Before his death during February 2019, Sednaoui served as a muse to Karl Lagerfeld.
	Sednaoui has been featured on the cover of magazines such as Glamour Italia, Vogue US, Italian Vogue, Vanity Fair, L’Officiel, Flair, Marie Claire and Elle, among others.
	Sednaoui married an Anglo-Iranian gallerist, Alexander Dellal, on 3 May 2014. They have together two sons, Jack Zeitoun in 2013, and Samo in 2017.
	Stéphane Sednaoui is her cousin.

= = = Thomas William Porter = = =

	Thomas William Porter (1843–1920) was a New Zealand soldier and land purchase officer.
	He was born in Streatham, Surrey, England in 1843. He married Herewaka Porourangi Potai. Their children included the singer and composer Fanny Rose Howie and their grandchildren included Rona Marjory Hurley.
	He was some time, before retiring in 1908, Acting Undersecretary for Defense. He was also vice-chairman of the Historical Section of the Wellington Philosophical Society. He was the author of a book on the East Coast Maori legends. He also completed a history of the Maori war with Te Kooti.

= = = Henare Potae = = =

	Henare Potae (?–1895) was a New Zealand tribal leader. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Te Whanau-a-Ruataupare hapū of the Ngati Porou iwi.
	His pā was at Te Mawhai on the headland that forms the south head of Tokomaru Bay.
	In 1865 the Pai Mārire movement (commonly known as Hauhau) was active on the East Coast. Potae opposed the Hauhau and on 18 August 1865 near Tahutahu-po, where the Hauhaus had taken up a position between Tokomaru and Tolago Bay, Potae and 36 warriors fought a large body of Hauhaus at Pakura. Ropata Wahawaha and 90 Ngāti Porou warriors were close by and engaged the Hauhaus, who were decisively defeated. About 200 Hauhaus, who were driven out of Tokomaru, made their way by the middle of September 1865 to Waerenga-ā-hika, which was the Church Missionary Society (CMS) mission station that had been established by the Rev. William Williams in the Poverty Bay district. Potae went to Waerenga-ā-hika with 30 to 40 of his warriors on 28 September and 30 October to support the colonial government forces – Forest Rangers and settler volunteers - who were opposing the Hauhau.
	In November 1865 an attack by the Hauhau was feared. HMS "Esk" was sent to fetch Potae, Ropata, and Mokena and 260 Ngāti Porou warriors from Tokomaru Bay. They were landed at Poverty Bay on 9 November, and, on the same day, 100 Forest Rangers, under Major Fraser, arrived from Waiapu. The mission at Waerenga-ā-hika became a battle ground. After the Hauhau were defeated, Te Kooti and his supporters were sent to the Chatham Islands, however they escaped and returned to the East Coast. Fighting began all over again. Potae and his warriors participated in the pursuit of Te Kooti. An expedition, which started from Poverty Bay in June 1871, was divided into four companies of 50 men, each of which could work independently if necessary. The leaders were Potae, Ropata Wahawaha, Captain Porter and Ruka Aratapu. Potae participated in the action on 1 September 1871 when the expedition surrounded Te Kooti's camp at Te Hapua, although Te Kooti escaped.

= = = Varkund = = =

	Varkund is a village in the Daman district in the Indian Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. 

= = = Hemi Potatau = = =

	Hemi Potatau (20 May 1904 – 18 January 1994) was a New Zealand Presbyterian minister, soldier, writer. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Ngati Kahungunu and Ngati Rakaipaaka iwi. He was born in Nuhaka, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand in 1904. He also wrote the Scots College Haka in 1959.

= = = John Lishman Potter = = =

	John Lishman Potter (1834–1931) was an English goldminer, stonemason and builder, who emigrated to New Zealand to work. He was born in Sunderland, England in 1834.

= = = Maybe This Time (1980 film) = = =

	...Maybe This Time is a 1980 Australian feature film starring Bill Hunter, Mike Preston, Ken Shorter and Judy Morris. It was the first feature directed by Chris McGill.
	It was the feature film debut of stage/TV actor Jill Perryman.
	Fran, the assistant to university professor Paddy, is about to turn 30. She is having an affair with a married minister's aide, Stephen. She returns home to the country town she grew up in and has a fling with an old flame, Alan. She also begins sleeping with Paddy.
	Bob Ellis says it took him five years to get the film made and that it was turned down by Gillian Armstrong, Stephen Wallace, Tony Buckley, Donald Crombie, Ken Hannam, David Stevens and Brian Bell. He then re-wrote it and managed to persuade the New South Wales Film Corporation to back it, although the NSWFC were the ones who picked the producer and director. They also insisted that the lead be played by Judy Morris, Helen Morse or Wendy Hughes.
	Ellis later complained that all references in the script to Gough Whitlam had to be cut out of the first third of the film because the New South Wales Film Corporation was not seen to be biased towards Whitlam. He thought this destroyed the structure of the scenes and "as a result, the first 10 minutes of the film was wrecked, and the film will lose money."
	Ellis says that the part played by Mike Preston was written for Jack Thompson and felt Judy Morris was miscast because she "looks too beautiful to have these problems, and the correct choice would have been somebody like Anna Volska or Michelle Fawdon." However he did like Morris' performance.
	Morris later said of her character:
	Fran is a woman who feels pushed into a corner. She is approaching 30, a time when many women being to feel their options are running out. She has passed through a sexual liberation stage but has found that this has not provided a solution. What she wants is a total commitment with a man.
	The film was shot over six weeks starting in November 1979. Its original title was "Letters from a Friend".
	The film was not a success at the box office. However the script by Bob Ellis and Anne Brooksbank won an AWGIE for best original feature film screenplay.

= = = Enver Redžić = = =

	Enver Redžić (4 May 1915 – 4 November 2009) was a Bosnian historian, cultural observer, professor, and founder of the publishing company "Svjetlost". During World War II, he was a member of anti-fascist groups ZAVNOBiH and AVNOJ.
	Redžić was born in the village Stari Majdan by the Bosnian city Sanski Most during World War I. He attended elementary and secondary school in Bihać. He studied Yugoslav literature and history at the Philosophical Faculty in Sarajevo and graduated in 1940.
	When World War II broke out in Yugoslavia in 1941, Redžić was in his 20s. He actively participated in NOB from 1941–45 and was also a councilor on the State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia. He was secretary and vice president of the District People's Liberation Committee over from 1944 to 1945 in Bihać.
	Redžić worked as an assistant professor in social science at the Philosophy Faculty in Sarajevo University in the 1950s. He was director of his publishing company "Svjetlost" from 1952 to 1959, and also director of the Institute for the History of the labor movement between 1960 and 1971. He retired in 1972, after which he was elected to the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, first by correspondence in 1978, and then as a full member from 1984.
	Enver Redžić received many awards for his social, cultural and scientific research. The holder of the Partisan Memorial ("Partizanske Spomenice") in 1941, the Medal for Bravery, the Order of Brotherhood and Unity (II Order), the Order of Merit for the People (II Order), the Order of the Red Flag, the Order of the Republic with golden wreath. His publishing company "Svjetlost" also won awards in the 1980s.
	Redžić was a contributor for the Radio Television of Belgrade documentary series entitled "Yugoslavia in War 1941-1945".
	His two sons, Fadil and Zoran Redžić were prominent rock musicians, playing bass guitar in two of the best known Bosnian rock bands, Indeksi and Bijelo Dugme, respectively.
	He died in November 2009 at the age of 94.

= = = Te Manihera Poutama = = =

	Te Manihera Poutama (? – 12 March 1847) was a New Zealand mission teacher and Anglican missionary. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Ngāti Ruanui iwi. He was born in Taranaki, New Zealand.

= = = Piri Poutapu = = =

	Wiremu "Piri" Te Ranga Poutapu (8 June 1905 – 20 August 1975) was a New Zealand Māori master carver and carpenter. He identified with the Ngāti Korokī and Waikato iwi. He was born in Maungatautari, Waikato, New Zealand in 1905. He was known as Piri, the Māori transliteration of Bill, short for William, of which his first name Wiremu is the Māori transliteration. 
	Poutapu was a protégé of Te Puea Herangi who sent him to the School of Maori Arts at Ohinemutu in 1929. He spent three years there learning adzeing, carving and traditional lore from Eramiha Neke Kapua. During this time he also worked with brothers Pine and Hone Taiapa, leading Ngāti Porou carvers. In 1932 he returned to Ngaruawahia where he established a carving school. One of his pupils was Inia Te Wiata. Poutapu was one of the leaders in the building of Turongo, the Māori king's official residence at Turangawaewae Marae, between 1934 and 1938. He was a confidant and secretary to Māori king Korokī and was then a member of the Tekau-ma-rua (council of twelve) for Māori queen Te Atairangikaahu.
	Poutapu was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for services to Māori arts and crafts in the 1974 Queen's Birthday Honours. He died at Turangawaewae Marae on 20 August 1975 and was buried on Mount Taupiri.

= = = Katya Zharkova = = =

	Katya Zharkova () is a Belarusian plus-size model and actress.
	Zharkova started modeling when she was 14 years old and is considered the first plus-size model of Belarus.
	Katya is known for her bare-skinned photo shoot by Plus Size Magazine with another skinny model to raise awareness for the young girls who lose confidence because of oversized body figures.
	She has appeared in and modeled for labels such as Forever 21, Silver Jeans and plus-size specialists Fashion To Figure.
	In 2006, Zharkova was the first plus-size model to appear in "Cosmopolitan" Russia, in the November issue.
	In 2013, Zharkova was selected as one of Plus Model Magazine's Women of the Year for 2013 as an advocate for woman's choice to be healthy and not to subside to society's standards.
	Zharkova is managed by Wilhelmina Models and Brigitte Models.

= = = Te Iki-o-te-rangi Pouwhare = = =

	Te Iki-o-te-rangi Pouwhare (1880–1963) was a New Zealand tribal leader, historian and genealogist. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Tuhoe iwi. He was born in Te Houhi, Wanganui, New Zealand in about 1880.

= = = Mary Sadler Powell = = =

	Mary Sadler Powell (1854–1946) was a New Zealand temperance worker and suffragist. 
	Powell was born in Gloucestershire, England c. 1854. In 1885 she emigrated to New Zealand, where she lived with her brother. She was active with the Invercargill branch of the New Zealand Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) She served as president of the Invercargill branch, which became the second largest branch of the WCTU in New Zealand. Powell stayed active in the NZ WCTU for over 30 years, working as a corresponding secretary, recording secretary, and organiser. In 1890 she attended her first national convention. In 1900 she attend the WCTU World biennial convention in London, and was made a life member in 1919.
	Powell wrote a column promoting the Christian life for young women under the pen name "Aunt Kate" for the "New Zealand Methodist". She also supported women's right vote.
	Powell never married and she died on 8 March 1946 in Dunedin. 

= = = Weil der Stadt station = = =

	Weil der Stadt station is a station located at the terminus of the Black Forest Railway in the town of Weil der Stadt in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. The section to Calw is disused. The station is the terminus of line S 6 of the S-Bahn. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 4 station.
	In September 1862, the Royal Württemberg State Railways () planned to build a railway from Illingen via Vaihingen an der Enz and Weil der Stadt to Calw. It did not pursue this project for long because the Kingdom of Württemberg had begun negotiations with the Grand Duchy of Baden in order to build the Nagold Valley Railway from Pforzheim. In February 1865, the Baden Government agreed to the construction of this line.
	On 13 August 1865, the parliament of Württemberg decided to build the Black Forest Railway from Zuffenhausen via Leonberg to Calw. This line connected Weil der Stadt to the rail network. The State Railways built Weil der Stadt station north of the town. The monumental entrance building has survived but it is now used for other purposes.
	The opening of the second part of the line from Ditzingen to Weil der Stadt took place on 1 December 1869. The difficult section through the Black Forest to Calw, was put into operation by the State Railways on 20 June 1872. The Black Forest Railway lost much of its importance after the completion of the Gäu Railway in September 1879. A planned branch from Weil der Stadt to Pforzheim was never built.
	Despite the opening of the railway, Weil der Stadt continued to be dominated by agriculture. It was not until 1893 that a clothes manufacturer built a factory with four looms outside the town walls. The mill later produced Beyerle blankets. The increase in the population and industry was still limited. In 1910, only 1,859 people lived in the town, which was not much more than in previous decades. The inhabitants mostly grew hops and raised sheep.
	Deutsche Reichsbahn reduced services on the Black Forest line. In 1939, it operated only nine trains directly between Stuttgart and Calw on weekdays. Most trains from Stuttgart ended in Leonberg or Renningen. Nevertheless, the Reichsbahn electrified the Black Forest Railway on 18 December 1939 to Weil der Stadt. This gave the town, which still had a population of only 2,200, a connection to Stuttgart's suburban services. The locomotives used to haul through trains from Stuttgart to Calw and vice versa were changed in Weil der Stadt.
	In the 1960s, the suburban electrical services were incorporated into the Stuttgart S-Bahn project. Weil der Stadt would be the terminus of a line. On 1 October 1978, Deutsche Bundesbahn launched operations S-Bahn line S 6. This finally ended continuous operations from Stuttgart to Calw. Deutsche Bundesbahn operated Uerdingen railbuses between Weil der Stadt and Calw until 29 May 1983, when passenger services were abandoned. Freight traffic to Althengstett ended after a landslide at Ostelsheim in March 1988.
	For years, the Calw district and the Association of the Württemberg Black Forest Railway, Calw–Weil der Stadt ("Verein Württembergische Schwarzwaldbahn Calw–Weil der Stadt") have tried to have the line reactivated, if necessary or appropriate, by extending line S 6 to Calw.
	The station building has a very wide three-storey central block with a shallow hipped roof that is almost atypical of the Royal Württemberg State Railways, which usually used rather slender designs for its stations. Left and right of the central building there are two-storey extensions. The facade of the building is built of red sandstone (Buntsandstein), which is also found in other buildings in Weil der Stadt (e.g. the church and the Rundbogenstil pillars of the town hall). The frames of the windows and doors are made of yellow sandstone and stand in contrast. The station's name is also carved in yellow sandstone on both extensions as WEILDERSTADT.
	The station is served by the S-Bahn Stuttgart. It has two platform tracks. Services of S-Bahn line S 6 start on track 1. Track 2 is no longer used. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 4 station.

= = = Malala (village) = = =

	Malala is a village in the Diu district and Union Territory of Daman and Diu, India.

= = = Rugby Pratt = = =

	Major Albert Rugby Pratt (1875–1946) was a New Zealand Methodist minister, church administrator and historian. He was born in Gisborne, East Coast, New Zealand in 1875.

= = = James Prendergast = = =

	James Prendergast may refer to:

= = = Jane Preshaw = = =

	Jane Preshaw (née Norgate, 30 May 1839 – 12 December 1926) was a New Zealand nurse, midwife and hospital matron. She was born in Little Plumstead, Norfolk, England, in 1839.

= = = Viticus = = =

	Viticus is an Argentine hard rock band originally of Tigre, Buenos Aires, formed at the beginning of the decade of the 2000s and influenced mainly by Pappo. 
	Former members

= = = David Pretty (bushman) = = =

	David Pretty (1878–1947) was a New Zealand bushman, axeman, athlete and farmer. He was born in Okete, Waikato, New Zealand in 1878.

= = = Alfred Price (engineer) = = =

	Alfred Price (1838–1907) was a New Zealand manufacturing engineer. He was born in France Lynch, Gloucestershire, England in 1838.

= = = Ethel Pritchard = = =

	Ethel Pritchard (née Watkins, 1880–1964), also known as Ethel Watkins Taylor, was a New Zealand military and civilian nurse. Of Māori descent, she identified with the Ngāpuhi iwi. She was born in Onehunga, Auckland, New Zealand, in 1880.
	In the 1949 King's Birthday Honours, Pritchard was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for long services as a district nurse and an honorary child welfare officer.

= = = David Proudfoot = = =

	David Proudfoot (1838 – 20 March 1891) was a New Zealand engineering contractor and company director in Dunedin. He was born in Gilmerton, Midlothian, Scotland in about 1838.
	He was a Dunedin landowner and contractor, and was one of the promoters of the Dunedin Peninsula and Ocean Beach Railway. He owned the horse-drawn trams serving the suburbs of Dunedin and having a "virtual monopoly", until he sold them to the Dunedin City and Suburban Tramway Co in 1883 for £55,000. He was the brother-in-law of newspaper proprietor Sir George Fenwick, owing to Fenwick's marriage to Proudfoot's sister Jane.
	About 1883 he left Dunedin, and died in Sydney on 20 March 1891 while undergoing surgery.

= = = Rawiri Puhirake = = =

	Rawiri Puhirake (? – 21 June 1864) was a New Zealand tribal leader. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Ngāi Te Rangi iwi. He was killed in the Battle of Te Ranga.

= = = Rihi Puhiwahine Te Rangi-hirawea = = =

	Rihi Puhiwahine Te Rangi-hirawea (8.02.1906) was a New Zealand composer of waiata. Of Māori descent, she identified with the Ngati Maniapoto and Ngati Tuwharetoa iwi. She was born in Taringamotu River, King Country, New Zealand.

= = = Hori Pukehika = = =

	Hori Pukehika ( – 30 May 1932) was a New Zealand tribal leader and carver. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi iwi. He was born in Pipiriki, New Zealand.

= = = Ihaia Porutu Puketapu = = =

	Ihaia Porutu Puketapu (1887–1971) was a New Zealand tribal leader, butcher, roading contractor and labourer. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Te Ati Awa iwi. He was born in Waiwhetu, New Zealand, in 1887.
	As a young man, he was trained by the prophet Te Whiti at Parihaka, before returning to the Wellington region. He was active in the early New Zealand Labour Party and had close friendships with Peter Fraser and Walter Nash; he was active in the campaign for the Maori Social and Economic Advancement Act 1945.
	Puketapu married Amiria Ake Ake, in Hawera about 1907, but she died in 1916. He remarried Pākehā [Vera May Yeates (1904–1991) on 15 March 1930, at Wellington. They had many children, including Ihakara Puketapu and Erenora Puketapu-Hetet.
	In the 1960 Queen's Birthday Honours, Puketapu was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for social welfare services to Māori youth.
	Puketapu died in Lower Hutt on 1 July 1971.

= = = Mary Etheldred Pulling = = =

	Mary Etheldred Pulling (1871–1951) was a New Zealand headmistress, writer and anchoress. She was born in Belchamp St Paul, Essex, England in 1871.
	At the invitation of the Anglican bishop of Auckland, Moore Richard Neligan, she came to New Zealand in 1904 to establish a church school for girls.
	By the time of her retirement in 1926 Mary Pulling had firmly established Diocesan High School for Girls on a firm footing with a growing roll, sound finances, and a high academic reputation.
	From 1930 she lived a reclusive life as Anchoress Mary Etheldred in the Waikato town of Cambridge, devoting her time to intercessional prayer and spiritual counselling for those who requested it.
	Towards the end of her life she suffered from cerebral arteriosclerosis, and died at Tokanui Hospital, Te Awamutu, on 24 March 1951.
	She never married and apparently had no close relatives in New Zealand.
	She designed a Gothic styled entrance arch for the Anglican portion of the Symonds Street Cemetery in Auckland.
	This may have been the first work of architecture by a woman in New Zealand - it was constructed in 1910 and demolished in 1968 when the cemetery was altered during the construction of the motorway system - no other architectural work by her is known at present.

= = = Elizabeth Pulman = = =

	Elizabeth Pulman née Chadd (1 Aug 1836 – 3 Feb 1900) was a British-born New Zealand photographer. She was regarded as being the country's first female professional photographer.
	Pulman was born in Lymm, Cheshire, England in 1836, and arrived in New Zealand in 1861.
	She owned a photographic studio in Auckland along with her husband George Pulman.
	Pulman raised nine children on her own after being widowed. 
	Twice widowed, Pulman kept the studio afloat, specializing in scenic photographs and portraits.
	Many of her works included important Maori tribe members including Chief Paul Paora Tuhaere, King Tawhiao, and Tawhiao's daughter and second wife. 
	Pulman died on 3 February 1900 in Auckland, New Zealand.

= = = Lena Purcell = = =

	Samuelene "Lena" Purcell (25 July 1898 – 20 December 1982) was a New Zealand shop assistant and trade unionist. She was born in Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand in 1898. She was active as a trade unionist from the 1920s to the 1960s and, alongside Alice Cossey of the tailoresses' union, was Auckland's most prominent female unionist during that time.

= = = Brownie Puriri = = =

	Nau Paraone Kawiti Puriri (7 March 1924 – 1 September 1979) was a New Zealand land title officer, maori welfare worker. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Ngāpuhi, Ngati Hine (Northland) and Ngāti Kahu o Torongare iwi. He was born in Ngararatunua, Northland, New Zealand in 1924.

= = = Edward Puttick = = =

	Lieutenant General Sir Edward Puttick, (26 June 1890 – 25 July 1976) was an officer who served with the New Zealand Military Forces during the First and Second World Wars. The first New Zealand-born soldier to reach the rank of lieutenant general, he was Chief of the General Staff of the New Zealand Military Forces from 1941 to 1945.
	Born in 1890 in Timaru, Puttick served in the Territorial Force prior to the First World War. In August 1914 he was part of the Expeditionary Force that occupied German Samoa. He later served with the New Zealand Rifle Brigade during the Senussi Campaign and on the Western Front. He was commanding the 3rd Battalion of the brigade in March 1918 when he was wounded and later repatriated to New Zealand.
	Puttick joined the New Zealand Staff Corps in 1919 and held a number of command and staff positions for the next 20 years. During the Second World War, he commanded the 4th Infantry Brigade in the Battle of Greece, for which he was awarded a bar to the Distinguished Service Order he had won in the previous war. Following the Allied evacuation from Greece he commanded the 2nd New Zealand Division during the subsequent Battle of Crete. In September he returned to New Zealand as Chief of General Staff, New Zealand Military Forces, and served in this capacity until late 1945. He retired from the military the following year and died in 1976.
	The son of a railway worker from London, Edward Puttick was born in Timaru, in South Canterbury. He was educated at Waitaki Boys' High School, after which he joined the Roads Department, as it was then known, as a draughtsman. He joined the newly formed Territorial Force in 1911, serving as a second lieutenant in the 15th (North Auckland) Regiment. The following year he moved to Wellington and was transferred to the 5th (Wellington) Regiment.
	Following the outbreak of the First World War, Puttick's territorial regiment was designated part of the Samoa Expeditionary Force, which was raised for the Occupation of German Samoa in early August 1914. Now with the rank of captain, he landed at Apia on 29 August. The occupation was achieved without loss of life and he spent the next several months on garrison duty before returning to New Zealand in April 1915. On his return, he volunteered for the New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) which was then in the Middle East, preparing for the Gallipoli Campaign.
	On arrival in Egypt, Puttick was posted to the 1st Battalion, New Zealand Rifle Brigade. He commanded 'B' Company of the battalion during the Senussi Campaign from January to February 1916, before being transferred to the 2nd Infantry Brigade of the newly formed New Zealand Division. He was promoted to major and appointed Staff Captain of the brigade, under the command of Brigadier General William Braithwaite. He went with the division to the Western Front in April and remained with the brigade during its settling in period in the Armentieres sector of the front. In July, prior to the start of the Somme Offensive, he was transferred back to the Rifle Brigade, and appointed second-in-command of its 4th Battalion.
	Puttick fought in the Battle of Flers-Courcelette in mid-September 1916 and was mentioned in despatches for his leadership and support of his battalion commander, Colonel Charles Melvill, immediately following the battle. In December he temporarily commanded the 4th Battalion while Melvill was briefly commander of the 2nd Infantry Brigade. In June 1917 he had an extended period as temporary commander of the battalion when, during the Battle of Messines, Melvill was promoted to command of the 1st Infantry Brigade following the death of its previous commander, Brigadier General Charles Henry Brown. Puttick led the battalion through the Battle of Passchendaele until November 1917 at which time he was given command of the 3rd Battalion, New Zealand Rifle Brigade. Late in the year he was again mentioned in despatches and on 1 January 1918, in recognition of his service in the previous six months, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO).
	On 21 March 1918, the Germans began their Spring Offensive and the New Zealand Division was rushed to plug a gap in the front near Colincamps. On 27 March, Puttick was wounded in the chest while leading his battalion in an action designed to link up with an Australian brigade in the nearby village of Hébuterne. He was evacuated to England for treatment and after recuperating, commanded the New Zealand Rifle Brigade's training camp in Brocton, Staffordshire. However, his wounds were such that he was eventually repatriated to New Zealand at the end of the war.
	Shortly after Puttick's return to New Zealand, he married Irene Lillian Dignan in Auckland. The couple would have three daughters. After being discharged from the NZEF in March 1919, he rejoined the Roads Department. Later that year he applied to join New Zealand's permanent military forces but was declined. He returned to the Roads Department but was seconded to the military in August 1919. A few months later he received a commission in the New Zealand Staff Corps as a major.
	In 1920, Puttick was appointed commander of the Fiji Expeditionary Force, which had been raised following a request from the Fijian government for military forces to support local police dealing with striking labourers and farmers. The force, numbering about 55 men, was based in Fiji for two months before returning home. He then served in a number of staff positions. He was sent to England for attachment to the War Office and the same year attended the Imperial Defence College in 1937, with the rank of colonel. He was also one of New Zealand's representatives at the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Westminster Abbey. In 1938 he was appointed as Adjutant General of the New Zealand Military Forces as well as a second term as Quartermaster General, having previously served in this capacity from 1934 to 1936.
	Puttick was commanding the Central Military District when the Second World War broke out and, as a skilled administrator, played a key role in the raising of the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2NZEF) for service overseas. The 4th Infantry Brigade with Puttick, promoted to temporary brigadier, as its commander was to be the first brigade of the newly formed 2nd New Zealand Division, under the overall command of Major General Bernard Freyberg. The brigade duly departed for the Middle East in January 1940.
	Puttick oversaw the training of the brigade once it settled in its base in Egypt. In June 1940, Freyberg travelled to England to where the second infantry brigade of the division had been shipped. In his absence, Puttick was temporary commander of the New Zealand forces in Egypt. Anticipating a German invasion of Greece, the division was one of the Allied units transferred to that country. Arriving in April 1941, he led the brigade competently during the Battle of Greece as it retreated from the Aliakmon Line in northern Greece to the Servia Pass and onto the beaches at Porto Rafti from where it was evacuated on 27 April to Crete. He was later awarded a Bar to his DSO for his "gallantry and devotion to duty" during this period.
	On Crete, Puttick was promoted to temporary major general and, following Freyberg's appointment as the commander of Creforce, took over responsibility for the 2nd New Zealand Division. During the Battle of Crete his failure to pressure James Hargest, one of his brigade commanders, to make a counterattack to support the defenders of Maleme airfield resulted in its eventual loss to the Germans. With reinforcements and supplies landed at the airfield the Germans were able to consolidate the tenuous gains made in the opening days of the invasion. Any meaningful chance of the Allies successfully preventing the capture of the island was lost and the survivors of Creforce were eventually evacuated to Egypt.
	On his return to Egypt, Puttick was offered the opportunity to become Chief of the General Staff, effectively the commander of the New Zealand Military Forces, by the visiting New Zealand prime minister, Peter Fraser. He accepted the role and returned to New Zealand in September 1941. Puttick's focus was on ensuring the manpower of the 2NZEF in North Africa was adequately maintained by reinforcements. In the face of the increasing threat of the Japanese Empire in the Pacific, he also put considerable effort into improving New Zealand's defences. After the Japanese entered the war, he considered the actual threat of invasion to be minimal but continued to encourage improvements in home defence as a means of boosting morale.
	In April 1942 Puttick was promoted to lieutenant general, the first New Zealand-born soldier to reach this rank. In the 1942 Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB). As the war progressed he was faced with the difficulty of juggling resources to maintain both the 2nd New Zealand Division in the Middle East and the 3rd New Zealand Division in the Pacific theatre. Later in the war, he was in favour keeping the 2nd Division in Italy to deal with what he considered to be the greater priority, the defeat of Germany, rather than have it be used against the Japanese.
	Puttick was succeeded as Chief of the General Staff by Major General Norman Weir in late 1945 and was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1946 New Year Honours. In June 1946, he led the New Zealand contingent at the Victory Parade in London. He retired from the military three months later.
	In his retirement, Puttick authored one of the volumes of the "Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45", a unit history of the 25th Battalion, which was published in 1960. His wife died in 1964 and in his later years, he lived in Raglan, a small seaside town on the west coast of the North Island. He died on 25 July 1976 in Hamilton, survived by his three daughters, and was buried at Karori Cemetery in Wellington with military honours.

= = = China Economic Yearbook = = =

	China Economic Yearbook (Almanac of China’s Economy, 中国经济年鉴) is an economic yearbook that is published by the Development Research Center of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China. Founded in 1981, China Economic Yearbook records the development of China’s national economy and social progress annually. It reflects the general development trend of different industries and regions in China through first-hand economic data. Incorporating key economic documents of the central government and records of major economic events of the year, China Economic Yearbook provides comprehensive information and authoritative data about China’s economy. As an accurate historical record of China’s economic growth, it is regarded as a key reference for policy makers at central and local levels in China. It is also an indispensable source for those who conduct research on Chinese economy.
	Editor-in-Chief
	Deputy Editor-in-chief
(Development Research Center of the State Council web site)

= = = Hainan Museum = = =

	The Hainan Museum () is on Guoxing Avenue, Haikou, the capital city of Hainan Province, China. It was established in 1984, then moved to its permanent location in the Hainan Cultural Park at 68 Guoxing Avenue. There, it was officially reopened on November 15, 2008.
	The facility is one of three large public works projects constructed around the same time on Guoxing Avenue alongside one another. The others are Hainan Library and Hainan Centre for the Performing Arts.
	Since opening, it has received more than 800,000 visitors, including former leader Hu Jintao and Premier Li Keqiang.
	The entire museum area covers 40,000 square metres. The first phase contains 18,000 square meters comprising the following:
	The second phase of the project is in planning. It will have an area of 7,000 square meters and will contain the "Huaguangjiao One" shipwreck, where it will be restored and protected. It will house approximately 10,000 pieces of porcelain and other cultural relics and specimens pertaining to the history of the South China Sea, the "maritime" Silk Road, and items relating to geopolitics. It will also contain marine organisms and examples of mineral resources.
	Presently, the museum has over 20,000 items including cultural relics and multimedia.
	There are four basic permanent exhibitions:
	The museum has presented approximately 20 thematic exhibitions, including:
	Hainan Museum is open from 09:00 to 17:00. It is closed on Mondays. Entrance is free with a maximum of 3,000 tickets issued daily, until 16:30. Identification is required to obtain a ticket. Professional narrators and self-service audio guides are available in Chinese, English, Japanese, Russian and other languages.
	Hainan Museum is partnered with:

= = = Panicum repens = = =

	Panicum repens is a species of grass known by many common names, including torpedograss, creeping panic, panic rampant, couch panicum, wainaku grass, quack grass, dog-tooth grass, and bullet grass. Its exact native range is obscure. Sources suggest that the grass is native to "Africa and/or Asia", "Europe or Australia", "Eurasia", "Australia", "Europe, Asia, and Africa", or other specific regions, including the Mediterranean, Israel, and Argentina. It is present in many places as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. It has been called "one of the world's worst weeds."
	This perennial grass spreads via its large, branching rhizomes, which are thick and pointed. The pointed shape of the rhizome tip gives the plant the name torpedograss. The rhizomes creep along the ground or float in water, forming floating mats. They can reach a length of and a soil depth of , and they can form a mat thick. The spreading rhizomes sprout repeatedly to form colonies of stems. The stems are tall, sometimes reaching . They grow erect or bend down. The leaves are stiff and straight, linear in shape, and flat or folded. They are sometimes white in color and waxy in texture. The inflorescence is a loose panicle of branches bearing small spikelets long.
	This grass grows throughout the world in tropical and subtropical areas. It was introduced to the United States in seed for forage grasses and probably in ballast water from ships. It was also imported by the United States Department of Agriculture to grow as a forage grass for cattle. It was deliberately planted throughout southern Florida and it easily escaped cultivation, eventually becoming "one of the most serious weeds in Florida," spreading to more than 70% of the waterways in the state. In Lake Okeechobee it has invaded more than 16,000 acres of marsh. It displaces native plants, growing colonially in thick monotypic stands. Dense mats or stands of the grass cause hypoxia in the water. Torpedograss management in flood control systems costs an estimated US$2 million per year.
	The plant is established in sandy coastal habitat on the United States' Gulf Coast, such as beaches and dunes, from Florida to Texas. There it occurs with beach plants such as turtleweed ("Batis maritima"), saltgrass ("Distichlis spicata"), marsh fimbry ("Fimbristylis castanea"), largeleaf pennywort ("Hydrocotyle bonariensis"), and dwarf saltwort ("Salicornia bigelovii"). It grows on many barrier islands. It grows in many types of wetland habitat, in and out of the water. It grows in freshwater marshes, salt marshes, mud flats, wet prairies, tide pools, bogs, and lakesides. It also invades drier habitat, such as coastal pine forests and white sand scrub. It easily moves into disturbed and cultivated areas such as ditches and canals. It is a nuisance in sod production. In Hawaii, it is a weed of sugarcane ("Saccharum officinarum"). In other areas it can be found in turf and orchards. In the Florida turfgrass industry it is the second worst weed known. The grass can grow in a variety of habitats, but it does not tolerate cold and it is rarely found above subtropical latitudes or at altitude.
	The grass spreads primarily via its rhizome. It has been noted to grow in length per day. The stems and rhizomes also produce tillers. The rhizome can endure drying and flooding. Dry or wet conditions may reduce the number of shoots produced by the rhizome, but they do not kill it. The rhizome can disperse when parts of it break off and drop onto the substrate elsewhere, anchoring and putting up new shoots. The plant survives and sprouts after herbicide application, grazing, cutting, plowing or disking, and burning. The grass rarely reproduces by seed. It has been noted to reproduce by seed in Portugal, but does not do so in the United States, and it was described as "incapable of fruiting" in Japan. Seeds are sometimes observed but they are apparently rarely viable, with many studies describing zero germination.
	The grass has been widely planted as forage for cattle because it is so hardy, withstanding grazing and trampling, and it can be made into hay. However, it is not one of the more palatable or nutritious grasses. It is also good for erosion control because it binds the soil. Indeed, it is still recommended for planting along shorelines to stabilize them.

= = = Vitaly Shlykov = = =

	Vitaly Shlykov (; 1934–2011) was a spymaster in the GRU, Russian deputy minister of defence and founder of the influential Council for Foreign and Defence Policy.
	Shlykov was arrested in Switzerland in January 1983 following his betrayal by Dieter Gerhardt under U.S. Central Intelligence Agency interrogation. Gerhardt was a South African national who spied for the Soviet Union for 20 years before his position was compromised by the Farewell Dossier. Shlykov was arrested when he travelled to Zurich under the false name Nikolaev Mikhail Vasilyevich to meet with Gerhardt's wife, Ruth, who acted as a courier. Despite not disclosing his real name or any other details to Swiss authorities, he was jailed for three years for spying for the Soviet Union.
	After his release from prison in 1986, he started the Council for Foreign and Defence Policy, an influential think tank that provides advice to the Kremlin on security issues.
	He later rose to the position of deputy minister of defence in the Russian Federation under Boris Yeltsin.
	Shlykov argued with his superiors that the Soviet Union was basing its military and economic policies on faulty assumptions, inherited from the Joseph Stalin era.
	Namely, he posited that the Soviet war plans were based on the assumption that the upcoming military conflict between the USSR and NATO would strategically and technologically resemble World War II.
	To prepare for this contingency, it was planned to mobilize between 4 and 8 million soldiers and to continuously supply them with enormous quantities of material: tanks, cannon, planes etc., since it was expected that the materiel (and the soldiers) would be constantly attributed at a high rate.
	Therefore, most industrial plants in the USSR were required to set aside significant production capacities during peacetime, in order to "mobilize" them when war broke out and to produce the requisite enormous quantities of war materiel. This had the effect of severely undermining the Soviet economy.
	Shlykov argued that the assumption that World War III would resemble World War II was wrong and that the above-described approach was ruining the Soviet economy without actually preparing it for possible future conflicts. He pointed out that the Western powers opted out of the World War II-era approach and were actively developing "smart" weapons in order to counter the Soviet preponderance in manpower and classical materiel.
	For his efforts he was summarily dismissed from the Soviet Army. He later published his arguments after the fall of the Soviet Union in the open press.

= = = Harinagar, Mayabunder = = =

	Harinagar is a panchayat village located in the Mayabunder block of South Andaman district, Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India. In 2008-09, its population was 1809.

= = = Chaiti = = =

	Chaiti are semi-classical songs, originating from the Indian subcontinent, sung in the Hindu calendar month of Chait. These songs are rendered during the Holy month of Sri Rama Navami in March/April. It falls under light classical form of Hindustani classical music. The songs typically has the name of Lord Rama.
	It comes in the series of season songs, like Kajari, Hori and Sawani, and is traditionally sung in the villages and towns of Uttar Pradesh: around Banaras, Mirzapur, Mathura, Allahabad and the Bhojpur regions of Bihar. Girija Devi is among the popular singers of Chaiti.

= = = National Human Rights Commission (Mongolia) = = =

	The National Human Rights Commission of Mongolia (; ХЭҮК) was established under the Law on the National Human Rights Commission of Mongolia 2000 (the Act) and commenced operations on 1 February 2001.
	The Commission’s main activities include investigations, complaints handling and research. The Commission’s complaints mechanism is available to those complaining of violations of human rights by a public authority or a business. Eligible Complainants must be:
	The Commission will reply within 30 days of receipt of a complaint, or 60 days where the Chief Commissioner grants an extension for further investigation and enquiry.
	Complaints that will not be accepted:
	The Commission consists of three commissioners: Chairperson, two standing commissioners.
	Under to the Law on the National Human Rights Commission of Mongolia, the Commission has a Secretariat. The Secretariat of the Commission was established on 20 February 2001. The rules and regulations of the Secretariat are adopted by the Chief Commissioner, and the staff and salary fund are included in the budget approved by the State Great Hural.
	Members of the Secretariat are civil administrative workers. The Secretariat primarily aims at providing the Commission with stable and steady activity, supporting the Chief Commissioner and the Commissioners in fulfilling their authority with methodological assistance.

= = = Kalyan (thaat) = = =

	Kalyan () is one of the ten basic thaats of Hindustani music from the Indian subcontinent. It is also the name of a raga (more popularly known as Yaman) within this thaat.
	Kalyan thaat consists of an important group of evening ragas. Characterised by the teevra Madhyam, this thaat literally means good luck. Ragas of this thaat are considered to be a blessing-seeking and soothing. As a result, they are performed in the evening at the beginning of a concert. These ragas create a feeling of the unfolding of an evening.
	The Kalyan thaat is huge and consists of many variations including ragas (but not restricted to) like Shuddha Kalyan, Shyam Kalyan, Yaman Kalyan, Anandi Kalyan, Khem Kalyan (Haunsdhwani + Yaman), Savani Kalyan etc.
	Ragas in Kalyan Thaat: Yaman, Bhupali, Hindol, Kedar.

= = = Osborne Township = = =

	Osborne Township may refer to:

= = = Ornithocheirus buenzeli = = =

	""Ornithocheirus"" "buenzeli" (often mis-spelled "O. bunzeli") is a pterosaur species known from parts of a humerus (upper arm bone) and part of a lower jaw found in late Cretaceous period (Campanian) rocks of the Grünbach Formation, Austria. While it has traditionally been classified in the genus "Ornithocheirus", it is more likely an azhdarchid, though due to the fragmentary nature of known fossil remains, it is considered a "nomen dubium".

= = = Tanegashima (gun) = = =

, most often called in Japanese and sometimes in English , was a type of matchlock configured arquebus firearm introduced to Japan through the Portuguese in 1543. "Tanegashima" were used by the samurai class and their foot soldiers ("ashigaru") and within a few years the introduction of the "tanegashima" in battle changed the way war was fought in Japan forever.
	The tanegashima seems to have been based on snap matchlocks that were produced in Portuguese Malacca, at the armory of Malacca (a colony of Portugal since 1511). The name "tanegashima" came from the Japanese island (Tanegashima) where a Chinese junk with Portuguese adventurers on board was driven to anchor by a storm in 1543. The lord of the Japanese island, Tanegashima Tokitaka (1528–1579), purchased two matchlock muskets from the Portuguese and put a swordsmith to work copying the matchlock barrel and firing mechanism. The smith (Yaita) did not have much of a problem with most of the gun but "drilling the barrel helically so that the screw ("bisen" bolt) could be tightly inserted" was a major problem as this "technique did not apparently exist in Japan until this time." The Portuguese fixed their ship and left the island and only in the next year when a Portuguese blacksmith was brought back to Japan was the problem solved. Within ten years of its introduction, over 300,000 "tanegashima" firearms were reported to have been manufactured.
	Much of Japan was involved with internecine wars during the Sengoku period (1467-1603), as feudal lords vied for supremacy. Matchlock guns were introduced midway through the period and saw extensive use in the later years of the conflict, playing a decisive role on the battlefield. In 1549, Oda Nobunaga ordered 500 guns to be produced for his armies at a time when the benefits of firearms over traditional weapons were still relatively questionable to other "daimyō". Contemporary guns were still rather primitive, and cumbersome when compared to conventional ranged weaponry. According to one estimate, a 16th century Japanese archer could loose 15 arrows in the time a gunner would take to load, charge, and fire a firearm once. The effective range for the Tanegashima was only 80 to 100 metres at which distance a bullet could easily be deflected by armour. Matchlock firearms were vulnerable to humid or rainy conditions as the powder would become damp. However, unlike the "yumi" bow a firearm could be operated effectively with far less training, allowing it to be wielded by conscripted farmers or other low-ranking infantry.
	The Japanese soon worked on various techniques to improve the effectiveness of their guns. They developed a staggered firing technique to create a continuous rain of bullets on the enemy. They also developed larger caliber barrels and ammunition to increase lethality. Protective boxes in lacquerware were invented to fit over the firing mechanism so it could still fire while it was raining, as were systems to accurately fire weapons at night by keeping fixed angles thanks to measured strings. Another development would be the "hayago", a bamboo cartridge used to facilitate faster reloading. A hollow tube open on the both ends, the "hayago" contained gun powder, wadding, and a bullet. Upon tearing open the tube's paper seal at the bottom, a soldier could quickly use it to pour the necessary powder into his weapon before placing over the barrel and using his rammer to load both wadding and bullet into the barrel at the same time. After use, the "hayago" could be kept for repacking or discarded.
	Japan became so enthusiastic about the new weapons that it possibly overtook every European country in absolute numbers produced. Japan also used the guns in the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, in which about a quarter of the invasion force of 160,000 were gunners. They were extremely successful at first and managed to capture Seoul just 18 days after their landing at Pusan.
	The internal war for control of Japan was won by Tokugawa Ieyasu who defeated his rivals at the Battle of Sekigahara in October 1600. Three years later, he established the Tokugawa shogunate, a powerful entity that would maintain peace, stability, and prosperity in Japan for the following 250 years. This is known as the Edo period (1603–1868). From the mid 17th century, Japan decided to close itself to interaction with the West (except for the Dutch) through its policy of Sakoku. Contrary to popular belief, this did not lead to Japan "giving up the gun." If anything, the gun was used less frequently because the Edo Period did not have many large-scale conflicts in which a gun would be of use. Often the sword was simply the more practical weapon in the average small-scale conflicts. Isolation did not eliminate the production of guns in Japan—on the contrary, there is evidence of around 200 gunsmiths in Japan by the end of the Edo Period. But the social life of firearms had changed: as the historian David L. Howell has argued, for many in Japanese society, the gun had become less a weapon than a farm implement for scaring off animals. With no external enemies for over 200 years, "tanegashima" were mainly used by samurai for hunting and target practice, the majority were relegated to the arms store houses of the various feudal lords ("daimyōs").
	The arrival in Japan of the United States Navy led by Commodore Perry in 1854 started a period of re-armament. The "tanegashima" was an antiquated weapon by the 1800s and various samurai factions acquired advanced firearms including the minié rifle, breech-loading and repeating rifles. The samurai era ended in 1868 with the Meiji period, the Japanese turned to a national conscription army with modern weapons and uniforms. Some gunsmiths did replace their matchlock-type tanegashimas into percussion cap mechanisms while retaining its design as a musket. The last use of samurai armour and traditional weapons including "tanegashima" in Japan was during the Satsuma Rebellion (1877), when the Meiji government's newly established Imperial Japanese Army put an end to the last samurai and their resistance to modernization.
	Today "tanegashima" are readily available from sellers of antique firearms and dealers of samurai antiques both in Japan and the West. Modern "tanegashima" gun troops in Japan re-enact the use of "tanegashima" in battle and black powder enthusiasts use "tanegashima" for target practice.

= = = Eurythmia angulella = = =

	Eurythmia angulella is a species of snout moth in the genus "Eurhodope". It was described by Charles Russell Ely in 1910 and is known from North America.

= = = List of protected areas of Cambodia = = =

	This is a list of protected areas of Cambodia.

= = = Eurythmia fumella = = =

	Eurythmia fumella is a species of snout moth in the genus "Eurhodope". It was described by Charles Russell Ely in 1910 and is known from North America, including Illinois.

= = = Robot Framework = = =

	The Robot Framework is a generic test automation framework for acceptance testing and acceptance test-driven development (ATDD). It is a keyword-driven testing framework that uses tabular test data syntax.
	The basic ideas for Robot Framework were shaped in Pekka Klärck's masters thesis in 2005. The first version was developed at Nokia Networks the same year. Version 2.0 was released as open source software June 24, 2008 and version 3.0.2 was released February 7, 2017.
	The framework is written using the Python programming language and has an active community of contributors. It is released under Apache License 2.0 and can be downloaded from robotframework.org.
	Test cases are written using a keyword-testing methodology written in a tabular format. These tables can be written in plain text, HTML, tab-separated values (TSV), or reStructuredText (reST) formats files in any text editor or using the Robot Integrated Development Environment (RIDE). RIDE simplifies writing test cases by providing framework-specific code completion, syntax highlighting, etc.
	The following test case implements a Hello, World! example:
	This can be written as follows:
	codice_1 is a built-in keyword that logs the given parameter to the test report generated by Robot Framework.
	With the help of the SeleniumLibrary, writing tests for web applications is very easy too:
	This test opens a new Internet Explorer browser window and performs an Internet search.
	These libraries are best implemented in Python, but using Java or .NET is also possible.
	Other languages such as Perl, JavaScript, and PHP can be used for libraries as well, using the remote library interface. See Robot Framework User Guide and documentation for more information.

= = = Affreca de Courcy = = =

	Affreca de Courcy or Affrica Guðrøðardóttir was a late 12th-/early 13th century noblewoman. She was the daughter of Godred Olafsson, King of the Isles, a member of the Crovan dynasty. In the late 12th century she married John de Courcy. Affrica is noted for religious patronage in northern Ireland.
	Affreca was the daughter of Godred Olafsson (, a member of the Crovan dynasty. Godred ruled the Kingdom of the Isles.
	A significant era in the history of Ireland was the Norman invasion of Ireland by English or Anglo-Norman adventurers in 12th century Gaelic Ireland. In 1166, the once powerful King of Leinster, Dermot MacMurrough (d. 1171), was forced from Ireland by his rivals. With the consent of Henry, Mac Murchada sought the aid of Henry's vassals in Wales and England. Through his daughter Aoife MacMurrough ("fl." 1189), Mac Murchada gained a matrimonial-alliance with the powerful Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (d. 1176). In 1167, the reinforced Mac Murchada made his return and easily regained Leinster, and later gained further lands. One of the wealthiest and coveted settlements in 12th century Ireland was Dublin, a seaport and seat of a somewhat independent kingdom ruled by various Norse-Gaelic kings. In September 1170, the forces of Mac Murchada and de Clare marched on Dublin, which was then successfully stormed by de Clare's men. According to the near contemporary "Expugnatio Hibernica" by Gerald of Wales (d. 1220x23), the leadership of the Dubliners managed to escape the carnage with their belongings, and sailed away into the Isles.
	While many of the Dubliners may never have returned, Gerald's account and a mediaeval French text popularly known as "The Song of Dermot and the Earl" state that, about six months later, the deposed King of Dublin, Ascall mac Ragnaill (d. 1171), launched a sea-borne assault on the town with a force that numbered either sixty or one hundred ships respectively. Although Mac Turcaill's men successfully made landfall near the town, the sources indicate that his forces were utterly crushed by the Norman defenders, and that he was himself captured and beheaded. The French text specifically states that there was Manx involvement in the assault. In Gerald's version of the events, Affreca's father supplied thirty ships to an unsuccessful later-attempt at ousting the Normans from Dublin. In the words of Gerald, "their fear of the threat of English domination, inspired by the successes of the English, made the men of the isles act all the more quickly, and with the wind in the northwest they immediately sailed about thirty ships full of warriors into the harbour of the Liffey".
	With the conquest of Norse-Gaelic Dublin, and the ongoing entrenchment of the English in Ireland, the Crovan dynasty found themselves surrounded by a potentially threatening, rising power in the Irish Sea zone. The dynasty did not take long to realign itself with this new power, in the form of a dynastic marriage between Affreca and one of the most powerful of the incoming Englishmen—John de Courcy (d. "c." 1219).
	Nothing is known of de Courcy's early life. He arrived in Ireland in 1176, with Henry's deputy in Ireland, William fitz Audelin (d. before 1198), and was a member of the English garrison of Dublin. According to the Gerald, de Courcy led an invasion of Ulaid in 1177 (an area roughly encompassing what is today County Antrim and County Down). He reached Down (modern day Downpatrick), drove off Ruaidrí Mac Duinn Sléibe, King of Ulaid (d. 1201), and consolidated his conquest of the area with the erection of a castle. He thereafter ruled his lands with a certain amount of independence for about a quarter of a century. According to the "Dublin Annals of Inisfallen", the marriage between Affreca and de Courcy took place in 1180. Although scholars consider these annals particularly unreliable, a date of about 1180 may not be far off the mark, considering the time-frame of de Courcy's rapid rise to power. It is possible that de Courcy's marriage could have attributed to his success in Ulaid, considering the military resources of the Crovan dynasty. Less speculative is the likelihood that de Courcy's success was used by the Crovan dynasty, who were allied by marriage with Cenél nEógain, as a means of settling old scores.
	In a series of conflicts between 1201 and 1204, de Courcy finally fell from power. By 1205 he was forced from Ireland altogether, and his lands were awarded to Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster (d. 1242). Sometime in 1205, de Courcy rose in rebellion, and gained military support from Affreca's brother, Ragnvald Godredsson (), King of the Isles. The "Chronicle of Mann" specifies that de Courcy's massive force was further strengthened by Rögnvaldr with one hundred ships. Together the two laid siege to what the chronicle describes as "the castle of Rath", before being beaten back with the arrival of Walter de Lacy (d. 1241), Hugh's elder brother. The expedition is also recorded in the "Annals of Loch Cé", which state that de Courcy brought a fleet from the Isles to battle the de Lacys. Although the expedition ultimately proved a failure, the annals note that the surrounding countryside was plundered and destroyed by the invaders. The identity of the castle noted by the chronicle is almost certainly Dundrum Castle, which was possibly constructed by de Courcy before 1203. The defeat of 1205 marks the downfall of de Courcy, who never regained his Irish-lands.
	Affreca founded in 1193 Grey Abbey, in the peninsula of Ards, where John had previously given lands to his family priory, St Andrew of Stogursey.

= = = Yas Island = = =

	Yas Island () is an island in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
	The island’s development project was initiated in 2006 by Abu Dhabi-based Aldar Properties, with the aim of turning the island into a multi-purpose leisure, shopping and entertainment center at an estimated total cost of over billion. This investment was planned as a multi-staged project to unfold in phases until 2018, with project stakeholders foreseeing the possibility of extending development by adding new venues and upgrading existing facilities.
	It occupies a total land area of 2,500 ha (25 km²), of which 1,700 ha will be claimed for development. Yas Island holds the Yas Marina Circuit, which has hosted the Formula One Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi Grand Prix since 2009.
	Both business and leisure travellers visit Yas Island. Yas Island was named the world's leading tourism project at the World Travel Awards in November 2009.
	The Park’s foundation stone was laid on 3 November 2007. The development was completed in a little under three years, opening to the public for the first time on November 2010.
	Formula Rossa, one of the park's most famous attractions, is the world’s fastest rollercoaster reaching a speed of 240 km/h (149 mph).
	Yas Waterworld Surf’s up! Bubbles' Barrel slide has the largest surf-able sheet wave surf in the world.
	Warner Bros. World Abu Dhabi is located on Yas Island near Ferrari World and Yas Waterworld and was built by Miral Asset Management. WB World is organized into six themed lands, Gotham City, Metropolis, Cartoon Junction, Bedrock, Dynamite Gulch and Warner Bros Plaza. Gotham and Metropolis are based on the cities of DC Comics super heroes Batman and Superman, respectively. Warner Bros.'s "Looney Tunes" and Hanna-Barbera cartoon libraries are featured in Cartoon Junction and Dynamite Gulch except for Bedrock which features the Flintstones. Warner Bros Plaza mimics the Hollywood of the past. The park opened on July 25, 2018, which makes it the world's third Warner Bros. theme park.
	On December 13, 2016, SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment announced a new partnership with Miral to bring SeaWorld Abu Dhabi to Yas Island. The park, which will be situated to the northeast of Ferrari World, is set to opened in 2020 and will be the first SeaWorld without orcas.
	The full circuit length is 5.554 km and can be configured in five different ways to accommodate a variety of motorsport events. Yas Marina Circuit is the only motorsports venue in the world that offers covered and shaded grandstands throughout the facility, coupled with pit lanes that run partially beneath the track.
	Three charter boat companies operate from Yas Marina namely Jalboot Marine, Captain Tony's and Azure Marine. Seawings operates flights to and from Dubai to Yas Marina and 20 minute Abu Dhabi tours from Yas Marina.
	Yas Links is a golf course designed by Kyle Philips, ranked 44th World’s 100 Greatest Golf Courses outside the USA (Golf Digest 2018). 1.8 million cubic metres of material were dredged to form the 18 Hole Championship Golf Course, Golf Club & Golf Shop, pool Area, air-conditioned swing studio and meeting and conference rooms for corporate events.
	As of August 2019, Yas Links Abu Dhabi is now manged by Troon International 
	Mangrove Tours launch daily from Yas Beach also courtesy of Noukhada Adventure Company.
	du Live! is an entertainment venue.
	The "du Arena" (formerly known as the "Yas Arena" until June 2012) is a large open-air concert venue located in Yas Bay. The venue opened in 2009, depending on configuration, the venue can hold up to 35,000. It is coined as the largest open air venue in the Middle East.
	The rebranding preceded the first Madonna concert, part of her MDNA Tour, in the Arab region on 3 and 4 June 2012. du and Think Flash revamped the venue for Madonna’s concert, including building up a new 23m x 54m stage and developing a complex pyrotechnic and lighting system. Grass has been relaid, gravel removed, tarmac walkways laid down throughout the arena and a central public plaza area featuring merchandise, retail and entertainment has been installed.
	The arena has hosted many international musicians under the telecom’s entertainment platform du Live! in addition to Beyoncé, Madonna, including the Rolling Stones, Janet Jackson, Black Sabbath, Eric Clapton, Kylie Minogue, Shakira, Linkin Park, Nickelback, Eminem, Rihanna, Andrea Bocelli, Metallica, Kanye West, Sting, Creamfields dance music festival featuring DJs such as Tiesto, David Guetta and Armin Van Buuren.<ref name="http://www.du.ae/en/dulive/Default"></ref> Furthermore, the du Arena has also been the venue for the Middle East's first KCON event featuring various K-pop artists such as Bangtan Boys, Taeyeon of Girls' Generation, Cho Kyuhyun of Super Junior, Monsta X, Ailee, SS301, and Spica last March 25, 2016.
	The "du Forum" (formerly known as the "Flash Forum" until June 2012) is an indoor events venue. It seats up to 4,500. The venues are owned by Adler Properties and operated by Spectra.
	The du World Music Festival has been organized annually by "du Live!" and their partners since 2011. The first du World Music Festival took place at the Burj Khalifa Steps in Downtown Dubai and The Walk in JBR between 26 February to 25 March 2011, with performances by top-class artists from around the world such as Tamer Hosny, Mona Amarcha, Janet Kapuya, Mashrou’ Leila, Amit Chatterjee Alliance, Sponge Cola, Wust el Balad.
	The second du World Music Festival took place also at the DownTown Burj Khalifa Steps, took place between 7–16 March 2012. Free and ticketed events included performances by Gabrielle, The Gipsy Kings, Amr Diab, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Stanley Clarke, Salif Keita, Sarah Geronimo, George Benson.
	The third du World Music Festival took place between 22 March 2013 - 6 April 2013, and included famous names as Andrea Bocelli, Natalie Cole, Guns N’ Roses, Kadim Al Sahir, Amr Diab, Eraserheads, Sonu Nigam, Train, Frank Gambale, Papon among others. This edition included performances at the du Arena in Abu Dhabi, the Dubai Media City Amphitheatre in Dubai, and in Ras Al Khaimah.
	Yas Hotel Abu Dhabi is a five star hotel located on the Yas Marina and is the first hotel in world to be built over an F1 race circuit.
	The seven Yas Plaza hotels includes:
	Yas express Saadiyat route shuttle service is the latest route (launched July 1) which interlinks St. Regis Saadiyat Island Resort and Park Hyatt Abu Dhabi with Yas Island’s attractions. Operating daily with 3 pickups in the morning and 3 drop offs in the afternoon, the shuttle service transports guests to Ferrari World Abu Dhabi and Yas Waterworld, Yas Island. The afternoon service offers three pickups from Ferrari World Abu Dhabi, dropping visitors back to each of the respective resorts on Saadiyat.
	Yas Mall is one of Abu Dhabi's largest malls, located close to IKEA. In January 2017, Forbes recognized Yas Mall as one of the top five shopping malls in Abu Dhabi.
	IKEA Yas Island is the flagship store and first retail outlet to open on Yas Island. The 33,000 sqm store with a total sales area of 19,150sqm is the largest IKEA store in the MENA region and includes a play area for kids. Previously located within the Marina Mall complex, the store was moved to Yas Island primarily due to limited room for expansion.
	The ACE Hardware Yas Island is the UAE’s second largest ACE Hardware store, with 5,200 square meters of retail space.

= = = Georgi Minchev = = =

	Georgi Minchev is the name of:

= = = Phil DeGreg = = =

	Phil DeGreg (born 1954) is an American jazz pianist and professor.
	After graduating from St. Xavier High School in Cincinnati in 1972, Phil DeGreg studied psychology at Yale University. Later, he played in a folk rock duo in New Haven–area coffee shops. Influenced by the music of Bill Evans, he switched to jazz and played in a student jazz band at Yale. Eventually, he moved to Kansas City and joined the local jazz scene. He then studied at the North Texas State University College of Music from 1979 to 1982, completing a master's degree and performing and recording as a member of the One O'Clock Lab Band. He was briefly a member of Woody Herman's big band. DeGreg returned to Cincinnati when his daughter was born.
	In 1987, he became a lecturer in the Jazz Studies Division at the University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music (CCM) and wrote a textbook, "Jazz Keyboard Harmony"(1994). In addition to his lecturing, DeGreg recorded a series of albums in the 1990s with musicians Joe LaBarbera, Tim Ries, Don Braden, Drew Gress, and Randy Johnston. In addition, he has performed concerts with J. J. Johnson ("Live in Concert", 2007). Since 1991, DeGreg has been a professor of Jazz Studies at the University of Cincinnati.

= = = Parorchestia tenuis = = =

	Parorchestia tenuis is a species of amphipod in the family Talitridae. It is "widespread and common" in New Zealand, and is only missing from Canterbury and North Otago.

= = = Parorchestia = = =

	Parorchestia is a genus of amphipods in the family Talitridae, containing the following species:

= = = Robert M. Anderson (mathematician) = = =

	Robert Murdoch Anderson (born 1951) is Professor of Economics and of Mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is director of the Center for Risk Management Research, University of California, Berkeley and he was chair of the University of California Academic Senate 2011-12. He is also the Co-Director for the Consortium for Data Analytics in Risk at UC Berkeley.
	Anderson’s nonstandard construction of Brownian motion is a single object which, when viewed from a nonstandard perspective, has all the formal properties of a discrete random walk; however, when viewed from a measure-theoretic perspective, it is a standard Brownian motion. This permits a pathwise definition of the Itô Integral and pathwise solutions of stochastic differential equations.
	Anderson’s contributions to mathematical economics are primarily within General Equilibrium Theory. Some of this work uses nonstandard analysis, but much of it provides simple elementary treatments that generalize work that had originally been done using sophisticated mathematical machinery. The best known of these papers is the 1978 "Econometrica" article cited, which establishes by elementary means a very general theorem on the cores of exchange economies.
	In the 2008 "Econometrica" article cited, Anderson and Raimondo provide the first satisfactory proof of existence of equilibrium in a continuous-time securities market with more than one agent. The paper also provides a convergence theorem relating the equilibria of discrete-time securities markets to those of continuous-time securities markets. It uses Anderson’s nonstandard construction of Brownian and properties of real analytic functions.
	Recently, Anderson has focused on the analysis of investment strategies, and his work relies on both theoretical considerations and empirical analysis. In an article published in the "Financial Analysts Journal" in 2012 and cited below, Anderson, Bianchi and Goldberg found that long-term returns to risk parity strategies, which have acquired tens of billions of dollars in assets under management in the wake of the global financial crisis, are not materially different from the returns to more transparent strategies once realistic financing and trading costs are taken into account; they do well in some periods and poorly in others. A subsequent investigation by the same research team found that returns to dynamically levered strategies such as risk parity are highly unpredictable due to high sensitivity of strategy performance to a key risk factor: the co-movement of leverage with return to the underlying portfolio that is levered.
	Anderson is gay and has worked to attain greater equality for same-sex couples in academia. In 1991, he spoke at the Stanford University Faculty Senate, countering the claims of committee chair Professor Alain Enthoven that granting the same benefits to domestic partners of gay faculty members as to the spouses of heterosexual faculty would cost the university millions of dollars and thus be untenable.
	As the Chair of the University of California Academic Council during the Occupy Wall Street protests of 2011, Anderson also spoke out against police violence on the campus of UC Davis, pledging the Council's "opposition to the state’s disinvestment in higher education, which is at the root of the student protests."

= = = Friedrich Wilhelm Kopsch = = =

	Friedrich Wilhelm Theodor Kopsch (4 March 1868 in Saarbrücken - 24 January 1955 in Berlin) was a German anatomist born in Saarbrücken.
	He studied under Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer (1836-1921) at the University of Berlin, obtaining his medical doctorate in 1892 with a thesis on the ciliary body and iris of the reptilian eye. In 1898 he received his habilitation in Berlin, and in 1935 was appointed full professor of histology, embryology and anatomy at the institute of Hermann Stieve (1886-1952). 
	Kopsch published numerous works on comparative anatomy and embryology, and with August Rauber (1841-1917) was co-author of the "Lehrbuch und Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen". After Rauber's death, he was its sole author.

= = = Otter Township = = =

	Otter Township may refer to:

= = = Hainan Library = = =

	The Hainan Library () is located in the Hainan Cultural Park at 36 Guoxing Avenue, Haikou, Hainan, China. It was established on February 2, 2007.
	The facility is one of three large, public works projects constructed around the same time on Guoxing Avenue alongside one another, the others being Hainan Museum and Hainan Centre for the Performing Arts.

= = = Jonathan Dymond = = =

	Jonathan Dymond (1796–1828) was an English Quaker and an ethical philosopher who is known for his monograph "An Enquiry into the Accordancy of War with the Principles of Christianity".
	Jonathan Dymond was the son of a Quaker linen-draper of Exeter, County Devon in England. Both his parents were 'Recorded Ministers' of the Society of Friends. He had little formal education but used his time off from working in his father's shop to read and to write essays on religious and moral problems, as well as composing poetry. He determined that he should devote his energies to 'the honour of advocating peace'. In his view war was "an evil before which, in my estimation, slavery sinks into insignificance". In 1825 he attended the annual meeting of the Peace Society in London and went on to help set up a branch of that society in Exeter. He soon had to withdraw from taking an active part due to his failing health.
	Three works by Dymond have been published, two during his lifetime, the "Inquiry" and the "Observations", and one posthumously, the "Essays". A collection of his published and unpublished letters, poems and writings was made in 1911 by Charles William Dymond.
	In his works Dymond extended the pacifist argument against war beyond the purely Christian insight of earlier generations of Quakers to wider more rationalist arguments, as in this against the notion of a distinction between aggressive and defensive war from the "Inquiry":
	Dymond was a fervent antimilitarist. He saw armies as enemies of liberty and physical and moral subjection as a necessary condition of army life. The opinion he voiced prefigures some of the later objections to conscription made by Quakers and other conscientious objectors.

= = = Y Cofiadur = = =

	Y Cofiadur is published by Cymdeithas Hanes Annibynwyr Cymru, a society founded in 1920 by Undeb yr Annibynwyr Cymraeg (). It is an annual Welsh-language magazine on the history of religion and contains articles on the history of Welsh Independent churches and the individuals involved, with references. It also includes society notes. The magazine has been digitised by the Welsh Journals Online project at the National Library of Wales.

= = = Ozark Township = = =

	Ozark Township may refer to:

= = = Go Goa Gone = = =

	Go Goa Gone is a 2013 Indian Hindi-language zombie apocalypse action comedy film directed by Raj and D.K. The film features Saif Ali Khan, Kunal Khemu, Vir Das, Puja Gupta and Anand Tiwari. It was released on 10 May 2013. Almost one third of the film was shot in Mauritius.. A sequel titled Go Goa Gone 2 is scheduled for release in March 2021.
	Hardik (Kunal Khemu) and Luv (Vir Das) are two dope-heads, living with their roommate/friend Bunny (Anand Tiwari). After Hardik loses his job and Luv gets dumped by his girlfriend, both decide to tag along with Bunny to Goa to relax. In Goa, Luv falls for Luna (Puja Gupta), and she invites the guys to a rave party, organised by the Russian mafia, which is being held on a secluded island. At the party a new drug, D2RF, is launched. None of the friends take it as it's very expensive. The next morning, the three roommates find that the island has been infected by zombies, and the three men save Luna from her villa and stay together in hopes of surviving. A Russian mafioso, Boris (Saif Ali Khan, originally from Delhi/Dilli), arrives and reveals himself as a zombie slayer.
	Boris, his partner Nikolai, the three boys and Luna plan to use the boat they had used to travel to the island to escape from it. Finally, after escaping the forest, they discover that the mainland has also been infested by the zombies, forcing them to find another way to survive. Boris tells them the boat will come back to the original place due to cyclic nature of water currents. However the boat has been taken by a zombie. They find a home fully vacant and decide to stay there. Boris leaves the four of them in the house saying he has important work with Nikolai. At night after Boris leaves, the zombies find the house and attack the four of them. They run away from the zombies and reach the rave party area looking for food. There, too, they are attacked by zombies. Bunny gets trapped in a tent and is seemingly killed by zombies. The three manage to escape with the help of Boris and Nikolai: who arrive just in time. On the way Nicolai gets bitten by a zombie so he stays behind in the forest. The four are grief-stricken.
	Luna realises Boris had gone back to obtain his expensive Cocaine. Whilst waiting for the boat to arrive, Hardik gets a call from Bunny saying he's alive and on top of a tower. The four of them go to rescue him where Boris is surrounded by the zombies and the four youngsters escape.
	When they reach Boris's jeep, Bunny tells them that he threw cocaine at the zombies which were coming to attack him. The mixing of the red pill and cocaine made them still. They go back to save Boris, and throw the cocaine packets towards the sky and ask Boris to shoot it. This trick works and all the zombies come to a stand still.
	They leave the island coming to a conclusion that "Drugs fuck you up".
	When they arrive at the shore of Goa, they see that the settlement is burning and everything is damaged. All five take their guns out and the movie ends there on the note – "The End..is near", signalling a zombie apocalypse.
	For his role in the film as Russian mafioso turned zombie hunter, Boris, Saif Ali Khan who had no experience of portraying such a character, was given the book "The Zombie Survival Guide" by the directors as khan was first choice. Kunal Khemu was associated with the film writing, and it was his idea to get Saif Ali Khan on board.
	The initial idea for the film was to make a crime comedy genre film, but then a zombie comedy was eventually finalised.
	The film was publicized as India's first "Zom-Com".
	The Volkswagen Polo used in the film was selected from a car audition named "My Car Superstar!" in association with Volkswagen India.
	The music was composed by the duo Sachin–Jigar. The lyrics were written by Priya Panchal and Amitabh Bhattacharya, and songs feature the voices of Jigar Saraiya, Talia Bentson, Sachin Sanghvi, Priya Panchal, and Shreya Ghoshal.
	The film received mixed reviews from critics and has gathered a cult status in horror comedy.
	Piyasree Dasgupta of Firstpost noted that "Go Goa Gone works in a manner similar to why Delhi Belly did" commending it for its "superb pace" and "smart editing". Lisa Tsering of The Hollywood Reporter stated that "the film starts out promisingly" calling its soundtrack "infectious" while also criticizing its screenplay for "fizzling out halfway through".
	Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the movie 3.5/5 stars and stated that "On the whole, GO GOA GONE is experimental since something like this has never been attempted earlier. But it’s fun, witty, amusing and yes, thoroughly entertaining". Meena Iyer of Times of India gave it 3 out of 5 stars and said "Go Goa Gone is positively different from anything you have seen before. And for the young and restless or even those who like whacked-out fun, it’s a great ride.". Namrata Joshi of "Outlook" rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and summarized by saying "It's fun, sharp, smart and irreverant. Go Goa Gone pushes many of our sanctimonious envelopes." 
	Rajeev Masand gave the film a 3/5 rating and wrote, "So much in this film is good, until it all goes nowhere in the end."
	Shubir Rishi of Rediff.com gave it 2.5/5 stars and said "Go Goa Gone" is a fun watch. There are plenty of innocent-sounding, slow-exploding one-liners, which are funny". Anupama Chopra of Hindustan Times gave it 2.5 out of 5 stars stating that, "The problem with Go Goa Gone is too much cleverness and not enough plot. Shubhra Gupta The Indian Express rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The film would have been funnier if the second act hadn't gone into a slide. And also if Khan hadn't played Boris so straight."
	Shooting for Go Goa Gone 2 was to start in January 2019 but was pushed to September 2020 due to actors’ unavailability of dates. The first look poster of the film was released by Maddock Films on 15 January 2020 on their social media handles with a release date of March 2021.The sequel will see Saif Ali Khan, Kunal Khemu, Vir Das and Anand Tiwari reprising their roles.

= = = Page Township = = =

	Page Township may refer to:

= = = Eurhodope confusella = = =

	Eurhodope confusella is a species of snout moth in the genus "Eurhodope". It was described by Francis Walker in 1866. It is found in South Africa.

= = = Eurhodope notulella = = =

	Eurhodope notulella is a species of snout moth in the genus "Eurhodope". It was described by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1888. It is found in South Africa.

= = = Ashri Chuchu = = =

	Ashri bin Chuchu (born 27 February 1991 in Sarawak) is a Malaysian professional footballer who plays for Malaysia Premier League side Sarawak United mainly as a winger but can also plays as an attacking midfielder.
	Born and raised in Lawas, Sarawak, Ashri attended Tabuan Jaya Sport School.
	On September 2013, he was injured but soon recovered and played against Perak and Sime Darby in the 2013 Malaysia Cup. While playing for Sarawak, Ashri was once hailed as one of Sarawak's best player. However, a leg injury caused him to be sidelined for quite sometime, and Ashri had since failed to find his touch.
	After more than 8 years playing for Sarawak, Ashri has decided to leave the club as his contract ends in October 2016. On 29 October 2016, he signed a contract with Kuala Lumpur.
	Ashri played in the 2013 ASEAN Games in Myanmar where he scored 2 goals against Brunei and Vietnam.
	Ashri also played for Malaysia U-23 in 2014 Asian Games that was held in Incheon, South Korea.

= = = Mickey Oliver = = =

	Mickey Oliver is an American musician, who was born on the South Side of Chicago. He was instrumental in popularizing house music. As a founding member of the mix show team on Chicago radio station 102.7 WBMX, collectively known as the Hot Mix 5 became the President of the group. 
	The Hot Mix 5 became a leading force in the early Chicago house music scene and the first to air the new sound.[1] The show garnered over 2 million listeners which is a record for a major market radio that stands today.
	The City of Chicago recognized Mickey’s accomplishments by naming a street after him, “Mickey Mixin Oliver Blvd”. Its location is on Belmont Avenue in WrigleyVille. 
	One of his first releases, "In-Ten-Si-T" (1988), which was co-written and produced by Jim "Cheese" Romano, is considered[2] one of the Top 10 most influential House music records.[3] In 1987, he produced "Never Let Go", which became a hit. Oliver's works continue to be remixed and re-released through producers/artists all over the world.[4][5]
	In 2011, Oliver charted on Billboard Magazine's Dance Music Club Play chart with his single release "As Days Go By" featuring Baton Rouge (LA) singer Kim Smith on the Intensi-T label. The song debuted at #46 on the chart on January 22, 2011 and peaked at #16. That chart success seemed to remind the dance music industry of Oliver's abilities as it opened the door to more remixing opportunities. Oliver remixed the single "Zoon Baloomba" which topped out on the Billboard chart at #21 on November 18, 2012.
	In the year 2010 Mickey Oliver debuted his Las Vegas Theatrical show, Intensit-T at the Planet Hollywood complex on the Vegas strip. Starring in this Dance Revue variety show, Intensit-T showcased how House Music influenced other genres of music. In that same year Mickey also produced and starred on an ABC Las Vegas TV show called Intensi-T TV. This 10-episode entertainment/variety show premiered after the desperate housewives series and later after the Jimmy Kimmel show. Intensit-T TV uncovered the Las Vegas culture as well as had a weekly sketch comedy routine. The show and garnered an underground fan club and still today in 2019 can be seen on Roku on demand.
	Today, Mickey Oliver is producing a lighthearted musical called "Revolution Chicago" which is the story of how House Music grew out from the streets of Chicago into a worldwide lifestyle. Revolution Chicago is set to premiere in September 2019.
	Oliver continues to work as a DJ, producer, remixer and television show creator.

= = = 14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army) = = =

	The Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade (later numbered as the 7th Mounted Brigade) was a yeomanry brigade of the British Army, formed as part of the Territorial Force in 1908.
	It served dismounted in the Gallipoli Campaign before being remounted to serve in the Salonika and Sinai and Palestine Campaigns in the First World War.
	In April 1918, it was merged with elements of the 9th (Secunderabad) Cavalry Brigade to form 14th Cavalry Brigade. It remained in Palestine after the end of the war on occupation duties.
	Under the terms of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9), the brigade was formed in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force. It consisted of three yeomanry regiments, a horse artillery battery and ammunition column, a transport and supply column and a field ambulance.
	As the name suggests, the units were drawn from Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire.
	The brigade was embodied on 4 August 1914 upon the outbreak of the First World War. Initially, it concentrated in Berkshire and on 5 August 1914 joined the 1st Mounted Division. On 2 September it was transferred to the 2nd Mounted Division and in mid November 1914 it moved with its division to Norfolk on coastal defence duties.
	In April 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division moved to Egypt arriving at Alexandria between 19 and 21 April and was posted to Cairo by the middle of May. In May 1915, the brigade was designated 3rd (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Mounted Brigade.
	It was dismounted in August 1915 and took part in the Gallipoli Campaign. Each regiment left a squadron headquarters and two troops (about 100 officers and men) in Egypt to look after the horses.
	The brigade landed at Suvla Bay on the night of 17/18 August and moved into reserve positions at Lala Baba on the night of 20 August. On 21 August it advanced to Chocolate Hill under heavy fire and took part on the right flank of the attack on Hill 112.
	Due to losses during the Battle of Scimitar Hill and wastage during August 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division had to be reorganised. On 4 September 1915, the 2nd Composite Mounted Brigade was formed from the 3rd (Notts and Derby) and 4th (London) Mounted Brigades. The brigade formed a battalion sized unit 3rd Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment. The brigade embarked for Mudros on 2 November and returned to Egypt in December 1915 where it was reformed and remounted.
	The brigade left the 2nd Mounted Division on 18 and 19 January 1916. In February 1916 the brigade was sent to take part in the Salonika Campaign. On 31 March 1916, the remaining Mounted Brigades were numbered in a single sequence. As a consequence, the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade was redesignated as 7th Mounted Brigade.
	The brigade arrived back in Egypt from Salonika on 29 June 1917, less the Derbyshire Yeomanry which remained in Macedonia as GHQ Troops with the British Salonika Army. 20th Machine Gun Squadron then was formed on 4 July 1917 at Ismailia from the machine gun sections of the two regiments. The brigade served variously as Corps Troops with the Desert Mounted Corps and XXI Corps and on attachment to the Yeomanry Mounted Division. Essex Battery, RHA joined from 52nd (Lowland) Division on 17 September 1917 and was still assigned to the brigade when it joined the new 2nd Mounted Division.
	In March 1918, the 2nd Indian Cavalry Division was broken up in France. The Canadian (Canadian Cavalry Brigade) and British units (notably 7th Dragoon Guards, 8th Hussars and N and X Batteries RHA) remained in France and the Indian elements were sent to Egypt.
	By an Egyptian Expeditionary Force GHQ Order of 12 April 1918, the mounted troops of the EEF were reorganised when the Indian Army units arrived in theatre. On 24 April 1918, the 2nd Mounted Division was formed on the Indian Establishment and the 7th Mounted Brigade was assigned to it.
	On 24 April 1918, the 7th Mounted Brigade was merged with elements of the 9th (Secunderabad) Cavalry Brigade:
	On 22 July 1918, the 2nd Mounted Division was renumbered as the 5th Cavalry Division and the brigade as 14th Cavalry Brigade. The sub units (Signal Troop, Combined Cavalry Field Ambulance and Mobile Veterinary Section) were renumbered on the same date.
	The brigade remained with 5th Cavalry Division for the rest of the war, taking part in the Affair of Abu Tellul, Battle of Megiddo, Capture of Damascus, and Occupation of Aleppo.
	After the Armistice of Mudros, the brigade remained with 5th Cavalry Division in Palestine as part of the occupation forces. However, demobilization began immediately and the brigade was broken up in September 1919.
	The Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade / 7th Mounted Brigade / 14th Cavalry Brigade had the following commanders:

= = = 2012 Asian Shooting Championships = = =

	The 2012 Asian Shooting Championships were held in Doha, Qatar between January 11 and January 22, 2012. It acts as the Asian qualifying tournament for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

= = = Parks Township = = =

	Parks Township may refer to:

= = = Watong = = =

	Watong is a village near Hawai, India town Anjaw district of Arunachal Pradesh.

= = = Koyungölü = = =

	Koyungölü is a village in Ovacık district of Tunceli Province, Turkey. At it is situated in the valley of the Munzur river. The distance to Ovacık is and to Tunceli is . The population of Koyungölü is 350 as of 2011. Like most villages around, the main economic activities are animal breeding and agriculture.

= = = Fengyun 2-07 = = =

	Fengyun 2-07 or FY-2-07 ( meaning "Wind Cloud 2-07"), also known as Fengyun-2F or FY-2F, is a Chinese weather satellite operated by China's National Satellite Meteorological Centre. Part of the Fengyun programme, it was the sixth Fengyun 2 geostationary satellite to be launched.
	Fengyun 2-07 was launched by a Long March 3A carrier rocket, with the serial number Y22, flying from Launch Area 3 at the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre. The launch took place on 13 January 2012 at 00:56 UTC, and resulted in the successful deployment of the satellite into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. After raising itself into its operational geostationary orbit, by means of an FG-36 apogee motor, the satellite will be positioned at a longitude of 86.5 degrees East.
	At launch, Fengyun 2-07 had a mass of , however by the time it reaches its operational orbit, this will have decreased to , partly through jettisoning the FG-36. The spacecraft is cylindrical, with a diameter of , and a length of fully deployed. It is spin-stabilised at a rate of 100 rpm, and carries a five-channel Stretched Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer, or S-VISSR, capable of producing visible light and infrared images of the Earth. The S-VISSR will return visible-light images with a resolution of , and infrared images with a resolution of . It will produce a full-disc image every thirty minutes, as well as imaging smaller areas of interest. In addition to S-VISSR, Fengyun 2-07 also carries an x-ray detector to monitor the Sun, and detect solar flares.

= = = Peter Yama = = =

	Peter Yama (born 12 December 1955) is a businessman and Papua New Guinean politician. He is the current governor for Madang Province. Previously he was Member of Parliament for Usino Bundi between 1994–1997 and 2002-2007. In 2003 he succeeded Peter O'Neill as the Minister of Labour and Industrial Relations under Prime Minister Michael Somare. Prior to this, he was appointed Minister for Transport and Works in 1996.
	Yama is the head of Yama Security Services Ltd, which is a subsidiary of his Yama Group of companies. He has an extensive property portfolio and owns the Smugglers Inn hotel in Madang.
	Yama was referred to the Public Prosecutor on July 1997 amid allegations of misconduct which included, "improper application and failure to acquit EDF and other public funds, conflict of interest, using his position to obtain private a [sic] bank loan and attempting to purchase 2 ships from the government below market price".
	The matter was then referred to a leadership tribunal, which investigates alleged cases of misconduct by ministers and senior public officials, and which recommended the dismissal of Yama from his office in December 2004. This decision was ultimately overturned in February 2005 due to insufficient evidence on the majority of the counts. Yama was, however, fined K1000 for having been biased in his distribution of PGK1.6 million under the Rural Transport Development Program to his then Sumkar electorate.
	In 2002 Yama issued a complaint against the State for PGK38.7 million, alleging that he had been prevented access to a piece of land leased to him in 1988. Attorney General Zacchary Gelu awarded Yama a PGK15.5 million Deed of Settlement in compensation for lost earnings. However, in 2010 a government Commission of Inquiry found that Yama's claim had been a fraudulent one, as it had failed to comply with mandatory procedural requirements and had been filed in respect of a plot of land that did not exist. The Commission referred Yama for criminal prosecution for making an unlawful claim and ordered that civil action be taken against Yama for unpaid land rentals to the effect of PGK61,015.
	In December 2009, Yama was awarded PGK7.6 million in a case against Motor Vehicle Insurance Limited for breach of contract. However, Bank of South Pacific (BSP) attempted to secure this money, claiming that Yama had outstanding debts. Yama denied that he had any existing debts with BSP and brought charges of fraud against the bank. Two Australian executives at BSP were subsequently arrested as a consequence of this action.
	The executives, Robin Fleming and John Maddison, were subsequently released on bail. Australian law firm Gadens Lawyers, which represented BSP in the court action against Yama, were forced to withdraw their involvement in the case following physical threats to their legal team by armed groups in Port Moresby.

= = = You Stepped Into My Life = = =

	"You Stepped Into My Life" is a song released by the Bee Gees in September 1976 on the album "Children of the World". It was also released as the B-side of "Love So Right". Written by Barry, Robin & Maurice Gibb.
	In Canada, this song was chosen as the A-side and its flipside was "Love So Right" In Scandinavia and UK, it released as a double A side single with "Love So Right". Allmusic's Bruce Eder called this funk number as one of the "soul ballads" on the album "Children of the World".
	The Bee Gees started to record this song on February 3'rd at Criteria Studios in Miami. It was finished on May 7'th after they recorded and finished "Can't Keep a Good Man Down" and "Boogie Child" the day before in Le Studio in Quebec.
	The first parts of the song features a funky electric and bass guitar beat by Alan Kendall and Maurice Gibb and later joined by Blue Weaver through synthesizers and keyboards.
	The song is all about a singer became happy when he met his lover, the singer also tells his painful memory before he met his lover, and described her touch to him as an "ecstasy".

= = = Georgi Minchev (musician) = = =

	Georgi Minchev (; 9 April 1943 – 18 February 2001), also called Gosho Minchev or Zhoro Minchev, was a Bulgarian rock musician, singer, songwriter and TV presenter.
	He is best known as one of the pioneers of the rock music genre in Bulgaria as well as one of the advocates of the restoration of the democracy in the country. Many of his songs became classic rock hits most notably "White Silence", "Blessed years", "The Bulgarian Rock", "Balance", "The Song of the singer", "Alone at the Bar", "A Story with Guitar" and "Almost Midnight".
	During the 1990s, he was a co-founder of the supergroup Stari Mutsuni (Old faces) which featured also Petar Gyuzelev and Georgi Markov of Shturtsite and Ivaylo Kraychovski and Ivan Lechev of FSB.
	After his death in 2001, the rock music festival "Flower for Gosho" was established in his honor. It takes place in Sofia during the summer.

= = = Bameng = = =

	Bameng is a village in East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh
	Bameng is one of the 60 constituencies of Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh. Name of current MLA (August-2016) of this constituency is Kumar Waii.

= = = Mineral Resources Development Company = = =

	Mineral Resources Development Company Limited (MRDC) was established in 1975 and is 100% owned by the Government of Papua New Guinea.
	It was initially established as the State Nominee to acquire the State and Landowner equity interests in mining and petroleum projects and to manage the equity funds for landowner companies from the major resource development areas of PNG. However, the State's equity has since been transferred to Petromin PNG Holdings Ltd, so the focus of MRDC is now the management of the Landowner equity interests in both mining and petroleum projects.
	MRDC is governed by a Board of Directors, which is chaired by Isacc Lupari by virtue of his position as 'Chief Secretary' of the State. Since March 2008, the Managing Director of MRDC has been Augustine Mano. In October 2011, Mano's appointment was terminated by acting Prime Minister Belden Namah, upon allegations that the MRDC had made improper investments under his management. However, Mano was reinstated a week later by Prime Minister Peter O'Neill.
	The major interests of MRDC were partially privatised in 1996, through the creation of Orogen Minerals Limited (OML), of which the MRDC holds a 51% controlling shareholding. In April 2002, Orogen merged with Oil Search Limited (OSL), but MRDC retained an 18.1% stake in the new company. OSL is PNG's largest oil and gas producer.
	MRDC was again restructured in 2007, with the formation of Petromin PNG Holdings Limited, which took control of the last State asset, the 20.5% equity interest in the Moran Petroleum Project. As a result of this restructuring, MRDC's chief role became the management of Landowner and Provincial Government interests.
	MRDC's combined group investment portfolio increased from K678.95 million in 2007 to K1,021.7 billion in December 2010.
	MRDC Group holds the following Interests of Landowners and Provincial Governments in Mining and Petroleum Projects in PNG.
	Mineral Resources Star Mountains Ltd – 3.05% equity for Landowners [Ok Tedi Mine]
	Mineral Resources Ok Tedi No. 2 Ltd – 3.05% equity for Fly River PG [Ok Tedi Mine]
	Mineral Resources Enga Ltd – 5% equity for Enga PG & Landowners [Porgera Mine]
	Mineral Resources Ramu Ltd – 2.5 equity % [Ramu Mine]
	Mineral Resources Madang Ltd – 2.5% equity for Landowners [Ramu Mine]
	Petroleum Resources Kutubu Ltd – 6.75% equity and 2% royalty [Kutubu Oil Project]
	Petroleum Resources Gobe Ltd – 2% equity and 2% royalty [Gobe Oil Project]
	Petroleum Resources Moran Ltd – 2% equity and 2% royalty [Moran Oil Project]
	Gas Resources Gigira Ltd – 1.126503% equity and 2% royalty
	Gas Resources Hides No. 4 Ltd – 0.225353% and 2% royalty
	Gas Resources Juha No. 1 – Ltd – 0.132419% and 2% royalty
	Gas Resources Angore Ltd – 0.132747% and 2% royalty
	Petroleum Resources Kutubu Ltd – 1.143959% and 2% royalty
	Petroleum Resources Gobe Ltd – 0.023671% and 2% royalty
	Petroleum Resources Moran Ltd – 0.019874% and 2% royalty
	Gas Resources North West Moran Ltd – 0.000482% equity and 2% royalty
	Gas Resources Plant Ltd – 0.0448% and 2% royalty
	Gas Resources Pipeline Ltd – 0.0448% and 2% royalty
	In September 2011, Prime Minister Peter O'Neill directed the Attorney General Allan Marat to investigate allegations that the MDRC had squandered Landowners' monies through imprudent and improper investments. The allegations include the purchase of a 50% stake in a helicopter company for PGK70 million, which appeared to have an actual value of PGK30 million. The MDRC has denied any involvement in corrupt payments or deals.

= = = Chester Corporation Tramways = = =

	Chester Corporation Tramways operated a tramway service in Chester between 1903 and 1930.
	Under the Chester Corporation Act of 1901, the council took up its option to purchase the assets of the Chester Tramways Company which had been providing horse drawn tramcar services since 1879. It did this for a cost of £18,000.
	The system was rebuilt to the narrow gauge of 3'6", and 12 new tramcars were ordered from G.F. Milnes & Co.
	In 1907 the service was enhanced with 5 new tramcars from the United Electric Car Company of Preston.
	The system closed on 15 February 1930.

= = = The Breath of the Gods = = =

	The Breath of the Gods is a 1920 American silent drama film directed by Rollin S. Sturgeon and starring Tsuru Aoki. Set during the Russo-Japanese War, the film is based on the 1905 novel of the same name by Sidney McCall.
	No prints of "The Breath of the Gods" are known to exist, and it is now presumed to be a lost film.
	As described in a film magazine, the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 threatens the peace of Japan, so Yuki Onda (Aoki) is directed home from her American school by her father (Seki). With her sails a party of American diplomatic friends that includes Pierre Le Beau (Wheatcroft), to whom Yuki has pledged her love. Her father's faith in her inherited honor obliges her to marry Prince Hagane (Carewe), and in the opportunity to be of service to her country comes an opposing loyalty to him and love for Le Beau. Le Beau is an attache of the embassy of Australia in Japan, and he is made an unwilling instrument in an attempt to secure valuable information from her. Yuki, believing that she has failed in her trust, takes her own life, leaving a sorrowing Prince and the penitent and loving Le Beau.

= = = Sika Tode = = =

	Sika Tode is a village in East Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh, India.

= = = Tianshan Volcanic Group = = =

	The Tianshan Volcanic Group is a volcanic field in the Tianshan Mountains in Northwest China. The historically active Cone of Pechan is within the group (also known as Peishan, Baishan, Hochan, Aghie, Bichbalick, Khala, and Boschan). The volcano is 440 km southwest of Urmqui, Xinjiang.
	Two eruptions are known from Tianshan, in 50 AD (± 50 years)and 650 AD (± 50 years). The book, Aspects of Nature in Different Lands and Different Climates, Volume 1, reports that Pechan cone sent out streams of lava in the seventh century. The Chinese General, Teu-Hian (who was fleeing from the Chinese army) said that when climbing the Tianshan Mountains, saw "The Fire Mountains which send out masses of molten rock which flow for many Li"

= = = Where Are Their Stories? = = =

	Where Are Their Stories? () is a 2007 film directed by Mexican-Canadian filmmaker Nicolás Pereda. The plot is about a young man, Gabino, who travels to Mexico City to save his grandmother's farm from being sold by relatives from the north. In the process, he reunites with his mother, who works as a maid in a middle-class household.

= = = Koloriang = = =

	Koloriang is a hilly district headquarters town of Kurung Kumey district in Arunachal Pradesh, India, bordering Tibet. It has an altitude of and is surrounded by high mountains all around and is located in the right bank of river Kurung, one of the major tributaries of Subansiri river. The climate is rainy and hot during summer and very cold in winter. Located at an altitude of 1,040 metres above sea level, this town is also an old administrative centre. At present, the destination sprawls over a land area of 5,39,672.50 square metres. It is about 257 km from state capital, Itanagar.
	This town has derived its name from two words, Kolo meaning the name of the person who is believed to be the owner of the area and Riang meaning land. It serves as the capital of the district of Kurung Kumey.
	Known for its natural environment, the town is visited by those interested in nature walks and trekking. On the way to Koloriang from Ziro, there are a number of picnic spots. Tourists visiting the town also head towards nearby villages such as Sangram, Palin, Deed and Talo.
	As common population calls koloriang Mini India it is proven when the Town is seen from the Above (Air).
	The nearest airport serving the area is Naharlagun Airport, which is located in Naharlagun. People travelling from international destinations board flights to Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport in Guwahati, which has connecting flights to Lilabari Airport in Assam, located close to Koloriang. Apst( Arunachal pradesh state transport) service is available from Itanagar via Naharlagun in alternative days.
	The temperature during spring and winter ranges between 20 and 30°C. The Bengia, Chera, Nangram, Chello, Riya, Yumlam, Gida, Gichik, Kiogi, Bamang, Kipa, Tadar, Gyamar, Tame, Phassang, Tai, Lokam, Sangha, Tamchi, Pisa, clans of Nyishi community inhabits the area. Longte is the annual festival of the area where people enjoy with festivity and pray different gods and goddesses for protection and well being of humanity, livestock and general prosperity. It is celebrated in the month of April every year.
	Nyokum is also celebrated with greater festive and joy, Mithuns are sacrificed for good life and generous to their lord, where Nyubu, local priest chants the local prayer where he trades the offerings with positive success and enlightenment in life and for bumper production of agricultural goods. 
	Nikja, Yapak, Tayang, Nyollo, Pinggang,( Taipa), are the nearby connected Villages.
	The name of the current MLA of this constituency is Lokam Tasar.

= = = Child sacrifice in Uganda = = =

	In Sub-Saharan Africa, "the practice of ritual killing and human sacrifice continues to take place ... in contravention of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and other human rights instruments." In the 21st century, such practices have been reported in Nigeria, Uganda, Swaziland, Liberia, Tanzania, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, as well as Mozambique, and Mali.
	This is the harmful practice of removing body parts, blood or tissue from a child who is still alive.
	Rural districts near Kampala, Uganda's capital, have been badly affected by kidnappings of vulnerable people, children in particular, for sacrificial purposes. It is a modern phenomenon that is pretending to be part of the country's old custom, through the use of traditional medicine, which roughly 80% of people rely on. Villages have been left gripped by fear and bewilderment from such activities. In exposed communities’, roadsides posters, workshops, and alert systems have been erected to warn children and their families of the danger posed by Witch Doctors abducting for the purpose of child sacrifice.
	Witchdoctors, who also identify as traditional healers, will consult the spirits for anyone who can pay their fee. The spirits will communicate via them the kind of sacrifice for appeasement that they want. Often these sacrifices are chickens or goats, but when such sacrifices fail to make the client prosper instantly, ‘the spirits' will demand human sacrifices.
	In most cases, it is a strategy used to give the client an impossible task so that the witchdoctor does not appear to have failed. The witchdoctor is able to gain a lot of wealth by facilitating and carrying out human sacrifices as the fee charged is normally very high.
	The desire for instant wealth on the part of the client and greed on the part of the witchdoctor has created a ready market for children to be bought and sold at a price. Children have become a commodity of exchange and child sacrifice is more than a religious or cultural issue, it has become a commercial business.
	Children are often victims of sacrifice for various reasons, the most common being they are relatively easy to abduct. As they are far more vulnerable than adults, children are more easily lured in or unable to fight back.
	Another reason children are abducted is that spiritually they are seen as more ‘pure’; a sacrifice that is “pure” or “unblemished” is believed to bring better results. If a child has been circumcised, scarred or has had their ears pricked this represents disfigurement or impurity and they may be spared from sacrifice. Some parents have marked their children in these ways to protect them.
	In other cases children are given to witchdoctors by relatives out of desperation for money. A child's' life is worth a high price and it provides instant money for struggling families.
	Another cause for children being abducted is the belief that children represent new growing life, and offering them as a sacrifice will bring prosperity and growth to the one procuring the sacrifice.
	Generally, a witchdoctor will try other methods first to bring about change of a person’s misfortunes or desires using herbal remedies or animal sacrifices.
	When change is not successful, resorting to child sacrifice is proposed because it is believed to be the most powerful.
	When a child is sacrificed, the witch doctor and his accomplices will generally undertake the whole process. This includes: the Witch-hunt, the abduction, followed by the removal of certain body parts, the making of a potion and lastly if required the discarding of the child's body. 
	The removal of body parts depends on the type of outcome desired. Most commonly heads, limbs, tongues, genitals, eyes, teeth, and organs are removed.
	The child is usually alive during the removal process. Figures suggest only a very small proportion of children survive.
	One type of sacrifice is the removal of blood, which is then used in medicines or mixed with herbs. It will be used in the place where success, healing or wealth is desired. In other cases a child is buried under a building foundation, either dead or alive, or only their hands, feet and genitals to bring good luck to the new building.
	A child that survives sacrifice is left with traumatizing consequences for the rest of their lives. Most commonly survivors are left with large scars across their body, head and neck in particular. Genital mutilation is also common. Survivors are left with urinary issues and distorted puberty development. The psychological damage to children affects their entire development; victims can struggle to develop ‘normal’ relationships after such an attack. Families are also affected as parents often bear the financial burden of covering short-term or long-term treatment.
	A study of the Ugandan context shows great disparity between the rich elite and the average Ugandan who struggles to make ends meet. It is almost impossible for someone born in a poor family to climb up on the social ladder. The gap between the rich and the poor combined with discontent with the political status quo, endemic corruption and general feeling that the country has lost direction breeds a lot of discontent and frustration. It is in such an environment that the witchdoctors thrive, promising desperate people a miraculous way to bridge the gap from have-not to have, from failure to success and from poverty to wealth.
	The small elite who gained wealth in a relatively short time during Uganda’s economic boom in the early 21st century is an example promoted by witchdoctors for their successful profession. They claim that they have aided many of the nouveau riche to gain their wealth. According to the head of the country's Anti-Human Sacrifice Taskforce, the child sacrifice is directly linked to rising levels of development and prosperity, and an increasing belief that witchcraft can help people get rich quickly.
	Mike Chibata, the Director of Public Prosecution in Uganda, said that the growing appeal is due to superstition and a desire to get rich quick; witch doctors tell people that child sacrifice is an easy way to achieve great wealth. 
	It is thought that child sacrifice increases the power of a witch doctor's magic because it makes the charms, amulets or talismans that are given to clients stronger. For this reason, witch doctors stay in practice, along with great financial benefit. 
	All witchdoctors identify as traditional healers but not all traditional healers are witchdoctors and most do not perform child sacrifice. This identification has caused witchcraft to be associated with the healing practices of the indigenous culture; generating a rise in fascination with witchcraft. This has resulted in a damaged reputation of those traditional healers and herbalists who do not use human flesh but are still blamed for these crimes.
	There is an increased risk of child sacrifice and increased work for witchdoctors around the elections. This is because high-profile Ugandans have brought into the practice by being convinced they need to sacrifice a child to win a seat as an MP.
	BBC news investigated a seven-year-old boy called Allan Ssembatya. 
	He was attacked by a local witchdoctor and two acquaintances on his way home from school while walking with friends. 
	In the witchdoctor's shrine he was struck on the neck, across the shoulders, and in the head with a machete. 
	One of his testicles was removed and he was left for dead in a bush, he survived, but was in a coma for a month. The local witchdoctor admitted to this but the case is still pending due to slow investigation and allegation of corruption. Allan’s family had to move homes and jobs to get through the ordeal and there are still adverse effects to this day.
	Steven (Emmanuel) Kironde was killed at the age of six in 2009. He was in the care of his grandmother, who left the family home briefly for an errand, when he was abducted. His body was found the next morning decapitated behind the house. The witchdoctor was arrested but three weeks later the police offered a pay out to the grandmother to drop the case. This was declined and further developments have not been made. There are several cases like this in the court system.
	Polino Angela gave up this work in 1990 since then he has dedicated his time to converting 2,400 other witchdoctors. He admitted to killing seventy children including his own ten-year-old son in his past. James Nsaba Buturo, the Minister of Ethics and Integrity agreed with Polino’s approach stating persuading change is better than retrospective punishment, which would cause a problem for justice.
	Statistics of child sacrifice can be hard to accurately gauge in Uganda.
	The Uganda Human Rights Commission published a report in 2014 that warned of an underestimation of cases. 
	This was based on late claims and tampering of crime scenes.
	Over 2007 and 2008 there was an 800% rise in the number of reported ritual sacrifice cases. 
	The African Network for the Prevention and Protection against Abuse and Neglect (ANPPCAN) reported that almost 3000 children disappear from their homes every year. This is not close to the reported number. A UNICEF report stated 13 cases of child sacrifice were reported in 2014 and 2015 and six of the 2015 ones were related to elections.
	There are three pieces of legislation currently governing child sacrifice in Uganda. The most recent of these was the October 2009 Prevention of Trafficking in Persons Act, this contained relevant sections on trafficking for the use of body parts. Prior to this there was only the Witchcraft Act of 1957 and the Children’s Act 1997. Child sacrifice through witchcraft has been allowed because the authorities did not implement the Witchcraft Act on the ground. The Act itself is hard to try anyone under because of its vague expression. Child sacrifice is not specifically mentioned in it. This means that giving a maximum sentence for the murder of a child by sacrifice is extremely difficult and the courts rarely use it.
	In 2016 an amendment to the Children’s Act was passed. Under clause 10 it protects children from violence and provides a right to access child protection services. This development for Uganda specifically prohibits child sacrifice, trafficking, sexual exploitation and female genital mutilation. It also ensures a service for children who have been victims and sets a mandatory structure for reporting abuse.
	This force was created in 2009 along with the Prevention of Trafficking in Persons Act. The government established the force with the intention that they would to oversee and coordinate investigations, collect statistics and work with the general public to stop this practice. The Force are covering more cases than before its establishment, but there is still a struggle to gain adequate evidence for convictions.
	The task force consists of an officer with a motorcycle and it works without a proper budget. Consequently, many Ugandans believe that the gesture of the Ugandan government is more a matter of window dressing to avert local and international criticism than a genuine attempt.
	Uganda is obliged under multiple treaties to protect the rights of children. The 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child requires Uganda to act in the best interest of the countries children by ensuring they all have basic human rights. Uganda also ratified the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. Several articles within this charter set out clear obligations to protect human rights. In particular Article 4 and 5 protect everyone's right to life and freedom from bad and cruel treatment. Article 18 specifically identifies the protection for children. This international instrument works to promote and protect basic human freedoms and human rights throughout Africa. Uganda is obliged to fulfill these expectations by continuously establishing state mechanisms to prevent tragedies like child sacrifice.
	The issue of child sacrifice in Uganda has been highlighted in the media over the past three years with ABC (Australia) and BBC producing compelling reports and documentaries. 
	The media attention coincided with media campaigns by Ugandan NGOs such as RACHO, ANPPCAN-Uganda, faith-based organisations such as Kyampisi Childcare Ministries (KCM) and Rose's Journey—a collective effort of Ugandans and friends of Uganda to end child sacrifice.
	The media attention has put the government of Uganda under pressure to be seen as doing something about the issue of child sacrifice. This resulted in the formation of the official government task force, the new bill, and the 2016 amendment.
	There was previously an issue with the application and implementation of relevant legislation on the ground and in court. To make this change in legislation successful its effects will need to be taught properly to the Task Force, where change can start from the ground. 
	The second area of concern is within the court systems. Cases on child sacrifice currently go straight into the general court system.
	Cases get held up easily and take a long time to actually go through. 
	A department of court set up to specifically tackle child sacrifice cases would provide a suitable structure for victims and their families. This has been supported by local authorities because it will help simplify the monitoring of activities.
	General:
	Across Outreach:
	Africa Outreach: 
	ANPPCAN-Uganda: 
	Cawsocia: 
	Jubilee Campaign UK: 
	KidsRights Foundation: 
	Kyampisi Childcare Ministries: 
	RACHO: 
	The Republic of Uganda: 
	UNICEF Uganda: 
	Rose's Journey 

= = = Francesca Michielin = = =

	Francesca Michielin (; born 25 February 1995) is an Italian singer and songwriter. She rose to fame after winning the fifth series of the Italian talent show "X Factor". Her first single, "Distratto", debuted atop the Italian FIMI Top Digital Downloads chart and was certified double platinum by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry. Michielin's debut studio album, "Riflessi di me", was released in October 2012, preceded by the single "Sola".
	She also appeared as a featured artist on Italian rapper Fedez's singles "Cigno nero" and "Magnifico", both of which achieved commercial success in Italy. Michielin's second top-ten solo single in Italy was "L'amore esiste", which preceded the album "di20" in 2015. "di20" was re-released in February 2016 as "di20are", with the single "Nessun grado di separazione". The song topped the Italian singles chart, placed second in the 66th Sanremo Music Festival and represented Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. In January 2018, Michielin released her third studio album "2640", which was preceded by the singles "Vulcano" and "Io non abito al mare".
	Michielin was born in Bassano del Grappa, to Vanna Moro and Tiziano Michielin. She has an older brother, Filippo. Her first experience with playing music came from studying piano, and she later started studying bass. At the age of fourteen, she started singing in her hometown's gospel choir. Thanks to her brother, she developed an interest in rock music, and she later focused on artists like Bon Iver, Jeff Buckley and Damien Rice.
	After listening to Adele's debut album "19", Michielin started writing her own songs on piano.
	Michielin auditioned for the fifth series of "X Factor" in 2011, singing Led Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love". Mentored by Simona Ventura, during the live shows she performed songs including Adele's "Someone Like You", "Roadhouse Blues" by The Doors, and Stevie Wonder's "Higher Ground".
	On 29 December 2011, during the semi-final, Michielin premiered the song "Distratto", written by Elisa and Roberto Casalino. In the final on 5 January 2012, she was announced as the winner, beating runner up vocal group I Moderni. With her victory, she won a recording contract with Sony Music, with a stated value of €300,000.
	Her debut single "Distratto" was released as a digital download EP on 6 January 2012. On 12 January 2012, the song debuted at number one on the Italian Singles Chart, and it was later certified double platinum by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry, for domestic downloads exceeding 60,000 units.
	The song was included in Michielin's debut EP, "Distratto", which was released on 24 January 2012. The EP includes re-recorded versions of some of the songs she performed during the live shows. On 17 February 2012, Michielin appeared as a guest during the fourth night of the 62nd Sanremo Music Festival, performing the song "Al posto del mondo" with contestant Chiara Civello.
	Michielin's second single, "Sola", was released on 31 August 2012. The single preceded her debut studio album, "Riflessi di me", featuring collaborations with producer Andrea Rigonat and singer-songwriters Elisa and Roberto Casalino. Michielin has writing credits on three songs on the album, including the title-track, co-written with Elisa and Virginio Simonelli. "Riflessi di me" later spawned the singles "Tutto quello che ho" and "Se cadrai".
	In March 2013, Michielin was featured on the song "Cigno nero" by Italian rapper Fedez. The song, co-written by Michielin herself, was included in Fedez's album "Sig. Brainwash − L'arte di accontentare" and was released as its second single.
	In 2014, Michielin took part in the theatrical performance "La ragazza con l'orecchino di perla", with music written by Franco Battiato. The show was held at Teatro Comunale di Bologna on 19 and 20 January 2014.
	On 28 March of the same year, Michielin released a new single, "Amazing". The song, entirely composed in English, was written by Michielin with Fausto Cogliati and Negin Djafari for the Italian version of the soundtrack of "The Amazing Spider-Man 2".
	In 2014, Michielin appeared on Fedez's track "Magnifico" for his album "Pop-Hoolista". After being released as the album's second single, the song reached the top spot of the Italian singles chart, and it was certified triple platinum in Italy.
	In April 2014, Michielin confirmed she was working on new material. The single "L'amore esiste", produced by Fortunato Zampaglione and Michele Canova, was released on 6 March 2015, ahead of her second studio album, "di20". The song achieved commercial success, entering the top ten of the Italian FIMI Top Digital chart, and receiving the Lunezia Pop Award.
	"L'amore esiste" was followed by "Battito di ciglia", released on 10 July 2015, and "Lontano", released on 25 September 2015. 
	To launch "di20", Michielin performed at the Unicredit Pavilion in Milan on 21 October 2015, four days before the official release of the album.
	In January 2016, Michielin also embarked on her first concert tour, titled Nice to Meet You. A live extended play was recorded during the show and released exclusively to digital stores on 30 January 2016.
	In February 2016, she competed in the 66th Sanremo Music Festival, performing the song "Nessun grado di separazione". The song placed second in the competition, behind Stadio's "Un giorno mi dirai". The band was then eligible to represent Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016, but they declined, stating they would be on a previously planned tour in May 2016. Their decision led RAI to select Michielin as the Italian entry for the 61st edition of the European competition. 
	Michielin's entry was a new version of "Nessun grado di separazione", featuring an English-language chorus and titled "No Degree of Separation". In the final she placed 16th out of 26.
	"Nessun grado di separazione" debuted atop the Italian singles chart and was included in "di20are", a new edition of Michielin's second studio album.
	On 3 June 2016, "Un cuore in due" was released as the album's fifth single. The music video was directed by Giacomo Triglia and was released on 13 June 2016.
	On 23 September 2016, "Almeno tu" was released as the album's sixth and final single. It was also included in the soundtrack of Piuma. A music video featuring Michielin as well as segments from the film was released on 24 September 2016.
	In January 2017, Michielin announced through her Twitter account that she had started working in the studio on her third album, the title of which was later announced as "2640". The album was recorded in Los Angeles with producer Michele Canova. 
	The album's lead single "Vulcano" was released on 21 July 2017, along with a music video directed by Giacomo Triglia and filmed between 10pm and 5:30am in Berlin. The song achieved a platinum certification in Italy.
	On 1 October 2017, Michielin performed "Vulcano" on "Che tempo che fa" and announced the album's release date as 12 January 2018. The album was made available to pre-order on 22 December 2017, with the song "Tropicale" as a pre-order bonus.
	"Io non abito al mare" was released as the album's second single on 17 November 2017. Its music video, filmed at Cretto di Burri, was directed by Giacomo Triglia and released on 20 November 2017. Lyrically, the song speaks of the difficulty of communicating, the difference between feeling and listening and the desire to embrace, not to be afraid of showing that side of feeling that is pure tenderness. The song achieved a platinum certification in Italy. 
	"Bolivia" was released as the third single from the album on 16 March 2018. The music video was released on 20 March 2018. It was directed by Giacomo Triglia and the screenplay was written by Francesca Michielin. In an interview with "Rolling Stone", Michielin said that the song is a criticism of people who chase change and run away to exotic and remote places with the idea of living a more genuine life and making a difference, without realising that the problem to be solved is often within them.
	"Tropicale" was released as the fourth single on 15 June 2018, along with a music video.
	In May 2018, Michielin also provided featured vocals, together with rapper Fabri Fibra, on the single "Fotografia" by Italian recording artist Carl Brave.
	On 16 November 2018, Michielin released a new song, "Femme", written by Michielin and Calcutta and remixed by Bruno Belissimo. A vinyl edition of "2640" was released on 7 December 2018, including the original 13 tracks as well as "Femme", "Fotografia" and the demo of "Tropicale".
	Michielin composed the original soundtrack for the short film "A Cup of Coffee with Marylin", which was directed by Alessandra Gonnella and which premiered at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival.

= = = Birkenhead Corporation Tramways = = =

	Birkenhead Corporation Tramways operated a tramway service in Birkenhead between 1901 and 1937.
	In 1860, Birkenhead started the first street tramway in Britain, shortly before London.
	The Birkenhead Corporation Tramway company was formed through the acquisition of the Birkenhead United Tramways, Omnibus and Carriage Company on 31 December 1900, and the Wirral Tramway Company on 8 May 1901, and the Birkenhead United Tramways Company on 24 January 1901. 
	Electrification of the system was undertaken and 44 tramcars were ordered from G.F. Milnes & Co. and built locally in their factory at Birkenhead. Services started on 4 February 1901.
	The first closure was on 30 August 1925, when the Claughton Road route was converted to bus operation.
	The remaining routes were closed over successive years until the system finally closed on 17 July 1937.
	Car No 7 is preserved on static display at the Wirral Transport Museum in Birkenhead.
	Car No. 20 is preserved and regularly carries passengers on the Wirral Tramway.

= = = The Legend of King O'Malley = = =

	The Legend of King O'Malley is a 1970 Australian musical play by Bob Ellis and Michael Boddy about politician King O'Malley.
	The original production was held at Jane Street Theatre in Randwick, Sydney, and featured Robyn Nevin and Kate Fitzpatrick, and was directed by John Bell. It was heavily revised throughout rehearsals.
	It was a big success, commercially and critically, and toured Australia. It has since been much revived. According to Ellis, the play was responsible for helping revive Australian theatre.

= = = Callum Driver = = =

	Callum Charles John Driver (born 23 October 1992) is an English semi-professional footballer who plays as a defender for Leatherhead.
	Driver was born in Sidcup, London. He joined as a youth team player for West Ham aged 12 and signed his first professional contract with the club in July 2011. Having been involved in several first-team squads with West Ham, in January 2012 he moved on loan to League Two club Burton Albion until 31 January 2012. Driver made his debut for Burton on 6 January 2012 in a home game against Accrington Stanley, the match ended 2–0 to Accrington. Driver scored his first goal for Burton on 14 February 2012 in a 3–2 away defeat to Crewe Alexandra. After two months with Burton and without ever playing in a winning team, Driver returned to West Ham. He made his official debut on 5 January 2014 for West Ham against Nottingham Forest at the City Ground in the FA Cup. Driver was released by West Ham at the end of the 2013–14 season.
	After being released by West Ham, he signed for Conference South club Whitehawk and went on to make nine first-team appearances for the club before being released in October 2014. On 11 November 2014 Driver signed a contract with Conference Premier club Dartford going straight into their squad on the same day for their league encounter with Welling United.
	In May 2015, following the club's relegation from the Conference Premier, he joined newly promoted National League South club Maidstone United on a free transfer, rejecting a new deal with Dartford. Driver was a regular fixture at right back for the Stones during the 2015–16 season, and helped the club achieve promotion to the National League via the playoffs.
	He agreed a new deal with the club for the 2016–17 season.
	On 20 January 2017, Driver joined Hemel Hempstead Town on a three-month loan deal. He signed permanently for the club in June 2017, after leaving Maidstone.
	On 8 December 2017, Driver joined Welling United and made his debut for the club a day later on 9 December 2017 in a 2–2 draw at Park View Road with Truro City. He scored his first goal for the club, in his third game, on 26 December 2017 in a 3–2 defeat at home to his former club Dartford.
	On 22 May 2018, Driver resigned for Dartford.
	On 25 January 2019, Driver joined Leatherhead on a month's loan.
	Maidstone United

= = = Class kappa function = = =

	In control theory, it is often required to check if a nonautonomous system is stable or not. To cope with this it is necessary to use some special comparison functions. Class formula_1 functions belong to this family:
	Definition: a continuous function formula_2 is said to belong to class formula_1 if:
	Definition: a continuous function formula_2 is said to belong to class formula_6 if:
	A nondecreasing positive definite function formula_10 satisfying all conditions of class formula_1 (formula_6) other than being strictly increasing can be upper and lower bounded by class formula_1 (formula_6) functions as follows:
	Thus, to proceed with the appropriate analysis, it suffices to bound the function of interest with continuous nonincreasing positive definite functions.

= = = Entracque Power Plant = = =

	The Entracque Power Plant, also known as The Upper Gesso Plant, is a pumped-storage hydroelectric power station located in Valle Gesso just south of Entracque, Italy. The power station contains pump-generators for two co-located but hydraulically separated power schemes; the Chiotas-Piastra Plant and Rovina-Piastra Plant. Both plants use separate upper reservoirs but use Lago della Piastra as their common lower reservoir. To produce power, water is released from the upper reservoirs to the power station located at the lower reservoir. The pump-generators re-fill the reservoirs and the process repeats as needed. The Chiotas' upper reservoir, Lago del Chiotas, is located much higher in the valley and larger than Rovina's Lago della Rovina which affords it the ability to produce more electricity. The installed capacity of Chiotas is with a hydraulic head (water drop in elevation) of while Rovina has an installed capacity of and a head of . Construction on the plant began in 1962 and operations started in 1982. It is owned and operated by Enel.
	The Entracque Power Plant is supported by a scheme that also primarily consists of three reservoirs. The lower reservoir used by both the Chiotas and Rovina is Lago della Piastra. The reservoir is located at the base of the valley and was formed by the construction of an tall gravity dam. Its water level has a normal operating elevation of and of its total storage capacity can be pumped up to the upper reservoirs. The pumping is carried out by the power station's nine Francis pump turbine-generators, eight belong to Chiotas and one to Rovina. When either of the upper reservoirs needs to be filled, water is pumped from Piastra to the Chiotas or Rovina upper reservoirs through a series of penstocks and tunnels. This usually occurs during periods of low energy demand, such as at night, when electricity is cheap.
	The Rovina's upper reservoir is at an elevation of and is formed by an embankment dam. It has an active capacity of and depth of . Its catchment area is . The upper Chiotas reservoir was formed with the construction of a tall arch-gravity dam which lies at an elevation of . The dam's thickness ranges from at the base to at its crest. Its crest is long and the dam has a structural volume of . The Chiotas reservoir is also supported by a tall and long saddle dam, called Colle Laura, directly to its east. The saddle dam is also equipped with a spillway that has a discharge capacity of . The storage capacity of the reservoir is while can be used for power generation. The catchment area for Chiotas is and the reservoir reaches a maximum depth of .
	When power generation is required, water is released from either upper reservoir back down to the power station and its generators. The power station is located underground and consists of transformer, valve gallery and generator hall caverns. From the Chiotas reservoir, water is sent back through a long tunnel and when near the power plant, it splits into a system of penstocks which feed each of its eight pump-generators. Water from the Rovina is processed by a single generator. After the water is used for power generation, it is discharged into a long tail-race tunnel and into Lago Della Piastra. Both the tail-race and power plant intake are protected from water hammer by surge tanks. The drop in elevation between the upper reservoirs and the power plant afford the Chiotas a maximum hydraulic head of and the Rovina .

= = = Kim Aeran = = =

	Kim Ae-ran (the romanization preferred by the author according to LTI Korea) (; born 1980) is a South Korean writer.
	Kim was born in Incheon in 1980. She is a graduate of the Korea National University of Arts.
	Kim's debut work "No Knocking in This House," a short story published in 2003, is about five women living in five separate rooms in a boarding house, where the rooms are tiny and close together. It won Daesan Literary Award.
	Next, her short story collection, "Run, Daddy, Run", entered the spotlight, earning her the Hankook Ilbo Literary Award in 2005. Twenty-five years old at the time of the award, Kim was the youngest award winner ever recorded, which was all the more unprecedented as she was also a new writer who had not yet published any short story collections.
	In 2008, her short story "Knife Marks" won the Yi Hyosŏk Literary Award. Likewise, she was the youngest to ever be awarded this prize.
	Kim's stories feature young people in their 20s who have moved up to Seoul from other parts of the country. After industrialization and urbanization began in earnest in the 1960s, Korean literature frequently dealt with the subject of young people who turned their backs on their hometowns to come to Seoul. However, though young people continued to move to the capital after the new millennium, literary interest in their stories began to decrease. Because Kim spent most of her childhood growing up in a rural village called Seosan and only began living in Seoul in her 20s, she imbues the lives of the characters in her stories with a strong sense of realism.
	She originally studied playwriting in college, and perhaps for that reason her stories reveal an unusual interest in small, run-down spaces. The short story "Christmas Special" takes place in a run-down inn, while "Run, Daddy, Run" and "Happy Life" are set in half-basement rooms. "I Go to the Convenience Store" features the intensively capitalistic space of a convenience store, and the backdrop of "Sky Kong Kong" is a rooftop room in a small provincial city. Her humorous depiction of the people who live in these spaces evokes a rich pathos.
	Her 2011 novel "My Palpitating Life" is a touching story of a 17-year-old boy with progeria, a disease that cause rapid aging; he prepares to bid farewell to his thirty-something parents, who had him when they were teenagers. It was a bestseller, and in 2014 was adapted into the E J-yong film "My Brilliant Life" starring Kang Dong-won and Song Hye-kyo.

= = = Pusey–Crozier Mill Historic District = = =

	Pusey–Crozier Mill Historic District, also known as Pusey Plantation and Landingford, is a historic mill complex and national historic district located at Upland, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The district includes nine contributing buildings, one contributing site, and one contributing structure, at the site of the first grist mill and sawmill erected by the English Quakers in 1682. They are the Pennock Log House (1790), schoolhouse (1849), four single houses (1850), large double house (1850s), mid-19th century barn, and the original mill site, headrace, and tail race. The Caleb Pusey House is located in the district and separately listed on the register.
	It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

= = = Class kappa-ell function = = =

	In control theory, it is often required to check if a nonautonomous system is stable or not. To cope with this it is necessary to use some special comparison functions. Class formula_1 functions belong to this family:
	Definition: A continuous function formula_2 is said to belong to class formula_1 if:

= = = Burrough Court = = =

	Burrough Court is a former stately home in Burrough on the Hill near Melton Mowbray in the East Midlands, United Kingdom. Burrough Court was once the site of a large country house of which today only the stable yard, chauffeur's and grooms' quarters remain. The remaining buildings have now been converted into office suites, meeting rooms and a conference centre.
	The house was built in 1905 by H. C. Allfey and it later belonged to Marmaduke Furness, 1st Viscount Furness, who used it as a hunting box. During this time Burrough Court became a rendezvous for the hunting society of Melton; in the autumn of 1930 Burrough Court was the backdrop to the first meeting between, Edward VIII, Prince of Wales, and Mrs. Wallis Simpson. Unfortunately the main house burned down at the end of World War II, allegedly due to some Canadian soldiers using explosives to get to a sealed wine cellar The romance between the Prince of Wales, and Mrs. Wallis Simpson was initiated when both were invited by Thelma, Viscountess Furness to a house-party at Burrough Court. According to Wallis's memoirs, in November 1930 Mr. and Mrs. Simpson were supposedly invited as last minute chaperones to Thelma and the Prince of Wales to hunt at her house in Melton Mowbray.

= = = Yapak = = =

	Yapak is a village near Koloriang in Kurung Kumey district in Arunachal Pradesh

= = = Pawnee Township = = =

	Pawnee Township may refer to:

= = = Usne Kaha Tha = = =

	Usne Kaha Tha is a 1960 Bollywood drama film directed by Moni Bhattacharjee starring Sunil Dutt and Nanda in lead roles. This film is Bhattacharjee's first independent directorial venture. He had previously assisted Bimal Roy on various films, notably "Madhumati" and "Do Bigha Zameen". Bimal Roy produced this film under his banner "Bimal Roy Productions".
	The film is based on a renowned Hindi short story of the same name written by Chandradhar Sharma Guleri which was published in 1915 in "Saraswati". The writing is critically acclaimed for the "perfection of technique, characterization and effect". However, the film itself was a "none too smooth takeoff" and did not do well at the box office. This was the debut film of actress, Indrani Mukherjee.
	Nandu lives in a small town with his widowed mother. He is friendly with a local girl, Kamli. Kamli's father falls ill and her family relocates to a bigger town, Ambala. Years later, Kamli's father passes away and they return. 
	Nandu and Kamli fall in love and want to marry. When Nandu's mother goes to meet Kamli's uncle, she is humiliated because of their poverty. Nandu decides to join the army, with the hope that her uncle will consider him suitable enough to get Kamli married to him. But when he returns, Kamli is set to marry someone else. He goes back to the army to try to forget Kamli. He is surprised to find that his superior officer, Ram Singh, is Kamli's husband. Disappointed with his fate, he knows not what to do. 
	The war starts and he is called for it. But before going on war, Kamli takes a promise from him to protect her husband, which he does. When Ram Singh asks a dying Nandu why he risked his life to save him, his last words are, "Usne Kaha Tha" [she had commanded so], giving the raison d'être(the sole or ultimate purpose of something or someone), hence the name of the film.

= = = Gamepal = = =

	GamePal is an online platform for players of massively multiplayer online (MMO) games to buy, sell and trade digital assets such as in-game currency, items, accounts, and power leveling services. The site is a neutral marketplace that supports player-to-player as well as direct selling for popular MMOs.
	GamePal emerged in June 2004 as a multi-feature platform for MMORPG players interested in digital asset trading. The buying and selling of in-game assets such as virtual currency is also a practice known as "real money trading" or RMT.
	In June 2005, GamePal launched virtual account rental services for gamers who can now rent a high-level character and play as long as they like, then return the character for a different one or for a character in another game.
	GamePal worked closely with companies such as IGE expanding their options to virtual account trading allowing the buying, trading and selling of accounts. In 2007, IGE received numerous disputes and sold their company
	The RMT or secondary market for in-game MMOG assets has been controversial for a number of years, with many games such as Eve Online and World of Warcraft forbidding trading that violates their End User License Agreements (EULA). Other publishers such as Sony Online Entertainment previously forbid the sale of virtual goods until 2005 when it opened a new service called Station Exchange allowing the sale of virtual goods. In 2010, the Supreme Court of South Korea ruled that virtual currency is the equivalent of real money and legalized real money trading. In 2011, Blizzard Entertainment changed their decision to outlaw the sale of virtual goods and implemented real money trading (RMT) to their game Diablo 3 allowing users to sell items at an official auction house in exchange for real money.
	Current research estimates that approximately $3 billion (US) dollars of virtual goods are bought and sold by players around the world every year. Other research estimates that approximately 30% of all gamers purchase virtual goods.

= = = 9th Irish Film &amp; Television Awards = = =

	The 9th Irish Film & Television Awards took place on Saturday 11 February 2012 at the Convention Centre Dublin (CCD).
	It was hosted by Irish actor Simon Delaney. The Show was broadcast on RTÉ One Television on the night.
	The ceremony, hosted by the Academy on Saturday 11 February reached a record audience of 1.143 Million viewers* on RTÉ One, clocking up the highest number of Irish viewers to watch the Awards show.
	Among the winners at the Irish Film & Television Awards was Michael Fassbender, who picked up the Best Actor IFTA for his stark performance in Steve McQueen's drama Shame. Speaking after receiving his IFTA, Michel said he was "humbled" and "honoured" to accept the accolade from the Irish Academy.
	The Guard, Ireland's most successful independent Irish feature film, won four film Awards on the night; Best Film, Director, Screenwriter and Supporting Actress Fionnula Flanagan.
	Irish Actress Fionnula Flanagan received the IFTA Lifetime Achievement award.
	The TV series "Love/Hate" won seven awards including Best Drama and Best Director.
	"The Guard" — Ed Guiney, Andrew Lowe, Chris Cark, Flora Fernandez Marengo
	John Michael McDonagh — "The Guard"
	John Michael McDonagh — "The Guard"
	Michael Fassbender — Shame
	Saoirse Ronan — Hanna
	Chris O'Dowd — Bridesmaids
	""'Fionnula Flanagan — "The Guard"
	Bernadette: Notes on a Political Journey — Lelia Doolan
	Corp + Anam – Paddy Hayes
	The Boy in the Bubble – Kealan O'Rourke
	Foxes – Lorcan Finnegan
	Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy
	Ryan Gosling — "Drive"
	Glenn Close — "Albert Nobbs"
	"Love/Hate" — Suzanne McAuley, Steve Mattews
	David Caffrey — Love/Hate
	Stuart Carolan — Love/Hate
	Aidan Gillen — Love/Hate
	Ruth Negga — Shirley
	Tom Vaughan-Lawlor — Love/Hate
	Denise McCormack — Love/Hate
	Consolata Boyle — The Iron Lady
	Seamus McGarvey — We Need to Talk About Kevin
	Isobel Stephenson — Love/Hate
	Lorraine Glynn/ Lynn Johnson — Albert Nobbs
	Brian Byrne — Albert Nobbs
	Anna Rackard – Stella Days
	Albert Nobbs — Brendan Deasy, Niall Brady, Michelle Cunniffe, Steve Fanagan
	Gary Keane – The Writing in the Sky
	Peter Robertson – Waterways
	Ray Roantree – The Ashes of 9/11
	The Writing in the Sky – Killian Fitzgerald, Aza Hand
	The Importance of Being Whatever – Martina Niland, David Collins
	Prime Time Investigates: The Home Care Scandal — Adrian Lydon
	Waterways — Stephen Rooke
	The Blood of the Travellers — Liam McGrath
	Mrs. Brown's Boys — Brendan O'Carroll, Justin Healy
'The Only Viking in the Village – Anne Heffernan, Bernadine Carraher
	ICA Bootcamp – Independent Pictures
	Eamon Coughlan – Man on a Mission – Motive Television
	Shamrock Rovers Europa League Qualifying Goal – Setanta Ireland

= = = North Wayne Historic District = = =

	North Wayne Historic District is a national historic district located at Wayne, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 190 contributing buildings in a residential area of Wayne. The contributing dwellings were built between 1881 and 1925, and include notable examples of Shingle Style and Colonial Revival architecture. The district also reflects suburban development in the late-19th century as it was a major component of a large, planned, railroad commuter suburb called "Wayne Estate." It is located north of the South Wayne Historic District.
	It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

= = = Sidra Intersection = = =

	Sidra Intersection (styled SIDRA, previously called Sidra and aaSidra) is a software package used for intersection (junction) and network capacity, level of service and performance analysis, and signalised intersection and network timing calculations by traffic design, operations and planning professionals. 
	First released in 1984, it has been under continuous development in response to user feedback. Version 6.0 released in April 2013 added network modelling capability and new vehicle movement classes. Version 7.0 includes new timing analysis methods for Common Control Groups (multiple intersections operating under one signal controller) and Network Cycle Time and Signal Offset calculations for signal coordination.
	The latest Version 8.0 includes improved network model processing efficiency and improved workflow efficiency through substantial user interface enhancements and model improvements. These include increased computing speeds for the iterative network analysis method, optimum cycle time for networks and common control groups, network demand and sensitivity analysis methods, graphical displays of intersection geometry, volumes, signal phasing and movement IDs in Site input dialogs allowing direct data entry, a large number of new reports and displays for Sites, Networks and Routes including Project Summary and the User Report facility based on user-defined report templates. 
	Sidra Intersection is a micro-analytical traffic evaluation tool that employs lane-by-lane and vehicle drive cycle models. It can be used to compare alternative treatments of individual intersections and networks of intersections involving signalised intersections (fixed-time/pretimed and actuated), roundabouts (unsignalised), roundabouts with metering signals, fully signalised roundabouts, two-way stop and give-way (yield) sign control, all-way (4-way and 3-way) stop sign control, merging, single-point urban interchanges, traditional diamond and diverging diamond interchanges, basic freeway segments, signalised and unsignalised midblock crossings for pedestrians, merging analysis and network modelling of these intersection and interchange types.
	Sidra Intersection allows modelling of separate Movement Classes (Light Vehicles, Heavy Vehicles, Buses, Bicycles, Large Trucks, Light Rail/Trams and six User Classes) with different vehicle characteristics. These movements can be allocated to different lanes, lane segments and signal phases; for example for modelling bus priority lanes and signals.
	In Australia and New Zealand, Sidra Intersection is endorsed by Austroads. In the US, Sidra Intersection is recognised by 
	the US Highway Capacity Manual,TRB/FHWA 2010 Roundabout Guide (NCHRP Report 672) and various roundabout guides.
	The lane-by-lane capacity and performance analysis method used by Sidra Intersection includes identifying any de facto exclusive lanes, unequal lane utilisation, lane change, modelling of short lanes (turn bays, lanes with parking upstream, and loss of a lane at the exit side) and lane blockage in shared lanes including lanes containing opposed (permitted) turns, slip (bypass) lane movements and turns on red. Intersections and networks can be modelled in detail using this method and signal timings can be determined accordingly with advantages over approach-based and lane group-based methods.
	SIDRA NETWORK model provides a lane-based congestion modelling tool. It determines the backward spread of congestion as queues on downstream lanes block upstream lanes, and applies capacity constraint to oversaturated upstream lanes; thus limiting the flows entering downstream lanes. These two elements are highly interactive with opposite effects. A network-wide iterative process is used to find a solution that balances these opposite effects.
	The lane-based network model provides information about departure and arrival patterns, queue lengths, lane blockage probabilities, backward spread of queues, and so on at a lane level. The model allows for the effect of upstream lane use patterns on downstream signal platoon patterns, in turn affecting the estimates of network performance measures (travel time, delay, back of queue, stop rate). This is important especially in evaluating closely spaced (paired) intersections and interchanges with high demand flows where vehicles have limited opportunities for lane changing between intersections. Such facilities include staggered T intersections, freeway signalised diamond interchanges, freeway roundabout interchanges, fully signalised roundabouts (including signalised circulating roads), large signalised intersections with wide median storage areas, staged crossings at sign-controlled intersections, intersections with nearby pedestrian crossings, and alternative intersection and interchange configurations such as diverging diamond interchanges (signalised), continuous flow intersections, restricted cross-street U-turns, and so on. The modelling of arrival patterns at downstream approach lanes takes into account implied midblock lane changes. Different movement classes (light and heavy vehicles, buses, large trucks, bicycles, and so on) are treated individually in modelling platoon arrival and departure patterns.
	Sidra Intersection provides a large number of intersection and network performance measures and a number of alternative Level of Service (LOS) methods and LOS Target settings to determine acceptable intersection and network design. Standard performance measures such as delay, queue length and number of stops as well as measures to help with environmental impacts and economic analysis are provided. Performance and Level of Service results are given at various aggregation levels (individual lanes, individual movements, approaches, intersections, routes and networks) and separately for vehicles, pedestrians, and persons (results for pedestrians and people in vehicles combined). Extensive graphical displays present signal timing and performance output. 
	Sidra Intersection allows analysis of single-lane and multi-lane roundabouts. It employs a combined (hybrid) geometry and gap-acceptance modelling approach in order to take into account the effect of roundabout geometry on driver behaviour directly through gap-acceptance modelling. Sidra Intersection software includes templates for roundabouts including all roundabout examples given in MUTCD 2009 and TRB/FHWA 2010 Roundabout Informational Guide (NCHRP Report 672). A Roundabout Metering analysis method allows the evaluation of the effect of metering signals on roundabout capacity and performance. Metering signals help to solve the problem of excessive queuing and delays at approaches affected by unbalanced traffic streams at roundabouts. Fully signalised roundabouts can be modelled as a network. A recent NCHRP survey of US state transport agencies found that Sidra Intersection is the most widely used software tool in the US for roundabout analysis as reported in the US Transportation Research Board document titled Roundabout Practice.
	Sidra Intersection includes fixed-time / pretimed (EQUISAT) and actuated signal timing analysis methods for intersections with any geometry allowing for simple as well as complex phasing arrangements. In addition to the traditional methods for signalised intersection cycle time (practical, optimum and user-given) and green split methods, it includes advanced signal timing methods such as a unique critical movement analysis method, variable phasing analysis, green split priority for coordinated or user-specified movements, and allows the use of two green periods for modeling slip / bypass lanes, permitted-protected turns, and turn on red. Network signal timing methods are available to determine cycle time (practical, optimum and user-given), green times and signal offsets for coordination of signalised intersections controlled by separate signal controllers as well as Common Control Group timings for intersections running under a single signal controller. The lane-based network model includes detailed movements of vehicle platoons with lane changes between signalised intersections for assessing the efficiency of signal coordination and optimising signal timings for signalised intersection networks. 
	Sidra Intersection provides facilities to calibrate its traffic models for "local conditions". It provides software setups with appropriate default systems for different countries, allows the users to prepare customised software setups, provides a sensitivity analysis facility to allow testing of the effect of variations in values of various key parameters, and describes various calibration techniques (including survey methods) in the User Guide. 
	In particular, the "US HCM (Customary and Metric) software setups of "SIDRA INTERSECTION are calibrated using model parameters based on the US Highway Capacity Manual (see the section titled Highway Capacity Manual). 
	Among many model parameters, the "saturation flow" parameter for signalized intersections and the "critical gap and follow-up headway" parameters for unsignalised roundabouts and sign-controlled intersections are identified as key parameters for calibration to match real-life traffic conditions. At the same time, the "queue space (jam spacing)" parameter used in "back of queue" modelling is identified as a key parameter in general due to its role in approach short lane modelling for intersections and lane blockage (queue spillback) modelling for networks.
	Sidra Intersection estimates the cost, energy and air pollution implications of intersection design using a four-mode elemental model with detailed acceleration, deceleration, idling and cruise elements. This drive-cycle (modal analysis) method coupled with a power-based vehicle model is used to estimate operating cost, fuel consumption, greenhouse gas (CO2) and pollutant (CO, NOx, HC) emissions in order to assess the environmental impacts of traffic congestion. The model includes estimates of acceleration and deceleration times and distances for light and heavy vehicles coupled with a polynomial model of acceleration-time profile. The vehicle parameters in the model have been updated recently for modern vehicle fleet.
	Sidra Intersection software complements Highway Capacity Manual (HCM Edition 6) as an advanced intersection analysis tool which offers various extensions on the capabilities of the HCM. The Highway Capacity Manual version of Sidra Intersection has options for US Customary and Metric units. The roundabout capacity model for single-lane and multi-lane roundabouts based on research on US roundabouts as described in HCM Edition 6, Chapter 22 is integrated into the software. The HCM Edition 6 roundabout capacity model is a lane-based model which is suitable for the extensions implemented in Sidra Intersection.
	Sidra Intersection was first developed over 20 years at the Australian Road Research Board (1979–1999) as a technology transfer tool to enable practitioners to use major research results without delay, and then at Akcelik and Associates since 2000. Akcelik and Associates conducts its own research s well as using the latest research results which become available internationally including the Highway Capacity Manual. Thus Sidra Intersection includes high technical content based on extensive scientific research. A formal "effectiveness audit" of related research carried out by an independent panel formed by the Australian Road Research Board in 1993 noted ""the panel rated the technical merit of the research as very high and concluded that it has established international and professional reputations in the fields of traffic signal analysis, roundabout analysis, and energy and emissions modelling"".
	The company has won awards including the 2010 Telstra Business Awards - AMP Innovation Award and the 2009 the Governor of Victoria Export Awards - Winner Small Business Award. The awards received by the founder of the company, Dr Rahmi Akcelik, includes the prestigious 1999 Clunies Ross National Science and Technology award for outstanding contribution to the application of science and technology in Australia, and the Institute of Transportation Engineers (USA) 1986 Transportation Energy Conservation Award in Memory of Frederick A. Wagner for research into energy savings from urban traffic management (received as part of the energy research team at the Australian Road Research Board).

= = = Confederation of Protestant Churches in Lower Saxony = = =

	The Confederation of Protestant Churches in Lower Saxony is the union of the five regional Protestant churches located in the Lower Saxony. The confederation meets only tasks assigned to it by the national churches. It represents the interests of Protestant regional churches towards the state of Lower Saxony.
	The Confederation of Protestant Churches in Lower Saxony represents about four million church members (as of 2010) in more than 2,200 communities. It comprises the following regionally delineated national churches, which are all member churches of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD):
	The confederation runs common facilities for all member churches, including:
	Bodies under the auspices of the House of church Offices:
	The confederation has a council of the Confederacy, in which the presiding Bishops and officials of the regional churches are represented.
	The confederation has its own synod (church assembly). The Synod will decide on laws and finances of the Confederacy. The management of the Confederacy takes over an office that is housed in the regional church office in Hanover.

= = = Social Psychological and Personality Science = = =

	Social Psychological and Personality Science is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in social and personality psychology. Its editor-in-chief is Margo Montieth (Purdue University). It was established in 2010 and is published by SAGE Publications. The journal is jointly owned by four different societies: the Association for Research in Personality, European Association of Social Psychology, Society of Experimental Social Psychology, and Society for Personality and Social Psychology.
	The journal is abstracted and indexed in PsycINFO and Scopus. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", its 2018 impact factor is 3.605, ranking it 6 out of 63 journals in the category "Psychology, Social".

= = = Meka = = =

	Meka is a village near Roingin Lower Dibang Valley district of Arunachal Pradesh which is a state in India. 

= = = Per 100.000 dollari ti ammazzo = = =

	Per 100.000 dollari ti ammazzo (literally "I will kill you for 100,000 dollars" or "100,000 dollars for killing you", internationally released as Vengeance is Mine, For One Hundred Thousand Dollars for a Killing and One Hundred Thousand Dollars Per Killing) is a 1967 Italian Spaghetti Western film. It represents the directorial debut film of Giovanni Fago (here credited as Sidney Lean). On the set of this film Gianni Garko got to know Susanna Martinkova, a Czechoslovakian actress at her debut in an Italian production, who little later married the actor and had a daughter with him.
	Bounty hunter John delivers four wanted criminals, all of them dead. When he checks out the new posters at the sheriff's office he recognises his half-brother Clint on one of them. John could never forget how Clint out of jealousy killed their mutual father and how he blamed the misdeed on John who instead of his brother spent 10 years in prison. Now Clint is good for 6,000 dollars. John has no reservations to go after him because it was Clint who rendered John an outcast with no other chance left to make a living other than by becoming a bounty hunter. When John eventually gets to him, Clint is just fighting with his gang about a booty of 100,000 dollars.

= = = Wilhelmsburg Castle = = =

	The Wilhelmsburg Castle in the city of Schmalkalden was a secondary residence of the Landgraves of Hesse. It is one of the most important Renaissance buildings in central Germany, which has experienced no structural changes to this day and is preserved in almost its original condition.
	In 1583, the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel became the sole owner of the Lordship of Schmalkalden, which had been shared with the Counts of Henneberg until then. Landgrave William IV immediately decided to make the city one of his secondary residences. He had the 12th Century Waltaff Castle demolished and began the construction of the castle named after him on the same location. The castle was inaugurated on 23 May 1590, although it had not yet been completed. The interior was procured from Kassel. William's son Maurice often stayed at Wilhelmsburg castle. During his reign, the castle was finally completed in 1618. His successors used the castle less and less and in the early 19th Century the castle was abandoned altogether. In 1873, the Association for Henneberg History and Geography purchased the castle and began using it as a museum.
	The palace is a four-winged structure with a nearly square floor plan. The comprehensive facilities include an outdoor parade grounds, a gatekeeper's house, pleasure gardens, a kitchen garden, a prison tower, stables, a bakery and a brewery. The spatial arrangement is typical for a residential palace. The halls were decorated with scrollwork and strapwork and adorned with decorative paintings, including a copy of the Iwein epos by Hartmann von Aue the basement.
	Located on the City Palace is a four-winged structure with a nearly square floor plan. The comprehensive facilities include outdoor parade ground, gatekeepers house, pleasure gardens, kitchen garden, prison tower, stables and bakery and brewery. The spatial arrangement corresponds to a representative of the Royal Palace. The halls were labeled with Roll - equipped and strapwork, just as they are adorned with decorative paintings - which includes a copy of the Iwein epic in Hartmann von Aue the basement.
	The magnificent castle church, built by Dutch architect Willem Vernukken in 1590, is one of the oldest and most beautiful newly built Protestant churches in Germany. Many German Lutheran churches of the 18th century followed its example with the connection of altar with baptismal font, pulpit and organ in a vertical axis; central paintings above the altar were replaced with pulpits. 
	The Renaissance organ in the chapel is one of the oldest instruments of this kind in Central Europe that is still playable. It was commissioned by Landgrave William IV and built by Daniel Meyer in Göttingen. The organ receives its special timbre from 252 wooden pipes, six registers and its so-called "bird cry". It was played for the first time on 23 May 1590 when the castle church was consecrated during the inauguration of the castle.
	The castle houses the permanent exhibition "Dawn of a new era", with the main topics Renaissance, Reformation and Schmalkaldic League.

= = = South Wayne Historic District (Wayne, Pennsylvania) = = =

	South Wayne Historic District is a national historic district located in Wayne, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 316 contributing buildings in a residential area of Wayne. The majority of the dwellings were built between 1881 and 1930, and include notable examples of Shingle Style and Colonial Revival architecture, representing the work of Will Price, Horace Trumbauer, and several other architects.
	The district reflects suburban development in the late-19th century as it was a major component of a large, planned, railroad commuter suburb called "the Wayne Estates," complementing the northern half of the residential area which is now included in the North Wayne Historic District, and the downtown area of Wayne, which sits between the two residential districts, now the Downtown Wayne Historic District.
	It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

= = = Mohamed el-Bisatie = = =

	Mohamed el-Bisatie (Arabic: محمد البساطي) (November 1937 – 14 July 2012) was an Egyptian novelist and short story writer.
	He was born in el-Gamalia, Dakahlia Governorate, overlooking the shores of Lake Manzalah in the Nile Delta. He graduated from Cairo University in 1960 and then entered government service. He continued his career as a civil servant until his retirement a few years ago.
	El-Bisatie started writing in the early 1960s and published many stories in leading journals such as al-Masa', al-Katib and al-Majalla. He is considered to be part of the Egyptian literary movement that was spearheaded by the avant-garde magazine "Gallery 68". His first book, a collection of stories called "Al-kibar wa al-sighar" was published in 1967-68. Since then, he has published more than a dozen works of fiction, including novels and short story collections.
	Six of his books are available in English translation. His work has also been translated into Italian, French, German and Spanish. Noted Arabic translators such as Denys Johnson-Davies and Hartmut Fahndrich have translated el-Bisatie's fiction, into English and German respectively.
	El-Bisatie has won a number of awards in his illustrious career, including the Al Owais Prize in 2001 and the Sawiris Prize in 2008. His novel "Hunger" was shortlisted for the 2009 Arabic Booker Prize.
	Short story collections
	Novels
	In English translation

= = = List of ship commissionings in 2011 = = =

	The list of ship commissionings in 2011 includes a chronological list of all ships commissioned in 2011.

= = = Andrea Hirata = = =

	Andrea Hirata (born October 24, 1967) is an Indonesian author best known for the 2005 novel "Laskar Pelangi" ("The Rainbow Troops") and its sequels.
	Hirata was born in Gantung, Belitung. While he was young, his parents changed his name seven times. They eventually settled on the name Andrea, while the name Hirata was given by his mother. He grew up in a poor family not far from a government-owned mine.
	Hirata started his tertiary education with a degree in economics from the University of Indonesia. After receiving a scholarship from the European Union, he did his master's degree in Europe, first at the University of Paris then at Sheffield Hallam University in Britain; his thesis dealt with telecommunications and the economy.
	Hirata released "Laskar Pelangi" in 2005. The novel, was written in a period of six months, and was based on his childhood experiences in Belitung; he later described it as "an irony about a lack of access to education for children in one of the world's wealthiest islands.". The novel went on to sell five million copies, with pirated editions selling 15 million more. It also spawned three sequels: "Sang Pemimpi" ("The Dreamer"), "Edensor" and "Maryamah Karpov".
	"Laskar Pelangi" was adapted into a film of the same name in 2008 by directors Riri Riza and Mira Lesmana; the film became the most-viewed Indonesian film of all time, being seen by 5 million viewers during its theatrical run. He also worked at the telecommunications company Telkom Indonesia, eventually quitting to focus on writing. In 2010 the international rights for the "Laskar Pelangi" tetralogy were bought by American agent Amer & Asia; the rights were later acquired by Kathleen Anderson Literary Management. Afterwards, Hirata opened a library in his hometown.
	By 2010, he was spending weekends in Belitung and weekdays in Java. He later published his first English-language short story, "Dry Season", in "Washington Square Review". That same year, he spent three months attending a writer's workshop at the University of Iowa.
	In 2011, television network SCTV announced a 15-episode serial adaption of "Laskar Pelangi"; Hirata had previously said he would not allow such an adaptation, but later relented as he felt the network could guarantee quality. By 2012 the English translation of "Laskar Pelangi" had been picked up by FSG, Penguin Books, and Random House for sale in twenty countries; Hirata was the first Indonesian writer to be published with FSG. That year he was a speaker at the Byron Bay Writers Festival.
	Winner of New York Book Festival 2013 in general fiction category 
	Granted an Honorary Doctor of Letters (Hon DLitt) from University of Warwick, UK 2015

= = = Ethmia vittalbella = = =

	Ethmia vittalbella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found on Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Jordan, Arabia, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Russia.

= = = Ethmia tripunctella = = =

	Ethmia tripunctella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in the Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria, Asia Minor, Iraq, Iran and Russia.
	The larvae have been recorded feeding on "Onosma stellulata".

= = = Anbu (1953 film) = = =

	Anbu () is a 1953 Indian Tamil-language drama film produced and directed by M. Natesan. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, T. R. Rajakumari and Padmini in the lead roles. It was released on 24 July 1953.
	Thangam, a young woman, is married to a much older man, Rajamanickam Mudaliar. He has two children from his first marriage: a daughter Lakshmi, and a son, Selvam. Mudaliar dies when Thangam is pregnant with his child. Selvam falls in love with a rich girl Malathi while Thirumalai, a playboy, tries to separate them. When the widowed Thangam's child is born, Lakshmi spreads rumours that Selvam is the father of the child, and had an incestuous relationship with Thangam. Malathi believes these rumours and begins to torment Thangam. How Thangam surmounts the problems forms the rest of the story.
	"Adapted from the opening credits"
	"Anbu" was produced and directed by M. Natesan under his company Natesh Art Pictures. The story was written by him, and the dialogues by Vindhan. Cinematography was handled by G. Vittal Rao, editing by S. A. Murugesan, and the choreography by P. S. Gopalakrishnan, K. N. Dandayudhapani Pillai and B. Heeralal. Shooting took place at Newtone and Citadel studios.
	The music was composed by T. R. Pappa. Lyrics by Papanasam Sivan, Kambadasan, Ka. Mu. Sheriff, Suratha, Dandapani & Rajappa. Singer is T. R. Rajakumari. Playback singers are A. M. Rajah, M. L. Vasanthakumari, Jikki, N. L. Ganasaraswathi and A. P. Komala.
	"Anbu" was released on 24 July 1953. Natesh Art Pictures distributed the film themselves in Madras and select regions, while others did so for other regions in Tamil Nadu. "Kumudam", a Tamil weekly published the review of this film in a unique way. It was written as such, the characters in the film were telling about their roles. This prompted Natesan to go for a defamation case against the weekly. However, the legal adviser of the weekly settled the matter amicably with Natesan. The film was dubbed into Telugu with the title "Apeksha".

= = = Ethmia rothschildi = = =

	Ethmia rothschildi is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Romania and Russia.

= = = David Wijnkoop = = =

	David Joseph Wijnkoop (11 March 1876 – 7 May 1941) was a Dutch communist leader in the first half of the twentieth century. He was the eldest son of upper rabbi Joseph Wijnkoop and Dientje Milia Nijburg.
	At the Barlaeus Gymnasium, he was not accepted as a member of the school association "Disciplina Scipio Vitae" because he was a Jew.
	He joined the Social Democratic Workers' Party, or the SDAP, in 1898 and broke with it in 1909 by SDAP and was, with Jan Ceton, co-founder of the Social Democratic Party, predecessor of the Communist Party of Holland. Wijnkoop was the leader of the Communists in the years around World War I. He agitated fiercely against the Social Democrats and organized demonstrations in Amsterdam at the Amsterdam SDAP-alderman Floor Wibaut. He left the CPH in 1925, but returned to it later.
	Wijnkoop interpellated notably starting in 1918, with the government's action against German Crown Prince Wilhelm, and the action of the mayor of Amsterdam in connection with the movements that took place and the situation in the Netherlands in connection with Germany. This continued in 1919, against Minister of Foreign Affairs Herman van Karnebeek on the presence of the former German emperor Wilhelm in the Netherlands, the transit of German troops through Limburg and the persecution of Jews in Poland and Galicia. This continued later into the year, when he talked with Van Karnebeek about the negotiations of the Dutch authorities with various German authorities. After a year of no notable action in 1920, in 1921, Wijnkoop interpellated against Van Karnebeek again, this time to provide support to the starving workers and peasants in Soviet Russia. Then, in 1922 and 1924, he showed further Communist sympathies by pressuring minister of the Dutch government Simon de Graaff of the persecution against Communists in Dutch East Indies, and against minister Gerardus Jacobus van Swaaij on the pay cut for railway staff, respectively.
	In 1924, he pressured De Graaff again, this time after the government of the British Raj announced measures to combat the popular movement of workers and peasants in India. After going without much notable action for about 4 years, he came up again, this time against Prime Minister Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck about the violent clashes between police and workers following a strike in a Zinc oxide factory in Maastricht. Then, the next year, he interpellated against Minister of Justice, Jan Donner, on Communists' homes being searched, and then in 1931, against Donner again, this time on the banning of "The Tribune" from public reading rooms and from station bookshops.
	In 1932, Wijnkoop targeted Dutch Envoy to China Frans Beelaerts van Blokland on the Dutch attitude towards the situation in Shanghai., and later in 1932 against minister John Paul Reymer on the wages of railway employees and the proposed wage reductions. Afterwards, in 1935, he worked against Minister of Public Works Otto Van Lidth de Jeude, in support of the interference of government in the conflict with privately owned mines. In 1938, he fought against government minister Jacob Patijn on the recognition of the King of Italy as Emperor of Ethiopia. In 1939, he clashed with the government again, this time against Minister of Justice Carel Goseling on the cooperation of the Netherlands to supply the needs of Spanish refugees during the Spanish Civil War. Finally, in 1939, he talked with Prime Minister Hendrikus Colijn about the cause of the resignation of the Minister of Finance and the resulting consequences of his resignation.
	In 1931, Wijnkoop initiated a proposal to combat the adverse effects of the economic crisis on the workers. However, the proposal was withdrawn in 1932. In 1907 Wijnkoop founded, together with Jan Cornelis Ceton and Willem van Ravesteyn, a magazine, called "The Tribune". Together, with the rest of the Tribune group, he left the SDAP and founded the Social Democratic Party, which in 1919 changed its name to Communist Party of Holland, or the CPH.
	In 1925, Wijnkoop left the CPH, together with a number of supporters. The conflict was related to the growing pains of the party, but also with the wish to get a "workers deputy" in parliament instead of Van Ravesteyn. He sided with Van Ravesteyn. With the support of the Communist International, the minority in this conflict managed to win and Wijnkoop left.
	On Prinsjesdag 1932, he and fellow Communist Louis de Visser interrupted the Throne Speech from Queen Wilhelmina by shouting. This was countered by other MPs loudly singing the national anthem. In 1934, Wijnkoop and De Visser did the same, only to be forcibly removed from the Ridderzaal where the speech was read.
	While in hiding from the Germans during World War II, Wijnkoop suffered a fatal heart attack. Many people, including wanted communists, socialists and Jews, showed up at his funeral. Wijnkoop's wife, Johanna van Rees, was angry that Louis de Visser showed up at the funeral while he was wanted, but still asked him to do the graveside speech. It was the last public speech of De Visser, who did not survive the war.
	As a young man, Wijnkoop attended several schools. He started at the Henry Wester School, a primary school located at the Weesperplein in Amsterdam. From there he went to the Barlaeus Gymnasium, where he came across the anti-Jewish incident, described earlier. Later he studied Arts at the Amsterdam Municipal University until April 14, 1899. He never finished this study, due to his social and political activities under the influence of Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis.
	There are several addresses known of Wijnkoop. The first was his parental home at the Plantage Kerklaan in Amsterdam. During his marriage with Emma Hess (1907–1910), he lived on the Nieuwe Herengracht 10, also in Amsterdam. After his marriage breakdown he decided to look for new horizons and lived in London for a while. When he married with Joosje van Rees, he lived on Pretoriusplein 3 III.
	In Dutch:

= = = The Duo = = =

	The Duo () is a 2011 South Korean historical drama series, starring Chun Jung-myung, Lee Sang-yoon, Han Ji-hye and Seo Hyun-jin. It aired on MBC from February 7 to May 24, 2011 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 32 episodes.
	Filmed at MBC Dramia in Gyeonggi Province, the series examines how class determines fate during the Joseon era through two men who swap lives. Switched at birth, Chun-doong and Gwi-dong grow up living each other's lives. Nobleman's son Chun-doong endures great hardships in the lowest caste of society, and becomes a vigilante who steals from the rich. Beggar's son Gwi-dong grows up in a wealthy noble family, and becomes a police chief. Living on opposite sides of the law, their paths cross again when they both fall for the same woman; played by Chun, Lee and Han respectively.
	Around the time of late Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) when hierarchy between nobles and slaves started to fall apart and riots were common among peasants, two men were born on the same day and at the same time. Chun Dung who grew up in a beggar's quarters (although born as a noble) with no knowledge of his parents, dreams of "making this world a better place" by taking part in the peasants’ riot while Gwi Dong who was raised in a noble life (though he was born as a beggar), serves as a police official, fights against corruption within the government and speaks for the weak. Although both give their hearts to the same woman, they become the greatest duo ever in order to reform the problematic world.
	The background of the drama is not set in a grand palace but an everyday market and talks not of the success of a great hero but the agony of common people. "The Duo" portrays the everyday lives and loves of the commoners and outcasts during 19th century Korea: Slaves, beggars, leather shoemakers, thieves, street bums and butchers, people who were poor yet good at heart. It is centered on the humanism and sentiments of those whose life stories have often been neglected in the typical "royal family centered" dramas.
	"The Duo" received solid ratings, averaging 13.0 percent on Total National Multimedia Statistics' (TNmS) chart and 16.7 percent on AGB Nielsen Media Research's (AGB) poll, coming in first in its primetime slot several times during its run.

= = = Ethmia quadripunctella = = =

	Ethmia quadripunctella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Russia.

= = = Reform and Development Misruna Party = = =

	The Reform and Development Misruna Party ( "Hizb Al-Islah wa Al-Tanmiyah") is a liberal political party in Egypt.
	The Reform and Development Misruna Party was founded in 2009. The founders of the party are , the ex-president Anwar Sadat's nephew, and the Egyptian billionaire Raymond Lakah. The initial license application of the party was rejected in July 2010. It was legalized in May 2011, just after the Egypt’s 25 January Revolution in 2011.
	The party participated in the Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–2012 and won 9 seats in the lower house. The party merged with the Misruna party (Our Egypt party) in June 2011; the party name changed slightly.
	Although the Reform and Development Misruna Party participated in the 2015 parliamentary elections, Sadat criticized the election process, which was delayed for 7 months, as well as the Supreme Constitutional Court being allowed to rule on complaints against election laws.
	The party has gradually distanced itself from president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, and Sadat briefly ran in the 2018 Egyptian presidential election, though he withdrew. Sadat criticized the pro-Sisi "Alashan Tbneeha" (To Build It) campaign on constitutional grounds for allowing government employees to publicly support the campaign. Supporters of his own campaign, "Benhab al-Sadat" (We Love al-Sadat), have been harassed by the government.

= = = Wijnkoop = = =

	Wijnkoop is a Dutch surname.
	People with the name Wijnkoop include:

= = = Libertas (Norway) = = =

	Libertas was a Norwegian libertarian business organisation.
	It was founded in Oslo in 1947. The organisation's first secretary-general was jurist Trygve de Lange. It fought against the regulation politics of the Labour Party, and had considerable influence on conservatives in the 1950s and 1960s. It held lectures at Elingård in Fredrikstad from 1948, and published the magazine "Nå" from 1952 to 1995. Libertas was succeeded by the Liberal Research Institute in 1988.
	Trygve de Lange was secretary-general from 1947 to 1976. The chairmen were Odd Berg (1947–1952), Knut Halvorsen (–1965), Johan Hjort (1965–1968), Jens C. Hagen (1968–), Hjalmar Aass (–1978), Birger Halvorsen (1978–), Johan Fredrik Biermann, Sverre Sunde and Sigurd Herlofson (1980s).

= = = Ethmia penyagolosella = = =

	Ethmia penyagolosella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Spain.

= = = Graziella Granata = = =

	Graziella Granata (born 16 March 1941) is an Italian retired film and stage actress.
	After graduating at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia, and after some secondary roles in adventure films and comedies, thanks to a film contract with Angelo Rizzoli film production Graziella Granata from the mid-sixties obtained good roles in films of a certain importance. She worked with, among others, Pasquale Festa Campanile, Massimo Franciosa, Mario Camerini, Luigi Comencini and especially Alessandro Blasetti, who provided her some important roles, including the leading role in the 1967 commedia all'italiana "La ragazza del bersagliere", for which she shared a David di Donatello for Best Actress with Silvana Mangano. To horror movie fans, she will always be remembered as the beautiful victim of a vampire in the 1962 film "Slaughter of the Vampires".
	Despite this, however, she failed to launch her career, and after some western-spaghetti and poliziotteschi Granata, at the beginning of the seventies, dedicated herself to the theater and shortly after retired from showbiz.

= = = Take You There (Jodie Connor song) = = =

	"Take You There" is a single by Barbadian British recording artist Jodie Connor. The song is a collaboration with American rapper Busta Rhymes. It was released on 29 July 2012 as a digital download on iTunes. The single was co-written by Busta Rhymes, Jodie Connor, David Dawood, and was produced by David Dawood.
	"Take You There" was produced by David Dawood "also known as" Dawood. David Dawood is the producer of Roll Deep's 2010 hit single "Good Times" that featured Connor, and which reached number 1 in the United Kingdom. David Dawood is also the producer of Connor's first and second singles, "Now or Never" and "Bring It". The lyrics in "Take You There" are co-written by Busta Rhymes, Jodie Connor and David Dawood.
	Following the release of, and prior to the release of "Take You There", Connor had been working in the studio with Roc Nation writers Makeba Riddick (Beyoncé/Rihanna) and James Fauntleroy II (Chris Brown/Leona Lewis) in preparation for her debut album, which with feature "Take You There". According to Connor, the vocals were recorded over a year, prior to the release. The song is primarily targeted to the dance music audience.
	Blogging site, musiceyz, reviewed the single to a mixed reaction. They praised Connor's "voice range and Bajan tones", stating:
	A music video was made for the single and was filmed along the California Coast Ranges and around the beaches of California, United States. Busta Rhymes does not appear in the music video alongside Jodie Connor.
	Tom Howard of "NME" Review gave the music video a positive review stating: "Two things you’ll notice when watching the video for ‘Take You There’: 1) Jodie Connor, formerly of Roll Deep fame, has ditched the grime-pop in favour of dancing about on a beach in skimpy chain-mail to routine synthpop. Alarming, but not as alarming as: 2) Busta Rhymes was not invited to join her on said beach. Who doesn’t invite Busta Rhymes on holiday?.

= = = Deroceras invadens = = =

	Deroceras invadens is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Agriolimacidae. Until 2011, this widely distributed species was known as "Deroceras panormitanum", and earlier as "Deroceras caruanae" or "Agriolimax caruanae", but Reise et al. (2011) showed that these names refer to a distinct species of similar external appearance known at that time only from Sicily and Malta. Consequently, although the more widespread species was already well known, it then had to be redescribed under the new name of "D. invadens".
	This species is not listed in the IUCN red list – not evaluated (NE) 
	Adults are usually 20–35 mm long. The skin and flesh are watery and fairly transparent. The colour of the skin varies between light greyish-brown to almost black. Close inspection reveals fine dark spotting usually over the whole body; this shows up better in alcohol-preserved specimens. Often, but not always, the respiratory pore is pale and unspotted. The mucus is colourless.
	Particularly in North America, some "Deroceras laeve" grow large enough that they closely resemble "D. invadens". A useful clue to distinguish them is the profile of the end of the tail when the animal has been disturbed or is preserved. The tail of "D. invadens" usually slants vertically upward from the sole for a short distance, or even bends backwards. The tail of "D. laeve" slopes forward above the sole. Also, the tail of "D. invadens" is longer than the mantle, whereas it is the same length or shorter in "D. laeve".
	Nevertheless, dissection is required to distinguish "D. invadens" reliably from "D. laeve" and from various similar "Deroceras" species occurring in Europe, such as "Deroceras sturanyi", the true "Deroceras panormitanum", and "Deroceras golcheri". Reise et al. (2011) discuss and figure the most critical anatomical characters. In most populations of "D. invadens", the proximal penis has two side pockets (the penial caecum and penial lobe); these have roughly equal widths and both have rounded, stout ends. A prominent appending penial gland with 3–7 branches attaches between the caecum and lobe on the dorsal side; these branches are less knobbly in outline than those of "D. panormitanum". The penial retractor muscle attaches between the caecum and lobe on the ventral side. The intestinal caecum is either absent or represented merely by a widening of the rectum. Barker (1999) and Sirgel (1973) detail various other aspects of the anatomy.
	The distribution has been extensively reviewed by Hutchinson et al. (2014). The native range is thought to be Italy but the first certain record is from Britain in 1930. "Deroceras invadens" now occurs in very many other parts of the world, although there is only one record from Asia. The list below gives dates of the first reported findings (outdoors unless stated); oceanic Islands are considered separately at the end.
	Europe
	Earlier records of ""D. panormitanum" sensu lato" from south-eastern Europe (e.g. Bulgaria, parts of Greece) should be rechecked, given the taxonomic confusion prior to 2011; records from Romania, Lithuania and Hungary are erroneous or unconfirmed.
	Africa
	Asia and Australasia
	North America:
	Central and South America
	Oceanic Islands
	"Deroceras invadens" typically occurs in disturbed sites (e.g. the most widespread slug species in Manchester gardens) and is often easiest to find under rubbish. However, this species has also spread to natural habitats such as woodland and grassland (e.g. in Britain, Tenerife, South Africa and Australia). It prefers areas of high humidity and cannot survive temperatures below –7 °C. Its distribution appears restricted by low winter temperatures, which could explain its slow and only partial colonisation of central Europe and its recent range expansion in Sweden following climate amelioration.
	In North Wales, most adults start to lay eggs in autumn and have died by early spring; the species can be found in any season, but it is most abundant in late spring. In New Zealand pastureland, populations fall considerably in summer.
	The mating behaviour of this species has been particularly well studied, partly to provide taxonomic characters. Mating starts when one individual closely follows the flattened tail of the other (precourtship). Typically after some minutes the leader turns back and protrudes its sarcobelum (a tapering finger-like part of the penis), as does its partner shortly afterwards. The partners often form a circle head to tail. Early courtship involves violent biting of the partner, lashing the sarcobelum against the partner, and bursts of tail wagging. This is gradually replaced by more gentle-looking stroking of the sarcobelum across the partner. During courtship, sperm accumulates in the penial caecum. After about 90 minutes the partners orient themselves face-to-face, nibble the base of the partner's raised sarcobelum, and suddenly their penises simultaneously evert. The finger-like penial caecum curves round the back of the partner's sarcobelum, transferring sperm onto it. The penes remain everted for a variable period (typically some minutes) before the penial lobe and then the penial gland also evert. The latter transfers a secretion onto the partner. This is directly followed by retraction of the penis (each partner thereby taking up the transferred sperm) and then separation.
	Laboratory experiments suggest that "D. invadens" shows a diurnal rhythm of active locomotion and feeding at night, then inactivity in or below the litter layer during the day; the rhythm is entrained by light. This feeding cycle is accompanied by regular cytological changes in the organs of digestion.
	"Deroceras invadens" exhibited the highest crawling speed (4.9 mm/s) amongst measurements from 28 species of terrestrial slug and snail.

= = = United Kingdom government austerity programme = = =

	The United Kingdom government austerity programme is a fiscal policy adopted in the early 21st century following the Great Recession. It is a deficit reduction programme consisting of sustained reductions in public spending and tax rises, intended to reduce the government budget deficit and the role of the welfare state in the United Kingdom. The National Health Service and education have been "ringfenced" and protected from direct spending cuts, but between 2010 and 2019 more than £30 billion in spending reductions have been made to welfare payments, housing subsidies and social services. The effects of United Kingdom austerity policies have proved controversial and the policies have received criticism from a variety of politicians and economists. Anti-austerity movements have been formed among citizens more generally.
	A UK government budget surplus in 2001–2 was followed by many years of budget deficit and after the financial crisis of 2007–2008 a period of economic recession began in the country. The first austerity measures were introduced in late 2008. In 2009, the term "age of austerity", which had previously been used to describe the years immediately following World War II, was popularised by Conservative Party leader David Cameron. In his keynote speech to the Conservative Party forum in Cheltenham on 26 April 2009 he declared that "the age of irresponsibility is giving way to the age of austerity" and committed to end years of what he characterised as excessive government spending. Conservative Party leaders also promoted the idea of budget cuts bringing about the Big Society, a political ideology involving reduced government, with grass-roots organizations, charities and private companies delivering public services more efficiently.
	The austerity programme was initiated in 2010 by the Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government. In his June 2010 budget speech, the Chancellor George Osborne identified two goals. The first was that the structural current budget deficit would be eliminated to "achieve [a] cyclically-adjusted current balance by the end of the rolling, five-year forecast period". The second was that national debt as a percentage of GDP would be falling. The government intended to achieve both of its goals through substantial reductions in public expenditure. This was to be achieved by a combination of public spending reductions and tax increases amounting to £110 billion. The end of the forecast period was 2015–16.
	Between 2010 and 2013, the Coalition government said that it had reduced public spending by £14.3 billion compared with 2009–10. Growth remained low during this period, while unemployment rose. In a speech in 2013, David Cameron indicated that his government had no intention of increasing public spending once the structural deficit had been eliminated and proposed that the public spending reduction be made permanent. In 2014, the Treasury extended the proposed austerity period until at least 2018. By 2015, the deficit, as a percentage of GDP, had been reduced to half of what it was in 2010, and the sale of government assets (mostly the shares of banks nationalised in the 2000s) had resulted in government debt as a proportion of GDP falling. By 2016, the Chancellor was aiming to deliver a budget surplus by 2020, but following the result of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, he expressed the opinion that this goal was no longer achievable.
	Osborne's successor as Chancellor, Philip Hammond, retained the aim of a balanced budget but abandoned plans to eliminate the deficit by 2020. In Hammond's first Autumn statement in 2016, there was no mention of austerity, and some commentators concluded that the austerity programme had ended. However, in February 2017, Hammond proposed departmental budget reductions of up to 6% for the year 2019–20, and Hammond's 2017 budget continued government policies of freezing working-age benefits. Following the 2017 snap general election, Hammond confirmed in a speech at Mansion House that the austerity programme would be continued and Michael Fallon, the Secretary of State for Defence, commented: "we all understand that austerity is never over until we've cleared the deficit". Government spending reductions planned for the period 2017–2020 are consistent with some departments, such as the Department for Work and Pensions and the Ministry of Justice, experiencing funding reductions of approximately 40% in real terms over the decade 2010–2020. During 2017 an overall budget surplus on day-to-day spending was achieved for the first time since 2001. This fulfilled one of the fiscal targets set by George Osborne in 2010, which he had hoped to achieve in 2015.
	In 2018 the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) predicted that in 2018–19 public sector debt would fall as a share of national income for the first time since 2001–02, while tax revenues would exceed public spending. Hammond's 2018 Spring Statement suggested that austerity measures could be reduced in the Autumn Budget of that year. However, according to the Resolution Foundation and the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), the OBR's forecasts for borrowing and debt were based on the assumption that the government continued with the planned spending reductions that were announced after the 2015 general election. By 2018 only 25% of the proposed reductions in welfare spending had been implemented. The Resolution Foundation calculated that the proposed reduction in spending on working-age benefits amounted to £2.5 billion in 2018–19 and £2.7 billion in 2019–20, with the households most affected being the poorest 20%. The IFS calculated that the OBR's figures would require spending on public services per person in real terms to be 2% lower in 2022–23 than in 2019–20.
	The deficit in the first quarter of the 2018–19 financial year was lower than at any time since 2007 and by August 2018 it had reached the lowest level since 2002–3. Hammond's aim at this time was to eliminate the deficit entirely by the mid-2020s. At the Conservative Party conference in October 2018 Prime Minister Theresa May indicated her intention to end the austerity programme following Brexit in 2019 and opposition leader Jeremy Corbyn said that austerity could not be ended without significant increases in public spending. The IFS calculated that funding an end to austerity would require an additional £19 billion per year raised through higher government borrowing or tax increases. Hammond's preference was to reduce the national debt with more years of austerity but in the October 2018 budget he agreed to defer the target date for eliminating the deficit, abandoning plans to achieve a surplus in 2022–23 to allow an increase in health spending and tax cuts. The Resolution Foundation described the step as a "significant easing of austerity". Hammond said that the "era of austerity is finally coming to an end" but that there would be no "real terms" increase in public spending apart from on the NHS.
	The austerity programme included reductions in welfare spending, the cancellation of school building programs, reductions in local government funding, and an increase in VAT. Spending on the police, courts and prisons was also reduced. A number of quangos were abolished, merged or reduced as a result of the 2010 UK quango reforms.
	Between 1998 and 2012 the number of children living in "relative poverty" in the UK had fallen by approximately 800,000 to a total of around 3.5 million. Following the introduction of the Welfare Reform Act 2012 the number of children in "relative poverty" increased, with the total by 2019 around 600,000 higher than it had been in 2012. During those seven years the number of children obtaining food from the food banks of The Trussell Trust more than tripled.
	A number of independent reports have considered the demographic effects of the austerity programme. In 2011, activist collective Feminist Fightback described its gendered impact and in 2012 the Fawcett Society published a report which was critical of the Treasury for not assessing the impact of austerity on women's equality. A 2015 report by the Resolution Foundation identified age-related disparities in the effects of austerity changes. The report projected that during the 2010s transfers to local authorities would fall by 64% and that spending on working-age welfare would fall by 71%, while between 1997 and 2020 spending on older people and health would rise from 33.8% to 43.4% of total government spending. In the same year a group of political scientists at the University of Nottingham found that the impact of austerity on in-work benefits and housing policy had been harmful to working families with children, while wealthy pensioners and older homeowners had benefited. In 2016 research from the Women's Budget Group and the Runnymede Trust indicated that women, people of colour and in particular women of colour had been affected most by austerity, and that they would continue to be affected disproportionately until 2020. This was due to the fact that black and Asian women were more likely to be employed in the public sector, be in low-paid jobs and insecure work, and experience higher levels of unemployment than other groups.
	Research published in 2017 by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation identified an increase in child poverty and pensioner poverty compared to the previous year, following significant overall decreases during the previous 20 years. Reductions in benefit support and a shortage of affordable housing were considered to be contributing factors.
	Researchers have linked budget cuts and sanctions against benefit claimants to increasing use of food banks. In a twelve-month period from 2014 to 2015, over one million people in the United Kingdom had used a food bank, representing a "19% year-on-year increase in food bank use". The use of food banks almost doubled between 2013 and 2017. A study published in the "British Medical Journal" in 2015 found that each one percentage point increase in the rate of Jobseeker's Allowance claimants sanctioned was associated with a 0.09 percentage point rise in food bank use. Research by The Trussell Trust found that the use of food banks increased more in areas where Universal Credit was introduced.
	However, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development found that the number of people answering yes to the question "Have there been times in the past 12 months when you did not have enough money to buy food that you or your family needed?" decreased from 9.8% in 2007 to 8.1% in 2012, leading some to say that the rise was due to both more awareness of food banks, and the government allowing Jobcentres to refer people to food banks when they were hungry, in contrast to previous governments.
	When the coalition government came to power in 2010, capital investment in new affordable homes was cut by 60%, while government-imposed caps on local authority borrowing continued to restrict their ability to raise money to build new homes. Writing in "Inside Housing", former housing minister John Healey observed that rate of starting social rented schemes had declined from 40,000 in 2009/10 to less than 1,000 in 2015/16. When the government eventually released its "Affordable Homes Programme" for 2011-2015 and accompanying funding guidelines it established a new type of affordable housing- "affordable rent" that can be up to 80% of the market rent and hence at levels that can be significantly higher than social rents, and affordable rents are around 30% higher than social rents on average among housing association properties. The provision of affordable rent is meant to compensate for the drastically reduced central government subsidy for new social housing (an average of £20,000 per home in 2012 versus £60,000 per home under the previous National Affordable Housing Programme 2008-2011), allowing housing associations and local authorities to raise more revenue from rent payments to be used for long-term capital investments. 
	By 2018, a large majority of newly built social housing in England was created for affordable rent instead of the often much lower social rent, while the proportion of new-build social housing using affordable rent has been much less significant in Wales and Scotland where most new-build social housing continues to be built for social rent levels, while in Northern Ireland the affordable rent product has not been used. Meanwhile, in London more than 10,000 existing properties that were previously let at social rent levels have been changed to affordable rent. Though housing benefit tenants, exempt as they are from LHA rates, are not directly effected by the move towards "affordable" as opposed to social rents, a large number of in-work tenants who many not qualify for any housing benefit will be directly effected by the higher rents. The number of people sleeping rough on any one night across England had more than doubled between 2010 and 2016 to an estimated 4,134, according to a government street count.
	The benefit cap, introduced via the Welfare Reform Act 2012, set a maximum level for the amount of state welfare benefits that could be paid to an individual household in any one year. The measure came into effect in 2013 with the figure initially set at £26,000 per year, close to the average income of a family in the UK at that time. The anticipated reduction in government expenditure as a result of the measure was £225 million by April 2015. The benefit cap initially affected approximately 12,000 households, mainly in high-rent areas of the UK such as London, but in 2016/17 the limit was reduced to £20,000 per annum (£23,000 in London) extending its effects to around 116,000 households across the UK.
	A Local Housing Allowance (LHA) policy restricting Housing Benefit for private sector tenants to cover a maximum number of rooms had been in place since 2008 and was initially set at the 50th percentile of rents in an area (essentially it covered the median rent), while in 2011 the calculation was changed to the equivalent of the 30th percentile of rents (the cheapest third of housing in an area) and the following year instead of updating the LHA rates the government announced that instead rates would increase by a maximum equivalent to the rise of the Consumer Price Index. In 2015 the government announced a complete four year freeze on LHA rates (with some of the areas experiencing higher rents having their LHA lifted by 3% with Targeted Affordability Funding). Additionally, non-disabled persons under 35 saw their LHA payment restricted to the shared accommodation rate (instead of the one-bedroom rate that had previously been available)
	The under-occupancy penalty, introduced in 2013 and commonly known as the "bedroom tax", affected an estimated 660,000 working age social housing tenants in the UK, reducing weekly incomes by £12–£22. Almost two thirds of the people affected by the penalty were disabled. The measure reduced the expenditure of the Department for Work and Pensions by approximately £500 million per year. In 2015, George Osborne announced that tenants in social housing would have their housing benefit limited to LHA rates (used for private-sector tenants) from 2019, though Theresa May announced in 2017 that this policy had been scrapped.
	From April 2016 the LHA rates used to calculate maximum housing benefit levels for private sector tenants were frozen for four years. Research by the housing charity Shelter indicated that the proportion of such tenants likely to experience a shortfall in housing benefit was 80%, amounting to 300,000 families. The degree of shortfall depends on dwelling, location and individual circumstances, but Shelter expected that by 2020 the shortfall could in some cases reach hundreds of pounds a month.
	In April 2017, housing benefit payments were ended for new claims made by people aged 18–21. Research by Heriot-Watt University found that the policy would reduce annual government expenditure by £3.3 million.
	During the period of austerity, the rate of homelessness rapidly increased. For example, during 2016 the rate of homelessness increased by 16%. By 2018 the number of families living in bed and breakfast accommodation was almost 50,000, and there were many more "hidden homeless" people living on the floors and sofas of friends and acquaintances. An article in The BMJ regarded this as a "neon sign that something is fundamentally wrong" with how society is being run, noting that "homeless women die on average at 43 and homeless men at 47, compared with 77 for the rest of us". The Office for National Statistics estimated that 597 homeless people died in England and Wales in 2017, an increase of 24% since 2012.
	Research was published in 2018 by Shelter analysing government data. It indicated that all forms of homelessness had increased since 2010 and that the number of households living in temporary accommodation had risen to more than 79,000. By 2017 over 33,000 families living in temporary accommodation were working, a proposition that had increased from 44% in 2013 to 55% in 2017. Shelter attributed this to a combination of higher rents, the freeze on housing benefits and the shortage of social housing.
	The Local Government Association has identified a decrease in UK Government funding of almost 60 per cent for local authorities in England and Wales between 2010 and 2020. The reduction in central government funding for county councils in England combined with an increasing demand for social care services has caused reductions in expenditure on other services such as public libraries, refuse collection, road maintenance and Sure Start, along with increases to council tax rates and the introduction of additional charges for county council services. Local authority subsidies to bus services were reduced by almost half between 2010 and 2018.
	Research by the Local Government Chronicle has indicated that between 2010 and 2018 there were more than 220,000 redundancies of local authority employees and nearly £4 billion was spent on redundancy payments, excluding outsourcing contracts. Rob Whiteman of CIPFA commented that "this scale of job losses reflects the intense financial pressure on councils as they now have no option other than to provide the bare minimum statutory provisions". Analysis by the Local Government Association in 2018 identified a decrease in the Revenue Support Grant for local authorities in England from £9,927 million in 2015–16 to £2,284 million for 2019–20, leaving 168 authorities with no grant for 2019–20. UK government plans in 2018 proposed the phasing out of grants to local authorities in England, instead funding English local government through a combination of local business rates and council tax.
	Research by the University of Cambridge published in 2018 said that the greatest reductions in local authority spending had occurred in impoverished post-industrial cities in the north of England and some poor Inner London boroughs. Over 30 such authorities in England had reduced spending by more than 30% between 2010 and 2017, with seven of them reducing spending by more than 40%. In contrast councils in wealthier areas had made smaller reductions. Councils in England experienced an average spending reduction of 24% compared to 12% in Scotland and 11.5% in Wales, the difference resulting from devolved government in those nations.
	In 2018 Northamptonshire County Council become insolvent and proposed reducing services to the minimum required by law. Austerity measures were blamed for the insolvency, as was the council's refusal to raise council tax despite the rising costs of providing social services. At the time the National Audit Office said that up to 15 other local authorities were also at risk of insolvency. A survey of council leaders, chief executives and mayors conducted by the New Local Government Network indicated that more than 70% of respondents expected that they would be unable to provide non-statutory services beyond 2023 if funding remained as restricted as it had been since 2010. In early 2019, three quarters of councils said they would have to raise taxes close to the legal maximum in order to cover costs, though many would nevertheless be cutting services.
	A 2012 article by Martin Knapp published in The BMJ's journal Evidence-Based Mental Health said that mental health problems could be attributed to a person's financial situation. At that time 45% of those who were in debt had mental health problems, compared to 14% of those who were not in debt. In 2010 over 40% of benefit claimants in Britain had "mental and behavioural disorders" recorded as their primary health condition.
	A 2015 report published by Psychologists for Social Change indicated that austerity had contributed significantly to the incidence and level of depression and other mental health conditions within the population.
	In 2016, figures analysed by the King's Fund think tank showed that "mental health trusts in England were still having their budgets cut, despite government assurances they would be funded on a par with physical healthcare". The analysis "suggests 40% of the 58 trusts saw budgets cut in 2015–16".
	A 2016 report authored by the NatCen Social Research for UNISON showed that LGBT people had suffered from a lack of access to mental health services as a result of austerity.
	Research funded by the National Institute for Health Research and published in 2015 identified austerity as one of the factors responsible for a rise in suicide attempts and suicide deaths since 2008, particularly in regard to Jobcentre policies. In 2017, the Royal Society of Medicine said that government austerity decisions in health and social care were likely to have resulted in 30,000 deaths in England and Wales in 2015. Research by University College London published in BMJ Open in 2017 compared the figures for health and social care funding during the 2000s with that during the period 2010–2014. It found that annual growth in health funding during the 2000s was 3.8%, but after 2010 this dropped to 0.41%. Annual growth in social care funding of 2.2% during the 2000s became an annual decrease of 1.57% after 2010. This coincided with mortality rates decreasing by 0.77% annually during the 2000s but rising by 0.87% annually after 2010.
	The rate of increase in life expectancy in England nearly halved between 2010 and 2017, according to research by epidemiology professor Michael Marmot. He commented that it was "entirely possible" that austerity was the cause and said: "If we don't spend appropriately on social care, if we don't spend appropriately on health care, the quality of life will get worse for older people and maybe the length of life, too."
	A study published in BMJ Open in 2017 linked austerity to 120,000 extra deaths in England, primarily as a result of a reduction in the number of nurses. By 2018 figures from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) were showing a fall in life expectancy for those in poorer socioeconomic groups and those living in deprived areas, while average UK life expectancy had stopped improving. Public Health England was asked to carry out a review of life expectancy trends but government ministers said that the arguments put forward by some academics, that austerity had contributed to the change, could not be proved. ONS figures published in 2018 indicated that the slowdown in general life expectancy increase was one of the highest among a group of 20 of the world's leading economies.
	Between 2010 and 2019 in England and Wales the number of police officers employed was reduced by approximately 20,000. At the same time the measured incidence of murder and robbery increased to their highest levels since the 2000s. Some police leaders have suggested that the reduction in police numbers is the cause, while other analysts have proposed reductions in spending on youth services and social services as the cause.
	There are approximately five million public sector workers in the UK. Between 2011 and 2013 there was a two-year pay freeze for all public sector workers earning an annual salary of £21,000 or more, which was expected to reduce public expenditure by £3.3 billion by 2014–15. In subsequent years a public sector pay cap resulted in annual public sector wage increases being effectively capped at 1% for 2013–2016, extended to 2020 in the 2015 budget. Advice was given to ministers by the civil service that the policy would result in a pay cut for many people in real terms and could increase child poverty.<ref name="guardian27/10/2018"></ref> By 2015 the number of people employed in the Civil Service had been reduced to the lowest level since World War II and public sector employees made up 17.2% of the total workforce, the smallest proportion since comparable records began in 1999. During the 2017 general election the Conservative Party proposed retaining the cap until 2020, potentially reducing public sector expenditure by £5bn. A Labour Party amendment to the 2017 Queen's Speech proposing the removal of the cap was defeated. A 2017 report commissioned by the Office of Manpower Economics indicated that between 2005 and 2015 median hourly earnings fell by 3% in real terms for public sector workers whose salaries are set on the advice of pay review bodies (around 45% of public sector staff). In September 2017, the Scottish Government announced that it intended to end the public sector pay cap in Scotland from 2018, and shortly afterwards the UK government announced the ending of the cap in England and Wales. By autumn 2017 public sector pay had fallen behind private sector pay for comparable work.
	Working-age social security payments such as Universal Credit, Child Benefit, Child Tax Credit and Working Tax Credit, Housing Benefit and Jobseeker's Allowance have had their rate of increase reduced by austerity. From 2013 onwards, these payments were limited to a maximum annual increase of 1% instead of being increased annually according to the rate of inflation, while Child Benefit, previously available to all UK households with minor children was means-tested for the first time, with households where at least one parent earning over £50,000 a year having their amount reduced. The policy of suspending the social security payments of unemployed claimants who were judged not to be adequately seeking work was continued, and the frequency and severity of the sanctions were increased. From 2016 a four-year freeze on all working-age social security payments was introduced. It was anticipated that it would affect 11 million UK families and reduce expenditure by £9 billion, a figure later increased to £13 billion. The Welfare Reform and Work Act 2016 abolished the Work-Related Activity Component of Employment and Support Allowance for new claimants from April 2017. This reduced the weekly social security payments for the disabled people affected by £29.05 a week (at 2017/18 rates). The reduction in government expenditure was initially forecast to be £640 million per annum by 2020/21, though this was later revised to £450 million.
	Analysis in 2018 by the Resolution Foundation indicated that by April 2019 the freeze in social security payments would have resulted in more than 10 million households experiencing a loss of income in real terms, with the lack of an inflation-related increase in 2019 resulting in the average low-income couple with children losing an additional £210 per year. The analysis also said that the cumulative effect of these social security limitations had been to reduce the value of working-age benefits by more than 6% in real terms. Child Benefit had become worth less than it was in 1999 in real terms, and for a second child it was worth 14% less than when it was introduced in 1979.
	The value of the State Pension has not been subject to austerity measures, being increased each year since 2011 by a minimum of 2.5% per annum. However, some people have been adversely affected financially in their 60s by the rise in the age at which the State Pension is first paid. The decision to equalise the State Pension ages of men and women was made by the government in 1995. From 2010 the women's State Pension age was steadily raised from 60 with the aim of matching that of men at 65 by 2018. An additional increase to 66 for both sexes is intended to be implemented by 2020. Research by the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) in 2017 found that the household incomes of over one million women aged between 60 and 62 had become £32 a week lower on average, and that poverty rates among that group had risen. The IFS also calculated that the reduction in state expenditure combined with the additional tax income from women continuing to work in their 60s resulted in a net increase in state revenue of £5.1 billion per year.
	A rise in the State Pension age to 67 for both sexes in 2036 had been proposed by Gordon Brown in the 2000s, followed by a rise to 68 in 2046. By 2014 the date set for the rise to 67 had been brought forward to 2026 and in 2018 the rise to 68 was brought forward to 2037. This last change alone resulted in an anticipated reduction in DWP expenditure of £74bn by 2046–47.
	Reductions in public expenditure in Northern Ireland have often been described as not as harsh as those for the UK as a whole. This is primarily due to the fact that the UK government has not been able to exert direct control over welfare expenditure in Northern Ireland, because welfare policy is a devolved matter for the Northern Ireland Assembly. On a number of occasions the Assembly has not agreed to cuts in public spending, effectively refusing to make them, despite pressure from the UK government. However, the UK government has sought to recoup the expected savings through a fine on Northern Ireland's block grant, which is calculated according to the Barnett formula, and which fell by 8% in real terms between 2010 and 2015. Research by Oxfam Ireland which was published in 2014 indicated said that austerity measures were affecting Northern Ireland disproportionately due to its being one of the UK's most disadvantaged regions with a high dependence on public spending. In 2017 the Conservative–DUP agreement resulted in an additional £1 billion of public sector funding for Northern Ireland over two years, with the money focused on the health, infrastructure and education budgets.
	During the early years of the austerity programme, many economists argued that the financial changes of the austerity programme should not be undertaken as extensively and as quickly as was done. Osborne, however, argued that without the implementation of the programme in the way that it was, another financial crisis was likely.
	The rationale behind the need for achieving a balanced budget in the financial climate following the Great Recession has been questioned by some Keynesian economists. Andrew Gamble writing in "Parliamentary Affairs" in 2015 commented:
	Some criticism has been based allegations of economic opportunism, with the government said to have made politically popular cuts rather than those necessary to achieve its long-term aims. Paul Mac Flynn wrote for the Nevin Economic Research Institute in 2015 that: Ben Chu, economics editor of "The Independent" newspaper, commented that: "Austerity, as practiced by Osborne, was essentially a political choice rather than an economic necessity, and the human costs have been huge".
	Economists Alberto Alesina, Carlo A. Favero and Francesco Giavazzi, writing in "Finance & Development" in 2018, argued that deficit reduction policies based on spending cuts typically have almost no effect on output, and hence form a better route to achieving a reduction in the debt-to-GDP ratio than raising taxes. The authors commented that the UK government austerity programme had resulted in growth that was higher than the European average and that the UK's economic performance had been much stronger than the International Monetary Fund had predicted.
	The United Nations carried out an investigation in 2018 led by Philip Alston, the United Nations special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, into the effect of austerity policies in the UK. Alston concluded that the austerity programme had breached UN human rights agreements relating to women, children, disabled people and economic and social rights. Alston's report described the programme as "entrenching high levels of poverty and inflicting unnecessary misery in one of the richest countries in the world".
	Peter Dominiczak (political editor at "The Daily Telegraph") wrote that because spending on the NHS and foreign aid is ring-fenced, "other Whitehall departments will face savage cuts to their budgets". However, some (such as Dr Louise Marshall in "The Guardian") have questioned whether the National Health Service (NHS) really is exempt from austerity measures.
	A YouGov poll in 2015 found that whilst 58% of those surveyed viewed austerity as "necessary", and 48% judged it to be good for economy (compared to 34% who thought it bad for the economy), 50% thought the programme was being carried out "unfairly".
	The 2017 British Social Attitudes Survey found that 48% of those surveyed during the previous year wanted higher taxes to pay for more public spending, the first time since 2008 that more people wanted an increase in taxation and spending than opposed it, and the highest proportion to support such measures since 2004.
	An April 2018 opinion poll by Number Cruncher Politics in the "Financial Times" found that 66% of British adults, including majorities of all major parties' supporters, thought austerity had "gone too far". A poll by Survation for the GMB trade union published in spring 2018 found that 62% of respondents wanted the 2018 spring budget to increase spending on public services in real terms, while 48% of those who had voted for the Conservative Party at the 2017 general election thought that austerity had been excessive.
	The 2010 UK general election was contested by a Labour Party and a Conservative Party which had both committed themselves to austerity policies. Labour's then-Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling predicted that "two parliaments of pain" would be necessary to address the UK's budget deficit. The Institute for Fiscal Studies said that Labour's plans implied a cumulative decline of 11.9% in public spending over four years. This would reduce public expenditure by a total of £46 billion in inflation-adjusted terms, taking it from over 27% of the economy to below 21%, back to its level in the late-1990s. The IFS also said that there appeared to be only a modest difference between the plans put forward by the two main political parties. As predicted, neither party won a majority at that year's general election; resulting in the first hung parliament in 36 years, and the Conservative Party forming a coalition government with the centrist Liberal Democrats.
	At the end of the first full parliament under the austerity programme, the Labour Party and the Conservatives were deadlocked in the polls. At the 2015 UK general election, the Conservative Party modified their commitment to austerity with a series of unfunded spending promises, including £8 billion of additional expenditure for the NHS. At the same time, the 2015 Conservative Party general election manifesto proposed making sufficient reductions in public spending and welfare to eliminate the budget deficit entirely by 2018–19 and run a small budget surplus by 2020. The Labour Party's manifesto proposed the less rigorous objective of reducing the budget deficit every year with the aim of seeing debt as a share of GDP falling by 2020 and achieving a budget surplus "as soon as possible". This would render the spending reductions proposed by the Conservatives unnecessary, according to some analyses. The Conservative Party won the general election with an overall majority for the first time in 23 years, which was unexpected by most polls as they had predicted another hung parliament. Political commentator Patrick Wintour argued that one of the reasons for Labour's loss was its lack of clarity on the cause of the budget deficit. Anti-austerity protests followed the election result, but post-election polling for an independent review conducted by Campaign Company for Labour MP Jon Cruddas indicated that voters in England and Wales did not support an anti-austerity platform, concluding: "the Tories did not win despite austerity, but because of it".
	The 2017 UK general election was held almost three years earlier than scheduled under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 in an attempt to increase the Government's majority to facilitate the Brexit process. The Conservative Party manifesto pledged to eliminate the deficit by the "middle of the next decade", an aim which the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) said would "likely require more spending cuts or tax rises even beyond the end of the next parliament". The Labour Party manifesto proposed increasing the Treasury's income by £49 billion per year as a result of taxation rises and increasing public expenditure "to its highest sustained level in more than 30 years". The IFS said that Labour's proposals "could be expected to raise "at most" £40 billion" and that Labour was planning to maintain a majority of the cuts to working-age benefits proposed by the Conservatives. As a result of the election, the Conservative Party lost their parliamentary majority, but remained in government as the largest single party in parliament. Gavin Barwell, Theresa May's Downing Street Chief of Staff, blamed anger over Brexit and austerity for the loss of seats. The Labour opposition announced a plan to challenge further austerity measures and vote against them in the House of Commons. A Labour spokesman said: "We will be using the changed parliamentary arithmetic to drive home the fact that the Tory programme for five more years of austerity will not go on as before."

= = = Thank You (Estelle song) = = =

	"Thank You" is a song from English R&B singer and rapper Estelle, released as the second single of her third studio album "All of Me". The R&B ballad was co-written by the American hip-hop singer Akon and was produced by Jerry Wonda. It was released in the United States on 4 October 2011. On the track, she finds herself expressing gratitude to the man who's helped her, because the experience has helped make her both smarter and stronger. It has charted on the "Billboard"s Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and it is already her most successful single on the R&B chart. It also debuted at number 100 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.
	Thank you samples the Creative Source version of Wildflower by Doug Edwards and Dave Richardson. Other versions of Wildflower have been sampled by Tupac Shakur, Jamie Foxx, Kanye West, Paul Wall and Drake. The song received a nomination for Best R&B Performance at the 55th Grammy Awards held in February 2013.
	The song was released as the second official single from her then-upcoming third album "All of Me". The emotional, soulful ballad was written by Senegalese-American singer-songwriter Akon and was produced by Jerry Wonda.
	Despite being heartbroken, the singer is grateful for the experience of the relationship that's just ended. Estelle told Rap-Up TV she fell in love with the track as soon as she heard it. "By the time it got to the chorus I was damn near crying," she said. "It just resonated so much with me. I play it to my guy friends and they cry."
	She pours her heart out on the chorus: "These tears I cry sure won't be the last/They will not be the last ... no/This pain inside which never seems to pass/It never seems to pass me by/So I thank you/Said I thank you/Yes I thank you/For making me a woman."
	Margaret Wappler from Los Angeles Times wrote that the song "showcases Estelle’s ability to sound pushed to her limits but never broken." Jon Dolan from Rolling Stone describes the song as "resilient post-breakup neo-soul." Mark Edward Nero from About.com praised the track, while reviewing the album, writing that "One of the few tunes where Estelle really shines without any other vocalists is 'Thank You', a sweetly bitter track about how a woman is angry and sad about losing her man to someone else, but also grateful because the experience has made her a stronger person." Jon Caramanica from New York Times said that the track "the gentle, loping “Thank You” is clear homage to Lauryn Hill."
	The music video for the song was directed by Iren Sheffield and premiered on 18 January 2012 on her YouTube account. The video tells a story of love lost.
	A romantic dinner at a luxurious mansion is ruined faster than a sidepiece who won’t stop calling her boyfriend's phone. So, Estelle gets fed up with the games and takes action. While giving a series of looks and a few intimate shots, Estelle searches for the strength to move on and move out. But she may have just been looking for the perfect outfit because she leaves her man high and dry while wearing a fur coat and slides him a message that keeps him thinking on her way out.
	The song became her most successful single on the "Billboard"'s Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, reaching number fifteen, so far. The song also debuted at number one-hundred on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming her second song to enter the Hot 100 chart. It has spent 50 weeks on the R&B/Hip-Hop chart, becoming her biggest hit on the chart.

= = = David Clarke (professor) = = =

	David Clarke is Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Professor of Law at Bristol University.
	Clark studied Law at Queens' College Cambridge from 1968 to 1972, obtaining his BA degree in 1971 (MA 1974) and LLM in 1972. He became a Solicitor (Honours) of the Supreme Court in 1975, serving Articles of Clerkship with Andrew & Co, Solicitors of Lincoln and was an assistant solicitor to that firm until his appointment as lecturer in Law at the University of Bristol in 1977.
	Clark became a Visiting Lecturer in Law at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand in 1985. Promoted Reader in 1990, he was subsequently promoted to Professor of Law in the University of Bristol in 1995. He served as Head of the Department of Law for three years from 1997–2000 and was Dean of the Faculty of Law from 2001–2003 and Dean of Law in 2003-04 on the merger of the Faculties of Social Sciences and Law. He was appointed a Pro Vice-Chancellor in 2005, with responsibility for Personnel and took up the newly established role of Deputy Vice-Chancellor in 2008.
	Clark has specialised in Commercial Property Law and written extensively in the law of Landlord and Tenant and Commonhold. He was responsible for the Boundaries and Commonhold titles in Halsbury's Laws of England. Clark was a member of the Department of Constitutional Affairs Commonhold Consultation Group. He was also part a group advising the Law Commission on the reform of the law of easements and covenants. He is a co-editor of the "Common Law World Review".
	Since 1996, Clark has been a legal Chairman for the Residential Property Tribunal Service (Rent Assessment Committees and Leasehold Valuation Tribunals) and was a consultant solicitor with Osborne Clarke from 1988 - 2009.
	Clark was a school governor of Westbury Park Primary School in Bristol for four years and a Governor at Cotham School in Cotham for seven years, including a period as Chair of Governors.
	Articles of Clerkship, then Assistant Solicitor, with Messrs Andrew & Co, Solicitors, Lincoln 1973-1977
	He has published extensively in the field of Property Law generally, and Commercial Property, Landlord and Tenant and Commonhold in particular
	Periods as external examiner for: the University of Cambridge; University of Durham; University of Hull; University of Sheffield; University of Keele; University College London; Queen's University, Belfast; Newcastle University and the University of Law.

= = = 2012 in Singapore = = =

	The following lists events that happened during 2012 in the Republic of Singapore.

= = = Ethmia quadrinotella = = =

	Ethmia quadrinotella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Greece, Turkey, Armenia, Syria, the Palestinian Territories, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, north-western Karakoram, Bahrain, Arabia, Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Cape Verde and northern Sudan.
	The larvae have been recorded feeding on "Heliotropium undulatum".

= = = Ethmia nigripedella = = =

	Ethmia nigripedella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Ukraine, Turkestan, Central Asia, eastern Siberia, Mongolia, northern Tibet, China (Kuku-Nor, Shansi) and Japan (Hokkaido, Kuschiro).
	The length of the forewings is about 11 mm. Adults have been recorded from late April to early July.

= = = Michael Maxwell Steer = = =

	Michael Maxwell Steer is a notable composer. He was Head of 20th Century Studies at the Junior Royal College of Music until 1991. He has also been Head of Music for the Royal Shakespeare Company and a BBC Radio 3 producer.
	He developed a system he called "colour muse" to help dyslexic children read music.
	He currently runs the Cherubim Music Trust, a charitable organisation that helps young musicians by loaning them a good quality instrument that they might not otherwise be able to afford.
	He is married to costume designer Deirdre Clancy.
	Biography
	His musical life began as a chorister at Canterbury Cathedral. At 15 he ran away to Paris hoping to study with Olivier Messiæn. On returning he built up a large church choir in Kingston Surrey over four years, and studied privately under the guidance of harpsichordist Jane Clark and her husband, composer Stephen Dodgson, which included conducting studies with Nicholas Conran (Surrey U) and Sergiu Celibidache Stockholm. His organ teachers were Allan Wicks (Canterbury Cathedral) and Alan Harverson (RCM).
	As a harpsichordist Steer was to broadcast on BBCr3 and record with leading baroque music performers such as Roy Goodman, Nancy Hadden, Jeremy Barlow, and tour Europe and the US with various baroque ensembles. In 1974 he recorded Falla's Harpsichord Concerto for Capital Radio on a specially-restored 1920s Pleyel harpsichord and 20 years later played harpsichord in the UK premiere of Stockhausen's Die Jahreslauf with Music Projects /London.
	In his twenties Michæl Maxwell’s main interest was writing music for drama. He began as a silent film pianist for the National Film Theatre, London, going to compose and arrange music for more than 120 drama programmes on tv and radio. He was musical director for the opening of two theatres: the Sheffield Crucible and the prototype Bankside Globe Playhouse. He met his stage designer wife Deirdre Clancy on the BBC production Trinity Tales in Birmingham in 1975. The high point of life as a theatre musician was conducting the world premiere of Nicholas Nickleby in 1981, while London Director of Music of the Royal Shakespeare Company.
	Steer composed extensively for broadcast, including Julius Cæsar in the BBCtv Complete Shakespeare series, and several series for Thames. After a time as a BBCr3 producer began to concentrate increasingly on original writing, and scripted 25 Drama /Feature programmes for BBC2 and BBCr3/r4, featuring many distinguished artists including David Suchet, Sam Wanamaker, John Wells, Sir Robert Stephens and Elizabeth Spriggs. The Royal National Theatre commissioned A Tormented God, a one-man show for Bob Stephens based on Berlioz’s Mémoires; and his stage play The Watcher in the Rain, about James Joyce’s schizophrenic daughter and Jung, was produced in 1991 at the Rose Theatre, London and reviewed in The Guardian as ‘fascinating and unpredictable ... with a wealth of theatrical invention.’
	In 1986 Steer and Ian Dearden received an Arts Council commission for an interactive electro-acoustic music drama for children. And as Head of 20thC Studies at the Junior Royal College of Music 1987-1991 he created the RCM’s first MIDI studio, and pioneered electro-music tuition for young people with a Yamaha-sponsored summer school at UEA. This phase of his life culminated in 1990 with the commission for Notes from Janàček's Diary, an experimental BBCr3 programme for which he was, uniquely, given a studio at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop. The result was ‘a kaleidoscope of subtle and bewitching effects.’ (The Times)
	After 25 years of intense media work, Steer wanted to explore an increasing interest in alternative ideas. He left professional music altogether for 3 years, creating and editinga national green-holistic magazine, CataList. Later, as a result of guest-editing an issue of Contemporary Music Review on Music & Mysticism. Michæl Maxwell organised two large Music & the Psyche conferences at London City U in 1993/4, from which an on-going network of musicians and therapists emerged, and led to a BBCr4 series Music As Sacred Experience. This in turn led to a documentary commission from BBC Religion to visit Sai Baba in India which resulted in two programmes: In Search of Sai Baba and another about the philosophy withinIndian music, which aired on BBC World Service.
	In the decade to 2003 Steer published extensively on the broader philosophical questions surrounding music, technology and consciousness in a number of journals including AudioMedia, Classical Music, NoiseGate, Diffusion, Analecta Husserliana, Music & Psyche and Quaker journals. ‘The Creative Voice’, about the psychology of inspiration, was published in three separate journals and became a chapter in Raising Our Voices (Handsell 2001). received a ‘Mind’ Award for an audio documentary about Salisbury Hearing Voices Group. For 8 years, until its demise in 2009, Maxwell was Coordinator of the ESP (Ethics/Spirituality/Philosophy) field at the Big Green Gathering on the Mendips, which became a focal point for the exchange of progressive ideas.
	After the Steer family moved to the Wiltshire village of Tisbury, Michael piano teaching become an integral part of his life. He has pioneered many innovations, notably teaching beginners with ColourMuse, his coloured note method which now sells all over the world. He also uses video’d concerts in place of exams, with more than 500 pupil performances – which greatly stimulates pupil motivation.
	In 1998 Steer edited and published the complete music of Tisbury’s most notorious resident, the 18thC author and art collector William Beckford who built the gothick follies of Fonthill Abbey and Lansdown Tower, Bath. Many performances of the works have subsequently been given.
	After 2001 the focus of Michæl Maxwell’s life returned to composition, when Meniscus (for two harps)was commissioned to accompany an art exhibition by his friend Chris Jennings at Kingston U’s Picker Gallery. It was performed by Hugh Webb and Serafina Steer, a harp student at Trinity-Laban who has gone on to achieve her own success as a harpist-singer-songwriter.
	Steer has written many large-scale acappella choral works, mostly to his own words, several of which have been recorded. Other significant pieces include Sonnets to Orpheus, a cycle of twelve poems by Rilke, recorded by Frances M Lynch – with whom he also recorded his Valentine Songs and NightSongs, settings of GM Hopkins. In 2003 Steer’s opera A Private Passion, about Charles Dickens and Ellen Ternan, was recorded at the London Opera Centre. His most recent one-act opera Unexpectedly Vacant was recorded in 2013.
	In 2011 Michæl performed his piano duo The Fortress of Illusion at the Chethams International Piano Festival & Summer School with Richard Black.
	Since 2009 MM Steer has been directing the Cherubim Music Trust, a charity that loans professional-quality orchestral instruments to advanced music students, aged 15–25, who cannot afford one that matches their ability. In 2013 he formed the Cherubim Young Musicians into an orchestra to perform the music of William Beckford; and in the following two years he directed Cherubim Mozart Weekends in Tisbury featuring Cherubim Young Musicians as soloists.
	He also runs a monthly concert series at the Savile Club, London.

= = = Lempia = = =

	Lempia is a village near Ziro in Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh

= = = Ethmia nigrimaculata = = =

	Ethmia nigrimaculata is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in China (Shansi), Ukraine, Russia (Central Tuva and the southern Chita Province) and probably Mongolia.

= = = Newcastle Corporation Tramways = = =

	Newcastle Corporation Tramways operated a tramway service in Newcastle upon Tyne between 1901 and 1950.
	Services began on 16 December 1901. A fleet of twenty ‘A- Class’ tramcars built in 1901 by Hurst Nelson and Co. Ltd. of Motherwell were used in Newcastle. The main routes were complete by 1904. Newcastle Corporation built Manors Power Station to supply electricity to the new tramway system.
	There were three depots, Byker, Haymarket and Wingrove Road. The Wingrove Road Depot was closed on 3 June 1944, followed by the Haymarket depot in April 1948.
	Later extensions were made to Fenham in 1907, Shieldfield 1912, and Throckley 1914. The name was changed in 1915 to Newcastle Corporation Transport and Electricity Undertaking. Progress was limited during the First World War but the tramway eventually reached Forest Hall, Westmoor, and Gosforth Park in 1921. In 1925 it reached Fenham to Westerhope.
	By 1928 there were 300 trams in service. The tram network was gradually converted to bus and trolleybus operations from the 1930s. By 1945 there were 220 trams still in use.
	The system finally closed on 4 March 1950. Some tram services continued to be operated until 4 August 1951 by the Gateshead tramway system.

= = = Ethmia mariannae = = =

	Ethmia mariannae is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Greece (the Dodecanese Islands).

= = = Teacher Education and Special Education = = =

	Teacher Education and Special Education is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the field of education of children with disabilities. The editor-in-chief is Laurie deBettencourt (Johns Hopkins University). It was established in 1977 and is published by Sage Publications in association with the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children. 
	The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

= = = Kuravanji = = =

	Kuravanji is a Tamil language film directed by A. Kasilingam. The film features Sivaji Ganesan and Savitri in the lead roles. The film, produced by Mu. Karunanidhi, R. M. Veerappan and A. Kasilingam under Mekala Pictures, had musical score by T. R. Pappa and was released on 4 March 1960. Despite the fine and poetic dialogue by Mu. Karunanidhi, performances by top-ranking stars and supporting cast, captivating dances and pleasing music, the film did not do well.
	The film tells the story of Thenpandiko, the king of Inbapuri. Ellaipuram is a part of the kingdom and the king appoints his brother, Mukhari, to rule it. Mukhari has a minister, Imaya, who has evil designs. Mukhari falls a prey to his evil plans, and besides taking over Ellaipuram, he plans to usurp Inbapuri from his brother.
	To help the suffering people, enters a man named Kadhiravan, hailing from the royal family. He moves around the kingdom in the guise of a vagabond. Princess Kumari wishes to marry him, while he falls in love with Ponni, who is from the fisher folk community. Coming to know of this, Kadhiravan's brother is furious. The princess is equally upset, but Kadhiravan is more interested in saving the people. Soon there is a protest led by him that gains momentum. What happens to it is narrated in the latter half of the film.
	Prior to Sivaji Ganesan, actor S. S. Rajendran was offered the lead role in "Kuravanji". However, due to some "friction" between him and Karunanidhi, the writer of the film, he was replaced. During the shoot, Ganesan chose to wear a gunny sack instead of the woolen clothes that were given to him. He wanted to "connect with reality of the character of a tribesman."
	The music was composed by T. R. Pappa. Lyrics were by Thirikooda Rasappa Kavirayar, Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass, Kannadasan, Mu. Karunanidhi & Kudanthai R. Krishnamurthi. Playback singers are C. S. Jayaraman, A. L. Raghavan, P. Leela, P. Suseela, Jikki, K. Jamuna Rani, M. S. Rajeswari, A. P. Komala & T. V. Rathinam.

= = = Ethmia lugubris = = =

	Ethmia lugubris is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Austria, Bulgaria, Romania and Russia.
	The larvae have been recorded feeding on "Symphytum officinale".

= = = Maureen Kaila Vergara = = =

	Maureen Kaila Vergara (born December 17, 1964 in San Francisco, United States) is a retired Salvadoran cycle racer who rode for the 800.com team. Her career began in 1990 and ended in 2001. Vergara competed in the 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympic Games, both times in the road race.

= = = 2013 PDC World Darts Championship = = =

	The 2013 Ladbrokes World Darts Championship was the 20th World Championship organised by the Professional Darts Corporation since it separated from the British Darts Organisation. The event took place at the Alexandra Palace, London between 14 December 2012 and 1 January 2013.
	Adrian Lewis was the defending champion having won the last two editions of the tournament, but was beaten by Michael van Gerwen in the quarter-finals, thus ending Lewis' 15 match unbeaten run at the World Championship.
	Phil Taylor claimed his 16th and last World Championship title with a 7–4 victory over Michael van Gerwen in the final, despite trailing 0–2 and then 2–4 after six sets. Taylor won five sets in a row for the win. Van Gerwen averaged between 105 and 108 in the early sets but as his average never dropped, Taylor's average levelled off at 103 as did his ascendancy over a rival he admitted in the post-match interview was 'hard to crack'.
	With his 2013 PDC World Championship win, Taylor became the first winner of the newly created Sid Waddell Trophy, named after the legendary darts commentator who died of bowel cancer on 11 August 2012.
	The televised stages featured 72 players. The top 32 players in the PDC Order of Merit on 26 November 2012 were seeded for the tournament. They were joined by the 16 highest non-qualified players from the Pro Tour Order of Merit, based on the 33 events played on the PDC Pro Tour.
	These 48 players were joined by two PDPA qualifiers (as determined at a PDPA Qualifying event held in Barnsley on 26 November 2012), the highest ranked non-qualified player on the PDC Youth Tour Order of Merit, and 21 international players: the four highest names in the European Order of Merit not already qualified, and 17 further international qualifiers to be determined by the PDC and PDPA.
	Some of the international players, such as the four from the European Order of Merit, and the top American and Australian players were entered straight into the first round, while others, having won qualifying events in their countries, were entered into the preliminary round.
	Players were:
	Order of Merit
	Pro Tour
	European Order of Merit"First Round Qualifiers"
	PDPA Qualifiers"First Round Qualifier"
	"Preliminary Round Qualifier"
	PDC Youth Tour Qualifier"Preliminary Round Qualifier"
	International Qualifiers"First Round Qualifiers"
	"Preliminary Round Qualifiers"
	The 2013 World Championship featured a prize fund of £1,000,000 – the same as in the previous three years.
	The prize money was allocated as follows:
	The draw for the Round of 64 took place on 4 December 2012, the preliminary round pairings were published on 26 November 2012.
	The winner played his first round match the same day.
	Additionally, the semi-finals and final were broadcast in 3D in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

= = = Negro Leagues Baseball Grave Marker Project = = =

	The Negro Leagues Baseball Grave Marker Project is an effort started by Peoria, Illinois anesthesiologist Jeremy Krock and with support of the Society for American Baseball Research to put a proper headstone on the graves of former Negro League baseball players.
	Founded in 2004, the Project started when Dr. Krock contacted members of the Society for American Baseball Research after he discovered there was no headstone on the grave of Jimmie Crutchfield, a player who grew up in Krock's childhood home of Ardmore, Missouri.
	After Crutchfield, the Project went on to place headstones on the graves of notables like John Donaldson, Candy Jim Taylor, Theodore "High Pockets" Trent, Steel Arm Johnny Taylor, Sam Bankhead, Bobby Robinson, Bill Gatewood, James Edward "Sap" Ivory, Robery "Fuzzy" Garrett, Frank Grant and Dink Mothell.
	Some of the cemeteries where the group has installed stones include Burr Oak Cemetery in Cook County, Illinois, Springdale Cemetery in Peoria, Illinois, East Ridgelawn Cemetery in Clifton, New Jersey, Mt. Zion Cemetery in York County, Pennsylvania, and Greenwood Cemetery and Allegheny Cemetery which are both in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
	While the grave marker project depends mostly on small contributions, the group has also received sizeable donations from people like Chicago White Sox owner Jerry Reinsdorf, former player and manager Don Zimmer, and former 8th Commissioner of Baseball Fay Vincent. In fact, Vincent noted he had met Jimmie Crutchfield and liked him. Vincent has gone on to say the Baseball color line which led to good black athletes being excluded from Major League Baseball was ..."one of the great insults to a community."
	The project has managed to seed other gravesite work in the community and in the burial industry. For instance, the wife of Jimmie Crutchfield lay beside him and was also unmarked until the Cemetery donated a marker for Julia Crutchfield. Olivia Taylor, the wife of C.I. Taylor is also on the list for a headstone. Often a headstone, such as the marker for Bill Gatewood was donated by the headstone engraver, which automatically advances the donated money to the next Negro League baseball player headstone.
	Baseball historian Larry Lester works with Dr. Krock and with other researchers of the Society for American Baseball Research, they have compiled a list of about 3,600 players, their birth dates and death dates, where they are buried, and if they have headstones. Much of the research comes from the Negro Leagues Research Committee, an arm of the Society for American Baseball Research.
	In 2011, the Josh Gibson foundation honored Dr. Krock and the people behind his Grave Marker Project. Gibson himself was buried in an unmarked grave for nearly three decades.
	Krock has received numerous awards from Society for American Baseball Research, including a 2011 Fay Vincent Most Valuable Partner Award at the Jerry Malloy Negro League Conference. Krock also gives an annual report at this conference.
	On July 9, 2009 Cook County Sheriff Tom Dart alleged that four workers at Burr Oak Cemetery dug up more than 200 graves, dumped the bodies into unmarked mass graves, and resold the plots in a scheme that went back at least five years. Burr Oak Cemetery has become well known as one of the few cemeteries that has historically focused on the needs of the African American community, it is the final resting place of many black celebrities, including Chicago blues musicians, athletes, and other notables.
	Chicago's Cook County Sheriff's Office created a website to give anyone in the world the ability to search 43,555 photos in a database of marked, identified graves at the Burr Oak Cemetery. While it is unknown if any Negro League baseball players' graves were involved in the Burr Oak Cemetery scandal, researchers continue work to determine if this is true.

= = = David Meidan = = =

	David Meidan (born in 1955) is a former Mossad official, serving as Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's coordinator on the issue of POWs and MIAs. Served as personal representative of Prime Minister Netanyahu in the Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange - negotiations for the release of kidnapped IDF soldier Gilad Shalit, and was perceived as bringing to the closure the deal. Recently, Meidan was also appointed as special envoy to Turkey in an effort to bring back warm relations between Jerusalem and Ankara.
	Born in Egypt to Nathan and Rose Mosseri. In 1957 he made Aliyah with his family to Israel. Served in the army in Unit 8200. In the Mossad, he served in part as a Collecting officer in the "Tzomet" division, responsible for recruiting and activating agents and was responsible for several branches of the Mossad abroad. In 2006 he became head of the Mossad's "Tevel" division, the branch responsible for External Relations with peer organizations around the world. In his capacity he was involved in activities related to Gilad Shalit, who was captured by Hamas in June 2006.
	In April 2011 Meidan was appointed by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu as successor to Hagai Hadas as his representative in the negotiations to release Gilad Shalit, and was a key member of the Israeli delegation who worked with government officials in Egypt outlining the deal for Shalit's release. As part of his role he met with the various parties, and was in touch with the Shalit family. After six months of activity in this position, an agreement between Israel and Hamas was reached, signed on 6 October 2011, in which Shalit was released in return for the release of 1,027 Palestinians terrorists imprisoned in Israel. After the swap-deal was approved by the Government of Israel, Meidan went to Egypt to coordinate the technical arrangements of the swap. He was the first Israeli representative to receive Gilad Shalit at Kerem Shalom border crossing.
	In November 2011 he was appointed coordinator on behalf of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on the issue of POWs and MIAs.
	Meidan is married to Daphne, and a father of two daughters.

= = = Cayman Islands Open = = =

	Cayman Islands Open is an annual squash tournament held in April in the Cayman Islands. The women's tournament is part of the WSA World Series, the highest level of competition. The tournament was established in 2009.

= = = Ethmia lepidella = = =

	Ethmia lepidella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, the Palestinian Territories, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey and Spain.
	The larvae have been recorded feeding on "Echium humile" and "Anchusa hispida".

= = = Luke James (footballer) = = =

	Luke Myers James (born 4 November 1994) is an English professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or a striker for Hartlepool United, he currently holds the record of being the youngest player to ever score a league goal for Hartlepool United, at the age of 17 years and 64 days.
	James was born in the small town of Amble, Northumberland, and grew up supporting local club Sunderland. He joined the Academy of Hartlepool United at the age of 11, progressing through their youth system until he was offered a professional contract at the age of 16. James made his league debut for Hartlepool United on 17 December 2011 as a 46th minute substitute for James Brown in a 1–0 defeat by Colchester United. He made his first league starting appearance in a 1–0 win over Oldham Athletic on 26 December 2011, in which he was voted Man of the Match for his performance. He scored his first goal, a 25-yard volley, in a 2–0 win over Rochdale on 7 January 2012. The goal was particularly memorable as it made him the youngest player ever to score for Hartlepool United at the age of 17 years and 64 days, 48 days younger than the previous record holder Steven Istead.
	James managed to achieve all this on the pitch whilst also studying for a BTEC qualification in Sport at East Durham College and was subsequently awarded with the honour of being named Apprentice of the Month for December 2011 by the League Football Education committee. James continued his impressive form when he scored a brace in a 4–0 over Carlisle United on 28 January 2012, which would prove to be Hartlepool United's biggest winning margin of the season. As a result of his performance he was named in the Football League Team of the Week. By now the 17-year–old had caught the attention of a number of larger clubs and in his next match, a 0–0 draw against Bournemouth on 11 February 2012, he was watched by 21 scouts. Premier League clubs Newcastle United and Bolton Wanderers and Scottish Premier League side Celtic in particular were all thought to be keen on signing the young midfielder. However, it was later reported on 7 June 2012 that Newcastle United would not be pursuing their interest in the immediate future but would instead be keeping close tabs on James' progress. At the end of his debut season, James had made 19 league appearances and had two of his three goals nominated for Hartlepool United's Goal of the Season Award, with fans ultimately voting for his first Football League goal against Rochdale as the winner.
	James maintained his impressive form into the 2012–13 season, making 25 league appearances and scoring 3 league goals, which culminated in him winning the League One Apprentice of the Year Award on 24 March 2013. He dedicated the award to the fans for their continued support despite the fact that the club was facing a relegation battle. Despite his own success, however, he was unable to prevent the club from being relegated from Football League One at the end of the season. At the end of the season, James found himself nominated, for a second consecutive year, for the Hartlepool United Goal of the Season Award for his goal in a 1–1 draw with Brentford on 20 April 2013, however, he ultimately lost out on the fan vote to teammate James Poole. In the close season, James was once again the subject of transfer speculation with Football League Championship sides Crystal Palace, Middlesbrough and Huddersfield Town, as well as League One clubs Brentford and Shrewsbury Town all thought to have been considering a bid for the 18-year–old midfielder, however a formal offer was never made for him.
	James began the new season brightly, scoring for Hartlepool United in a 5–0 thrashing of Bradford City in the First Round of the 2013–14 Football League Trophy on 3 September 2013. On 21 September 2013 he scored both goals in a 2–2 draw with Bristol Rovers. On 28 September 2013, he made it three goals in two games by scoring in a 3–1 defeat by Oxford United. James scored his 10th league goal for Hartlepool United in a 3–0 away win over Exeter City on 12 October 2013. The following match he secured a league win for Hartlepool United after scoring from long–range in a 1–0 win over Plymouth Argyle on 19 October 2013. James continued his prolific form in a 3–1 win over AFC Wimbledon on 22 October 2013, scoring his sixth league goal in as many matches and securing a fourth consecutive league victory for Hartlepool United. Hartlepool United's run of four wins in five matches (with eleven goals scored and only 3 conceded) did not go unnoticed and in October 2013 the club were given the double honour of having Colin Cooper named League Two Manager of the Month whilst Luke James was awarded League Two Player of the Month by Football League Sponsors Sky Bet. The young forward maintained his impressive season when he scored twice in a 3–2 win over Notts County in the First Round of the 2013–14 FA Cup on 9 November 2013.
	James was the club's top scorer for the 2013–14 season with 13 leagues goals and 16 in all competitions. This made him the second-youngest Pools player since World War Two to hit double figures in a season. He went on to win Hartlepool's Player of the Year and Players' Player of the Year Award at the end of the 2013–14 season. In August 2014, James submitted two transfer requests, with the media reporting interest from League One club Peterborough United.
	James signed for Peterborough United on 1 September 2014.
	He moved on loan to Bradford City in July 2015. His loan deal was terminated by Bradford City in January 2016, four months early.
	On 6 July 2016, Bristol Rovers F.C. signed James on a season long loan from Peterborough United He scored in pre season with a consolation goal during a 5-1 defeat to the hands of Swansea City. He made his league debut for the club on 14 August 2016, coming off the bench in a 2-1 victory over Oxford United, replacing Billy Bodin in the 66' minute of the game and scored a penalty in the shootout victory against Yeovil Town in the group stage of the controversial Checkatrade Trophy. Having yet to score a league goal for the club, James won a penalty in the 2-1 victory over Chesterfield on 18 March. He blasted it straight down the middle and despite the Chesterfield goalkeeper, Thorsten Stuckmann, moving to his right; he made a superb reflex save to deny James his first goal for the club.
	On 13 July 2017, James signed for League Two club Forest Green Rovers on a free transfer, signing a two-year contract. He scored his first goal for Forest Green in an EFL Trophy tie against Newport County on 29 August 2017.

= = = Sood, Arunachal Pradesh = = =

	Sood is a village near Naharlagun in Papum Pare district of Arunachal Pradesh

= = = Darren Clarke (Gaelic footballer) = = =

	Darren Clarke is an Irish sportsperson. He played Gaelic football with his local club St. Mary's before joining Dublin side St Sylvesters. He has been a member of the Louth senior inter-county team since 2004. He was part of the team who lined out in the 2006 Tommy Murphy Cup.
	1987

= = = Ethmia iranella = = =

	Ethmia iranella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It has been recorded from Asia Minor, Syria, Iran, Spain, Portugal, Hungary, Romania, Greece and southern Russia. It has recently been recorded from France and Italy.
	The species was first described as a subspecies of "Ethmia bipunctella", with type locality Elburs, Iran. It was later recognized as valid, separate species with a wider distribution.
	The host-plant or host-plants of this species are not yet known, but Boraginaceae is likely.

= = = Men of War (comics) = = =

	Men of War is the name of several American comic book series published by DC Comics. For the most part, the series was a war comics anthology featuring fictional stories about the American military during World War II.
	The original series, All-American Men of War, published 118 issues from 1956 to 1966. Contributors to "All-American Men of War" included writers Robert Kanigher, Hank Chapman, and France Herron; and artists Alex Toth, Gene Colan, Mort Drucker, Mike Esposito, Jerry Grandenetti, Sheldon Moldoff, Russ Heath, Bernard Krigstein, Joe Kubert, and Irv Novick. Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein's famous 1962 work "Whaam!" is based on a Jerry Grandenetti panel from the cover of "All-American Men of War" #89 (January–February 1962).
	A second series, simply titled Men of War, published 26 issues from 1977–1980. Regular contributors included writers Kanigher, Roger McKenzie, Cary Burkett, Jack C. Harris, and Paul Kupperberg; and artists Grandenetti, Dick Ayers, and Howard Chaykin. Joe Kubert provided the cover art for the full series run except issue #1.
	A third series, also titled Men of War starred Sgt. Rock and was published from November 2011–June 2012.
	"All-American Men of War" did not start with issue #1; it was a renaming of the 1948 series "All-American Western", which itself was a renaming of the 1939 series "All-American Comics". The title became "All-American Men of War" with issue #127, published in August–September 1952. "All-American Men of War" published two issues before rebooting the numbering with issue #2 in December 1952–January 1953. "All-American Men of War" #35 (July 1956) featured the first painted cover on a DC comic book.
	One of the earliest known examples of pop art, Roy Lichtenstein's "Whaam!" adapted a panel from a story titled "Star Jockey", from "All-American Men of War" #89 (January–February 1962), drawn by Irv Novick. The painting depicts a fighter aircraft, the North American P-51 Mustang, firing a rocket into an enemy plane, with a red-and-yellow explosion (in the source comic the aircraft is a North American F-86 Sabre). The cartoon style is heightened by the use of the onomatopoeic lettering ""Whaam!"" and the yellow-boxed caption with black lettering. Lichtenstein used other artwork from this series for other works, including "Brattata" and "Bratatat!".
	The "All-American Men of War" letters page was titled "Combat Corner."
	After eleven years, the series returned with the shortened title Men of War. It was published for 26 issues from August 1977–March 1980.
	"Men of War" vol. 2 was launched in 2011 as part of The New 52 initiative; the series was written by Ivan Brandon. In January 2012, DC announced that "Men of War" would be one of six titles cancelled following its eighth issue to be replaced by a "second wave" of six new titles.

= = = Lhau = = =

	Lhau is a village near Tawang town in Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh

= = = Szabolcs Szöllősi = = =

	Szabolcs Szöllősi (; born 28 January 1989) is a Hungarian handballer for Dabas KC VSE and the Hungarian national team.
	Szöllősi initially went to a sports school where he practiced football. Later he switched to water polo and even participated in the students' national championship. He first tried handball when he was in the eighth grade and since then it has been his only sport. Szöllősi learned the basics of handball by Békéscsabai BDSK (2003–2005) and was soon spotted by major domestic teams, including KC Veszprém, of whom offer he accepted in 2005.
	In his first period in the Veszprém youth team Szöllősi played either as a playmaker or a back and only moved to line player position while in the first team. He made his league debut in October 2007 against Gyöngyösi FKK, however, due to the lack of playing minutes he decided to leave at the end of the season and eventually switched to recently promoted Csurgói KK.
	In Csurgó, Szöllősi evolved to a prolific goalscorer; in his first compete senior season he scored 33 goals, and finished with 35 a year later. In the 2010–2011 season he already scored 66 goals and a year later it went up to 80. Thanks to his performances, in 2011 he received his first senior call-up to the Hungarian national team.
	Szöllsői was part of the Hungarian national pool since the younger age categories and played at the 2008 Junior European Championship, where Hungary finished 10th. He made his senior international debut on 8 June 2011 in a European Championship qualification game against Bosnia and Herzegovina. Szöllősi contributed with one goal to the 22–19 Hungarian victory.
	He participated at his first major tournament a year later. Initially, he was not named to the travelling squad for the 2012 European Championship, however, after Tamás Iváncsik's injury he was called up as a late replacement. Szöllősi got a total of 41 playing minutes in the tournament, during which time he scored two goals and also forced out a penalty shot in the dying seconds against Spain, which Gábor Császár converted, saving the match for a draw. In acknowledgement of his achievements, he was awarded the "Sportsman of Somogy County" prize in January 2012.
	Szöllősi did not make into the Hungarian squad for the 2012 Summer Olympics, but earned his place for the 2013 World Championship. With a shooting percentage of 90% – 19 goals from 21 shots – Szöllősi was his team's fourth best goalscorer in the tournament, where Hungary eventually finished in the eighth position.
	He is married, his wife is Szandra Zácsik, Hungarian handballer. Their daughter, Hanna was born on 25 of March 2015. 

= = = Flintshire Historical Society journal = = =

	The Flintshire Historical Society Journal is an annual magazine in English, containing transcripts and articles relating to the county, with book reviews and society notes. It is published by the Flintshire Historical Society, a registered charity founded in 1911 to collect and publish archaeological and historical material about Flintshire. From 1911 to 1976, the magazine was published as the "Flintshire Historical Society Publications". In 1978 it obtained its current name.
	The magazine has been digitized by the Welsh Journals Online project at the National Library of Wales.

= = = Charlie Luxton = = =

	Charlie Luxton is an architectural designer and television presenter who writes and speaks about the environment and sustainable architecture.
	Luxton was born in Australia in April 1974. His family moved to England when he was ten years old.
	Luxton studied at Oxford Brookes University during the 1990s and earned a BA in Architecture. He completed an MA at the Royal College of Art in London.
	In 2000, Luxton hosted the documentary series "Modern British Architects" on the United Kingdom's Channel 5.
	Luxton went on to present several more architecture-related shows, including 'Treehouses' for Sky1, a six-part television series, "Our Homes and Property", and the ongoing series "Build a New Life in the Country". He is a regular designer on BBC1's DIY SOS.
	His series "The Great Treehouse Challenge" aired on Sky's Living Channel. Another show, "Homes by the Sea", on More4 TV, was hosted by Luxton. His show "Building the Dream" was shown on More4 TV.
	Luxton's design company 'Charlie Luxton Environmental Design' creates sustainable living projects in London, Wiltshire and the Cotswolds
	Luxton has also supported several eco-friendly projects in his local area, including creating a carpool, fitting solar panels onto the roof of the local school, addressing amateur homebuilders and green-furbishing thirty houses.
	Luxton is married and has two children. Their home includes many of the sustainable living solutions that are featured on his television show.

= = = Ethmia haemorrhoidella = = =

	Ethmia haemorrhoidella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Asia Minor, southern Russia, the Caucasus, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Greece.

= = = Fisk metallic burial case = = =

	Fisk metallic burial cases were patented in 1848 by Almond Dunbar Fisk and manufactured in Providence, Rhode Island. The cast iron coffins or burial cases were popular in the mid–1800s among wealthier families. While pine coffins in the 1850s would have cost around $2, a Fisk coffin could command a price upwards of $100. Nonetheless, the metallic coffins were highly desirable by more affluent individuals and families for their potential to deter grave robbers.
	The case was custom-formed to the body, resembling an Egyptian sarcophagus with sculpted arms and a glass window plate for viewing the face of the deceased, without the risk of exposure to odor or pathogens. The airtight cases were valued for their potential to preserve the remains of individuals who died far from home, until they could be shipped back for burial by the family. This type of burial in the 19th century indicated that the individual buried was someone of cultural and societal importance.
	The Fisk metallic burial case was designed and patented by Almond D. Fisk under US Patent No. 5920 on November 14, 1848. In 1849, the cast iron coffin was publicly unveiled at the New York State Agricultural Society Fair in Syracuse, New York and the American Institute Exhibition in New York City.
	In response to the high demand, Fisk established the Fisk and Raymond Company and began production in Providence, Rhode Island. Within the first year of receiving the patent, Fisk set up a small foundry in Winfield Junction in Long Island, New York. In order to keep up with demand, Fisk additionally licensed the right to manufacture the case to two larger firms, including W.C. Davis & Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio and A.C. Barstow & Co. of Providence.
	In fall 1849, the foundry was destroyed by fire, along with all of company's machinery, tools, and inventory. In an effort to rebuild his business, Fisk borrowed $15,000 from two investors, John G. Forbes, member of the 49th New York State Legislature and Horace White, 37th Governor of the State of New York. The following year, Fisk began experiencing declining health, fully unable to work in fall 1850. At this time, he transferred his patents and business to Forbes and White.
	Fisk was succeeded by William H. Forbes, son of initial investor, John G. Forbes. In 1875, Fisk's brother-in-law, William M. Raymond, partnered with Forbes and restructured the company as W.M. Raymond & Company. In subsequent years, Syracuse City Attorney, Daniel Phelps Wood, gained controlling interest in W.M. Raymond & Company and made his brother, William S. Wood the foundry's superintendent.
	In October 1877, the name was changed to the Metallic Burial Case Company. On December 7, 1888, the "New York Times" reported that the Metallic Burial Case Company was folding.
	In April 1850, former U.S. Vice President and Secretary of State John C. Calhoun was buried in a Fisk coffin at the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, DC. At this time, Jefferson Davis, Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster publicly endorsed the Fisk model, stating that in their opinion, the Fisk was "the best article known to us for transporting the dead to their final resting place".
	A Fisk coffin can be found on display at the Museum of Appalachia in Clinton, Tennessee.

= = = Unchdeeh = = =

	Unchdeeh is a village in Holagarh Mandal, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Unchdeeh is located 32.4 km distance from its District Main City Allahabad. It is located 151 km distance from its State Main City Lucknow.
	Other villages in Holagarh Mandal are Holagarh, Akodhi, Aruwahw, Babhanpur Urf Kalyanpur, Baherpur and Bajha.
	Nearby villages are Baladih (1.3 km), Siswan (2.6 km), Kalyanpur (2.6 km), Umariasari (2.7 km), Umaria Badal Urf Gainda (3.2 km).
	Towns nearby include Holagarh, Mauaima (13 km), Soraon (13.7 km), Bahria (21.7 km) and Katra Gulab Singh (2 km).

= = = SS Arkaba (1924) = = =

	SS "Arkaba" was a 4,214 gross ton cargo vessel built by William Beardmore & Company, Dalmuir, Scotland for the Adelaide Steamship Company as "Arcoona". She was renamed "Arkaba" in 1925. She was requisitioned by the Royal Australian Navy during World War II between 26 August and 31 October 1940, as a coal and stores carrier. She became stranded on a reef on 19 February 1952 off Port Lincoln, South Australia. She was sold and during being towed to Hong Kong, broke her towline in huge seas and floated at the mercy of the waves and current, until reattached to a tugboat. Refitted in Hong Kong and sold in 1954 to William Charlick Ltd, Hong Kong and renamed "William Charlick IV", before being sold to Indian & Pacific Ocean Merchants, Rabaul in 1957.
	She was scrapped in Hong Kong in 1959.

= = = Ethmia fumidella = = =

	Ethmia fumidella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Spain, Portugal, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Greece, Turkey and on Crete.

= = = Borduria, Tirap district = = =

	Borduria is a village near Khonsa in Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Its chief tribe is the Lowangs. The current head is Wanglin Lowangdong . The people of the region are known for their self-dependence and most activities are overseen by the members of the ruling tribe.

= = = Richard Brooke (explorer) = = =

	Richard "Brookes" Brooke is an explorer and Royal Naval surveyor whose achievements include spending two winters on the British North‑East Greenland Expedition (1952–1954) and participating in Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (TAE) (1956–1958). During the TAE he became the first person to ascend a peak (Mount Huggins) in the Royal Society Range and walked the 1600 km between Mawson Glacier and Mulock Glacier.
	He is a licensed lay reader in the Church of England in Bath, Somerset.

= = = Ethmia flavianella = = =

	Ethmia flavianella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in France, Italy, Slovenia, Albania and the Republic of Macedonia.
	The larvae have been recorded feeding on "Thalictrum" species, including "Thalictrum foetidum".

= = = Cerro de los Batallones = = =

	Cerro de los Batallones ("Hill of the Battalions") is a hill at Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain where a number of fossil sites from the Upper Miocene (MN10) have been found. Nine sites have been discovered with predominately vertebrate fossils, invertebrates and plants being less represented. The first deposits were discovered accidentally in July 1991.
	Batallones-10 (B-10) is considered to contain the oldest representative of fossils.
	Nearly the entire proportion of fossils of Batallones-1 were of Carnivorans. The species of sabre-tooth cat known as "Promegantereon ogygia" and "Machairodus aphanistus" (the first complete skull) were found at B-1, as was "Simocyon" a type of red panda. In regards to the saber-tooth cats, Batallones-1 represents an ideal site for recording the percentage of specimens for which breakage of the upper canines occurred. Promegantereon, Machairodus and Paramachairodus are perfect examples of this at Batallones; fossils indicate a high number of canine breaks from where the teeth hit the bones of a struggling victim, indicating these early machairodonts would use their elongated teeth to subdue prey as modern big cats do.
	A new species of "Hispanomys" ("Rodentia") was found at various sites. A new species of "Micromeryx" (deer) was found at B-1 and B-10.
	Below is a list of notable fossil genera from Cerro de los Batallones. 

= = = Jack Baldwin (footballer) = = =

	Jack Baldwin (born 30 June 1993) is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre back for club Sunderland. He is on loan at Salford City for the 2019–20 season.
	Baldwin was born in Barking, Greater London. He was on trial at Gillingham and impressed Gills boss Andy Hessenthaler after a season with Faversham Town's first-team at the age of 18 years before going on trial with North-East side Hartlepool United and signing a professional contract after impressing manager Mick Wadsworth in pre-season friendlies. Prior to signing this contract, Baldwin was due to start University in a few months time to do a course in Sports Therapy at Kent.
	Baldwin made his senior debut for Hartlepool United on 17 December 2011 in a 1–0 home defeat against Colchester United with caretaker boss Micky Barron saying "Jack came in and was steady. He got on the ball, won his tackles and headers and competed really well. He's been terrific since he came to the club on trial in pre-season." Initially playing for the reserve side since the start of the season, Baldwin began to establish himself in the Hartlepool United's starting eleven, playing in either defensive-midfield and centre-back throughout the 2011–12 season. He went on to make seventeen appearances in his first season and shortly after the end of the 2011–12 season, Baldwin committed his future to Hartlepool by signing a long-term contract with the club.
	In the 2012–13 season, Baldwin found himself in and out of the first team, where he was often featured on the substitute bench. After being suspended for one match and appearing three times as an unused substitute on the bench, Baldwin scored his first senior goal in a 2–1 defeat to A.F.C. Bournemouth in January 2013 and then scored again, four days later in a 3–1 win away to Portsmouth. Baldwin then set up a double for three goals, in a 3–0 win over Crewe Alexandra on 26 February 2013. However, during a 0–0 draw against Colchester United on 5 March 2013, he injured his right knee and was substituted before half-time. Initially out for the rest of the season, Baldwin returned to the training soon after and played his first match in weeks on 29 March 2013, in a 2–0 loss against MK Dons. At the end of the 2012–13 season, Baldwin went on to make thirty-five appearances and scoring twice times in all competitions.
	In the 2013–14 season, Baldwin began to established himself in the first team once more at Hartlepool United, forming a partnership with Christian Burgess. He then scored his first goal of the season on 12 October 2013, in a 3–0 win over Exeter City. He went on to score two goals in the FA Cup Campaign against Notts County and Coventry City. On 29 December 2013, Baldwin scored again, in a 2–1 win over Morecambe. Following this, Baldwin was linked a move away from Hartlepool United, with League One side Peterborough United as among interests in him. Up until his departure from Hartlepool United, he was an ever-present player for the side, having started every league match since the start of the season.
	Baldwin moved to League One side Peterborough United for £500,000 on 31 January 2014 just minutes before the transfer deadline. Upon joining the club, it was revealed the price tag could rise up to £750,000 with the potential for add-ons.
	After being initially out of the first team, due to being suspended whilst at Hartlepool United, Baldwin made his Peterborough United debut on 1 March 2014 against Crawley Town, coming on as a late second-half substitute, and conceded a penalty in a 1–0 loss. Since making his debut, Baldwin quickly became a Peteborough's first team regular and helped the side reach the play-offs where they were unsuccessful after losing 3–2 to Leyton Orient. His performance was praised by Manager Darren Ferguson. At the end of the 2013–14 season, Baldwin went on to make thirteen appearances in all competitions.
	The 2014–15 season, however, saw Baldwin suffered setback despite being featured in the first team regularly After playing in the opening game of the season against Rochdale, Baldwin, however, suffered a knee injury that kept him out for the remainder of August. Two months later, on 21 October 2014, Baldwin was then sent-off for a second bookable offence, in a 1–0 loss against Crewe Alexandra. On 1 November 2014 Baldwin captained Peterborough for the first time. In the same game he ruptured a knee ligament that would rule him out for the next ten to twelve months. Despite this, Baldwin made his full season, making eleven appearance in all competitions.
	The 2015–16 season saw Baldwin continuing to rehabilitate his knee injury and it wasn't until on 22 September 2015 when he returned from injury, playing for Peterborough United's development side, in a 3–1 win over Norwich City's development side. It wasn't until in October when he didn't return to training. After returning to the first team on the substitute bench against Scunthorpe United on 28 November 2015, he made his first appearance of the season on 26 December 2015, coming on as a second-half substitute, in a 2–0 win over Chesterfield. Although sidelined on two occasions in February 2016, Baldwin played his first match as captain on 5 March 2016, in a 1–1 draw against Wigan Athletic and went on to captain on four occasions. Baldwin then scored his first goal for the club on 30 April 2016, in a 4–3 win over Shrewsbury Town. Having established himself in the starting eleven with Ricardo Santos, Baldwin went on to make twenty-two appearances and scoring once in all competitions. For his performance, he was awarded PFA Community Champion by the club.
	The start of the 2016–17 season saw Baldwin being booked for the first three league matches before being sent-off for a second bookable offence, in a 2–1 loss against Oxford United on 20 August 2016. After serving a one match suspension, Since the start of the season, Baldwin featured in every league matches until he was demoted to the substitute bench for two matches due to good performances from Ryan Tafazolli. However, he suffered a knee injury that kept him out for two months. It wasn't until on 21 February 2017 when Baldwin returned to the first team and captained the side as well, in a 4–1 loss against Southend United. Four days later, on 25 February 2017, Baldwin captained and scored again, in a 3–1 win over Rochdale. Despite being absent on two occasions later in the season, Baldwin finished the 2016–17 season, making twenty-nine appearances and scoring once in all competitions. On 25 May 2017, Baldwin signed a new two-year contract with the League One side.
	Ahead of the 2017–18 season, Baldwin was named the new captain of Peterborough United, succeeding Christopher Forrester.
	Baldwin signed a two-year deal at newly relegated League One club Sunderland on 28 July 2018 for an undisclosed fee. He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 win against Bradford City on 6 October 2018.
	On 2 September 2019, he signed for newly promoted Salford City on loan for the rest of the 2019–20 season.
	Baldwin is a versatile footballer who can play centre-back, right-back or central midfield. Former Hartlepool manager Neale Cooper likened 18-year-old Baldwin to a 'young Alan Hansen' praising Baldwin on 'the way he reads the game'.
	Up until joining Hartlepool United, Baldwin attended Eastbury Comprehensive School and was at the time studying for his A-level exams.
	In 2014, Baldwin became a father and cited family reason as the reason he left Hartlepool United. Later in 2014, Baldwin took part in a cycling challenge with Andy Rafferty for the 120-mile ride from Whitehaven, in Cumbria, to Blackhall in aid of raising money for London-based Richard House Children's Hospice.
	Sunderland

= = = List of rivers of Lebanon = = =

	This is a list of all waterways named as rivers in Lebanon. Lebanon has 22 rivers all of which are non navigable; 28 rivers originate on the western face of the Lebanon range and run through the steep gorges and into the Mediterranean Sea, the other 6 arise in the Beqaa Valley.
	Sources: 

= = = Kabu, Along = = =

	Kabu is a village near Along town in West Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh

= = = NGC 3259 = = =

	NGC 3259 is a barred spiral galaxy located approximately 90 million light-years from Earth, in the Ursa Major constellation. It has the morphological classification SAB(rs)bc, which indicates that it is a spiral galaxy with a weak bar across the nucleus (SAB), an incomplete inner ring structure circling the bar (rs), and moderate to loosely wound spiral arms (bc). This galaxy is a known source of X-ray emission and it has an active galactic nucleus of the Seyfert 2 type.

= = = Marxdorf = = =

	Marxdorf may refer to:

= = = Riyaz = = =

	Riyaz (also Rriyaaz) is a Hindustani term used for music practice, for honing of Hindustani classical music vocal as well as instrument skills in India. It is known as Sadhakam or Sadhana in Carnatic music. It is followed rigorously by the students as well as exponents of vocal as well as dancing forms.
	The "Riyaaz" or "Sadhakam", which often starts early in the morning at four, is taken seriously by the students for it requires intensity, discipline and commitment for years and forms an important component in the "Guru - Shishya parampara" (teacher-student tradition). 
	In Carnatic music, the impression is that the assiduous sadhakam of the Trinity of Carnatic Music was the bedrock of the excellence of the old-world vidwans.

= = = Pyramidobela = = =

	Pyramidobela is a genus of insects which is mostly placed in the family Oecophoridae. The genus was formerly included in the Ethmiidae.

= = = Karolína Erbanová = = =

	Karolína Erbanová (born 27 October 1992) is retired Czech long track speed skater. She won a bronze medal at the 2018 Winter Olympics in the 500 m event.
	She used to visit same school class with Eva Samková who is snowboardcross Olympic Games winner. She ran on skies and she also played ice hockey in youth. She was very fast on skates and when she 13 she was recommended to Petr Novák as the prospect. Since 2006 she is member of NOVIS Team. From beginning she was predicted to be a middletrack skater like Ireen Wüst or Anni Friesinger but later when she grow up she specialised on sprints.
	In 2008/09 season she won team world cup with Martina Sáblíková and Andrea Jirků. AT Junior World Championships in Zakopane she was skating on distance 3000 m for allround medal but she forgot change lanes and she was disqualified. In next Junior World Championships in Moscow during second 500 m race she fell and lost chance to win medal.
	As member of NOVIS team she had to skate same events as leader of the team Martina Sáblíková who is longtrack skater. Just since 2011/12 season she has different schedule as her experienced teammate.
	In 2012/13 season she won her first individual senior world cup in Harbin on distance 1000 m.
	On 27 August 2018 she surprisingly announced her retirement from professional sport at the age of 25, citing "manipulative, degrading and aggressive behavior" of Czech national speed skating coach Petr Novák.

= = = Erbslöh = = =

	The Erbslöh was an airship named for the German aviation pioneer Oskar Erbslöh that was operational in the years 1909/10. In July 1910 the "Erbslöh" crashed near Leverkusen, killing all five people on board, including Oskar Erbslöh himself.
	The "Erbslöh" was a blimp with a long gondola made from ash. The trim was regulated by pumping water back and forth between two tanks in the bow and aft section of the ship so that the airship adopted a nose up or nose down attitude.
	The first test flight took place on 20 August 1909. After the airship had been moved out of its hangar, the maneouvrability was tested for about one hour at a height of on the Leichlingen airship grounds. The official maiden flight was conducted on 1 December 1909, during which the airship successfully flew across Leichlingen and neighbouring towns.
	On 12 December supporters of the Rheinisch-Westfälische Motorluftschiff-Gesellschaft [Rhine-Westphalian Motor Airship Society] participated in a flight. However, a transmission fault forced the "Erbslöh" to land at Reusrath. When the faulty parts had been repaired, the "Erbslöh" flew on toward Mönchengladbach on the next day. The intermediate stop over there was terminated by a storm which tore the envelope from the gondola, necessitating an extensive repairs.
	On 13 July 1910, a partly cloudy day, the "Erbslöh" crashed near Pattscheid (today a quarter of Leverkusen). The cause that was accepted by the subsequent investigation committee was that a sudden exposure of the envelope to the sun after the ship had been flying under cloud cover and cool morning fog had heated the lifting gas, causing it to expand. The relief valves could not vent the developing excess pressure quickly enough. This allowed hydrogen to leak from the envelope and come into contact with sparks from the propulsion system, causing the gas to explode.
	Witnesses on the ground only heard an explosion: the ship was not visible in the morning fog. The "Erbslöh" crashed in a field close to Neuenkamp. The front part of the gondola was destroyed, with the torn envelope lying across it. The crew was found dead among the debris. The airship planned to be flown over Leichlingen for only half an hour.
	In addition to Oskar Erbslöh, crash fatalities included Max von Toelle, Rudolf Kranz, Hans Leo Höpp, and mechanic Joseph Spicks. A monument was erected at the "Oskar-Erbslöh-Straße" [Oskar Erbslöh Road] of Leichlingen in their memory.

= = = Neil Robinson (motorcyclist) = = =

	Neil "Smutty" Robinson (29 July 1962 Cullybackey, Ballymena, County Antrim, Northern Ireland - 13 September 1986 at Hull Royal Infirmary Hospital) was an exceptionally talented (and fearless) motorcycle track, circuit and road racer from Ballymena, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, Robinson died aged 24 during a practice session at Oliver's Mount racing circuit, Scarborough, North Yorkshire.
	Robinson and his family were of Scottish descent like most of Cullybackey's (Protestant) residents.
	In 1983, Robinson won the British 250cc Championship. In 1986, only 4 weeks prior to his untimely death, he made his indelible mark at the Ulster Grand Prix Formula 1 Race, by achieving an outstanding win, with him placed first, well ahead of the rest of the field. His major achievement on that day was his emphatic victory over his friend Joey Dunlop, who at that time was the newly crowned World Formula 1 Champion.
	In 1986 Robinson caused a sensation with a commanding victory in the TT Formula 1 race, toppling the mighty Joey Dunlop to win by over one minute. Dunlop retained his world crown nonetheless and later added made amends with a record-breaking win in the TT Classic race, upping the outright lap record to 120.83 mph. Robinson retired with a blown engine.
	Robinson was a close personal friend of Joey / Robert Dunlop of the Northern Ireland Dunlop road-racing dynasty of the late 1970s early 1980s.
	Robinson was on the threshold of what promised to be a brilliant international career when he became the 13th rider to die on the Oliver's Mount circuit at Scarborough. The twenty-four-year-old was racing at the circuit for the first time and crashed in dense undergrowth and trees on the uphill Quarry Hills section on his sixth lap of practice. He suffered head injuries and a broken leg, and died in the evening in Hull Royal Infirmary in Scarborough after being conveyed there by the racing circuit ambulance escorted by two police motorcycle outriders.
	Speaking in an interview, prior to his own death in a helicopter accident in 2003, 11 time Isle of Man TT Winner and two-time winner of the British Superbike Championship, Steve 'Hizzy' Hislop, said of Neil Robinson, "Smutty, Neil Robinson...if he had not been killed at Scarborough, "Smutty" would have lifted the roads title away from Joey (Dunlop). Maybe not at the TT, but at the Ulster and the North West 200 for sure. He was mega".
	Robinson's name remains a very popular one among the Northern Ireland road racing / Isle of Man TT fraternity. His racing circuit exploits in such a short period remain unsurpassed.
	Tragically, Neil's older brother Donny Robinson was killed in a racing accident at the 1999 North West 200 at Coleraine. He crashed heavily at the Mill Road Roundabout during 125cc (wet) practice and died the next morning at Coleraine Hospital from multiple injuries. Forty-five-year-old Donny had retired from a glittering Grand Prix career in 1985 to concentrate on road racing. Like his younger brother, he was a fearless road racer.

= = = Italian Secret Service = = =

	Italian Secret Service (also known as Il nostro agente Natalino Tartufato) is a 1968 Italian comedy film directed by Luigi Comencini. For his performance in this film and in "Il padre di famiglia", Nino Manfredi was awarded with a Golden Plate at the 1968 Edition of David di Donatello.

= = = Puging = = =

	Puging is a village near Yingkiong in Upper Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh

= = = Calosoma retusum = = =

	Calosoma retusum is a beetle of the family Carabidae.
	"Calosoma retusum" reaches about in length. This species usually has a bright metallic dark green or bronze green coloration, sometime with bluish reflections. The borders of the pronotum are rounded and raised. Elytra are striated, with large punctures. These beetles are voracious consumer of caterpillars, so they are considered beneficial insects for the agriculture.
	This species occurs in southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia and Perù.

= = = Elginfield Observatory = = =

	The Elginfield Observatory is an astronomical observatory located in the township of Middlesex Centre, Ontario (Canada), about north of London, Ontario. The observatory is owned and operated by the University of Western Ontario, and opened in 1969. The observatory features a Ritchey–Chrétien telescope built by Boller and Chivens which is used for spectroscopy and photometry. The telescope can be configured to feed instruments at the Cassegrain, Nasmyth, and Coudé foci. Recent research includes monitoring the changing size of Cepheid variable stars, estimating out-gasing of minor planets, and searching for large Perseid meteoroids.

= = = Pyramidobela quinquecristata = = =

	Pyramidobela quinquecristata is a moth in the family Oecophoridae. It is found in the mountains around the margins of the Great Basin in North America.
	The length of the forewings is 8.2-9.2 mm. The ground color of the forewings is dark brown, longitudinally streaked with blackish and ochreous, varying in density and ill-defined except on the veins in the terminal area. The ground color of the hindwings is pale gray-brown, but slightly darker toward the apex. Adults are on wing in June (in British Columbia) and from August to early September (in California).
	The larvae have been recorded feeding on "Penstemon" species, including "Penstemon confertus" and "Penstemon deustus".

= = = Vulcano (band) = = =

	Vulcano is an extreme metal band from Santos, São Paulo, Brazil. Founded in 1981, it is one of the first Brazilian heavy metal bands of note; with reference to their influence on the Latin American black metal scene, "Terrorizer" reported that "many believe that Vulcano not only kick-started musical blasphemy in Brazil, but throughout the whole of Latin America". Vulcano is noted as an influence on Sepultura.
	Vulcano was launched in 1981 in Santos, São Paulo, Brazil by Zhema Paul Magrão and Carli Cooper. Due to their early date of formation, Vulcano is regarded as one of many bands to inaugurate the extreme metal scene in Brazil and Latin America. However, unlike the development of extreme metal scenes in Europe and the United States, Brazil's extreme metal scene did not develop out of much of an existing metal scene, so musicians of early bands like Vulcano had to build a network to promote and support their live performances from scratch. It was also difficult to acquire standard performing equipment.
	The band's first record "Om Pushne Namah", was released in 1983, and is different from most early extreme metal in that the lyrics were sung in Portuguese, not English. The release of this album also marks the departure of Jose Piloni (drums) from the band. In this early period, it was very difficult to secure live performances, and the band had to produce their own shows, and promotion was limited to pasting up posters, but Vulcano persevered, and moved forward in 1984 to release the demo "Devil on My Roof".
	Vulcano released a live recording "Live!" in 1985 to gain exposure to a greater audience outside of their home city of Santos. "Live!" was recorded in August in the city of Americana, without any mixing, and with a lineup of Zhema on bass, Soto Junior on guitar, Zé Flávio in guitar, drums and Lauder Piloni Angel on vocals. This served as preparation for Vulcano to record "Bloody Vengeance," their first studio album, in 1986. In the years following the band released "Anthropophagy" (1987) and "Who Are the True" (1988). Throughout this period, Vulcano got access to increasingly better production as the metal scene in Brazil grew further. However, after releasing their fifth album "Rat Race" in 1990, Vulcano stopped releasing new albums for several years. In this period of reflection the Vulcano still did some live shows, but the only official release from the band was a Cogumelo Records compilation from 2000 with a re-release of the song "Bloody Vengeance".
	In December 2001, Vulcano were taken by surprise by the death of Soto Jr. (guitar), who died of high blood pressure. In 2004, Vulcano created its own label Renegados Records and staged a comeback with a new album entitled "Tales from the Black Book" with Zhema (bass), Angel (vocals), Arthur Von Barbarian (drums), Andre Martins (guitar) and Claudio Passamani (guitar). In 2006 Vulcano released two new songs in a split vinyl titled "Thunder Metal" with Nifelheim from Sweden, with the songs "The Evil Always Return" and "Suffered Souls". In 2009, Vulcano released another album, "Five Skulls and One Chalice".
	In 2010, Angel left the band again. In his place, Vulcano recruited Luiz Carlos Louzada (Hierarchical Punishment, Chemical Disaster) to assist in the band's first tour in Europe, the so-called Bloody Vengeance Tour in Europe 2010, which went through 14 countries, playing 18 shows.
	In 2011, the band invited Arthur Von Barbarian to resume the sticks and record the album "Drowning in Blood", released in September through Renegados Records.
	In 2013 they released The Man The Key The Beast and made their third European tour together with the band Nifelheim in the Thunder Metal tour followed by a Brazilian tour and established with Zhema (guitar), Luiz Louzada (vocals), Arthur Von Barbarian and Ivan Pellicciotti The Darkest (bass guitar, who has been also Vulcano's producer since 2005).

= = = The Head of the Family (1967 film) = = =

	Il padre di famiglia (internationally released as The Head of the Family) is a 1967 Italian comedy film directed by Nanni Loy. For his performance in this film and in "Italian Secret Service", Nino Manfredi was awarded with a Golden Plate at the 1968 Edition of the Italian Academy Awards known as David di Donatello.
	Totò died two days after having filmed his first scene in the film; he was replaced by Ugo Tognazzi. Later Tognazzi was nominated at the Italian Film Press Awards, the Nastro d'Argento for Best supporting Actor.
	The story centres on two characters, a man and a woman, both architects, who meet some time after WWII and get married. Though deeply in love they come from different backgrounds, and do not share the same outlooks on life. Soon she becomes fascinated with her husband's progressive socialist ideals. After the wedding she abandons her work to dedicate herself to raising their growing family, and he, feeling abandoned by her, begins an amorous relationship with one of his colleagues.
	Following the various dramas of bringing up the children, who are schooled with the Montessori method, the wife goes to a clinic to recover from a nervous breakdown, while he, still in love with his wife, returns to his own family. When he's asked by a Census official, who is the Head of the Family, the husband does not know what to reply.
	Despite the title, in reality, the film narrates the story of women's lives in this period of the late 1960s. At this time, irrespective of social class and culture, women were obligated to live a submissive life and sacrifice much to raise their families. In reality, in this film it is the woman who is the Head of the Family. Leslie Caron has often referred to this film in interviews as one of her favourites in all her work.

= = = Sippi = = =

	Sippi is a semi-town near Daporijo in Upper Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh it is inhabited mostly by Tamin (Janu ku (son) ) and other Tagins are also present in small proportion, Sippi also has plain parts which is surrounded by two rivers namely Subansiri, sippi ( Sippi comes under Sigin-I of Dapriojo Circle and it mostly populated with Tasi clan people from chetam circle)
	Located 14 km from district headquarter Daporijo. It is beside two rivers and acts as center for many other villages 

= = = Infiniti Performance Line = = =

	The Infiniti Performance Line (IPL), Red Sport and Infiniti S marques represent the high-performance divisions of cars produced by Infiniti. In July 2010 Infiniti released its new performance division, Infiniti Performance Line (IPL). The debut IPL offering is the G37 Coupe for 2011 model year, and later the G37 Convertible.
	The Infiniti G37 (later branded as the Infiniti Q60) were offered as IPL models. The IPL models featured a retuned engine producing 348 hp (260 kW) (353 PS) and 276 lb-ft (374 NM) of torque. Performance improvements included a redesigned exhaust system, sportier suspension tuning, as well as a more direct steering feel. Design changes were made to the exterior including more aggressive front/rear bumpers and sideskirts, sportier 19 inch alloy wheels, and larger exhaust tips. Inside, the G37 IPL has red Monaco leather seats. The IPL G37 Coupe and Convertible are only available in 3 colors; Graphite Shadow gray metallic, Moonlight white (QAA) and Malbec Black. Like the regular models, the G37 IPL was also renamed Q60 IPL beginning 2014 model year.
	Infiniti offers an "S" and "Red Sport" variant on many of their vehicles, which includes sportier styling on both the exterior and interior, more horsepower, and a firmer suspension.

= = = Pyramidobela angelarum = = =

	The buddleia budworm moth (Pyramidobela angelarum) is a moth in the family Oecophoridae. It is known only from urban situations near the coast of California in the United States, but is most likely is introduced there, since the only known food plant is the ornamental "Buddleia", which is a primarily tropical genus.
	The length of the forewings is 7.8-9.5 mm. The ground color of the forewings is gray-brown, lightly speckled with brown. The ground color of the hindwings is pale gray. Adults are on wing from late February to early December.
	The larvae have been recorded feeding on "Buddleia" species. They roll and skeletonize the leaves of their host plant and bore into the terminal buds.

= = = Liverpool Corporation Tramways = = =

	Liverpool Corporation Tramways operated a tramway service in Liverpool between 1898 and 1957.
	In 1897, Liverpool Corporation bought the Liverpool United Tramway and Omnibus Company and obtained a Private Act of Parliament, the Liverpool Corporation Tramways Act 1897.
	A modernisation scheme followed immediately with electrification of services taking around 5 years.
	The first electric service left Dingle on 16 November 1898. By 1901, the 101 million passengers were carried by the electric cars.
	The last tram, (Car 293 No. 6A), ran from Liverpool's Pier Head to Bowring Park on 14 September 1957.
	The car was bought by the Seashore Trolley Museum of Kennebunkport, Maine, U.S. and shipped via Boston, Massachusetts in 1958. As of 2017, it is currently at the back of a shed at the Museum, and in poor condition.
	Horse car 43 is a static exhibit at the Wirral Transport Museum in Birkenhead.
	Car 293 survives at the Seashore Trolley Museum in Kennebunkport, Maine, United States of America.
	Car 245 was restored to operational condition in 2014, by members of the Merseyside Tramway Preservation Society at the Wirral Transport Museum in Birkenhead, and is operational at the Wirral Tramway.
	Car 762 is operational at the Wirral Tramway.
	Car 869 (known as a "Streamliner" or "Liner" in original Liverpool service, and "Green Goddess" in later Glasgow service) is part of the operational fleet at the National Tramway Museum at Crich in Derbyshire.

= = = Leonberg station = = =

	Leonberg station is a station located on the Black Forest Railway in the town of Leonberg in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is served by lines S 6 and S 60 of the S-Bahn. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 4 station.
	A horse bus service had operated between Leonberg and Stuttgart from 1840. However, it could only carry twelve people and operated only two or three times a week.
	In 1863, representatives of the Oberamts (the districts of the time) of Calw and Nagold requested that their districts be connected to the railway network. Christian Maier, chief official of the Oberamt of Leonberg, agreed and suggested a route through Leonberg and Weil der Stadt. But the Oberamt of Böblingen wanted the benefits of a new railway and the member for Böblingen, Otto Elben, presented the parliament of Württemberg with his plan for a line from Böblingen. The heads of the Oberamts of the Black Forest distanced themselves from this discussion. Whether the line ran via Böblingen or Leonberg seemed secondary to them. There were long debates in the parliament. The member for Leonberg was obliged to give parliament an assurance that agriculture and trade was more important in the Oberamt of Leonberg. It is debatable whether he persuaded parliament or the members just decided to pick the less expensive proposal. Parliament decided with a slim majority on 13 August 1865 to pick the option that passed through the Strohgäu, thus securing a rail link for Leonberg.
	The construction of the Black Forest Railway took longer than anticipated. Large earthworks were necessary, especially in the section between Ditzingen and Leonberg. The station was built west of Leonberg on the border with the Eltingen district. The Royal Württemberg State Railways () built a more monumental station building for the Oberamt town than was usual on the line. It consisted of a three-story main building, with a single storey extension. The building ended in a polygonal section.
	On 1 December 1869, the Royal Württemberg State Railways put the Ditzingen–Weil der Stadt section into service. In subsequent years, the population of the town increased only very moderately. The small district had barely enough room for a significant industrial centre. The Black Forest line lost much of its importance after the completion of the Gäu Railway in September 1879.
	The Black Forest Railway has had a second track on the Ditzingen–Leonberg section since 30 September 1932. The line was electrified between Zuffenhausen and Leonberg on 15 May 1939, leading to an improved rail services.
	As a modernisation measure, Deutsche Bundesbahn demolished the historic station building in 1967 and opened a new one-story flat-roofed building on 22 January 1969. On 1 October 1978, S-Bahn line S 6, running from Stuttgart Schwabstraße to Weil der Stadt, replaced the existing electric suburban trains.
	The station is served by lines S 6 and S60 of the Stuttgart S-Bahn. S-Bahn services towards Zuffenhausen and Stuttgart stop on platform track 1, next to the station building. Trains towards Renningen stop on track 2. Platform 3 is used by some services beginning or ending in Leonberg. Track 4 (which has no platform) is no longer used. The station is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 4 station.

= = = Sandberg Prize = = =

	The Sandberg Prize for Israeli Art refers to a prize for art and design awarded at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem, with a particular focus on Israeli art. The prize was inaugurated in 1968 with funds from an anonymous New York–based donor. The prize is named in honor of Willem Sandberg, who served between 1964 and 1968 as chairman of the Executive Committee of the Israel Museum, which opened in 1965.
	The Sandberg Prize Foundation was established with a 75 thousand dollar fund which was earmarked for the purchase of Israeli art, and to be awarded to artists for their work. The anonymous donor requested to honor the work that Sandberg had done to promote Modern Art in Israel and with the intension of supporting the proliferation of art in Israel. 
	Joseph Zaritsky was the first artist to be awarded the prize 2 January 1968. The panel of judges for the prize included Sandberg and Yonah Fisher. The prize was given to Zaritsky for the 1964 painting which paid homage to Jan Vermeer. In the many interviews that followed the prize, Zaritsky stressed that the artwork has an independence of its own and "it is not permissible to look at a painting and see more than what is there", he explained "an artists should not imagine beyond what he sees. What he sees is what there is. A painting is not a dream".
	On December 3, 1968, the Sandberg Prize was awarded to Yigal Tumarkin for Sculpture and Arie Aroch for Painting. 
	In addition to the prize a Sandberg Research Grant was awarded over the years from the Department of Design and Architecture at the Israel Museum.
	For a complete listing see 

= = = Pyramidobela agyrtodes = = =

	Pyramidobela agyrtodes is a moth in the family Oecophoridae. It is found from in southern North America from extreme western Texas to southern Chihuahua and Nuevo León.
	The length of the forewings is 7.4-9.3 mm. The ground color of the forewings is pale gray, lightly speckled with pale brownish, although the costal half is scattered with ocherous. The ground color of the hindwings is whitish, basally becoming gray-brown toward the apex. Adults are on wing from April to May (in Texas), July (southern Chihuahua) and September (northern Chihuahua).

= = = Santiago District = = =

	Santiago District may refer to:

= = = Pyramidobela compulsa = = =

	Pyramidobela compulsa is a moth in the family Oecophoridae. It is found in southern Chile.
	The length of the forewings is about 9.5 mm. The ground color of the forewings is whitish ocherous irregularly suffused with brownish. The ground color of the hindwings is gray-whitish. Adults have been recorded in December.

= = = Dobrov Research Institute on Scientific and Technological Potential and Science History = = =

	H.M. Dobrov Center for Scientific and Technological Potential and Science History Studies () is a research institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
	The Center's history dates from 1965, with the Department of Machine Methods for Processing of Science History Information at the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.
	In subsequent years, the team of researchers supervised by H.M. Dobrov was doing research in the Institute of Mathematics, Institute of Cybernetics and the Council of Productive Forces of Ukraine of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.
	In 1986-1991 the center was a functionally independent structural entity in the Institute for Superhard Materials.
	In 1989 the Center was named after its founder — H.M. Dobrov, professor, and correspondent-member of the NAS of Ukraine.
	In 1991 the center received the status of a research institute.
	Since 1991 the center has been an scientific research institution within the Informatics Division of the NAS of Ukraine.
	Address: G.M. Dobrov Center for Scientific and Technological Potential and Science History Studies (STEPS Center) of the NAS of Ukraine. 60, Taras Shevchenko blvd., Kiev, Ukraine, 01032.

= = = The Queens Hall Minehead = = =

	The Queen's Hall in Minehead, Somerset, England was built in 1914 on the sea front of Minehead as a theatre for films and live performances.
	It was designed by W.J. Tamlyn a local architect and built of brick with Bath Stone dressings by J.B. & S.B.Marley. The first show was "Oh I Say" which had previously been at the Criterion Theatre in London.
	The brick building of three bays with an decorated fascia an iron and glass canopy. The auditorium, which is by , has a barrel roof with an elliptical proscenium arch with ornamental cartouche. Orchestra stalls and the balcony provided the majority of the seating and there were two boxes. It was a venue for various ballet and theatrical touring companies and was the first place in the town at which a sound film was shown. In 1930 a Western Electric sound system was installed.
	The theatre and cinema closed in 1939 with the outbreak of World War II, with the building being used as a canteen for troops. The building suffered major damage in the storms of 1996 with the glass canopy over the entrance being destroyed and flood damage to the hall. The building was restored for use as an amusement arcade and then a public house, at one time called the Mambo bar. It currently operates under its original name, "The Queen's Hall," as a pub. The pub closed in 2015. The lease was sold in 2012 for an undisclosed sum. It incorporated upper and lower ground floors with the balcony set up as a VIP area. There were also a kitchen and washing up area with a managers flat above. It was refurbished and reopened in 2016.

= = = General Eyewear = = =

	General Eyewear is London-based eyewear company and brand. The company was founded in the late 1990s by Fraser Laing. Originally under the name Arckiv, it produced its own original eyewear designs and had a particular specialism in Vintage eyewear. In 2010 the company split into two distinct companies, Arckiv became solely focused on menswear, while General Eyewear became a stand-alone company and brand formed from the continuation of the original eyewear division.
	General Eyewear under the name Arckiv began as an eyewear specialist in the late 1990s, producing its own original designs but being notable for its extensive library of museum grade, antique, prototype and vintage frames, quickly becoming a renowned specialist in eyewear. The company eventually moved into the design of clothing and accessories. After splitting in 2010 to form two distinct companies, Arckiv became solely focused on menswear, while General Eyewear became a stand-alone company and brand formed from the continuation of the original eyewear division.
	General Eyewear has a flagship store, which is an independent opticians located in London's historic Stables Market which is where it holds its vast archive of frames. The store itself was named The Best Accessories Shop in London by "Time Out London".

= = = Kırklareli University = = =

	The Kırklareli University was founded at 2007 under the administration of the Trakya University Rectorate Enver Duran. The University is based on a strong background of the Faculty of Engineering, built at 1992. 
	The University has four faculties, two institutes, seven vocational schools and a school of health, with nearly 10000 students, more than 300 academic and 200 administrative staff. 
	The University is a member of the Balkan Universities Network.

= = = Dario Antiseri = = =

	Dario Antiseri (born 1940 in Foligno) is a Philosophy professor. He holds a bachelor's degree (summa cum laude) in Philosophy from the University of Perugia and for many years he has been Full Professor of Methodology of the Social Sciences at LUISS, in Rome. He taught in Siena, Padova and Rome, where he was also the Dean of the Faculty of Political Science. He retired from academia in 2010. He is an important scholar of Karl R. Popper and Hans-Georg Gadamer, and in many works he tries to show the links between fallibilism and hermeneutics. In 1996, he published a book about Gianni Vattimo's "weak thought". With the Italian philosopher Giovanni Reale, he is also author of an important treatise of philosophy in three volumes, which is the most widely used philosophy textbook in Italian schools.

= = = Charaimari = = =

	Charaimari is a village near Mushalpur town in Baksa district of Assam state of India.

= = = Jan Maroši = = =

	Jan Maroši (born 4 November 1965) is a Czech former football player. He made two international appearances for the Czechoslovakia national football team and is also known for having scored directly from a corner for Sigma Olomouc in a 1992–93 UEFA Cup match against Juventus. He made a total of 366 top flight appearances spanning the end of the Czechoslovak First League and the beginning of the Gambrinus liga, scoring 67 goals. In 2006 Maroši was ranked 15th on the list of players with most appearances in the Czech and/or Czechoslovak top flight since the Czechoslovak First League began in 1925.
	Maroši started out at Sigma Olomouc in 1987. Olomouc achieved third-place finishes in the Czechoslovak First League in 1990–91 and 1991–92 and subsequently qualified twice for the UEFA Cup. In the 1991–92 UEFA Cup, Maroši scored in the second round match against Torpedo Moscow and Olomouc went on to reach the quarter finals.
	In the following season's 1992–93 UEFA Cup, Maroši again featured in Olomouc's European campaign, scoring the fourth goal in a 7–1 thrashing of Fenerbahçe in the second round. Although he scored a late goal directly from a corner against Juventus in the third round, it was to no avail as Juventus went on to win the tie comfortably, 7–1 on aggregate and subsequently went on to win the whole competition.
	Maroši spent the second half of his career at Brno, joining in 1994. After Pavel Tobiáš became manager of Brno in the 2000–01 Gambrinus liga, Maroši was told he was surplus to requirements, signalling an end to his playing career at the top level.
	Maroši went on to work as assistant coach to Roman Kotol at Dolní Kounice in the 2002–03 Czech 2. Liga.
	After his career as a football player, Maroši became director of a sport school in Brno. In 2009, he became chairman of the City Football Association in Brno.
	Maroši's nephew, Martin Maroši, is also a professional footballer.

= = = Bad Boys (Haywire album) = = =

	Bad Boys is the debut album from the Canadian band Haywire, released 1986.

= = = Themira putris = = =

	Themira putris is a European species of fly and member of the family Sepsidae.

= = = 1996 United States presidential election in Idaho = = =

	The 1996 United States presidential election in Idaho took place on November 5, 1996, as part of the 1996 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
	Idaho was won by Senator Bob Dole (R-KS) over President Bill Clinton (D), with Dole winning 52.18% to 33.65% for a margin of 18.53%. Billionaire businessman Ross Perot (Reform Party of the United States of America-TX) finished in third, with 12.71% of the popular vote. , this is the last election in which Nez Perce County and Shoshone County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.
	With 52.18% of the popular vote, Idaho proved to be Dole's fourth strongest state in the 1996 election after neighboring Utah, Kansas and Nebraska. The state also proved to be Ross Perot's third strongest state in the election after Maine and neighboring Montana.

= = = Themira annulipes = = =

	Themira annulipes is a European species of fly and member of the family Sepsidae.

= = = 1946–47 Manchester United F.C. season = = =

	The 1946–47 season was Manchester United's 45th season in the Football League and second back in the First Division since their promotion from the Second Division in 1938. It was the first season of Football League action following the end of World War II, and the club's first in the league under the management of Matt Busby. United failed to end their wait for a major trophy which began in 1911, but they had undoubtedly their best season since then, finishing runners-up in the First Division behind Liverpool.

= = = Beaver Dam Mountains = = =

	The Beaver Dam Mountains are a long mountain range located mostly in extreme southwest Washington County, Utah, west of St. George, with the south of the range extending into the Arizona Strip.
	The range contains the Beaver Dam Mountains Wilderness which straddles the state's borders. The south of the range can be impressively seen from Interstate 15, as it traverses the corridor into Utah through the Virgin River Gorge, as the Virgin River exits the west of the Colorado Plateau.
	The range contains two sections. The northern massif is anchored by the highpoint (photo), of the West Mountain Peak (Washington County), . The eastern flank of the north massif contains Shivwits, Utah in the center of a section of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah, the Shivwits Band of Utah. Utah highway 91 traverses the northwest-southeast sections through Utah Hill Summit.
	The center of the range is adjacent to the Highway 91 mountain pass, and Tahoari (peak), .
	The center of the range at about , (Utah Hill Summit), can be easily accessed from the west-southwest by Highway 91, from Littlefield, Arizona. The east and southeast of the range can be accessed by routes from St. George and Interstate 15.

= = = C12H15N2O3PS = = =

	The molecular formula CHNOPS (molar mass: 298.298 g/mol) may refer to:

= = = Sepsis flavimana = = =

	Sepsis flavimana is a European species of flies and member of the family Sepsidae.

= = = Self-enforcing agreement = = =

	A self-enforcing agreement is an agreement that is enforced only by the parties to it; no external party can enforce or interfere with the agreement. (In this respect it differs from an enforceable contract.) The agreement will stand so long as the parties believe it is mutually beneficial and it is not breached by any party.
	In game theory, games in which cooperative behaviour can only be enforced through self-enforcing agreements are called non-cooperative games, whereas games allowing strategies relying on external enforcement are called cooperative games. Nash equilibrium is the most common kind of self-enforcing agreement.

= = = A. G. Weinberger = = =

	A. G. Weinberger is a Romanian blues guitar player, lapsteel guitarist, bandleader, vocalist and record producer.
	Weinberger wrote scores on 19 theatre plays for Romanian theatre companies (including L.S. Bulandra Theatre and the Romanian National Theater).

= = = Sepsis nigripes = = =

	Sepsis nigripes is a European species of flies and member of the family Sepsidae.

= = = Word of Mouth (journal) = = =

	Word of Mouth is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers five times a year in the field of education. The editor-in-chief is Carol Westby (University of New Mexico). The journal was established in 1989 and is currently published by SAGE Publications in association with The Hammill Institute on Disabilities.
	"Word of Mouth" is abstracted and indexed in CINAHL and Scopus.

= = = Hungarian National Pentathlon Championship 1946 = = =

	Hungarian National Pentathlon Championship 1946 was the first case when a nationwide championship was held in Hungary to find the champion in pentathlon. Competitors were ranked by their results in all of the five competitions. László Karácson, the winner of the event became third in show jumping, fifth in épée fencing, first in pistol shooting, third in freestyle swimming and second in running. Only Csepel Sport Club was able the stat a team, so they won.

= = = Themira leachi = = =

	Themira leachi is a European species of fly and member of the family Sepsidae.

= = = Pyramidobela epibryas = = =

	Pyramidobela epibryas is a moth in the family Oecophoridae. It is found in São Paulo, Brazil.
	The length of the forewings is about 7.5 mm. The ground color of the forewings is dark brown. The basal fourth is suffused with whitish. There are some scattered black scales and two or three small blackish spots near the base. The ground color of the hindwings is gray, but light anteriorly. Adults have been recorded in October.

= = = Sripuria, Tinsukia = = =

	Sripuria, also spelled as Sreepuria is a locality of the city of Tinsukia, Assam, India.

= = = Pyramidobela tetraphyta = = =

	Pyramidobela tetraphyta is a moth in the family Oecophoridae. It is found in Mexico.
	The length of the forewings is 9.4-10.3 mm. The ground color of the forewings is pale tan, more or less evenly dusted with brownish, at times tending to form longitudinal streaks on the costa and in the apical area. The ground color of the hindwings is pale gray. Adults are on wing in April and from September to November.

= = = Pyramidobela ochrolepra = = =

	Pyramidobela ochrolepra is a moth in the family Oecophoridae. It is found in Mexico.
	The length of the forewings is about 7.2 mm. The ground color of the forewings is brownish white. The costal and dorsal areas are faintly suffused with darker brown, leaving an ill-defined, whitish clouding longitudinally through the middle of the wing. The ground color of the hindwings is pale gray.

= = = Orygma luctuosum = = =

	Orygma luctuosum is a European species of fly and member of the family Sepsidae.

= = = List of FK AS Trenčín managers = = =

	FK AS Trenčín is a professional football club based in Trenčín, Slovakia, which plays in the Slovak First League. This chronological list comprises all those who have held the position of manager of the first team of AS Trenčín from 1992.
	The first manager of AS Trenčín was Slovak Ladislav Kuna.

= = = Nemopoda nitidula = = =

	Nemopoda nitidula is a European species of flies and member of the family Sepsidae.

= = = Little Heath, Cheshire East = = =

	Little Heath is a village in the civil parish of Audlem, Cheshire, England.

= = = Nemopoda pectinulata = = =

	Nemopoda pectinulata is a European species of flies and member of the family Sepsidae.

= = = Speakers' Corner, Singapore = = =

	Speakers' Corner is an area located within Hong Lim Park, Singapore, where citizens and permanent residents of Singapore may demonstrate, hold exhibitions and performances, and speak freely on most topics after prior registration on a government website. Such activities are heavily restricted in other parts of Singapore.
	It was launched on 1 September 2000 by the Singapore Government as a venue for "free speech area" where speaking events could be held without the need to apply for a licence under the Public Entertainments Act (Cap. 257, 1985 Rev. Ed.), now the ("PEMA"). However, it was necessary for people to register their intention to speak at the venue with a police officer at the Kreta Ayer Neighbourhood Police Post any time within 30 days before the event, though there was no requirement for the police to be informed of the topic of the proposed speech. Other conditions imposed were that speeches had to take place between 7:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m., and the use of sound amplification devices was prohibited. In 2002, exhibitions and performances were permitted to be held at Speakers' Corner. Conditions for the use of Speakers' Corner were further liberalized in 2008. Responsibility for registering people wishing to speak or stage an exhibition or performance was taken over by the Commissioner of Parks and Recreation, and online registration was introduced. It became possible to hold demonstrations provided they are organized by Singapore citizens and the participants are only citizens and permanent residents. Events can now be held around the clock, and self-powered amplification devices like loudhailers may be used between 9:00 a.m. and 10:30 p.m.
	At present, Speakers' Corner is concurrently regulated by the Parks and Trees Regulations (Cap. 216, Rg. 1, 2006 Rev. Ed.), the Public Entertainments and Meetings (Speakers' Corner) (Exemption) (No. 2) Order 2011 (S 493/2011) (issued under the PEMA) and the Public Order (Unrestricted Area) (No. 2) Order 2011 (S 494/2011) (issued under the ("POA")). The applicable conditions have remained essentially unchanged. Speakers and demonstration organizers must be Singapore citizens, while participants at demonstrations must be either citizens or permanent residents. Banners, films, flags, photographs, placards, posters, signs, writing or other visible representations or paraphernalia containing violent, lewd or obscene material must not be displayed or exhibited. Persons making speeches must use any of the four official languages of Singapore (English, Malay, Mandarin and Tamil) or related dialects, and organizers of demonstrations must be present throughout the event. Events must not deal with any matter that relates directly or indirectly to any religious belief or to religion generally, or which may cause feelings of enmity, hatred, ill-will or hostility between different racial or religious groups in Singapore. Events adhering to the regulations are not immune from other existing laws such as those relating to defamation and sedition.
	Articles 14(1)(a) and (b) of the Constitution of Singapore respectively guarantee freedom of speech and expression and freedom of assembly to Singapore citizens. However, the PEMA and POA, which require permits to be obtained before public meetings and assemblies can be held, were enacted pursuant to exceptions to these rights. Article 14(2)(a) provides that Parliament may by law restrict the right to free speech to protect, among other things, Singapore's security and public order, and to prevent incitement to any criminal offence. Under Article 14(2)(b), the right of assembly may also be limited for public order reasons. As Speakers' Corner was intended to increase avenues available for the exercise of free speech, the pieces of subsidiary legislation regulating the venue were issued to provide that public speaking and demonstrations there are not subject to the PEMA and POA if the conditions specified in the subsidiary legislation are complied with. Speakers' Corner has been criticized as a token gesture, though others have pointed to its use by civil society activists as evidence that it has widened the political space in Singapore.
	Singapore's political model has been described as a representative democracy, and Singaporeans have constitutional rights to freedom of speech and assembly under Articles 14(1)(a) and (b) of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore. The constitutional rights to free speech and assembly extend only to Singapore citizens. Hence, the Singapore Court of Appeal has held that non-citizens enjoy only common law free speech. Articles 14(1)(a) and (b) are then subject to Articles 14(2)(a) and (b) which allow Parliament to impose, by law, restrictions on the rights to freedom of speech and assembly. The grounds for restrictions are, for freedom of speech, Singapore's security, friendly relations with other states, public order, public morality, protecting parliamentary privilege, defamation, contempt of court and incitement to any criminal offence; and for freedom of assembly, public order only. These restrictions made it a lengthy and difficult process to obtain the licence required to address a public gathering.
	In response to these free speech concerns, Speakers' Corner was created as local adaptation of the Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park, London, in 2000. In a 1999 interview with "New York Times" columnist William Safire, the Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong said the idea had first been suggested by the Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew, but Goh felt that it was not yet the right time to set it up. The following year, the Government decided to go ahead despite its fear of potential public disorder, as the idea enjoyed widespread support from the public and civil society groups. During a Parliamentary debate on the issue on 25 April 2000, opposition Member of Parliament Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam asked the Minister for Home Affairs Wong Kan Seng whether this was a "mere show" or whether the Government was serious about promoting free speech in Singapore. If the latter, he asked if the Minister would agree to an open debate with the Workers' Party of Singapore outside Parliament. In response, Wong said there was nothing to prevent Jeyaretnam from making a speech at Speakers' Corner, but that the public forum for a proper policy debate was in Parliament:
	Speakers' Corner was launched on 1 September 2000 at Hong Lim Park, a historical venue for political speeches and rallies. The park's proximity to the Kreta Ayer Neighbourhood Police Post (NPP) also made it convenient for people to register to speak at the venue. In the first nine months, more than a thousand speeches were made.
	Speakers' Corner was established by the issuance of the Public Entertainments (Speakers' Corner) (Exemption) Order 2000, which exempted people wishing to speak in Hong Lim Park from the need to apply for a licence under the Public Entertainments Act. Speakers had to be Singapore citizens, as the Government was concerned that the venue should not be used by foreigners "to pursue their own agenda whether in respect of their own domestic issues, or those of other countries, including Singapore's". They also had to register their intention to speak with a police officer at the Kreta Ayer NPP any time within 30 days before the public speaking, although there was no need to inform the police of the topic of the proposed speech. However, speakers were not permitted to deal with any matter which related either directly or indirectly to any religious belief or to religion generally, or which might cause feelings of enmity, hatred, ill-will or hostility between different racial or religious groups in Singapore.
	On 15 February 2002, while at Speakers' Corner, Singapore Democratic Party chief Chee Soon Juan attacked the Government's decision to suspend four Muslim girls for wearing the "tudung" (Islamic headscarf) to public schools. Contrary to police advice, he chose not to apply for a public entertainment licence, arguing he did not need one. Chee's speech sparked heated exchanges involving the Sikh practice of wearing turbans. In July, Chee was convicted and fined S$3,000 for speaking without the required licence. In his judgment, District Judge Kow Keng Siong emphasized the twin considerations of public order and national security in multi-racial and multi-religious Singapore, finding that Chee's speech had bred social unrest. Under the Constitution of Singapore, a person who has been fined at least $2,000 cannot stand for election to Parliament for five years. As a result of the incident, Chee was barred from contesting the 2006 general elections.
	Other conditions imposed on a speech at Speakers' Corner were that it had to take place only between 7:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m. on the date notified by the person to the police, had to be in any of Singapore's four official languages (English, Malay, Mandarin or Tamil) or any related dialects, and the use of sound amplification devices was prohibited. The latter restriction was justified on the grounds that it would reduce noise pollution and prevent one speaker from drowning out another one, and that it also applied to Speakers' Corner in London.
	In 2002, exhibitions and performances were also permitted to be held at Speakers' Corner. The conditions that organizers and participants had to adhere to were broadly similar to those applying to speeches. In addition, the organizer or an authorized agent had to be present at all times during the exhibition or performance, the event could not contain violent, lewd or obscene messages, no banners or placards could be carried by participants, and the event could not be an assembly or procession for which a permit was required under the Miscellaneous Offences (Public Order and Nuisance) (Assemblies and Processions) Rules.
	With effect from 1 September 2008, under the Public Entertainments and Meetings (Speakers' Corner) (Exemption) Order 2008 ("2008 PEMA Order"), responsibility for registering people wishing to speak or stage an exhibition or performance at Speakers' Corner was taken over from the police by the Commissioner of Parks and Recreation by way of an amendment to the Parks and Trees Regulations. To provide greater convenience, the National Parks Board made it possible for people to register online at its website. In addition, it became possible to hold demonstrations provided that they are organized by Singapore citizens and the participants are only citizens and permanent residents. As the time period restriction was lifted, events can now be held around the clock. In addition, rules on voice amplification were revised to allow the use of self-powered amplification devices like loudhailers from 9:00 a.m. to 10:30 p.m. This relaxation of the rules potentially allows for speakers' messages to be heard by larger audiences. A minor change was also introduced to the conditions for the use of Speakers' Corner – no banner, film, photograph, placard or poster containing any violent, lewd or obscene material may be displayed or exhibited whether before, during or after the event.
	In the first month after public demonstrations were permitted at Speakers' Corner, 11 out of the 31 applications received were indicated as being public protests. Hearers of Cries, a group concerned with the plight of abused maids, became the first group to hold a public outdoor demonstration at Speakers' Corner.
	The Public Order Act, intended to regulate public assemblies and processions and to introduce new powers for the preservation of public order, came into force on 9 October 2009. On the same day, the Public Order (Unrestricted Area) Order 2009 ("2009 POA Order") made pursuant to the Act declared that Speakers' Corner was an unrestricted area in which assemblies and processions could be held without the need for a police permit. Thus, at present, Speakers' Corner is concurrently regulated by the Parks and Trees Regulations, and by exemption orders issued under the PEMA and POA. The conditions under which addresses, debates, demonstrations, discussions, lectures and talks (whether or not together with any exhibition, performance, play-reading or recital), must be held have remained essentially unchanged. Speakers and demonstration organizers must be Singapore citizens, while participants in demonstrations must be either citizens or permanent residents. Banners, films, flags, photographs, placards, posters, signs, writing or other visible representations or paraphernalia containing violent, lewd or obscene material must not be displayed or exhibited. Persons making speeches must use any of the four official languages of Singapore or related dialects, and organizers of demonstrations must be present throughout the event. In January 2008, the Complaints Choir, a vocal group participating in the M1 Singapore Fringe Festival 2008, was denied the chance to perform at Speakers' Corner and other outdoor venues unless the six foreigners in the group of 50 did not participate in the performance. As the choir did not wish to be split up in any way, it decided not to go ahead with the performance. Queried on the matter in Parliament, the Minister for Communication, Information and the Arts Dr. Lee Boon Yang stated that the Government did not think it "desirable or good precedent" for "foreigners [to come] here to organise and to lead Singaporeans to complain about our domestic issues".
	Crucially, events held at Speakers' Corner must not deal with any matter that relates directly or indirectly to any religious belief or to religion generally, or which may cause feelings of enmity, hatred, ill-will or hostility between different racial or religious groups in Singapore. On 19 September 2008, Thamiselvan Karuppaya, an Indian real estate agent who wished to speak at Speakers' Corner about the use of Tamil on public signs, had to change his plans after being informed by the police that he required a permit as the topic of his speech was racially sensitive. A subsequent application for a permit was turned down.
	A contravention of the regulations renders speakers and organizers of demonstrations liable to fines of up to $10,000, or incarceration of up to six months. The penalty for displaying anything violent, lewd or obscene at a demonstration is a fine not exceeding $3,000 or, on a subsequent conviction, $5,000. Events which adhere to the regulations are also not immune from other existing laws such as those relating to defamation and sedition.
	In 2011, the regulations creating Speakers' Corner were suspended and then restored twice: first for the purpose of the campaigning period during the general election, and subsequently for the presidential election.
	In his 2008 National Day Rally speech, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong indicated that the purpose behind various government policies, including the creation of Speakers' Corner, was to "liberalise our society, to widen the space for expression and participation". Its reception was mixed, however, and there have been a wide range of views and perspectives on the impact of Speakers' Corner in increasing the space for free speech and the freedom to assemble. It has been called an "exercise in tokenism" for the purpose of preserving a literal "space" for engaging in free speech while also "cornering" it in that space. This is reflected in the relative lack of progress towards liberalization in other areas such as awards of high damages in libel lawsuits brought by politicians which has been said to have a chilling effect on political speech in Singapore. Former Workers' Party member James Gomez has also expressed concerns about the effectiveness of the Speakers' Corner as a site of vibrant political debate, citing the lack of a "culture of speaking" amongst Singaporeans. The ban on racially or religiously sensitive speech has been criticized as possibly curtailing free speech on genuine political matters and limiting the scope of constitutionally entrenched fundamental liberties.
	Despite such criticisms, some social activist groups remain optimistic that Speakers' Corner represents a step towards political liberalization and the promise of a wider political space. Although Dr. Kenneth Paul Tan, Assistant Dean of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, has noted that initial cynicism was inevitable as Speakers' Corner was a top-down initiative, he recognizes that civil society activists have since actively occupied and made use of Speakers' Corner to generate public interest in various social and political issues. This view is shared by Professor Bilveer Singh, a political science analyst at the National University of Singapore, who has pointed to large turnouts at events organized at Speakers' Corner as evidence that Singaporeans are "not fearful and not politically apathetic."
	The government has also shown itself to be sensitive to calls for greater liberalisation on the ground, with Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong acknowledging incremental changes to the rules and regulations at Speakers' Corner to be necessary for "more citizens to engage in debate" and to "progressively open up our system even more".
	In 2008, Speakers' Corner was the scene for meetings held over several weeks by Tan Kin Lian, former chief executive of insurance company NTUC Income, to advise people of their legal recourse after structured products they had purchased became virtually valueless upon the collapse of Lehman Brothers. On 23 January 2009 during an event at Speakers' Corner, the National Solidarity Party gave its views on the national budget one day after it was announced, criticizing the Government for not doing enough to assist unemployed breadwinners during the recession. The Party's secretary-general, Ken Sunn, said the event was to let Singaporeans "participate, speak and hear various views and opinions on the Singapore Government's 2009 Budget statement, and discuss ways to improve our Singapore Economy". The first public rally by the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community in Singapore, called Pink Dot SG, was held on 16 May 2009. Estimates of the number of people who attended ranged from 1,000 to 2,500 people. Held every year since, the event was attended by 28,000 people in 2015. On 31 May 2009, more than a hundred people attended a demonstration at Speakers' Corner organized by human rights advocacy group Maruah to call for Myanmar's military junta to release Aung San Suu Kyi. Participants from Myanmar were requested to remain outside a cordoned-off area since only Singaporeans and permanent residents may attend demonstrations at Speakers' Corner.
	In July 2009, the police installed closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras for "safety and security". The police said that the cameras complemented the presence of their officers on the ground and did not record audio inputs. The move drew some negative reactions from the public. Former Nominated Member of Parliament Siew Kum Hong felt that the installation of CCTV cameras was "pretty ridiculous", and wondered if the move might feed the perception in some quarters that Singapore is a police state, since Speakers' Corner is "the one place in Singapore" where people can demonstrate. Nevertheless, the cameras have not affected various events from being held. With effect from 1 December 2009, the size of Speakers' Corner was reduced so that it only occupies the half of Hong Lim Park nearer New Bridge Road. From 1 March 2012, Speakers' Corner was expanded to include an area behind Kreta Ayer NPP, near the junction of North Canal Road and South Bridge Road.
	A commemorative birthday memorial was organized for J.B. Jeyaretnam, the late leader of the opposition Reform Party, at Speakers' Corner on 5 January 2010. At the event, several opposition politicians shared with the public their experiences with Jeyaretnam.
	In September 2010, "Today" newspaper reported that statistics from the National Parks Board indicated that the number of groups registering to stage events at Speakers' Corner had fallen from 39 between September 2008 and August 2009, to nine between September 2009 and August 2010. The number of individuals registering dropped from 102 to 57 during the same periods. Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong, who was Prime Minister when Speakers' Corner was set up, expressed the view that its use had declined because there were now other avenues for people to express themselves such as the Internet (including the Government's online feedback portal Reach), newspapers, and radio and television channels. Also, people might feel that the venue is not always the best place "to meaningfully and constructively press their views on issues". He saw Speakers' Corner as "playing the same role as envisaged – mostly dormant but good to have".

= = = Ray Dixon = = =

	Ray Dixon is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera "EastEnders", played by Chucky Venn. Ray is an ex-partner of character Bianca Butcher (Patsy Palmer) and the father of her son Morgan Butcher (Devon Higgs). He made his first on screen appearance on 10 January 2012. His storylines have involved meeting and getting to know Morgan, a relationship with Kim Fox (Tameka Empson) and starting a youth mentoring scheme. On 16 April 2013 it was announced that Venn had been written out of the show, and departed on 28 May 2013. He appeared in 107 episodes.
	Ray is first mentioned in the episode broadcast on 9 January 2012, when Morgan asks about his father and Bianca says it is Barack Obama. Bianca's adopted daughter, Whitney Dean (Shona McGarty), knowing the truth, attempts to contact Ray. Whitney takes Morgan to meet Ray the next day, and he soon comes to Walford to see Morgan. He saves Kim Fox (Tameka Empson) from a falling ladder, and she is attracted to him. Bianca soon realises that Whitney has taken Morgan to meet Ray, but does not want them to see each other, and Kim is disappointed to learn that Ray has a son. Whitney soon convinces Bianca to let Morgan see Ray again. Ray returns shortly after, wanting to spend more time with his son and offering to cook a meal for Bianca's family, although when Ray reveals he has a daughter, Sasha Dixon (Rebecca Sanneh), Bianca throws him out. He successfully gets a job as a barman and chef at The Queen Victoria public house. On his first day, Sasha arrives meets Morgan and Kim. Ray asks Kim out on a date, but Bianca is angry so takes Morgan out, and Kim tells Ray she has had enough of men with "baggage". Ray continues to pursue Kim but she insists she is busy. Ray tells Bianca he wishes he could have been there for Morgan and how he changed his priorities for Sasha. Bianca misreads his kindness and goes to kiss him, but he turns away. When Ray discovers that Bianca is struggling with money, he gives her £300, saying it is for back-payments for Morgan. He starts to get somewhere with Kim but she suddenly leaves. He later hears from Kim's sister Denise Fox (Diane Parish) that Kim has caught head lice, so he gives Kim a hat to wear and they finally kiss. Kim becomes jealous when Ray playfights with Roxy Mitchell (Rita Simons) and later when he flirts with Bianca. As a result, she accidentally slices off the top of Ray's finger when he tries to help her fillet some fish. She accompanies him to the hospital where they open up to one another and decide to start a relationship.
	After Bianca is imprisoned, her mother Carol Jackson (Lindsey Coulson) decides to move with Bianca's children closer to the prison. Ray realises he cannot make Morgan choose between him and his mother, so allows him to leave. Ray then invites Sasha to stay with him, but Kim says she cannot take on his children. However, Kim is soon forced to look after Sasha, which pleases Ray. Kim and Ray then declare their love for one another. Ray is thrilled when Morgan returns for the wedding of his aunt, Janine Butcher (Charlie Brooks). He bickers with Morgan's adoptive father, Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen) over his parenting methods, but the pair reconcile when Morgan gets upset and Ray thanks Ricky for bringing Morgan up in his absence. Ray moves into Kim's bed and breakfast when his landlord increases his rent. Kim tells Sasha she can organise some work experience for her with a forensic scientist. She later admits this was a lie, leading to Ray moving out. Kim then gets Sasha a placement with Les Coker's (Roger Sloman) firm of funeral directors, and Ray and Kim make up. Ray becomes secretive and Kim suspects he is having an affair. She then finds information about local flats and assumes that Ray is looking for somewhere for them both to live. However, Ray reveals that the flat is for Sasha's mother, Deanne, so they can both be closer to Sasha. Kim feels upset and humiliated. However, he affirms his love for her and they reconcile.
	Ray is angry when a police officer stops him, suspecting him of a mugging. Ray claims that the police officer is being racist, but feels he cannot do anything about it, until Kim and Denise urge him to become a mentor for children facing similar circumstances. With funding from Sport England, he successfully starts his mentoring scheme, "Fighting Fit", at the local boxing club. When Denise is feeling sad about being single, Ray compliments and kisses her. He thinks Denise has told Kim, so says Denise kissed him, leading to Kim and Denise falling out after Kim slaps her. Ray then ends his relationship with Kim, saying they are too different, but she continues to send text messages in the hope they will reconcile. Ray flirts with Kirsty Branning (Kierston Wareing), upsetting Kim. A few months later, Ray learns that Sasha's mother has been in an accident. Kim and Ray start talking when she asks a favour for her bed and breakfast, while he struggles to cope with caring for Sasha and working at the pub. Kim helps Ray by cooking him dinner, which leads to them kissing. They resume their relationship, but Ray decides to leave Walford and his job to be closer to Sasha. Kim agrees to come with him, but at her birthday party, she realises that Ray does not know her very well, so she breaks up with him moments before they are due to leave together, and Ray leaves alone.
	Venn heard from a friend that "EastEnders" were looking to cast Ray, and said that he thought "I could play that guy!" so contacted his agent to be put forward for the part. His agent told him that the producers were already interested in him for the part. Venn had previously worked with actor Jamie Foreman, who plays Derek Branning in the series, and when he discovered that Foreman was a part of the show, it made him more determined to get the part of Ray. He prepared 12 pages of his own back story for the character and imagined Ray's life as a child. Venn was eventually cast in the series, and was contracted for six months. Venn started filming in November 2011. The character and casting were then announced on 15 November 2011. Venn was a fan of "EastEnders" since he was about 12 years old, so he felt it was "a real privilege to now be a part of television history." He said of his casting, "I have had the pleasure of working on many great productions with fantastic artistes such as Morgan Freeman and I have to say working on "EastEnders" feels like it is up there with the best of them. "EastEnders" is etched in British history and it is an honour and a pleasure to be part of it." The first scenes that Venn filmed were with Shona McGarty (Whitney Dean), and Venn stated that it felt like "the first day at school".
	Ray is a former army soldier, which Venn said taught him "discipline and how to handle himself in certain situations." He also said it makes Ray "strategic and tactical". Venn hoped that Ray's army past would catch up with him in a storyline. Venn has described him as "a noble fella" and "a man of principles [who] wants to honour his parental duties to the end, no matter what." He also said "Ray's a very honourable man, and committed to his children." Additionally, when Venn auditioned for the part, the character was pitched to him as "a charming family man and someone the ladies admire." Ray is described as "a good guy" who enjoys the gym, the pub and watching football matches. He had a hard childhood, but was loved by his mother and grandparents. From his grandmother he gained a love of Caribbean food and from his grandfather he took "a special kind of optimism". He got a girl from his estate pregnant before joining the army, which resulted in the birth of his daughter Sasha Dixon. Ray sees Sasha as "being the best thing in his life, but he wishes her mother didn't exist." Ray works as a pub chef, which he has done in various cities. He has no problems with women but is described as "a love 'em and leave 'em type." "Inside Soap" called him "cocky".
	Ray and Bianca had a relationship when she was living in Manchester, and he fell in love with her but it ended when she met Tony King and stole money from Ray. Bianca never told Ray that she had become pregnant by him. A source from "EastEnders" confirmed: "Ray hasn't seen Bianca for years and they didn't part on good terms. He meets Whitney as he has matters with Bianca that are unresolved. But Ray gets the shock of his life when Whitney tells him all about Morgan—and she soon realises that Ray knew nothing about his son." Ray's introduction to "EastEnders" was said to fill "another piece of the puzzle" of Bianca's life, as previously nothing about Morgan's paternity was known. The relationship between Ray and Bianca was described as "fraught". Venn described the relationship as "fiery" and explained that Ray respects Bianca, and said that there was a possibility of them reuniting. Venn told "All About Soap" that when Ray meets Morgan for the first time, he has mixed emotions because although he has met his son, Morgan does not know who he is, and thinks he is meeting Barack Obama. Venn opined that it would be "cathartic" for Ray, saying he would be sad as he has missed out on seven years of Morgan's life, and said that when they first meet, "it's a lovely moment [for] the two of them". An "EastEnders" insider explained that Ray is desperate to be a part of Morgan's life, and would do whatever it takes to be with him, even move to Albert Square, where Morgan's family are. Venn opined that Ray would strive to be a good father, saying "[he]'d take his parental responsibilities very seriously". After Bianca goes to prison in May 2012, Venn told "Inside Soap" that "Ray will do everything in his power to keep Morgan in his life".
	Discussing the storyline in which Ray asks Kim out on a date but she plays hard to get, an "EastEnders" insider told the "Daily Star Sunday" that "Kim absolutely fancies the pants off Ray but she's got to calm herself down. She wants to get this one right so she decides the best way is to play hard to get. Ray sees straight through her and rather enjoys winding her up. She's a little firecracker as far as he's concerned and he likes it. These two are going to provide quite a bit of comedy as they get to know each other. Kim believes it's her destiny to have a fit man on her arm and she may well have met her match in Ray. It's going to be a fun few weeks for her and everyone is excited at the prospect of these two becoming a couple. They have real on-screen chemistry." Kim plays hard to get with Ray for a number of weeks, until Ray admits his feelings for her in scenes broadcast in April 2012. Up until then, they argue a lot, which a writer for "All About Soap" insisted was sexual tension. An "EastEnders" insider told "Inside Soap", "Pairing up Kim and Ray initially creates fireworks of entirely the wrong kind! But there's definitely something there, and [their colleagues] can see plain as day that they're meant to be together." Venn said in May 2012 that pairing up Kim and Ray creates "a dynamic comedic duo [which] brings comedic spice to the show."
	Empson said in a May 2012 interview with "Inside Soap" that Kim did not consider Ray's children when she started flirting with him, but "She's been very honest with him about her feelings. but if you really like somebody, then you have to take the whole package." She went on to say that Kim and Ray "make a good couple" and that "Kim wants a bit of security, and her own family. Ray's a man's man, and she really thinks he could be a long-term love for her. That's why she did things differently with him, and didn't rush in. [...] With Ray, she's keeping her cards very close to her chest." Continuing, she explained that Ray is "something different" for Kim because he's "a decent guy", adding "I think she and Ray really complement each other—he's livened up a bit by her, while she learns a lot from him." Finally, she said that Ray likes that Kim is "her own woman. So together they made a really good team. Someone once said that Kim and Ray are like the Posh and Becks of Walford." Venn said that he thought it was "nice" for Ray to propose marriage to Kim, saying, "I imagine they would have a conventional wedding, then a reception with 70s fancy dress. [...] I'm sure nothing would be straightforward." He also said he would like to see them have a baby together, as it would be "interesting to see how Kim tackled being a mother." Empson said that if they were to get engaged, Kim would need a big ring, and Venn teased that Ray may have got the ring, since viewers were to see "the other side of Ray".
	In December 2012, pictures emerged in the press of Ray kissing Kim's sister Denise Fox (Diane Parish). It was unknown at the time if it would lead to a relationship or remain a one-off. Venn praised the storyline, saying "Obviously it's about layers and showing the different sides of my character, so for me, this is a wonderful challenge. As an actor, I love challenges so I'm looking forward to seeing how this storyline develops. I think Kim would be quite peeved if she found out!" Venn explained Ray's reasons for kissing Denise, saying, "Ray reaches a point where he needs to come up for a breath of air, as there's only so much of Kim's heightened personality he can bear. Did Ray go for the wrong sister? Who knows? He probably has more in common with Denise than he ever had with Kim." He said that he felt bad about Ray kissing Denise because he is close to Empson and her character has been Ray's partner for about 10 to 11 months, and said it was "really weird" to film the kiss with Denise. The kiss, shown in January 2013, leads to Ray and Kim's relationship ending.
	In an early storyline, Ray takes a disliking to Derek Branning (Jamie Foreman) when he stores illegal alcohol in the basement of The Queen Victoria. In May 2012, Venn opined that tension between Derek and Ray "could come to a head at some point soon. There's only so much one man can take, especially when it comes to racial abuse. [Ray will] know exactly when to attack, and won't hold back." Venn also said he could imagine Sasha's mother appearing on screen, saying, ""EastEnders" likes to keep you guessing, and I think that's a storyline with legs."
	In June 2012, it was announced that Kat Moon, played by Jessie Wallace, would embark on a long-running mystery affair with another Albert Square resident. The identity of the mystery man was kept secret from both cast and crew, as well as viewers, and all scenes of Kat with her lover were filmed with an extra. After the storyline was announced, Ray was announced as one of five suspects as potential love interests for Kat, along with, Michael Moon (Steve John Shepherd), Max Branning (Jake Wood), Derek Branning (Jamie Foreman) and Jack Branning (Scott Maslen). Speaking of the storyline, Executive Producer Lorraine Newman said: "The consequences are not only great for Kat and Alfie, but also for each individual suspect. The audience will join the cast and crew guessing across the summer and autumn as we eliminate the suspects one at a time, leading to one almighty explosion." Asked about the possibility that Ray could be Kat's lover, Venn said that "Kat's a saucy minx, and what man wouldn't want to get involved with her? Ray is a loyal, caring father—but we all have our dark sides. There's a lot the audience hasn't seen yet, put it that way." Daniel Kilkelly from entertainment website Digital Spy said that Ray appears to be a "decent family guy" and may not be the top suspect, but he is very flirtatious and his chef's job in The Queen Victoria, where Kat is landlady, would give him the perfect opportunity. However, he questioned the likelihood of Ray cheating on Kim. Ray was eliminated as a suspect in the episode broadcast on 7 August 2012, when he catches Kat on the phone to her lover.
	In September 2012, viewers see Ray become a victim of racial profiling by the police, and Kim suggests that Ray channel his negativity into mentoring youths. Venn spoke on "This Morning", confirming that Ray would indeed start such a scheme. Venn praised the storyline and the fact that the character could show a more serious side, saying, "For me, of course, I was very impressed by "EastEnders" for even making the choice to tackle such a pertinent, very relevant issue. It felt very close to my heart." He went on to say that Ray would "help empower [youths], so they can equip themselves in situations similar to that—[to have] a bit more self-respect, know how to carry themselves and not deal with it in a violent or aggressive manner." Venn then stated that the storyline could establish Ray as "a more well-rounded character", saying, "It's about levels. There's different sides to every individual. It's nice that "EastEnders" have given me the opportunity to allow Ray to show the other sides. It just shows versatility."
	On 16 April 2013, it was announced that Venn was leaving the show, with Ray making his final appearance in May, as producers had decided to write him out. Venn stated: "Working on "EastEnders" has been one of my career highlights and an invaluable experience. I couldn't have asked for a better team to work with and have found a lifelong friend in my on-screen partner Tameka [Empson]. I want to thank everyone who supported me on the show."
	Initial praise for Ray was based on his looks. A writer for "All About Soap" magazine described Ray as "hunky", "good-looking" and said that "this mysterious man might have everything going for him." Laura Morgan of "All About Soap" said that Ray's inclusion "ticks the hunky-man box very nicely". In a feature about "the boys of soapland who'll be lighting up our screens in the coming months", a writer for "Inside Soap" said in May 2012, "It's rare to meet a truly good man in soap. They generally come laden with baggage, burdened with dark secrets and—almost always—have the same attitude to monogamy as a cocker spaniel on heat. But Ray seems to be cut from a different cloth, and we love him for it."
	In May 2012, Venn was nominated in the Best Newcomer category at the 2012 TVChoice Awards for his portrayal of Ray, but was not shortlisted for the award. He was then nominated in July 2012 for Best Newcomer at the 2012 Inside Soap awards.

= = = Antun Knežević = = =

	Fra Antun Knežević (9 January 1834 - 22 September 1889) was a Bosnian Franciscan friar, historian and writer from Varcar Vakuf, Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was staunch proponent of Bosnian (or Bosniak) national identity, while being active member of Illyrian Movement.
	Born in Varcar Vakuf (today Mrkonjić Grad) in 1834, his father Anto came from the town of Uskoplje, and his mother was Agata Stipić (née Ivekić) from Varcar Vakuf. His father died early and he was raised by his uncle from father's side, Fra Grgo Knežević, who when died was buried in Ivanjska village.
	Fra Antun Knežević studied in Fojnica, Rome and Siena, and became friar on 26 April 1851, while his first Mass was on 21 September 1856.
	He was one of the main proponents of Bosniak nationhood, and he fiercely advocated against imminent "Croatization" of Bosnian Catholics on one side, as well as imminent "Serbianization" of Bosnian Orthodox people on the other, as he called them Catholic Bosniaks and Orthodox Bosniaks in his work. His position and doctrine was that all Bosnians or Bosniaks are one people of three faiths, and that up to late 19th century, no Croats and Serbs lived in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although Fra Antun Knežević was not a unique phenomenon in this sense, he was certainly among most articulate. He had strongest impact, along with fra. Ivan Franjo Jukić from whom he took the idea, and who was his teacher and mentor earlier in his life. Since 17th century many other members of Franciscan order in Bosnia accepted the idea of a Bosniak identity, nurturing it within the brotherhood and carried it over into 18th and 19th century. But it was these two, fra. Knežević and his mentor, fra. Jukič, who left deepest mark on Bosnian culture and history, while championing the notion that Catholics, Orthodox and Muslims are one nation, and Bosnia and Herzegovina country with deep cultural and historical roots. Like Jukić before him, Knežević too articulately expressed his feeling of national belonging, which he always and primarily defined as Bošnjak (Bosniak) in such a way so that include all three religious groups inhabiting Bosnia and Herzegovina. The only other cultural identity he recognized was Illyrian, as a cultural supra-identity of all South Slavs, hence his interest and activity as a member of the Illyrian movement.
	He was a great opponent of any foreign occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in his time occupation by Turkey and Austro-Hungarian Empire.
	Fra Antun Knezević 1877 started the construction of the Franciscan monastery in Jajce (without permission). He also opened first public school in Bosnia in his own house.
	Knežević died on 22 September 1889 in Kotor Varoš while holding the folk mass. The bones were transferred to Jajce in 1955. Later friars of Jajce monastery moved the bones of Fra Antun Knežević to nearby new church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Jajce, his definite resting place.

= = = Saribus = = =

	Saribus is a genus of palms (family Arecaceae), native to Southeast Asia, Papuasia and Pacific Islands. They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of numerous leaflets.
	"Livistona" is closely related to the genus "Saribus", and for a time "Saribus" was included in "Livistona". Recent studies, however, have advocated separating the two groups.
	Anáhaw ("Saribus rotundifolius") is the unofficial national leaf of the Philippines.

= = = Willard L. Eccles Observatory = = =

	The Willard L. Eccles Observatory (WEO) is an astronomical observatory located on Frisco Peak in the San Francisco Mountains of Utah (USA), about northwest of Milford, Utah. The observatory is owned and operated by the University of Utah, and opened in 2010. The observatory features a Ritchey-Chretien telescope built by DFM Engineering on an equatorial mount. The construction of the observatory was funded by donations from the Willard L. Eccles Foundation and the E.R. & E.W. Dumke Foundation.

= = = Saltella sphondylii = = =

	Saltella sphondylii is a European species of flies and member of the family Sepsidae.

= = = LINPACK benchmarks = = =

	The LINPACK Benchmarks are a measure of a system's floating point computing power. Introduced by Jack Dongarra, they measure how fast a computer solves a dense "n" by "n" system of linear equations "Ax" = "b", which is a common task in engineering.
	The latest version of these benchmarks is used to build the TOP500 list, ranking the world's most powerful supercomputers.
	The aim is to approximate how fast a computer will perform when solving real problems. It is a simplification, since no single computational task can reflect the overall performance of a computer system. Nevertheless, the LINPACK benchmark performance can provide a good correction over the peak performance provided by the manufacturer. The peak performance is the maximal theoretical performance a computer can achieve, calculated as the machine's frequency, in cycles per second, times the number of operations per cycle it can perform. The actual performance will always be lower than the peak performance. The performance of a computer is a complex issue that depends on many interconnected variables. The performance measured by the LINPACK benchmark consists of the number of 64-bit floating-point operations, generally additions and multiplications, a computer can perform per second, also known as FLOPS. However, a computer's performance when running actual applications is likely to be far behind the maximal performance it achieves running the appropriate LINPACK benchmark.
	The name of these benchmarks comes from the LINPACK package, a collection of algebra Fortran subroutines widely used in the 1980s, and initially tightly linked to the LINPACK benchmark. The LINPACK package has been since then replaced by other libraries.
	The LINPACK benchmark report appeared first in 1979 as an appendix to the LINPACK user's manual.
	LINPACK was designed to help users estimate the time required by their systems to solve a problem using the LINPACK package, by extrapolating the performance results obtained by 23 different computers solving a matrix problem of size 100.
	This matrix size was chosen due to memory and CPU limitations at that time:
	Over the years, additional versions with different problem sizes, like matrices of order 300 and 1000, and constraints were released, allowing new optimization opportunities as hardware architectures started to implement matrix-vector and matrix-matrix operations.
	Parallel processing was also introduced in the LINPACK Parallel benchmark in the late 1980s.
	In 1991 the LINPACK was modified for
	solving problems of arbitrary size, enabling high performance computers (HPC) to get near to their asymptotic performance.
	Two years later this benchmark was used for measuring the performance of the first TOP500 list.
	LINPACK 100 is very similar to the original benchmark published in 1979 along with the LINPACK users' manual.
	The solution is obtained by Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting, with 2/3n³ + 2n² floating point operations where "n" is 100, the order of the dense matrix "A" that defines the problem. Its small size and the lack of software flexibility doesn't allow most modern computers to reach their performance limits. However, it can still be useful to predict performances in numerically intensive user written code using compiler optimization.
	LINPACK 1000 can provide a performance nearer to the machine's limit because in addition to offering a bigger problem size, a matrix of order 1000, changes in the algorithm are possible. The only constraints are that the relative accuracy can't be reduced and the number of operations will always be considered to be 2/3n³ + 2n², with n = 1000.
	The previous benchmarks are not suitable for testing parallel computers, and the so-called Linpack's Highly Parallel Computing benchmark, or HPLinpack benchmark, was introduced. In HPLinpack the size n of the problem can be made as large as it is needed to optimize the performance results of the machine. Once again, 2/3n³ + 2n² will be taken as the operation count, with independence of the algorithm used. Use of the Strassen algorithm is not allowed because it distorts the real execution rate.
	The accuracy must be such that the following expression is satisfied:
	formula_1, where formula_2 is the machine's precision, and "n" is the size of the problem, formula_3 is the matrix norm and formula_4 corresponds to the big-O notation.
	For each computer system, the following quantities are reported:
	These results are used to compile the TOP500 list twice a year, with the world's most powerful computers.
	The previous section describes the ground rules for the benchmarks. The actual implementation of the program can diverge, with some examples being available in Fortran, C
	HPL is a portable implementation of HPLinpack that was written in C, originally as a guideline, but that is now widely used to provide data for the TOP500 list, though other technologies and packages can be used. HPL generates a linear system of equations of order n and solves it using LU decomposition with partial row pivoting. It requires installed implementations of MPI and either BLAS or VSIPL to run.
	Coarsely, the algorithm has the following characteristics:
	The LINPACK benchmark is said to have succeeded because of the scalability of HPLinpack, the fact that it generates a single number, making the results easily comparable and the extensive historical data base it has associated.
	However, soon after its release, the LINPACK benchmark was criticized for providing performance levels "generally unobtainable by all but a very few programmers who tediously optimize their code for that machine and that machine alone", because it only tests the resolution of dense linear systems, which are not representative of all the operations usually performed in scientific computing.
	Jack Dongarra, the main driving force behind the LINPACK benchmarks, said that, while they only emphasize "peak" CPU speed and number of CPUs, not enough stress is given to local bandwidth and the network.
	Thom Dunning, Jr., director of the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, had this to say about the LINPACK benchmark: "The Linpack benchmark is one of those interesting phenomena -- almost anyone who knows about it will deride its utility. They understand its limitations but it has mindshare because it's the one number we've all bought into over the years."
	According to Dongarra, "the organizers of the Top500 are actively looking to expand the scope of the benchmark reporting" because "it is important to include more performance characteristic and signatures for a given system".
	One of the possibilities that is being considered to extend the benchmark for the TOP500 is the HPC Challenge Benchmark Suite. With the advent of petascale computers, traversed edges per second have started to emerge as an alternative metric to FLOPS measured by LINPACK. Another alternative is the HPCG benchmark, proposed by Dongarra.
	According to Jack Dongarra, the running time required to obtain good performance results with HPLinpack is expected to increase. At a conference held in 2010, he said he expects running times of 2.5 days in "a few years".

= = = Soulmary = = =

	Soulmary is a village in Chirang district of Assam state of India.

= = = Themira = = =

	Themira is a genus of flies in the family Sepsidae.

= = = 24th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada) = = =

	The 24th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery was a Canadian Army Reserve artillery regiment based in Trail, British Columbia. The regiment currently exists on the Supplementary Order of Battle.
	This Reserve Force regiment originated in Fernie, British Columbia on 1 May 1914, when an eight-company regiment of infantry was authorized to be formed. It was designated the 107th (East Kootenay) Regiment on 2 November 1914. Following the Great War it was redesignated The Kootenay Regiment on 12 March 1920. On 15 December 1936 it was converted to artillery and redesignated the 24th (Kootenay) Field Brigade, RCA. It was redesignated the 24th Reserve (Kootenay) Field Brigade, RCA, on 7 November 1940; the 24th Reserve (Kootenay) Field Regiment, RCA, on 15 March 1943; the 24th Field Regiment, RCA, on 1 April 1946; the 24th Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, RCA, on 5 February 1948; the 24th Medium Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RCA, on 22 August 1955; the 24th Medium Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment, RCA, on 12 April 1960; and finally the 24th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA, on 10 December 1962. It was reduced to nil strength and transferred to the Supplementary Order of Battle on 28 February 1965.
	The 24th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA, perpetuates the 54th Battalion (Kootenay), CEF and the 225th Battalion (Kootenay), CEF.
	The 54th Battalion (Kootenay), CEF, was authorized on 7 November 1914 and embarked for Britain on 22 November 1915, and disembarked in France on 14 August 1916. The 54th Battalion fought as part of the 11th Infantry Brigade, 4th Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war. The battalion was disbanded on 30 August 1920.
	The 225th Battalion (Kootenay), CEF, was authorized on 15 July 1916 and embarked for Britain on 26 January 1917, where its personnel were absorbed by the 16th Reserve Battalion, CEF, on 6 February 1917 to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion was disbanded on 1 September 1917.

= = = Thanga Padhumai = = =

	Thanga Padhumai () is a Tamil language film starring Sivaji Ganesan and Padmini in the lead roles. The film was co- written and directed by A. S. A. Samy, produced by M. Somasundaram under Jupiter Pictures, and musical score by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy. "Thanga Pathumai" proved to be a hit in its re-release, and won National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil for the year 1959.
	Sivaji Ganesan plays the younger physician to the king (R. Balasubramaniam). His wife (Padmini) was modelled on Kannagi (Pathni Driven)as the personification of female virtues. The physician is commanded to the palace to treat the king where the princess (M. N. Rajam), who is greedy to offer the 2 emerald eyes of the Kannagi devi to her Yuddha Devi, falls for him and virtually enslaves him, preventing him from going back to his wife. She even goes to the extent of blinding the hero and in a long song-oriented climax, the wife prays before the gold statue of Kannagi devi hence the title, and gets back her husband's sight and happiness.
	"Cast according to the opening credits of the film"
	In the late 1950s, Jupiter Somu thought of remaking "Kannagi" (1942) with Sivaji Ganesan as Kovalan. He projected the 1942 version to mentor C. N. Annadurai who watched it along with Sami, who was to direct the second version. After watching the film, Annadurai told them that remaking the film would not prove successful. The project was dropped but Somu carried in his mind the idea of making something similar about "a woman, who is chastity personified fighting a relentless battle to win her husband back…". The film was titled as "Thanga Padhumai". Writers Aru. Ramanathan and A. S. A. Sami wrote the script inspired from American film "The Egyptian" (1954). Producers initially approached Anjali Devi and P. Bhanumathi for the character of Mayamohini for which they did not agree and finally TR Rajakumari was chosen to play the role. A. S. A. Sami recalled that during the lunch break, Padmini would walk up and down the shooting floor with the script in her hand studying the dialogue over and over and delivering it, giving it different shades of meaning. The film was made in budget of 8 lakhs with Sivaji and Padmini were paid 60000 while Rajakumari was paid 25000 for the film.
	The music composed by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy and lyrics were written by Udumalai Narayana Kavi, Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram, Kannadasan & A. Maruthakasi. Playback singers are C. S. Jayaraman, T. M. Soundararajan, Seerkazhi Govindarajan, S. C. Krishnan, M. L. Vasanthakumari, P. Leela, P. Suseela, Jikki, T. S. Bagavathi, A. P. Komala, K. Jamuna Rani, A. G. Rathnamala & Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi. The songs were recorded by V. Sreenavasa Raghavan and A. Govindasamy.
	The soundtrack was released under the label "Saregama".
	The song "Varugiraal Unnai Thedi" is based on Atana raga. The dancers for this song are T. R. Rajakumari, C. Lakshmi Rajyam and Sashi (of Madras sisters Sashi, Kala and Mala. They are related to Music director V. Chandra Bose & old actress K. N. Kamalam)
	The song "Aarambamavadhu" was remixed in "Tharai Thappattai" (2016).
	The film was sold to Ramakrishnan films who did not release well in its first run in spite of best performance and songs as expected. However, in its second run, film was bought by Jayaraman Pictures for 25000 rs and it did well. Randor Guy of "The Hindu" wrote that the film is remembered for "Padmini's and Sivaji Ganesan's performance, and the classic song ‘Koduthavaney'." Dhananjayan wrote that the narration was "engaging and excellent with many twist and turns throughout".
	The film's dialogue ""Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara"" ("Isn't this what you wished for, Balakumara?") inspired the title of a 2013 film.

= = = Feel the Groove = = =

	"Feel the Groove" is a song by the Belgian eurodance group Cartouche. It was released in January 1991 as the lead single from their album, "House Music All Night Long". A CD maxi with new remixes was also available, but it was marketed at the same time as the other media. The song was their biggest hit, peaking at number 13 in France and charting in the United Kingdom and the United States.
	British band Oasis partially covered the song with their unreleased demo track "Better Let You Know", which they recorded circa 1992.

= = = Saltella = = =

	Saltella is a genus of flies in the family Sepsidae.

= = = 2nd Army (German Empire) = = =

	The 2nd Army () was an army level command of the German Army in World War I. It was formed on mobilization in August 1914 from the III Army Inspection. The army was disbanded in 1919 during demobilization after the war.
	The 2nd Army during World War I, fought on the Western Front and took part in the Schlieffen Plan offensive against France and Belgium in August 1914. Commanded by General Karl von Bülow, the 2nd Army's mission was to support the 1st Army's sweep around the left flank of the French Army and encircle Paris, bringing a rapid conclusion to the war. The 2nd Army laid siege to, and took the Belgian fortresses around Namur, and fought General Charles Lanrezac's French 5th Army at the Battle of Charleroi on 23–24 August 1914 and again at St. Quentin on 29–30 August 1914.
	2nd Army bore the brunt of the Allied attack in the Battle of the Somme. It had grown to such an extent that a decision was made to split it into two still-powerful armies. Therefore, 1st Army was reformed on 19 July 1916 from the right (northern) wing of the 2nd Army. The former commander of 2nd Army, General der Infanterie Fritz von Below, took command of 1st Army and 2nd Army got a new commander General der Artillerie Max von Gallwitz. Von Gallwitz was also installed as commander of "Heeresgruppe" Gallwitz – Somme to co-ordinate the actions of both armies on the Somme.
	A large proportion of the Army would be wiped out during the joint Anglo-French offensive on the Somme.
	At the end of the war it was serving as part of "Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht".
	By the end of the war, the 2nd Army was organised as:
	The 2nd Army had the following commanders during its existence.

= = = Y Gwyddonydd = = =

	Y Gwyddonydd ("The Scientist") was a Welsh-language magazine containing articles, reviews, and news items on scientific topics. It was published between 1963 and 1996 by the University of Wales Press.
	The magazine has been digitized by the Welsh Journals Online project at the National Library of Wales.

= = = Bolívar Canton, Bolivia = = =

	Bolívar Canton is one of the cantons of Bolívar Province, Bolivia.

= = = Jamirah Patra Gaon = = =

	Jamirah Patra Gaon is a village in Dibrugarh district of Assam state of India.

= = = Charles Ambler (barrister) = = =

	Charles Ambler (1721 – 28 February 1794) was an English barrister and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1769 and 1790. 
	Ambler was the second son of Humphry Ambler (~1681–1745) barrister of Stubbings Park Maidenhead and Bream's Buildings Chancery Lane, and his wife Ann, daughter of Charles Bream (~1662–1713) timber merchant of Bridewell and Bream's Buildings. Charles's crippled (by a fall when aged eight) epileptic elder brother, Humphry, died of a consumption unmarried in 1752. The Ambler mansion house at Stubbings was built by Humphry Ambler on the site of a small portion of forest acquired with his stepfather Richard Bassett of White Waltham and harvested for shipbuilders.
	Charles Ambler married Ann Paxton (1719–1789) second daughter of Nicholas Paxton, solicitor to the treasury under Walpole, 10 May 1746 in the chapel at Somerset House in a nonconformist service, the Ambler family having strong presbyterian connections. Ann and Charles Ambler lived at 3 Queen Square and at Stubbings House. No children survived them, two sons died as schoolboys at Harrow. A small part of her family correspondence is preserved in the Special Collections Department of the University of Birmingham.
	He died on 28 February 1794 at his house Stubbings near Maidenhead and was buried nearby at Bisham beside his wife. He was for many years Steward and keeper of the royal manors of Cookham and Bray succeeding his father. His estate was inherited by his sister's son, Elisha Biscoe (1753–1829), who at first leased Stubbings to Lord Dorchester then sold it to him shortly before Dorchester's death in 1808. Biscoe also sold his own father's house at Spring Grove to Sir Joseph Banks in 1808 after Banks had leased it almost 30 years. Biscoe then built Holton Park in Oxfordshire now Wheatley Park School.
	Charles Ambler was educated at Eton from 1732 and admitted to the Middle Temple 29 July 1736. He was called to the bar in 1742. Entered at Lincoln's Inn 26 July 1757 he was made a bencher in 1758 and King's Counsel 6 May 1761.
	In 1769 Ambler and Thoroton were put forward by Lord Granby for the Bramber constituency and though defeated they were returned on petition. He did not stand at the following election but in 1775 he was returned for Newtown and provided steady support to North acquiring the name "Tully Ambler, an ironical title which he does not owe to his abilities".
	From 1780 he served the Newcastle interest for Saltash, Devon until 1790 when he did not stand again.
	He succeeded his wife's kin Sir William Blackstone as solicitor-general to Queen Charlotte 1771–1782 and then her attorney-general 1782–1794
	In 1790 he published Reports on Cases in Chancery, 1737–83. A revised edition published by Blunt in 1828 has been said to have removed some defects.

= = = Artem Sukhotskyi = = =

	Artem Sukhotskyi (; born 6 December 1992) is a Ukrainian football defender who currently plays for Slovan Bratislava. He is a product of the Dynamo Kyiv sportive school.
	On 12 January 2012 Sukhotskyi signed a contract with Illichivets Mariupol in the Ukrainian Premier League.
ŠK Slovan Bratislava

= = = Escarpment Grit = = =

	The Escarpment Grit is a Triassic geologic formation. It is also referred to as the Nyoka Grit.
	The formation is composed of fluvial sediments, mainly gritstones and coarse sandstones. Uranium is present in the Escarpment Grit of southern Zambia.
	The Escarpment Grit Formation is the basal unit of the Upper Karoo Group and underlies the Pebbly Arkose Formation. It has been dated as Upper Scythian (Early Triassic).
	The Pebbly Arkose has been correlated to the Angwa Sandstone Formation in the Mana Pools and Cabora Bassa Basins, and the Elliot Formation of the Great Karoo Basin, South Africa.
	Alisporites spores have been identified from the Escarpment Grit in north-western Zimbabwe.
	This formation constitutes a productive aquifer in north-western Zimbabwe, although of limited thickness.

= = = Young Exceptional Children = = =

	Young Exceptional Children is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the field of special education. The editor-in-chief is Rosa Milagros Santos (University of Illinois). It was established in 1997 and is currently published by SAGE Publications in association with the Division for Early Childhood of the Council for Exceptional Children.
	"Young Exceptional Children" is abstracted and indexed in:

= = = Zucco = = =

	Zucco may refer to:

= = = Edward French = = =

	Edward French may refer to:

= = = Ethmia umbrimarginella = = =

	Ethmia umbrimarginella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. 
	It is found in southern Arizona and New Mexico in the United States.
	The length of the forewings is 9.5-9.7 mm. The ground color of the forewings is dark slate gray. The immediate costal edge is dirty white up to the distal one-fourth. The ground color of the hindwings is white, with a broad dark gray margin around the apical, terminal and dorsal areas. Adults have been recorded in February.

= = = Henry VI, Count of Waldeck = = =

	Count Henry VI of Waldeck, nicknamed "of Iron", ( – 16 February 1397 at Waldeck Castle) was Count of Waldeck from 1369 to 1397. The nickname "of Iron" refers to the fact that, due to his involvement in numerous wars and feud, he was often wearing armour. Although he was only the third reigning Count named Henry, he is generally known as Henry VI, because there had earlier been non-ruling counts named Henry II, Henry III and Henry V.
	His father was Count Otto II; his mother was Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Before coming to power in 1356, Henry made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. After his return, he had Landau Castle rebuilt. He lived there at first, however, he later moved to Waldeck Castle.
	He was co-ruler with his father from 1356. In 1366, he acted with great force against the city of Korbach, to punish it for disobedience. He captured the city and took hostages to Landau. After long negotiations, the city submitted to him. He later acted quite favourably towards the city, granting the citizens numerous rights and allowing them to fortify the city.
	In 1369, his father died and Henry VI began ruling alone. As his mother's heir, he was a candidate to inherit the Principality of Lüneburg after the death of Duke William II, also in 1369. A delegation of the Estates of Brunswick-Lüneburg even travelled to Waldeck to meet him. However, when they learned about his crackdown of Korbach, they returned immediately. The inheritance of Lüneburg was left in doubt, leading to the Lüneburg War of Succession.
	In 1370, Henry VI sold the possessions Bigge, Rüdenberg and Olsberg and his share of Rappelstein Castle and some possessions around Medelon to the Lords of Gaugreben. In 1371, he created an alliance with Landgrave Henry II of Hesse to fight the robber barons of Padberg. In 1374, he joined the Westphalian Peace Alliance.
	During his reign, he participated in numerous feuds and other disputes. He besieged the Hessian capital Kassel twice.
	Henry died in 1397 of the plague. He was buried in the "Waldeck chapel" in Marienthal Monastery in Netze (now part of Waldeck). His sons divided the county: Adolph III started the older line of Waldeck-Landau and Henry VII started the Waldeck-Waldeck line.
	On 16 December 1363, he married Elizabeth of Berg (c. 1340 - 4 October 1388). With her, he had the following children:
	He also had an illegitimate daughter: 

= = = 2012 RadioShack–Nissan season = = =

	The 2012 season for the cycling team began in January at the Tour Down Under. As a UCI ProTeam, they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour.
	For the 2012 season, the team was renamed from to ; in effect merging with the American , which ceased racing, and their former sponsors joined the Luxembourg-based squad. Johan Bruyneel along with twelve riders from the 2011 squad moved to the team, joining eighteen riders from the squad.
	Ages as of 1 January 2012.

= = = Budiša = = =

	Budiša is a surname. It may refer to:

= = = Ethmia lassenella = = =

	Ethmia lassenella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in the United States in California, Arizona, Nevada and Utah.
	The length of the forewings is 7.8–8.3 mm. The ground color of the forewings is steel gray including the fringe. There are two bright red-orange spots and five smaller black spots. The ground color of the hindwings is white with a broad black, moderately well defined marginal band. Adults are on wing from mid-March to mid-April.

= = = Kathavarayan (1958 film) = = =

	Kaathavaraayan () is a Tamil language Mythology film produced and directed by T. R. Ramanna. The film features Sivaji Ganesan and Savitri in the lead roles.
	The film, produced by T. R. Rajakumari and T. R. Ramanna under R. R. Pictures, had musical score by G. Ramanathan and was released on 7 November 1958. The film was remade in Telugu as "Karthavarayuni Katha" again by T. R. Ramanna.
	Due to quarrel between Lord Shiva and Shakti, Shakti and her son Veerabahu are cursed to be born on earth and live as mortals. Veerabahu is Kathavarayan whom the tribals adopt and he becomes the prince of the mountains. Kathavarayan (Sivaji Ganesan) grows up and goes on a world tour, his mother Shakti blesses him with the divine power of transforming into any form he wishes when he is in danger. During his quests Kathavarayan falls in love with Princess Aaryamala (Savithri). Aaryamala is reborn to a Rajaguru who predicts a tragic life for her, but the King adopts her and names her Aryamala (Savithri). But the King is against their love. Kathavarayan is arrested by the King and taken to be impaled when Shakti prays to Shiva who saves him. Kaathavarayan and Aryamala live happily thereafter.
	This movie did very well at Box Office all over Tamil Nadu. MGR acted one reel after that cancel all his shooting of this film. Producer cum Director T R Ramanna was in a trouble financially. At that time Sivaji & Savithri thought to help the producer and signed in this movie and this movie was a Super Hit for Shivaji as well as T R Ramanna also
	The music composed by G. Ramanathan. All songs are penned by Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass. Singer is J. P. Chandrababu. Playback singers are T. M. Soundararajan, C. S. Jayaraman, Ghantasala, P. Leela, P. Suseela, Jikki, K. Rani, A. P. Komala, K. Jamuna Rani, A. G. Rathnamala & Sundaramma.
	Some of the songs such as "Vaa Kalaaba Mayile" by T. M. Soundararajan and "Vidhiyaa Sadhiyaa" by C. S. Jayaraman became huge hits.

= = = Saaristo = = =

	Saaristo is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Harry Leonard (rugby union) = = =

	Harry William Leonard (born 28 April 1992) is a Scottish professional rugby union player.
	Leonard impressed in the first half of his debut season before refocusing on the 2012 Under-20 6 Nations championship. He was named as captain of the Under-20 Squad for the Junior World Championships in South Africa. He has represented Scotland at under-18 level and Scotland under-20, 2011 under-20 6 Nations.
	Leonard joined Edinburgh as an elite development player in the summer of 2011 shortly before travelling to New Zealand as one of the 3 players selected for the McPhail Scholarship. Despite still being eligible for under-20 rugby, Leonard showed clear composure from stand-off in the RaboDirect Pro 12 and Heineken cup.
	For the 2013–14 season, Leonard was drafted to Melrose and played a key role in their win over defending club champions Ayr. He kicked a conversion and a penalty in the important early season game played in Ayr.
	On 2 April 2014, Leonard signed a contract to join Yorkshire Carnegie who compete in the RFU Championship from the 2014–15 season.
	After two seasons with Yorkshire Carnegie, and despite a decent scoring record for the side, Harry signed for ambitious Rosslyn Park playing in National League 1. His debut season with Rosslyn Park was very successful for Harry on a personal note as he finished as the divisions top scorer for 2016-17 with 265 points. 
	Rosslyn Park

= = = Naguru General Hospital = = =

	Naguru General Hospital, also known as China-Uganda Friendship Hospital Naguru, is a hospital in Uganda. It is an urban, general hospital built between 2009 and 2012, at an estimated cost of approximately US$8 million (UGX:20 billion). The hospital was built by the Government of China, as a gift to the Government of Uganda. The hospital is on Naguru Road, on Naguru Hill, Nakawa Division, Kampala District, in Kampala, the capital of Uganda and the largest city in that country. This location lies approximately , by road, east of the central business district of Kampala.
	The Chinese government, designed and built the hospital as a gift to the people of Uganda, at a cost of US$8 million (UGX:20 billion). Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA), donated the site where the hospital was built. The government of Uganda contributed an estimated US$2 million (UGX:4.8 billion) in tax waivers on construction materials used to build the hospital, landscaping, road access and licensing fees.
	The institution which was completed in December 2011, consists of seven buildings, four operating rooms, a maternity ward, a pediatric unit, a teenage center (adolescent health unit), a blood bank, radiology department (including a CT scanner) and housing for medical staff. The hospital was officially handed over to the Government of Uganda on 10 January 2012, to be jointly administered by the Uganda Ministry of Health and Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA).
	The hospital is intended to serve, primarily the residents of (a) Nakawa Division (b) Kampala Metropolitan Area and (c) Other Ugandans. Naguru General Hospital is also meant to decongest Mulago National Referral Hospital, the only general public hospital serving an estimated 3 million inhabitants of the Kampala Metropolitan Area. Plans are underway by the Government of Uganda to construct a general hospital in each of the five divisions of Kampala, by 2016. In June 2014, construction of the hospital's staff quarters began in the Kireka neighborhood in Kira Municipality, Wakiso District, approximately , east of Naguru. The hospital employs 356 staff led by the Executive Director, Doctor Edward Naddumba.

= = = Mohan Kumar (serial killer) = = =

	Mohan Kumar (born 1963), also known as Cyanide Mohan, is a serial killer who preyed on women looking for marriage. A Mangalore fast track court tried and convicted him for the murder of 20 women.
	He was accused of luring women who were unable to pay dowry or were unable to find suitable husbands. He would kill them by giving them cyanide pills, claiming they were contraceptives, and rob them of their jewelry. He was charged with 20 murders and defended himself in court. He was sentenced to death in December 2013.
	Apart from murder, he was also alleged to have been involved in bank loan frauds and forgeries. He was a primary school physical education teacher from 1980 to 2003.

= = = Ethmia coquillettella = = =

	Ethmia coquillettella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in North America along the southern and inner central coast range of California and has also been recorded from interior British Columbia.
	The length of the forewings is 6.5–8.4 mm. The ground color of the forewings (including the fringe) is mouse gray or blackish gray, sparsely to heavily dusted with whitish. There are two pale yellow to yellowish orange marks and some black marks. The ground color of the hindwings is white with a broad black border. Adults are on wing from February to April (in California) and from April to May (in British Columbia).
	The larvae feed on "Phacelia" species, possibly "Phacelia distans" and "Phacelia cicutaria".

= = = Janice O'Hara = = =

	Janice Winifred O'Hara [״Jenny״] (November 30, 1918 – March 7, 2001) was a pitcher and utility who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at , 122 lb., she batted and threw right-handed.
	Janice O'Hara was one of the sixty original players to join the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League for its inaugural season. A valuable and versatile player, she had an array of pitches that kept the hitters guessing, and also played several positions competently during her seven years in the league.
	Born in Beardstown, Illinois, O'Hara started playing organized softball in Springfield in her teen years, until AAGPBL scout Eddie Stumpf interviewed her and sent her to the final tryout at Wrigley Field in Chicago. In the process, she was signed a contract and joined the Kenosha Comets, playing for them her entire career in the league.
	Comets manager Josh Billings used O'Hara at first base and she hit a respectable .187 average and posted career-numbers in hits (63), triples (6), runs (46) and RBI (28), helping Kenosha win the second half of the 1943 season. The team faced first-half winner Racine Belles in the best-of-five series and was shut out in three games.
	By 1944, new manager Marty McManus turned O'Hara into a utility player. She collected a personal-high 37 stolen bases and belted the only home run of her career in that season. After that, she mostly played at first base and in the outfield, but also filled at second base and third base through the 1946 season.
	In 1947 O'Hara was converted into a pitcher by then manager Ralph Shinners. In her repertoire she included a fastball, a curve and specially a knuckleball, which she loved to use. She turned in a 6–8 record with a 3.51 earned run average in 21 appearances. The next year she went 4–6 in 20 games while lowering her ERA to 3.20. Used sparingly in 1949, she had a 2–3 mark and a 4.65 ERA in 11 games.
	In a seven-year career, O'Hara posted a 13–17 record and a 3.56 ERA in 55 games. As a hitter, she batted a .199 average in 309 games. In three postseason appearances, she batted .130 (3-for-23) in seven games and hurled six innings of shutout ball for a perfect 0.00 ERA.
	Following her baseball career, O'Hara worked as an accountant for 31 years and retired in 1982. She later spent her time in the garden and attended AAGPBL Players Association reunions. The association was largely responsible for the opening of "Women in Baseball", a permanent display at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York, which was unveiled in 1988 to honor the entire All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.
	Janice O'Hara died in 2001 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, at the age of 82.
	Pitching
	Batting
	Fielding

= = = The Color Orange = = =

	The Color Orange, an organization established in 2008 by Jens Galschiøt, to highlight the violations of the human rights in China on the occasion of the Olympic Games in Beijing August 2008. This organization uses the colour orange to peacefully bring notice to human rights violations during this time.
	The color orange was used as a symbol used to protest against the human rights violations in China. The main idea of The Color Orange was to give participants, visitors, and the Chinese population a possibility to send a signal to the world that something is wrong, by using an orange hat, camera bag, tie, pen, paper, dress, suit, bag, etc. The Color Orange organization described it as this: "The strict censorship can ban the use of obvious symbols of human rights, but the use of The Color Orange cannot be banned."
	The Color Orange organization decided to paint the "Pillar of Shame" which has become a renowned memorial of the Tiananmen Massacre orange, to protest against the violation of human rights in China.
	The Danish artist Jens Galschiot and his staff took a flight to Hong Kong in order to paint the "Pillar of Shame" orange. As the airplane landed April 26 he was denied access to Hong Kong in the airport.
	The Chinese Democracy Movement decided to paint the sculpture orange by themselves to put focus on Human Rights in China and show support to the worldwide project TheColorOrange about using Orange in connection to the Olympic Games 2008 to boost the awareness about the Human Rights violations in China. The painting of the sculpture was made by students from the University of Hong Kong and by Chinese members of the Democracy Movement which has its base in Hong Kong. Amongst others, the Movement counts the chairman of the Hong Kong Trade Union, Cheuk Yan Lee, the poet Szeto Wah, the Human Rights lawyer Albert Ho, the activist and artist Longhair, and several Hong Kong MPs.
	In Denmark during the Chinese Olympics, The Color Orange launched a dressing up of sculptures with orange.
	The Color Orange received an anonymous telephone call that hackers have changed the headlines of the official Chinese Olympic website into orange, the signal color of the human rights abuses in China.
	During his 100 meters, sprint Usain Bolt wore an orange bracelet, Jens Galschiøt states that he did not know Usain Bolt’s motives for wearing the bracelet. At the 2008 Olympic Games the orange color was said by The Color Orange Group to have been meant to protest human rights issues in China.

= = = Airborne Climax = = =

	The Airborne Climax is a series of Australian high-wing, single-place, hang gliders, designed and produced by Airborne Windsports of Redhead, New South Wales and introduced in the early 2000s.
	The Climax series was intended to be a high-performance hang glider used for competition and record flying. The development team included World Champion Rick Duncan, Shane Duncan, Paul Mollison and the sailmaker, Alan Daniel.
	The Climax C2 14 model is made from aluminium tubing, with the double-surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its wing span is cable braced. The nose angle is 133° and the aspect ratio is 7.5:1.

= = = Mansour Mohamed El-Kikhia = = =

	Mansour Mohamed El-Kikhia () (born 28 November 1936) is a Libyan academic and politician. El-Kikhia is a former member of the Libyan National Transitional Council as a city representative for Benghazi. He is an alumnus of the University of Provence, from where he received a PhD in Population Geography with Distinction in 1986. El-Kikhia is well known in Benghazi for his role with the Public Scout and Girl Guide Movement of Libya; he was awarded the Bronze Wolf, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1981.

= = = Heddiw (magazine) = = =

	Heddiw ("Today") was a monthly Welsh-language magazine, containing essays, short stories, book reviews, and advertisements. It was published between 1937 and 1942 by Gwasg Heddiw, a publisher based in Watford that was active in the 1940s, and was later merged with Gwasg Gee. "Heddiw" was edited by Aneurin ap Talfan and Dafydd Jenkins.
	The magazine has been digitized by the Welsh Journals Online project at the National Library of Wales.

= = = Edmund Knox = = =

	Edmund Knox may refer to:

= = = Toby Myers = = =

	Toby Myers, born Jeffrey G. Myers on September 26, 1949, is an American bass player best known for recording and touring with John Cougar Mellencamp as the bass guitarist. Myers was raised in the Indianapolis, Indiana area where he attended art school at the John Herron School of Art from 1968 to 1971. He developed an interest in music and began playing bass in a music shop next to the laundromat where his mother did the family's laundry. Myers began playing in bands in high school.
	Myers lived next door to keyboard player Michael Read, one of the founding members of Pure Funk, a popular Indianapolis college funk band. Myers joined Pure Funk as their bass player in 1971. In 1974, Pure Funk had changed its name to Roadmaster. Roadmaster was a fairly successful pomp rock band which was discovered by Todd Rundgren and ultimately recorded four albums for Village/Mercury Records.
	When Roadmaster's fourth album (Fortress) failed to hit the charts in the early 80's Mercury Records dropped the band. Nine months later Myers was recruited by members of John Mellencamp's band in Bloomington, Indiana to play bass for "John Cougar," as Mellencamp was then known. After only a few weeks of rehearsal with the band, Myers' first gig with Mellencamp was their appearance on Saturday Night Live (SNL) April 10, 1982. In 1983 Myers, along with Larry Crane and Mike Wanchic on guitars, Kenny Aronoff on drums and percussion, and John Cascella on keyboards recorded Mellencamp's 1983 album Uh-Huh. This was the backing band Mellencamp settled on and would retain for the next several albums. In 1988, Rolling Stone magazine called this version of Mellencamp's band "one of the most powerful and versatile live bands ever assembled."
	Myers toured and recorded with John Mellencamp from 1982 to 1999. His final show with John was the sold out New Year's Eve show in Indianapolis. In 1992, Myers appeared as "Luke" in the John Mellencamp-directed movie, "Falling from Grace." 
	Myers celebrated his 60th birthday in 2009 with a large party in Nashville, Indiana, where he now lives.

= = = Birodi, India = = =

	Birodi, India may refer to:

= = = Georgina Kamsika = = =

	Georgina Rachael Kamsika is an Anglo-Indian British author of speculative fiction. Her genres switch between science fiction, horror and fantasy. Her debut novel The Sulphur Diaries was published in November 2011 by Legend Press.
	Born in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, she moved to Nottingham to attend university. Post graduation, she worked at first in E-Learning, specialising in accessibility, before moving on to work on more commercial websites.
	She has had several short stories published in numerous magazines or book anthologies. She is a member of the British Science Fiction Association and the Horror Writers Association. In 2012 she attended the Clarion West Writers Workshop, with tutors such as George R.R. Martin and Chuck Palahniuk. She was a judge for the 2018 British Fantasy Awards.

= = = Ethmia monachella = = =

	Ethmia monachella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is in Colorado and Oklahoma in the United States.
	The length of the forewings is about 11 mm. The ground color of the forewings is pale slate gray with a broad, black, evenly and distinctly margined band from the base to the apex. The ground color of the hindwings is blackish.

= = = Ethmia scylla = = =

	Ethmia scylla is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is in California, United States.
	The length of the forewings is 5.8–7.2 mm. The ground color of the forewings is pale grayish brown, clouded and marked by whitish scaling. The ground color of the hindwings is gray-brown. Adults are on wing from late February to early April.
	The larvae feed on "Collinsia heterophylla". They feed in the flowers of their host plant.

= = = Kiltu Kara (woreda) = = =

	Kiltu Kara is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It is part of the Mirab Welega Zone. It was formed after session of Mana Sibu woreda in 1999. It is bounded by Nejo in the east, Mana Sibu in west and Babo Gambel in south. Generally the district has a total area of 714.9 Km2. Kiltu Kara is the administrative center.
	The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 51,800 in 9,289 households, of whom 25,893 were men and 25,907 were women; 5,256 or 1.02% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants observed Protestantism, with 52.26% reporting that as their religion, while 42.97% observed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 4.55% were Muslim.

= = = Orthothecida = = =

	The orthothecids are one of the two hyolith orders.
	Marek diagnoses the order thus: Conchs with a flat or concave ventral surface — opercula with large, flat cardinal processes but without clavicles – tightly sigmoidal, sediment-filled
	intestine – helens absent.
	Sometimes the Circothecidae and Tetrathecidae are split out into a separate order 'Circothecida', which is defined by the bottom surface not being flat, the cardinal processes being pronounced, and a circular rim sometimes showing hints of differentiation into clavicles.
	Marek gives the following diagnoses:
	Kouchinsky lists the following taxonomic criteria:
	Elsewhere is stated:
	Additional genera are not assigned to a family:

= = = C. Eric Lincoln = = =

	C. Eric Lincoln (June 23, 1924 – May 14, 2000) was an African-American scholar. He was the author of several books, including sociological works such as "The Black Church Since Frazier" (1974) and "Race, Religion and the Continuing American Dilemma" (1984), as well as fiction and poetry.
	C. Eric Lincoln was born in Athens, Alabama, on June 23, 1924. He was abandoned by his father, then by his mother, and raised by his grandmother. He attended Trinity School in Athens, where he edited the school newspaper, the "Campus Chronicle". At the age of 13, he picked cotton to support his family and to buy books for his studies. He graduated a valedictorian from high school. After studying and working in Chicago, he served in the U.S. Navy from 1943 to 1945. He received a B.A. in Sociology and Philosophy from LeMoyne-Owen College in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1947. In 1954, he received an M.A. from Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee. In 1956, he received a Bachelor of Divinity from the University of Chicago, and in 1957 he was ordained as a Methodist minister. He went on to earn a master's degree in Education, and in 1960 he received a PhD in Social Ethics from Boston University.
	He started his career as a sales representative for Pepsi Cola, then was a manager for a Memphis nightclub, and a road manager for the Birmingham Black Barons baseball team. As an academic, he taught at Clark Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia, for eleven years, from 1962 to 1972. He served as Adjunct or Visiting Professor at Portland State University in Oregon, Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York, Fordham University, Brown University, and at the University of Ghana. In 1970, he became the founding president of the Black Academy of Letters. From 1973 to 1976, he served as Professor of Religion and of Sociology and chairman of the Department of Religion and Philosophical Studies at Fisk University. From 1976 to 1993, he taught Religion and Culture at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina.
	His novel, "The Avenue, Clayton City", won the Lillian Smith Book Award for Best Southern Fiction in 1988 and the International Black Writers' Alice Browning Award in 1989. In 1990 he was elected to the Fellowship of Southern Writers. He was friends with Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, and Alex Haley. In 1990, he was cited by Pope John Paul II for "scholarly service to the church".
	He was diagnosed with diabetes in 1980 and died on May 14, 2000, at the age of 75 in Durham, North Carolina.

= = = Corrosion of Conformity (album) = = =

	Corrosion of Conformity is the eponymous titled eighth studio album by the American metal band Corrosion of Conformity, which was released on February 28, 2012, by Candlelight Records. It is Corrosion of Conformity's first album since "In the Arms of God" (2005), their longest gap to date between studio albums. It is also the band's first album with Reed Mullin on drums since 2000's "America's Volume Dealer" and the first to not feature Pepper Keenan on vocals or guitar since 1987's "Technocracy".

= = = Edward Dunn = = =

	Edward Dunn may refer to:

= = = 2012 San Antonio Silver Stars season = = =

	The 2012 WNBA season is the 16th season for the San Antonio Silver Stars franchise of the Women's National Basketball Association. It is their 10th in San Antonio.
	The following are the Silver Stars' selections in the 2012 WNBA Draft.

= = = Ethmia brevistriga = = =

	Ethmia brevistriga is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is in California, United States.
	The length of the forewings is 4.7-6.4 mm. The ground color of the forewings is dark brown; with a distinct white line. The ground color of the hindwings is dark brown, but the costal area is paler. Subspecies "aridicola" has a darker ground color owing to a reduction of the whitish overscaling, especially on the costal half. Adults are on wing from March to mid-May.
	The larvae feed on "Phacelia distans". Subspecies "aridicola" only feeds on "Phacelia distans" var. "australis".

= = = Kattendijk Sands = = =

	Kattendijk Sands is a five million years old marine geological formation north of Antwerp, Belgium. including the north-western parts of the Campine region.
	The area was named by De Heuter and Laga in 1976. The sands range from medium fine to coarse and contain a large proportion of shell grit.
	The clay of the Rupelian era developed to a depth of approximately beneath a deposit of Neogene sand. The formation has a Miocene Era aquifer, while the clay level dates to the Pliocene.
	A Pliocene species of auk ("Alca stewarti") was found in 2000.

= = = The Orphan Master's Son = = =

	The Orphan Master's Son is a 2012 novel by American author Adam Johnson. It deals with intertwined themes of propaganda, identity and state power in North Korea. The novel was awarded the 2013 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
	Part 1 details Jun Do's upbringing in a state orphanage and his service to the state, including as a kidnapper of Japanese citizens, and later as a signal operator stationed on a fishing boat. Due to his 'heroic act' he displayed on the boat, he becomes part of a diplomatic delegation and travels over to America. However, as the trip to America was an unsuccessful mission, Jun Do and his team are sent to a prison mine upon returning to North Korea. 
	An interrogator for North Korea state has been tasked to investigate the national hero “Commander Ga” who has been taken into custody for killing his wife Sun Moon, a famous North Korean actress. The interrogator compiles biographies of prisoners as a by-product of interrogation, but he realises Ga is unwilling to speak for unknown reasons. The part continues with showing how Jun Do had assumed Commander Ga's identity, by defeating him in a fight against him, and became the “replacement husband” of Sun Moon. At first, Sun Moon forces him to live in the dirt cellar under the house, but soon accepts him into the house to live with her and her children. During his interactions with Sun Moon, Jun Do often questions her acting career and her loyalty to North Korea. After watching Casablanca, her perception of North Korea change and both decide to make plans to defect. 
	Meanwhile, the Dear Leader, Kim Jong Il, introduces Commander Ga to an American girl, one of the boat rowers whom Jun Do had heard about through radio when he was a signal operator earlier. As a response to the U.S. seizing materials bound for North Korea related to nuclear development, Kim retaliated by seizing her. During her imprisonment, Kim forced her to make an English translation of his own work On the Art of the Cinema. When an American delegation comes to Pyongyang to retrieve her in exchange of Kim's supplies, Jun Do puts a desperate plan into motion. When Kim Jong-il realises that Jun Do has let Sun Moon escape along with the delegation, he is arrested and later sentenced to be executed. The interrogator realises his efforts are futile when his parents point out that a propaganda version of Commander's Ga story with Sun Moon has already been broadcast.
	Johnson has said that this book began as a short story called "The Best North Korean Short Story of 2005."
	There are three narrators in the book: a third-person account; the propaganda version of Commander Ga and Sun Moon's story, which is projected across the country by loudspeakers; and a first-person account by an interrogator seeking to write a Biography of Commander Ga.
	The novel's reception has been highly favorable. Michiko Kakutani, writing in "The New York Times", has called it "a daring and remarkable novel, a novel that not only opens a frightening window on the mysterious kingdom of North Korea, but one that also excavates the very meaning of love and sacrifice." Writing in the "Wall Street Journal", Sam Sacks said “stylistic panache, technical daring, moral weight and an uncanny sense of the current moment—combine in Adam Johnson's 'The Orphan Master's Son', the single best work of fiction published in 2012.” M. Francis Wolff, in her review for "The New Inquiry", called the book "one of those rare works of high ambition that follow through on all of its promises... it examines both the Orwellian horrors of life in the DPRK and the voyeurism of Western media." David Ignatius’ review in the "Washington Post" called the novel “an audacious act of imagination.” In the "New York Times", Christopher R. Beha called it “an ingeniously plotted adventure that feels much shorter than its roughly 450 pages and offers the reader a tremendous amount of fun,” but complained that the “[propaganda] interludes are fine exercises in dark wit, but in the context of a novel that seeks to portray a country’s suffering, they’re unconvincing.” On 15 April 2013, the novel won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.

= = = Michigan Farm Radio Network = = =

	The Michigan Farm Radio Network (MFRN) is a radio network that provides specialty programming geared toward farmers in Michigan. It is owned by Learfield Communications and is a sisters with the Michigan Radio Network.
	The network began broadcasting from Howard Heath's farm house basement in 1970. Heath was the first recipient of Michigan Farm Bureau's "Agriculture Communicator of the Year Award" in 1975. He died in 1979.
	Robert T. "Bob" Driscoll, who started his radio career at WLEW in Bad Axe, worked with Heath and later with his son Patrick T. "Pat" Driscoll. Under Bob's management, MFRN became the second largest regional farm radio network in the country. It grew into several sub-stations, and began broadcasting in its own station in Milan, Michigan in 1976. Pat Driscoll led the station for several years, until the Driscolls sold the network to Saga Communications in 2000.
	Bob and Pat Driscoll were long-term members of the National Association of Farm Broadcasters and held seats on that organization's Board of Directors and its various committees. Bob was recognized by the Michigan Farm Bureau in 1981, 1983 and 1986 for his service to agriculture. Bob Driscoll died in 2001; in 2004, he was inducted posthumously into the Michigan Broadcasting Hall of Fame.
	In 1993, Pat Driscoll was awarded the Michigan FFA Foundation "Distinguished Service Award", in recognition of the support given to the Michigan FFA Foundation and the Michigan Association of FFA. In 1996, he received the "Meritorious Service Award for Producer Communications" in Broadcast by the United Soybean Board; in the same year, the Michigan Veterinary Medical Association recognized him and the MFRN with its "MVMA Public Media Award" for promoting the importance of the veterinarian in animal agriculture. In 2000, he was named as an honorary member of the Michigan Association of Agriscience Educators. He was awarded an Oscar in Broadcasting for his leadership in reporting on the tuberculosis problem in Michigan's whitetail deer and its threat to Michigan agriculture.
	As of 2005, Dennis Mellott was the President of Networks and General Manager, formerly vice-president and General Manager.

= = = Airborne Fun = = =

	The Airborne Fun is a series of Australian high-wing, single and two-place, hang gliders, designed and produced by Airborne Windsports of Redhead, New South Wales and introduced in the early 2000s.
	The Fun series are all intended to be beginner hang gliders used for recreational flying and flight training.
	The Fun 190 model is made from aluminum tubing, with the single-surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its span wing is cable braced with a single kingpost supporting the ground wires. The nose angle is 118° and the aspect ratio is 5.51:1. The aircraft is certified as DHV 1.

= = = Edmund Morgan = = =

	Edmund Morgan may refer to:

= = = Avant (journal) = = =

	Avant. The Journal of the Philosophical-Interdisciplinary Vanguard (Trends in interdisciplinary studies and philosophy of science) is a triannual peer-reviewed open access academic journal. It is published by the Centre of Philosophical Research in Warsaw and cooperates with the faculty and PhD students at the NCU. The editor-in-chief is Witold Wachowski.
	The journal is bilingual (English and Polish), published both online and in print.
	The Avant journal is interested in current trends in interdisciplinary studies and philosophy of science. The journal publishes reviews and review papers, polemical texts, comments, opinions, academic essays and interviews; it focuses on new approaches in cognitive science, phenomenology, psychology, sociology, anthropology, studies on art, social ontology, constructivism, robotics, sciences of complexity and others.

= = = Pietro Larizza = = =

	Pietro Larizza (Reggio Calabria July 21, 1935) is an Italian trade unionist politician and syndicalist. 
	He was general secretary of Italian Labour Union (UIL) one of the biggest Italian trade union centers from February 1992 to 2000.

= = = Ethmia albistrigella = = =

	Ethmia albistrigella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in North America from southern British Columbia southward in the Rocky Mountains to south-western Colorado and into the Wasatch Range in northern Utah. On the Pacific coast it ranges through western Washington and Oregon into the mountains of California. Subspecies "icariella" is an Arctic-Alpine zone race which has only been recorded from California.
	The length of the forewings is 7.1-9.4 mm. The ground color of the forewings is dark blackish brown, darkest in the cell and paler toward the margins, with a distinct white longitudinal streak. The ground color of the hindwings is dark brown. Subspecies "icariella" is almost wholly black dorsally, including the abdomen. Adults are on wing from late April to early August.
	The larvae feed on "Phacelia ramosissima" and possibly "Lappula floribunda". Subspecies "icariella" probably feeds on "Phacelia frigida".

= = = 2012 Seattle Storm season = = =

	The 2012 WNBA season is the 13th season for the Seattle Storm of the Women's National Basketball Association.
	The following are the Storm's selections in the 2012 WNBA Draft.

= = = 2012 United States Olympic Trials (track and field) = = =

	The 2012 United States Olympic Trials for track and field were held at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon. Organized by USA Track and Field, the ten-day competition lasted from June 21 until July 1 and served as the national championships in track and field for the United States.
	The results of the event determined qualification for the American Olympic team at the 2012 Summer Olympics, to be held in London. Provided they had achieved the Olympic "A" standard, the top three athletes gained a place on the Olympic team. In the event that a leading athlete did not hold an "A" standard, or an athlete withdrew, the next highest finishing athlete with an "A" standard was selected instead.
	The trials for the men's and women's marathon were held January 14 in Houston and the trials for the men's 50 km race walk were held January 22 in Santee, California. The hammer throw competitions were held at the Nike facility in Beaverton, Oregon.
	Key:
	Key:

= = = Hyolithida = = =

	The Hyolithida are lophophorates, one of the two orders of hyolithid, the other being the Orthothecida. Most of our knowledge of the hyolithids comes from studies on the Hyolithida. Both orders had an operculum that was not hinged to the conch. However, the Hyolithida are distinct from the Orthothecida in lacking additional paired, curved, whiskerlike appendages. The Hyolithida were probably bottom feeders living in shallow water, and had tentacules.

= = = The Singles (Goldfrapp album) = = =

	The Singles is a compilation album by English electronic music duo Goldfrapp, released on 3 February 2012 by Mute Records and Parlophone. The album features singles from the duo's first five studio albums, as well as two previously unreleased tracks, "Yellow Halo" and "Melancholy Sky".
	Following the duo's departure from EMI in August 2010, it was confirmed in April 2011 that Goldfrapp had begun work on their sixth studio album. In December 2011, it was announced that a 14-track retrospective compilation titled "The Singles" would be released on 6 February 2012 by Mute Records and Parlophone, including the biggest singles from their five studio albums, as well as two brand-new songs, "Melancholy Sky" and "Yellow Halo". "Melancholy Sky" was released on 3 January 2012 as the compilation's lead single, while a video for "Yellow Halo" was directed by Lisa Gunning and entirely shot on Gunning's iPhone in South America.
	"The Singles" received critical acclaim from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 85, based on 14 reviews. AllMusic editor Heather Phares commented that the album "shows that [the duo's] craftsmanship and good taste may have been their most defining quality", while noting that "[t]heir style-hopping sounds less like searching for what will stick and more like the product of two restlessly creative artists who had the talent to do just about anything they wanted and tried a little of everything." Pitchfork's Matthew Perpetua wrote that Goldfrapp "have spent the past decade moving back and forth between icy electro-glam and atmospheric balladry, delivering these extremes in tonally consistent albums that dare to alienate listeners who favor one style over the other." Matt James of PopMatters commented, "Over the course of five albums, Goldfrapp have proved themselves one of the most imaginative, artistic and entertaining bands of this new century", concluding that the compilation "offers an intriguing introduction to one of Britain's premier pop art bands." Drowned in Sound's David Edwards opined that "the most striking thing from their singles compilation is that within this, they actually managed to craft some rather excellent pieces of pop orientated electronica", adding that on "The Singles", Goldfrapp are "exactly how they wanted the world to see them: sleek, intelligent, flirtatious and deliciously off their tits."
	Martyn Young of "DIY" described the compilation as "a triumph of compellingly brilliant classy pop". Jaime Gill of BBC Music raved, "Fourteen songs that veer between the perfect and the merely outstanding, "The Singles" is proof that Goldfrapp have been the most versatile and most consistently, glitteringly brilliant pop band of our new millennium." In a review for the "Daily Express", Simon Gage found that the duo "has built up quite a body of work as displayed on this gorgeous little collection", writing that "[w]hile their albums are well-worth discovering and hugely well-received, the singles showcase some excellent work". Lewis Corner of Digital Spy stated, "For over a decade the duo have been writing consistently fantastic pop songs—and here is the proof." Elaine Buckley of entertainment.ie commended the duo for their "wonderful electric stylings" and wrote that "the songs of "The Singles" are still as impressive as ever." Slant Magazine's Matthew Cole viewed the compilation as "a terrific showcase for Goldfrapp's versatility, though on the crucial point of whether or not their midtempo and ambient numbers are as essential as their dance hits, it's not entirely convincing." John Murphy of musicOMH expressed, "Whereas each of Goldfrapp's albums occasionally had the odd filler track that stopped them from being gilt-edged classics, here we get all the meat and none of the fat [...] there's so much pop sensibility crammed in here that each track sounds almost impossibly fresh."
	Credits adapted from the liner notes of "The Singles".

= = = 2006 South American Under-23 Championships in Athletics = = =

	The 2nd South American Under-23 Championships in Athletics were held
	in Buenos Aires, Argentina, at the Centro Nacional de Alto Rendimiento Deportivo (CeNARD) on November 10–12, 2006. The championships
	were held as a part of the 2006 South American Games (ODESUR). A detailed report on the results was given.
	410 athletes from 11 countries participated in the event. However, an unofficial count through the result lists resulted only in 266 participating athletes:
	Medal winners are published.
	Detailed results can be found on the Fecodatle, on the CAU, on the CACAC website, on the CONSUDATLE website, and on the Tilastopaja website.
	The medal count was published.
	and the published medal count. This is explained by the fact
	that the source reports that in the women's 20 km race walk
	competition, Magaly Andrade from Ecuador won the silver medal and Luz Villamarín from Colombia won bronze. However, all other sources and
	a special report on the race walking competitions list Luz Villamarín second and Magaly Andrade third.
	The placing tables for team trophy (overall team, men and women categories) were published.

= = = 2012 Tulsa Shock season = = =

	The 2012 WNBA season is the 15th season for the Tulsa Shock of the Women's National Basketball Association. It is their third in Tulsa.
	The following are the Shock's selections in the 2012 WNBA Draft.

= = = Game creation system = = =

	A game creation system (GCS) is a consumer-targeted game engine and a set of specialized design tools (and sometimes a light scripting language), engineered for the rapid iteration of user-derived video games. Examples include Novashell and Pie in the Sky.
	Unlike more developer-oriented game engines, game creation systems promise an easy entry point for novice or hobbyist game designers, with often little to no coding required for simple behaviors. Although initially stigmatized, all-in-one game creation systems have gained some legitimacy with the central role of Unity, Construct, and in the growth of the indie game development community. Currently the Independent Games Festival recognizes games produced with similar platforms.
	Early game creation systems such as Broderbund's "The Arcade Machine" (1982), Pinball Construction Set (1983), ASCII's War Game Construction Kit (1983), Thunder Force Construction (1984), Adventure Construction Set (g
	ameMaker]] (1985), Wargame Construction Set (1986), Shoot'Em-Up Construction Kit (1987), Mamirin / Dungeon Manjirou (1988), and Arcade Game Construction Kit (1988) appeared in the 1980s on home computers. "3D Construction Kit" was released on the ZX Spectrum in 1991, and contained a full polygon-based world creation tool. Most of these early design frameworks are specific to one or another genre.
	In 1990s, game creation systems for the IBM PC shifted both to the more general and the more specific. Whereas frameworks like RSD Game-Maker and Klik & Play attempted to accommodate any genre, communities grew around games like "ZZT" (later, MegaZeux) that permitted such extensive user modification that they essentially became de facto game creation systems. Pie in the Sky Software created a full on 2.5D first-person shooter creator out of an engine they previously used internally, which sold in three total versions until 2003.
	Later in the mid-2000s, with the growth of the World Wide Web and social networking, programs like BlitzBasic and Multimedia Fusion headlined an explosion of interest both in indie games and in canned game design software. Whereas earlier game creation systems tend to err on the side of user friendly interfaces, 21st-century systems are often distinguished by extensive scripting languages that attempt to account for every possible user variable.
	Several game creation systems include some of the following tools:
	The rise of game creation systems also saw a rise in the need for free form scripting languages with general purpose use. Some packages, such as Conitec's Gamestudio, include a more comprehensive scripting language under the surface to allow users more leeway in defining their games' behavior.
	While most of the mainstream and popular game creation systems may be general-purpose, several exist solely for specific genres.

= = = Ethmia albitogata = = =

	Ethmia albitogata is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in central California.
	The length of the forewings is . The ground color of the forewings is dark
	gray heavily overscaled with white. The ground color of the hindwings (including fringe) is white, but the apical area and base of the adjoining fringe are blackish. Adults are on wing in February and March.
	The larvae feed on "Amsinckia lunaris" and possibly other "Amsinckia" species.

= = = Wolverhampton Corporation Tramways = = =

	Wolverhampton Corporation Tramways operated a tramway service in Wolverhampton between 1902 and 1928.
	In 1900 Wolverhampton Corporation bought the Wolverhampton Tramways Company which had operated a standard gauge horse-drawn tramway since 1878.
	A modernisation scheme followed immediately re-gauging to 3'6" and electrification. The tramway was unique in using the Lorain Stud contact system, and because of this, connections to other networks in the area could not be made until 1921, when the council decided to convert to overhead wiring.
	The first line opened on 6 February 1902. The main service connected Wolverhampton railway station with the 1902 exhibition in West Park.
	Additional lines soon followed and the basic system was complete in 3 years. A further line was added in 1909 to Penn Fields.
	The company ordered 24 tramcars for its initial operations 
	Later additions were:

= = = Ethmia plagiobothrae = = =

	Ethmia plagiobothrae is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in California, United States.
	The length of the forewings is 5.6–7 mm. The ground color of the forewings is blackish gray. The ground color of the hindwings is white, although the apical area is rather broadly blackish, except the fringe which is white. Adults are on wing in February and March.
	The larvae have been reared on "Plagiobothrys nothofulvus".

= = = Manuel C. Herrera = = =

	Hon. Manuel Cruz Herrera (c. 1924–1998) was a lawyer, an instructor in the University of the Philippines and Manuel Luis Quezon University, and a deputy "tanod bayan" (Ombudsman at present) during the Marcos regime and later, head of the prosecution panel in the Benigno Aquino, Jr. murder case that led to the EDSA Revolution of 1986. And then became one of the justices of the Court of Appeals from 1987 to 1997, and chair of the National Unification Commission.
	Born in Wawa, Pilar, Bataan, Manuel Herrera was the second of nine children of Jose S. Herrera Sr., third municipal Mayor of Pilar ("sheriff at that time") and Brigida Cruz, both natives of Wawa, Pilar, Bataan. He studied law at Manuel L. Quezon University while working as a janitor. Herrera was known for his generosity towards his fellow "kababayans", his bravery, kindness, nationalism, and integrity, especially as a justice of the Court of Appeals.
	Despite their courageous efforts in presenting new evidences and eyewitnesses, he felt that there was really a conspiracy to assassinate not only former senator Ninoy Aquino but also the fall guy Rolando Galman. On January 10, 1985, he and his prosecution team together by presiding Justice Manuel Pamaram were called by President Marcos to a meeting in Malacañan Palace, insinuating that Galman was really the communist who shot Aquino and defended the accused. Herrera tried to voice out his opinion by telling that Galman was a fall guy and there was an ongoing conspiracy but Pamaran told him not to contradict Marcos because he was sick at that time and the President might collapse. But it only swelled the flood of dissatisfaction of his regime, less than a year the EDSA People Power Revolution occurred and Marcos found himself out in power. In March 1986 he revealed that Marcos did in fact try to influence, if not direct, the outcome of the first Sandiganbayan. Herrera then became one of the Associate justices of the Court of Appeals until his retirement. Herrera died of a heart attack at the age of 74.
	A road (Justice Manuel C. Herrera Road) was named after him in honor of his great contributions to the people and love of his fellows "kabarangays".

= = = Boji Dirmaji = = =

	Boji Dirmaji is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It is part of the Mirab Welega Zone and a part of former Boji woreda. It is bounded by Benishangul Gumuz Regional state in the north, Nejo in the west, Boji Chokorsa in the south and Lalo Asabi in the southeast. Bila is the administrative center.
	The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 42,813 in 8,536 households, of whom 20,943 were men and 21,870 were women; 7,291 or 17.03% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants observed Protestantism, with 90.57% reporting that as their religion, while 6.59% observed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity.

= = = Ville Ranta = = =

	Ville Matias Ranta (b. 29 November 1978) is a Finnish cartoonist from Oulu. He received the Finnish comics society's "Puupäähattu" award in 2009. In his work, Ranta focus on controversial and provocative topics among other things. His comic "Mohammed, Fear and Freedom of Speech" (published in 2006 in the magazine "Kaltio" in reaction to the Muhammad cartoons controversy) led to the sacking of the editor Jussi Vilkuna.

= = = Airborne Sting = = =

	The Airborne Sting is a series of Australian high-wing, single-seat hang gliders, designed and produced by Airborne Windsports of Redhead, New South Wales and introduced in the early 2000s.
	The Stings are intended to be intermediate hang gliders used for recreational flying. They all feature ease of handling with good performance
	The Sting 2 154 XC model is made from 7075 aluminum tubing, with the semi-double-surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its span wing is cable braced with a single kingpost supporting the ground wires. The nose angle is 121° and the aspect ratio is 5.7:1. The aircraft is certified as DHV 1-2.

= = = Ethmia minuta = = =

	Ethmia minuta is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in California, United States.
	The length of the forewings is 4.4–5 mm. The ground color of the forewings is black, reflecting shining bronzy, indistinctly mottled by scattered whitish scales in the distal one-third. The ground color of the hindwings is white, with a narrow blackish area around the apex.
	The larvae feed on "Cryptantha intermedia". They feed inside the buds of their host plant. First instar larvae feed at the sides of developing ovules.

= = = Southern Valley Schools = = =

	Southern Valley Schools, also known as Southern Valley School District #540, is a consolidated public school district located in Oxford, Nebraska, United States, west of Stamford. The district was established in 1993, providing education for students in the communities of Beaver City, Edison, Hendley, Hollinger, Orleans, Oxford, and Stamford. The individual schools include Southern Valley High School and Southern Valley Elementary.

= = = Ethmia tricula = = =

	Ethmia tricula is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in California, United States.
	The length of the forewings is about 4.3 mm, making it the smallest member of the genus "Ethmia" in the New World. The ground color of the forewings and hindwings is uniform, dull gray-brown including the fringes.

= = = Pyotr Shchebalsky = = =

	Pyotr Karlovich Shchebalsky (, 1810-March 20, 1886) was a Russian literary critic and historian, author of comprehensive studies on the history of Russian literature, later editor of the "Varshavsky Dnevnik" (The Warsaw Diary) magazine.
	Pyotr Shchebalsky was born in 1810 into a noble Pskovian family. In 1829 he joined the Artillery college, in 1830 became a junker and after the graduation in 1834 remained at the college in the rank of praporshchik to receive the extended course of studies. In 1836-1842 he served in the Guards artillery, then on July 17, 1842, for taking part in a duel was lowered in rank to a cannoneer and got transferred to the field artillery unit of the Caucasian grenadiers' brigade. Schebalsky took part in several major operations in Chechnya and Dagestan and was rewarded the soldier's Order of St. George. After six years of the service in the Caucasus he was reinstated in ranks and in January 1848 was returned to the Guards to join in December of the same year the Emperor's battery of His Majesty Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich. At the same time he took the posts of the head of the Division's school of artillery and the special class of Don's ' tutor.
	In 1954 for financial reasons Shchebalsky retired from the military service and was appointed the chief of Moscow police. In 1858, now the Ministry of Education official, Shchebalsky started his career as a critic and literary historian. As the Ministry's special envoy, in the course of 4 years he was compiling the comprehensive Russian press reviews for the Tsar. At the same time, by the then Minister of Education's request, he wrote his major treatise, "The History of Censorship in Russia". In those four years time Shchebalsky also wrote the series of essays that were published under the title "Readings from the Russian History from the XVII Century Onwards". All the while his works on the history of Russian literature were being published in "Zarya", "Russky Arkhiv", but mostly in "The Russian Messenger" which he's been an active contributor to.
	The last 15 years of his life Shchebalsky spent in Poland, first as a head of educational directories - first of Suwałki (from 1871), then of Warsaw (from 1875). After retirement he became the editor of "Varshavsky Dnevnik" (The Warsaw Diary), the only Russian newspaper in Poland which during years of his leadership became a prominent publication, both allies and opponents praising Shchebalsky's objectivity and literary talent. Pyotr Shchebalsky died in Warsaw on March 20, 1886.

= = = Ethmia charybdis = = =

	Ethmia charybdis is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in California, United States.
	The length of the forewings is about 10.6 mm. The ground color of the forewings is gray, heavily overlaid with whitish, especially on the dorsal half. The ground color of the hindwings is pale gray.

= = = Furmanovsky = = =

	Furmanovsky (masculine), Furmanovskaya (feminine), or Furmanovskoye (neuter) may refer to:

= = = Boji Chokorsa = = =

	Boji Chokorsa is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It is part of the Mirab Welega Zone and part of former Boji woreda. It is bounded by Nejo in the north, Boji Dirmaji in the northeast, Lalo Asabi in the southeast and Guliso in the south. Muklemi is the administrative center.
	The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 48,871 in 9,452 households, of whom 24,120 were men and 24,751 were women; 1,479 or 3.03% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants observed Protestantism, with 92.44% reporting that as their religion, while 7.17% observed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity.

= = = Speed skating at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics – Boys' 500 metres = = =

	The boys' 500 metres speed skating competition of the Innsbruck 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at Eisschnellaufbahn on 14 January 2012.
 

= = = Ethmia nadia = = =

	Ethmia nadia is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in California.
	The length of the forewings is . The ground color of the forewings is dark
	gray, but paler distally. There are dark spots adjoining a longitudinal streak. Adults are on wing from March to May (in southern California) and from June to July (in Siskiyou County).
	The larvae feed on "Phacelia ramosissima".

= = = Ethmia orestella = = =

	Ethmia orestella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Colorado, United States.
	The length of the forewings is 9.2-9.9 mm. The ground color of the forewings is uniform dull gray-brown with a longitudinal pale streak. The ground color of the hindwings is smoky brown, slightly paler than the forewings.

= = = Speed skating at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics – Girls' 500 metres = = =

	The girl's 500 metres speed skating competition of the Innsbruck 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at Eisschnellaufbahn on 14 January 2012.
 

= = = Windoc = = =

	Windoc may refer to:

= = = Ethmia semilugens = = =

	Ethmia semilugens is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in the United States and Mexico in the arid parts of Colorado through central Texas, New Mexico, northern Chihuahua, Arizona and southern California.
	The length of the forewings is 8.7–12 mm. The ground color of the forewings is brownish black with a broad white dorsal margin. The ground color of the hindwings is whitish, slightly to strongly brownish toward the apex, at times mostly brownish except basally. Adults are on wing from late February to March (in south-western Texas) and to September (in Chihuahua). There are two generations per year.
	The larvae feed on "Phacelia calthifolia" and "Phacelia crenulata" in California. The larvae live on the leaves without a shelter.

= = = Church of Universal Triumph, Dominion of God = = =

	The Church of Universal Triumph, Dominion of God is a predominantly African American Pentecostal holiness spiritual church. It began as a breakaway congregation of the Detroit branch of the southern based, nationwide Triumph the Church and Kingdom of God in Christ in the 1940s. It was founded by James F. Jones, often known as Prophet Jones.
	Universal Triumph, Dominion of God positions itself theologically as the 'fulfillment' of and the true successor to 'the mission' of its former Mother Church. Its self-designation is not as a Christian 'Holiness' Church but as a Christian 'Holiness' Kingdom or a literal 'Dominion of God' into which members, known as 'citizens', have to 'register' not 'join'.
	Once registered into the Dominion, citizens are admonished to strictly abide by the 'Dominion rules', i.e. no smoking, alcoholic drinks, coffee, tea, drugs or games of any kind as specified in the 'Dominion constitution' as set up by the 'Dominion Ruler'. The Dominion Ruler is the Head of the Dominion or Kingdom.
	The Dominion was founded, it states, by direct message to its founder by God to disseminate the "whole truth of God throughout the world". Thus divine messages of guidance and revelation through the Dominion founder are the underscoring foundation of Universal Triumph Dominion of God. Its sacred text is the Christian Bible.
	Dominion publications that interpret and explain the Bible in light of the divine revelations of the Dominion founder, Prophet Jones, are 'The Mind Awakener' and 'The Message'. The procedure to properly conduct weekly Dominion services are in 'The ritual'. Further instructions for citizens and auxiliaries and other components that make up the Dominion of God are in 'The Dominion Constitution'. The Dominion consists of numerous 'churches' called "Thankful Centers" around the United States and abroad.
	The Dominion is led by the Dominion Ruler. The founding Dominion Ruler, James F. Jones, is known to the citizens of the Dominion of God as 'God's only Holy Prophet'. The Dominion Ruler is assisted in his duties by The First Dominion Lady and the Dominion Chief Secretary known as the Universal Dominion Executor. The Universal Dominion Executor presides over the Diocean Administers. The Diocean Administers preside over the various districts, or Diocese, that compose the Dominion. Several Thankful Centers make up a Dominion district. The local Thankful Center is led by a Dominion minister called the Local Administrator. The Local Administrator oversees weekly Dominion services as well as the local activities of the Dominion auxiliary clubs.
	An annual international Dominion conference called the 'General Assembly' is convened by the Dominion hierarchy, the board of directors and the board of trustees of the Dominion, to oversee the world activities of Universal Triumph, Dominion of God. The activities and duties of the General Assembly when convened are to review the efforts of the Dominion workers to establish Thankful Centers, Dominion schools and seminaries throughout the world, to ordain and appoint missionaries and evangelists to head up the work and to appoint and ordain all dignitaries and officials of the Dominion under the direct direction and leadership of the Universal Dominion Ruler.
	The Dominion clergy, workers and auxiliary leaders make up the dignitaries and officials of Universal Triumph, Dominion of God. Both men and women citizens in the Dominion are eligible to serve as auxiliary club and/or laity leaders as well as members of the clergy. Leaders in the work of the Dominion earn and are given royal titles such as sir, prince, princess, lord, and lady by designation from the Dominion Ruler.
	The auxiliary clubs of Universal Triumph, Dominion of God are the Universal Missionary Society, the Universal Praise Bands, the Universal Rescue Workers and the Universal Young Peoples Union. The Universal Missionary Society's duties include establishing thankful centers, Universal Triumph, Dominion of God schools and seminaries throughout the world. The Universal Rescue Workers Union's duties are "to provide for the widows and orphans, the poor and the needy". The Universal Young Peoples Union is the youth auxiliary of the Dominion.
	The Dominion was organized and founded in Detroit, Michigan between 1938 and its formation in 1944 by a former Pastor & missionary for Triumph the Church and Kingdom of God in Christ, James F. Jones. Jones, known as "Prophet Jones", claimed to be a faith healing minister, and ran a fundamentalist Christian, radio and television ministry. Jones further claimed that he was the second coming of Christ with the divine power to heal, forecast, bless and curse.
	Jones, as Dominion founder, was the Dominion Ruler from 1944 till his death in 1971. His successor as Dominion Ruler was James Schaffer.
	The Universal Triumph Dominion of God's teachings revolve around heralding the incoming millennial rule of 'perfect bliss' under the 'universal triumph' of the 'kingdom of God', in which the wicked, and death itself, will be destroyed but the Dominion faithful will live forever in incorruptible physical bodies right here on Earth. Those in the Dominion that are faithful now, it teaches, can and do have heaven right here on earth by recognizing the 'divine' calling of the Dominion ruler and by strictly obeying his 'divine' wisdom and rules. When this stage of understanding is adhered too the Dominion declares "All Is well": which is the Dominion's signature phrase.
	The Dominion of God holds its founder and first Dominion Ruler, Jones, in the highest esteem. It annually celebrates the week of his birth, beginning November 24, his birthday, called Philamethyu and ending December 1, called Hushdomcalama. For the Dominion this is the sacred time of the year and the celebrations take the place of Christmas as practiced in much of Christianity.
	The Dominion Ruler in the Church of Universal Triumph, Dominion of God is the head religious leader, pastor, and overseer of the church and movement. The Dominion Ruler (the Head of the Dominion, or colloquially, the Kingdom) is understood by the Dominion citizens to be the Universal Divine Ruler similar to a divine king who is in direct contact with God.
	The Dominion Ruler serves as top leader, chief teacher, top trustee and final judge as the 'divine ruler' in the Church of Universal Triumph, Dominion of God. He oversees the international Dominion conference called the General Assembly convened by the Dominion hierarchy, the board of directors and the board of trustees. He also awards high-level and active leaders in the Dominion with royal titles such as sir, prince, princess, lord and lady.

= = = MS Windoc (1959) = = =

	MS "Windoc was a Lake freighter or laker, initially constructed as an ocean-going bulk carrier in West Germany in 1959. Entering service that year as Rhine Ore, the ship was renamed Steelcliffe Hall" in 1977 and reconstructed as a laker. In 1988 the laker was renamed "Windoc" and in 2001, was involved in a collision with a bridge on the Welland Canal which caused the ship to catch fire. The ship was declared a constructive total loss. While undergoing repairs in Ontario, the ship broke free of its moorings and grounded. Later pulled free, the vessel was eventually converted into a barge.
	"Windoc" was initially constructed as the bulk carrier "Rhine Ore". As a bulk carrier the ship had a gross register tonnage of 8,202 tons and a deadweight tonnage of 19,918 tons. The ship measured overall and between perpendiculars with a beam of . The ship was powered by one diesel engine and had a maximum speed of .
	The "Rhine Ore" was part of a class of 8 sisterships ("Ems Ore", "Rhine Ore", "Ruhr Ore", "Weser Ore", "Clyde Ore", "Tees Ore", "Thames Ore" and "Tyne Ore"). Three of them were purchased by Hall Corp Ltd. of Toronto and rebuilt as lakers.
	After the vessel's conversion to a laker, the gross register tonnage increased to 18,531 tons and the deadweight tonnage to 29,050 tons. The length overall of the ship was increased to and between perpendiculars to . The beam was also increased to .
	"Rhine Ore" was ordered from the Schlieker shipyard in Hamburg, West Germany by Transatlantic Bulk Carriers Inc. with the yard number 533. The vessel was launched on 11 April 1959 and completed in July. Registered under a flag of convenience in Monrovia upon entering service, "Rhine Ore" sailed until sold to Hall Corp Ltd.
	The ship was renamed "Steelcliffe Hall" after the April 1977 sale, it was rebuilt in Canada that year as a laker, with cargo space added forward of the engine room, and the wheelhouse moved aft above the crew accommodation.
	After decades of service and changes to the function and structural conversions of the ship, in 1988 "Steelcliffe Hall" was given the name "Windoc" (2) after being acquired by N. M. Paterson & Sons Ltd., following the liquidation of the previous owner, Halco.
	On 11 August 2001, while traveling through the Welland Canal, "Windoc" was hit by Bridge 11 in Allanburg, Ontario. The accident caused minor damage to the vertical lift bridge, and destroyed the ship's wheelhouse and funnel. The vessel caught fire, and was later declared a constructive total loss, but there were no reported injuries, no damage to the $6-$8 million cargo, and no pollution to the waterway. The Marine Investigation Report concluded "it is likely that the [vertical lift bridge] operator's performance was impaired while the bridge span was lowered onto the Windoc." The accident was captured on amateur video.
	The vessel was towed to Hamilton Harbour for repairs, and in March, 2002, it broke free of its moorings in a winter gale, and ran aground away in about of water, where it was pulled out by four tugboats three days later.
	N.M. Paterson & Sons left the shipping business the following year, after 87 years, and sued the canal operator, St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corp., for $16.9 million (C). Their remaining four active and three mothballed ships were sold in 2002. The canal operator denied any negligence, and blamed the shipping company and the ship's crew for the accident.
	A Transport Safety Bureau report on the collision points to the bridge operator and bridge operating procedures and policies as major factors.
	The ship was converted into a storage barge. It was scrapped in 2011 at Port Colborne.

= = = Palavanatham = = =

	Palavanatham is a village in Aruppukottai Taluk, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India . Palavanatham is 11.6 km distance from its main town Aruppukottai. Palavanatham is 8.8 km distance from its District Main City Virudhunagar. And 460 km distance from its State Main City Chennai.
	Pandithurai Thevar, The founder of Fourth Tamil Sangam was born in this village. Pandithurai Thevar (1867-1911 AD) was a great and versatile scholar and poet belonging to the royal house of the Sethupathis of Ramanathapuram. He was the Zamindar of Palavanatham. He was also a patron of arts, literary works, scholasticism, and poetry. He was invited to many places to give talks.
	Nearby villages are Valukkalotti (1.2 km), Varalotti (5 km), Nagampatti (3 km), Villipathiri (3.4 km), Mettukundu (3.4 km), Soolakkarai (4.8 km). Nearby towns are Virudhunagar (8.8 km), Aruppukottai (11.6 km), Kariapatti (17 km), Tiruchuli (20.3 km).
	There's the Kailasanadhar temple, a Pentecostal church, mosque and many small temples. Particularly Pathirakaliamman temple and Kannimariyamman temple.veera maha kaliyamman temple.

= = = Hyolithellus = = =

	Hyolithellus is a conical tubular fossil from the Cambrian, originally considered a hyolith but since has been reinterpreted (tentatively) as an annelid worm.
	Its circular, thin (15–150 μm), originally phosphatic tube gets wider along its long, undulating, annulated length.

= = = List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation = = =

	The following is a list of communist and anti-capitalist parties with representation in national parliaments. This list does not contain communist and anti-capitalist parties previously represented in parliament. This list includes only those parties who officially call themselves communist or anti-capitalist (or socialist parties who are declared anti-capitalist) ideologically. 115 communist and anti-capitalist parties have been elected worldwide to parliament in 56 different countries in both recognised and non-recognised states. Of the 66 states listed here, 9 of them are republics ruled by a socialist, communist or anticapitalist party, five of them are official socialist states ruled by a communist party, of them four of them espouse Marxism–Leninism (China, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam) while the fifth (North Korea) espouses Juche.

= = = Toronto Blue Jays mascots = = =

	Over the years, the Toronto Blue Jays have created three full-time mascots, all of which portray the bird for which the team was named.
	BJ Birdy was the team mascot from 1979 to 1999. For the 2000 season, BJ was replaced by Ace and Diamond, two new characters. Diamond was dropped at the end of the 2003 season, leaving Ace the sole mascot. In recent years, Ace has been joined on an occasional basis by Junior. This happens on "Junior Jays Sundays", formerly "Junior Jays Saturdays".
	Kevin Shanahan was an employee of Ontario Place, a theme park attraction run by the provincial government of Ontario, located on Toronto's lakeshore across from municipally-run Exhibition Place, site of Exhibition Stadium, the team's home field at the time. As a University of Toronto student, Shanahan designed and performed in a moose costume at the park, to replace the more "motley-looking thing" they already had. The second moose costume was uncomfortable, so he designed a more comfortable bird costume. A friend suggested to him the Blue Jays might want a mascot. Not a baseball fan, he had never seen a live game. He commented "it didn't take me long to see why a mascot was needed. The game needs a distraction. Otherwise your mind wanders." Shanahan was a part-time science student, before he later dropped out. Previously he had attended Michael Power High school, where he drew comics for the school newspaper.
	The team was working on a deal with CHUM Limited to develop a mascot character, after the Montreal Expos had added the character of Youppi! earlier in the year.
	In 1985, the BJ Birdy character was described as "lovable, irascible, curious, impudent, mischievous, and often the victim of his own impulsiveness." Much of the routines were improvised. "B.J. is a reaction character. He's a fan. He wants to know what's going on. He'll duck behind a dugout and then pop up again. He does what a lot of fans would do if they weren't so reserved." The costume had "perfect vision", and was said to be quite agile.
	During the 1981 Major League Baseball strike, 22-year-old Shanahan told the "Star" that he would lose $7000 if the whole season was cancelled. He suggested he might return to Ontario Place, but worried the strike might permanently kill the character. During the strike, he rebuilt his Basil Beaver and Mickey Moose costume heads for Ontario Place, and received a contract to build six more animals in the autumn. By the end of the strike, he estimated a loss of $3600.
	"The Globe and Mail" reported a rumour that Shanahan would not be offered a new contract for 1986.
	The character and its actor had a continuously strained relationship with the team and some fans. When receiving complaints from the fans or media on his behavior at a game, the team front office would apparently reply "B.J. Who?" In 1985, he commented: "I'm always walking a fine wire. I found out early that Blue Jays won't back me up, that I'm on my own. So I'm on a balancing act."
	On the move to SkyDome, "BJ Birdy" told the "Star" that the team should keep prices as is.
	On April 1, 1985, the first "BJ Birdy" comic ran in the "Toronto Star", created by Shanahan. In a preview article, he commented on the character: "I see him as an underbird but he'll definitely be his own bird. He'll get the odd quip in his favor, he'll second-guess like fans do but, most of the time, everything will fall back on him. Of course, he might develop into something totally different. I have ideas but that isn't to say they and B.J. won't change. Situations that B.J. got into at the stadium were limited but this way the sky's the limit. He can fall off stadiums, go through walls, do silly, little things. There's total freedom." The character often criticized Jays management. The "Globe" noted that fans "had grown abusive. Broadcasters question the reason for his existence. The team's front office offers only middling support." The newspaper noted a negative bent to the comic, with many strips taking shots at those groups. When Paul Beeston was asked about his opinion on a strip centering on him, vice president he commented "What comic strip? I didn't know he had one." In another strip, BJ Birdy's mother is about to hit mascot-hating broadcaster Tony Kubek on the head. He commented that the strip was based on real situations, "when I distort something, I only tone it down." Despite—or perhaps because of—its controversial nature, the comic was not successful, and was soon cancelled.
	BJ Birdy gained wider notoriety on May 22, 1993, when he was ejected from a Blue Jays game against the Minnesota Twins for trying to influence an umpire's call on a caught line drive. In the bottom of the first inning, umpire Jim McKean ruled that Twins infielder David McCarty didn't catch a line drive hit by Roberto Alomar, ruling the play a hit. Although the ruling favoured his team, BJ Birdy was caught up in the excitement of the play and attempted to get the crowd to make the "hit" ruling just as McKean was actually making the ruling. McKean still took exception to the antic, ejecting BJ Birdy from the game, which the Jays still won 7-0.
	Over the character's final seasons, Shanahan suggested that Jays management turned down multiple appearance requests for BJ Birdy. The Raptor, mascot of the Toronto Raptors basketball team, was meanwhile gaining acclaim for his acrobatic routines. The Jays noted the admiration for the NBA team's "total entertainment package". The team had its second lowest opening day attendance in 1999, desperately trying to attract audiences. The "Star" commented that the team's desperation was evident, suggesting that "the nadir probably reached when a van circled the field pulling a flatbed which bore B.J. Birdy, a massive plastic rodent, two dancing bears and a man firing T-shirts into the stands with a bazooka."
	Shanahan retained ownership of the character, despite initial attempts to sell the rights and costume to the club.
	Shanahan was called into a meeting with the senior vice-president of marketing for the Toronto Blue Jays, Terry Zuk; the two apparently had not met before. He was told he was being replaced by two new mascots. Shanahan again offered to sell the costume and copyrights, but the club declined. The team suggested, if it were too hard to hold onto the costume, the Jays Care Foundation would gladly accept a donation; he flatly refused. It was also suggested Shanahan might be interested in training the new performers. Seeking legal advice, he informed the club the new mascots could not debut before his contract expired on December 31, well after the season's end. In response, the club called him at his home in Mississauga, telling him not to appear at the final two regular season home games; he would quip to the media that they were the first "two paid days off after 20 years."
	In early December, the story about BJ Birdy's two replacements made the news. Shanahan commented that "there's not a great deal of pain in this. I had a good run. But it bothers me that the Jays talked about it before my contract was up. They gave their word they'd wait until December 31." General Manager Gord Ash contested that "there was no intent to reveal that. We were confronted with the story, it was out from another source and there was no sense having a bunker mentality and denying it."
	Quickly, some in the sports media asked "Double the pleasure? Or, double the pain?" News of a naming contest led to suggestions like Swing and A Miss, More and Annoying, and Bird and Brain. For their part, the "Globe" issued an editorial calling the situation "a baseball civics lesson", suggesting that no one asked the public, "and when you don't ask citizens of a democracy if they want an icon to be changed you must expect them to rise up in revolution... or at least cry out: Give us back our bird."
	As of early December 1999, four people expressed interest in applying, three of them from the United States. By the first round of auditions on January 10, 2000, the club had received about 70 applications.
	The characters themselves were conceived and designed by Kelly Giannopoulos and Diane Semark. "We looked for the most interesting personality traits and then actually gave the mascots a past, a sort of legend that went with their story." The duo were designed with distinct plummage and faces, to reflect their gender. Sugar's Costume Studio built the outfits based on their designs. Their personality traits were modelled after Jim Carrey and Goldie Hawn, because "both of them have a wild and zany side." Their original names were Slider and Curveball. On March 4, 2000, two new names were unveiled through the Toronto Blue Jays "Name the Mascots Contest" ACE and DIAMOND. Winner of contest: Toronto High School Student A. McConnell
	The costumes were built by Sugar's Mascot Costumes in Toronto. An early article suggested they would wear varied clothes; "tuxedos for formal events and surgical garb for hospital visits." The new costumes were lightweight and featured athletic pants to allow for stunts.
	Brennan Anderson played Ace for five years, bringing his competitive gymnastics and media background. He later became a sales manager at Sugar's. Diamond performers included then-Ryerson University student Angelina Milanovic, University of Toronto musical theatre student Larissa Bathgate, and Amanda Barker.
	Ace became sole mascot of the Blue Jays in 2004, after the team removed Diamond before the season opened. Ace wears the number zero.
	A second blue jay mascot, named Junior, is present on "Junior Jays days", usually Saturdays home games, when children are invited to run the bases after the games. Junior's number is 1/2 (half).
	Affiliate team the Dunedin Blue Jays are represented by DJay the Blue Jay; he was named BJ in 1998.
	Ace's official website jokingly mentioned that his father invented bird stickers commonly found on windows and his mother was a goose feather supplier.
	In 2012, Ace underwent some changes when the team changed their logo and uniforms. Ace was given more fur and his beak was changed from gray to blue and the bottom of his legs were switched from black to gray. This also happened to Junior.
	BJ Birdy

= = = Ski jumping at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics – Boys' individual = = =

	The boys' individual competition of the ski jumping events at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, was held on January 14, at the Seefeld Arena. 23 athletes from 23 different countries took part in this event.

= = = 2012 Football League Cup Final = = =

	The 2012 Football League Cup Final was a football match between Cardiff City and Liverpool on 26 February 2012 at Wembley Stadium, London. It was the final match of the 2011–12 Football League Cup, the 52nd season of the Football League Cup, a football competition for the 92 teams in the Premier League and the Football League. Cardiff were appearing in their first final, while Liverpool were appearing in the final for the eleventh time; they had previously won seven and lost three finals.
	As Cardiff were in the Football League, they played one more round than Liverpool who received a bye in the first round. Therefore, Cardiff progressed through six rounds to reach the final, whereas Liverpool progressed through five. Matches up to the semi-final were contested on a one-off basis with the exception of the semi-finals, which were contested over two-legs with a match at each team's home ground. Both Liverpool and Cardiff's matches were close affairs; their biggest margins of victory was by two goals. Liverpool beat Manchester City to reach the final, whereas Cardiff progressed via a penalty shoot-out against Crystal Palace.
	Watched by a crowd of 89,041, Cardiff took the lead in the first half when Joe Mason scored. The score remained the same through half-time until Liverpool equalised in the 60th minute, when Martin Škrtel scored. With the score 1–1 at full-time, the match went to extra-time as neither side were able to score a second goal. The first half of extra-time was goalless, but three minutes into the second half Liverpool took the lead when Dirk Kuyt scored. However two minutes before the end of extra-time Cardiff equalised to make the score 2–2, courtesy of a goal from Ben Turner. With the score at 2–2 at the end of extra-time the match went to a penalty shoot-out. Despite missing their first two penalties, Liverpool won the shoot-out 3–2 to win the League Cup for a record eighth time.
	Liverpool's manager Kenny Dalglish stated in the aftermath, that the victory would lead to more trophies. The club reached the 2012 FA Cup Final, but were beaten 2–1 by Chelsea. Their league form faltered after the victory and they finished the season in 8th place. Despite this, victory in the final ensured Liverpool had qualified for the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League. Cardiff manager Malky Mackay was proud of his team despite their defeat. They finished the season in 6th place in the 2011–12 Football League Championship, reaching the playoffs where they were beaten by West Ham United over two-legs.
	Cardiff entered the 2011–12 Football League Cup in the first round where they faced Oxford United. The match played at the Kassam Stadium saw Cardiff take the lead in the 10th minute when Craig Conway scored. Oxford equalised 20 minutes later courtesy of a Simon Clist goal. Neither side was able to score a winning goal during the remainder of the match, which went into extra-time at 1–1. Two goals from Peter Whittingham and Nathaniel Jarvis secured a 3–1 victory for Cardiff. Their opponents in the second round were Huddersfield Town. Two goals in the first 16 minutes courtesy of Gabor Gyepes and Jon Parkin gave Cardiff an early 2–0 lead, which they held until the 55th minute when Huddersfield reduced the deficit to 2–1 courtesy of a Jordan Rhodes goal. Daniel Ward equalised for Huddersfield in the 69th minute before Rhodes scored his second goal of the match to give Huddersfield a 3–2 lead in the 87th minute. Cardiff equalised two minutes into stoppage time when Don Cowie headed the ball in from close range. With the score at 3–3 after 90 minutes the match went to extra-time. A goal each from Conway and Cowie gave Cardiff a 5–3 victory and progression to the third round.
	Leciester City were the opponents in the third round. Cardiff playing at their home ground the Cardiff City Stadium took the lead in the 32nd minute when Cowie scored. Leicester equalised seven minutes later when Steve Howard scored from close range. Leicester then took the lead in the 65th minute courtesy of a Lloyd Dyer goal. Cardiff equalised when Rudy Gestede with nine minutes of the match remaining. The score remained 2–2 until full-time and throughout extra-time, which mean the match would be decided by a penalty shoot-out. Cardiff won the shoot-out 7–6 to progress to the fourth round.
	Cardiff were drawn at home against Burnley in the fourth round. They won the match 1–0 courtesy of a Joe Mason goal in the first half. The result was the first time in the competition Cardiff's match did not go into extra-atime and it was the first they had reached the quarter-finals of the League Cup since 1965. Their opponents in the quarter-finals were Blackburn Rovers. Two goals from Kenny Miller and Anthony Gerrard secured a 2–0 victory for Cardiff and their progression to the semi-finals.
	Crystal Palace were Cardiff's opponents in the semi-final which was played over two-legs. The first leg was played at Palace's home ground Selhurst Park. Cardiff started the match the better of the two sides but were unable to convert their chances. Palace took the lead in the 43rd minute when Anthony Gardner headed in Darren Ambrose's cross. Neither side scored again and the match ended 1–0. The second leg at the Cardiff City Stadium started well for Cardiff when they went ahead in the seventh minute after an own-goal from Palace defender Gardner, which levelled the aggregate score at 1–1. Palace were reduced to ten men in the second half when Paddy McCarthy was sent-off. Despite their numerical advantage Cardiff were unable to a second goal during the 90 minutes and extra-time and the tie went to a penalty shoot-out. Cardiff goalkeeper Tom Heaton saved two penalties as Cardiff won the shoot-out 3–1 to progress to their first League Cup final.
	Liverpool entered the competition in the second round, as one of the twelve teams from the Premier League who were not involved in European competition during the season. They were drawn against Exeter City in the second round. The match, played at Exeter's home ground, St James Park was won by Liverpool; goals from Luis Suárez, Maxi Rodríguez and Andy Carroll helped the team win 3–1.
	Liverpool's opponents in the third round were Brighton & Hove Albion. The match was played at Brighton's home ground, the Falmer Stadium. Liverpool took the lead in the 7th minute when Craig Bellamy scored. Dirk Kuyt extended the lead in the second half, scoring in the 82nd minute. Brighton pulled a goal back courtesy of an Ashley Barnes penalty kick, but were unable to score an equaliser; the match finished 2–1 to Liverpool.
	Stoke City were Liverpool's opponents in the fourth round. The match, held at Stoke's home ground the Britannia Stadium saw Stoke take the lead towards the end of the first-half when Kenwyne Jones scored. Liverpool equalised in the 54th minute courtesy of a goal from Suárez, and he scored the winner in the 84th minute to give Liverpool a 2–1 victory and a place in the fifth round. Liverpool were drawn against Chelsea in the subsequent round. At Stamford Bridge, Carroll missed a penalty in a goalless first half. Despite this Liverpool scored twice after the interval, courtesy of goals from Maxi and Martin Kelly. They won the match 2–0 to reach the semi-finals.
	Liverpool were drawn against Manchester City in the semi-finals which were held over two-legs. The first leg was at City's home ground, the Etihad stadium. Liverpool won the match 1–0, courtesy of a Steven Gerrard penalty. The second leg was held at Liverpool's home ground Anfield. City took the lead in the first half when Nigel de Jong scored, ten minutes later Gerrard equalised when he scored a penalty. At half-time, the score was 1–1 with Liverpool leading 2–1 on aggregate. City took the lead in the match when Edin Džeko scored in the 67th minute. The goal meant the aggregate score was 2–2 but City would progress to the final if the score remained the same due to the away goals rule. Liverpool needed to find an equaliser, and seven minutes after Džeko's goal they did, when Bellamy scored. City tried to score an equaliser but to no avail, and the match finished 2–2, with Liverpool progressing to the final courtesy of a 3–2 aggregate victory.
	Cardiff were appearing in their first League Cup final; they had previously reached the semi-final of the competition in the 1965–66 season, when they were beaten by West Ham United 5–1 on aggregate. They were also the first team from outside the Premier League to reach the final since 2001, when Birmingham City lost to Liverpool. Liverpool were appearing in their eleventh final; they had won seven (1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1995, 2001, 2003) and lost three (1978, 1987, 2005). The last meeting between the two teams was in the 2007–08 Football League Cup on 31 October 2007, Liverpool won 2–1 to progress to the fifth round.
	This was the fourth time in as many years that Cardiff City had played at Wembley Stadium. They played at the stadium twice during the 2007–08 FA Cup; they beat Barnsley 1–0 in the semi-final before losing 1–0 to Portsmouth in the final. Their last match at the stadium was the 2010 Championship play-off Final against Blackpool, which they lost 3–2. The final represented the first time Liverpool had visited the new Wembley Stadium; their previous appearances in the final in 2001, 2003 and 2005 had been played at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff while Wembley was being rebuilt. Their last visit to Wembley was in 1996 when they reached the final of the FA Cup, match they lost 1–0 to Manchester United at the old Wembley Stadium.
	A week before the final Cardiff played Ipswich Town in the 2011–12 Football League Championship – it was their last match before the final, which they lost 3–0. Cardiff had a few injury concerns ahead of the final. Captain Mark Hudson had a calf problem, while midfielder Stephen McPhail had missed Cardiff's last four matches as he was suffering from Sjögren's syndrome, an immune system disorder. Goalkeeper Heaton was also a doubt with a knock on his ankle, but he was considered likely to start the match. Cardiff manager Malky Mackay acknowledged that Liverpool went into the match as favourites, but he was confident his team could provide a shock: "Obviously we are underdogs but we have a chance in the final, Maybe only a one in 10 chance but that's still a chance if you turn up motivated, fit and organised and I think I can promise that."
	Liverpool's last match before the final was against Brighton & Hove Albion in the FA Cup, which they won 6–1. Despite the margin of victory, Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish was adamant that the result meant nothing in regards to the final: "Defeating Brighton has got us to the next round, but it doesn't really help us in the Carling Cup, we've got a cup final but we won't get carried away." Despite missing the match against Brighton, Dalglish was confident that Daniel Agger and Craig Bellamy would be fit for the final. Going into the match Liverpool had not won a trophy since they beat West Ham United in the 2006 FA Cup Final. Dalglish stated that victory: "means a lot to me, more importantly it means a lot to a lot of people who have had to endure a few years when we've not been [to Wembley]."
	Both clubs received an allocation of approximately 31,000 tickets. Cardiff fans would be housed in the East End of the stadium, while Liverpool fans were allocated the West End of the stadium. Ticket prices were increased from last year's final, with the most expensive tickets costing £90 up £4 from the previous year. The least expensive tickets cost £40, which was £2 more than last year. It was decided that before the match started national anthems would not be played. This decision was made to avoid spectators jeering the anthems, as happened during the 2008 FA Cup Final between Portsmouth and Cardiff.
	Cardiff set up in a 4–4–1–1 formation with Rudy Gestede in the striker position supported by Kenny Miller. Liverpool lined up in a 4–2–3–1 formation, with Andy Carroll starting as the lone striker, with Luis Suárez playing behind him and Jordan Henderson and Stewart Downing either side. Cardiff kicked off, but Liverpool had the first chance of the match. Steven Gerrard passed the ball to Stewart Downing on the left hand side of the pitch, he passed to Glen Johnson whose shot hit the crossbar, the ball rebounded to Gerrard, but he sent his shot over the Cardiff goal. Liverpool had the best of the opening minutes of the match, with Cardiff unable to keep possession of the ball. Liverpool had another chance in the sixth minute; Downing went past Cardiff defender Kevin McNaughton down the left of the pitch and crossed the ball into the penalty area, which was cleared for a corner kick. The resulting corner found Andy Carroll, but his header was deflected out for another corner which was caught by Cardiff goalkeeper Tom Heaton.
	Cardiff began to exert themselves in the match and had their first chance in the tenth minute. Peter Whittingham and Aron Gunnarsson exchanged the ball before it was passed to Rudy Gestede, who found Kenny Miller in the Liverpool penalty area, however his resulting shot went over the Liverpool goal. Carroll had a chance to score in the 19th minute but his header was saved by Heaton. Cardiff immediately went on the attack and scored the first goal of the match. Martin Škrtel's clearance from McNaughton's initial cross went back to the Cardiff player who passed to Miller, he passed the ball to Joe Mason who had run onto the pass from the right hand side of the pitch. His subsequent shot went through the legs of Liverpool goalkeeper Pepe Reina and into the Liverpool goal to give Cardiff a 1–0 lead. Liverpool responded by pushing men forward in an attempt to level the score. The first chance after Cardiff's goal saw defender Daniel Agger advance from his own half towards the Cardiff goal but his shot from was blocked and went out for a throw-in. Liverpool had another chance from a similar distance a few minutes later but Carroll sent his shot over the crossbar. Liverpool had a penalty appeal turned down in the 32nd minute when Ben Turner was adjudged not to have handled the ball. Immediately afterwards Johnson's cross was cleared by Mark Hudson, the ball fell to Charlie Adam who sent his shot just wide of the Cardiff goal. Just before half-time Liverpool had a chance to equalise, but Agger's header from Gerrard's free-kick was saved by Heaton.
	Liverpool had the first attack of the half when they were awarded a free-kick for foul on José Enrique. The subsequent free-kick was cleared by Whittingham only as far as Henderson whose shot was wide of the Cardiff goal. Two minutes later Cardiff had a chance to extend their lead; Whittingham went past Agger and passed to Don Cowie, who back heeled the ball to Miller, his subsequent shot went wide of the Liverpool goal. Henderson received the first yellow card of the match after his tackle on Mason was deemed to be too high. Cardiff had another chance in the 56th minute; a Gunnarsson long throw was punched away by Reina, but the clearance fell to Hudson, who headed the ball into the Liverpool penalty area to Gestede, his subsequent header was blocked by the Liverpool goalkeeper. Liverpool made the first substitution of the match a minute later when Henderson was replaced by Craig Bellamy. Two minutes after the substitution, Liverpool equalised. Downing took a corner kick, which was headed on by Carroll to Suárez, whose header hit the post, it rebounded to Škrtel; his shot went into the Cardiff goal to level the match at 1–1. Cardiff had the first chance after Liverpool's goal, but Mason's shot was saved by Reina.
	The minutes after Škrtel's goal saw Liverpool dominate, but they were unable to score a second goal despite a number of chances. Liverpool conceded a free-kick from their goal after Miller was fouled. Whittingham's subsequent shot hit Liverpool players and went out for a Cardiff throw-in. The resulting throw from Gunnarsson was flicked on by Gestede, but it was headed away by Liverpool. Minutes later, Cardiff had a chance to score, but Turner's header from Cowie's pass went wide of the Liverpool goal. Two minutes later, Liverpool had another chance to score, but Charlie Adam's shot was saved by Heaton. Liverpool made their second substitution of the match in the 87th minute when Jamie Carragher replaced Agger. Two minutes before the end of the match, Cardiff had a chance to score: Liverpool conceded a free-kick, which was passed to Miller, who was in space, but his went over the Liverpool goal. With the scores level at 1–1, the match went into extra time after the referee brought an end to the 90 minutes of play.
	Before the start of extra time Cardiff made their first substitution of the match, goalscorer Mason was replaced by Filip Kiss. Liverpool had the first chance to score in extra time, but Suárez's header was cleared off the line by Andrew Taylor. Cardiff appeared to be playing for a penalty shoot-out, as they were positioning the majority of their team behind the ball and in front of their goal. Cardiff captain Hudson was replaced in the 98th minute by Anthony Gerrard after suffering from cramp. Liverpool had another chance in the 101st minute, when a pass by Gerrard was cleared for a corner kick by Taylor. The resulting corner was met by Carroll, but his header was wide of the Cardiff goal. Immediately after the attack Carroll was replaced by Dirk Kuyt. Just before the end of the first half of extra time Liverpool had another chance. Bellamy went past two men down the left hand side of the pitch before exchanging passes with Kuyt, however his subsequent shot went wide.
	Just after the start of the second half of extra time Cardiff made their final substitution, replacing McNaughton with Darcy Blake. Two minutes later Kuyt made a run from deep in the Liverpool half, his initial shot was blocked, but the ball rebounded towards him. As the ball came back to him he shot again and the ball went past Heaton and into the Cardiff goal to give Liverpool a 2–1 lead. Cardiff were struggling after the goal with a number of their players suffering from cramp. Nevertheless, they had a chance in the 111th minute, when a Gunnarsson long throw was only half-cleared by Liverpool, but they were unable to convert the chance. Towards the end of the half Cardiff began to exert more pressure on Liverpool. Turner, who had been moved into the striker position won a corner for Cardiff, which was punched away by Reina for a throw-in. Cardiff won another from the throw, which found Kiss, whose shot was cleared off the line of the Liverpool goal by Kuyt for another corner. The subsequent corner was headed on by Gunnarsson to Turner, who beat Kuyt to the ball and put his shot past Reina into the Liverpool goal to level the score at 2–2. Turner was shown a yellow card for removing his shirt during the celebration of the goal. Liverpool won a corner with a minute remaining but they were unable to score and the referee brought extra time to an end with the scores level, resulting in a penalty shoot-out.
	Liverpool were the first team to take a penalty, but Gerrard's effort was saved by Heaton. Cardiff's first penalty was taken by Miller, but he also missed with his shot hitting the post. Adam took the next penalty for Liverpool, he also missed, placing his shot over the Cardiff goal. Cowie took the next penalty for Cardiff and scored to give them a 1–0 lead. Liverpool also scored with their next penalty courtesy of Kuyt to level the shoot-out at 1–1. Gestede was next for Cardiff, but his penalty hit the post. Liverpool took the lead in the shoot-out when Downing converted his penalty. Whittingham was next for Cardiff and he scored to level the shoot-out at 2–2. Johnson took the next penalty for Liverpool and scored, to give Liverpool a 3–2 lead and leave Cardiff needing to score or Liverpool would win. The Cardiff penalty was taken by Anthony Gerrard, but he missed his penalty, which meant Liverpool won the shoot-out 3–2 and won their eighth League Cup.
	Liverpool's victory meant they won the trophy for the eighth time, extending their record number of victories in the competition. Midfielder Stewart Downing was awarded the Alan Hardaker Trophy as the man of the match. Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish was delighted to have won the League Cup and was adamant that the club would continue to win trophies: "Although we have won something today, that is not us finished, we don't want to stop here. We want to keep going. We've won it and we are going to really enjoy it. I know how much the players have enjoyed it and it gives you a wee flavour to come back and do it again." The victory meant that Dalglish became the seventh manager to win all three major domestic trophies in English football. Goalscorer Dirk Kuyt was equally delighted to have won the competition: "We wanted this so desperately, this is why I came to Anfield. To get my first medal is great." Meanwhile, captain Steven Gerrard had mixed emotions, due to his cousin Anthony Gerrard missing the deciding penalty: "One of Anthony or I was going to be sad, one was going to be celebrating. It happens. I've got mixed emotions at the moment because I feel for Anthony and Cardiff."
	Cardiff manager Malky Mackay was proud of his players despite their defeat: "We wanted to come here and win today but the players have done the club proud, I think today we were playing against a top team and I think we have got a lot to be proud of." Anthony Gerrard, who missed the decisive penalty took to Twitter to apologise to Cardiff fans stating that the miss would "...haunt me for the rest of my days!" Despite Gerrard's apology, Cardiff goalkeeper Tom Heaton was adamant that none of the players should take the blame for the defeat: "There is definitely no blame attached to any of the lads who missed. They all had the strength of character to stand up and take a penalty in front of 90,000 people and the world watching in a pressure situation. They should be credited and congratulated for taking them. Sadly, it wasn’t our day.”
	Liverpool's first match after the final was against Arsenal, a match the club needed to win to stay in touch with the top four. Two goals from Robin van Persie, after Liverpool had scored in the first half meant that Liverpool lost 2–1 and were 10 points behind the team in 4th place, which would ensure qualification for the UEFA Champions League the following season. Liverpool's league form continued to falter after the final; they won four of their last thirteen matches and ended the season in eighth place. Despite their poor league form, Liverpool reached the final of the FA Cup against Chelsea. But they were unable to win a second trophy and lost 2–1. Cardiff played West Ham United in their first match after the final, which they lost 2–0. Despite the loss, they only needed to win one more in their remaining thirteen matches to finish in 6th place and qualify for the Championship playoffs. They faced third placed West Ham United, in the playoffs, which were contested over two-legs, with one at each team's home ground. Cardiff were unable to secure a second Wembley final, as West Ham United won 5–0 on aggregate.

= = = Stephen O'Sullivan = = =

	Stephen O'Sullivan is a footballer from the Skellig Rangers club in South Kerry. He played with Kerry at all levels from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s. He first played with the Kerry minor team that won the 1997 Munster Championship. He then moved on to the Under 21 side and won another Munster Championship in 1999 and played in the All Ireland final but was on the losing side to Westmeath. He moved on to the Kerry senior panel for the 2000 season, he didn't play in any games but won an All Ireland medal as a sub. He also played junior with Kerry and won Munster Championships in 2002 and 2003, he also played in the 2002 All Ireland final.
	He has had a lot of success at club level with Skellig Rangers and South Kerry. He won 4 County Senior Championships with South Kerry, 3 in a row from 2004–06 and again in 2009. With Skellig Rangers he won a South Kerry Championship title in 2006, the club's first since 1968. 2008 would become the greatest in Skellig Rangers history when they won the County & Munster Junior Championship with O'Sullivan a key to the success; the team continued their success into 2009 when they won the All Ireland title.

= = = Malamakkavu Ayyappa Temple = = =

	Malamakkavu Ayyappa Temple is a famous Hindu temple dedicated to lord Ayyappan, located in Anakkara Panchayath in Palakkad district of Kerala. A special flower called "Chengazhinir Poovu" which is traditionally used as offering to deity is found and grown only in the temple pond. This temple was depicted in the Malayalam movie "Neelathamera", though the film was recorded elsewhere as no permission was given to shoot the film on the temple premises.
	Temple name is variously spelled as 'Mala-Mel-Kavu', 'Mala-Mal-kavu' or 'Mala-yil-Kavu'. They all mean "A temple (Kavu) located on top (Mel) of a small hill(Mala)". All spellings are correct, but the second one of these is used in the official temple sign board.
	The temple is located in Malamakkavu Desom. But the temple is not, as the name suggests, situated on top of a hill, but is located relatively lower in the region. This area is famous for its Thayambaka, a traditional percussion music instrument used in temple festivals.
	The legend, which the temple shares with many other temples across Kerala is that, many hundreds of years ago a Cherumi couple chanced upon a divine rock while grazing the forest with their live-stock. The rock bled blood upon being struck with a sickle and thus its divinity was made apparent to all. Soon word went around of the discovery of a divine entity in the forest and the deity was formally instated in a specially made sanctum. A small temple (Kavu) was established around the idol. Not much historic records exist to authenticate the antiquity of the temple, but written records exist which prove that the temple is more than 300 years old.
	The temple is one of the 108 Ayyappan temples in Kerala. Its main idol, Ayyappan is oriented to the east so that offerings can be made. Other idols are Bhagavathi and Lord Siva. The temple's festival, "Thalapoli" is celebrated on the last Saturday of the month of Dhanu. The temple is owned and managed by the Zamindar family of Padinjarepat Nambiar clan. Temple pond is situated to the east of the premises.
	Legends say that, if one prays with full heart and places offerings at the feet of the lord Ayyappa, the "Chengazhi Neer" flower, also known as "Neelathamara", will bloom the very next day in the temple pond as a sign of God's blessing. This legend associated with Malamakkavu Ayyappa temple plays a pivotal role in the film "Neelathamara". Thiyattu Nambiars, who has the right to conduct the Thiyattu ceremony in Ayappan temples has a branch in Malamakkavu, where they live in the vicinity of Malamakkavu Temple.
	Famous writer and Jnanpith award winner, M T Vasudevan Nair was born in Koodallur and did his primary schooling from Malamakkavu UP School. He is the author of the story based on which the movie "Neelathamara" is conceived. Through M T's writing, this quiet hamlet has found fame in Kerala's literary imagination.

= = = Heyburn Lake = = =

	Heyburn Lake is a reservoir on Polecat Creek in Creek County, Oklahoma. It is about southwest of Sapulpa, Oklahoma. Tiger and Brown Creeks also drain into the lake. The nearest town is Kellyville, Oklahoma. It was named for the now-defunct community of Heyburn. Its primary objectives are to provide flood control, drinking water and recreation. It is owned by the Corps of Engineers. Heyburn State Park (Oklahoma) adjoins the lake.
	The earthen dam was completed in 1950, and is high and long.
	The lake capacity is 55,395 acre feet, while normal storage is 7,105 acre-ft. The normal surface area is . The shoreline is .
	Recreational facilities include boating, water skiing, swimming and fishing. Three areas offer campgrounds: Sunset Bay (tent sites), Sheppard Point (tent and RV sites) and Heyburn Park (RV sites). They all have picnic areas, restrooms, showers, playgrounds and boat launches.
	The Heyburn Public Hunting Area is a tract that allows hunting quail, squirrel, rabbit, waterfowl and wild turkey.
	The hamlet known as Heyburn, Oklahoma, was built along the Frisco railroad during the 1880s. It was named for a local resident, Clay Heyburn. By 1920, there were 35 residents, a railroad station, a post office, two general stores and a cotton gin. The post office opened December 11, 1911 and closed October 14, 1922. When U, S. Route 66 was built a half mile north of the community, one of the general stores moved to the highway. The rest of the hamlet was soon abandoned and the structures vanished. The store on the highway has changed owners and locations several times, but is still known as the Heyburn store.

= = = Journal of Applied Social Science = = =

	The Journal of Applied Social Science is the official peer-reviewed academic journal of the Association for Applied and Clinical Sociology. It covers research in applied social science fields. It was established in 2007 and is published by SAGE Publications. The editor-in-chief is James Lee (San José State University).
	The journal is abstracted and indexed in Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts, and Scopus.

= = = Morelos, Tamaulipas = = =

	Morelos also known as El Estero is a community located in Nuevo Laredo Municipality in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. According to the INEGI Census of 2010, Morelos has a population of 96 inhabitants, 54 males and 42 females. Its elevation is 164 meters above sea level.

= = = Ski jumping at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics – Girls' individual = = =

	The girls' individual competition of the ski jumping events at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, was held on January 14, at the Seefeld Arena. 14 athletes from 14 different countries took part in this event.

= = = Robert Eversz = = =

	Robert McLeod Eversz (born April 22, 1954) is an American fiction writer, screenwriter, and educator. The author of the Nina Zero novels, he is a co-founder of the Prague Summer Program for writers, a study abroad program for creative writers in the English language.
	Robert Eversz was born in Great Falls, Montana. He received his BA at the University of California, Santa Cruz, followed by his MFA at the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television.
	Eversz co-founded the Prague Summer Program, and occupies a seat on the permanent faculty. He served as visiting professor of English at Western Michigan University in 2005 and 2006, and as writer-in-residence in 2007. In 2007, he was the finalists’ judge for the AWP Award Series in the Novel. He also teaches at the UCLA Extension Writers' Program.
	Eversz is best known as the author of the award winning series of crime novels featuring the paparazza Nina Zero, set in Southern California. The first novel in the series, "Shooting Elvis", was Oslo "Aftenposten’s" Crime Novel of the Year in 1997, and the Best Humorous Crime Novel of 1996 in "The Guardian" (awarded by Val McDermid). The next in the series, "Killing Paparazzi", was a "The Washington Post Book World Rave" in 2001. The Washington Post has written favorable reviews for the following titles in the series. His novels have been translated into fifteen languages.
	His expatriate novel, "Gypsy Hearts", is set in Prague of the 1990s.

= = = List of number-one albums of 2012 (Mexico) = = =

	Top 100 Mexico is a record chart published weekly by AMPROFON (Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas), a non-profit organization composed by Mexican and multinational record companies. This association tracks record sales (physical and digital) in Mexico.

= = = La Esperanza, Tamaulipas = = =

	La Esperanza is a community located in Nuevo Laredo Municipality in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. According to the INEGI Census of 2010, La Esperanza has a population of 69 inhabitants, 39 males and 30 females. Its elevation is 164 meters above sea level.

= = = 47th Arkansas Infantry (Mounted) = = =

	The 47th Arkansas Infantry (Mounted) (1864–1865) was a Confederate Army Mounted Infantry regiment during the American Civil War. While authorized by the State Military Board as an infantry regiment, the unit was mounted for Price's Missouri Expedition and was officially designated as mounted infantry. Due to its mounted status, the unit is sometimes referred to as the 47th Arkansas Cavalry when a numerical designation is used. The unit is most often referred to as Crandell's Arkansas Cavalry Regiment, after its commander Colonel Lee Crandell.
	In May 1864 General J. O. Shelby occupied Northeast Arkansas, well behind Union Army lines. In early June 1864, General Shelby commissioned Colonel Thomas Hamilton McCray, among others, to begin raising regiments in Northeast Arkansas. By June 13 Shelby reported to General Sterling Price that McCray's efforts were bearing fruit. McCray's efforts led to the recruitment of at least three new regiments, the 45th, 46th and 47th Arkansas Infantry Regiments. These 40-series regiments consisted mostly of teenagers, conscripts, and absentees from existing units, all organized around a small cadre of veterans detailed from infantry regiments expected to be idle during the fall and winter.
	The decreasing availability of fodder for horses in 1864 led the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department to prohibit the raising of additional mounted regiments in Arkansas. However, when General Sterling Price received authorization to conduct a campaign in Missouri, some of the new regiments were mounted to accompany him. The 44th, 45th, 46th, 47th, and 48th officially became mounted infantry regiments. They were rarely referred to in reports and orders by their numbers, and Price referred to them as McGehee's Cavalry, Crabtree's Cavalry, etc. This later resulted in their being known as the 44th Cavalry, 46th Cavalry, etc.
	No muster rolls of the 47th Arkansas Mounted Infantry are known to survive. Except a few prisoner of war records, the regiment's existing records consist of only paroles of the soldiers who surrendered at Jacksonport, Arkansas, on June 5, 1865, supplemented by the pension records of some of its veterans.
	Officer appointments in the 40-series regiments date from June to August 1864, so it is assumed that the regiments were mustered into service about the same time at various points in northeast Arkansas. The list of regimental officers follows:
	Based on the parole records from Jacksonport, and a few prisoner of war records the follow is known about the companies:
	There are additional company commanders mentioned in various records, including Capt. Charles Mason, Capt. McCoy, and Capt. Williams.
	Lee Salmon Crandall (May 11, 1832 - September 13, 1926) was born in South Berlin, New York. As a young man he moved to Louisiana, where he married and made his home. Crandall entered the Confederate Army as captain of Company I, 8th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, and he led his company in the first Battle of Manassas. He was with General Stonewall Jackson through the Valley Campaign in Virginia, and was wounded in the wrist at the Battle of Cross Keys. He was promoted to major, and later was ordered to report to Major General Sterling Price at Little Rock, Arkansas. He was captured during Price's Missouri raid and spent the rest of the war as a prisoner at Johnson's Island, Ohio.
	The 47th Arkansas Mounted Infantry was assigned to Colonel Thomas H. McCray's brigade and operated as part of General Shelby's division in northeast Arkansas in the summer of 1864. The regiments organized by Colonel McCray were apparently ready for operations by July 25, 1864, when Brigadier General Shelby ordered McCray's Brigade to move south and attack the railroad near Brownsville, in current day Lonoke County, Arkansas. These attacks were to cut off supplies to the Union army under General Steele in Little Rock, which was dependent on supplies sent up the Arkansas River and down the railroad from Duvall's Bluff, Arkansas. In response to Colonel McCray's movements, Union Brigadier General Joseph R. West conducted an expedition from Little Rock to the Little Red River, August 7–14, 1864 in attempt to destroy McCray's forces. Wests forces encountered some of McCray's men at Hickory Plains, Arkansas, on August 7, 1864, and captured seven prisoners. Nevertheless, Shelby reported that McCray had succeeded in tearing up track and burned several railroad bridges.
	In late August 1864, Colonel McCray and his brigade accompanied General Shelby in a raid against Union hay cutting operations west of DeValls Bluff in Prairie County, Arkansas. The purpose was to draw Union forces east of Little Rock, to provide a diversion while General Price crossed the Arkansas River west of the city. McCray's brigade was the reserve for Shelby's attack on Ashley's Station and four other hay cutting stations west of DeValls Bluff, during which Shelby captured Colonel Greenville M. Mitchell and over 500 men of the 54th Illinois Infantry Regiment. Price crossed the Arkansas River near Dardanelle on September 7, 1864, on his way to link with General Shelby at Batesville to prepare for his raid on Missouri.
	Colonel McCray's brigade was assigned to Maj. Gen. James F. Fagan's division, of Price's Army of Missouri.
	The 47th was assigned to Colonel Thomas H. McCray's brigade, Maj. Gen. James F. Fagan's division, for Price's Missouri Expedition, September and October 1864.
	At the Battle of Mine Creek, Colonel Crandall and five other field officers were captured and sent to Johnson's Island, Ohio, where Crandall remained a prisoner until the close of the war.
	After Price's raid, the 47th was furloughed to return to northeastern Arkansas to forage and recover absentees, and then return to the army.
	A scouting report by Major Harris S. Greeno, of the 4th Arkansas Cavalry (U.S.), dated November 15, 1864, at Devalls Bluff, described the condition of the 45th Arkansas Cavalry. Maj. Greeno had learned from deserters and captured Confederate soldiers that Colonel T. H. McCray was en route by way of the White River to Jacksonport, with the 45th, 46th, and 47th Arkansas Regiments. He gave the strength of the 45th Arkansas as about 250 men; his description of the morale of the regiments after the disastrous end of the raid was probably quite accurate:
	Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson, Commander of the Military Sub-District of Northeast Arkansas and Southeast Missouri, to which the 47th Arkansas was assigned at the close of the war, surrendered his command at Chalk Bluff, Arkansas, on May 11, 1865, and agreed to have his men assemble at Wittsburg and Jacksonport, Arkansas, to lay down their arms and receive their paroles. Thompson's command was widely dispersed throughout northeast Arkansas, more for reasons of available forage than anything else. About a third of his men refused to surrender. Many men simply went home. The 45th Arkansas Cavalry surrendered and was paroled at Jacksonport on June 5, 1865. At the time of the surrender, the regiment was assigned to the following command: Military Sub-District of Northeast Arkansas and Southeast Missouri, commanded by Brigadier General M. Jeff. Thompson (surrendered at Jacksonport), McCray's Brigade, commanded by Colonel Thomas H. McCray (surrendered at Jacksonport), 47th Arkansas Mounted Infantry, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Richard M. Davis (surrendered at Jacksonport).

= = = 48th Arkansas Infantry (Mounted) = = =

	The 48th Arkansas Infantry (Mounted) (1864–1865) was a Confederate Army Mounted Infantry regiment during the American Civil War. While authorized by the State Military Board as an infantry regiment, the unit was mounted for Price's Missouri Expedition and was officially designated as mounted infantry. Due to its mounted status, the unit is sometimes referred to as the 48th Arkansas Cavalry when a numerical designation is used.
	The 48th Arkansas Mounted Infantry is the least well documented of the Arkansas Confederate regiments raised in 1864. In May 1864, General J. O. Shelby occupied Northeast Arkansas, well behind Union Army lines. In early June 1864, General Shelby commissioned Colonel Thomas Hamilton McCray, among others to begin raising regiments in Northeast Arkansas. By June 13, Shelby reported to General Sterling Price that McCray's efforts were bearing fruit. 
	It is unclear who was the commander of the 48th Arkansas or which counties the regiment was recruited from. There are no surviving muster rolls for the regiment; in fact the only documentation that exists for the unit is a list of prisoners captured on October 24, 1864, at Mound City, Kansas, during Price's Raid. Since General Sterling Price generally referred to his units by the name of the unit commander, the reports from Price's raid rarely contain the numerical designation of the unit. Because the names of the other 40 series regimental commanders are known, some historians have speculated that the 48th may have been the numerical designation of Colonel Charles H. Carlton's regiment. Like the other 40 series regiments, Carlton's regiment was raised in the summer of 1864. The only numerical designation known to be associated with the Carlton's regiment is the 28th Arkansas Cavalry. Another 40 series regiment, Colonel James H. McGhee's 44th Arkansas Infantry (Mounted) was also previously known as the 29th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment. Another possibility for the identity of the 48th is a former infantry unit which was mounted for Price's Raid, Colonel James W. Rogan's 30th Arkansas Infantry Regiment.
	The decreasing availability of fodder for horses in 1864 led the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department to issue an order proscribing the raising of additional mounted regiments in Arkansas. However, when General Sterling Price received authorization to conduct a campaign in Missouri that fall, several of the new regiments were mounted in order to accompany him. As a result, the 44th, 45th, 46th, 47th, and 48th were officially mounted infantry regiments instead of cavalry regiments. They were rarely referred to in contemporary reports and orders by numerical designation. Price referred to them as McGehee's Cavalry, Crabtree's Cavalry, etc., which eventually resulted in their later being referred to as 44th Cavalry, 46th Cavalry, etc. The 40-series regiments consisted mostly of conscripts, and absentees from existing units, organized around a small cadre of veterans detailed from infantry regiments, which were expected to be idle during the fall and winter of 1864. Officer Appointments in the 40-series regiments date from the June to August 1864 time frame, so it is assumed that the regiments were mustered into service about the same time at various points in northeast Arkansas.
	With the exception of Colonel William O. Coleman's 46th Arkansas Infantry (Mounted) all other Arkansas units were assigned to James F. Fagan's Division of Arkansas troops in Sterling Price's Army of Missouri for Price's 1864 Missouri Expedition, so it is assumed that the 48th is the designation of one of the Arkansas units assigned to Fagan's Division. Fagan's Division was involved in the following engagements during the raid:
	After the completion of Price's Raid, much of Fagan's Division was furloughed to return to the area from which it was recruited in order to forage and recover absentees and to return to the army at a prescribed date.
	A scouting report made by Major Harris S. Greeno, of the 4th Arkansas Cavalry (U. S. Army), dated November 15, 1864, made from Devalls Bluff relayed information on the post raid condition of the Arkansas cavalry regiments. Major Greeno had just learned from deserters and captured Confederate soldiers who had served in Price's Army that survivors were en route by way of White River to northeast Arkansas. His description of the morale of the men in this regiment, as well as the others, was probably very accurate:
	It is unclear where the 48th Arkansas Mounted Infantry surrendered at the close of the war. Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson, Commander of the Military Sub-District of Northeast Arkansas and Southeast Missouri, surrendered his command at Chalk Bluff, Arkansas, on May 11, 1865, and agreed to have his men assemble at Wittsburg and Jacksonport, Arkansas, to lay down their arms and receive their paroles. Thompson's command was widely dispersed throughout northeast Arkansas, more for reasons of available forage than anything else. About a third of his men refused to surrender. Shelby's Missouri Brigade, along with elements of Green's and Jackman's Missouri Brigades, left for Mexico. Some Missouri units disbanded rather than surrender their colors. Many men simply went home. The 44th, 45th, 46th and 47th Arkansas Cavalry regiments surrendered with their command structure intact and were paroled at Jacksonport on June 5, 1865.

= = = Women's basketball in Australia = = =

	During the 1970s and 1980s, Australian women's basketball was successful in terms of attracting participants and having a competitive team on the international stages. This success did not translate into llul gksponsorship and financial support for the sport.
	The WNBL was founded during the early 1980s to help improve the quality of the domestic play with the hope of providing a pathway for top Australian players to join the national team.
	Aboriginal women who have played basketball on a high level include Joanne Lesiputty. Lesiputty quit the sport to pursue a softball career. Laura Agius was an aboriginal basketball player who represented South Australia. Leonie Dickson and Bobbie Dillon, both Tasmanians, also represented their state on the national level.
	Women have been active in playing wheelchair basketball in Australia for several years. They first appeared on the Paralympic seen at the 1992 Summer Paralympics, despite women's wheelchair basketball being competed for at the Paralympics since 1968. Notable players include Liesl Tesch and Donna Ritchie.
	Women's basketball is nominally a professional sport in Australia. In 2009, the salaries for average players in the WNBL were not high enough to allow them to play basketball full-time: They made between $5,000 - $10,000 a year.
	Australian athletes have gone overseas to play professional sport. Amongst these are Lauren Jackson, Erin Phillips, Kristi Harrower, Belinda Snell, Penny Taylor and Liz Cambage, all of whom have played basketball in the United States.
	During the 2010/2011 season, the Women's National Basketball League had 77,944 total spectators watch a game live. On television that season, the league had an aggregate of 1,352,096 total viewers.
	In 1984, the national team competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics. This was their first appearance at the Olympic Games. Comparatively, their male counterparts first competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics.
	In 1988, the national team beat the Soviet Union's national team. This was a historic win for the team. The game was played at the 1988 Summer Olympics and qualified Australia for the semi-finals.
	This was the roster for the 2008 Beijing Olympics.

= = = Freestyle skiing at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics – Boys' halfpipe = = =

	The boys' halfpipe competition of the freestyle skiing events at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, was held between January 14 and 15, at Kühtai. 13 athletes from 13 different countries took part in this event.

= = = Julius Siegmund, Duke of Württemberg-Juliusburg = = =

	Duke Julius Siegmund of Württemberg-Juliusburg (18 August 1653 in Oleśnica – 15 October 1684 in Dobroszyce) was Duke of Württemberg-Juliusburg.
	Julius Siegmund was the fourth son of the Duke Silvius I Nimrod of Württemberg-Oels (1622–1664) from his marriage to Elisabeth Marie, Duchess of Oels (1625–1686) .
	After his father's death in 1664, his mother initially ruled the Duchy of Oels as regent for her four sons. The sons went on their Grand Tour and visited, among other countries, the Netherlands, where the eldest brother Charles Ferdinand died in 1669.
	In 1672, the elder brothers took up government and divided the country. Julius Siegmund, who was still under the regency of his mother, received Międzybórz. His older brother Silvius II Frederick received Oels and Christian Ulrich I received Bernstadt.
	In 1673, Elisabeth Marie stepped down as regent and Julius Siegmund began to rule himself. He chose the village of Dreske as his residence. He expanded the castle in the village to a baroque residence. He name the castle and the village "Juliusburg", after himself.
	Julius Siegmund was a member of the Fruitbearing Society, under the nickname "der Unverwelkte" ("the unwithered one").
	Julius Siegmund married on 4 April 1677 in Grabow with Anna Sophia (1647–1726), the daughter of the Adolf Frederick I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. They had the following children:

= = = Aeromarine 50 = = =

	The Aeromarine 50, also called the Limousine Flying Boat, was a luxury seaplane.
	After the First World War, Aeromarine had completed over 300 aircraft. Production was centered on seaplanes for sport and commercial use. President Inglis M. Uppercu, marketed the seaplane based in its luxury interior.
	The aircraft was a biplane seaplane with a two-pilot open cockpit and enclosed seating for three passengers. The engine was mounted in a pusher configuration.
	One Aeromarine 50 was purchased by Aero Limited for New York-Atlantic City flights. Aeromarine Airways also operated Model 50 flying boats.

= = = Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition = = =

	The Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition is a global partnership of public, private and non-governmental organizations. Its aim is to ensure that all people in low- and middle-income countries can choose, obtain and use the supplies and appropriate services they need to safeguard their reproductive health. Since 2004, the Coalition has been part of international efforts to secure reproductive health supplies by increasing resources, strengthening systems, and building effective partnerships .
	Since the 1970s, the international community has worked on providing access to the supplies and equipment needed to deliver quality reproductive health services in the developing world. In the early years, that engagement was largely financial and technical, focused in particular on effective supply chain management. By the late 1990s waning interest within the international donor community coupled with weak commitment by countries prompted many to see sustained access to reproductive health supplies as depending as much on effective advocacy as on purely technical support. Alarmed at the prospect of significant funding shortfalls, stakeholders from around the world met in 2001 in Istanbul at a conference entitled "Meeting the Challenge". This conference was the starting point for a coordinated global reproductive health supplies movement. In 2003 the Supply Initiative was established as a coordinating mechanism. In 2004 12 organizations, mostly donors from the public and non-governmental sectors, established the Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition. Their aim was to foster better coordination and collaboration in such areas as global advocacy, resource mobilization, and supply chain strengthening. By the end of 2011 the Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition included 155 member organizations, among them developing country governments, international and national non-governmental organizations, civil society organizations, technical agencies, bilateral donors, multilateral organizations, private foundations, regional bodies, and manufacturers. In 2011, 360 participants from 56 countries gathered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia to mark the 10th anniversary of Meeting the Challenge and raise the international profile of reproductive health commodity security.
	Reproductive health supplies refer to any material or consumable needed to provide reproductive health (RH) services. This includes contraceptives for family planning, drugs to treat sexually transmitted infections, and equipment such as that used for safe delivery.
	More specialized definitions of RH supplies have also been formulated. One of these is WHO's Interagency List of Essential Medicines for Reproductive Health (2006), which reflects the current international consensus on essential medicines for the provision of quality RH services. Because the list prioritizes medicines believed to address the most pressing public health problems, it is by definition, selective. Nonetheless, it does include a broad range of contraceptives, drugs to prevent and treat sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS, and medicines to ensure healthy pregnancy and delivery. The Interagency List is a subset of the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, updated every two years since 1977. The 17th edition of the Essentials Medicines List (EML) was last published in 2011. To assist countries who formulate their own lists of essential RH supplies, based on local needs, the Coalition partners WHO, UNFPA and PATH published the Essential Medicines for Reproductive Health: Guiding Principles for their inclusion on National Medicines Lists (2006) .
	Worldwide, the availability of reproductive health (RH) supplies, including contraceptives, medicines for prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS, and medicines to ensure healthy pregnancy and delivery, falls short of current demands. No single set of factors can fully explain this reality, but the three factors are of particular significance: 
	- Limited resources: The demand for reproductive health supplies is greater than ever and with the share of development assistance dropping, ensuring adequate donor resources has become critical to meeting the supply challenge. 
	- Inadequate systems: With more responsibilities brought by a shift towards greater country ownership of the development process, it is more and more difficult to find a way through an environment that is more and more complex.
	- Lack of coordination: Coordination and harmonization of tools at the global level are necessary to combat against resource shortfalls and failing to make the most of existing resources. Global political will and advocacy are critical to give priority to reproductive health.
	Achieving The Coalition's vision will not occur without certain conditions being met: that supplies actually reach those who need them most; that the supplies are affordable and within the reach of all; that supplies and products are of trusted quality; and that there is a sufficient choice of supplies to meet users’ needs. These four broad preconditions—availability, equity, quality, and choice—stand as the Pillars of our Strategy.
	- Availability: The ability of women and men to obtain safe, affordable supplies that meet their reproductive health needs. Supply availability exists when products feed into the supply chain and successfully make their way to the point-of-distribution, where users can obtain them.
	- Quality: The ability of women and men to have supplies they can trust are both safe and effective. Good sexual and reproductive health depends on ensuring the quality of all reproductive health supplies.
	- Equity: The ability of all people to have equitable access to reproductive health supplies. Age, economic well-being, gender, and civil status all have profound implications for the kinds of supplies potential users seek and the ability of users to afford them. The barriers impeding universal access to sexual and reproductive health must be overcome.
	- Choice: The ability of all who seek family planning services to have a broad range of options from which to choose. An individual’s need for contraception evolves throughout his or her life cycle. Accessing the “right” contraceptive increases the likelihood reproductive health needs will be met; a mismatch, research shows, is more likely to lead to dissatisfaction, lower continuation rates, and often method failure.
	Three Working Groups are the principal vehicles through which Coalition members collaborate.
	The Market Development Approaches (MDA) Working Group contributes to the goal of reproductive health supply security through a greater focus on the "total market", which includes the private and commercial sectors.
	The Advocacy and Accountability (A&A WG) Working Group (formerly known as Resource Mobilization and Awareness Working Group RMA WG) contributes to the health and well-being of all individuals by ensuring they have access to RH commodities they want when they need them.
	The Systems Strengthening Working Group aims to strengthen the global, regional, and country systems needed to ensure a reliable and predictable supply of RH commodities, primarily in the public sector.
	In addition to the Working Groups the Coalition includes fora and caucuses dedicated to youth, maternal health supplies, generic manufacturers, and new and underused reproductive health technologies as well as regional fora for Latin America Foro Latinoamericano y del Caribe para el Aseguramiento de insumos de SR or LAC Forum and Francophone Africa Sécurité Contraceptive en Afrique Francophone SECONAF.
	Innovation Fund , made possible by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation makes available over US$2 million to enable member organizations to undertake activities in line with their Working Group’s objectives, which would be otherwise unfunded.
	AccessRH
	In 2010, UNFPA’s Procurement Services Branch launched AccessrH, a procurement mechanism aimed at improving customer access to affordable, high-quality contraceptives with favorable delivery terms. In December 2010, AccessrH placed its first order for 23.8 million condoms.
	RHInterchange is a free, web-based tool that provides accurate information on past, present, and future supply orders for over 144 countries.
	Supplies Information Database (SID) is an online reference library with over 6,000 records on the status of reproductive health supplies at country-level. The library includes studies, assessments and other publications dating back to 1986, many of which are no longer available even in their country of origin.
	Coordinated Assistance for RH Supplies (CARhs)
	CARhs brings together the world’s commodity suppliers to address short-term supply crises. Through electronic data-sharing members identify existing or potential supply shortages and develop solutions. Between October 2009 and September 2010 CARhs addressed 184 separate supply crises and in the instances in which stock levels had dropped below minimal requirements, CARhs averted a stockout, either by issuing new shipments or providing policy advice. In 2010, such remedial efforts drove the procurement of more than $8.7 million in reproductive health commodities.
	MarketBookshelf.com is a large and open-access collection of health market literature, offering immediate access to documents and related resources needed to understand, develop and intervene in different global health markets. It covers a broad range of health areas, including malaria, HIV/AIDS, nutrition, contraception, neonatal and child health, maternal health, tuberculosis & other communicable diseases, immunization and non-communicable disease.
	The Coalition is funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, DFID, UNFPA, USAID and other members' contributions.
	John Townsend, Chair, Population Council
	Klaus Brill, Bayer AG
	Lester Coutinho, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
	Meena Gandhi, Department for International Development
	Manuelle Hurwitz, International Planned Parenthood Federation
	Emma Iriarte, Inter-American Development Bank
	Benoit Kalasa, United Nations Population Fund Senegal
	Nora Quesada, JSI
	John Skibiak, Director, Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition
	Ellen Starbird, USAID
	Jagdish Upadhyay, UNFPA
	More than 215 million women who wish to protect themselves from unintended and potentially unsafe pregnancy do not have access to modern contraception. In 2010, the Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition established the HANDtoHAND Campaign with the goal of reaching 100 million additional users of modern contraception by 2015. Reaching this goal will meet the family planning needs of 80 percent of women in low- and middle-income countries. It will mean 96 million fewer unintended pregnancies, 54 million fewer abortions, 110,000 fewer mothers dying in pregnancy and childbirth, and 1.4 million fewer infant deaths. The Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition is leading the effort by urging stakeholders in both the public and private sectors to commit resources and support to reach this goal. At the September United Nations Summit on the Millennium Development Goals in New York, AusAID, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Dfid and USAID adopted the 100 million metric as a cornerstone of their International Alliance for Reproductive, Maternal and Newborn Health.

= = = Freestyle skiing at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics – Girls' halfpipe = = =

	The girls' halfpipe competition of the freestyle skiing events at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, was held between January 14 and 15, at Kühtai. 10 athletes from 10 different countries took part in this event.

= = = Myokine = = =

	A myokine is one of several hundred cytokines or other small proteins (~5–20 kDa) and proteoglycan peptides that are produced and released by muscle cells (myocytes) in response to muscular contractions. They have autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine effects; their systemic effects occur at picomolar concentrations.
	Receptors for myokines are found on muscle, fat, liver, pancreas, bone, heart, immune, and brain cells. The location of these receptors reflect the fact that myokines have multiple functions. Foremost, they are involved in exercise-associated metabolic changes, as well as in the metabolic changes following training adaptation. They also participate in tissue regeneration and repair, maintenance of healthy bodily functioning, immunomodulation; and cell signaling, expression and differentiation.
	The definition and use of the term myokine first occurred in 2003.
	In 2008, the first myokine, myostatin, was identified. The gp130 receptor cytokine IL-6 (Interleukin 6) was the first myokine found to be secreted into the blood stream in response to muscle contractions.
	There is an emerging understanding of skeletal muscle as a secretory organ, and of myokines as mediators of physical fitness through the practice of regular physical exercise (aerobic exercise and strength training), as well as new awareness of the anti-inflammatory and thus disease prevention aspects of exercise. Different muscle fiber types -slow twitch muscle fibers, oxidative muscle fibers, intermediate twitch muscle fibers, and fast twitch muscle fibers - release different clusters of myokines during contraction. This implies that variation of exercise types, particularly aerobic training/endurance training and muscle contraction against resistance (strength training) may offer differing myokine-induced benefits.
	"Some myokines exert their effects within the muscle itself. Thus, myostatin, LIF, IL-6 and IL-7 are involved in muscle hypertrophy and myogenesis, whereas BDNF and IL-6 are involved in AMPK-mediated fat oxidation. IL-6 also appears to have systemic effects on the liver, adipose tissue and the immune system, and mediates crosstalk between intestinal L cells and pancreatic islets. Other myokines include the osteogenic factors IGF-1 and FGF-2; FSTL-1, which improves the endothelial function of the vascular system; and the PGC-1alpha-dependent myokine irisin, which drives brown fat-like development. Studies in the past few years suggest the existence of yet unidentified factors, secreted from muscle cells, which may influence cancer cell growth and pancreas function. Many proteins produced by skeletal muscle are dependent upon contraction; therefore, physical inactivity probably leads to an altered myokine response, which could provide a potential mechanism for the association between sedentary behaviour and many chronic diseases."
	Physical exercise rapidly triggers substantial changes at the organismal level, including the secretion of myokines and metabolites by muscle cells. For instance, aerobic exercise in humans leads to significant structural alterations in the brain, while wheel-running in rodents promotes neurogenesis and improves synaptic transmission in particular in the hippocampus. Moreover, physical exercise triggers histone modifications and protein synthesis which ultimately positively influence mood and cognitive abilities. Notably, regular exercise is somewhat associated with a better sleep quality, which could be mediated by the muscle secretome.
	Heart muscle is subject to two kinds of stress: physiologic stress, i.e. exercise; and pathologic stress, i.e. disease related. Likewise, the heart has two potential responses to either stress: cardiac hypertrophy, which is a normal, physiologic, adaptive growth; or cardiac remodeling, which is an abnormal, pathologic, maladaptive growth. Upon being subjected to either stress, the heart "chooses" to turn on one of the responses and turn off the other. If it has chosen the abnormal path, i.e. remodeling, exercise can reverse this choice by turning off remodeling and turning on hypertrophy. The mechanism for reversing this choice is the microRNA miR-222 in cardiac muscle cells, which exercise up-regulates via unknown myokines. miR-222 represses genes involved in fibrosis and cell-cycle control.
	Immunomodulation and immunoregulation were a particular focus of early myokine research, as, according to Dr. Bente Klarlund Pedersen and her colleagues, "the interactions between exercise and the immune system provided a unique opportunity to evaluate the role of underlying endocrine and cytokine mechanisms."
	Both aerobic exercise and strength training (resistance exercise) attenuate myostatin expression, and myostatin inactivation potentiates the beneficial effects of endurance exercise on metabolism.
	Aerobic exercise provokes a systemic cytokine response, including, for example, IL-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), and IL-10 (Interleukin 10). IL-6 was serendipitously discovered as a myokine because of the observation that it increased in an exponential fashion proportional to the length of exercise and the amount of muscle mass engaged in the exercise. This increase is followed by the appearance of IL-1ra and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In general, the cytokine response to exercise and sepsis differs with regard to TNF-α. Thus, the cytokine response to exercise is not preceded by an increase in plasma-TNF-α. Following exercise, the basal plasma IL-6 concentration may increase up to 100-fold, but less dramatic increases are more frequent. The exercise-induced increase of plasma IL-6 occurs in an exponential manner and the peak IL-6 level is reached at the end of the exercise or shortly thereafter. It is the combination of mode, intensity, and duration of the exercise that determines the magnitude of the exercise-induced increase of plasma IL-6.
	IL-6 had previously been classified as a proinflammatory cytokine. Therefore, it was first thought that the exercise-induced IL-6 response was related to muscle damage. However, it has become evident that eccentric exercise is not associated with a larger increase in plasma IL-6 than exercise involving concentric “nondamaging” muscle contractions. This finding clearly demonstrates that muscle damage is not required to provoke an increase in plasma IL-6 during exercise. As a matter of fact, eccentric exercise may result in a delayed peak and a much slower decrease of plasma IL-6 during recovery.
	IL-6, among an increasing number of other recently identified myokines, thus remains an important topic of myokine research. It appears in muscle tissue and in the circulation during exercise at levels up to one hundred times basal rates, as noted, and is seen as having a beneficial impact on health and bodily functioning in most circumstances. P. Munoz-Canoves et al. write: "It appears consistently in the literature that IL-6, produced locally by different cell types, has a positive impact on the proliferative capacity of muscle stem cells. This physiological mechanism functions to provide enough muscle progenitors in situations that require a high number of these cells, such as during the processes of muscle regeneration and hypertrophic growth after an acute stimulus. IL-6 is also the founding member of the myokine family of muscle-produced cytokines. Indeed, muscle-produced IL-6 after repeated contractions also has important autocrine and paracrine benefits, acting as a myokine, in regulating energy metabolism, controlling, for example, metabolic functions and stimulating glucose production. It is important to note that these positive effects of IL-6 and other myokines are normally associated with its transient production and short-term action."
	Interleukin-15 stimulates fat oxidation, glucose uptake, mitochondrial biogenesis and myogenesis in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. In humans, basal concentrations of IL-15 and its alpha receptor (IL-15Rα) in blood have been inversely associated with physical inactivity and fat mass, particularly trunk fat mass. Moreover, in response to a single session of resistance exercise the IL-15/IL-15Rα complex has been related to myofibrillar protein synthesis (hypertrophy).
	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is also a myokine, though BDNF produced by contracting muscle is not released into circulation. Rather, BDNF produced in skeletal muscle appears to enhance the oxidation of fat. Skeletal muscle activation through exercise also contributes to an increase in BDNF secretion in the brain. A beneficial effect of BDNF on neuronal function has been noted in multiple studies. Dr. Pedersen writes, "Neurotrophins are a family of structurally related growth factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which exert many of their effects on neurons primarily through Trk receptor tyrosine kinases. Of these, BDNF and its receptor TrkB are most widely and abundantly expressed in the brain. However, recent studies show that BDNF is also expressed in non-neurogenic tissues, including skeletal muscle. BDNF has been shown to regulate neuronal development and to modulate synaptic plasticity. BDNF plays a key role in regulating survival, growth and maintenance of neurons, and BDNF has a bearing on learning and memory. However, BDNF has also been identified as a key component of the hypothalamic pathway that controls body mass and energy homeostasis.
	"Most recently, we have shown that BDNF appears to be a major player not only in central metabolic pathways but also as a regulator of metabolism in skeletal muscle. Hippocampal samples from Alzheimer’s disease donors show decreased BDNF expression and individuals with Alzheimer’s disease have low plasma levels of BDNF. Also, patients with major depression have lower levels of serum BDNF than normal control subjects. Other studies suggest that plasma BDNF is a biomarker of impaired memory and general cognitive function in ageing women and a low circulating BDNF level was recently shown to be an independent and robust biomarker of mortality risk in old women. Low levels of circulating BDNF are also found in obese individuals and those with type 2 diabetes. In addition, we have demonstrated that there is a cerebral output of BDNF and that this is inhibited during hyperglycaemic clamp conditions in humans. This last finding may explain the concomitant finding of low circulating levels of BDNF in individuals with type 2 diabetes, and the association between low plasma BDNF and the severity of insulin resistance.
	"BDNF appears to play a role in both neurobiology and metabolism. Studies have demonstrated that physical exercise may increase circulating BDNF levels in humans. To identify whether the brain is a source of BDNF during exercise, eight volunteers rowed for 4 h while simultaneous blood samples were obtained from the radial artery and the internal jugular vein. To further identify the putative cerebral region(s) responsible for BDNF release, mouse brains were dissected and analysed for BDNF mRNA expression following treadmill exercise. In humans, a BDNF release from the brain was observed at rest and increased 2- to 3-fold during exercise. Both at rest and during exercise, the brain contributed 70–80% of the circulating BDNF, while this contribution decreased following 1 h of recovery. In mice, exercise induced a 3- to 5-fold increase in BDNF mRNA expression in the hippocampus and cortex, peaking 2 h after the termination of exercise. These results suggest that the brain is a major but not the sole contributor to circulating BDNF. Moreover, the importance of the cortex and hippocampus as sources of plasma BDNF becomes even more prominent in the response to exercise.”
	With respect to studies of exercise and brain function, a 2010 report is of particular interest. Erickson et al. have shown that the volume of the anterior hippocampus increased by 2% in response to aerobic training in a randomized controlled trial with 120 older adults. The authors also summarize several previously-established research findings relating to exercise and brain function: (1) Aerobic exercise training increases grey and white matter volume in the prefrontal cortex of older adults and increases the functioning of key nodes in the executive control network. (2) Greater amounts of physical activity have been associated with sparing of prefrontal and temporal brain regions over a 9-y period, which reduces the risk for cognitive impairment. (3) Hippocampal and medial temporal lobe volumes are larger in higher-fit older adults (larger hippocampal volumes have been demonstrated to mediate improvements in spatial memory). (4) Exercise training increases cerebral blood volume and perfusion of the hippocampus.
	Regarding the 2010 study, the authors conclude: "We also demonstrate that increased hippocampal volume is associated with greater serum levels of BDNF, a mediator of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Hippocampal volume declined in the control group, but higher preintervention fitness partially attenuated the decline, suggesting that fitness protects against volume loss. Caudate nucleus and thalamus volumes were unaffected by the intervention. These theoretically important findings indicate that aerobic exercise training is effective at reversing hippocampal volume loss in late adulthood, which is accompanied by improved memory function."
	Seldin, Peterson, Byerly, Wei and Wong clarify that most myokines are also secreted by non-muscle cells. In 2012, they reported: "The expression of all myokines described to date is not restricted to skeletal muscle; they are generally expressed by a variety of cell types, and most are, in fact, expressed at much higher levels by nonmuscle tissues. Prior to (our) study, no myokine has been discovered to be preferentially expressed by skeletal muscle. While characterizing the metabolic function of the C1q/TNF-related protein (CTRP) family of proteins we recently uncovered, we identified myonectin (CTRP15) as a novel member of the family on the basis of sequence homology in the shared C1q domain, the signature that defines this protein family... (Myonectin) is a novel nutrient-responsive myokine secreted by skeletal muscle to regulate whole-body fatty acid metabolism... Circulating levels of myonectin were tightly regulated by the metabolic state; fasting suppressed, but refeeding dramatically increased, its mRNA and serum levels. Although mRNA and circulating levels of myonectin were reduced in a diet-induced obese state, voluntary exercise increased its expression and circulating levels. Accordingly, myonectin transcript was up-regulated by compounds (forskolin, epinephrine, ionomycin) that raise cellular cAMP or calcium levels... In vitro results of myonectin expression in myotubes suggest that exercise-induced rises in intracellular calcium levels may also up-regulate myonectin expression in intact skeletal muscle... Consistent with enhanced mRNA expression in skeletal muscle of mice subjected to voluntary exercise, circulating levels of myonectin also increased, suggesting a potential role of myonectin in exercise-induced physiology.
	"Given that exercise induces myonectin expression in skeletal muscle, we next addressed whether short- and long-term changes in nutritional/metabolic state also regulate myonectin expression and circulating levels. Surprisingly, an overnight fast greatly suppressed myonectin expression, but a 2-h refeeding period (following an overnight fast) dramatically up-regulated its mRNA expression in skeletal muscle. Intriguingly, refeeding induced myonectin mRNA expression to a much greater extent in soleus than in plantaris muscle fiber of both male and female mice (data not shown), suggesting that myonectin expression may be regulated differentially depending on muscle fiber type. Consistent with the mRNA data, fasting reduced, but refeeding substantially increased, circulating levels of myonectin... As compared with mice fed an isocaloric matched low-fat diet, mice fed a high-fat diet had lower myonectin mRNA and serum levels, suggesting that obesity-induced alteration in energy balance may be linked to dysregulation of myonectin-mediated processes in the obese state... A relatively modest rise in serum myonectin levels was sufficient to lower (by >30%) nonesterified free fatty acid (NEFA) levels over time relative to vehicle-injected controls. However, no significant difference was observed in serum triacylglycerol levels between the two groups of mice. These data suggest a potential role of myonectin in regulating systemic fatty acid metabolism... Treatment of adipocytes with recombinant myonectin (5 micrograms/ml) also enhanced fatty acid uptake to the same extent as insulin... To determine whether myonectin-mediated enhancement of lipid uptake is specific to adipocytes, we also tested the effect of myonectin on lipid uptake in rat H4IIE hepatocytes. We observed a modest (>25%) but consistent increase in fatty acid uptake into hepatocytes stimulated with myonectin (5 micrograms/ml), an effect similar to cells treated with a saturating dose of insulin (50 nM)... Together, these results indicate that myonectin promotes lipid uptake into adipocytes and hepatocytes via transcriptional up-regulation of genes involved in fatty acid uptake...
	"We provide the first characterization of myonectin, with in vitro and in vivo evidence that it is a novel myokine with important metabolic function. Unlike the other CTRPs characterized to date, myonectin (CTRP15) is expressed and secreted predominantly by skeletal muscle... (Our) results suggest that myonectin is a nutrient-responsive metabolic regulator secreted by skeletal muscle in response to changes in cellular energy state resulting from glucose or fatty acid fluxes. Many metabolically relevant secreted proteins (e.g. adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and RBP) and the signaling pathways they regulate in tissues are known to be dysregulated in the condition of obesity. The reduction in expression and circulating levels of myonectin in the obese state may represent yet another component of the complex metabolic circuitry dysregulated by excess caloric intake. Although exercise has long been known to have profound positive impacts on systemic insulin sensitivity and energy balance, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. That voluntary exercise dramatically increases the expression and circulating levels of myonectin to promote fatty acid uptake into cells may underlie one of the beneficial effects of physical exercise... A modest rise in the circulating levels of myonectin resulting from recombinant protein administration is sufficient to lower serum NEFA without altering serum triglyceride levels. Unlike CTRP1, CTRP3 and CTRP12, injection of recombinant myonectin into mice appears to have no glucose-lowering effect. Reduction in circulating NEFA is not due to suppression of adipose tissue lipolysis; rather, it results from increased fatty acid uptake by adipocytes and hepatocytes. Although the myonectin-mediated enhancement of lipid uptake in vitro appears modest (25–50%), in fact, the magnitude of this effect is comparable with cells stimulated with 50 nM insulin, a saturating dose that leads to maximum increase in fatty acid uptake... In accordance with myonectin mediating its metabolic effect through a transcriptional mechanism, a reduction in circulating NEFA in mice occurred only 2 h after recombinant protein injection, a lag period presumably required for mRNA and protein synthesis."
	Decorin is an example of a proteoglycan which functions as a myokine. Kanzleiter et al have established that this myokine is secreted during muscular contraction against resistance, and plays a role in muscle growth. They reported on July 1, 2014: "The small leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin has been described as a myokine for some time. However, its regulation and impact on skeletal muscle (had) not been investigated in detail. In (our recent) study, we report decorin to be differentially expressed and released in response to muscle contraction using different approaches. Decorin is released from contracting human myotubes, and circulating decorin levels are increased in response to acute resistance exercise in humans. Moreover, decorin expression in skeletal muscle is increased in humans and mice after chronic training. Because decorin directly binds myostatin, a potent inhibitor of muscle growth, we investigated a potential function of decorin in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth. In vivo overexpression of decorin in murine skeletal muscle promoted expression of the pro-myogenic factor Mighty, which is negatively regulated by myostatin. We also found Myod1 and follistatin to be increased in response to decorin overexpression. Moreover, muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases atrogin1 and MuRF1, which are involved in atrophic pathways, were reduced by decorin overexpression. In summary, our findings suggest that decorin secreted from myotubes in response to exercise is involved in the regulation of muscle hypertrophy and hence could play a role in exercise-related restructuring processes of skeletal muscle."
	Irisin is a cleaved version of FNDC5. Boström and coworkers named the cleaved product irisin, after the Greek messenger goddess Iris. FNDC5 was initially discovered in 2002 by two independent groups of researchers.
	Irisin (fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 or FNDC5), a recently described myokine hormone produced and secreted by acutely exercising skeletal muscles, is thought to bind white adipose tissue cells via undetermined receptors. Irisin has been reported to promote a brown adipose tissue-like phenotype upon white adipose tissue by increasing cellular mitochondrial density and expression of uncoupling protein-1, thereby increasing adipose tissue energy expenditure via thermogenesis. This is considered important, because excess visceral adipose tissue in particular distorts the whole body energy homeostasis, increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and raises exposure to a milieu of adipose tissue-secreted hormones (adipokines) that promote inflammation and cellular aging. The authors enquired whether the favorable impact of irisin on white adipose tissue might be associated with maintenance of telomere length, a well-established genetic marker in the aging process. They conclude that these data support the view that irisin may have a role in the modulation not only of energy balance but also the aging process.
	However, exogenous irisin may aid in heightening energy expenditure, and thus in reducing obesity. Boström et al. reported on December 14, 2012: "Since the conservation of calories would likely provide an overall survival advantage for mammals, it appears paradoxical that exercise would stimulate the secretion of a polypeptide hormone that increases thermogenesis and energy expenditure. One explanation for the increased irisin expression with exercise in mouse and man may have evolved as a consequence of muscle contraction during shivering. Muscle secretion of a hormone that activates adipose thermogenesis during this process might provide a broader, more robust defense against hypothermia. The therapeutic potential of irisin is obvious. Exogenously administered irisin induces the browning of subcutaneous fat and thermogenesis, and it presumably could be prepared and delivered as an injectable polypeptide. Increased formation of brown or beige/brite fat has been shown to have anti-obesity, anti-diabetic effects in multiple murine models, and adult humans have significant deposits of UCP1-positive brown fat. (Our data show) that even relatively short treatments of obese mice with irisin improves glucose homeostasis and causes a small weight loss. Whether longer treatments with irisin and/or higher doses would cause more weight loss remains to be determined. The worldwide, explosive increase in obesity and diabetes strongly suggests exploring the clinical utility of irisin in these and related disorders. Another potentially important aspect of this work relates to other beneficial effects of exercise, especially in some diseases for which no effective treatments exist. The clinical data linking exercise with health benefits in many other diseases suggests that irisin could also have significant effects in these disorders."
	While the murine findings reported by Boström et al. appear encouraging, other researchers have questioned whether irisin operates in a similar manner in humans. For example, Timmons et al. noted that over 1,000 genes are upregulated by exercise and examined how expression of FNDC5 was affected by exercise in ~200 humans. They found that it was upregulated only in highly active elderly humans, casting doubt on the conclusions of Boström et al. Further discussion of this issue can be found in the Wikipedia entry for irisin under the "function" heading.
	A novel myokine Osteonectin, or SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine), plays a vital role in bone mineralization, cell-matrix interactions, and collagen binding. Osteonectin inhibits tumorigenesis in mice. Osteonectin can be classed as a myokine, as it was found that even a single bout of exercise increased its expression and secretion in skeletal muscle in both mice and humans.

= = = Upper Millecoquins River = = =

	The Upper Millecoquins River is a river on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the United States. It begins at the outlet of Millecoquins Pond in northern Mackinac County and flows generally south to Millecoquins Lake. The outlet of Millecoquins Lake is the Lower Millecoquins River which flows to Lake Michigan.

= = = 44th Arkansas Infantry (Mounted) = = =

	The 44th Arkansas Infantry (Mounted) (1864–1865) was a Confederate Army Mounted Infantry regiment during the American Civil War. While authorized by the State Military Board as an infantry regiment, the unit was mounted for Price's Missouri Expedition and was officially designated as mounted infantry, but this designation was almost never used by the unit. When a numerical designation is used, the unit is sometimes referred to as the 29th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment. The unit is most often referred as McGehee's Arkansas Cavalry Regiment for its commander, James H. McGehee. McGehee is often spelled McGhee in the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.
	The exact date of organization of the 44th Arkansas Mounted infantry remains obscure. Some sources state that the unit was organized in the fall of 1863, but it is likely that the unit was organized during the summer of 1864 along with the 45th through the 48th Mounted Infantry Regiments.
	It is known that James H. McGehee began his military service in a volunteer militia company organized in the 30th Arkansas Militia Regiment in Crittenden County, Arkansas in April 1861. The Crittenden Rangers became Company C of the 6th Arkansas Cavalry Battalion, which was eventually expanded to a full regiment and designated the 2nd Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Slemons's).
	It is unclear how long McGehee served with the 6th Battalion, but by January 1863 he was apparently a Captain commanding an unnamed, unattached company of cavalry which was operating along the Mississippi River, north of Memphis Tennessee. Captain McGehee stated in his after action report that he was acting under orders to reconnoiter the area, "burning cotton in that country and annoying the enemy on the Mississippi River" wherever possible. McGehee's primary target in these operations was Union shipping along the river. McGehee and his men were responsible for burning at least two steam ships. On January 6, 1863 McGehee's troops captured and burned steamboat "Jacob Musselman" near Memphis, later they also intercepted and burned the steamer "Grampus No. 2". The operations by McGehee led Union Official to make a raid and burn the homes of suspected bushwhackers in Mound City, and Hopefield Arkansas.
	By September 1863, McGehee's Company had joined with other semi-independent companies under Colonel Archibald S. Dobbins to form Dobbins 1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment. McGehee's Company became Company C, and probably remained with the regiment unit for the winter of 1863 when Colonel Dobbins was court-martialed and dismissed from the service because he refused to accept orders from General John S. Marmaduke because Marmaduke had killed Brigadier General L. M. Walker in a duel just before the Battle of Little Rock. The official records indicate that the regiment was broken up about January 3, 1864, and elements of the regiment were attached to, but not formally consolidated with, Col. Thomas J. Morgan's regiment. It may be that this is the point at which McGehee began organizing his own regiment.
	In May 1864, General J. O. Shelby occupied northeast Arkansas, well behind Union Army lines. In early June 1864, General Shelby commissioned several officers to begin raising regiments in Northeast Arkansas. By June 13, Shelby reported to General Sterling Price that recruiting efforts were bearing fruit.
	The decreasing availability of fodder for horses in 1864 led the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department to issue an order proscribing the raising of additional mounted regiments in Arkansas. However, when General Sterling Price received authorization to conduct a campaign in Missouri that fall, several of the new regiments were mounted in order to accompany him. As a result, the 44th, 45th, 46th, 47th, and 48th were officially mounted infantry regiments instead of cavalry regiments. They were rarely referred to in contemporary reports and orders by numerical designation. Price referred to them as McGehee's Cavalry, Crabtree's Cavalry, etc., which eventually resulted in their later being referred to as 44th Cavalry, 46th Cavalry, etc.
	The unit was composed of companies from the following counties:
	Officer appointments in the 40-series regiments date from the June to August 1864 timeframe, so it is assumed that the regiments were mustered into service about the same time at various points in northeast Arkansas. The list of regimental officers follows:
	There are no known muster rolls of the 44th Arkansas Mounted Infantry and no record of enlistments. Apart from a few prisoner of war records, the records of this regiment consist of paroles of soldiers who surrendered at Jacksonport, Arkansas on June 5, 1865.
	The 44th was assigned to Colonel Dobbins brigade, of Maj. Gen. James F. Fagan's division, of Sterling Price's Army of Missouri, for Price's Missouri Expedition (commonly referred to as Price's Raid).
	The most fierce fighting that the 44th was engaged in during the raid occurred on October 23 at the Battle of Westport. Union General Blunt's position at the Wornall House was formidable. His three brigades occupied positions behind a stone wall, some three hundred yards in front of the Confederate line. A wide road, bordered on either side by stone walls, led to a farm house on top of a hill. In the road just over the hill there was a gun section of McLain's Colorado Battery in position and firing into the Confederate troops at the bottom of the hill. As the Confederate lines were reforming and being placed in position by Brigadier General Jo Shelby, Major General Fagan rode up at the head of his escort. Fagan looked at the battery a moment through his field glasses and said: "Shelby, I propose to take that battery. Have a regiment of cavalry to form in platoons and charge up the line and support the charge on foot." Colonel McGehee, commanding the 44th Arkansas, about three hundred strong, formed by platoons, which filled the lane with a living mass of cavalry. As the 44th Arkansas charged up the lane, Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Walker led the 16th Kansas Cavalry and 2nd Colorado Cavalry against Colonel McGehee. Two squadrons of the 2nd Colorado under Green also struck the column's left. The 16th Kansas met them in the road, meanwhile Company E of the 15th Kansas Cavalry, struck across the field and reached the lower end of the lane, thus hemming in McGehee's troopers and intercepting any retreat.
	One of the few instances of individual combat between opposing commanders during the war occurred during the charge of the 44th Arkansas on McLain's Colorado Battery. Colonel McGhee encountered Captain Curtis Johnson, commanding Company E, 15th Kansas Cavalry. Both men pulled revolvers and charged toward one another, and both were wounded. Captain Johnson was shot in the arm. Colonel McGhee was listed as having been killed in a report filled by Colonel Charles R. Jennison of the 15th Kansas Cavalry, but this report proved to be false. Colonel McGhee was wounded a second time two days later at the Battle of Mine Creek, and he was forced to relinquish command to Lieutenant Colonel Jesse S. Grider, but McGhee survived the wounds and the war, living in Arkansas until at least 1870.
	Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson observed the fight reported that the gallant charge had been a disaster for the men that made it. McGehee's attack resulted in the loss to the Confederates of thirty-five prisoners, nineteen dead and thirty-seven wounded.
	After the completion of Price's raid, the 44th was furloughed to return to the area from which it was recruited in order to forage and recover absentees and to return to the army at a prescribed date.
	A scouting report made by Major Harris S. Greeno, of the 4th Arkansas Cavalry (U. S. Army), November 15, 1864, made from Devalls Bluff relayed information on the post raid condition of Fagan's Division of Arkansas Cavalry. Maj. Greeno's information came from deserters and captured Confederate soldiers who had served in Price's Army:
	Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson, Commander of the Military Sub-District of Northeast Arkansas and Southeast Missouri, to which the 45th Arkansas was assigned at the close of the war, surrendered his command at Chalk Bluff, Arkansas on May 11, 1865, and agreed to have his men assemble at Wittsburg and Jacksonport, Arkansas to lay down their arms and receive their paroles. Thompson's command was widely dispersed throughout northeast Arkansas, more for reasons of available forage than anything else. About a third of his men refused to surrender. Shelby's Missouri Brigade, along with elements of Green's and Jackman's Missouri Brigades, lit out for Mexico. Some Missouri units disbanded rather than surrender their colors. Many men simply went home. The 45th Arkansas Cavalry surrendered with its command structure intact and was paroled at Jacksonport on June 5, 1865. At the time of the surrender, the regiment was assigned to the Military Sub-District of Northeast Arkansas and Southeast Missouri, commanded by Brigadier General M. Jeff. Thompson (Surrendered at Jacksonport), Dobbins' Brigade, commanded by Colonel Col. J. M. McGehee (Surrendered at Jacksonport), 44th Arkansas Mounted Infantry, commanded by Colonel James H. McGehee (Surrendered at Jacksonport).

= = = Savin Sever = = =

	Savin Sever (27 June 1927 in Krško – 12 April 2003 in Ljubljana) was a Slovene architect. He was the son of a lawyer from the Littoral temporarily working in Krško, but he grew up in Maribor and Ljubljana.
	Sever is considered one of the most typical representatives of the Ljubljana school of architecture. His work represents a synthesis of the tradition of Jože Plečnik and the influence of Edvard Ravnikar, whom he studied under. Sever is considered one of the most important Slovenian architects after the Second World War.
	His best-known works include the Mladinska Knjiga printing office, the Astra department store, the Slovenian Automobile Association (AMZS) pavilion, the Merkur store, the Poljane parking garage, the portal to the Karawanken Tunnel, and the Triplex parking garage. The Triplex A parking garage () was designed in 1966 with rounded corners, and the Triplex B parking garage () in 1970 with angular corners.
	Sever was a member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
	Sever is buried in the Vič Cemetery in Ljubljana.
	The awards that Sever received during his lifetime include:

= = = La Ferrassie = = =

	La Ferrassie is an archaeological site in Savignac-de-Miremont, in the Dordogne department, France. The site, located in the Vézère valley, consists of a large and deep cave flanked by two rock shelters within a limestone cliff, under which there is a scree slope formation.
	Artifacts found at the site are the productions of Mousterian (300-30,000 BP), Aurignacian (45–35,000 BP), and Périgordian (35–20,000 BP) cultures. The cave area contains Gravettian (32–22,000 BP) objects and the scree contains objects from all these ages as well as the Châtelperronian (35-29,000 PB). The site was abandoned during the Gravettian period (27 kya). Complex Mousterian burial structures found at La Ferrasie finally provided the evidence of Neanderthal burial practice.
	A small area of the site was initially investigated by M. Tabanou in 1896, a teacher who died of a landslide at the Badegoule rock shelter shortly thereafter. Denis Peyrony and Louis Capitan explored the site in 1905, 1907 and 1912; Peyrony in 1934, Henri Delporte in 1969 and 1984, and Delporte with Tuffreau in 1984.
	At least seven Neanderthals have been found in La Ferrassie, including infants and one fetus. All specimens were found in a thin 60 cm archaeological layer dated to 74-68 thousand years ago.

= = = Reinbert de Leeuw = = =

	Reinbert de Leeuw (born Amsterdam, 8 September 1938) is a Dutch conductor, pianist and composer.
	He studied music theory and piano at the Amsterdam Conservatoire and composition with Kees van Baaren at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague.
	He taught at the Royal Conservatoire of The Hague. He is a well-known conductor and pianist performing mainly contemporary music. He is the founder of the “Dutch Charles Ives Society”. Since 2004, he has been a professor at the Leiden University in “performing and creative arts of the 19th, 20th and 21st century".
	In 1974, he founded the Schönberg Ensemble. They mainly focused on performing works by the Second Viennese School and the avant-garde. He composed the piece "Etude" (1983–1985) for the strings of the ensemble.
	de Leeuw regularly conducts the Netherlands' major orchestras and ensembles, including the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, New Sinfonietta Amsterdam, Residentie Orchestra The Hague and ensembles such as the Netherlands Chamber Choir, the ASKO, the Netherlands Wind Ensemble, and the orchestras of the Dutch Radio. In the 1995-96 season, he was the centre point of the 'Carte Blanche' series in the Concertgebouw Amsterdam. He is involved in the organization of the series 'Contemporaries' at the Concertgebouw Amsterdam.
	He is a regular guest in most European countries (France, Germany including the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, England, Belgium) and the United States (Tanglewood Festival, New World Symphony, Lincoln Center Chamber Music Group New York, Aspen, and the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra in Minneapolis, and lectures at the Juilliard School of Music in New York), Japan and Australia. 
	Reinbert de Leeuw has been involved in various opera productions at the Dutch National Opera in Amsterdam as well as with the Nederlandse Reisopera. Productions include works by Stravinsky ("The Rake’s Progress"), Louis Andriessen ("Rosa - A Horse Drama"; "Writing to Vermeer"), György Ligeti ("Le Grand Macabre"), Claude Vivier ("Rêves d’un Marco Polo"), Robert Zuidam ("Rage d‘Amours") and Benjamin Britten ("The Turn of the Screw"). In 2011, de Leeuw conducted Schoenberg's monumental "Gurre-Lieder", which was the realisation of an old ambition of his.
	In 1992, he was guest artistic director of the Aldeburgh Festival and from 1994–1998 artistic director of Tanglewood Festival of Contemporary Music. de Leeuw was artistic advisor for contemporary music with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, and from 2001 to 2010, he served as artistic leader at the Nederlandse Orkest- en Ensemble-Academie (NJO; Dutch Orchestra and Ensemble Academy).
	de Leeuw mostly made his recordings for Philips, Koch and Nonesuch.
	On the occasion of his 70th birthday, Reinbert de Leeuw was decorated with Knight of Order of the Netherlands Lion.

= = = Buddleja davidii 'Carminea' = = =

	Buddleja davidii 'Carminea' was raised by the Watson nursery in Killarney, Ireland. 
'Carminea' has panicles of lilac-pink flowers. 
'Carminea' is not known to remain in cultivation. 

= = = Aaron Maund = = =

	Aaron Michael Thomas Maund (born September 19, 1990) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Charlotte Independence in the USL Championship.
	Maund played four years at The Roxbury Latin School in Boston, Massachusetts and four years with the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, starting 77 matches in his college career.
	Maund was selected 12th overall by Toronto FC in the first round of the 2012 MLS SuperDraft. On March 17, 2012 Maund made his debut for Toronto as a first half sub for Torsten Frings in a 3–1 away defeat to Seattle Sounders FC. On December 3, 2012, Maund was traded to Real Salt Lake in exchange for Justin Braun.
	On August 9, 2017, Maund was traded to Vancouver Whitecaps FC in exchange for a third-round pick in the 2018 MLS SuperDraft. Maund was released by Vancouver at the end of their 2018 season.
	Maund represented the United States at the FIFA Under-20 World Cup in 2009. Two years prior, Maund played for Trinidad & Tobago in the FIFA Under-17 World Cup.

= = = Shooting Sean = = =

	Shooting Sean is the fourth novel of the "Dan Starkey" series by Northern Irish author, Colin Bateman, released on 8 May 2001 through Harper Collins. The novel was named by Hugh Macdonald as one of "The Heralds" "paperbacks of the week" in June 2001.
	Dan Starkey is employed by legendary film star, Sean O'Toole, who is looking to escape his type cast action hero career and move into directing movies. Unfortunately, O'Toole is making a movie based on an infamous IRA member, nicknamed "The Colonel", and events soon lead to Starkey once again struggling to both protect his wife "Patricia" and illegitimate child "Little Stevie", while also keeping himself alive and writing.
	The novel was well received, with reviewers praising Bateman's droll humour and attention to detail.
	In a review for "The Herald", Hugh Macdonald stated that, while written fiction is often humorous without ever being laugh-out-loud funny, "Bateman can and does make me laugh" and found the novel to contain "Sharp-edged humour with a touch of suspense". Sue Leonard, reviewing for "Books Ireland", called Bateman "the master of the fast-paced improbable satire" and stated that "Shooting Sean" "is packed full of humour and specializes in one liners". Leonard went on to say that "as in other Bateman novels the plot is so much larger than life as to be totally unbelievable" however does state that "in the hands of such a skilful writer this adds to the fun". She further states that she loves "Bateman's work for its strong construction, sharp satirical writing and inventive characterization" as well as his "attention to detail, and witty observation".
	RTÉ also reviewed the novel, with Tom Grealis stating that the novel was "a funny and highly entertaining tale of narcotics, terrorism and eh, moviemaking". He does mention that "one thing that has to be pointed out about "Shooting Sean" is that the plot becomes somewhat ridiculous in the latter stages", following this with "[Bateman's] decision to go for suspense over characterization certainly panders to the mainstream, but it is a pandering one cannot but enjoy". Grealis also concluded that he found the novel to be "engaging, funny and eminently readable". Writing for Scottish newspaper, the "Southern Reporter", Fiona Scott stated that Bateman "has become an absolute favourite" and that ""Shooting Sean" is my favourite so far". She states that "Bateman's droll Irish wit is ideal for this storyline", calling the novel as a whole simply "hilarious". Reviewing for "Sprout Lore", reviewer David V. Baker stated that Bateman "has a wicked sense of humour" and that he found the book to be "a gripping read which will leave you laughing and sad at the same time, a rare quality".

= = = Old Hospital de la Santa Creu, Barcelona = = =

	The Old Hospital de la Santa Creu is a 15th-to-18th-century building complex in Barcelona, which formerly served as a hospital and hospice and currently is the home of the National Library of Catalonia, the Institute for Catalan Studies, the former College of Surgeons, and an art school. It has been declared a Historic and Artistic Landmark of National Interest.
	In 1401 the Council of One Hundred (Consell de Cent), the former government of Barcelona, decided to build the Hospital de la Santa Creu merging and centralizing six hospitals in the city. The complex, designed by Guillem d'Abriell, was planned on a grand scale in the form of four two-story wings surrounding a central patio. The east wing (1406), north wing (1406-1509) and the west wing (1509) were built. In spite of the elapsed time they all have the same layout: ground floor covered with curved vaults that are very low with brick plates and upper floor with a double-sloped wooden beam on lightly pointed diaphragm arches. In front of the three wings the galleries of the cloister were arranged, with rib vault (begun in 1406 by Guillem d'Abriell).
	During the 16th and early 17th centuries, one of the four wings was demolished, two more wings were added and another court was built adjacent to the first, and this still retains the monumental stairs that now give access to the Biblioteca de Catalunya. 
	In 1703, Antoni Viladomat, one of the most significant Catalan painters of the Baroque period painted the chapel of Saint Paul.
	In 1763, in front of the Casa de Convalescència, the College of Surgeons (later Medical Faculty and now Royal Academy of Medicine of Catalonia) was built, by Ventura Rodríguez.
	By the end of the 19th century, the hospital had become outdated because of the growth of the city and advances that had been made in medicine and hygiene, so it was moved to a new site at the Hospital de Sant Pau, built between 1902 and 1930.
	A month before the hospital was closed down in 1926, Antoni Gaudí died here three days after he was hit by a tram.
	In 1926 the building was purchased by the City Council, who began restoring it. It now houses the Biblioteca de Catalunya (since 1939), the Institut d'Estudis Catalans (since 1931), the Escola Massana art school (since 1935) and two public libraries run by the Diputació de Barcelona. On June 3, 1931 it was declared a Monument of National Historic and Artistic Interest.
	The oldest part of the Hospital de la Santa Creu is an impressive example of Catalan civil-Gothic architecture. The interior boasts several large vaulted halls. Also of note is the cross vaulted Galeria del pati, which borders the inner garden, and the arched entrance to the library at the patio, built in the sixteenth century.

= = = Buddleja davidii 'Concord' = = =

	Buddleja davidii 'Concord' is an American cultivar of unrecorded origin.
'Concord' has panicles of deep-blue flowers, the colour of the Concord grape. 
	It is not known whether 'Concord' remains in cultivation. 

= = = Greenbriar, Atlanta = = =

	Greenbriar is a middle-class neighborhood of southwestern Atlanta, Georgia. Greenbriar is a long strip along the east side of the Perimeter (I-285) stretching from Langford Parkway to just south of Stone Road. It is bordered by Atlanta's "Southwest" neighborhood across Langford Parkway to the north, Ben Hill Forest across the Perimeter to the west, and by the city of East Point on the east and south.
	Greenbriar is part of neighborhood planning unit "R". Greenbriar Mall is located in the neighborhood.
	Greenbriar's zip code 30331 was more than 95% African American at the 2000 census. The median household income of $41,353 was slightly below the Atlanta average of $49,981.
	In 2008, Tyler Perry opened Tyler Perry Studios on a site away from the mall on Greenbriar Parkway.
	In addition, several recording studios call the area home: including Stack Em Entertainment, Hood South Studios, and Dirty Music.

= = = Funny Wonder = = =

	Funny Wonder is the name of two British comics published by Amalgamated Press. The first was published from 30 July 1892 – 25 May 1901 this comic was more satirical in nature like other early comics during its first run, also in this first run it absorbed another comic called Wonder in 1893. A second series ran from 26 December 1914 – 16 May 1942 when it merged with "Wonder" which in turn merged with "Radio Fun" in 1953. This new comic was aimed much more at children than the previous "Funny Wonder". In 1915 "Funny Wonder" began to have Charlie Chaplin appear on the cover. "Funny Wonder" was the first of Amalgamated Press' comics to have its own annual which ran from the edition dated 1935 until the one dated 1941, when it was ended due to the effects of World War II.
	During its run, the comic had 1404 issues and had merged with Jester (which had previously been included as a pull-out section in overseas editions) and Halfpenny Wonder.
	Notable creators who worked on the comic include Reg Parlett.

= = = Oliver Hein = = =

	Oliver Hein (born 20 March 1990) is a professional German footballer who plays for SSV Jahn Regensburg in the 2. Bundesliga.
	Hein was born in Straubing. He made his professional debut for SSV Jahn Regensburg during the 2009–10 3. Liga season in a 1–0 away loss to VfL Osnabrück.

= = = Buddleja davidii 'Calamadrina' = = =

	Buddleja davidii 'Calamadrina' is a little-known cultivar, of probable British origin. 
	Not available. 
	It is not known whether 'Calamadrina' remains in cultivation; it was last listed in the RHS "Plantfinder" in 1996. 

= = = Onyx (game) = = =

	Onyx is a two-player abstract strategy board game invented by Larry Back in 1995. The game features a rule for performing captures, making Onyx unique among connection games.
	The Onyx board is a grid of interlocking squares and triangles, with pieces played on the points of intersection (as in Go). Each side of the board comprises twelve points. Black tries to connect the two horizontal (black) sides with an unbroken chain of black pieces, while White tries to connect the two vertical (white) sides with an unbroken chain of white pieces. The first to do so wins the game.
	Onyx was featured in several issues of "Abstract Games" magazine edited by Kerry Handscomb.
	The initial setup has four black pieces and four white pieces pre-placed (see illustration). Black moves first by placing a black piece on any empty point of the board. White follows suit. Turns continue to alternate. A piece can be place on the "midpoint" of a square "only if" all four corners of that square are currently unoccupied. Once placed, pieces do not move. Captured pieces are immediately removed from the game.
	The rule for capturing allows a player to capture "two enemy pieces" in a single turn. All of the following conditions must be met:
	The capture is executed by placing a piece on the remaining unoccupied corner of the square. If the capturing move also simultaneously completes a "second" square on the board where the same conditions prevail, then the move results in the capture of "four" enemy pieces instead of two.
	Onyx has the interesting property that, despite having a capture rule, it seems positions never repeat in a normally played game. That is, if at least one player is trying to win then it does not appear to be possible to have an Onyx position where, after a number of moves have been made, some of which are captures resulting in the removal of pieces from the board, the game returns to the same position. It seems the only way a position can be repeated in Onyx is if both players conspire to bring this about. However, while experience indicates that positions do not repeat, it's not obvious why this is so. In fact, it may be possible to construct an Onyx position where, with correct play, the position will repeat after a number of moves. But such a position has never been discovered and it may be the case that it's impossible to create one. Therefore, one interesting challenge with Onyx is to construct a position that repeats with correct play or to prove that it is impossible to do so.
	Each point on the Onyx board, except for midpoints of squares, is notated by a letter followed by a number in a zig-zagging coordinate system. The "midpoint" of a square is described by two letters followed by two numbers that uniquely identify the square's corners. 
	An asterisk (*) following a notated move indicates that one pair of pieces was captured; two asterisks (**) indicates that two pairs were captured.

= = = Husejin Konavic = = =

	Huseijn Konavic was a Yugoslavian politician. He was born at Pljevlja, Montenegro. When he was a 14, moved to Sarajevo. After the education on law, sociology and history; He joined the League of Communists of Yugoslavia in the 1960s, was a council for Sarajevo and a three-term lawmaker in Yugoslavia. He was minister for education with radical education politics in the communist cabinet. He retired to Istanbul, Turkey and died -when 88 years old- there in 2001.
	Konavic, since the harsh and radical politics, but compared to other members of the cabinet against political opponents were in a more moderate approach. This attitude has given rise to increasing criticism about the time and created distress. A noteworthy feature of the Muslim identity politics in the political view is that an atheist.

= = = List of ambassadors to the Kingdom of Denmark = = =

	This is a list of ambassadors to the Kingdom of Denmark. The Kingdom of Denmark as a sovereign state compromising the three constituent countries: Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Note that some ambassadors are responsible for more than one country while others are directly accredited to Copenhagen.

= = = Kalyanavarman (Varman dynasty) = = =

	Kalyanavarman ruled Kamarupa from the Varman dynasty for the period of 422-446 A.D. He was the son of Kamrupi king Balavarman and queen Ratnavati. He married Gandharvavati and had a successor to throne named Ganapativarman.
	Some scholars opine that during the tenure of Kalayanavarman, the kingdom of Davaka in central Assam was absorbed by Kamarupa.

= = = HowTheLightGetsIn Festival = = =

	HowTheLightGetsIn Festival is the world's largest philosophy and music festival, hosted by the Institute of Art and Ideas. It aims "to get philosophy out of the academy and into people's lives" by bringing together philosophers, writers, academics, comedians and musicians for a festival of debate, talks, music, workshops, and late night parties.
	Speakers at the festival have included Ed Milliband, Noam Chomsky, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Philip Pullman, Diane Abbott, Robert Skidelsky, Stanley Fish, Steven Pinker, Brian Eno and Laurie Penny, among others. Held at the same time as the Hay Festival, and based in a riverside setting by the banks of the River Wye, HowTheLightGetsIn attracts a footfall of over 30,000 each year.
	HowTheLightGetsIn will return with its Hay festival in May 2020.
	HowTheLightGetsIn Hay 2020 will see the festival celebrating its 11th anniversary, and bringing London 2019's theme of 'Uncharted Territory' to its original home of Hay-on-Wye on the Welsh border.
	Speakers confirmed so far include Pulitzer-Prize winning poet Paul Muldoon, leading Brexiteer Penny Mordaunt, artistic director of the Young Vic Kwame Kwei-Armah, philosopher of ethics Simon Blackburn, theoretical physicist John Ellis, and columnist and activist Polly Toynbee. Music acts confirmed so far include composer Nitin Sawhney and singer and cellist Ayanna Witter Johnson.
	Hay 2020 will mark HowTheLightGetsIn's first ever dedicated Children's and Young Adults' Programme, with a specially curated programme of talks for younger minds plus interactive workshops, games and faiground rides, and more.
	HowTheLightGetsIn returned to the grounds of Kenwood House on the weekend of 21–22 September 2019. The festival's theme, Uncharted Territory, reflected the turbulent and unprecedented situation that we find ourselves in today. Topics of discussion included fake news, the problematic sex appeal of the archetypal "bad boy", space exploration in the 21st century, gene editing, population control, and big data.
	Speakers included Slavoj Zizek, politicians Natalie Bennett and Rory Stewart, theorist of surveillance capitalism Shoshana Zuboff, clinical psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen, and economist and policy advisor Mariana Mazzucato. The music line-up included singer-songwriter Nerina Pallot, DJ Don Letts, and electroswing duo Sam and the Womp, while the hand-picked cast of comedians featured Tony Law, Olga Koch, and Sophie Duker.
	HowTheLightGetsIn returned to Hay for its tenth anniversary year from 24–27 May.
	Speakers included philosopher of language Saul Kripke, Change UK MP Anna Soubry, cognitive psychologist Donald D. Hoffman, novelist Janne Teller, economist and writer Linda Yueh, and Momentum founder Jon Lansman. Donovan, Anna Calvi, and British Sea Power headlined the music programme, while the comedy line-up was led by Lou Sanders and Phil Wang.
	From 22–23 September 2018, HowTheLightGetsIn hosted its first ever London festival on the grounds of Kenwood House in Hampstead Heath.
	The festival theme, Tribal Truths and New Wisdoms, set the agenda for a weekend of uncovering our flawed tribal beliefs and proposing fresh new solutions to pressing issues across politics, philosophy, art and science. Speakers included neuroscientist Steven Pinker, philosopher and author Rebecca Goldstein, Banksy's former agent Steve Lazarides, novelist Deborah Levy, Turner Prize architect Paloma Strelitz, and long-time Hawking collaborator Roger Penrose. The music line-up included pop duo Bloom Twins and singer-songwriter Rae Morris, while Ahir Shah and Olga Koch headlined the comedy programme.
	After taking a fallow year in 2017, the 2018 May festival took place from 25–28 May 2018.
	Speakers included political theorist Noam Chomsky, psychiatrist and former Government Drugs Adviser David Nutt, linguist John McWhorter, Shadow Home Secretary Diane Abbott, former Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams, economist Deirdre McCloskey. The music line-up featured Scissor Sisters' Ana Matronic, Hot Chip, The Correspondents, Nerina Pallot and Laura Wright.
	The 2016 festival took place from 26 May to 5 June. Speakers were to include Natalie Bennett, Owen Jones, Ken Livingstone, Bernard Carr, Kwasi Karteng and Roger Scruton. The music lineup featured Ghostpoet, Fairport Convention, Gilles Peterson, C Duncan, Eska, and Tom Robinson.
	Described as "Europe's answer to TED", the festival for 2015 took place from 21 to 31 May 2015 and included performances and talks from Simon Blackburn, Mike Skinner, George Galloway, Natalie Bennett, Lawrence Krauss, Michael Howard, Lianne La Havas, Yasmin Alibhai-Brown and Rae Morris among others. As part of the festival, the New College of the Humanities presented the IAI School. Aimed at 16- to 18-year-olds, the IAI School explored topics such as Free Will and Politics, Sex Ethics and Morality.
	HTLGI 2014 attracted a footfall of over 35,000 across 450 events. Speakers and performers included Roger Penrose, Brooke Magnanti, Bruce Parry, Doon Mackichan, Cory Doctorow, Owen Jones, David Nutt, Molotov Jukebox, Moulettes, Natalie Bennett and Mr Scruff.
	The 2012 festival sought to question existing notions of progress through an exploration of issues surrounding political, economic and ethical advance in the West. By acknowledging the uncertainty of the future and its values, do we need to establish new ideas of progress or is such a suggestion inherently flawed?
	It was held in Hay-on-Wye and ran between 31 May and 10 June 2012. The festival staged almost five hundred sessions across the site's five venues.
	Amongst the speakers on the festival's programme were musician Brian Eno, founder of Glastonbury festival Michael Eavis, literary theorist and critic Terry Eagleton and independent scientist and inventor James Lovelock. Musical highlights included performances from Charlotte Church, Emmy the Great, and Jeffrey Lewis and the Junkyard, as well as a twelve-hour painting marathon from artist Stella Vine to accompany a performance by alternative rock band The Chapman Family.
	London's Open Gallery, an institution dedicated to the medium of video painting, also staged a series works by filmmaker Roz Mortimer entitled, ‘Sites of Memory’.
	The 2011 festival questioned whether the great narratives that have built and sustained the West are under threat and, if so, what are the new gods that will replace them?
	Speakers at the festival included critical theorist Leela Gandhi, Times columnist David Aaronovitch, poet Simon Armitage, New Statesman culture editor Jonathan Derbyshire and screenwriter Jez Butterworth.
	Cultural highlights ranged from Ghostpoet, Mount Kimbie and The Correspondents, to comedy and the screening of documentaries from around the world with BBC Four.
	The 2010 festival posed the questions: What is it to be alive? What is essential to our humanity and what is peripheral? What is truly important in life?
	Author of Politics of Fear Frank Furedi, filmmaker David Bond, author Philip Pullman and Labour politician Jon Cruddas, were amongst the speakers on the line up.
	The Open Gallery explored the boundary between the human and the natural. The Wellcome Trust Identity Project presented an exhibition and two days of events on the topic of Identity. Notably, The School of Life hosted a series of philosophy breakfasts with leading thinkers over the 10-day festival.
	Radio 1's Huw Stephens and John Rostron, the duo behind the Sŵn Festival, curated a night of cutting-edge music, which was accompanied by live performances from Johnny Flynn, Cate le Bon and Radio 1's Bethan Elfyn.

= = = Abdelrahman Isaac Karongo = = =

	Abdelrahman Isaac Karongo (born 28 November 1978) is a Sudanese international footballer who plays for Al-Merreikh, as a striker. He is the younger brother of Hassan Karango.

= = = Never Be a Right Time = = =

	"Never Be a Right Time" is a song by British rapper Professor Green which features uncredited vocals from British singer/songwriter Ed Drewett. The track serves as the second single from Professor Green's second studio album, "At Your Inconvenience" and was released as a digital download in the United Kingdom on 22 January 2012.
	A music video to accompany the release of "Never Be a Right Time" was first released onto YouTube on 24 November 2011 at a total length of three minutes and twenty seconds. The video was filmed on the streets of East London.

= = = Human capital contract = = =

	A human capital contract (or "HCC") is a finance product that allows for the provision of funds to an individual through an "equity-like" arrangement, where the provider of the funds receives a portion of the individual's future income for some specified period of time. Human capital contracts have been advocated by a number of Nobel Prize–winning economists, including Milton Friedman, Robert Merton, and Gary Becker. Adam Smith in "The Wealth of Nations" described the knowledge and skills of workers as a form of human capital.
	Human capital contracts are characterized by an initial investment amount by the capital provider, followed by a series of periodic dividend payments made from the receiver of the capital to the provider. These payments are variable in amount, proportional with the capital receiver's income, and may never total the initial investment amount made the capital provider. In contrast, a loan is a form of debt, characterized by interest payments based on a fixed principal amount, where the repayment of the principal is a necessary condition of the loan.
	In the 1970s, Yale University attempted to replace traditional student loans with human capital contracts under its "Tuition Postponement Option", a program designed by economists Milton Friedman and James Tobin. However, the program was eventually abandoned as a failure. Other attempts to use human capital contracts (or student loans with equity-like payoffs) to fund students, have also generally failed because of severe adverse selection problems—students who opt into such programs are generally those who expect to pursue low-income careers, and are least likely to be able to repay their loans. In addition, human capital contracts, like income taxes, can contribute to moral hazard, by discouraging borrowers from maximizing their income and encouraging them instead to focus on non-wage based forms of compensation, such as more enjoyable work, better benefits, or lighter schedules.
	Recently, a number of companies have begun to attempt to commercially underwrite human capital contracts for the first time, including some that are not focused on funding a student population.
	Anand Reddi and Andreas Thyssen, of the University of Colorado School of Medicine, proposed the use of human capital contracts to fund U.S. medical education in their article in "The Huffington Post" entitled "Healthcare Reform: Solving the Medical Student Debt Crisis Through Human Capital Contracts". The Reddi-Thyssen plan is being vetted by the American Medical Association. The University of California system is also currently evaluating human capital contracts as a possible solution for providing more affordable, sustainable tuition assistance. There is also a plan to use human capital contracts in global health.
	In comparing the merits of human capital contracts with loans, proponents have noted that providers of HCCs are better aligned with the financial interests of the receiver of the funds, and the stream of payments required should be relatively more affordable to individuals who experience adverse economic events such as unemployment or other decreases in disposable income. Relative to conventional consumer loan structures, however, the regulatory framework related to human capital contracts is underdeveloped and has thus far prevented widespread proliferation of the product despite considerable academic research. However work is underway in the UK to combine the benefits of human capital contracts with the legal framework developed for loans under the Consumer Credit Act. It is estimated that this will improve both borrowing costs and returns by lowering the default rate.
	Notable articles on human capital contracts:

= = = Pipiza carbonaria = = =

	Pipiza carbonaria is a species of hoverfly, from the family Syrphidae, in the order Diptera.

= = = Moissac Abbey = = =

	Moissac Abbey was a Benedictine and Cluniac monastery in Moissac, Tarn-et-Garonne in south-western France. A number of its medieval buildings survive including the abbey church, which has a famous and important Romanesque sculpture around the entrance.
	According to legend, Moissac Abbey was founded by the Frankish king Clovis, in person the day after a victory over the Visigoths, in 506. The legend states that Clovis had made a vow to erect a monastery with 1,000 monks (in memory of a thousand of his warriors who died in battle) if he triumphed over the Visigoths who had ruled the area for the past century as federati of the Roman Empire. He threw his javelin from the top of the hill to mark the spot where "abbey of a thousand monks" was to be built. Unfortunately the javelin landed in the middle of a swamp.
	Historical records however indicate that it was founded by Saint Didier, bishop of Cahors, in the middle of the 7th century.
	The establishment of the monastery was difficult because of raids by Moors from the south and west and the Norsemen from the north. The abbey was sacked by the Arabs of al-Andalus twice around 732 and was looted in the 9th century by Norman pirates and in the 10th century by Hungarians.
	The 11th century was a dramatic time for the abbey. In 1030 the roof collapsed from lack of maintenance, and in 1042 there was a serious fire. Durand de Bredons, bishop of Toulouse, appointed the abbot of Cluny Odilon de Mercœur to bring in a sweeping reform to counter the laxity of the monks in 1047.
	A new church building was added in 1063 along with significant restoration works. Pope Urban II visited in 1097 and consecrated the high altar and issued a Papal Bull dated 7 May 1097 restoring 40 churches to the abbey; he also ordered the construction of the cloister, completed in 1100.
	The 11th and 12th centuries were the first golden age, as Moissac was affiliated to the abbey of Cluny and accepted the Cluniac Reforms, under the guidance of Durand de Bredons, both the abbot of Moissac and the bishop of Toulouse. Papal support, its location on the pilgrim road, the restoration of the buildings and the reforms of de Bredon made the abbey one of the most powerful in France. In the 12th century the abbot of Moissac was second in seniority within the Cluniac hierarchy only to the abbot of Cluny himself.
	During this era the abbey was led by major abbots Dom Hunaud de Gavarret and Dom Ansquitil, who had the doorway and tympanum built. In the 13th century, Raymond de Montpezat, followed by Bertrand de Montaigut, abbots and builders, ruled the abbey. Aymeric de Peyrac, writing his "Chronicle" in the 15th century in the château of Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Grave, describes these times.
	Illuminated manuscripts produced in the monastery's scriptorium were taken to Paris by Jean-Baptiste Colbert in the 17th century and are now in the Bibliothèque Nationale.
	The 15th century ushered in a new golden age under the rule of abbots Pierre and Antoine de Caraman, whose building programme included in particular the Gothic part of the abbey church. The 1626 secularization of the abbey caused the Benedictine monks to leave the cloister, which had been a centre of Benedictine life for nearly 1,000 years. They were replaced by Augustinian canons, under commendatory abbots including well-known cardinals such as Mazarin and de Brienne.
	In 1793, the French Revolution put an end to monastic life in Moissac. The abbey church of St Pierre is relatively intact and is still an active church, but the outlying buildings have suffered considerably. In the middle of the 19th century, the laying of a railway track threatened the cloister but it was saved (though the refectory was demolished to facilitate the railway cutting) and listed as a historic monument. Since 1998 the church and cloisters have had international protection as part of a World Heritage Site, "Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France".
	Architectural features of interest include the church's south-west portico, a crenellated structure with sculpture that is a major masterpiece of Romanesque art. This reflected an expansion of image carving both in scope and size, and extended the use of sculpture from the sanctuary to the public exterior.
	The tympanum depicts the Apocalypse of the Book of Revelation. Supporting the tympanum, a "trumeau" features a statue of the Prophet Isaiah, an outstanding example of Romanesque sculpture, comparable to the work at Santo Domingo de Silos. The cloisters also feature Romanesque sculpture.

= = = Pipiza fasciata = = =

	Pipiza fasciata is a species of hoverfly, from the family Syrphidae, in the order Diptera.

= = = Figure skating at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics – Boys' singles = = =

	The boys' single skating competition of the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Olympiahalle in Innsbruck on January 14 (short program) and January 16 (free skating), 2012.

= = = Pipiza notata = = =

	Pipiza notata is a species of hoverfly, from the family Syrphidae, in the order Diptera.

= = = Pipiza signata = = =

	Pipiza signata is a species of hoverfly, from the family Syrphidae, in the order Diptera.

= = = Assessment (journal) = = =

	Assessment ("ASMNT") is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in the field of psychology, especially applied clinical assessment. The editor is 
	Douglas B. Samuel (Purdue University). It was established in 1994 and is currently published by SAGE Publications. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
	"ASMNT "is abstracted and indexed in Scopus, in PsycINFO, and in the Social Sciences Citation Index among others. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", its 2017 impact factor is 3.197, ranking it 26 out of 127 journals in the category "Psychology, Clinical".

= = = Andrew T. Berlin = = =

	Andrew T. Berlin (born June 30, 1960) is an American businessman, attorney, and philanthropist living in Chicago, Illinois.
	Berlin was the chairman and chief executive officer of Berlin Packaging, a global supplier of plastic, glass and metal containers and closures with 2017 sales in excess of $1.3 billion and a valuation of $2.6 billion. In October 2014, the company was valued at $1.4 billion. His management of Berlin Packaging has been used as a case study in "The Human Equation" by Jeffrey Pfeffer.
	He is a partner and shareholder of the Chicago Cubs Major League Baseball team and chairman and owner of the South Bend Cubs, a Minor League Baseball team affiliated with the Chicago Cubs.
	Berlin was born in Chicago, Illinois. He attended New Trier High School and graduated from Lake Forest Academy. Berlin earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Syracuse University, followed by a Law degree from Loyola University Chicago School of Law in 1986. At Loyola, Berlin served as managing editor of the Law Review.
	In 1988, Berlin resigned from his job at Chicago-based law firm Katten Muchin & Zavis and joined his father in a business venture to purchase Alco Packaging, later renamed Berlin Packaging, an international packaging supplier of plastic, glass, metal containers and closures. At the time, the company had $69 million in annual sales.
	For his significant accomplishments at Berlin Packaging and in the packaging industry, Berlin was a 2015 inductee into the National Association of Container Distributors Hall of Fame.
	In November 2011, Berlin announced he had reached an agreement to purchase the South Bend Silver Hawks. He signed a 20-year cumulative lease agreement with the city of South Bend for the use of Stanley Coveleski Regional Stadium. The sale was approved by the Midwest League, Minor League and Major League Baseball and the Office of the Commissioner of Major League Baseball in early January 2012. On January 12, 2012, the financial and legal transactions were completed, and Berlin became the sole owner of the South Bend Silver Hawks.
	In September 2014, the team ended a 17-year affiliation with the Arizona Diamondbacks and signed a four-year player development agreement with the Chicago Cubs. The team changed its name to the South Bend Cubs. The player-development agreement was subsequently extended through the 2020 season.
	In 2015, the South Bend Cubs won the John H. Johnson President's Award, which is the highest honor a franchise can receive in Minor League Baseball. Ballpark Digest named the South Bend Cubs its Team of the Year in 2015. Each season under Berlin's ownership has seen a new attendance record set.
	Berlin is a significant investor in the Chicago Cubs.
	Berlin has served on boards of directors, including Hawk Corporation, Channel Products, and Image Skincare.
	Berlin serves on the board of trustees at Syracuse University. He serves on the advisory board of the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University.
	In 2017, Berlin was appointed by Illinois Governor Bruce Rauner to the Illinois State Police Merit Board, which is responsible for selecting, promoting, and disciplining Illinois State Police troopers.
	In 2010, Berlin helped finance the ongoing teaching and research of issues relating to national security at the Institute for National Security and Counterterrorism (INSCT) at Syracuse University's Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. The endowment gift was made by the Andrew Berlin Family National Security Research Fund.
	Berlin is one of three commissioners on the Glencoe, Illinois, Public Safety Commission, a body which recruits, promotes, and disciplines, along with the director of public safety, all of Glencoe's police, fire and EMT professionals.
	Berlin started the Glencoe School Safety Project with the goal to add school resource officers to enhance safety at Glencoe, Illinois, schools. The Glencoe School Board also created a Safety and Security Committee at Berlin's request.
	Berlin was involved in raising money for the Illinois State Police Memorial. As part of this, he funded a film to honor Illinois state troopers who died in the line of duty since 1922. The film won a 2015 Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Public Affairs/Current Affairs Programming.
	Berlin has served on the boards of directors for several nonprofit organizations, including the American Cancer Society, Starlight Children's Foundation Midwest and A Silver Lining Foundation. 
	Berlin donates to many organizations, including the NorthShore University HealthSystem Foundation, the Maxwell School of Syracuse University, and the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.

= = = Aries (journal) = = =

	Aries: Journal for the Study of Western Esotericism is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the historical study of western esotericism. It is published by Brill Academic Publishers on behalf of the European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism. From 2001-2010, the editor-in-chief was Wouter J. Hanegraaff. Since 2010, the editor-in-chief is Peter J. Forshaw. Two issues are published annually; in recent years the first one is a special issue, devoted to a specific theme proposed by a guest editor.

= = = Figure skating at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics – Pair skating = = =

	The pair skating competition of the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Olympiahalle in Innsbruck on January 14 (short program) and January 16 (free skating), 2012.

= = = Data2map = = =

	data2map is a presentation mapping service provider based in Saalfelden am Steinernen Meer, Salzburg, Austria.
	The privately owned company is owner managed and was founded in 1999 in Frankfurt, Germany by Manfred Guntz as meridian consult. In 2003 the company was renamed to data2map. In 2007 its head office moved to Salzburg, Austria.
	data2map was registered by Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt, Munich, and became a Registered Trademark on October 20, 2005 (Reg. No. 304 59 255, Akz.: 304 59 255.2/42).
	In the early 1990s, when desktop mapping and presentation graphics became accessible to the average office user, data2map hired software engineers and GIS-specialists to develop several vector-map series for easy customization by the end user. The prime objective was to enable office users and professional graphics artists to visualize geo-referenced information on pre-designed country- and world-maps within their favorite standard off-the-shelf software.
	Today data2map offers specially optimized digital maps for customization by a wide range of clients in industries such as education, travel, television and gas and water. These maps allow the unrestricted use of all relevant functions of standard software for the creation and design of individual mapping presentations.
	Standard map projections include Miller-, Robinson- and Mercator projection also Gall–Peters- or Hobo-Dyer projection. The digital maps and flags are available for immediate download through the Online-Map-Shop, e.g. world maps, continent- or country maps, post code- as well as topographic maps. All raster- and vector maps are fully editable. They can be customized and redesigned to suit individual requirements using standard software like MS PowerPoint or Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop.

= = = Buddleja davidii 'Brown's Beauty' = = =

	Buddleja davidii 'Brown's Beauty' is a British cultivar listed by Anita Allen of the Shapcott Barton Estate, South Molton, Devon. 
	Little is known about cultivation, but probably restricted to the UK. 

= = = Ethmia epileuca = = =

	Ethmia epileuca is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in the United States in southern California and Tucson, Arizona.
	The length of the forewings is 8.3-10.4 mm. The ground color of the forewings is divided by a straight longitudinal line, it is brown or gray-brown above and white below. The ground color of the hindwings (including fringe and underside) is white. Adults are on wing from February to April.

= = = Benson v SA Mutual Life = = =

	Benson v SA Mutual Life Assurance Society is an important case in South African contract law, particularly in the area of claims for specific performance. It was heard in the Appellate Division, by Corbett JA, Kotzé JA, Hefer JA, Galgut AJA and Cillié AJA, on 7 November 1985, with judgment handed down on 29 November.
	The court determined that the granting of an order of specific performance is entirely a matter of the discretion of the court. Apart from the rule that such discretion is to be exercised judicially upon all the relevant facts, no rules should be prescribed to regulate that discretion, as such rules would inevitably curtail the court's discretion and negate or erode the plaintiff's right to select his remedy.
	The English rules regulating courts' discretion to order specific performance are predicated upon that remedy's availability by way of equitable relief only; they are inappropriate to South African law. The Appellate Division held, therefore, that the indiscrimate following of English cases in this regard is to be decried.
	The decision of the Cape Provincial Division, in "SA Mutual Life Assurance Society v Benson" (granting an order of specific performance in an action for delivery of shares freely obtainable on the Stock Exchange) was by this reasoning confirmed.

= = = Battle on the Bayou = = =

	The Battle on the Bayou is the name given to the college football rivalry between the Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns and the Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks.
	This intrastate rivalry has been played 55 times. The Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns currently hold a 28–25 edge in the series, with the most recent match-up coming in a 31-30 win by Louisiana on 11/30/19. Both schools are members of the Sun Belt Conference. The Battle on the Bayou is a rivalry not just in football, but in all sports when the Cajuns and Warhawks meet.

= = = Buddleja davidii 'Dudley's Compact Lavender' = = =

	"Buddleja davidii" 'Dudley's Compact Lavender' is an obscure American cultivar of unknown provenance, but which may have an association with the Farquhar Nursery of Dedham, Massachusetts, which raised the hybrid cultivar 'Eva Dudley' circa 1918. 'Dudley's Compact Lavender' featured in the Royal Horticultural Society's Buddleja Euro-trial at Wisley, but was unplaced in the public popularity poll. 
'Dudley's Compact Lavender' grows to a height of about 1.8 m, and bears pale lavender to lilac panicles.
	Little is known about cultivation; the plant was introduced to the UK by the Longstock Park Nursery, NCCPG national collection holder, which received a specimen from the Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest, Kentucky. Hardiness: USDA zones 5–9. 

= = = Ethmia apicipunctella = = =

	Ethmia apicipunctella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in North America from southern Texas and Nuevo León to eastern Arizona and adjoining areas of Mexico. In the north, the range extends into Colorado and southern Wyoming.
	The length of the forewings is 7.2–9.4 mm. The ground color of the forewings is white or pale gray with black spots that are variable in size. The ground color of the hindwings is whitish, slightly tinged with brownish toward the apical area. Adults are on wing from March to July.

= = = Randy Hembrey = = =

	Randy Hembrey (born June 26, 1965 in Cary, Illinois) is a Series Director for the International Motor Sports Association and also served as a Race Director for the IndyCar Road to Indy ladder series during their growth years from running USF2000 only through their additional ownership of Pro Mazda and Indy Lights. Hembrey has worked in the industry since 1979 and founded Comp8 Motorsports, a professional motorsport service enterprise in 2003.
	Hembrey rebuilt the International Motor Sports Association IMSA LITES series into the North American launch program for the highly successful LMP3 2019 IMSA Prototype Challenge global platform. 
	Hembrey has been instrumental in the development of IMSA GT3 Cup Challenge from a club-level class to the highly competitive series that it is today and continues his affiliation with Porsche
	Hembrey was the first general manager of the revitalized Trans-Am Series when SCCA restarted the series in 2009. The professional series raced at tracks beside other professional and amateur event.

= = = George II, Duke of Württemberg-Montbéliard = = =

	Duke George II of Württemberg-Montbéliard (5 October 1626 in Montbéliard – 1 June 1699 in Montbéliard) was Duke of Württemberg-Montbéliard from 1662 until his death.
	George II was a son of the Duke Louis Frederick of Württemberg-Montbéliard (1586-1631) from his second marriage to Anna Eleanor (1602-1685), daughter of Count John Casimir of Nassau Gleiberg (1593-1602). He succeeded his older brother Leopold Frederick as Duke of Württemberg-Montbéliard in 1662.
	Montbéliard was occupied in 1676 by French troops. King Louis XIV was trying to conquer all Württemberg possessions on the left bank of the Rhine. George fled the courty. In 1684, he was given an opportunity to return, under the condition that he recognized the King of France as his liege lord. He refused, and Württemberg-Montbéliard was administered by his cousin Frederick Charles, Duke of Württemberg-Winnental until 1698.
	After Frederick Charles died in 1698, George II returned to Montbéliard, where he died a year later.
	George married on 9 March 1648 in Montbeliard with Anne de Coligny (1624-1680), daughter of Gaspard III de Coligny. With her he had the following children:

= = = Ethmia arctostaphylella = = =

	Ethmia arctostaphylella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in the United States and Mexico from southern Oregon and northern California, southward to the Sierra San Pedro Martir in Baja California and eastward in southern Nevada (Mount Charleston) and Arizona (the Pinaleno Mountains and Oak Creek Canyon). The range possibly extends northward in Oregon and into Utah following the distribution of its host plants.
	The length of the forewings is 8.4-11.7 mm. The ground color of the forewings is divided by longitudinal line and is dark gray on the costal half and whitish gray on the dorsal half. There are several black spots. The ground color of the hindwings is pale to dark gray. Adults are on wing from February to October. There are multiple generations per year. Adults rest by day along the midrib of the a leaf of their host plant, resembling a bird dropping.
	The larvae feed on "Eriodictyon" species, including "Eriodictyon californicum", "Eriodictyon tomentosum", "Eriodictyon trichocalyx" and possibly "Eriodictyon angustifolium".

= = = Scoparia (plant) = = =

	Scoparia is a genus of mostly tropical plants including "Scoparia dulcis" known as licorice weed, sweet broom, vassourinha and many other names.
	Species include:

= = = Constantine Sidamon-Eristoff = = =

	Constantine Sidamon-Eristoff (b.June 28, 1930 – d. December 26, 2011) was an American born Georgian aristocrat and the New York City highway commissioner during the administrations of John V. Lindsay.
	Constantine was born in New York City into the house of Sidamon-Eristavi, claiming descent from the medieval kings of Aragvi. He was the son of Prince Simon Sidamon-Eristoff, a Georgian military officer, who emigrated to the United States after the Bolsheviks invaded Georgia in 1921, and Anne Tracy, a descendant of John Bigelow, an American diplomat in the mid-19th century. In 1957 he married Anne Phipps Sidamon-Eristoff, a granddaughter of Andrew Carnegie's partner, Henry Phipps.
	Sidamon-Estiroff served as the New York City Highway commissioner in the administration of Mayor John V. Lindsay. Beginning with his appointment by Governor Malcolm Wilson of New York in 1974-89 he served as a member of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
	From 1989 until 1993 under President George H.W Bush he served as the director of the New York Region #2 (encompassing New York, New Jersey, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands) of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
	In 1994, Constantine Sidamon-Eristoff founded American Friends of Georgia. Since then, AFG has been working toward its mission to provide practical humanitarian assistance to the people of Georgia in order to improve educational, economic, social, medical, and environmental conditions. American Friends of Georgia is a U.S. non-profit, non-political 501(c)(3) public charity with tax-exempt status. Upon his death, his son Simon Sidamon-Eristoff took over as chairman.
	Sidamon Eristoff died on December 26, 2011 in New York City, aged 81. His son Andrew has been involved in New York City and State politics, and was the New Jersey State Treasurer from January 2010 until July 2015.

= = = Roy Cooper (rodeo cowboy) = = =

	Roy Dale Cooper (born November 13, 1955) is an American former professional rodeo cowboy who competed in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) events for more than two decades. He won the All-Around Cowboy world championship in 1983 and claimed seven individual discipline championships, including six tie-down roping titles. Cooper won the PRCA's Rookie of the Year award in 1976, and was nicknamed "Super Looper" for his roping ability. The ProRodeo Hall of Fame inducted Cooper in its Tie-Down Roping category in 1979.
	Cooper was born in Hobbs, New Mexico, and raised on a ranch. He suffered from asthma in his youth, and hair from horses caused him allergies. However, he began to practice roping when he was three to five years old, depending on the source. Cooper stopped being affected by asthma prior to attending high school, and he competed in American Junior Rodeo Association events, winning an award as "outstanding individual in 25 years" in 1977. Two years earlier, he had won the calf roping title of the National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association; his father, Tuffy, won the organization's title in the discipline in 1950. He went to Southeastern Oklahoma State University and was a journalism major.
	In his rookie PRCA season, 1976, Cooper won the organization's tie-down roping championship and led the event in average earnings at the National Finals Rodeo (NFR). He broke the record for the most prize money won by a rookie cowboy, and earned the PRCA's Rookie of the Year award. In 1977, Cooper was the third-leading earner at the NFR's roping event. At the 1978 Cheyenne Frontier Days rodeo, he led all cowboys in prize money won, and his calf-roping winnings were the largest recorded in any non-NFR event at the time. After breaking one of his wrists the previous year, Cooper won his second calf roping season championship in 1980, and had a third-place NFR average earnings finish in the discipline. The following year, he earned his second straight season calf roping title. However, he narrowly lost out on the PRCA's All-Around Cowboy season championship to his cousin, Jimmie Cooper, who earned $47.60 more in prize money than he did during 1981.
	Cooper had almost $100,000 in earnings in 1981, and was approaching $400,000 in career earnings in 1982. He won his third consecutive PRCA tie-down roping championship, and fourth overall, in 1982, rallying from a prize money deficit of nearly $15,000 at the season-ending NFR. A second-place finish in that event's tie-down roping competition was enough for him to pass Jerry Jetton, the previous leader. Cooper's total earnings for the year neared $100,000 again, and in the season-long All-Around Cowboy competition he placed fourth. In 1983, Cooper won the All-Around Cowboy championship, National Finals Steer Roping (NFSR) title, and calf roping championship. This made him the first PRCA competitor since 1958 to win three discipline season championships, and the fourth in PRCA history. Cooper broke the record for yearly prize winnings with $153,390.84 in earnings, and claimed all-around and tie-down roping average earnings titles at the NFR. In calf roping, he set a season record in earnings with $122,455 for the year.
	After holding the lead in the All-Around Cowboy standings late in the NFR, Cooper ended up in second place for the year, behind Dee Pickett. He did manage to win his fifth straight calf roping season championship. In steer roping, Cooper was unable to defend his 1983 championship title; he was in seventh place before a win in the discipline at the NFSR caused him to move up to fourth for the year. In 1985, Cooper wound up second in calf roping for the season, though he was the discipline's champion in the Winston Tour series. He won the Cheyenne Frontier Days rodeo's all-around title in 1989, and by September 1990 was the PRCA's all-time leading money winner with career earnings of more than $1.1 million. Cooper was in sixth place in the 1990 PRCA NFSR standings, before breaking his left wrist and suffering a concussion in an automobile accident.
	Cooper eventually returned to competition, but had another injury setback in 1993, when he pulled a groin and missed three months of rodeos. Later that year, he won all-around and steer roping championships at Cheyenne Frontier Days. In 1994, he was out of action for much of the year after rotator cuff surgeries. He claimed a calf roping title at the 1995 San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo. Later in the year he had the fastest average calf roping time at the NFR, which was later described as Cooper's "favorite moment" at the event. Cooper finished second in the All-Around Cowboy standings in 1996. That year, he led the NFSR in average earnings in steer roping; Cooper became the first cowboy to win four NFR average steer roping titles, a record that has since been surpassed by Guy Allen. It was the eighth NFR average title of his career and his ninth overall NFR championship, counting his 1983 all-around victory. As of 2016, he was second among cowboys in NFR titles, behind Trevor Brazile, and first with all-around championships excluded. At a 2000 rodeo in Lovington, New Mexico, he surpassed $2 million in earnings; Cooper was the first to reach this mark in rodeo. As of 2011, Cooper remained a part-time competitor in rodeo events. By 2016, he had retired.
	Several members of Cooper's family have competed in rodeo events. His father Tuffy was a PRCA cowboy who was inducted into the National Cowboy Hall of Fame in 1998; he taught roping to Roy when he was a child. Cooper's sister, Betty Gayle, was a champion in cowgirl events and is in the National Cowgirl Hall of Fame. He also had a brother, Clay, who was a professional rodeo cowboy, as was his cousin Jimmie. Cooper has three sons—Clif, Clint, and Tuf—who are cowboys. They all participated in the 2010 NFR's tie-down roping event, making it the first time three brothers had done so. Tuf was the winner of the 2017 PRCA All-Around Cowboy title. Cooper's stepdaughter, Shada, is married to Brazile, a 23-time PRCA world champion.
	Inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame in Colorado Springs, Colorado, in 1979, Cooper was part of the Hall's inaugural class of enshrinees in the category of Tie-Down Roping. For his skills in calf roping, he acquired the nickname of "Super Looper". The ProRodeo Hall of Fame calls Cooper "one of the most dominant ropers in the history of the sport." He was noted for his speed and quick hands, in addition to his rope-tossing ability. Calf roping champion Toots Mansfield said of Cooper that he had "perfected the art of roping and tying a calf about as far as it can be perfected." Fellow cowboy Joe Beaver praised Cooper's consistency and ability to avoid errors and said, "At his prime, he had no competition." Cooper and other members of his family have founded the Cooper Rodeo Foundation, which aids children and young adults in rodeo.

= = = Behavior Modification (journal) = = =

	Behavior Modification ("BMO") is a peer-reviewed academic journal that presents insightful research, reports, and reviews on applied behavior modification. The editor is Alan S. Bellack (University of Maryland). It was established in 1977 and is currently published by SAGE Publications. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
	"Behavior Modification" is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", its 2017 impact factor is 2.024, ranking it 60 out of 127 journals in the category "Psychology, Clinical".

= = = Ethmia mansita = = =

	Ethmia mansita is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in central Mexico.
	The length of the forewings is 8.5-9.1 mm. The ground color of the forewings is pale gray, overlaid with whitish and with black markings. The ground color of the hindwings is pale brownish, but whitish basally. Adults are on wing in September.

= = = Buddleja davidii 'Corinne Tremaine' = = =

	Buddleja davidii 'Corinne Tremaine' is a cultivar raised at The Herb Garden & Historical Plant Nursery on Anglesey, north Wales.
	Not available.
'Corinne Tremaine' is not known to be in cultivation beyond the UK.

= = = William Greaves (disambiguation) = = =

	William Greaves is a filmmaker.
	William Greaves may also refer to:

= = = Kilmurry GAA = = =

	Kilmurry GAA is a Gaelic football club based in the division of Muskerry of Cork GAA in the county of Cork, Ireland. It currently fields teams from Junior A down to under 10.
	The club share its facilities with its sister club, St. Vals Ladies Gaelic Football club who operate in the senior grade of the Cork Ladies football championship. Another sister club in the parish is Cloughduv Hurling Club who also compete in the Junior A grade in the Muskerry division
	The club does not field hurling teams, but Cloughduv nearby provides opportunities for players who wish to hurl.
	The club was founded in 1875, making it one of the earliest clubs to be founded. In 1884, after the foundation of the Gaelic Athletic Association, the club joined the GAA.
	The club struggled for a long time to field a senior team, playing as a amalgamation with Canovee GAA, for most of the 1910s.

= = = Maļinova = = =

	Maļinova (historically and locally known as Maļinovka) is a mid-size village in Maļinova parish, Daugavpils municipality, Latvia and a parish centre. It is located 19 km northeast of Daugavpils at the A13 national road/European route E262.
	The inhabited locality grew up out of the former Malinovka village after World War II as a centre of a selsoviet and the "Znamya Oktyabrya" kolkhoz.
	Today Maļinova is the home of the parish administration, a house of culture, library, feldsher station and the Elijah the Prophet Orthodox church.

= = = Decipifus = = =

	Decipifus is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Columbellidae, the dove snails.
	Species within the genus "Decipifus" include:

= = = USCGC Point Thatcher (WPB-82314) = = =

	USCGC "Point Thatcher" (WPB-82314) was an Point class cutter constructed at the Coast Guard Yard at Curtis Bay, Maryland in 1961 for use as a law enforcement and search and rescue patrol boat. Since the Coast Guard policy in 1961 was not to name cutters under in length, it was designated as "WPB-82314" when commissioned and acquired the name "Point Thatcher" in January 1964 when the Coast Guard started naming all cutters longer than . "Point Thatcher" was unique because it was the only cutter that was built in the class that was powered using gas turbine main drive engines.
	"Point Thatcher" was built to accommodate an 8-man crew. She was powered by two gas turbine engines and had two variable-pitch propellers. This was the only Point class cutter equipped in this manner and the "Thatcher" was used by the Coast Guard to evaluate gas turbine propulsion. Water tank capacity was and fuel tank capacity was at 95% full.
	The design specifications for "Point Thatcher" included a steel hull for durability and an aluminum superstructure and longitudinally framed construction was used to save weight. Ease of operation with a small crew size was possible because of the non-manned main drive engine spaces. Controls and alarms located on the bridge allowed one man operation of the cutter thus eliminating a live engineer watch in the engine room. Because of design, four men could operate the cutter; however, the need for resting watchstanders brought the crew size to eight men for normal domestic service. The screws were designed for ease of replacement and could be changed without removing the cutter from the water. A clutch-in idle speed of three knots helped to conserve fuel on lengthy patrols and an eighteen knot maximum speed could get the cutter on scene quickly. Air-conditioned interior spaces were a part of the original design for the Point class cutter. Interior access to the deckhouse was through a watertight door on the starboard side aft of the deckhouse. The deckhouse contained the cabin for the officer-in-charge and the executive petty officer. The deckhouse also included a small arms locker, scuttlebutt, a small desk and head. Access to the lower deck and engine room was down a ladder. At the bottom of the ladder was the galley, mess and recreation deck. A watertight door at the front of the mess bulkhead led to the main crew quarters which was ten feet long and included six bunks that could be stowed, three bunks on each side. Forward of the bunks was the crew's head complete with a compact sink, shower and commode.
	After commissioning "Point Thatcher" was stationed at Miami, Florida where she was used for law enforcement and search and rescue operations. She was moved to Norfolk, Virginia in 1964. On 16 June 1965, she stood by the Norwegian MV "Blue Master" and the following a collision off Cape Henry. On 24 July she escorted FV "Explorer" with casualties on board to Little Creek, Virginia.
	From early 1966 to early 1971 she was once again homeported at Miami. On 19 February 1966 she transported 16 Cuban refugees from Gun Cay, Bahamas to Miami. On 4 October while responding to the grounding of MV "Transporter" off Miami Beach, she was herself grounded and holed. The crew was forced to abandon ship. After being refloated on 9 October, she was towed to Miami Beach for repair and refit. On 28 March 1967, she embarked seven Cuban stowaways from MV "Amfialia" and delivered them to Key West, Florida. On 31 May 1970 the refueled and escorted a distressed 18 foot pleasure craft to Miami. Her homeport was shifted to Sarasota, Florida in March 1971. On 28 December 1977 she seized the MV "Marania" for carrying contraband.
	In 1985 "Point Thatcher" was moved to Nokomis, Florida. On 7 May 1985 she rescued three persons from a raft in the Gulf of Mexico. On 2–3 March 1987 she towed the disabled FV "Beach King" from a point 225 miles south of Mobile, Alabama to safety at St. Petersburg, Florida during a storm. Later the same week on 7–8 March, she towed the disabled FV "Miss Ann" and the pleasure craft "Grenada II" to Fort Myers, Florida in 18 foot seas.
	When was transferred to the Pacific coast in July 1990, "Point Thatcher" joined her sister cutter in August at Gulfport, Mississippi where their primary mission was law enforcement and "Point Thatcher" set a record during that time for 14 drug arrests in coastal waters.
	"Point Thatcher" was decommissioned 13 March 1992 and moved to USCG Training Center Cape May, New Jersey for use as a training hulk. In the spring of 2000 she was sunk as an artificial reef off Ocean City, Maryland.

= = = Journées Information Eaux = = =

	The Journées Information Eaux (JIE) (in English: "Waters Information Days") are a series of conferences about water from famous scientists. It is located at the ENSIP in Poitiers (France) and organized by the Apten and LCME (IC2MP).
	The first JIE started in 1974, and are now a biannual event There are almost 400 participants and eighty conferences which are presented in three rooms.
	The JIE 2012 was the 20th edition and took place from 25 to 27 September.
	It was originally created by the University of Poitiers, the before the foundation of the ENSi Poitiers. The organisers are the Apten (Professional association of water treatment and pollution, in French), an alumnus of the graduates of the school from the TEN section, and the LCME (Laboratory of Chemistry and Microbiology of Water, in French), a laboratory which is part of IC2MP, a CNRS-University of Poitiers laboratory.
	Three French ministers came at the JIE in 1992 and 1996: Hubert Curien, Ségolène Royal, Jean-Pierre Raffarin.

= = = John S. Rice = = =

	John Stanley Rice (January 28, 1899 – August 2, 1985) was a Democratic politician, farmer and businessman from the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Rice served in a variety of appointed and elected political roles over the course of a three-decade political career.
	A native of Brysonia, a small town several miles north of Gettysburg, Rice graduated from Gettysburg College. He became a successful apple grower, and went on to manufacture packaged apple products. He often returned to this business between political appointments.
	Rice was elected to the State Senate in 1932. He was elected Democratic floor leader in 1937, following the resignation of Warren Roberts, who took office as State Auditor General. He was elected the Senate's President pro tempore in 1939.
	In 1946, he was the Democratic nominee for Governor, but lost to Republican State Attorney General James Duff.
	In 1955, Governor George Leader named Rice to the first round of appointments to the overhauled Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board. He resigned from the board later that year, when Leader appointed him Secretary of the Department of Property and Supplies (now the Department of General Services).
	After resigning from the cabinet in 1957, he returned to his apple farm and packaging business. However, in 1958, Leader again appointed Rice to a position in his cabinet, having him succeed the deceased James Finnegan as Secretary of the Commonwealth. Rice was also elected chair of the State Democratic Party in 1959.
	In 1961, Rice received his final political appointment, when President Kennedy named him U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands. He stepped-down from the position three years later.
	Rice died in Fort Lauderdale in August 1985.
	Rice Hall, on the campus of Gettysburg College, is named in his honor. He had served as a trustee of the college from 1939 until 1972, when he retired to Fort Lauderdale.

= = = Nelson Garden = = =

	The Nelson Garden, on 13 Chippenhamgate Street, at the rear of No.18 Monnow Street, Monmouth, Monmouthshire is a 19th-century garden that was the scene of a tea party held to honour Lord Nelson in 1802. The garden is one of 24 sites on the Monmouth Heritage Trail. It is bounded on the south by the line of the medieval town wall through which it is entered via a short underground passageway. The garden is open to the public between April and September on Friday 2–4 p.m.
	The walled garden was the site of a real tennis court in the 17th century and a bowling green by 1718. It then became an orchard; an example of an 18th-century hypocaust (heated) wall still survives, where fruit trees would have been 'espaliered' (trained flat) against the warm brickwork. There are traces of the stoking chamber for this wall in a neighbouring garden. Roman and Norman remains lie deep beneath the lawn.
	The Nelson Garden commemorates Lord Nelson's visit to Monmouth on August 19, 1802, with Sir William and Lady Emma Hamilton on the occasion of their tour of the Wye Valley. Having been entertained at the Beaufort Arms, the party adjourned "accompanied by Colonel Lindsay to the beautiful summerhouse in his garden there to enjoy the refreshment of tea or coffee and to pass the rest of the evening in that charming retreat". Although the 'charming retreat' has vanished, in about 1840 the present Memorial Pavilion was erected, possibly to the design of George Vaughan Maddox, the Monmouth architect. Being of timber, various parts have had to be replaced over time and it is not known how much of the current structure is original. "Lord Nelson's Seat" remains an attractive feature, bearing a plaque commemorating Nelson's visit. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales describes the summerhouse as "important and unusual."
	Until 1950 the managers of the adjoining Lloyds Bank maintained the garden. This changed when their families were allowed to live elsewhere, but the garden continued to be maintained by tenants of the flat, Mr and Mrs Gough, until they left in 1984. Thereafter it deteriorated, but in 1994 Sheila Thorneycroft, with the Nelson Society and Monmouth Archaeological Society, began restoration with the practical assistance of Allen Watkins of Catbrook. In 1996 the Welsh Historic Gardens Trust became involved and in 1997 set up a special restoration Committee to care for the garden. In 2001 the Committee negotiated a 10-year sub-lease from Lloyds Bank, funded conservation work on the entrance tunnel, and installed a decorative iron screen to separate the garden from the rest of the Bank property.
	The garden structures, including the Pavilion, are Grade II* listed as of 27 June 1952. The Nelson Garden Preservation Trust Committee continues to manage the garden on behalf of Lloyds TSB. Their immediate aims are to establish a comprehensive historic restoration scheme with advice from Cadw with Helena Gerrish as garden design consultant, to open the garden on a regular basis as a unique asset for the people of Monmouth, and to work towards securing its future after the expiry of the current sub-lease in 2011.

= = = Ethmia timberlakei = = =

	Ethmia timberlakei is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in California, United States.
	The length of the forewings is 8.7-10.6 mm. The ground color of the forewings is dark gray, sparsely to densely irrorated (speckled) with scattered white scales. The ground color of the hindwings is uniform pale gray.
	The larvae feed on "Phacelia ramosissima" var. "suffrutescens".

= = = Malinovka = = =

	Malinovka can refer to:

= = = Kitschies = = =

	The Kitschies are British literary prizes presented annually for "the year’s most progressive, intelligent and entertaining works that contain elements of the speculative or fantastic." Works that were published in the United Kingdom in the year of the award are eligible.
	The Kitschies are administered by a non-profit association with the stated mission of "encouraging and elevating the tone of the discussion of genre literature in its many forms". The founders, Anne C. Perry and Jared Shurin, said that they sought to bring attention to works with a fantastic or speculative element that are progressive in terms of content and composition.
	The award is a juried prize that selects those books which "best elevate the tone of genre literature". Qualifying books must contain "an element of the fantastic or speculative" and have been published in the UK. Winners receive a sum of prize money and a textile tentacle trophy.
	The Kitschies are governed by an advisory board of members and an award director, Glen Mehn. The Kitschies were initially established in 2009 by the website pornokitsch.com. The Kraken Rum was the sponsor between 2010 and 2013. For 2014 and 2015, Fallen London (a creation of UK game developer Failbetter Games), was the sponsor. The award did not run in 2016. From 2017 the sponsor is Blackwell's Bookshop.
, the Kitschies are awarded in five categories:
	The judging panels change annually. The judges for each year are as follows: 
	2017
	Winner: "Killing Commendatore" by Haruki Murakami, cover by Suzanne Dean

= = = Ethmia piperella = = =

	Ethmia piperella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Jamaica and Cuba.
	The length of the forewings is 5.4-6.8 mm. The ground color of the forewings is greyish tan, but the dorsal area somewhat paler and not well defined. The ground colour of the hindwings is uniform pale grey.

= = = Ethmia macneilli = = =

	Ethmia macneilli is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in the United States in California and Arizona.
	The length of the forewings is 10.7-11.1 mm. The ground color of the forewings is white with scattered dark scales tending to form lines between the veins in the distal half. The ground color of the hindwings is white, becoming pale brownish toward the margins.

= = = Thomas Naogeorgus = = =

	Thomas Naogeorgus ("Thomas Kirchmeyer, Kirchmair, Neubauer"; 21 December 1508 – 29 December 1563) was a Latin dramatist, humanist, Protestant theologian, Protestant reformer, preacher and pamphleteer of the German Renaissance.
	Naogeorgus was born in Straubing. His dramatic works were very influential in the German Reformation. He was greatly influenced by Martin Luther, but his teachings stand independent of Lutheranism, and the publication of his exegesis of 1 John was opposed by Luther and Melanchthon. He died, aged 55, in Wiesloch.
	His collected works were edited by Hans-Gert Roloff (Berlin 1975-).

= = = Center for Media, Religion and Culture = = =

	The Center for Media, Religion, and Culture is a research center in the University of Colorado's College of Media, Communication and Information, that aims at cultivating knowledge and promoting research on the representation and interpretation of religion in popular media, both inside and outside the U.S. The center was founded in 2006 by Professor Stewart M. Hoover, a Journalism and Mass Communication faculty known for his work on popular media and religions. In addition to hosting several international conferences that address current issues in media, religion and culture, the center offers fellowship programs for domestic and international scholars interested in conducting research on related subjects. The Center takes on various projects with research fellows to explore religion and media from varied angles and through new, developing theoretical frameworks. The Center aims to bring together scholars, professionals and the larger public to explore the variety of ways media and religion influence one another and our daily lives. The Center currently works on several projects including one on the "Third Spaces" of Religion and Media, as well as a project in conjunction with the University of Haifa, in Israel on Media Ambivalence. The Center also produces a radio show and has a group research blog.
	The idea to establish a center for media, religion and culture was introduced by Paul S. Voakes in 2003 when the dean saw Hoover’s success in attracting support from the Lilly Endowment, Inc to conduct research on media and religion. What started as a research collaboration between Hoover, his graduate students and his colleagues in Europe began to develop into something bigger. 
	In November 2004 Hoover with the assistance of Lynn Schofield Clark wrote a proposal for the establishment of the center. They identified project areas that later became the center's foci. Research works remained to be the foundational activity for the center. In addition, the center seeks support for Senior, Faculty and Post-Doctoral Fellowship Program that help shape ongoing research and scholarly projects in the field of media, religion and culture. The center also hold lectures, seminars and formal conferences both independently and in cooperation with other institutions such as New York University and the University of Southern California in an effort to bridge the academy with religious communities, industries and the wider public. Furthermore, it acts as the global secretariat for the International Conferences on Media, Religion and Culture that started in Uppsala, Sweden, in 1994 and it has become the prominent conference in the field.
	The Center was officially inaugurated in 2006. During the same year, Clark left University of Colorado at Boulder and subsequently the Center to become Assistant Professor at the School of Communication at University of Denver. She remains a close collaborator of the Center and maintains a good relationship with Hoover. In 2007 Journalism and Mass Communication hired a new Assistant Professor, Nabil Echchaibi, who specializes in identity politics among young Muslim in the Arab world and in diaspora. He is now the associate director of the Center.
	Some of the projects mentioned below took place prior to the establishment of the Center, but closely associated with its development and continuation.
	Finding Religion in the Media, 2010 - Present
	The Center for Media, Religion and Culture is currently undertaking a study funded by the Ford Foundation on the ways religion is represented, experienced, and understood through the media today. The project, entitled “Finding Religion in the Media,” explores the extent to which religious belief, practice, and action—particularly that directed at social reform and social change—can be generated in and through the media sphere.
	The “third spaces” concept has been central to the Finding Religion in the Media project. As developed by Hoover and Echchaibi, this concept serves as an interpretive tool to highlight what we call a “thickening” of the religious experience beyond dichotomous definitions of both religion and media categories. Digital spaces have opened up opportunities to theorize the production of meaning across hybrid spaces. Digital media reflect and narrativize life experiences and the Center has done so by looking specifically at case studies of the way religion and the religious is articulated and contested online. The research is framed around the novelty of technologies that leads us to adopt a hierarchical indexing of what constitutes an authentic experience of belonging and belief, outside of dichotomies of traditional/modern, physical/digital, and real/proximal embodied experience. The impulse to define how and why we communicate, drawing boundaries between various technological media leads to problematic understandings of complex user identities. The third spaces concept argues that theories of ritual, religion, media and communication benefit from an analysis of how meaning is produced and performed at the borderlines of a complex ecosystem of media ensembles and hybrid spaces.
	Muslims in the Mountain West, 2009-2010 
	This research, supported by a grant from the Social Sciences Research Council, is a joint project of the Center and the University of Colorado’s Center for Asian Studies. It is intended to develop a profile of Muslims and of Islam in the six states of the mountain west. Interviews and site visits will document the life, interests and culture of this growing community. The outcome will be information useful to media, scholars, and interested members of the public, and products including a website, a documentary film, and various resources and materials. The grant also supports a series of round table conversations and informational events bringing together scholars of Islam, members of the media, and representatives of the Muslim community. The project also fed into the Center’s conference on Islam and the Media.
	Symbolism, Media, and the Lifecourse, 1996-2001 
	Principal Investigator (P.I.): Stewart Hoover; Associate P.I: Lynn Schofield Clark; Research Associates: Diane F. Alters, Joseph G. Champ, Lee Hood, and Henrik Boes. The project resulted in the book Media, Home, and Family (Routledge, 2004) written in collaboration by Hoover, Clark and Alters. The book argued that how families discuss the rules and practices surrounding media use are an important part of how they lay claim to a family identity in the age of reflexive parenting. The Symbolism project also provided the initial research for Hoover's, Religion in the Media Age (Routledge, 2006), Clark's From Angels to Aliens: Teenagers, the Media, and the Supernatural (Oxford U Press, 2003), and supported the development of the edited volume Practicing Religion in the Age of the Media, edited by Hoover and Clark (Columbia U Press, 2002).
	Symbolism, Meaning, & the New Media @ Home, 2001-2006
	P.I: Stewart Hoover; Associate P.I and Director for Teens and the New Media @ Home: Lynn Schofield Clark; Research Associates: Scott Webber, Christof Demont-Heinrich, Joe Champ, Michele Miles, AnnaMaria Russo, Denice Walker, Monica Emerich, Yuri Obata, Jin Park, and Kati Lustyik. This project provided the funding that supported the completion of Clark's book, From Angels to Aliens: Teenagers, the Media, and the Supernatural (Oxford U Press, 2003/2005 paperback). It also supported the conclusion of Hoover's Religion in the Media Age (Routledge, 2006) and the early research stage of Clark's Parenting in a Digital Age (forthcoming). Moreover, it provided support for the collaborative effort Hoover and Clark engaged in with the Pew Internet & American Life Project to produce the 2004 report, Faith Online.
	Dissertation Fellowship Program in Media, Religion and Culture, 2002-2007 
	Co-Directors: Stewart Hoover and Lynn Schofield Clark; Fellowship Coordinators: Diane Alters, Scott Webber, Monica Emerich. This fellowship program has resulted in two edited volumes: Religion, Media, and the Marketplace (Rutgers University Press, 2007) 
	Media, Meaning and Work, 2006-2010 
	This research project covers two topics: Men, Masculinity, & Civic Engagement with Stewart Hoover as the P.I., and Youth and Civic Engagement with Lynn Schofield Clark as the P.I. The second project is sub-contracted to the University of Denver. This project provided the funding for the book Hoover is currently writing with his former graduate student at what was previously known as SJMC, Curtis Coats.
	The Center for Media, Religion and Culture hosts biannual conferences taking on important messages in relation to the subject of Media and Religion. The following are the conferences held at the University of Colorado at Boulder.
	Media and Religion: The Global View (January 2014) 
	The Center’s conference: Media and Religion: The Global View was held at the University of Colorado Boulder on January 9-12, 2014. The conference was designed to explore religion in the 21st century as it relates to media and its global applications and implications. This conference brought together an interdisciplinary community of scholars for focused conversations on emerging issues in media and religion. Each has proven to be an important landmark in the development of theory and method in its respective area and has resulted in important collaborations, publications, and resources for further research and dialogue. Invited speakers included: Pradip Thomas, University of Queensland, Australia; Magali do Nascimento Cunha, Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, Brazil; Kwabena Asamoah-Gyadu, Trinity Theological Seminary, Accra, Ghana; and Jane Little, Religious Affairs Correspondent at the BBC World Service and Religion Editor at Public Radio International’s The World.
	International Conference on Digital Religion (January 2012)
	Digital Religion was held at the University of Colorado at Boulder on January 12-15, 2012. The conference brought together scholars of media and religion and producers of digital religion content from a variety of religious traditions to reflect on the implications of new media on religious practice and meaning-making in modern society. Invited speakers included: Stig Hjarvard, Department of Film & Media Studies at the University of Copenhagen, Jeremy Stolow, Department of Communication Studies at Concordia University, Montréal, and Heidi Campbell, Department of Communication at Texas A&M University. 
	Islam and The Media (January 2010)
	Co-Directors: Nabil Echchaibi and Stewart Hoover.
	The conference engaged a range of questions on the place of Islam within global, regional, national and local media. It was attended by scholars on Islam and contemporary media, media professionals, activists, and members of NGOs. Featured speakers and presenters included Charles Hirschkind, Professor of Social Cultural Anthropology at University of California at Berkeley, Zarqa Nawaz, Creator of Little Mosque on the Prairie, a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation sitcom that chronicles the life of a small Muslim community in a prairie town in Saskatchewan, and Mona Eltahawy, an award-winning syndicated columnist and an international public speaker on Arab and Muslim issues who is based in New York.
	International Society for Media, Religion and Culture Conference, 2014; Canterbury, England
	In August 2014 the CMRC in association with the International Society for Media, Religion and Culture (ISMRC) held a conference hosted by Dr. Gordon Lynch from the University of Kent. This conference was held in Canterbury, England.

= = = Edward Dunne (disambiguation) = = =

	Edward Dunne may refer to:

= = = Donna Uchizono = = =

	Donna Uchizono is an American choreographer.
	Donna Uchizono was born on a US Army base in Tokyo, Japan, and grew up in Southern California. Since 1990 she has been the artistic director and choreographer of the New York City-based Donna Uchizono Company.
	In California she danced with the dance companies of Jeff Slayton and Dancers and Lynn Dally and Dancers. While dancing with Jeff Slayton and Dancers, she received a B.A. in Dance from California State University, Long Beach, California. In 1986, Uchizono moved to New York City, where she lives and works.
	She was a founding member and serves on the Artist Advisory Board at Danspace Project at St. Mark's Church, where she also served as chair from 1990-1995. In 1990 she established the Donna Uchizono Company dedicated to dance performance, where she serves as artistic director.
	Selected works include: 

= = = FC Nasaf-2 = = =

	FC Nasaf-2 Qarshi () is a Uzbekistann association football club based in Qarshi. Nasaf-2 is the farm club of Nasaf Qarshi. Currently it plays in First League.
	Nasaf-2 was formed with intention to feed and provide Nasaf Qarshi with young successful players. Club plays in First League, conference "West" and participate in Uzbek Cup.
	On 20 July 2012, the current head coach of Nasaf-2, Shuhrat Toshpulatov was appointed as assistant coach of Nasaf Youth team and resigned his position at Nasaf-2. Club had appointed Rakhmatulla Muhammedrakhimov as new head coach.

= = = St Mary's Roman Catholic Church, Monmouth = = =

	St Mary's Roman Catholic Church, in St Mary's Street near the centre of Monmouth, is the earliest post-Reformation Catholic public place of worship to be permitted in Wales. The church is a late Georgian Roman Catholic church with later Victorian additions by the Catholic convert architect Benjamin Bucknall. It has been designated as a Grade II listed building since 15 August 1974, and is one of 24 buildings on the Monmouth Heritage Trail.
	After the sixteenth century, Monmouth was a centre for recusancy. The town had, in 1773, one of the highest proportions of Catholics in England and Wales. The Penal Laws against Catholics were relaxed in 1778, through the Papists Act, and Monmouth magistrates were petitioned to erect a "Public Catholick Chapel in the Town". One of the petitioners, Michael Watkins, was then the landlord of the Robin Hood Inn in Monnow Street, where Mass had been celebrated hitherto in an upper room. Lobbying resulted in permission being given for this church three years before a similar church in Chepstow. However, because of a local by-law aimed at making Nonconformist and Catholic buildings as inconspicuous as possible, it had to concede that the building should not look like a church. The entrance was not allowed to open on to the highway and Catholic worshippers were required to arrive at the chapel one at a time. The church was originally set back discreetly from the road, concealed by a row of cottages. The cottages were demolished in Bucknall's rebuilding, after discrimination against Catholics had been eased.
	The original building forms the area of the present sanctuary and sacristy, and the stained glass window to the left of the sanctuary is Georgian Gothic in style. The earliest part of the church is the east end, of 1793. In 1829 came Catholic Emancipation, and the chapel was extended in 1837 with the completion of the chancel, half the length of the present nave. This was followed in 1871 by an extensive rebuilding by Benjamin Bucknall. This included the demolition of the cottages fronting the church and the erection of the tower and an elaborate frontage in Old Red Sandstone. Newman describes the "double bellcote crowned by a precipitously steep slate roof." Internally, the font depicts the serpent of Eden entwined around the stem.
	From 1835 to 1851 the Roman Catholic priest in Monmouth was Thomas Burgess who went on to be the Bishop of Clifton.
	The church includes many features, but of especial note is its association with Saint John Kemble, who was a missionary in Monmouthshire and Herefordshire. He was martyred for his faith at Hereford on 22 August 1679 and lies buried at nearby Welsh Newton. The Marches were an area where the old faith continued long after the Reformation, and many of the local big houses gave sanctuary to Catholic services conducted clandestinely by priests who could suffer extreme penalties if they were discovered. The parish of St Mary's organises a pilgrimage to St John Kemble's tomb on the Sunday nearest to the date of his martyrdom. The church also includes an altar dedicated to the saint's memory, which was used for the celebration of Mass during penal times at Pembridge Castle: this consists of two benches that could be separated to disguise its purpose. These historic buildings were refurbished in 2009/2010.
	The church possesses a fourteenth-century processional cross; an embroidered red chasuble dating from about 1502; and a hinged cross, possibly of Spanish origin, dating from the seventeenth century.

= = = Shritama Mukherjee = = =

	Shritama Mukherjee (born 3 November 1993) is an Indian television actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Rajkumari Jainandini in the show "Dekha Ek Khwaab" and Vinita 'Vinnie' Maheshwari. Mukherjee played the role of Mahi in "Tashan-e-Ishq".
	Shritama in from a Bengali family but was born and brought up in Kota in Rajasthan. She dropped out of school and moved to Mumbai to pursue a career in acting.
	Shritama made her debut with Sony TV's serial "Dekha Ek Khwaab" in 2011, where she played the role of Rajkumari Jainandini.
	She played the role of Vinnie (Vinita) in "Best Friends Forever?" telecast on Channel V.
	In May 2015 she played the role of Vedika in "Do Dil Ek Jaan" telecast on Life OK. She was also seen on Channel V show "Yeh Jawani Ta Ra Ri Ri" and in "Gustakh Dil" on Life OK.
	She made her film debut with "Soombe", a Tulu film directed by Saikrishna Kudla released on 13 March 2015 all around Tulunadu.
	In 2016 she was cast in the role of Mahi in "Tashan-e-Ishq".

= = = James Verner = = =

	James Verner may refer to:

= = = Kiev Connolly = = =

	Kiev Connolly is an Irish singer and musical director.
	Born in Ballymote, Sligo, Kiev (Kevin) Connolly has been writing songs, playing guitar and keyboard, and performing since finishing school in Cork. In 1978 he moved to Germany performing in folk clubs in Stuttgart and Heidelberg. Moving to West Berlin in 1979, he became fluent in German, studied Music Theory at the Hochschule der Kunstler, and worked as a Studio manager and music producer in Recordland, and Musik World Recording Studios. He went on to form the pop music group The Missing Passengers and securing a recording contract with Arista/Ariola, Munich. Achieving success with two original albums in the European Charts. In 1985 the group performed Kiev's hit song Did She Tell You on both the Extratour program Radio Bremen/ARD, and the Musik Convoy program on WDR/ARD.
	In 1989 Kiev Connolly and The Missing Passengers represented Ireland at the Eurovision Song Contest in Lausanne, Switzerland with Kiev's song The Real Me. Yugoslavia won the Eurovision Song Contest that year - Ireland placed 18th.
	In 2000 Kiev established Feature Music Studios. The Studio offers a complete Sound Design package including Dialogue, Music, Sound Effects, and Foley recording, editing and mixing. For many years he has been arranging and producing the Wolfe Tones' live performances and albums; including one of their top selling albums "You'll Never Beat the Irish". He arranged, produced and played keyboards for the following Wolfe Tone events: 'Into The Light' - The 1916 Commemoration Concert 'LIVE' at Citywest Hotel Dublin, 26–28 March 2016, The Wolfe Tones-1916 Commemoration Concert at City Hall, 1 May 2016 (this event was very significant for Kiev as his grandfather Sean Connolly was shot on the roof of the City Hall on Easter Monday 1916), and The Wolfe Tones Fest '55' Citywest Hotel, Dublin, 29–31 December 2017, where they are presenting three unique performances, culminating in what promises to be the biggest New Year's Eve Hooley in Ireland,
	Kiev also performs regularly with his very popular two-man wedding band "The UpSideDown Band.

= = = Arthur Scott Walters = = =

	Arthur Scott Walters is an American neurologist, a professor of neurology at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
	Walters' research interests have focused on the nexus where sleep disorders and movement disorders meet. He is co-editor of the first book on sleep-related movement disorders in 2003 and is author on over 200 research publications.
	Walters was the first chairman of the Medical Advisory Board of the Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, a nationwide patient support group for patients with restless legs syndrome and their families and he continues to play a role on the board. He was also first chairman of the executive committee and continuing activist in the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group, which is composed of over 130 physicians and scientists dedicated to research on restless legs syndrome and the allied condition periodic limb movements in sleep. He headed the American Academy of Sleep Medicine committee for the development of clinical criteria for the diagnosis of sleep related movement disorders International Classification of Sleep Disorders published in 2005 and their committee for the development of the sleep study scoring criteria for the sleep related movement disorders published in 2007. He moved to Vanderbilt University and was given a distinguished faculty medical license from the state of Tennessee in 2008.
	In 1998, Walters was the first recipient of the Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation's Ekbom Award. In 2005 he was named “Researcher of the Year in Medicine” at Seton Hall University. In 2010 he was given the American Academy of Neurology Sleep Science Award for excellence in sleep research.

= = = Abobo's Big Adventure = = =

	Abobo's Big Adventure is a freeware parody flash game. Inspired by various video games released for the Nintendo Entertainment System, the game features Abobo, a boss character from the "Double Dragon" franchise, traveling through the worlds of several different games to save his son. Developed by I-Mockery founder Roger Barr, "Abobo's Big Adventure" was released in January 2012 to positive critical reception.
	The player's objective in "Abobo's Big Adventure" is to proceed through different levels of the game using the character Abobo from "Double Dragon". The game itself is split into different sub-games that follow one another, each an homage to a particular game: "Double Drabobo", "Super Mabobo", "Urban Chabobo", "Zeld Abobo", "Balloon Abobo", "Pro Wrabobo", "Mega Mabobo", "Contra Bobo", and "Punch Abobo". Each game makes use of the directional keys to control the movement of the character, while the 'A' and 'S' keys perform functions related to the particular sub-game, such as punching and kicking respectively. Abobo has a rage meter that increases when he hits enemies and decreases when he is hit; when the meter is completely filled, the player can press 'A' and 'S' together to perform a special attack that destroys or greatly damages all enemies on the screen. With the exception of the "Contra Bobo" level, each level is single player only.
	The game's plot revolves around Abobo's son, Aboboy, who is kidnapped in the opening cutscene in a nod to the opening of "Double Dragon". The game's levels are mostly linear, featuring several references to other Nintendo Entertainment System properties with their enemies and layout. Before the final level, Abobo encounters Jerome "Doc" Louis from the "Punch-Out!!" series. Doc reveals that the real villain is his former pupil, Little Mac, who went mad with power after winning the championship. Abobo defeats Little Mac in a boxing match, decapitates him with the Power Glove, and rescues Aboboy. As the crowd cheers for the reunited pair, they suddenly leap out of the ring and begin to graphically murder everyone within reach. The events of the game are finally revealed as a dream Abobo is having, a reference to the ending of "Super Mario Bros. 2".
	Development on the game was started in 2002 by I-Mockery founder Roger Barr, who intended it to be his first full-length flash-based game and to feature his favorite NES character, Abobo. Working with a programmer nicknamed "Bane", they put together several early levels. However the game was delayed by various side projects, including a game with a similar concept named ""Domo-Kun's Angry Smashfest"". He later returned to the game with the help of developers Nick Pasto of PestoForce and "Pox" of The Pox Box, and after mapping out the storyline decided to start the project over from scratch in 2006 due to dissatisfaction with the early work, and the feel that the original programming strayed too far from the feel of an actual NES.
	Level development was done by playing NES titles and taking notes on which characters they wished to include and where. Rather than have each level feature just one group of enemies from the same game, they would instead act as a tribute to the system as a whole and feature a variety of them. During the course of development, smaller projects were also done in order to keep themselves motivated and meet financial obligations. By 2009, the first three levels of the game were completed and revealed at the San Diego Comic-Con, playable with a NES controller as originally intended. With the game well-received, they resumed work, using feedback from the test to fix bugs and issues, and in 2010 presented the game at the following Comic-con in a free-to-play arcade cabinet, with artwork made by Jeff Bandelin of Newgrounds.
	Though the game was delayed heavily in 2011, they intended to release it at the end of December. In September of that year, Barr took the game with him on a comedy tour he was invited to attend with Keith Apicary, showcasing it at various arcades and game shops. An official trailer followed shortly after, and in response to numerous donations they had received, they began work on a smaller game called "Aboboy's Small Adventure" for anyone who donated, though it pushed the release date for the completed project further. On January 11, 2012 the game was released on Newgrounds.com, with an added tutorial explaining how to play the game with a NES controller. A downloadable version of the game has also been released, while the team plans to continue to showcase the arcade cabinet at various conventions.
	The game was positively received at its release. On July 12, 2013, it was announced that Abobo's Big Adventure had won the Newgrounds 2012 "Game of the Year" award. GameSpy praised their work, calling it the "mother of all 8-bit homage flash videogames" Mexican magazine "Cine Premiere" called it fun, and a good way to re-live the nostalgia of 8- and 16-bit video games. GameZone described it as "part parody and part tribute" to the NES, further calling its story "not cheesy. Instead, it's all kinds of badass." Eurogamer.it called it a "serious contender for [Game of the Year] 2012" and "The final tribute to the NES", further describing it as both well made and very difficult. Rock, Paper, Shotgun's Adam Smith stated that while the combination of various sprite styles could be reminiscent of various webcomics, the game was created with the original influences in mind, not just the characters. He further added that it was a "well designed series of tiny games that more often than not succeed in capturing the pleasures of the originals". "Wired" called it "8-bit parody done right", further praising it for deviating from similar titles by offering more than simplified graphics and sounds, and that "the fearlessness with which it mocks these age-old heroes portrays an almost tangible love for them at the same time". 1UP.com editors Jeremy Parish and Bob Mackey both praised the game as well, with Parish questioning whether it blurred the line between "parody and appropriation [...] you could make a case for it being a Dada-ist expression", while Mackey asserted he still felt it was parody, but that the controls for each aspect of the game had been replicated "dead on." GameSpot praised the game saying "It's a labor of love that's jam-packed with a staggering number of pitch-perfect references to NES games. It doesn't just duplicate the sprites, environments, and music of so many NES games; it also captures the simple but challenging gameplay of the games it imitates." Yoshihisa Kishimoto, creator of "Double Dragon", has stated in a Polygon interview that he was supportive and loved the game.

= = = Jerard Hurwitz = = =

	Jerard Hurwitz (November 20, 1928 – January 24, 2019) was an American biochemist who co-discovered RNA polymerase in 1960 along with Sam Weiss, Audrey Stevens, and James Bonner. He most recently worked at the Sloan-Kettering Institute in New York studying DNA replication in eukaryotes and its control.
	Hurwitz attended Indiana University, earning a B.A. in Chemistry in 1949. He received his Ph.D. in Biochemistry in 1953 from Case Western Reserve University.
	Hurwitz joined the microbiology department at Washington University in 1956 and began investigating the incorporation of ribonucleotides into RNA. Two years later, he moved back to New York and became an Assistant Professor of Microbiology at the New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, where he continued to study RNA synthesis.
	In 1955, Marianne Grunberg-Manago and Severo Ochoa had reported the isolation of an enzyme that catalyzed the synthesis of RNA. This enzyme was at first hoped to be responsible for the synthesis of RNA in cells, and Ochoa's discovery was honored with a Nobel prize in 1959. However, it was later realized that Ochoa's enzyme did not use DNA to synthesize RNA but instead formed arbitrary sequences, and later this enzyme was found to degrade RNA in cells. Undeterred by Ochoa's findings, Hurwitz searched for a cellular RNA polymerase on his own and in 1960 he reported the isolation of RNA polymerase activity from "Escherichia coli" extracts. Remarkably, several other research groups reported similar discoveries at roughly the same time (Samuel B. Weiss, Audrey Stevens, and James Bonner). Hurwitz continued his research on RNA synthesis, and in 1962 Hurwitz, John J. Furth, and Monika Anders reported the purification of RNA polymerase.
	Hurwitz along with PhD student Sue Wickner and Reed Wickner also worked on how the DNA of single-stranded DNA virus became replicated. They identified the enzymes that converted single-stranded DNA of the Phi X174 virus into the double-stranded replicative form by means of studying which genes were required for the "in vitro" synthesis of the double-stranded DNA.
	Hurwitz was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has been honored with the Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry, the Institut Pasteur Hazen Lectureship, and the New York Academy of Science's Louis and Bert Freeman Foundation Prize for Research in Biochemistry.

= = = Minchev = = =

	Minchev is a Bulgarian surname. Notable Bulgarians with this surname include:

= = = Donald McIntosh (mathematician) = = =

	Donald Cameron McIntosh (13 January 1868 – 1 July 1957) was a Scottish educator and mathematician.
	McIntosh was born at Tomintoul, Banffshire, Scotland on 13 January 1868. He was educated at Tomintoul Parish School and Aberdeen Grammar School. He studied at the University of Aberdeen graduating with a MA in 1890, a BSc in marine zoology 1906 and a DSc in 1912 with a thesis entitled "Studies on Echinodermata and on Variation".
	From 1890-1899 he was a teacher at George Watson's College, in Edinburgh, and Head of Mathematics at Edinburgh Ladies' College from 1899-1918. From 1918-1933 he was Director of Education in Moray and Nairn. 
	He was a member of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society and the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh. 
	He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1903. His proposers were John Sturgeon Mackay, Sir Francis Grant Ogilvie, Sir John Murray and Alexander Morgan. 

= = = Alexander DeConde = = =

	Alexander DeConde (born November 13, 1920 in Utica, New York, died May 28, 2016 in Goleta, California) was a historian of United States diplomatic history. Raised in California, he attended San Francisco State College for his B.A. Following graduation in 1943, he attended the U.S. Naval Reserve Midshipmen School in Chicago, IL. He was assigned to the destroyer tender U.S.S. Whitney (AD-4), and was released from service in 1946. He received his M.A. and Ph.D from Stanford University, where he worked under the direction of Thomas A. Bailey. He taught at Stanford, Whittier College, and Duke University. From 1957 to 1961, he was professor of history at the University of Michigan. He subsequently joined the history department at the University of California at Santa Barbara, where he remained until his retirement in 1991. He helped to establish the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations together with Joseph P. O'Grady of LaSalle College (Philadelphia) and David M. Pletcher of Indiana University. DeConde served as the Society’s second president and remained actively involved in the organization for the rest of his career. He also held elected and committee roles in the Organization of American History, and served as vice president and president of the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association.

= = = Trevor Potter = = =

	Trevor Potter (born October 24, 1955) is a lawyer, former commissioner and chairman of the United States Federal Election Commission. He is the Founder and President of the Campaign Legal Center, a nonprofit organization which works in the areas of campaign finance and elections, political communication and government ethics. A Republican, he was the General Counsel to John McCain's two presidential campaigns. Potter is a vocal critic of unlimited corporate spending and dark money in politics allowed by the "Citizens United v. FEC" ruling.
	His government experience also includes service as assistant general counsel of the United States Federal Communications Commission (1984–1985) and attorney with the United States Department of Justice (1982–1984). Potter served as General Counsel to the 2000 and 2008 Presidential campaigns of John McCain and Deputy General Counsel to the George H.W. Bush 1988 campaign. In 2002, he was elected to serve on the Common Cause National Governing Board. He is an attorney at Caplin & Drysdale, where he leads the firm's Political Law practice.
	Potter appeared on the television program "The Colbert Report", where he discussed political action committees, and the founding and progress of the satirical Colbert Super PAC. Potter explained to Colbert's audience the "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission" decision made by the United States Supreme Court that allowed the creation of "Super PACs", and was the lawyer behind the creation and functioning of Stephen Colbert's PAC, "Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow". Colbert, together with Potter acting as his attorney, demonstrated how easy it was to circumvent the laws governing Super PACs. Speaking in 2014, Trevor Potter said:
[Colbert] was able to show America the loopholes (or "loop-chasms" as he called them) in the laws designed to regulate coordination between candidates and supposedly "independent" groups. By having his own Super PAC and 501(c)(4), Stephen could evolve right alongside the campaigns—or often be a step ahead of them. His understanding of the possibilities inherent in the legal confusion was keen enough to discover and exploit absurd legalities before it became clear that actual candidates and political activists were doing the same thing.
	"The Colbert Report"'s segments on "Super PACs" were recognized in 2011 with a Peabody Award for parody reporting as an "innovative means of teaching American viewers about the landmark court decision". Reflecting on the experience in 2015, Potter said, "I was his lawyer for the venture, which meant I did everything from drafting a Federal Election Commission Advisory Opinion Request to accompanying Colbert to hearings. I even figured out how to make the money "disappear" from public view when the PAC was closing. (Hint: It's not that hard.) ... The final takeaway from my work with Colbert was a sense of the enormous and detrimental impact Citizens United has had on our campaigns and elections."
	Potter was elected to the American Law Institute in 2013 and serves as an Adviser on ALI's Principles of Election Law: Resolution of Election Disputes project. He serves as the Senior Advisor to Issue One.
	Potter attended Brooks School in North Andover, MA. He earned his A.B. from Harvard University in 1978, and his Juris Doctor from University of Virginia School of Law in 1982.
	He has been described by the American Bar Association Journal as "hands-down one of the top lawyers in the country on the delicate intersection of politics, law and money".

= = = Stephen Whyte = = =

	Stephen Whyte may refer to:

= = = Farida Kuchi = = =

	Farida Kuchi () is a politician from Afghanistan's nomadic Kuchi tribe.
	Kuchi has described being married at approximately seven years of age, and bearing her first child at approximately twelve years old.
	She is illiterate, and doesn't know her exact age.
	Gall described Kuchi as standing just four foot six inches tall, and how her face and hands were covered in traditional tattoos.
	In an August 2005 interview with Carlotta Gall, of the New York Times", Farida described losing her husband and some of her children, and all her family's livestock, and ending up in an impromptu refugee camp outside of Mazari Sharif."
	She described her struggle to deliver a petition requesting aid for her and 1000 other nomads stranded in an impromptu refugee to then Governor of Balkh Province Noorullah Noori as her first political act.
	In 2005 and 2010 she was a candidate for Afghanistan's Wolesi Jirga, the lower house of its national legislature.
	Ten seats were set aside for the nomadic Kuchis. Three of those seats were set aside for women. Six other Kuchi women competed for those seats.
	In September 2005, "The Telegraph" described how Parween Durani, another candidate, complained to voters that Farida had an offensive body odour.
	"The Telegraph" described Fareeda turning this insult into an advantage, reminding them that, like all traditional Kuchis, her family's sole heating and cooking fuel was animal dung
	In 2010 she stood sixth among the female candidates, winning 147 votes.
	Hamida Ahmadzai won 4078 votes,
	Helay Irshad won 1774 votes,
	Parween Duran won 1201 votes.
	Farida was selected to serve in the Meshrano Jirga, the upper house of Afghanistan's national legislature, in 2010. 

= = = Al Kozar = = =

	Albert Kenneth Kozar (July 5, 1921 – September 6, 2007) was an American second baseman in Major League Baseball. He played for the Washington Senators and Chicago White Sox over a three-year career in the Major Leagues.
	Born in McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, Kozar was signed by the Boston Red Sox as an amateur free agent in 1941. Kozar played for the Red Sox's minor league affiliates, interrupted by a three-year break when Kozar served in the United States Army.
	On December 10, 1947, Kozar was traded to the Washington Senators along with Leon Culberson in exchange for Stan Spence. Kozar made his Major League debut with the Senators on April 19, 1948, at Griffith Stadium, going 1–for–4 against the New York Yankees. Kozar played for the Senators until 1950, when he was traded on May 31 to the Chicago White Sox along with Eddie Robinson and Ray Scarborough, in exchange for Bob Kuzava, Cass Michaels and Johnny Ostrowski. Kozar continued to play in the minor leagues until 1954, and died on September 6, 2007, in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida.
, or Retrosheet
<br>

= = = Alexander Shepherd (public servant) = = =

	Alexander Shepherd ( 1797/98 – 20 July 1859) was the second Colonial Treasurer of New Zealand.
	Shepherd was born in Aberdeen. He arrived in Wellington on the "New York Packet" from London in 1842, where he was delayed by a month before the next vessel went to Auckland, then the seat of the Government.
	Shepherd was appointed Colonial Treasurer on 9 May 1842, succeeding George Cooper. He thus became a member of the Executive Council of the Crown Colony, with the role of Colonial Treasurer being the fourth most senior role at the time (after Governor, Colonial Secretary and Attorney-General). When New Zealand gained self-government with the formation of the Fitzgerald Ministry on 14 June 1854, Shepherd's role was disestablished and he was given a government pension.
	Shepherd's stepdaughter, Jane Augusta Griffith, married Frederick Whitaker at St. Paul's Church in Auckland on 4 March 1843. His second daughter, Cecilia Mary, married Maurice O'Rorke on 31 December 1858.
	Shepherd died on 20 July 1859 aged 61 years in Auckland after a short illness.

= = = 2011–12 PFC Ludogorets Razgrad season = = =

	The 2011–12 season was Ludogorets Razgrad's first season in the A Football Group. Ludogorets Razgrad won their first
	Bulgarian Cup on 16 May, defeating Lokomotiv Plovdiv 2–1, before completing the domestic double a week later by defeating CSKA Sofia 1–0 on 23 May 2012 to claim their first top flight league title. 

= = = Mervan Çelik = = =

	Mervan Çelik (born 26 May 1990) is a Kurdish-Swedish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Turkish club Fatih Karagümrük. He has previously played for GAIS, Rangers, Pescara, Gençlerbirliği, Akhisar Belediyespor and Häcken. He has represented Sweden at youth international level.
Çelik played for IF Warta and BK Häcken at youth level before joining GAIS in 2007. "I started as a striker but now I play as an inner midfielder and winger. It does not matter if I play on the right or the left, both positions work for me," he said in an interview on the club's website. Çelik made his competitive début against GIF Sundsvall in the Allsvenskan on 20 July 2008, and appeared in the starting eleven for the first time six weeks later against IFK Göteborg. He signed a three-year contract in May 2009, and scored his first goal for the club later that year against Kalmar FF.
	Having left GAIS at the end of his contract, Çelik was offered a three and a half-year contract from Scottish Premier League team Rangers, which he signed on 20 January 2012. After Rangers went into administration, Çelik chose to leave the club in March 2012 without a pay-off. He stated that he didn't make the wrong decision in joining the club, but the club entering administration was unpredictable.
	GAIS claimed that Rangers owed them £240,000 compensation for the transfer of Celik. However, there were suggestions that Celik was not offered a new contract within 60 days before the end of his previous deal, meaning that no compensation would have been necessary. Both GAIS and Celik disputed this and the club have threatened to take the matter to FIFA if Rangers don't pay them.
	After leaving Rangers in March 2012, Çelik signed an eight-month contract with GAIS.
Çelik continued his career in Italian first league with the newcomer Pescara in 2012. He scored the first goal for Pescara the 2012/2013 season against Sampdoria in a 2–3 loss.
Çelik has represented Sweden at youth level. He made his under-21 debut against Norway on 2 June 2011 and scored two goals in a 4–1 win. He is eligible to play for Turkey through his parents.
Çelik was born and raised in the suburb Biskopsgården, Hisingen, an island which forms part of the Gothenburg Municipality. Çelik's parents are ethnic Kurds from Turkey. His mother and father lived in Konya before moving to Sweden, where his father opened a restaurant.

= = = Tall cardinal = = =

	In mathematics, a tall cardinal is a large cardinal "κ" that is "θ"-tall for all ordinals "θ", where a cardinal is called "θ"-tall if there is an elementary embedding "j" : "V" → "M" with critical point "κ" such that "j"("κ") > θ and "M" ⊆ M.
	Tall cardinals are equiconsistent with strong cardinals.

= = = Columbia College (Virginia) = = =

	Columbia College is a private, for-profit vocational college located in Vienna, Virginia, which offers certificates and associate degrees.
	Since 2007, Columbia College has been nationally accredited by The Council on Occupational Education (COE) It is certified to operate by the State Council of Higher Education of Virginia (SCHEV) .

= = = Photidae = = =

	Photidae is a family of amphipod crustaceans, containing the following genera:

= = = Robin Hood Inn, Monmouth = = =

	The Robin Hood Inn, Nos. 124 and 126, Monnow Street, Monmouth, Monmouthshire, Wales is a public house of late medieval origins. It was Grade II* listed in 1952.
	The Robin Hood Inn building has late medieval origins. It is constructed in stone, with a wide, fifteenth-century four-centre doorway and is a rare medieval survival in Monmouth. Post the Reformation, the town was a centre for Catholicism and the landlord in the 1770s, Michael Watkins, allowed Mass to be celebrated in an upper room of the pub. The Penal Laws against Catholics were in force until the Papists Act of 1778, and Watkins was amongst those who successfully petitioned Monmouth magistrates to allow a building that would become St Mary's Roman Catholic Church. This public house and the church that Michael Watkins lobbied for are two of the 24 buildings in the Monmouth Heritage Trail. A blue plaque was added to the exterior of the building in 2009, which celebrated the religious history of the building.
	In 1848, one of the landlord's children accidentally set a curtain on fire by placing a candle too near it. The ensuing fire destroyed the curtain and a few items of clothing before it was contained. In 1882, the landlord, John Richards, was charged with being drunk and disorderly in his own house. He was found guilty and fined 10s and 7s costs. It was designated as a Grade II* listed building on 27 June 1952.
	The Lonely Planet guide describes it as "the most family-friendly pub in Monmouth with a warm atmosphere and a big beer garden with children's play area."

= = = Corruption in Finland = = =

	Finland's overall corruption is low, according to public opinion and global standards. The Corruption Perception Index, released by Transparency International in 2017, reported that Finland is the third-most-transparent country in the world (after Denmark and New Zealand). According to a Transparency International survey, an overwhelming majority of people in Finland do not witness cases of corruption by public officials or institutions in their lifetime. Existing corruption tends to be structural, arising from a network of wealthy individuals who favor each other in business; private companies have no disclosure requirements. The few instances of corruption involving the government include decision-making in state investments, political donations, and election funding. Non-traditional types of corruption in Finland (common globally) include tax evasion, gifts, hospitality, and conflicts of interest.
	Finland signed in 2002 European Council GRECO criminal law against bribery. Finland demanded two exceptions in bribary law that have been signed e.g. in neighbour lands Estonia and Sweden. In May 2019 exception were still not taken in force in Finnish criminal law against bribery.
	A 2008 Transparency International report noted a remarkable lack of transparency in Finnish political finance, reinforcing demands for greater transparency; in 2007, the Groupe d'États Contre la Corruption (GRECO) stressed that corruption should be better noticed in election financing. The 2007 Finnish campaign finance scandal erupted the following spring, with nine government ministers and several members of parliament lacking transparency in their election-funding reports. Since the law had no penalties for false fund reporting by elected politicians, the conservative National Coalition Party and rural Centre Party have not demanded the resignations of the convicted politicians. According to the 2009 Act on Candidate Election Funding, presidential candidates, parliamentarians, and deputies must declare all funding for an election campaign; donors of over €1,500 must be named.
	Two-thirds of state and municipal public servants are appointed from political parties, of which only five percent of Finnish citizens are members. Article 6 of the constitution of Finland states that everyone has an equal right to public jobs, and selection should be based on capability and expertise. The number of political appointments of public servants has been criticized as excessive, and the parties determine public-sector salaries.
	Prime Minister Jyrki Katainen claimed to fight unreported employment or undeclared employment income but, according to Markku Hirvonen, resources and initiatives in Finland have been insufficient to reach this goal. Two hundred tax officers examined tax havens in Sweden in 2013; 100 officers worked in Denmark, 80 in Norway, and 10-20 in Finland. Although investigations of unreported employment income found Sweden €100 million in previously-unpaid taxes, Finland found none. In Sweden, unlike Finland, all international transactions above 150,000 Swedish kronor (about €15,000) are required to be reported to tax officers.
	According to "Taloussanomat", Finland loses €320 million in annual taxes to tax havens. The business watchdog organization Finnwatch reported that Finnish companies, including the nation's top 20 companies, have 438 subsidiaries in countries classified as tax havens.
	Germany bought LGT Bank data from Heinrich Kieber in 2008. According to the data, about 20 Finns evaded taxes amounting to €50-60 million; this was the country's largest known tax-avoidance case. All names have been kept secret, and authorities have been criticized for not doing enough to prosecute tax evaders.
	Foreign accounts are legal if taxes are paid. Based on this data, the unpaid taxes on the accounts amounted to more than €10 million in 2013. According to a 21 September 2013 "Helsingin Sanomat" article, Liechtenstein banks held funds from Casimir Ehrnrooth (UPM). Ehrnrooth's family owns majority shares in companies such as YIT, Jaakko Pöyry, Guggenheim Helsinki Plan and Bertel Paulig, and owns a construction company in Turku. Jorma Ollila and Kari Stadigh also have investments in Luxembourg.
	In Finland, total collected annual taxes are €65 billion and the annual fiscal deficit is estimated at €4.6 to €7.7 billion. Unlike Sweden, the country has not fully determined how the tax gap should be assessed. According to Parliamentary Audit Committee chairperson Tuija Brax, "Sweden has been actively addressing this tax gap problem for some time.”
	Finnish tax authorities began investigating holdings in Liechtenstein in 2008, and 17 Finns paid additional taxes totaling €10 million. Taxpayers made reclamation in Administrative Court. The amount of unpaid taxes is estimated to be high, and decisions of this court are not made public. In two cases shown to reporters, the Administrative Court imposed a payment of about one percent (which conflicts with Tax Administration rules). The court's justification for a very low tax is unknown. In one case, funds sheltered from taxation amounted to €483,000 and the additional tax was €4,350. This extra taxation is paid as interest on the original amount. According to the Supreme Administrative Court of Finland, no other legal procedures are possible when collecting the hidden tax and its one-percent interest rate. Tax officers are untrained in legal issues.
	The Helsinki District Court dropped charges in October 2019 in suspected €135 million money laundering case through Finnish construction company bank accounts.
	Finnish police investigated financial irregularities of the Youth Foundation. In 2018, foundation chair Perttu Nousiainen received hundreds of thousands of euros from tax-haven firms into his personal accounts. Police suspect the building firm's managers of aggravated tax fraud and other offenses. The trust connected to the Youth Foundation funded Centre Party politicians, in conflict with the law.
	An audit was conducted in 2012 of a Helsinki construction office, based on corruption concerns. The business works with YIT. Six people were arrested in May 2012 by an order from Helsinki District Court, investigating corruption in Helsinki building contracts. The detainees were suspected of accepting bribes. The public HKR-Rakennuttaja purchased services from the construction sector with a value of up to about €100 million per year. Fines may reach about €100,000 over several years. Destia, a state-owned company which builds public roads, was investigated for alleged irregularities in January 2013.
	Former Espoo mayor Marketta Kokkonen and Olavi Louko, director of Espoo's Technical and Environment Services since 2001, were charged with bribery linked to major construction companies in 2010. Bribes were paid (at least) from 2004 to 2008. The state ordered Louko to pay back €7,500; each public presentation of a construction decision is valued at several million euros (the Metro budget is €800 million). On the Espoo board of directors, some Finns voted no confidence in Louko
	In a Parliamentary Ombudsman investigation released in May 2013, Maija Saxlin said that museum director Janne Gallen-Kallela-Sirén was biased in his position on the Guggenheim Helsinki Plan. According to Carl Gustaf Ehrnrooth, major owner of construction companies (including YIT and Pöyry), Gallen-Kallela-Sirén made the proposal for the Guggenheim museum; he was a board member of a company majority-owned by C–G Ehrnrooth, and his wife also worked for the company. When tax havens were criticised and Casimir Ehrnrooth's accounts made public, Helsinki politicians accepted a tax-haven-funded project. The 2007 Finnish campaign finance scandal bribery sentences were overturned in the Helsinki Court of Appeals in late June 2013.
	In 2013, former Vantaa mayor Jukka Peltomäki was accused of receiving €500,000 from Forma Futura from 2006 to 2011. Forma Futura had planned buildings for VVO, NCC, YIT and Citycon.
	The Olkiluoto nuclear plant construction project has been accused of grey work; it was impossible to check foreign workers' employment documentation without prior notice. Controllers and police had no unannounced access to the area. After notice, employment circumstances were often changed; foreign workers often left the country before a criminal case was evaluated. The workforce was fluid, and employees were not registered for tax or other official registers.
	There are several criminal investigations going on regarding transactions done by Youth Foundation, or Nuorisosäätiö in Finnish, since 2014 ongoing in 2018. Youth Foundation rents apartments for young adults in Finland. Youth Foundation have had close links to Centre Party (Finland). For example, its ex directors include ex Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen and MP Antti Kaikkonen. Foundation have received tens of millions public funds for construction. In 2018 police investigated construction business in Estonia and €18,5 million financing from Poland. Millions of euros seems to be lost in consulting agreements and in over payments of land and constructions. Police investigate financial transactions, black market accounting, potential money laundering and potential relations to tax havens. Business in Estonia was made with a Finnish businessman, who is member of board in at least in three apartments in the USA owned by MP Eero Lehti, conservative National Coalition Party in Finland.
	Construction company in Hämeenlinna was in bankrupt in September 2019. Main owner was accused of bribes in relation to Youth Foundation (Nuorisosäätiö) case. 
	Youth Foundation lost 8 million in real estate deals and first juridical claim was published in January 2020. Investigation is ongoing about e.g. fraud and bribe.
	The 1977 Salora case was Finland's largest tax evasion and bribery case to date. TV Nurmi and Salora sold televisions valued at six million Finnish markkas (excluding accounting procedures) from 1970 to 1975. A Valco factory, built in Imatra at a cost of Fmk265 million in 1978, was bankrupt in two years. Politicians were accused of bribery, since they received TV and stereo equipment from Salora. Although no leading politicians were accused in court, Social Democrats, RKP, Liberals and Centre Party candidates lost in the next election because of suspected bribery. Bror Wahlroos, father of Björn Wahlroos, was accused of receiving stereos valued at Fmk2,000 and received a Fmk3,000 fine. Selora's director was convicted of bribing five ministers, two secretaries-general, one governor and 30 tax officers, and sentenced to years' imprisonment.
	Tax Administration director Mikko Laaksonen found company election funds for the National Coalition Party which were incorrectly reduced as the expense of company operations during the 1980s. In 1979, the largest newspaper advertisement expenses in Helsinki were by members of the Construction Committee.
	Mikko Sauli told "Helsingin Sanomat" on 11 May 2012 that political youth organizations overestimate membership to receive more state support. The large parties refused to give their member lists to authorities. State support was largest in 2012 for the Centre (€670,000) and National Coalition Parties (€657,000). Ilkka Kanerva of the National Coalition Party was convicted in April 2012 for receiving bribes, and resigned from the Turku council the following month.
	In November 2016, Juha Sipilä's government allocated €100 million in public funds for Terrafame (known as the Talvivaara Mining Company). YLE TV News reported that a company owned by Sipilä's children and other relatives had a half-million-euro contract with Terrafame. According to Sipilä, Pöyry drew up the contract as a consultant. Pöyry's major owners are Henrik Ehrnrooth and his family. YLE reported that Georg and Henrik Ehrnrooth own a company in Luxemburg which organizes tax-haven companies for clients, including Jorma Ollila and Kari Stadigh. The company worked with Mossack Fonseca in Panama for several years.
	In 2011, 11 football players were charged with bribery. Singaporean match-fixer Wilson Raj Perumal was accused of fixing matches from 2008 to 2011.
	Agreements include:
	According to Transparency international reports, Finland has changed little since 2012 in its Corruption Perceptions Index:

= = = Karganeh = = =

	Karganeh (, also Romanized as Kargāneh; also known as Kargāh) is a village in Dehpir Rural District, in the Central District of Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 168, in 37 families.

= = = FC Bunyodkor-2 = = =

	FC Bunyodkor-2 (Uzbek Cyrillic: Бунёдкор-2) is an Uzbek football club based in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Bunyodkor-2 is the farm club of FC Bunyodkor. Currently club plays in First League.
	Bunyodkor-2 was formed in 2009. The club used to be made up of players from the youth teams and football academy of Bunyodkor. Bunyodkor-2 is feeder team of Bunyodkor. Club plays in First League and participates in Uzbek Cup. In March 2014 after Sergey Lushan left the club Vadim Shodimatov was appointed as the new head.

= = = Garab, Khorramabad = = =

	Garab (, also Romanized as Garāb, Garrāb, and Garrūp) is a village in Dehpir-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 495, in 105 families.

= = = Booty Pop = = =

	Booty Pop (Sweet Apparel LLC), is a private US company that mainly manufacturers padded underwear for women intended to give the wearer an appearance of curvy, lifted buttocks. 
	The company, based in Boston, was founded in 2008 by Susan Bloomstone and Lisa Reisler. It was the subject of a Wall Street Journal article about the market for undergarments of this nature. 

= = = Fantom (software) = = =

	Fantom is a digital trading card software platform that extends the traditional trading card game on-line. The technology also supports digital trading cards swappable using near field communication protocols, and GSM-based interfaces such as the Bump application. In September 2017, Fantom introduced software solution HyperDash that proposes to solve VR gaming concept and built APEX Tournament game.

= = = Frederick George Radcliffe = = =

	Frederick George Radcliffe (15 November 1863 – 14 January 1923) was a New Zealand farmer and photographer.
	Radcliffe was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, England on 15 November 1863.
	Radcliffe died on 14 January 1923, aged 59, in Onerahi, Whangarei, New Zealand.
	Radcliffe came to New Zealand from England in the early 1890s. Soon afterwards his wife, Kate, and their two daughters, Harriette and Olive, joined him at his farm 'Utopia' near Paparoa, on an inlet of the Kaipara Harbour.
	Radcliffe's interest in photography grew and he quickly acquired a reputation as an exceptional scenic photographer. For twenty years he traveled the country taking photographs of small rural towns, large cities, rivers, gardens, buildings, beaches, wharves, forests, lakes and streets. From 1909, with the help of Kate and Olive, he operated a successful postcard business from his home in Whangarei. Radcliffe played the oboe, conducted local orchestras and was an active member of various music-related clubs in his community. He died at Onerahi, Whangarei, in 1923.
	Examples of Radcliffe's photography can be accessed via the Auckland Libraries' database Heritage Images.

= = = Charles Rae = = =

	Charles Joseph Rae (1819 – 7 February 1894) was a New Zealand painter, journalist and labour reformer. He was born in London, England in about 1819. He was the initial promoter of the Christchurch Mechanics' Institute, out of which the Christchurch City Libraries have developed. One of his sons, Arthur Rae, became a Senator for New South Wales.

= = = Cham Bagh = = =

	Cham Bagh (, also Romanized as Cham Bāgh) is a village in Kakasharaf Rural District, in the Central District of Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 81, in 21 families.

= = = Qaleh Mansur = = =

	Qaleh Mansur () may refer to:

= = = Stacked (film) = = =

	Stacked is a 2008 British television film directed by Jennifer Perrot and written and created by Bryony Ive as her first drama commission, and the first drama film to be created through 4Talent Scotland's television pilot competition. The film stars Karen Gillan, Rebecca Reid, and Eleanor Bird.
	"Stacked" follows the adventures of three teenage sisters, Ginny (Karen Gillan), Tallulah (Rebecca Reid), and Shona Turner (Eleanor Bird), and their passage into the world of fashion. Their father (Mark Bazeley) is the writer of a popular men's magazine, "Stacked".
	"Stacked" was created and written by Bryony Ive as her first drama commission. Feeling that there was a lack of drama films for young women, she decided she wanted to write a show for and about that demographic. Following upon surveys she had read which indicated "63% of 15 to 19 year olds claimed that glamour modelling was their ideal profession", she decided to tackle the issue in a drama presentation. She sent her original script treatment to Channel 4's 4Talent Pilot competition, received positive feedback in that her film was not set in a school, and expanded it to include more scenes set in the magazine offices. Channel 4 then set her up with the Brocken Spectre independent production company to film the project. "Stacked" became the very first drama film to be created through 4Talent Scotland's PILOT scheme.
	"Stacked" won Channel 4's 4Talent Pilot competition, the reward of which was to be aired on Channel 4.

= = = Thomas Athol Rafter = = =

	Thomas Athol Rafter (5 March 1913 – 26 September 1996) was a New Zealand teacher and nuclear chemist.
	Rafter was born in Wellington, New Zealand in 1913. Although carbon dating was invented in the United States by the chemist Willard Libby, New Zealand scientists played a significant part in its early development. Rafter is internationally recognized as one of the pioneers of the technique, and his publications form part of the core of radiocarbon literature.
	Nuclear scientist Rodger Sparks recognizes Athol Rafter’s contribution to radiocarbon dating in "Radiocarbon dating – New Zealand beginnings", New Zealand Science Review, 61, 2 (2004)
	Athol Rafter was one of New Zealand’s pioneering nuclear scientists, that started his career as part of Ernest Marsden’s post-war team of nuclear scientists and leading the DSIR’s Institute of Nuclear Sciences through the 1960s and 1970s.
	Rafter was educated in Wellington, gaining a Master of Science in chemistry from Victoria University College in 1938. Rafter worked as a schoolteacher until a job as a research scientist became available at the Dominion Laboratory in 1940. Rafter initially concentrated on analysis of coal ash, but gained much acclaim when he worked with rock analyst Fred Seelye on a new method of analysing uranium-bearing minerals found in beach sands on the West Coast of New Zealand.
	In 1948, following the establishment of a nuclear sciences team at the DSIR, Rafter was sent to the United States to train in radiochemistry and to visit nuclear establishments in the United States, Canada and England. On Rafter's return, he began to work with the new technique of radiocarbon dating, which dates organic material by comparing the ratio of radiocarbon atoms (carbon-14) to regular carbon atoms (carbon-12) with established radiocarbon: carbon ratios from the past. Rafter first used the method to date moa bones and ash showers from volcanos on the North Island of New Zealand. After difficulties with the process published by Willard Libby, radiocarbon dating’s American pioneer, Rafter worked with DSIR physicist Gordon Fergusson and their team to perfect a new and reliable method of radiocarbon dating using carbon dioxide gas rather than solid carbon.
	In 1959, Rafter was appointed the inaugural director of the DSIR’s Institute of Nuclear Sciences, in Gracefield, New Zealand. In his new position, Rafter encouraged research into natural variations in radiocarbon levels, in the process discovering a link between atmospheric nuclear weapons tests and rising levels of radiocarbon in the atmosphere, a phenomenon he and Fergusson called the ‘Atom Bomb Effect’ when they published their results in 1957. Rafter also encouraged the use of naturally occurring stable (non-radioactive) isotopes for geological research, developing techniques for use in geothermal and environmental studies.
	After retiring from the DSIR, Rafter spent two years as director of the United Nations Environment Programme Monitoring and Assessment Research Centre in London. In 1993, the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences marked Rafter’s 80th birthday by naming their radiocarbon dating facility the Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory.

= = = Peach Mountain Observatory = = =

	The Peach Mountain Observatory (PMO) is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by the University of Michigan (UM). It is located near the village of Dexter, Michigan (USA), about northwest of Ann Arbor. It was opened in 1955, and is used for research, instruction, and amateur observing.
	Other observatories that UM has operated include the Detroit Observatory (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1854), the Angell Hall Observatory (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1927), the Lamont-Hussey Observatory (South Africa, 1928), the McMath-Hulbert Observatory (Lake Angelus, Michigan, 1930), and the Portage Lake Observatory (Dexter, Michigan, 1948).

= = = Oklahoma Enabling Act = = =

	The Enabling Act of 1906, in its first part, empowered the people residing in Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory to elect delegates to a state constitutional convention and subsequently to be admitted to the union as a single union.
	The act, in its second part, also enabled the people of New Mexico Territory and of Arizona Territory to form a constitution and State government and be admitted into the Union, requiring a referendum to determine if both territories should be admitted as a single state.
	The Oklahoma Organic Act of 1890 contemplated admitting Oklahoma and Indian Territories as a single state. However, residents of Indian Territory sponsored a bill to admit Indian Territory as the State of Sequoyah, which was defeated in the U. S. Congress in 1905. President Theodore Roosevelt then proposed a compromise that would join Indian Territory with Oklahoma Territory to form a single state. This resulted in passage of the Oklahoma Enabling Act, which President Roosevelt signed June 16, 1906.
	The Act included several other requirements for the Oklahoma Constitution:
	The constitution was written to meet these requirements. President Roosevelt proclaimed Oklahoma a state on November 16, 1907.
	The requirement to keep Guthrie as the State's temporary capital was challenged in court after Oklahoma City, Oklahoma won the election and the capital was moved prematurely. "Coyle v. Smith" was the US Supreme Court Case that helped define the equal footing doctrine.
	On December 29, 1910, the state of Oklahoma enacted a statute which removed the state capital from Guthrie to Oklahoma City. W.H. Coyle, owner of large property interests in Guthrie, sued the state of Oklahoma, arguing that the move was performed in violation of the state constitution's acceptance of the terms of Congress's enabling act.
	The power given to Congress by Art. IV, § 3, of the Constitution is to admit new States to this Union, and relates only to such States as are equal to each other in power and dignity and competency to exert the residuum of sovereignty not delegated to the Federal Government.
	The Supreme Court held that preventing the state of Oklahoma the right to locate its own seat of government deprived it of powers which all other states of the Union enjoyed, and thus violated the traditional constitutional principle that all new states be admitted "on an equal footing with the original states". As a result, the provision of the enabling act which temporarily restricted Oklahoma's right to determine where its seat of government would be was unconstitutional.
	The second part of the act provided for the enablement of the peoples of Arizona and New Mexico to form a state constitution and government in anticipation of admission to the union as a single state. However, the combined state was not admitted under these provisions; instead a separate act, the State Enablement Act of 1910, was enacted and was the statutory vehicle that led to their admissions as individual states.

= = = Algie Rainbow = = =

	Algernon Instone (Algie) Rainbow (1885–1969) was a New Zealand accountant, company director and local politician. He was born in Hastings, New Zealand, in 1885. He was Mayor of Hastings from 1941 to 1947.
	In the 1946 New Year Honours, Rainbow was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in recognition of his services as chairman of the Provincial Patriotic Zone Committee, Hastings.

= = = Our Lady of Guidance = = =

	The Our Lady of Guidance () is a 16th-century image of the Blessed Virgin Mary depicted as the Immaculate Conception and widely venerated by Filipinos. The wooden Black Madonna is considered the oldest extant Marian statue in the Philippines.
	Locally venerated as patroness of navigators and travelers, the image is enshrined at the Ermita Church in the city of Manila. Pope Paul VI granted this image a canonical coronation on .
	Made of molave ("Vitex cofassus") wood, the statue stands about and is characterized by dark skin, sinitic features, and long brunette hair. She is dressed in both a manto and a stylized "tapis", the traditional wraparound skirt of Filipino women. Among her regalia are a sceptre, a parure of jewels offered by Archbishop of Manila Rufino J. Cardinal Santos in 1960, and a gold crown bestowed by Pope Paul VI during his visit to Manila Cathedral on 16 May 1971.
	According to the "Anales de la Catedral de Manila", the crew of Miguel López de Legazpi discovered a group of natives in what is now Ermita along the eastern shores of Manila Bay worshiping a statue of a female figure. There are a number of theories as to its origin, it could either be an Animist-Tantrist Diwata which is a localization of the Hindu "Devata" (देवता), an East Asian idol due to her Chinese features, a Marian icon imported from nearby Portuguese Macau, or, due to its striking resemblance to the Santo Nino de Cebu, may be a relic left by the Magellan expedition when it passed by the Philippines during the first circumnavigation of the world. This sacred statue had managed to survive Islamic Iconoclasm by the Sultanate of Brunei (نڬارا بروني دارالسلام), a state that had invaded Manila. While its original purpose is debated, the image was later identified by missionaries as that of the Virgin Mary. Local folklore meanwhile recounts the Spaniards witnessing natives venerating the statue in a ""pagan manner"", by placing it on a trunk surrounded by pandan plants. The pandan plant itself is a common food ingredient in the Indianised cultures of South and Southeast Asia. This is remembered in the placement of real or imitation pandan leaves around the image's base as one of its iconic attributes.
	On 19 May 1571, the local sovereigns Sulayman III and Rajah Matanda ceded Kota Selurong (a client state of the Sultanate of Brunei) as well as the Kingdom of Tondo to the Spanish Empire, with Miguel López de Legazpi, who had arrived from Mexico, consecrating the city to both Saint Pudentiana and Our Lady of Guidance. In 1578, Phillip II of Spain issued a royal decree invoking Our Lady of Guidance to be "sworn patroness" of Manila. The statue was first enshrined in Manila Cathedral inside the citadel of Intramuros until 1606, when the first shrine compound was built on the current site. Called "La Hermita" ("the Hermitage") because of a Mexican hermit who lived in the area, the shrine was originally made of bamboo, nipa, and molave wood. It was later rebuilt in stone but suffered damaged in an earthquake in 1810.
	In 1897, a novena booklet titled "Novena o Pagsisiam sa Nuestra Señora de Guia" ("Novena to Our Lady of Guidance") was published by the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila. The book recounts the image’s origin story, where natives found it sitting on a trunk, and built a roof above it and the surrounding pandan plants. The text goes on to condemn them for their polytheism, and mentions murder. The image initially received a feast day on 18 December, but the date was transferred to 19 May when a rainstorm hit Manila Cathedral in February 1771.
	During the Second World War, the statue was saved by the parish priest of Ermita Church, Fr. Blas de Guernica, and a Justo N. López. They hid the statue in a niche of the church's crypt a few weeks before the Allies liberated Manila in February 1945. After the battle, Fr. Rogelio Bedonia, along with a chaplain and four soldiers of the United States Army, went to the completely-ruined shrine, retrieved the icon, and brought it to a safer place. Until the construction of a temporary chapel, the icon stayed in a private house on Taft Avenue, in San Miguel de Mayumo and finally in Quiapo. The current shrine was built in 1947.
	A replica of the image was made to commemorate the quadricentennial of the icon's finding. From May 1970 to 1971, the replica visited almost all parishes, chapels, hospitals, schools, and other institutions in the Archdiocese of Manila. It is this replica that is brought out for processions and public veneration on its feast day, with the original remaining ensconced in its glass-covered alcove above the main altar. The statue was removed from the shrine and placed in the room of Pope John Paul II for the duration of his 1995 Apostolic visit.
	In December 2011, EWTN featured the statue as the "oldest Marian Icon in the Philippines" in the program, "Mary: Mother of the Philippines". Father Patrick Peyton also once preached a sermon on the Family Rosary Crusade in the presence of the image.
	The image was canonically crowned on Rizal Day, 30 December 1955, by the Apostolic Nuncio to the Philippines, Archbishop Egidio Vagnozzi.
	The statue was removed from the shrine and placed in the room of Pope John Paul II for the duration of his visit in early January 1995 for World Youth Day. 
	On 14 January 2015, the image was again removed from Ermita Church and translated to the Apostolic Nunciature along Taft Avenue, where Pope Francis stayed during his visit to the Philippines and Sri Lanka. The icon was later present at Quirino Grandstand for the Pope's open-air Mass on 18 January. It accompanied a replica of the Santo Niño de Cebú, another widely venerated, early Spanish colonial icon whose feast was celebrated on that day.
	The church was granted Archdiocesan Shrine status in 2005 under former Archbishop of Manila Cardinal Gaudencio Rosales. The current parish priest and rector is Rev. Monsignor Mario David Enríquez, who was installed on 16 July 2015.
	Due to the church's proximity to the United States Embassy, the statue is often visited by locals who petition the Virgin for safety in overseas travel. Devotees claim that when invoked under this title, the Virgin’s intercession is speedy and miraculous, particularly in securing approval of requests for United States visas.
	She is also considered the patron saint of all Overseas Filipino Workers.

= = = Catherine Hester Ralfe = = =

	Catherine Hester Ralfe (1831–1912) was a New Zealand dressmaker, teacher, storekeeper, housekeeper and diarist. She was born in Bantry Bay, County Cork, Ireland in about 1831.

= = = Bidasar = = =

	Bidasar may refer to:

= = = Garisan, Iran = = =

	Garisan (, also Romanized as Garsīān, Garrīsān, and Gorrūsān) is a village in Koregah-e Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 81, in 13 families.

= = = Margaret Ralph = = =

	Margaret Ralph (1822–1913) was a New Zealand landowner, businesswoman and matriarch. She was born in Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland in about 1822.

= = = 2012 Orica–GreenEDGE season = = =

	The 2012 season for the cycling team began in January at the Bay Classic Series. As a UCI ProTeam, they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour.
	The team formed for the 2012 season as part of a scheme to promote cycling talent in Australia, and not come into such difficulties suffered by another Australian team – Pegasus Sports – which folded without contesting a race due to sponsorship issues. Much of the team's ridership is Australian, almost entirely anglophone, and the team competes under an Australian licence; as such, becoming the first Australian team to be part of the top-tier of professional cycling. Its manager is Shayne Bannan, the former Performance Director of Cycling Australia, while team's senior Director Sportif is ex-professional road cyclist Matt White, who had a similar role at before being sacked.
	Known simply as for the first four months of 2012, the team acquired Orica as a title sponsor shortly before the Giro d'Italia.
	Ages as of 1 January 2012.
	The week after the Bay Classic Series, the team swept the Australian national championships in Buninyong, Victoria, as Gerrans – one of 16 GreenEDGE riders in the race – won the road race title, and Durbridge won the time trial title ahead of team-mate Cameron Meyer.
	The team made its debut on New Year's Day, in the Bay Classic Series in Victoria, Australia. Davis won the men's classification racing for GreenEDGE's second team in the race, Mitchelton Wines/Lowe Farms.
	In January, Gerrans won the Tour Down Under, giving the team an overall victory in its first World Tour event.

= = = Pat Ralph = = =

	Patricia Marjorie "Pat" Ralph (5 April 1920 – 23 March 1995) was a New Zealand marine biologist and university lecturer.
	She was born in Wellington, New Zealand in 1920. She graduated from Victoria University College with a Bachelor of Science in 1941 and a Master of Science two years later. She remained as a demonstrator at Victoria College and became a junior lecturer and then received a tenured position in 1949. Her work in marine biology received worldwide attention and she was awarded a Doctor of Science in 1962, the first woman at Victoria to be recognised with that degree. Two species of coral, "Sphenotrochus ralphae" and "Caryophyllia ralphae", were named for her.
	Ralph died at Paraparaumu in 1995, and her ashes were buried in Bolton Street Memorial Park, Wellington.

= = = Eric Ramsden = = =

	George Eric Oakes Ramsden (1898–1962) was a New Zealand journalist, writer and art critic. He was born in Martinborough, Wairarapa, New Zealand on 1 August 1898 and died at Wellington on 21 May 1962.
	Ramsden was the oldest child of English born Martinborough storekeeper and farmer Henry Oakes Ramsden and Sophia Jane Harris. He attended Martinborough primary school, but suffered from asthma and tuberculosis which made his attendance erratic. He also managed to get mentioned in the local paper when a lemonade bottle he was opening broke causing a cut to his eye. His father died on 21 July 1920.
	He first married Evelyn Francis Graham in Sydney on 1 June 1926 and they had one child, a son. They divorced in 1948. On 18 May 1948 he married Henrietta Merenia Meteherangi Manawatu in 1948. Manawatu was of Ngāi Tahu and Rangitāne descent. They had two daughters and a son; one of the daughters was Irihapeti Ramsden, a leader in the field of Maori health. Their eldest daughter was adopted by Te Puea Herangi until her death in 1952. They divorced in June 1953.
	He died at Wellington on 21 May 1962.
	As a teenager Ramsden worked for the Bank of New South Wales at Wanganui and later as a shepherd on a farm near Castlepoint. He became a journalist for the "Wairarapa Times-Age" in 1919 when he was 20 years old. He moved to Auckland to work for the "Auckland Star" and then to Wellington where he worked for "The New Zealand Times". In June 1924 he was employed by W H Morton Cameron of the Globe Encyclopedia Company of Chicago. By the mid 1920s he had moved to Sydney where he worked for the Sydney Morning Herald. By 1925 he was working for the Newcastle, New South Wales Sun newspaper. During 1926 he was writing in the Auckland Star and his articles, particularly of early New Zealand European history, were published by the paper from time to time up to 1935. Ramsden then moved back to Sydney in 1929 becoming the illustrations editor and special writer for the Sydney Morning Herald. In 1934 Ramsden switched to the Sydney-based Associated Newspapers Limited. Due to ill health Ramsden moved to Christchurch to work for the Press in 1942 where his journalistic focus was on history and Maori affairs. Moving back to Wellington in 1945, Ramsden joined the Evening Post becoming its diplomatic correspondent and art critic. He also wrote occasional article on topics of personal interest.
	Ramsden had an early interest in Maori. In 1924 he published an article on the early Maori newspaper "Te Karere o Nui Tireni".
	In August 1927 the Sun sent Ramsden to Turangawaewae marae at Ngaruawahia to interview Te Puea Herangi, a Tainui Princess. As a result of the meeting Ramsden became interested and involved in Maori and Maori-Pakeha relations. He published a feature article in the Sun on the Princess and her Model Village. When the Governor-General Sir Charles Fergusson visited Turangawaewae in April 1928 Ramsden covered the event for the newspaper. After these events Ramsden remained in contact with Herangi, visiting her and her family at Tahuna in January 1932. On this visit he met the native minister Sir Āpirana Ngata with whom he corresponded for many years.
	During the 1950s Ramsden's Wellington home was used as a base by numerous Maori leaders for accommodation and meetings when they were in the capital on business with the Government. His children were encouraged to keep close contact with their Maori relatives. His involvement with Maori gained him recognition as a leading commentator on Maori Affairs. From 1949 he was consulted on Maori issues by the Prime Minister, Sidney Holland, and the minister of Maori Affairs, Ernest Corbett. He was recognised by Maori on marae and at major hui.
	After joining Associated Newspapers Ramsden took an interest in anthropology. He attended lectures on the subject at the University of Sydney and founded the Pacific Islands Club (now known as the Polynesian Society). He was the club's first secretary. Later he became President of the Anthropological Society of New South Wales. In 1935 he travelled with Charles Nordhoff to Tahiti and French Polynesia undertaking research. In January while in Hawaii he met up with Te Rangi Hīroa (Sir Peter Buck), who at that time was a Professor of Yale University and the then leading expert on Polynesian culture.
	After this journey Ramsden published his first book, "Marsden and the missions" in 1936 followed by "James Busby: the prophet of Australian viticultureii in 1940". He was also a member of PEN during this time and continued to be after his return to New Zealand. Once back in New Zealand Ramsden wrote "Busby of Waitangi" in 1942, "Strange stories from the South Seas" in 1944, "Sir Āpirana Ngata and Maori culture" in 1948, and "Rangiatea: the story of the Otaki church, its first pastor and its people" in 1951. He did write one more book in 1954 as a memorial to Buck, "A memoir -- Te Rangihiroa : memorial to Sir Peter Buck". He had intended to write two further books, biographies of Te Puea and Sir Peter Buck, but these were never completed.
	His collected papers are stored at Archives New Zealand. These, including correspondence between Buck and Ngata, are considered one of the important repositories of twentieth century Maori history.

= = = Amelia Mary Randall = = =

	Amelia Mary Randall (née Davenport, 23 January 1844 – 17 October 1930) was a New Zealand companion help, church and community leader, landowner, businesswoman, and benefactor. She was born in Boulogne, France, in 1844.

= = = Ilse von Randow = = =

	Ilse Amalie Mathilde von Randow (née Henneberg, 12 June 1901 – 18 October 1998) was a New Zealand weaver.
	Ilse von Randow was the daughter of Bruno Paul Eduard Henneberg, university professor, and Helene Mathilde Fritze. Her family was actively involved in artistic and scientific culture. In 1917 von Randow enrolled at the Berbenich art school in Darmstadt, where she studied until 1919 when changes in her family finances led her to quit her studies and returned home, taking up a job as a medical illustrator at Giessen University.
	In 1927, von Randow moved to China, to become a laboratory technician at T’ung-Chi university, a German-language institute near Shanghai. She married Elgar Armin von Randow, German vice consul to Shanghai, in 1935: the couple had two sons, and divorced in 1945. Von Randow had been taught to weave by her mother and she turned to these skills to support herself and her children, designing fabrics for local textile companies.
	In 1949, when the communists took power in Shanghai in the Shanghai Campaign, von Randow sought refugee status for herself and her sons in New Zealand. They arrived in Auckland in April 1952.
	In Auckland, von Randow established herself as a leading figure in modernist craft, exhibiting widely and establishing a studio at the Auckland Art Gallery where she taught younger weavers including Zena Abbott and Ida Lough. Her loom had been dismantled and shipped from China to New Zealand, with which she started to create hand woven wall hangings that made her famous.
	In the mid 1960s, von Randow became disillusioned with what she saw as an anti-modernist attitude amongst craft practitioners in New Zealand. In 1966, she left for England, settling in West Mersea, where she retired from weaving and took up first batik and later painting.
	In 1992, von Randow returned to New Zealand. She died in Auckland on 18 October 1998, and her ashes were buried at Waikumete Cemetery.
	Von Randow's major public work was a set of curtains commissioned for the Auckland City Art Gallery in December 1957. Completed in 1958, the curtains were the largest piece of handweaving created in New Zealand at that date. The curtains are now held in the collection of the Auckland Museum.
	A retrospective of her work was held at the Auckland War Memorial Museum in 1998. She donated her workbooks and weaving samples from the length of her career to the museum.
	In 2013, von Randow's curtains were the subject of a project at the Auckland Art Gallery by contemporary New Zealand artist Ruth Buchanan.

= = = Ciudad Deportiva Millito Navarro = = =

	The Ciudad Deportiva Millito Navarro (Millito Navarro Sports City) is a multi-sport complex currently under construction in Ponce, Puerto Rico. The complex is to consist of a soccer stadium, a baseball field, three tennis courts, a track for track and field, a covered basketball court, and a covered gymnasium. It is also planned to have schooling, physical training, and medical facilities on the premises. Its projected cost is 32.3 million USD. The complex is named after Ponce's Millito Navarro, the first Puerto Rican to play baseball in the Negro Leagues and who, living until age 105, was also the oldest living professional baseball player to have played in the Negro Leagues.
	Ciudad Deportiva is being built in an area of over 1 million square feet of land, between Urbanizacion Los Caobos and Caminos del Sur. It is to consist of a soccer stadium, a baseball field, three tennis courts, a track for track and field sports, a covered gymnasium, and covered handball courts. In addition it is planned to have a sports academy, the first one of its kind in Puerto Rico. Other facilities are to include a central plaza, a medical sports clinic, and facilities for martial arts. Ciudad Deportiva will be located in Ponce's Barrio Bucana, next to Polideportivo Frankie Colón at Urbanizacion Los Caobos.
	The idea for Ciudad Deportiva was one of five ideas that Mayor Maria Melendez Altieri had for permanent structures for Ponce during her administration. She called the five ideas the "emblematic" projects of her administration and dubbed the overall plan "Ponce Avanza" (Ponce Moves Forward). The original plan judged the initial cost of the "Ciudad Deportiva" at $4.5 million initially. In 2010, the mayor's plan for Ciudad Deportiva was presented before the Puerto Rico Senate. In early 2012 the first payment of $1,050,000 was made to CGC Builders to start construction work.
	The purpose of the complex is to "provide ... sports facilities in the city of Ponce for the celebration of sporting events lasting more than one day".
	In February 2012, the sports campus has an initial projected total cost of $20 million USD. The municipality has secured US$6.3 million to start construction. In January 2012, the municipality of Ponce adjudicated US$1.05 million to GCG Builders to level the ground to commence the first phase of construction. This was revised in May 2012 to $32.3 million USD.
	The Sports City will be developed in phases. Phase I will include construction of the three tennis courts and an area for extreme sports, including skateboarding. Phase II will encompass the baseball field, the track and field area, soccer field, and the central plaza. A future phase yet would include the soccer stadium. The skateboarding facility opened on 23 March 2013. By October 2013, building of the soccer field (Spanish: cancha de fútbol) had already started.

= = = Tutekohi Rangi = = =

	Tutekohi Rangi (1871–1956) was a New Zealand Māori tohunga and faith healer. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti iwi. He was born in Mangatuna, East Coast, New Zealand in about 1871.

= = = Minarapa Rangihatuake = = =

	Minarapa Rangihatuake (?–1893) was a New Zealand Methodist missionary. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Nga Mahanga (Taranaki) iwi. He was active from about 1839 in Taranaki.

= = = Shojaabad = = =

	Shojaabad () may refer to:

= = = Bidasar, Sikar = = =

	Bidasar or Beedasar is a village in the Laxmangarh administrative region of Sikar district of Indian state Rajasthan. It lies east of Laxmangarh and west of Nawalgarh. It borders Khinwasar, Birodi Bari, Bidsar, Birodi Chhoti, Jogiyon ka bas, and Brahmino ki Dhani (Ramsingh Pura) villages.
	The village has an overall population of about 4,600 of whom 2,000 are members of the Jat ethnic group. Other castes include Brahmin, and Harijan.
	The current sarpanch is Hardat Godara, The panchayat has 16 ward members chosen by the people through polling.
	The village situated on the connecting road of town Laxmangarh and Nawalgarh.
	About 80% of the population of the village are engaged in farming. Village agriculture is dependent on the monsoon rains although today many farms use artesian wells for irrigation.
	Bidasar has a hot summer, scanty rainfall, a chilly winter season and a general dryness of the air, except in the brief monsoon season. The average maximum and minimum temperatures are 28-30 and 15 - 16 degrees Celsius, respectively.
	Bidasr is connected by a two lane asphalt road to Laxmangarh and Nawalgarh. Nawalgarh Railway station, from Bidasar is the nearest railway station, which is well connected to Jaipur, Ajmer, Delhi and other cities. Asphalt roads connect the village to surrounding villages and to Laxmangarh.
	Camel carts and bullock carts were formerly the chief means of transportation and are being replaced by bicycles and other automobiles. Quite a few villagers walked to Nawalgarh and other surrounding places. In the rainy season, womenfolk bring grass on their heads for cows and buffaloes.
	The villagers claim to be fully literate while all children now attend school. However, many women remain illiterate, although literacy rates are improving. Many students of the village have obtained admission to pioneering engineering institutes through various competitions run by the IIT, AIEEE etc., as well as into medical colleges through various competitions like AIPMT, Rajasthan Pre Medical Test and other exams.there are there school in village.
	All villagers follow the Hindu religion. Kumawat or Kumhar or Prajapat, Rajput, Jat, Harijan, Brahmin lives in the village. Among the Jats, the Godara, Meel are all sub castes. Harijan are divided into Kanwalia, Dugawa and Denwal subcasts. There are two family of Brahmins (1) Godhala and (2) Chotiya, Gotra Brahmins. There are Kumawat Cast also have sub cast which are Kargwal , Jalindra called Gotra.
	Village society is governed solely by Hindu rituals although the younger generation has been affected by western cultural influences.
	Villagers celebrate all major Hindu festivals. Some of the major festivals are Holi, Deepawali, Makar Sankranti, Raksha Bandhan, Teej, and Goga navami , Gangaur , Shitla Asthami.
	Folk songs are sung by women during weddings and on other social occasions. Menfolk sing dhamaal ( traditional Holi songs). Many villagers own TV's as well as radios and satellite dishes. The sound of popular Hindi music emanating from stereos and other devices is heard from different houses during the afternoon and evening.
	Most of the children play cricket. In the village's schools are played football game very most. Villagers can be seen playing cards in chaupal (village common area).

= = = Hone Heke Rankin = = =

	Hone Heke Rankin (13 January 1896 – 16 April 1964), also known as John Rankin, was a New Zealand tribal leader, medical worker and farmer. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Ngā Puhi iwi. He was born in Gisborne, New Zealand, in 1896 to Matire Ngapua of Ngā Puhi, and her husband, John Claudian (Claudius) Rankin, a Scottish immigrant. Matire Ngapua's brother was Hone Heke Ngapua, a Member of Parliament.
	In the 1962 Queen's Birthday Honours, Rankin was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services among the Māori people.

= = = Shah Reza (disambiguation) = = =

	Shah Reza may refer to:

= = = John Ranstead = = =

	John Morris Ranstead (1 July 1884 – 7 September 1972) was a New Zealand farmer, animal breeder and agricultural scientist. He was born in East Ham, Essex, England, in 1884.
	In 1931, Ranstead was the second recipient of the Bledisloe Medal awarded by the Canterbury Agricultural College. In the 1960 New Year Honours, Ranstead was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to the farming industry.

= = = Anders Hillborg = = =

	Per Anders Hillborg (born 31 May 1954) is one of Sweden’s leading composers.
	Anders Hillborg was born in Sollentuna, and studied composition, counterpoint and electronic music at the Kungliga Musikhögskolan in Stockholm from 1976 to 1982. His teachers were Gunnar Bucht, Lars-Erik Rosell, Arne Mellnäs and Pär Lindgren. An important source of inspiration was Brian Ferneyhough who was a visiting professor at the time.
	Apart from some minor teaching positions, professor in composition at Musikhögskolan i Malmö 1990 and masterclasses, Hillborg has been a freelance composer since 1982. His output is vast and covers genres as orchestral, choir, chamber works as well as film and popular music. An example of his work in the popular realm is his collaboration with Eva Dahlgren, which resulted in the album "Jag vill se min älskade komma från det vilda" (1995). The project was first presented at the Helsinki Festival with the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Esa-Pekka Salonen.
	His collaboration with Salonen has resulted in numerous works, among others "Dreaming River" (premiered by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra in 1999), "Eleven Gates" (2005–06) premiered and commissioned by the Los Angeles Philharmonic. and most recently the large-scale work "Sirens" jointly commissioned by the LA Phil and Chicago Symphony Orchestra.
	Other important recent works "Cold Heat" (2010) which was co-commissioned by the Berlin Philharmonic, the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra and Tonhalle Orchestra, Zürich Tonhalleorkestern. The piece premiered in 2011 i Berliner Philharmonie under David Zinman.

= = = Shah Reza, Lorestan = = =

	Shah Reza (, also Romanized as Shāh Rez̤ā; also known as Ḩoseyn Beygī) is a village in Beyranvand-e Jonubi Rural District, Bayravand District, Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 11, in 4 families.

= = = Hoseyn Beygi (disambiguation) = = =

	Hoseyn Beygi is a village in Khuzestan Province, Iran.
	Hoseyn Beygi () may also refer to:

= = = Richard Cotsman Wright = = =

	Richard Cotsman Wright (1860–1921) was a Canadian architect who served as Chief Dominion Architect from 1918-1927. As chief government architect he was responsible for many of the federal buildings constructed in this period. He embraced Chateauesque architecture and the Collegiate Gothic architecture.
	He was born in London, Ontario on 5 January 1860. He was educated in London, Ontario. He received private tutoring as an architect and construction engineer. He articled with Tracy & Durand, in London, Ontario from 1877 to 1881. He spent from 1881-1896 working as an assistant in New York to Richard M. Hunt, Bruce Price, and Charles C. Haight. He became an associate of Clarence S. Luce, in New York.
	In 1906, he became Assistant Chief Architect in the Department of Public Works in Ottawa, Ontario. He serving directly under David Ewart, then Chief Dominion Architect. In June 1914 he retired to work in the private sector. In October 1915, he returned to his post as Assistant Chief Architect in the Department of Public Works in Ottawa, Ontario. In early 1918 he succeeded Edgar Lewis Horwood as Chief Dominion Architect.
	As Chief Dominion Architect, he supervised the design and construction of every post office, customs building and federal government building erected in Canada between 1918 until 1927. His most significant work was the Confederation Building (Ottawa) (1927–30), in the Chateau Style. After Wright died in office, in January 1927, he was succeeded by Thomas W. Fuller.
	He designed a number of buildings in Ottawa, Ontario. These include: The Hunter Building, Queen Street at Albert Street and O'Connor Street, 1918–19; War Trophies Building, Sussex Street (1920); Central Experimental Farm Building, addition of the Poultry Office Building (1920); Botanical Laboratory Building, (1924–25); Dominion Archives of Canada, Sussex Drive, major addition to existing building, with stair tower, (1923–24); Rideau Hall addition of Palm House Conservatory (1924–25); The Confederation Building (Ottawa), Wellington Street at Bank Street, (1927–30).
	He designed two major additions at Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston Ontario. Known as the Currie Building, the Education Block, with west wing, assembly hall, and tower is in the Collegiate Gothic style (1920–21). He designed an addition to the Royal Military College of Canada Dormitory Building (1924–25).
	He designed a number of Dominion Public Buildings: Calgary, Alberta (1919–21); Terrebonne, Quebec (1922–23); Sackville, New Brunswick Main Street at York Street (1924–25); Alexandria, Ontario, Main Street at Catherine Street (1924–25); Loretteville, Quebec, Main Street, (1924–25); Verdun, Quebec, Church Street (1925); Courtenay, British Columbia, Alice Street at Isabel Street (1925); Kamloops, British Columbia, Seymour Street at Third Avenue (1925); Revelstoke, British Columbia, First Street at Boyle Avenue (1925); Stellarton, Nova Scotia, Main Street (1926); Chipman, New Brunswick, Gordon Rioad (1926); South Nelson, New Brunswick (1926); Maniwaki, Quebec, Laird Street at Notre Dame Street (1926); Gravenhurst, Ontario, Muskoka Street at Bay Street (1926); Port Colborne, Ontario, Clarence Street at King Street (1926); Stouffville, Ontario, Main Street at Market Street (1926); Wiarton, Ontario, Bedford Street at George Street (1926); St. Jacque De L'Achigan, Quebec, Main Street, (1926).
	He designed a number of post offices across Canada. Hamilton, Ontario, Postal Station B, Barton Street at Stirton Avenue (1919–20); Grand Prairie, Alberta, Second Avenue at Second Street (1919); Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, (1920–21); Montreal, Quebec Postal Station '˜R', St. Denis Street near Beaubien Street (1926).
	He designed a Customs Examining Warehouse in Oshawa, Ontario (1919–20).

= = = Carabus morbillosus = = =

	Carabus morbillosus is a beetle of the family Carabidae.
	"Calosoma retusum" reaches about in length. These beetles usually have a bright metallic bronze green coloration. They feed on snails and small insects.
	This species occurs in France, Italy, Malta, Spain and in North Africa (Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia).

= = = Lizzie Frost Rattray = = =

	Lizzie Frost Rattray (1855–1931) was a New Zealand journalist, suffragist and welfare worker. 
	Rattray née Fenton was born on 22 March 1855 in Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand to Mary Lister and Archdeacon John Albert Fenton. Her family returned to Europe for the children's education. After their return to New Zealand Lizzie married William Rattray a prosperous Auckland draper. After initial interest in charity work for the St John Ambulance, Lizzie moved on to suffrage and other feminist causes, using her position as a journalist to get her message heard. Writing for the "Gentlewoman" and the "New Zealand Graphic" she wrote about employment, education and the franchise. She was elected to the Women's Franchise League and instrumental in opening membership to men.
	Rattray died on 12 August 1931 in Parnell, New Zealand.
	Rattray appears in a 1993 suffrage mural created to celebrate 100 years of women having the vote in New Zealand.

= = = Ile de France (restaurant) = = =

	Ile de France is a defunct restaurant in Amstelveen, in the Netherlands. It was a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star in 1975 and retained that rating until 1990.
	In 1975, head chef was P.J. de Laar.
	"Ile De France" was located in a building originally intended to be for a nursery. The restaurant closed in 1998.

= = = Te Mete Raukawa = = =

	Te Mete Raukawa (1836 – 13 August 1926) was a New Zealand tribal leader, assessor and sportsman. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Ngāti Ranginui iwi. He was born in Bethlehem, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, in about 1836.

= = = Eria Tutara-Kauika Raukura = = =

	Eria Tutara-Kauika Raukura (1834–1938) was a New Zealand tribal tohunga. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Ngai Tahupo, Ngati Kahungunu and Tuhoe iwi. He was born in Te Papuni, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand in about 1834.

= = = Monmouth Priory = = =

	Monmouth Priory, Priory Street, Monmouth, Monmouthshire is a building that incorporates the remains of the monastic buildings attached to St Mary's Priory Church. The priory was a Benedictine foundation of 1075, and parts of the mediaeval buildings remain. The buildings were substantially redeveloped in the nineteenth century for use as St Mary's National School, and now form a community centre. The complex is a Grade II* listed building as of 27 June 1952. It is one of 24 sites on the Monmouth Heritage Trail.
	The priory was founded by Withenoc (or Gwethenoc), a Breton who became lord of Monmouth in 1075. There is evidence in the Book of Llandaff of an earlier 8th century Celtic church, and it has been tentatively suggested that this may have been on the site of the later priory. The priory was granted to the Abbey of St Florent at Saumur, and was consecrated in 1101. The priory church was extended and became the parish church later in the twelfth century. The priory was dissolved in 1536.
	The monastic buildings were located on the north side of the priory church. Traces of an infirmary were discovered in 1906, when the site of the Baptist Church was being prepared for building. The surviving buildings were the prior's lodgings. The only recognisable surviving medieval feature is the "sumptuous mid-C15 oriel window" which is often erroneously described as having a connection with Geoffrey of Monmouth who lived over three centuries earlier, and which in fact is likely to have formed part of the priory gatehouse. The window contains three corbels in the form of carved heads of high quality, although there is some uncertainty as to exactly what they depict: Newman describing them as representing "an angel between a civilian and what may be a bedesman", whilst Kissack is more empathic in suggesting they portray "a knight, an angel and a miller." The prior's lodgings were extended on several occasions in the nineteenth century when they were used as St Mary's National School.
	The building was restored with the help of funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund. Architect Keith Murray was commissioned to draw up plans for the renovation of the building, which was completed in 2002. It is now available for community use for events such as weddings, conferences and exhibitions.
	In December 2000 it was suggested that a wallhanging might be produced to illustrate the life of Geoffrey of Monmouth. Research, design and preparation took six months and the first stitches were worked in July 2001, at the festivities to celebrate the Priory's 900th anniversary. The work, measuring by , was completed in May 2003, after a combined effort by the 14 volunteers of 2,750 hours.
	The background design is based on Kempe's ‘The Four Rivers Window’ in St Mary's Priory Church, Monmouth. A Celtic knot pattern gradually rises from green (earth) through blue (sky) to purple (heaven). These intertwining lines were also used by the Hereford School of Romanesque sculptors who were involved with the Priory at the end of the 11th century. A beaded motif from one of the capitals is used in the lower panels of each of the background.
	Of the three embroidered "windows", the central panel depicts Geoffrey of Monmouth, modelled on Father James Coutts who instigated the refurbishment of Monmouth Priory. He wears the black habit of the Benedictines. King Arthur with his Queen Guinevere, is being crowned at Caerleon by Dubricius (modelled on the Most Reverend Dr. Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury and former Bishop of Monmouth). Here the River Usk echoes the river theme of Kempe’s 19th century stained glass window. The Monnow and the Usk link up with the River Wye in the third panel. In this scene King Vortigern listens to the young Merlin telling him the legend of the red and white dragons. Vortigern, initially a lord of Gwent, was, according to legend, eventually killed at Ganarew above the Wye Valley.
	Linking the embroidered panels with the background are three circular designs in the lower panels. Beneath Geoffrey is the head of the angel that can be seen outside, sculpted underneath "Geoffrey’s Window". Below Arthur is his shield, "Pridwen", with its image of the Virgin Mary, whilst "Caliburn", his sword, can be seen in the initial ‘A’. Finally, the red and white dragons can be found in the Vortigern panel.

= = = T. T. Rawhiti = = =

	T. T. Rawhiti ( – April 1927) was a New Zealand King movement secretary and administrator. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Ngāti Hauā and Waikato iwi. He was active from about 1887 to about 1922.
	Rawhiti died at Tauwhare in April 1927, and his tangihanga took place at Kiwitahi Pā near Morrinsville.

= = = Evelyn Mary Rawlins = = =

	Evelyn Mary Rawlins (1889–1977) was a New Zealand music teacher and community leader. She was born in Palmerston North, Manawatu, New Zealand in 1889.

= = = Gloria Jasmine Rawlinson = = =

	Gloria Jasmine Rawlinson (1 October 1918 – 25 July 1995) was a New Zealand poet, novelist, short-story writer and editor. She was born in Ha'apai, Tonga in 1918.

= = = Bertha Rawlinson = = =

	Mary Bertha Rawlinson (1 June 1910 – 25 January 1994) was a New Zealand singer, actor, drama producer, composer and music teacher. She was born in Geraldine, South Canterbury, New Zealand in 1910.
	In the 1976 Queen's Birthday Honours, she was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for services to music and drama.

= = = Ali Khan, Lorestan = = =

	Ali Khan (, also Romanized as ‘Ālī Khān; also known as ‘Ālī Khānābād) is a village in Gerit Rural District, Papi District, Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Hanam, Iran = = =

	Hanam (, also Romanized as Ḩanām and Hanām; also known as Ḩanām-e Bālā) is a village in Gerit Rural District, Papi District, Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Fantom (company) = = =

	Fantom is an online sticker album publisher and software developer founded in 2009. It is a privately owned company based in Dublin, Ireland. The company both sells the software platform to brands and licenses content onto its platform to create online sticker albums. The Fantom Online Sticker Album platform was launched in April 2012, using content from the US Impact Wrestling franchise.
	The company began life as a social media tool for politics, under the brand iCitizen. When this proved not to be a commercial idea the founders pivoted into the newly defined digital collectibles space. It won a place on the inaugural DCU Propeller Venture Accelerator in 2011, securing a €30,000 investment in the company. Later that year a full Seed Fund round was completed bringing the total of outside investment in the company to €490,000. Investors include the Irish government agency Enterprise Ireland, the AIB Seed Capital Fund and a number of private investors: Kevin Neary, and Bloom Equity (Conor Stanley and Tadhg O'Toole).
	Several English soccer clubs use the Fantom platform as a digital engagement tool on their Facebook pages. These include Queens Park Rangers, Derby County FC, and Wolverhampton Wanderers.
	As of January 2018 Fantom held the following licences:
	The company also develops its own sticker album content, with decks covering Countries, Endangered Animals, Space and Concept Cars.
	The Fantom publishing platform is a suite of tools for creating online sticker albums, built in PHP and MySQL.

= = = Henry Redwood = = =

	Henry Redwood (24 January 1823 – 9 November 1907) was a New Zealand farmer, politician and racehorse breeder. He was born in Tixall, Staffordshire, England in 1823. He was a brother of Francis Redwood, a brother in law of Joseph Ward, and an uncle of Vernon Redwood. He lived at Stafford Place in Appleby near Richmond. He was a member of the Nelson Provincial Council from 1863 and of the Marlborough Provincial Council from 1868. He contested the in the electorate against the incumbent, William Henry Eyes, but received just 38% of the votes and was thus unsuccessful.

= = = Gennaro Monaco = = =

	Gennaro Monaco (born January 5, 1968) is an Italian association football: he is former manager of Palmese and former player.
	Monaco began to play football in his city, within the Napoli youth team. On the season 1986-1987 the chairman of Ischia, Roberto Fiore, bought him at the age of 18. With 34 appearances and 3 goals is one of the main contributors to the second place on the table and the promotion, first time for the club, in Serie C1. Two season later he went to play in Serie B for Empoli, that was just relegated from Serie A. In Tuscany didn't go well and the team lost the final match against Brescia on penalties and was relegated to Serie C1. On the season 1990-1991 he moved to Casertana, the team won the Serie C1 but the year later they were relegated. He played 136 games between 1993 and 1998 in Serie C1 for Ischia and Juve Stabia before he joined Catania in Serie C2, where he was named captain, won the league at the end of the season. After one and half year with Acireale, he came back to Catania in Serie C1 then Serie B. He started the game at Stadio San Paolo for the first time against his Napoli under the manager Toshack.
	After having retired as a footballer, Monaco worked as a manager for the youth team of Pianura.
	On the season 2011-2012 he has been manager of Palmese in Eccellenza Campania.

= = = George McCullagh Reed = = =

	George McCullagh Reed (1831 – 13 November 1898) was a New Zealand presbyterian minister, journalist and newspaper proprietor.
	Reed was born in County Monaghan, Ireland in about 1831. He received his education from Queen's College, Belfast, from where he graduated in 1856. He was ordained as a Presbyterian minister and went to France, Switzerland, and in 1857 to Victoria in Australia. From 1861, he was minister in Ipswich, Queensland, and it was there that he married Jessie Chalmers Ranken on 6 July 1863. He resigned from the ministry in 1866. Reed was elected to the second Legislative Assembly of Queensland for the district of Ipswich in a ministerial by-election on 4 August 1866 and held this seat until the end of the parliamentary term on 19 June 1867.
	He set up, bought, or edited many newspapers. He set up the "Evening Star" in Auckland in 1870. While living in Auckland, he was elected to the Auckland Provincial Council for the Takapuna electorate, and he served from 21 November 1873 until the abolition of provincial government on 31 October 1876. He served on the executive council (10 December 1873 – 13 November 1874) and was provincial treasurer until his resignation from that post.
	In 1876, he established the "Evening News" in Dunedin. Some months later, he purchased a morning newspaper in Dunedin, the "Otago Guardian", together with George Fenwick. The city could not sustain two morning papers and Fenwick and Reed bought their rival, the "Otago Daily Times" and its weekly, the "Otago Guardian".
	After time in Ireland as New Zealand's immigration agent, he was leader writer for "The Argus" in Melbourne before joining "The New Zealand Herald" in 1883. He moved to the United Kingdom as the "Herald's" correspondent, and there he set up the "Australian Times and Anglo-New-Zealander" together with Robert Reid. Reed returned to Auckland and became editor of the "Auckland Evening Bell". In 1889, he was editor of the "Evening Standard" in Melbourne. In the following year, he was editor for "The Sydney Morning Herald". By 1895, he had returned to Auckland and rejoined "The New Zealand Herald".
	Reed died in Auckland of a heart attack on 13 November 1898. He was survived by three sons, including Vernon Reed and John Reed, and two daughters. He was buried in the Presbyterian section of the Symonds Street Cemetery.

= = = Tian, Iran = = =

	Tian (), also rendered as Tayun, may refer to:

= = = Arnold Reedy = = =

	Hanara Tangiawha Te Ohaki Reedy (16 August 1903 – 8 April 1971), commonly known as Arnold Reedy, was a New Zealand tribal leader, farmer and soldier. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Ngāti Porou iwi. He was born in Whareponga, East Coast, New Zealand, on 16 August 1903. He was the eldest son of Materoa Reedy, née Ngarimu, and John Marshall Reedy, himself the eldest son of Thomas Tyne Reedy, an Irishman, and Mihi Takawhenua Ngawiki Tuhou. Hekia Parata is his granddaughter. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to the Māori people in the 1970 Queen's Birthday Honours.
	He was educated at Napier Boys' High School and Gisborne Boys' High School. He was a Captain in the Māori Battalion in World War II, and returned to farming after the war. He was a foundation member of the New Zealand Maori Council for ten years, and was chairman of the Horouta Tribal Executive between 1956 and 1970. In 1949 he was a Māori member of the New Zealand delegation to the United Nations.
	He contested the Eastern Māori seat several times; in and (when he came second) for Social Credit and in , and the 1967 by-election for National.

= = = Materoa Reedy = = =

	Materoa Reedy (née Ngarimu, 1881–1944) was a New Zealand tribal leader.
	Of Māori descent, she identified with the Ngati Porou iwi. She was born in Maraeke, East Coast, New Zealand in 1881, the daughter of Tuta Ngarimu and Makere Rairi.
	Reedy attended the Hukarere Native School for Girls. She married John Marshall Reedy, the eldest son of Thomas Tyne Reedy, an Irishman, and Mihi Takawhenua Ngawiki Tuhou. Their eldest son was Hanara (Arnold) Tangiawha Te Ohaki Reedy. Victoria Cross winner Moana-Nui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu was her brother's son.

= = = Lego Friends = = =

	Lego Friends (stylized LEGO Friends) is a product range of the Lego construction toys designed primarily for girls. Introduced in 2012, the theme introduced the "mini-doll" figures, which are about the same size as the traditional minifigures but are more detailed and realistic. The sets include pieces in many color schemes such as orange and green or pink and purple and depict scenes from suburban life set in the fictional town of Heartlake City. The main characters, one of which appears in every set are: Andrea, Emma, Mia, Olivia and Stephanie. The sets are usually named after them. In 2019, Lego revamped the minidolls and gave them new looks. 
	The Friends product range replaced Lego's previous female-oriented theme Lego Belville, which had been in production since 1994, and featured dolls that were much larger than both the mini-dolls and minifigures. Other related product ranges have included Homemaker (1971–1982), Paradisa (1991–1997) and Scala (1997–2001).
	Launched January 1, 2012 in North America (and December 15, 2011, in France), the line includes 23 sets and features five core characters—named Andrea, Emma, Mia, Olivia and Stephanie—in various suburban settings. In the initial wave of sets, the larger sets include bricks that can build a veterinary clinic, a malt-style café, a beauty salon and a suburban house; smaller sets included a "cool convertible," a design studio, an inventor's workshop and a swimming pool.
	A description from Lego website stated: "The Lego Friends story centers on the everyday lives and personalities of five girls in a fictional hometown called Heartlake City. Each of the friends ... has a distinct personality and interests, such as animals, performing arts, invention and design, that are reflected in the models. Building sets reflect different parts of town where the girls' adventures take place—downtown, suburbs, beach, camping grounds and mountains."
	The launch of Lego Friends came after a $40 million global marketing push, according to Bloomberg Businessweek. "This is the most significant strategic launch we've done in a decade," said Lego Group chief executive officer Jørgen Vig Knudstorp. "We want to reach the other 50 percent of the world's children." According to the company, boys comprised 90% of Lego's customers in 2011 before the launch of the Friends line.
	In 2018, the LEGO Friends line releases showcased some minor changes to the main characters that may or may not be a reboot. Mia's eyes changed from brown to green while her hair was changed from an actual red to true orange-based red, Emma and Andrea's eyes changed from green to brown and Andrea's got earrings, Olivia's skin became slightly darker and she got glasses (specifically blue glasses) and also now wore her hair up in a ponytail braid, and Stephanie's smile was made a little bigger, and hair a lighter shade of blond, as it was dark blond in the original series. Alongside these appearance changes, Lego announced that they are giving the girls deeper personalities whilst making their world more realistic.
	The five main characters can be known as the "Friends" or the Lego Friends. The Friends go by the names Stephanie, Mia, Andrea, Emma and Olivia. Each of them has a unique personality that fits each and every one of them perfectly. Each of the girls are different in both appearances and personalities.
	According to NPR, Lego Friends are "one of the biggest successes in Lego's history ... The line doubled sales expectations in 2012, the year it launched. Sales to girls tripled in just that year." The success has caused other construction-set companies such as Mega Blocks to introduce girl dolls.
	The first wave was released in January 2012 with 14 sets being released. The largest of the sets was "Olivia's House" which included 695 pieces and three mini-doll figures. In addition to the first sets six polypag sets have been released as promotions. In February Toys 'R' Us in the United States released an exclusive in-store build set called "Lemonade Stand" and in March Lego brand stores released an exclusive in-store build set called "Ice Cream Stand". Lego announced a further nine sets that would be released later in 2012.
	Subsequent waves were released in future years, expanding on various interests of the characters and their friends. Specific themes have ranged from various vocational, recreational and academic interests to agriculture, equestrianism, wildlife animal rescue and rehabilitation, and pop stardom, all complementing suburbia-themed sets, as well as an Amusement park and skiing theme. The largest sets since the original wave have included Summer Riding Camp, Heartlake Shopping Mall and Heartlake Grand Hotel.
	Lego has also released accompanying products branded under the Friends theme. These include a picture frame which includes 49 Lego elements which is available from Lego brand stores and a display stand which includes 17 elements that was released as a promotional polybag.
	In June 2012, two books based on the Friends theme were released. "Lego Friends: Welcome to Heartlake City" and "Lego Friends: Perfect Pet Show" were released on June 18, 2012 by DK Publishing. Both books consist of 48 pages and are published in paperback. DK Publishing have also released a Lego Brickmaster book based on the Friends theme on September 17, 2012.
	This series premiered in 2014.
	Season 1 Episodes (partial listing):
	Another series titled "Lego Friends: The Power of Friendship" aired on Netflix on March 4, 2016.
	Episodes:
	A 2018 TV series on Family Channel in Canada and on KidsClick in the United States.
	"Lego Friends: Girlz 4 Life" is a 2016 American Direct-to-DVD computer-animated film.

= = = Annie Lee Rees = = =

	Annie Lee Rees (1864– 20 August 1949) was a New Zealand writer, teacher, lawyer and community leader. She was born in Beechworth, Victoria, Australia in 1864, a daughter of William Lee Rees.

= = = Rosemary Frances Rees = = =

	Rosemary Frances Rees (1875 – 19 August 1963) was a New Zealand actress, playwright, theatre producer and novelist. She worked in New Zealand, Australia and England. After her career in theatre she became a romantic novelist.
	Rosemary Frances Rees was born in Auckland, New Zealand in 1875 or 1876 to William Lee Rees, a barrister and MP. From a young age she was determined to become an actress.
	Rees worked as an actress in New Zealand before moving to England in about 1900 or 1901. In 1901 she joined Fanny Brough's theatre company becoming Brough's understudy after one month. Her first one act play "'The New Gun'" was performed as a curtain raiser to "'Uncles and Aunts'," by William Lestocq and Walter Everard, in 1902. She also toured with the companies of Mr and Mrs Lewis Waller, Fred Ash, Walter Melville and Mr Van Biene among others. She wrote articles and short stories for the magazines "Madame, The King and M.A.P." Several of her one act plays were produced in this period: in 1907 "'A Judicial Separation'" in Manchester and "'Her Dearest Friend'" in London; "'A Desperate Marriage'" in Brighton in 1908; "'The Happiest Woman in the World'" in Bournemouth in 1909.
	In 1908 she returned to New Zealand. In 1909 she presented, at His Majesty's Theatre in Gisborne, an evening's entertainment which included three of her own one act plays: the comedy "'A Judicial Separation'," the drama "<nowiki>'The New Gun"</nowiki>" and the comedietta "'Her Dearest Friend'."
	Rees returned to England in 1911 where she continued to act, write and produce plays. In 1913 she produced and acted in her comedy sketch, "Uncle Bill," at the Grand Theatre, Clapham. It was also produced at The Globe Theatre in London and The Vaudeville Theatre in The Strand, London (as a curtain raiser to Jerome K. Jerome's play "Robina in Search of a Husband"). In 1915 she acted in her own one act play "'Will You Walk into my Parlour"' at the Artillery in Woolwich; it was a curtain raiser for H.A. Vachell's play "'Searchlights'." She had a starring role in "'Searchlights'."
	In 1914 Rees took an injunction (Rees vs. Robbins) against theatre managers Walter and Frederick Robbins, better known as Walter and Frederick Melville, for infringement of copyright. Rees sought to prevent performances of the Melville's play "'The Beggar Girl's Wedding'" on the grounds that it had great similarities to a play she had written in 1906 called "'A Beggar Bride'" and which had been read by the Melvilles";" she had changed the title of the play to "'A Desperate Marriage"' and it was performed in Brighton in 1908. The court found there had been no infringement of copyright because as melodramas they would have many similarities in their plots and stock characters.
	During World War 1 Rees decided to dedicate herself to the war effort. Initially she worked on the New Zealand War Contingent Association's Entertainment Committee entertaining New Zealand soldiers in England; she gave out 20,000 tickets to New Zealand soldiers which she obtained from her contacts in the theatre world. By 1917 her health had deteriorated from overwork on the Entertainments Committee and, ordered to rest, she was offered a free trip to New Zealand by the military authorities. Instead, in early 1918, she joined one of Lena Ashwell's touring theatrical companies (the Lena Ashwell Dramatic Party), based in Rouen, entertaining the troops. She did this for 14 months; after the Armistice the Dramatic Party entertained the wounded at Ypres in Belgium and at Arras and Douai in Northern France.
	After recovering in London from a breakdown in 1919 she returned to New Zealand where she managed her own touring theatre company; one of the actors was the writer Ngaio Marsh. In 1921 her theatre company, The Rosemary Rees English Comedy Company, performed "The Mollusc" by Hubert Henry Davies in Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin, and other small towns. It also performed Rees's own plays "'Will You Walk into my Parlour"' and the comedy "'The Amateur Adventuress' ." The company foundered after three to five months because Rees was unable to pay salaries and she moved to Australia to find work in the theatre there, though she returned to New Zealand to tour with the J.C. Williamson company in 1922.
	While in Australia she had began to write romantic novels, giving up acting to become a successful writer. Her novels were published in England and the United States.
	During the 1920s and 1930 Rees travelled and worked in Australia, England and America. In 1938 she was living in London and was sometimes mistaken for an airwoman with the same name. During World War II she lived in London with her sister May; they returned to New Zealand in 1955. Rees died in Chelsea Private Hospital in Gisborne on 19 August 1963.
	Rosemary Rees was well known in New Zealand, Australia and England as a writer and actor. She attempted to create a permanent theatre in New Zealand, but competition from cinema and radio plus the country's small population and high cost of touring made touring theatre unviable. She is most remembered for her success as a romantic novelist.

= = = Alice Elsie Reeve = = =

	Alice Elsie Reeve (23 March 1885 – 6 April 1927) was a New Zealand jeweller. She was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia in 1885.

= = = Pasil, Iran = = =

	Pasil (, also Romanized as Pasīl; also known as Pasīr) is a village in Sepiddasht Rural District, Papi District, Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 469, in 92 families.

= = = Pleuraphis mutica = = =

	Pleuraphis mutica is a species of grass known by the common name tobosa, or tobosa grass. It is native to Northern Mexico, and the Southwestern United States, in Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas.
	"Pleuraphis mutica" is perennial grass that is rhizomatous and forms sod. It usually grows tall, sometimes reaching up to . The stems have decumbent bases and erect tops.
	Most of the stiff, hairless leaves are basal. They are up to long. The bases of the stems come from a thick, woody rootstock and a system of roots that penetrates up to deep in the soil.
	The inflorescence is a few centimeters long and is white, straw, or purplish. Spikelets are borne in clusters of three. The plant reproduces mainly by spreading by its rhizome, and does not often form viable seeds. The plant is susceptible to ergot.
	"Pleuraphis mutica" is one of the most common species on the semidesert grasslands in the region. It is a climax species on frequently flooded lowlands. It also occurs on upland territory. Habitat types that feature the grass include pinyon-juniper woodland and mesquite, creosote, and grassy shrubsteppe. It does best on land that is flooded for a few days and then dries up. It also grows on drier soils, and it is somewhat drought-tolerant.
	It grows on clay with honey mesquite and other species such as burrograss ("Scleropogon brevifolius"), alkali sacaton ("Sporobolus airoides") and sacaton ("S. wrightii") and other dropseed grasses ("Sporobolus" spp.), grama grasses ("Bouteloua" spp.), muhly grasses ("Muhlenbergia" spp.), and tarbush ("Flourensia cernua").
	Tobosa is an important forage for cattle and horses in the American Southwest. It is productive and palatable until it becomes rough at maturity. It is especially valuable during drought when it persists after other grasses die. It can be cut into hay when still green. In Texas, it yields 1000 pounds per acre, and this can be increased with careful and deliberate management. In areas with adequate precipitation, burning is used to remove litter, which then stimulates the stems to produce more green matter.
	The grass can cause ergot poisoning if eaten when infested with the fungus.

= = = Alexander Walker Reid = = =

	Alexander Walker Reid JP (14 September 1853 – 21 November 1938) was a 19th-century New Zealand farmer, inventor, and entrepreneur. He was notable for making Stratford the second or third New Zealand town to have an electricity supply, for constructing the first steam-powered motor car in the country, and for creating an innovative milking machine.
	Reid was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on 14 September 1853. His parents were Alexander Reid, a carter, and Helen Reid. The family emigrated to New Zealand in 1860, arriving at Lyttelton on the "William Miles" on 21 August. They took up farming at Southbridge and later moved to Springfield. Reid is thought to have possibly been trained as an apprentice by Scott Brothers in Christchurch. On 28 June 1876 Reid married Janet Whyte at Christchirch and moved to Opunake in 1882. Reid bought land on Bird Road, Ngaere, which he farmed. From about 1898 they lived in Stratford. The Reids had seven children. He was described as a hard man and a perfectionist. Reid was also a reasonably good photographer with many of his photos now in the Puke Ariki collection.
	Janet Reid died on 13 November 1918, an early victim of the influenza epidemic. On 26 March 1926, at Wharehuia near Stratford, Reid married a widow, Ellen Anne Richmond. Reid died at Stratford on 21 November 1938.
	Reid took served as a justice of the peace, a member of the Ngaire Road Board, and a Councillor on the Stratford County Council. He was involved in forming a cooperative dairy packing company and the opening of the Waitara Freezing Works. Reid was a Freemason and the first master of the Stratford lodge. He was a grand lodge officer.
	In Canterbury Reid went into partnership operating a threshing machine which he had modified.
	He was instrumental in bringing electricity to Stratford, demonstrating electric lighting and cooking to the Stratford Town Board when they were considering installing either gas or electricity. Reid had joined with Adam Porter of Cardiff to put on the display and make a proposal to the council in opposition to a Mr Watt from Balclutha who had proposed a water gas system. The "Taranaki Herald's" local agent wrote against the Reid/Porter proposal.
	Reid's proposal to supply electricity to the town prevailed and, after arranging financial backing, he formed the Stratford Electrical Supply Company in 1898. An act of Parliament was required to allow a private companies to supply electricity. Stratford was the third town in New Zealand, after Reefton in 1887 and Wellington in 1888, to have electric street lighting. Straford went live in 1890.
	The company built a hydroelectric power station on the Patea River. It consisted of a wooden dam and a tunnel approximately 100 yards long complete with a surge chamber. Two penstocks led water to turbines driving alternators which had been imported from England. The plant produced single-phase alternating current at 40 cycles and 2,200 volts, and had a capacity of 90 kilowatts. In town the voltage was reduced to 105 volts for domestic consumption. Parts of the installations remain.
	Reid next turned his attention to self-propelled vehicles. Between 1903 and 1906 he produced three steam-driven cars. The engines and boilers were imported from America, with modifications and bodywork completed in Stratford. The cars were two-cylinder, chain-driven and powered by kerosene, and had a rating of about four horsepower. Before general vehicle registration was introduced Reid's personal car carried the number plate SD1 (Stratford District 1). He stopped working on the cars' development as he thought petrol engines were more likely. He sold two of the cars and kept one for himself.
	James Livingston of Patea owned one of the first Reid cars. Its steam engine ran on a small primus burner under a tank of water. When Livingston bought a Darracq in 1904 the Reid was destroyed. Its engine was removed and used by a local farmer to run a pump, and the chassis was converted into a trailer. The trailer was sold in the 1920s or '30s.
	At the same time he was producing his steam cars, Reid was also developing a mechanical milking machine. Innovations included were a variable-speed pulsator and rubber cups with reinforced sections which simulated the natural sucking action of a calf. Mechanical milkers of the time were difficult to clean and therefore created a danger of contaminated milk. Reid's AWR machine was designed to be easy to clean. He founded the AWR Milking Machine Company Limited to produce and market the machine. He also had it patented. The first AWR machines came on the market in about 1907 and were sold as far away as Australia. The application for a patent for his machine was challenged in Australia in 1913 with the Commissioner of Patents. Reid was granted a hearing.
	In his later years, Reid created his own caravan. His first was a pop-top in which one pulled a rope, the top came up and the sides came down. The next was made from a hardboard-like material.

= = = Mary Anne Reidy = = =

	Mary Anne Reidy MBE (1880–1977) was a New Zealand civilian and military nurse, community leader. She was born in County Clare, Ireland in 1880. Reidy served as a nurse for the New Zealand military from January 1916 to December 1918. The next 26 years of her life were spent attempting to preserve the hospital at Kawhia and ensuring the welfare of returned soldiers. She became a widely respected figure in her community. Reidy died on 17 January 1977.
	Mary Anne Reidy was born in Ireland, but her family had moved to Auckland before Reidy was 22. She then helped her father around the house for two years before her nursing career.
	In 1904, Reidy began to work at the Mater Misericordiae Hospital, starting out by washing dishes, but she soon became a nurse. In 1911, when Reidy was 31, she received formal training at the Waikato Hospital for three years.
	Reidy served in the military from January 1916 to December 1918. Initially posted in England she nursed at the No 1 New Zealand Stationary Hospital at Wisques, France from 1917-1918. She was very kind to the men, who nicknamed her "Ten Franc Reidy" for the money she lent to soldiers. She concluded her service after the hospital closed.
	After a brief stint training nurses at Waikato Hospital, Reidy took control of the cottage hospital in Kawhia which faced closure due to finances. She was a tyrant, but a loving one. She worked for twenty-six years at various fundraisers to keep the hospital solvent. She received an MBE in 1956 for her contribution to back-blocks nursing and for the welfare of returned servicemen.

= = = Rere-ō-maki = = =

	Rere-ō-maki (died 1868) was a New Zealand tribal leader. Of Māori descent, she identified with the Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi iwi. She was born along the Whanganui River in New Zealand. She was the sister of Te Anaua, a leader of Ngāti Ruaka, a subtribe of Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi. She was the mother of military leader Te Keepa Te Rangihiwinui, also known as Major Kemp.
	Rere-ō-maki is one of the few known women to have signed the Treaty of Waitangi, she did so on 23 May 1840 in Whanganui.

= = = Loven, Iran = = =

	Loven (, also Romanized as Lauvan, Lāven, Lawan, and Loon; also known as Shahīd Shams ed Dīn-e Amānī) is a village in Tang-e Haft Rural District, Papi District, Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Alfred P. Wolf = = =

	Alfred P. Wolf (February 13, 1923 – December 17, 1998) was an American nuclear and organic chemist.
	Wolf was chairman of the Chemistry Department at Brookhaven National Laboratory, research professor in the Department of Psychiatry at New York University
	a member of the National Academy of Sciences,
	The Journal of Nuclear Medicine said that his "discoveries were instrumental in the development of positron emission tomography (PET)" and that he "made pioneering contributions over nearly 50 years in the field of organic radiochemistry". The New York Times said that Wolf "helped create some of today's most sophisticated diagnostic tools" and that he "advanced the field of organic radiochemistry, radiopharmacology and nuclear medicine" throughout his career of 50 years.
	The National Academy of Sciences said that "he pioneered the development of labeling techniques that used the reactions of hot atoms".

= = = Hannah Retter = = =

	Hannah Retter (1839–1940) was a New Zealand founding mother and midwife. Of Māori descent, she identified with the Muaupoko iwi. She was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia in late 1839.

= = = Jozef Pisár = = =

	Jozef Pisár (born 20 July 1971) is a former Slovak football striker who recently played for the Slovak 2. liga club MŠK Rimavská Sobota.

= = = Aucamp v Morton = = =

	Aucamp v Morton is an important case in South African contract law. It was heard in the Appellate Division by Watermeyer CJ, Centlivres JA, Schreiner JA, Van Den Heever JA and Fagan AJA on 7 and 8 June 1949, with judgment on 21 June.
	In the case of a contract involving reciprocal obligations, a breach by one party of one of his obligations will usually only give the other a right to treat the contract as discharged if the breach is one which evinces an intention on the part of the defaulter no longer to be bound by the terms of the contract for the future, or if the defaulter has broken a promise, the fulfilment of which is essential to the continuation of the contractual tie.
	In May 1947, Morton purchased a forest and agreed to be bound by a contract between the then-owner Aucamp, whereby the latter had acquired the right, on certain conditions, to fell and remove timber from the forest. In July, Morton directed his agent "G," in charge of felling operations, to discontinue them. After a discussion of the terms of the contract with Aucamp, Morton then cancelled the contract and refused to allow Aucamp access to the forest. Aucamp thereupon instituted an action claiming an order restraining Morton from interfering with his rights under the contract and for damages.
	In his plea, Morton set up the defence
	In his claim in reconvention, Morton asked
	A Local Division found in favour of Morton and granted an order cancelling the contract, relying on a breach by Aucamp in that he had failed to remove all sound and merchantable timber, of that felled by him, complying with the measurements mentioned in a clause of the contract.
	In Aucamp's appeal, the Appellate Division held, on the facts, "inter alia",
	Neither this breach, accordingly, nor another relating to payment which the trial court had found proved, were sufficient to justify the respondent in regarding the contractual relationship between himself and the appellant as thereby terminated. An order was therefore granted restraining the respondent from preventing Aucamp from lawfully exercising his rights under the agreement.
	As to Aucamp's claim for damages, the court held that the correct basis for calculation of them would not be the hypothesis that he had entirely lost the profit which he would have made out of particular contracts which he had lost; it was that his making of profits from cutting and selling timber had been deferred for about 22 months owing to his operations in the forest having been stopped. As Aucap had failed to prove the facts necessary for the court to make a calculation of damages on this basis, it was ruled that there should be judgment of absolution from the instance on this prayer.
	The decision of the Eastern District Local Division, in "Morton v Aucamp", was thereby reversed.

= = = Ngapipi Reweti = = =

	Ngapipi Reweti (1883–1957) was a land negotiator of the New Zealand Māori iwi (tribe) of Ngāti Whātua. He was born in Okahu Bay, Auckland, New Zealand in about 1883.

= = = Helmut Herbert Hermann Rex = = =

	Helmut Herbert Hermann Rex (born Helmut Herbert Hermann Rehbein; 1913–1967) was a New Zealand Presbyterian theologian and lecturer.
	Helmut was born in Potsdam, Germany, in 1913. He spent his youth in Berlin after moving there in 1919.
	He married Renate Jaeger, a solicitor’s daughter. Renate's mother was Jewish, so in order to marry they had to flee Germany separately and meet in London. Rehbein went through Switzerland. They were married in a civil ceremony on 14 February 1939 at Edmondton, London, and then in St George’s Lutheran Church, Whitechapel.
	He moved to New Zealand with his wife in 1939, just prior to the outbreak of war, with assistance from the Presbyterian Church.
	Helmut and Renate changed their surname to Rex in 1946 as an effort to better integrate into their new life in New Zealand.
	Helmut started as a temporary tutor in the Theological Hall at Knox College in Dunedin, later becoming a professor there in 1953.
	He was dean of Theology at the University of Otago for a brief period in 1963.
	Helmut had been severely ill and close to death in 1965 and again in 1961.
	In 1967, illness caused him to resign from his role at University of Otago, and he died later that year.
	"The individual in Søren Kierkegaard's aesthetical writings" [A thesis presented to the University of New Zealand for the degree of Master of Arts in Philosophy] (1947)
	"Did Jesus rise from the dead?" (1967)

= = = Barry Klarberg = = =

	Barry J. Klarberg (born March 4, 1961), CPA, is an American businessman. He is a professional business and wealth manager for athletes, entertainers and high-net-worth individuals. He is the founder and CEO of Monarch Business and Wealth Management, a full-service firm and family office that specializes in providing business and wealth management services. Klarberg has managed several prominent individuals including musician/actor Justin Timberlake, entrepreneur and TV personality Bethenny Frankel, entrepreneur Russell Simmons, DJ and record producer Kaskade, NASCAR champion Kyle Busch, professional tennis player/model Anna Kournikova, NBA All-Star Kyle Lowry, MLB All-Star and Homerun Champion José Bautista, MLS All-Star and Captain of the United States men's national soccer team Michael Bradley, and NHL Hall-of-Famer Mark Messier.
	Klarberg holds an ownership stake in three American professional sports franchises. He is an owner of the New York Yankees, being a Partner since 2011. Klarberg is an owner of Major League Soccer (MLS) team New York City FC. 
	In the Fall of 2017 and 2018, Klarberg taught "Business Developments in Sports" at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and during the Fall of 2019, Klarberg will teach again at the University of Michigan. 
	He regularly appears on CNN, CNBC and The Wall Street Journal Report, and authored the book "Winning Tax Strategies and Planning for Athletes and Entertainers." Klarberg has also been elected to the "Sports Business Journal's" "Forty Under 40," as he was selected as one of the forty most influential executives in the sports business under the age of 40.
	In April 2016, Klarberg represented NFL star Rob Gronkowski and launched with Monster Energy a signature beverage "Gronk" that will be distributed by Coca-Cola.
	In May 2016, Klarberg shaped Tom Brady’s new Simmons Beautyrest Black luxury mattress ad campaign, aiding Simmons’ marketing team in pitching the campaign to the three-time Super Bowl MVP.
	Klarberg was commissioned the honorary title Kentucky Colonel, the highest honor awarded by the Commonwealth of Kentucky, by Kentucky Governor Steven Beshear.
	In 2015, Klarberg gave the commencement address at alma mater Pace University to the undergraduate Class of 2015 and received an honorary doctorate degree. Klarberg also returned to Pace University as an Executive-in-Residence and a Lecturer-in-Residence at the Lubin School of Business. Klarberg is a member of the President's Council at Pace University.
	Klarberg received his BBA (1981) and MS in Taxation (1985) from Pace University. He was an Adjunct Professor of Taxation at Pace University from 1985–1989. Klarberg began his career at Deloitte in 1981, where he spent 11 years. At Deloitte, he was the National Director of Sports and Entertainment. In 1992, Klarberg formed KRT Business Management, specializing in professional wealth management services, which he eventually sold to Assante Wealth Management Services.
	Preceding Monarch, Klarberg spent two years as Senior Managing Director at Guggenheim Partners. In this role, Klarberg headed up Guggenheim Wealth Services' New York office.
	Klarberg is the founder of Monarch Business & Wealth Management, a financial and life management company and family office that represents professional athletes, internationally acclaimed entertainers and high-net-worth families. He currently manages entrepreneur and TV personality Bethenny Frankel, entrepreneur Russell Simmons, DJ and record producer Kaskade, several top NASCAR drivers, Anna Kournikova, MLB All-Star C. J. Wilson, MLB All-Star and Homerun Champion José Bautista and NHL Hall-of-Famer Mark Messier, amongst others. In 2011, Asset Alliance Corporation, a New York-based private equity firm with more than $1 billion under management, acquired an equity interest in Monarch Business & Wealth Management.
	In 2012, the Sports Business Journal reported on Klarberg's expansion of Monarch Management. The report of this expansion included Klarberg's proposed acquisition of Miami-based ASF Consulting, a firm owned by Allen Furst that represents several current and former MLB and NBA players, including Roy Hibbert, Jeff Green and Alonzo Mourning. Klarberg further expanded Monarch when he hired former Major League Baseball starting pitcher and United States Olympian Kris Benson as Managing Director at Monarch Business & Wealth Management.
	In 2013, CertusBank, a nationally chartered bank with nearly $2 billion in assets, made a strategic investment in Monarch.
	In April 2016, Klarberg represented NFL star Rob Gronkowski and launched with Monster Energy a signature beverage "Gronk" that will be distributed by Coca-Cola.
	In 2016, Josh Klein became a partner in Monarch, whose clients include The Chainsmokers, Big Sean, Logic, DJ Snake and Kelly Rowland.
	In September 2011, Klarberg became a Limited Partner of the New York Yankees. Teaming up with former Glencore oil commodities trader Ray Bartoszek, the two currently hold an ownership interest in Yankee Global Enterprises including a stake in the Yankees Entertainment & Sports Network (YES Network). In 2013, Klarberg also became an owner of Major League Soccer team New York City FC.
	Klarberg is a resident of Greenwich, Connecticut. He is currently married to charity consultant Sara Herbert. 
	Klarberg is actively involved in various charity and community activities including the "National Meningitis Association", the USO, and Homeland Security's "Federal Enforcement Foundation". In 2011, Klarberg was selected as an Executive Committee Member of the USO Entertainment Advisory Council, which helps brings professional athletes and entertainers overseas to visit American soldiers.
	In April 2012, Klarberg, along with Sara Herbert, was honored with the "National Meningitis Association" Nancy Ford Springer Inspiration Award for his long-standing support of NMA’s fight against the vaccine-preventable disease.
	In 2012, Klarberg was selected as a member of the 2014 NY/NJ Super Bowl XLVIII Host Committee.
	Klarberg and sons Matt and Ryan Klarberg were commissioned the honorary title Kentucky Colonel, the highest honor awarded by the Commonwealth of Kentucky, in 2012 by Kentucky Governor Steven Beshear, in recognition of their noteworthy accomplishments and outstanding service to the greater community.
	In 2015, Klarberg gave the commencement address at alma mater Pace University to the undergraduate Class of 2015 and received an honorary doctorate degree. Klarberg also returned to Pace University as an Executive-in-Residence and a Lecturer-in-Residence at the Lubin School of Business. Klarberg is a member of the President's Council at Pace University.
	In the Fall of 2017 and 2018, Klarberg taught "Business Developments in Sports" in the Sport Management Program at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and during the Fall of 2019, Klarberg will teach again at the University of Michigan.

= = = Laven = = =

	Laven may refer to:

= = = Finesse (comics) = = =

	Finesse is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.
	Finesse first appeared in "Avengers Academy" #1 (June 2010) and was created by Christos Gage and Mike McKone. She appeared as a regular character in the series through its final issue #39 (Jan 2013).
	Finesse's past is one not all too clear, as her parents were once criminals who trained under Taskmaster, her abilities as a polymath manifested at a young age which stunted her emotional growth and social abilities, making her very unsociable at times. She was approached by Norman Osborn and accepted his offer, and in fact was a willing participant in his test, only making her better while giving Osborn what he wanted.
	Finesse is recruited into the Avengers Academy along with five other students who have been affected by Osborn. Finesse blackmails Quicksilver into training her the way Magneto trained him. She figures out that she may, in fact, be the genetic daughter of Taskmaster, but due to his position during Dark Reign all possible evidence has been deleted or sealed. They have a confrontation but no straight answer as the information of his "Photographic reflexes" overwrites his actual memories so he can't remember the previous day, let alone the year she was born, but knows it's a possibility. After a sparring session, so Taskmaster can remember her movements at least knowing she's possibly his child, they part ways.
	Her ability to percept even the slightest facial movements makes her a human lie detector. He is able to deduce that Jeremy Briggs, also a former Osbourne torture victim, is trying to manipulate the students to quit the team and join his evil corporation.
	Despite her lack of emotions, she volunteers to sacrifice herself to save the rest of the team from Greithoth: Breaker of Wills and Skirn: Breaker of Men during the "Fear Itself" storyline. Pym rescues the students before the bomb detonates.
	In a possible future it is shown that Finesse and Reptil have married, had a daughter and gotten divorced. It is revealed that she has completely lost her memory and can only remember people by their movements. She divorced Reptil due to the emotional strain on both of them and their daughter, as well as the fear that she will treat her daughter as her father treated her.
	Finesse became friends with X-23 due to their lack of emotion. Finesse also stood by X-23 when she opposed the X-Men locking their students on the Academy grounds during the "Avengers vs. X-Men" storyline. However, their friendship took a turn for the worse when Jeremy Briggs tried to release a superhuman cure. After Briggs took out X-23 and tried to acid burn her, Finesse grabs X-23's arms and fatally stabs Briggs in the radial and femoral arteries, causing him to bleed profusely. She begins to wrap him a tourniquet, but then changes her mind and lets him bleed out. X-23 first thought she killed him, but when she finds out it was Finesse, she was furious. X-23 agrees to keep Finesse's secret, but declares they are no longer friends, upsetting Finesse. The faculty promotes the students, and Finesse immediately hits the databanks to test out her new security clearance, loading beta files.
	She is still with the Academy and is undisturbed by Reptil and X-23's mysterious disappearance caused by Arcade.
	Finesse is featured in the four-part series called 'Infinity: The Hunt'. A friendly competition between various schools for super-powered teenagers turns serious when intergalactic terrorist Thanos targets all of Earth's young super-beings. Finesse's new classmate 'Crimson' is murdered in the initial attack. The various schools work together to survive and bring the attack back to Thanos' forces.
	Finesse later appears in the pages of "Avengers Undercover" where she and Striker visit Hazmat in the S.H.I.E.L.D. detention center after Hazmat apparently killed Arcade.
	Finesse has been a polymath since the age of five, which means she can learn a vast amount of knowledge at an accelerated rate - anything from languages, varied skills, fighting techniques, etc.

= = = List of World Heritage Sites in Greece = = =

	There are currently 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Greece. Of these, 16 are inscribed based on "cultural" criteria, while the remaining two (Mount Athos, Meteora) are inscribed for meeting both "cultural" and "natural" criteria. Five of the sites are located on islands, one is distributed between the islands and the mainland, with the remaining 12 exclusively on the mainland. This first site to be inscribed was the Temple of Apollo at Bassae in 1986, the most recent is the Philippi, inscribed in 2016. There are an additional 14 sites on the tentative list.
	The table lists information about each World Heritage Site:

= = = Sarur, Iran = = =

	Sarur (, also Romanized as Sarūr) is a village in Tang-e Haft Rural District, Papi District, Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 44, in 12 families.

= = = Strachan v Prinsloo = = =

	Strachan v Prinsloo is an important case in South African contract law. It was heard in the Transvaal Provincial Division by Tindall J and Greenberg J.
	An agreement between Strachan and Prinsloo imposed on the former the duty of managing the latter's farm so as to relieve him of all duties of supervision. In spite of warnings, Strachan persistently and continuously failed to attend early in the morning and late in the evening, which was when important duties of supervising had to be done, with the result that those duties had to be performed by Prinsloo. Finally, on three successive days, Strachan did not appear on the farm at all, whereupon Prinsloo cancelled the agreement.
	The court held
	failed to perform a vital term, express or implied, of the agreement;
	A serious violation of duty by one party, in other words, justifies the other in terminating the contract.

= = = Vidar, Lorestan = = =

	Vidar (, also Romanized as Vīdar) is a village in Tang-e Haft Rural District, Papi District, Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Gol Darreh, Lorestan = = =

	Gol Darreh, Lorestan may refer to:

= = = 2012 Winter Youth Olympics national flag bearers = = =

	The following is a list of national flagbearers for the 70 countries which took part in the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics.
	Athletes entered the stadium in an order dictated by tradition. As the originator of the Olympics, Greece entered first. Austrian delegates entered last, representing the host nation. The delegations entered by German the official language of the host nation.

= = = Portage Lake Observatory = = =

	The Portage Lake Observatory (PLO) was an astronomical observatory owned and operated by the University of Michigan (UM). It was located near the village of Dexter, Michigan (USA), about northwest of Ann Arbor. Construction at the site began in 1948, and the facility was closed in 1975.
	Other observatories that UM has operated include the Detroit Observatory (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1854), the Angell Hall Observatory (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1927), the Lamont-Hussey Observatory (South Africa, 1928), the McMath-Hulbert Observatory (Lake Angelus, Michigan, 1930), and the Peach Mountain Observatory (Dexter, Michigan, 1955).

= = = Edhir Paradhathu = = =

	Edhir Paradhathu () is a 1954 Indian Tamil-language film directed by Ch. Narayana Moorthy. The script was written by C. V. Sridhar, with music by Pandurangam. The film features Sivaji Ganesan and Padmini in the lead roles with Chittoor V. Nagaiah, S. V. Sahasranamam, S. Varalakshmi and Friends Ramasamy in supporting roles. The film was remade in Malayalam as "Nithyakanyaka" (1963), in Telugu as "Ilavelpu" (1956) and in Hindi as "Sharada" (1957).
	"Edhir Paradhathu" narrates the story of star-crossed lovers Sundar (Sivaji Ganesan) and Sumathi (Padmini), in whose house Sundar, a college student, lodges. Both dream of a happy, married life, but that is not to be. Sundar is involved in an air crash and is believed to be dead. However, he survives the crash and loses his eyesight. Unwilling to face his father (Nagaiah), he tries to lead a life on his own. Destiny takes over their lives and the widowed father marries Sumathi and on the wedding night, the husband realises that his son and bride are sweethearts. Broken-hearted, he leaves home and wanders around visiting temples and holy places.
	Meanwhile, the blind hero realises that his sweetheart is now his stepmother. An eye surgery restores his sight. More complications follow and when the hero tries to rekindle the old romance, the young woman and the lonely stepmother slaps him and throws him out. She reconciles herself to a life of an eternal bride, with the hero going away to continue his studies abroad.
	Dhayaparar (Chittoor V. Nagaiah) is a widower whose only son Sundar (Sivaji Ganesan) studies in a college at Tiruchy. Sundar is a tenant in a house in which Sumathi (Padmini) lives with her father. They both start liking each other and Sumathi's father agrees to their marriage. Sumathi's elder brother Doctor Gopu (S. V. Sahasranamam) lives in Bangalore and is addicted to racing. Using this situation, his friend Moorthy (S. A. Ashokan) tried to befriend Gopu's wife Nalina (S. Varalakshmi) but she rejects his advances. Kandaswamy (Friend Ramasamy) working with Doctor Gopu, notices the happenings in the family and feels bad. Gopu, in order to settle a loan, borrows money from Moorthy after signing a mortgage letter. Kandaswamy takes some money from that to clear all family dues and Gopu dismisses him for that. Moorthy comes home when Nalina is alone and tries to molest her, but Kandaswamy saves her. Gopu arrives there realises his mistake and unites with Nalini and takes Kandaswamy back in job. After the exams, Sundar leaves to Chennai to get his father's concurrence to marry Sumathi. After a few weeks, he writes to Sumathi's that he will be coming in a week to finalize the marriage.
	Meanwhile, Sundar gets a letter from the Government providing him a two years scholarship for higher studies in America as a reward for securing the highest marks in the state. Since it's a rare opportunity, his father consents. Sundar meets Sumathi and her father and takes their consent too and travels to America. Meanwhile, Gopu is harassed by the lenders. Unable to pay back, Gopu leaves home after writing a note to Nalina. Moorthy takes possessions of Gopu's house in lieu of his dues. Nalina comes to stay with in their limited money to settle Gopu's loans. Meanwhile, the flight in which Sundar traveled crashes and newspaper reports that everyone on board died. Sumathi and her father are shocked. Dayaparar sells off his property and moves from Chennai to Tiruchy as he is unable to stay there anymore. However, Sundar survives the crash and only loses his eyesight. He is given the medical attention by a tribal family in a forest area.
	Dayaparar's friend (M. R. Santhanam) advises him to remarry to get over his sorrows as he is alone after the death of his son, to take care of his health. He meets Sumathi's father and seeks her hand for Dayaparar and mentions that all his property will be left for Sumathi after he dies as he is alone. Sumathi agrees to the marriage to support her family and settle Gopu's loans, though both her father and Nalina do not accept her plan. On the wedding day, Sumathi's father passes away, unable to see his daughter marrying an old man. That night, Dayaparar realises that his son Sundar and Sumathi were lovers earlier. Brokenhearted, he leaves home writing a letter to Sumathi in which he leaves all his wealth to her and gives her the freedom to choose a life of her own (to remarry). Dayaparar wanders around visiting temples and holy places and in one of the temples he sees Sundar begging – being blind he did not want to be burden to his father and hence was living alone. Father and Son rejoin. Gopu returns to Sumathi's house as a reformed man and starts his medical practice again. He dreams of his Sister remarrying, but Sumathi still thinks of Dayaparar as her husband.
	Sundar requests his father to take him to Sumathi's house in Tiruchy. Dayaparar takes him to Tiruchy and sends him to her house alone and stays back to avoid confusion. Sundar meets and proposes to Sumathi and she informs that she is already married and agrees to be just his friend. They meet often and Sundar suggests remarrying as her husband has moved away. But Sumathi rejects saying she is still the wife of a man living somewhere. Sundar informs this to his father. Dayaparar feels guilty and in order to unite them sends a false letter to her starting that Dayaparar had died in an accident. Now, Sumathi starts living like a widow. On a rainy night, Sundar meets Sumathi at her home, holds her hand and tries to get her consent to marry him, now that her husband has died.
	Sumathi gets angry and slaps him for trying to take advantage of her situation and makes it clear that in her life there is place only for Dayaparar. Sundar is shocked at her rejection. Gopu comes to know about Sundar's situation and operates on Sundar's eyes and he gets back in eyesight. Gopu takes Sundar to his house to unite him with Sumathi. Reaching there, Sundar is shocked to see the portrait of his father with a garland and realises that Sumathi has actually married his father and is now his stepmother. He feels guilty and rushes to apologise to his father, but it was too late as Dayaparar has died. Sumathi and her family are shocked to know that Sundar's father was Dayaparar. Dayaparar had left a letter to Sumathi in which he apologises for marrying her and asks Sumathi to live on her own terms. Sumathi reconciles herself to live as a mother to Sundar than remarrying and he also appreciates that and calls her as his mother. Sundar goes abroad to continue his studies with his stepmother's blessings.
	The film was shot at the Jupiter Studios, Adyar, which was then under lease to Jupiter Pictures, and its sister concern "Saravanabhava and Unity Pictures" produced the film. Art direction was by the maestro A.K. Sekhar. The latter day successful filmmaker M. A. Thirumugam was then an assistant editor attached to the studio. In the scene where Padmini had to slap Sivaji, she became involved in her character, went hysterical and slapped him continuously, finally Sivaji made her lie down and made her back to normal.
	The music was composed by C. N. Pandurangan. Lyrics by Papanasam Sivan, KanagaSurabhi, K. P. Kamakshisundaram & K. S. Gopalakrishnan. Singer is Chittor V. Nagaiah. Playback singers are A. M. Rajah, K. R Chellamuthu, Jikki, (Radha) Jayalakshmi & P. Leela.
	Randor Guy of "The Hindu" stated that film is "Remembered For the brilliant performances of Sivaji Ganesan, Padmini and Nagaiah, and the melodious music of C.N. Pandurangam". The film ran for over 100 days in theatres.
	The film was a success and remade in Malayalam (Nithya Kannika, director K.S. Sethumadhavan), Telugu (Ilavelpu, director D. Yoganand) and Hindi (Sharada, director L.V. Prasad). All the versions fared well.

= = = Gol Darreh, Khorramabad = = =

	Gol Darreh (, also Romanized as Kūl Darreh) is a village in Qaedrahmat Rural District, Zagheh District, Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 131, in 30 families.

= = = Hasmarul Fadzir = = =

	Hasmarul Fadzir (born 4 November 1986 in Selangor) is a Malaysian footballer who plays as defensive midfielder for Selangor United. He played for Sime Darby in the Malaysia Premier League in 2013 season. He can also play as a central defender. In 2015, he join AirAsia FC in the Malaysia FAM League.

= = = Tecnológico de Antioquia = = =

	The Tecnológico de Antioquia (TdeA) (English: Antioquia Institute of Technology), also called Tecnológico de Antioquia – University Institute, is an academic institution of higher education in Colombia in the department of Antioquia, provides technical education services, technology and professional. Its headquarters are located in Robledo, in the city of Medellín.
	The campus has an area of 38 thousand square meters, which has spacious and comfortable spaces, surrounded by more than 13 thousand square meters of green areas.
	It has academic, administrative, library, study areas, computer block, laboratories, covered arena, gym, pool, soccer field sports facilities, cafes and parks, among others.
	The institution has 40 programs, professional technical levels, technological and university professional in undergraduate and graduate, all with qualified registration and one high quality accreditation (Preschool), offered through five faculties: Education and Social Sciences, Forensic and Health, Informatics, Management and Earth Sciences and Environment.

= = = Mal Pelo = = =

	Mal Pelo is a Catalan contemporary dance ensemble based in Barcelona, Spain. The ensemble was established in January 1989 by choreographers Pep Ramis and María Muñoz, who continue to act as Artistic Directors. Since its inception, the company has made itself well known in Spain and the rest of Europe. The ensemble has also performed in the U.S. at festivals and in New York City at the Baryshnikov Arts Center. The group's work is described as "rooted in its own poetic view of the world".
	The company produces both traditional and multi-media works. Selected compositions include:

= = = Daniel Angelici = = =

	Daniel Angelici (born 3 May 1964) " 'Daniel Angelici' " (Buenos Aires, May 3, 1964) is an Argentine lawyer, entrepreneur, and football executive, currently serving as vice-president of the Argentine Football Association. With the support of former president "Xeneize" Mauricio Macri he won the presidency of Boca Juniors on December 4, 2011, defeating then president Jorge Amor Ameal. In the elections of 2015 he was reelected with 43,78% of the votes, thus managing to continue his term until December 2019.
	During his youth he got involved in the Radical Civic Union at the University of Buenos Aires Faculty in Law. In recent years he has been a shipowner of alliances of radicals and "macristas". He was pointed out of having closeness to the Judiciary, especially in the City of Buenos Aires. Angelici became one of the most important gambling entrepreneurs in Argentina, with an empire that led him to be the head of the Argentine Chamber of Bingo Halls and Annexes ("Cámara Argentina de Salas de Bingos y Anexos", abbrevriated "CASBA"), with interests in five betting companies and a racehorse stud.
	Angelici served until 2010 as treasurer of Boca Juniors during the management of Jorge Amor Ameal. It was the focus of a controversy in 2010 when he opposed the renewal of the contract of club's idol Juan Román Riquelme, because according to him, the institution could not afford to pay a high dollar contract for four years of an elderly player. Finally, the renewal of the contract was carried out due to the great interest of the former president of the club Ameal in continuing to count on Riquelme in the team. As a result, Angelici resigned his position as treasurer of the club.
	In 2011 Angelici decided to run for the presidency with the support of the then Head of Government of Buenos Aires, Mauricio Macri, winning with 54% of the votes, presenting more than 24,000 voters at the polls as a historical record. Thus, he defeated the official candidate Jorge Amor Ameal. On December 14 he assumed the new president of Boca Juniors.
	On December 6, 2015, with the club having won both titles, the league championship and Copa Argentina, elections were held again at the club. After a record election for the institution, in which 26,136 members voted, Daniel Angelici managed to be reelected with 43.78% —11 421 votes—, against 30.91% of former President Jorge Amor Ameal and 25.13% of opposition candidate José Beraldi. Thus, he was in office four more years until December 2019, with Rodolfo Ferrari as vice president.
	During his management of Boca Juniors, the registration of club members was reopened under the modality of "adherent member" (idea made by the previous management); the possibility granted to current active members to register their children under 18 as members of the club ("father and child member").
	He was criticized for continuing with the position of not selling tickets for Boca Juniors supporters in the league games that the club played at La Bombonera. In that way, only members (active and a small limited number of adherent members who paid their tickets) and subscribers could attend league matches only. However, the club started selling seats for the general public in 2012 Copa Libertadores matches. In the pre-first international match of the Angelici era, against Fluminense, the cost of a ticket was set on AR$ 100, a big amount for the time.
	Another issue that sparked criticism from the supporters was the excessive and annoying controls that club members must face each time the team plays at home, although Angelici has already clarified on several occasions that this situation has nothing to do with the club, but that It is by a provision of the Ministry of National Security.
	On July 5, 2012, Juan Román Riquelme left the institution. As mentioned above, two years before Angelici had refused to renew the player. Finally, just 6 months after Angelici's administration as president, Riquelme decided to leave the club. Angelici then decided to take 30 days of vacation, during the pass market, returning days before the start of the next tournament.
	During the 2012 Copa Sudamericana, there were incidents at the Boca stadium and a few days later a confrontation with handguns between Boca members, however Angelici refused to apply the right of admission, arguing that there was no reason to do so. Under the Angelici's administration, Boca Juniors added eight reinforcements to the football team, some brought from Europe, such as Daniel Osvaldo or Nicolás Lodeiro, although they did not last a long time in the club.

= = = Kantale = = =

	Kantale (; ) is a town in the Trincomalee District in eastern Sri Lanka. It was previously known as Ganthalawa but in 1952 was changed to the transliterated Tamil name of Kantale. The town is located south-west of Trincomalee.
	According to the ancient chronicle, "Mahavamsa", Kantale Tank, also named "Gangathala Vapi", is credited as being built by Aggabodhi the II (606-618) and rehabilitated and developed by Parakramabahu the Great (1153-1186). 3,750 hectares. Constructed for the irrigation of crops in this arid region, its source of water is the Mahaweli River, the longest in the island, which flows out to the sea at Trincomalee.
	One of the oldest tanks in Sri Lanka, the Kantale Tank gives water to a vast area for paddy and sugar cane plantations as well as for human consumption in Trincomalee and the adjoining areas.

= = = Minu, Lorestan = = =

	Minu (, also Romanized as Mīnū; also known as Mīnū ‘Olyā) is a village in Keshvar Rural District, Papi District, Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 63, in 12 families.

= = = Imanabad, Lorestan = = =

	Imanabad (, also Romanized as Īmānābād) is a village in Azna Rural District, in the Central District of Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,282, in 228 families.

= = = Kulu, Iran = = =

	Kulu (, also Romanized as Kūlū) is a village in Chamsangar Rural District, Papi District, Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 241, in 43 families.

= = = Mehraban, Lorestan = = =

	Mehraban (, also Romanized as Mehrabān) is a village in Chamsangar Rural District, Papi District, Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 36, in 6 families.

= = = Eksund = = =

	Eksund is a locality situated in Norrköping Municipality, Östergötland County, Sweden with 206 inhabitants in 2010.

= = = Nevanlinna function = = =

	In mathematics, in the field of complex analysis, a Nevanlinna function is a complex function which is an analytic function on the open upper half-plane "H" and has non-negative imaginary part. A Nevanlinna function maps the upper half-plane into itself, but is not necessarily injective or surjective. Functions with this property are sometimes also known as Herglotz, Pick or R functions.
	Every Nevanlinna function "N" admits a representation
	where "C" is a real constant, "D" is a non-negative constant and μ is a Borel measure on "R" satisfying the growth condition
	Conversely, every function of this form turns out to be a Nevanlinna function. 
	The constants in this representation are related to the function "N" via
	and the Borel measure μ can be recovered from "N" by employing the Stieltjes inversion formula (related to the inversion formula for the Stieltjes transformation):
	A very similar representation of functions is also called the Poisson representation.

= = = 2003–04 Derby County F.C. season = = =

	During the 2003–04 English football season, Derby County F.C. competed in the First Division.
	George Burley's first full season in charge brought little joy as Derby recorded a 20th-placed finish in the 2003–04 season, just 1 point clear of relegation with safety not confirmed until the penultimate game of the season with a 2–0 win over Millwall. With no money for players and the need to slash the club's wage bill, big names such as Fabrizio Ravanelli, Georgi Kinkladze and Craig Burley left the club with the gaps of their departure shored up by free signings; Candido Costa was taken on a season long loan whilst seven others – including Mathias Svensson and Leon Osman – were recruited on short term loans, as Derby used a club record 36 different players in the course of the season. There was also the continued introduction of academy players to the side, with Tom Huddlestone and Marcus Tudgay making significant contributions alongside players such as Lee Grant and Lee Holmes. Burley achieved safety against a background of boardroom uncertainty – Chairman Lionel Pickering, after putting temporary faith in former Coventry City chairman Bryan Richardson and a notional £30m bond, was removed from the chair after the club temporarily entered receivership by The Co-operative Bank, who instantly installed a new board composed of John Sleightholme, Jeremy Keith and Steve Harding, for the cost of £1 each.
	"Derby County's score comes first"

= = = Cossack (horse) = = =

	Cossack (1844– after 1862) also known as "The Cossack", was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. In a career that lasted from July 1846 to June 1849 he ran twenty-two times and won three races. In 1847 he proved himself one of the best British colts of his generation, winning Derby and being narrowly beaten in the St Leger. Although he continued to run well in important staying races for the next five seasons, he failed to win another race and was retired to stud in after running once as an eight-year-old in 1852. No subsequent winner of the Epsom Derby has run beyond the age of five. He was later exported to stand as a stallion in France.
	Cossack was a dark chestnut horse standing 15.2 hands high, described by the "Farmer's Magazine" as having a "neat blood-like head", "clean shoulders" and "very muscular quarters". He was sired by the Northumberland Plate winner Hetman Platoff out of the mare Joannina, a descendant of the influential broodmares Filagree, Web and Penelope.
	Cossack was bred at Billing in Northamptonshire by R. C. Elwes. In 1845 the trainer John Day together with a Mr Dilly, visited Elwes stable to view his yearlings. Dilly was unimpressed by the small, upright chestnut but Day thought differently and, after some negotiation, bought him for 200 guineas on behalf of his patron T. H. Pedley, a bookmaker from Huddersfield. Cossack was sent to be trained at Day's stable at Danebury in Hampshire.
	Cossack performed impressively in trial gallops at Danebury and had built up a considerable reputation before appearing on a racecourse. His first public run in July 1846 at Newmarket when he started favourite for the July Stakes. He ran poorly, however and finished only third to the filly Miami, who went on to win the following year's Epsom Oaks. Cossack did not race again in 1846.
	At Newmarket's spring meeting, Cossack started 6/5 favourite and won the Newmarket Stakes, beating War Eagle by a length, with the pair pulling well clear and leaving the other runners in "a cloud of dust". At the same meeting, Cossack's stable companion, Conyngham, won the 2000 Guineas, and John Day found himself the trainer of the two leading Derby contenders.
	The Derby was run on 19 May and Cossack started 5/1 second favourite behind Conyngham on 5/2 in a field of thirty-two runners, the largest ever assembled for the race. Even by the usual standards, the crowd was immense, with a "countless multitude" arriving via the newly opened Epsom railway station. After the police had cleared the spectators from the course, the race began with a clean start. Ridden by Sim Templeman, Cossack was second in the early stages, but moved into the lead by half way and soon opened up a clear advantage and was being cheered by the crowd as the likely winner half a mile from the finish. He was still three lengths in front in the straight and the only challenge came from War Eagle who moved almost level in the final furlong before being "shaken off". Cossack won easily by a length from War Eagle, with Van Tromp, who had been badly hampered early in the race, a further four lengths back in third. The value of the race was £5,250. At Royal Ascot in June, Cossack was allowed to walk over for the Swinley Stakes, when the other runners where withdrawn.
	At Doncaster in September, Cossack ran in the St Leger. He started favourite at odds of 4/5 despite doubts about his stamina and the fact that Pedley "declared to win" with his other runner, Foreclosure. Templeman attempted to repeat his Epsom tactics and sent Cossack into the lead from the start. By the straight most of his rivals were struggling but Van Tromp, ridden by Job Marson made steady progress and moved alongside the favourite a furlong and a half from the finish. Marson sent his colt past the leader and Templeman, realising he was beaten, eased Cossack down in the closing stages to finish second, two lengths behind the winner but well clear of the rest. On 12 October, Cossack appeared at Newmarket for the two and a quarter mile Cesarewitch Handicap for which he was set a weight of 118 pounds, including a six-pound weight penalty for finishing second in the St Leger. He finished fourth, behind the four-year-old Cawroush, who was carrying 98 pounds. His performance was creditable and reportedly led to speculation that he could have won the St Leger, had he not been ridden so aggressively.
	Cossack's winnings for the season totaled £5,950, making him the second highest earner of the British season behind the Duke of Richmond's Red Hart.
	Cossack ran twice without success at Goodwood in July 1848. On the Tuesday of the meeting he faced Van Tromp in a £300 Sweepstakes over three and a half miles. Van Tromp led from the start and Cossack, who was eased down when his chance had gone, was beaten by an estimated 150 yards. Two days later the two colts met yet again in the Goodwood Cup over two and a half miles. Cossack raced prominently in the early part of the race but made no impression in the later stages and finished unplaced and tailed-off behind Van Tromp.
	Cossack reappeared as a five-year-old in the two and a quarter mile Tradesman's Plate at Chester on 2 May. The handicap attracted a field of twenty-nine runners and Cossack was assigned 125 pounds, meaning that he had to concede weight to all but one of his opponents. The race was run at a slow pace and Frank Butler, riding Cossack, found himself trapped behind a "ruck" of horses on the final turn. Butler was forced to pull the horse to the wide outside and Cossack produced a strong finishing run, but failed by a "half neck" to catch Malton, a four-year-old to whom he was conceding thirty-one pounds.
	In June Cossack ran twice at Royal Ascot. In the Gold Vase he was involved in a close finish, dead-heating with the filly Canezou for second place, a head behind the winner Glenalvon, after looking the likely winner. A day later, Cossack ran in the Emperor of Russia's Plate, in front of a large crowd which included the Queen and Prince Albert. He finished third, beaten two lengths, behind Van Tromp and Chanticleer, in a race which, according to "Bell's Life", created an "extraordinary degree of excitement".
	On his six-year-old debut, Cossack again traveled to Chester for the Tradesman's Plate, but on this occasion he finished unplaced under top weight of 128 pounds. At Goodwood on 1 August he finished a well-beaten third of the seven runners behind Canezou in the Goodwood Cup. On 4 September Cossack appeared at Warwick, where he finished fifth, carrying top weight of 120 pounds in the two mile Leamington Stakes, giving at least twenty-seven pounds to the four horses who finished in front of him.
	In July he ran for the third time in the Goodwood Cup and was narrowly defeated after his strong late run failed by a head against the filly Nancy, who was receiving twenty-four pounds according to weight-for-age rules. After the race Pedley demanded a veterinary examination to determine the filly's true age: she was confirmed to be a three-year-old In August he appeared at Brighton Racecourse where he finished second of the fourteen runners to Lord George in the Brighton Stakes. At Doncaster at the St Leger meeting in September, Cossack ran unplaced under top weight in the Great Yorkshire Handicap and was beaten the following day in a match race by the mare Maid of Masham.
	On 23 June, Cossack, giving at least twenty-six pounds to his opponents, finished third to the three-year-old Stilton in the Northumberland Purse.
	Cossack's Derby win was seen as a rather fortunate one, owing a great deal to Templeman's enterprising tactics and the interference encountered by Van Tromp, who beat him decisively in all their subsequent meetings. Henry Hall Dixon ("The Druid") described him as "a delightful horse to ride, never pulling and always as ready as a shot".
	Cossack retired to stand at Stanton, near Shifnal in Shropshire at a fee of 10 guineas for the 1853-1854 season and was sold to Mr. Boythorpe and relocated to Derbyshire in 1855. He stood as a stallion in England until 1857, when he was sold to the French Imperial Stud for 25,000 francs. The best of his offspring was Gamester, a colt who won the St Leger in 1856. Another of his sons, Alcibiade, won the Grand National in 1865.

= = = Choleeswaram temple = = =

	Choleeswaram temple is a 10th-century Chola Dynasty Solesvara temple built in honour of emperor Raja Raja Chola I in Peraru, Kantalai, Trincomalee District. Inscriptions found at the ruins of this temple relate to its establishment and connection to Trincomalee's ancient Koneswaram temple. It is made in Dravidian architecture of the Chola period.

= = = Gol Zard, Khorramabad = = =

	Gol Zard (, also Romanized as Gol-e Zard; also known as Golzard-e Bālā) is a village in Beyranvand-e Shomali Rural District, Bayravand District, Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 105, in 17 families.

= = = Tian, Khorramabad = = =

	Tian (, also Romanized as Ţīān) is a village in Keshvar Rural District, Papi District, Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 27, in 5 families.

= = = Rashid Mahmud = = =

	Rashid Mamud (born 26 April 1978 in Malacca) is a Malaysian footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Malacca United F.C. in the FAM League. He can also play as a central defender.
	On 13 November 2013, Rashid signed for Malaysian FAM League side Malacca United F.C.. On that same day Rashid made his debut for Malacca in a friendly match against Perak FA that ended in a 1-1 draw .Rashid was the only Malacca player to score in that match. Rashid is currently the captain of Malacca United F.C.. On 21 January 2014, Rashid made his competitive debut for Malacca in a FA Cup Malaysia tie against Perlis FA that ended in 2-1 home lost. In that game Rashid scored a free kick to level the game for Malacca.

= = = Monmouth County Gaol = = =

	The County Gaol, situated in North Parade, Monmouth, Wales, was Monmouthshire's main prison when it was opened in 1790. It served as the county jail of Monmouthshire and criminals or those who fell foul of the authorities were hanged here until the 1850s and some 3,000 people viewed the last hanging. The jail covered an area of about an acre, with a chapel, infirmary, living quarters and a treadmill. It was closed in 1869. In 1884 most of the building was demolished, and today nothing remains but the gatehouse which is a Grade II listed building. Within the gatehouse, there exists "a representation in coloured glass of the complete original buildings". It is one of 24 buildings on the Monmouth Heritage Trail.
	The gaol was designed by William Blackburn and constructed between 1788 and 1790. It was designed as a reformed gaol, following the principles of the first prison reformer John Howard. The first Governor was James Baker, who received £100 per annum. The gaol cost around £5,000 to build, on land procured from Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort and was constructed of local stone, some 18,000 tons of which was removed from a quarry situated in Lower Redbrook.
	A nineteenth-century print gives an idea of the gaol's size and strength, and shows the gatehouse in the centre of the south wall. Contemporary descriptions speak of "a massive building looking more like a castle than a gaol, having high outer walls and an inner building complete with tall round bastions". It was commended "for the commodious distribution of the whole, the airiness of the compartments, the propriety of the regulations, and the strict attention paid to the cleanliness and morals of the prisoners". Inmates imprisoned in the gaol for debt could expect a bedstead, sheets, two blankets in the winter and a rug. They would also be given a sixpenny loaf four times a year as the result of a bequest of a Monmouth man who left £100 for that purpose. Generally, the prisoners' diet was poor in the extreme. Felons were allowed 1d of bread a day, but there was no allowance for debtors. John Howard, the penal reformer, noted that many debtors survived on 'water soup' – soup which consisted of bread boiled in water.
	The longer the time a prisoner spent in gaol, the more food they were allowed, receiving such extras as an additional pint of oatmeal gruel for breakfast, 4ozs of cooked meat and 12ozs of potatoes twice a week and a pint of broth twice a week. This diet, lacking as it did any significant quantity of Vitamin C, led to many of the longer term prisoners suffering from scurvy.
	As late as 1851 the "Merlin", the local paper, noted that "the diet in the County Gaol is now confined to oatmeal porridge, milk and bread; meat and vegetables not being allowed. It is said that the knowledge of this spartan fare has already had a good effect outside the prison walls." The message being that would-be criminals would be deterred from crime simply by knowing how dreadful prison fare actually was.
	Prisoners were so weakened by this diet however, that in 1853, when typhus broke out, they were unable to resist the disease which quickly spread killing at least one prisoner.
	The three Chartist leaders, John Frost, Zephaniah Williams, William Jones, and others were imprisoned in the gaol after conviction at Shire Hall, Monmouth for treason on 16 January 1840. Their sentence of hanging, drawing and quartering was eventually commuted, by the Prime Minister Lord Melbourne, to transportation to Tasmania.
	At that time hangings were carried out on the flat roof of the gatehouse. Two Irishmen, Maurice Murphy and Patrick Sullivan, were sentenced for the joint murder of Jane Lewis and were publicly executed, on 23 September 1850, on the roof. Their execution was watched from the grassy slopes of what is now Haberdashers' Monmouth School for Girls, by a crowd of about 3,000, of whom "about four-fifths were estimated to be of the softer sex". Executions were carried out in public there until nine years later (23 September 1859), when Matthew Francis was hanged for the murder of his wife. The illustration shows that the Gatehouse originally had castellated parapets and cross loops on the south elevation, so the current pitched roof and windows of the private house probably date from after its closure in 1869. The huge recessed archway remains, however, though with a domestic front door built into it.
	When the gaol was closed in 1869, the prisoners were transferred to the New Gaol in Usk. The main buildings were demolished in 1884 and the stone was sold for building at Rock Crescent, now Monkswell Road, in Monmouth (just across from the Old Gaol), and at Sharpness Docks. The Cottage Hospital was built on part of the site between the years 1902 and 1903. Today nothing remains of the gaol but the square Old Red Sandstone gatehouse, which has been adapted into two private dwellings. The gatehouse became a Grade II listed building on 15 August 1974. It is one of 24 buildings on the Monmouth Heritage Trail.

= = = Guliso = = =

	Guliso is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It is part of the Mirab Welega Zone. It is part of former Ayra Guliso woreda. It is bounded by Boji Chokorsa in the northeast, Gawo Dale in the west, Guliso in the south and Lalo Asabi in the east. Guliso is the administrative center.
	The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 69,856 in 13,738 households, of whom 34,795 were men and 35,061 were women; 7,867 or 11.26% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants observed Protestantism, with 88.64% reporting that as their religion, while 6.83% observed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and 3.69% were Muslim.

= = = Trick of the Light (The Who song) = = =

	"Trick of the Light" is a song written by bassist John Entwistle for The Who's eighth studio album, "Who Are You". It was released as the second single from the album, atypically with another Entwistle song, "905" on the B-side, but did not chart.
	The lyrics describe fear of being sexually inadequate in the face of a prostitute. The singer wants to have an emotional connection with the prostitute but she only sees him as dehumanized and recognizes his sexual insecurity. He is concerned that he didn't bring her "to the height of ecstasy." It features a guitar-like assault throughout the song, described by Pete Townshend as sounding like "a musical Mack truck" and is actually Entwistle's heavily distorted eight-string Alembic bass. Chris Charlesworth feels that the bass dominates the song to an extent that none of the other elements of the song matter. Who biographer John Atkins says the song has a "muscular texture" and is "fully realized" but that it represents an "orthodox heavy rock format" that the band usually shunned. The Who FAQ author Mike Segretto considers it one of Entwistle's "catchier songs," attributing its lack of chart success to its being "too heavy" and "too mean" for the 1977 singles chart. Segretto considers the song to be underrated, finding humor in the situation but stating that "genuine vulnerability makes the song more than a good giggle and undercuts the performance's cock-rock attitude." But it was not a favorite of Who lead singer Roger Daltrey, who complained that it went "on and on and on and on."
	It was performed occasionally on The Who's 1979 tour with Entwistle on eight-string and Townshend playing one of Entwistle's Alembic basses used on the 1975-1976 tours. It made its return to the setlist in 1989, with Townshend originally on electric guitar on the two Toronto dates in June and acoustic guitar for the rest of the tour. It was disliked by Roger Daltrey, who thought that although it had clever lyrics, it was too long. On the original recording and in its 1979/1980 performances, Daltrey sang the lead vocal; in 1989 Entwistle sang it. "Trick of the Light" was included in the two-disc edition of "The Who Hits 50!".

= = = Colne and Trawden Light Railway Company = = =

	The Colne and Trawden Light Railway Company operated a tramway service in Colne and Trawden between 1903 and 1934.
	The tramway was authorised by the Colne and Trawden Light Railway Order of 1901. It was built and operated by Greenwood & Batley of Leeds. Nuttal and Co were contractors for the permanent way, and R.W. Blackwell for the overhead wiring.
	Construction started on 19 May 1903 when the Mayor of Colne, Alderman Varley, cut the first sod. Services started on the first section on 28 November 1903, and other sections opened in stages until the line reached Zion Chapel on Lane House Lane, Trawden by December 1905. A branch to Laneshawbridge opened by the end of December 1904. The system connected with Nelson Corporation Tramways.
	Colne Corporation purchased the entire system on 24 March 1914 and the name was changed to Colne Corporation Light Railways.
	The company purchased vehicles as follows:
	The system closed on 6 January 1934. It was estimated that the tramcars had travelled over 4,582,000 miles and carried 57.5 million passengers during the years of operation.

= = = María Muñoz = = =

	María Muñoz may refer to:

= = = Bam Bam and Celeste = = =

	Bam Bam and Celeste is a 2005 comedy film starring Margaret Cho and Bruce Daniels.
	Two friends, Bam Bam and Celeste, embark on a cross country road trip to try their luck on a New York City reality television show.

= = = Syllogae minores = = =

	Syllogae minores (i.e. "minor collections") is a term used in literature to describe small collections of Greek epigrams, which are part of the so-called "Greek Anthology", the collection of Greek epigrams. The term "Syllogae" comes from the Greek word "Συλλογαί" (collections), while the term "minores" (minor) is used to distinguish them from the large and important collections of "Palatine Anthology" and the "Anthology of Planudes". Some of these collections are important because of the epigrams which contain some not found in any of the other collections, while others are highly dependent on known sources, mainly of the Anthology of Planudes.
	The following collections are part of "Syllogae minores" (the abbreviation Syll. is used for the word Sylloge – from the Greek word Συλλογή which means collection):

= = = Hyperinflation in early Soviet Russia = = =

	Hyperinflation in early Soviet Russia connotes a seven-year period of uncontrollable spiraling inflation in the early Soviet Union, running from the earliest days of the Bolshevik Revolution in November 1917 to the reestablishment of the gold standard with the introduction of the chervonets as part of the New Economic Policy. The inflationary crisis effectively ended in March 1924 with the introduction of the so-called "gold ruble" as the country's standard currency.
	The early Soviet hyperinflationary period was marked by three successive redenominations of its currency, in which "new rubles" replaced old at the rates of 10,000-to-1 (January 1, 1922), 100-to-1 (January 1, 1923), and 50,000-to-1 (March 7, 1924), respectively.
	After three years of participation in World War I, the economy of the Russian empire was in crisis. In March 1917 the so-called February Revolution overthrew the regime of Tsar Nikolai II and replaced it with a fledgling constitutional democracy headed by a succession of leaders ending with Alexander Kerensky. The economy remained disrupted and Russia failed to disengage from the bloody European war, and on November 7, 1917 the Kerensky government fell in a second revolution, this time led by the Bolshevik Party of revolutionary socialist Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin).
	Civil War ensued and the economy of the new regime became even more chaotic. With mismanagement rampant and hunger sweeping the land, the value of the ruble, currency of the nation, essentially collapsed. During this interval, remembered by the name War Communism, money lost its function as a store of value and a means of exchange. A return was made by people in their daily lives to a primitive barter economy.
	While use of the printing press to produce paper money was employed as virtually the sole means of state finance, manufacturing output simultaneously dropped precipitously, exacerbating the collapse of currency value. Unemployed and under-employed workers often took to the manufacture of small crafts items, often using stolen materials, to have something to trade for food during the economic crisis.
	Throughout 1919 and into 1920 the wages of workers were paid largely in kind through the direct distribution of products. Scarce resources were distributed by ration and were generally free. Concurrently with this decline in the purchasing power and function of money, private trade was formally declared illegal and efforts made to nationalize all industries.
	With the nation's currency in shambles, Soviet economic officials discussed implementation of a new monetary device to facilitate the exchange of products, such as "labor units," but the period of War Communism came to a close in 1921 before any such idea could be implemented.
	The end of War Communism and the establishment of the New Economic Policy was based upon the legalization of petty trade and a replacement of the hated policy of forced requisitioning of grain production with fixed taxation rates. This presumed a return to a money-based economy and the stabilization of the Soviet currency became one of the primary tasks of the government's economic functionaries.
	The first eight months after the Bolshevik Revolution of November 1917 are believed by some scholars of Soviet Russia to have marked a discrete interval in the economic history of the Soviet regime. Economics were bound with politics in this period, it is argued, with primary emphasis placed upon obtaining and maintaining political power. The nationalization of specific industries and institutions — such as banks, communications, and transport — should be seen at least in part through this prism, many believe.
	Nationalization of industry was further seen as a necessary means to the Bolsheviks' self-proclaimed goal of establishment of a classless society. British Marxist economist Maurice Dobb observed:
	"If the existence of a ruling capitalist class was rooted in ownership and the differential advantage which that ownership gave over the ownerless...it followed that the continued existence of capital in private hands represented a continuance of the capitalist class and its influence..."
	Consequently, the Bolsheviks sought to expropriate major industry as an integral part of its program of overthrowing one class and replacing it with another, with an emphasis placed upon the nationalization of the largest scale industries held by the leading members of the capitalist class. The process, however, was slow and piecemeal, with only 100 firms nationalized by the central government and somewhat more than 400 by local authorities by July 1918.
	With the eruption of civil war on a large scale in the Summer of 1918, the already grim economic situation in Soviet Russia deteriorated further. Full effort was placed upon military production and factories across the country fell silent for lack of raw materials. According to one estimate, that of P. Popov of the Central Statistical Bureau of Soviet Russia, by 1920 the total production of Russian industry had fallen from a pre-war level of 6.059 billion gold rubles to the equivalent of just 836 million — a decline of more than 85%.
	Nationalization of industry proceeded at a frenetic rate, with an industrial survey of August 1920 indicating that some 37,000 firms had been expropriated by the state — including more than 5,000 which employed only one person. The Supreme Council of National Economy (Vesenkha), chief economic control agency of Soviet Russia in this period, cited a far lower figure of 4,420 nationalized enterprises in November 1920, while a third source indicated a total of 4,547 firms under state ownership. That authoritative sources disagree so wildly is indicative of the ad hoc nature of the nationalization process.
	As the War Communism period progressed manufactured consumer goods came to be in such short supply that they were virtually unobtainable. Peasants refused to sell their surplus products for money which could effectively buy nothing. Facing starvation in the cities and the death of industry as peasant-workers returned to their villages, the Soviet state resorted to the use of force to obtain necessary grain to maintain its urban economy. This resort to forced requisitioning had the effect of further decimating agricultural production, already seriously weakened by the loss of millions of able-bodied peasant men to the front. Wherever requisitioning was applied, the area of land dedicated to cultivation contracted.
	In the words of one economic historian, "The only industry which thrived was that concerned with the production of paper money." The amount of currency in circulation from the beginning to the end of 1920, rose from about 225 billion rubles to 1.17 trillion. This represented a 25-fold increase over the amount of paper money in circulation in 1917.
	With the virtual collapse of money economy in favor of requisition, rationing, and barter, came a virtual abolition of banking in Soviet Russia. With productive industry almost completely state-owned, the People's Bank (successor to the pre-revolutionary State Bank) had no credit function; rather, it acted as a clearinghouse for transmission of assets to industry, with funds primarily obtained through currency emission.
	The People's Bank was abolished altogether in January 1920, with the issuance of currency transferred to the People's Commissariat of Finance (Narkomfin). The decree shutting down the People's Bank made provision for continued use of the offices of Narkomfin for private finance on a limited and seemingly temporary basis:
	"The nationalization of industry has concentrated in the hands of the government all the most important branches of production and supply...thereby excluding any necessity for the further utilization of the People's Bank as an institution of state credit in the accepted sense of the term. The system of banking credit still remains in force for small private industrial enterprise and the needs of individual citizens who place their money in state savings institutions. Nevertheless, as these transactions are gradually losing their importance in the economic life of the country, the existence of separate banking institutions is no longer necessary. Such transactions are now of secondary importance, and may be successfully carried out by the central and local institutions of the Commissariat of Finance..."
	It was neither arcane Marxist theory that was causing disintegration of the money economy nor the replacement of currency transactions by moneyless credits between state-owned firms, but rather hyperinflation. The ruble had collapsed as a store of value and a medium of exchange, but nothing had been created to replace it.
	Faced with economic collapse and widespread peasant revolt, in the spring of 1921 the Soviet government changed course towards a return to market-based relations between the state and the peasantry with the adoption of the New Economic Policy (NEP). No more would forced requisitioning be the order of the day, but rather the adoption of a regularized "tax-in-kind." Part and parcel of NEP would be a return to a functional currency and monetary payment of wages rather than compensation of workers through rations and free services, as was the case under War Communism. House rents, previously free, were charged by the state and social services were placed on a self-funding basis akin to insurance.
	The People's Commissariat of Finance (Narkomfin) emerged as the leading bureaucratic agency seeking currency stabilization. With the value of the Soviet ruble plummeting precipitously from week to week, this chief financial and budgeting agency needed a mechanism for the calculation of wages of Soviet workers, which from the fall of 1921 were calculated in money rather than in-kind commodities. As a result, a new theoretical concept was created by Narkomfin called the "goods ruble" or "pre-war ruble" — based upon the purchasing power of the Tsarist ruble in 1913, before the distortion of the Russian economy caused by the nation's descent into World War I. From November 1921 onward Narkomfin pegged the value of the Soviet ruble in terms of this theoretical unit each month, allowing wages to be automatically adjusted to compensated for the steadily depreciating currency.
	In March 1922 Narkomfin abandoned the so-called goods ruble for a new unit of measurement, the gold ruble — a new parallel official state currency redeemable in gold. The plummeting Soviet ruble would be henceforth equated to the gold ruble through on-the-fly estimation of the purchasing power of each. Adding to the complexity of the situation, the State Planning Committee (Gosplan) continued to make use of a pre-war "goods ruble" of its own creation, using it as a payment calculation mechanism in many Soviet contracts.
	As the value of the Soviet ruble crashed, the process of price calculation and wage payment remained chaotic, as historian E. H. Carr later observed, with Soviet workers frequently bearing the brunt of the exchange problem:
	"The resulting situation was extremely complex. To fix current wage rates from month to month in terms of the goods ruble price-index was a matter of expert computation. To fix the rate of exchange between the goods ruble and the Soviet ruble in which payment would actually be made to the worker involved another delicate and highly controversial calculation, in the course of which many devices were employed to force down real wages below the rates agreed on and ostensibly paid... The absence of a wages policy combined with rivalry between departments to produce almost inextricable confusion."
! Year
! Billions of rubles issued
! Percentage increase

= = = Fly-Away Baby = = =

	Fly-Away Baby (aka Fly Away Baby) is a 1937 American crime-mystery film starring Glenda Farrell as crime reporter "Torchy" Blane, along with her detective boyfriend (Barton MacLane), solving a murder and smuggling case during a round-the-world flight. This is the second film in the Torchy Blane series by Warner Bros.
	After the success of the first in the series, "Smart Blonde" (1937), a second film based on the Torchy Blane/Steve McBride crime-fighting duo, was quickly put into production. In "Fly-Away Baby", Torchy was given the chance to once again show up the police and solve the crime all on her own. "Fly-Away Baby" was released on June 19, 1937. The film is followed by "The Adventurous Blonde" (1937).
	When jeweler Milton Devereux is murdered and his collection of diamonds is stolen, crime reporter Torchy Blane (Glenda Farrell) is assigned to the case. Her police detective boyfriend Steve McBride (Barton MacLane) is investigating the case, but Torchy tags along as he hunts for the murder weapon. She finds a gun hidden in a drainpipe in the alley behind the store. Torchy also learns that Milton had a confrontation with Sonny Croy (Gordon Oliver). Croy is a reporter for the rival "Star Telegram", and the son of the newspaper's owner, constantly in trouble over gambling debts and an outstanding loan. 
	Sonny becomes a prime suspect, but he has an alibi from the victim's business partnerm Guy Allister (Joe King) that they were having lunch at the time of the murder. Torchy and Steve question the waiter in the restaurant and find a clue on a menu. They trace Sonny to the apartment of nightclub dancer Ila Sayre (Marcia Ralston) who insists that Sonny was on the phone with her at the time of the murder. 
	Sonny explains the notes on the menu, saying that he is taking an aircraft and Zeppelin flight around the world as a publicity stunt. Torchy decides to follow him and talks her newspaper into sending her around the world in a race with Sonny and another reporter reporter for the "Daily Journal", Hughie Sprague (Hugh O'Connell). 
	The journey ahead takes Torchy and her rivals across the Pacific, Asia, and Europe with stops at Honolulu, San Francisco, Hong Kong and Stuttgart, Germany. When the airship lands in Hawaii, Torchy searches Sonny's room and finds a message indicating that some items will be exchanged in Stuttgart. Sonny discovers her investigation after finding a lipstick Torchy accidentally dropped in his room. 
	Later, Ila admits that she did not talk to Sonny on the phone. Steve, who has joined Torchy on board the airship, decides to arrest Sonny after Torchy points out that the back door of the restaurant is opposite to the back door of the jewelry store. Sonny, however, is found dead himself and it is discovered that the diamonds hidden in the false bottom of his suitcase are not real. 
	Torchy puts the various clues together and determines that Guy Allister was the real murderer, and Sonny was working for him to pay off his debt. After further investigation, they learn that Allister boarded the airship using a false name. When he tries to parachute out of the airship, he falls to his death when his parachute fails to open.
	According to contemporary sources, Dorothy Kilgallen's idea for "Fly-Away Baby" was based on her own real-life participation in a race around the world by air with two male reporters. The race was featured in her book, "Girl Around the World".
	"Fly-Away Baby" was shot in part at the Grand Central Air Terminal, Glendale, California with the participation of American Airlines. The aircraft seen in the film include the America Airlines Douglas DST-144 and Douglas DC-2 and Pan Am Martin 130 "China Clipper". 
	Although mainly seen in stock footage from newsreels, the airship German passenger airship LZ 129 "Hindenburg" departs its hangar in Friedrichshafen, and is later seen in the sky over New York City. Other scenes of an airship are actually the American dirigible or above the orchards of California. Interior sets depicting staterooms, lounge and corridors of the "Hindenburg" were accurate studio mockups,
	Aviation film historian James M. Farmer in "Celluloid Wings: The Impact of Movies on Aviation" (1984), noted that despite a meagre budget for "Fly-Away Baby", the film (featured) "Modest production values."
	Warner Archive released a boxed set DVD collection featuring all nine Torchy Blane films on March 29, 2011.

= = = Giheung station = = =

	Giheung Station is a subway station of the Bundang Line and EverLine, in the city of Yongin, Gyeonggi-do.

= = = Lonely (Tracy Lawrence song) = = =

	"Lonely" is a song written by Robin Lee Bruce and Roxie Dean, and recorded by American country music artist Tracy Lawrence. It was released in May 2000 as the second single from the album "Lessons Learned". The song reached #18 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

= = = Anita Sleeman = = =

	Anita Sleeman (née Andrés) (December 12, 1930 – October 18, 2011) was a Canadian contemporary classical music composer. She was also a conductor, arranger, educator, and performer.
	Born Anita Andrés December 12, 1930 in San Jose, California to Alejandro Andrés from Salamanca, Spain and Anita Dolgoff from Stavropol, Russia. Sleeman began taking piano lessons at age three and took up trumpet and French horn at school in San Francisco. While there, her music teachers noted her exceptional abilities at an early age (she began to show a talent for composition at age eight). Sleeman attended Placer Junior College as a music student. She met her future husband, Evan Sleeman, in Placer County and they married in 1951. They purchased a ranch in Elko County, Nevada and along with their six children immigrated to Canada in 1963. They lived on a ranch in the remote Anahim Lake area near Bella Coola. In 1967, the couple relocated to Tsawwassen, Metropolitan Vancouver. Throughout her life she played the French horn in a variety of stage and concert bands and performed as a keyboardist in jazz ensembles.
	At age 19 Sleeman composed a march that was played at her community college's commencement in 1950 (the first public performance of her work). Sleeman taught music appreciation at the Anahim Lake elementary school. While in Anahim Lake she played piano and organ at many community gatherings. Sleeman resumed music studies at the University of British Columbia, earning a BMus in 1971, and MMus (on a graduate fellowship) in 1974. At UBC she was a pupil of Jean Coulthard and during that time she taught at the electronic music lab, co-founded the Delta Youth Orchestra, and was involved in the establishment of the music program at the Capilano College in North Vancouver as a member of its music faculty.
	She returned to California to complete her doctorate (1982) at the University of Southern California attending master classes with Luciano Berio, Luigi Nono, and Charles Wuorinen. She also attended the Dick Grove School of Jazz.
	For 17 years she served as musical director and conductor of West Vancouver's Ambleside Orchestra, retiring in 2010.
	Her compositions have been premiered in London, England and Fiuggi, Italy as well as in Ottawa, Windsor and Vancouver; commissions include CBC Radio, Vancouver Community College, the Delta Youth Orchestra, the Galiano Trio, and others. At an early age Sleeman was introduced to the music of Olivier Messiaen, whose inspiration has been important in her development. Other influences are Varèse, Stravinsky, Koechlin, Lígeti, and Bartók. Her diversity of style has also been enhanced by her Spanish and Russian background and her love of jazz. She admired the work of Frank Zappa, to whose memory she dedicated selected performances of her work.
	Sleeman died early in the morning of October 18, 2011 at her home in North Vancouver, British Columbia. A memorial service for her was held on November 26, 2011 at St. Christopher's Anglican Church, West Vancouver.
	Critic Ken Winters of "The Globe and Mail" praised Sleeman's work "Cantigas" as "remarkable", continuing, "It's as resourceful as Bartók in exploiting string techniques and sound potentials, and just as vigorous musically."

= = = Sultanköy = = =

	Sultanköy is a town in Tekirdağ Province, Turkey.
	Sultanköy is a coastal town in Marmaraereğlisi district of Tekirdağ Province. 
	It is situated in Rumeli (Thrace, the European part of Turkey) to the northeast of Marmaraereğlisi at . It is on the state highway which connects İstanbul to Tekirdağ. The distance to Marmaraereğlisi is and to Tekirdağ is . The population of Sultanköy is 2708 as of 2011.
	Although there was a settlement named "Parolionthos" around the present town in the ancient age, Sultanköy was founded in the 16th century by the Turkmen people from Iran and was named as "Sultanşah". Later the suffix -şah was replaced by -köy. The settlement suffered during the wars in the last years of the Ottoman Empire. It was occupied by the Russians in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), by the Bulgarians in the First Balkan War and by the Greeks after the First World War. In 1999 it was declared a seat of township.
	The industrial site to the north and east of the town is a major source of revenue for the town residents. There is also a natural gas power plant in the town.

= = = Guseong station = = =

	Guseong Station is a subway station of the Bundang Line, the commuter subway line of Korail, the national railway of South Korea.
	The station was opened in December 2011 as part of the latest southward extension of the Bundang Line. Near this station, there is E-mart traders.

= = = Larry Holliday = = =

	Larry Holliday (born July 5, 1964 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American figure skater. He is the six time U.S. Adult Championship Masters Men Champion, and he was a member of Team USA in 1990.
	At the 2002 U.S. Adult National Figure Skating Championships in Ann Arbor, Michigan, he became the first skater to successfully land a triple jump in the Championship Masters event. In doing so, he won his first National title, and "earned a place in figure skating history".
	In February 2003 Holliday co-directed the second edition of Ebony On Ice at the Auditorium Theater in Chicago, Illinois. Nine time French Champion and five time European Ladies Champion Surya Bonaly was the special guest skater.
	After the show ended, Holliday began intensive training for the 2003 Adult Championships where he won again. His program included two triple jumps.
	At the 2004 U.S. Adult Championships in Lake Placid, New York held at the Herb Brooks Arena, Holliday won his third consecutive title. Skating under the 6.0 system, Holliday received a high technical mark of 5.5 and a high artistic mark of 5.6. He included three triple jumps in his program.
	Holliday had to watch the 2005 U.S. Adult Championships from the stands with a brace on his right leg. One week before the Championships, Holliday broke his leg and was forced to undergo surgery to repair the patellar tendon, missing two years of competition. Returning to competition Holliday won the silver medal in 2007 and the bronze medal in 2008 at the U.S. Adult Championships. Finally at the 2009 U.S. Adult Championships in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Holliday regained the National title. At the 2010 U. S. Adult Championships in Bloomington, Minnesota Holliday successfully defended, and captured his fifth title with a score of 49.56. A mere 0.25 separated the top 3 medalists.
	On April 14, 2012 at the 2012 U.S. Adult Championships, in Bensenville, Illinois, Holliday won his sixth national title. Skating to "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", Holliday had an emotional win and a score of 51.55.
	The Championship junior-senior men's event at the 2013 U.S. Adult Figure Skating Championships in Scottsdale, Arizona featured a triple jump for the first time in years, with Holliday landing a triple Salchow. Unfortunately mounting mistakes later in the program kept him from defending the title.
	Skating to Casablanca, Holliday won the Open Master Senior Men gold medal at the 2014 U.S. Adult Figure Skating Championships with his highest point total to date 56.55.
	In the Championship Junior-Senior Men event he won the pewter medal finishing in 4th place, only .11 points from the bronze. The event was held in Hyannis, Massachusetts.
	Outskirts Press published "The Larry Holliday Story" in 2008.
	Holliday currently coaches at McFetridge Sports Center in Chicago, Illinois.
	Holliday began skating in December 1976 after seeing an outdoor ice rink (Lake Shore Park) from the 72nd floor of a friends apartment in the John Hancock Center.
	In April 1977, Holliday began training at the Rainbo Ice Arena on Clark St. in Chicago. He attended classes there and met his first skating coach Jim Maier, who taught him all the basics of the sport, and gave him an excellent foundation to rise to the top.
	Holliday made his first National appearance at the 1982 United States Figure Skating Championships held in Indianapolis, Indiana at the Market Square Arena. He competed in the Novice Men event and finished in 5th place, behind 12-year-old gold medalist Rudy Galindo.
	In 1987, Holliday was invited to train in the Denver suburb of Littleton, Colorado with Norma Sahlin, the famed coach of World Champions Jill Trenary and Charlie Tickner. 
	During his stay, Alex English of the Denver Nuggets became his mentor/sponsor, and by 1990 he had a top 10 finish in the nation, which earned him a spot on the U.S. National Team (Team USA).
	A very high jumper throughout his career, Holliday's jumps were measured at 37 inches high in 1990.
	At the 1990 United States Figure Skating Championships, held at the Salt Palace in Salt Lake City, Utah, Holliday skated in the final National Championships where the Compulsory figures event was combined with the short and long programs. He finished in 12th place in the Compulsory figures event and 10th overall. His overall 10th-place finish at the Nationals qualified him for the 1990 U.S. Olympic Festival competition, held at the Met Center in Bloomington, Minnesota July 7–8, 1990.
	During the summer of 1990 a group of sponsors put forth a major effort to get Holliday to the 1992 Winter Olympics. There were dozens of articles on Holliday, countless radio spots, and at least four different television reports, including a segment on the Today show (Sportsman of the Week, narrated by Deborah Norville). Father George Clements and Alderman Danny K. Davis (29th Ward) championed Holliday's cause, even Chicago's Mayor Richard M. Daley met the skater and donated $250 to his training expenses. The Park District agreed to let Holliday skate for free at the McFetridge Sports Complex, which had the only indoor skating rink in the city. Although the waived charges were only a couple of dollars, they made a difference to Holliday, and the Independence Bank of Chicago, a black-owned south-side institution, agreed to hold donations in a special "Larry Holliday Olympic Fund."
	Holliday was invited to skate in the 1991 U.S. Olympic Festival held at The Forum (Inglewood) in July 1991. He finished in 7th place at that event.
	By the summer of 1991 more sponsors came out in support of Holliday's cause. The business man Robert Crown from a wealthy Chicago family agreed to donate $20,000 toward Holliday's training expenses.
	From the generosity of the prominent businessman from Chicago, Holliday and his coach Les Hanson set out for the East Coast in the month of October. Since the U.S. Nationals were to be held in Orlando, Florida at the Amway Arena in January 1992, coach Hanson thought it would be wise to get better acquainted with the east coast judges and competitors through a series of exhibitions. The first stop was Clearwater, Florida, Florida, then progressed on to Providence, Rhode Island, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and ended in New York City. Holliday qualified for the National Championships that year and finished in 13th place.
	Holliday's 4th National appearance was at the 1993 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, held at the US Airways Center in Phoenix, Arizona.
	Holliday's 5th and final National appearance was at the 1994 United States Figure Skating Championships, held at the Joe Louis Arena and as memorable as that event was (the attack on Nancy Kerrigan) for Holliday the competition was forgettable. He withdrew after skating the short program citing severe knee pain.

= = = 3rd Army (German Empire) = = =

	The 3rd Army () was an army level command of the German Army in World War I. It was formed on mobilization in August 1914 seemingly from the II Army Inspectorate. The army was disbanded in 1919 during demobilization after the war.
	Upon the mobilization Max von Hausen (Saxon War Minister) was given command of the 3rd Army which mainly consisted of Saxons. The army participated in the Battle of the Frontiers, mainly in the battles of Dinant and Charleroi and the army were responsible for the destruction of Reims in September 1914. After the Second Army's retreat after the First Battle of the Marne, Von Hausen saw his own flank exposed and ordered a retreat. Upon the stabilization of the front on the river Aisne, Von Hausen was relieved of his command and replaced by General Karl von Einem.
	Successfully repulsing the French Champagne-Marne offensive from February–March and September–November 1915 respectively, the army would take part in all three Battles of the Aisne and would hold General Anthoine's 4th Army (under General Philippe Petain's Center Army Group) during the Second Battle of the Aisne as part of the Nivelle Offensive from 16 April – 15 May 1917.
	Einem's right wing units would also participate in Erich Ludendorff's Champagne-Marne offensive on 15–17 July 1918 supporting the east flank of the German 1st Army. After suffering severe casualties in battle with John J. Pershing's Allied Expeditionary Force from 26 September – 11 November in the Meuse-Argonne offensive, the army was forced to retreat northward shortly before the war's end. At the end of the war it was serving as part of "Heeresgruppe Deutscher Kronprinz".
	By the end of the war, the 3rd Army was organised as:
	The 3rd Army had the following commanders during its existence:

= = = South Eastern Manitoba Hockey League = = =

	The South Eastern Manitoba Hockey League (SEMHL) is a senior men's ice hockey league in the province of Manitoba, Canada. Founded in 1951, it is one of Manitoba's longest-running leagues. The SEMHL is affiliated with Hockey Manitoba, the provincial branch of Hockey Canada.
	During its existence, 28 different teams from across southern Manitoba have played in the league at one time or another. Only one team, the Altona Maroons, has played every season. Currently, the league consists of seven teams, mostly in the Pembina Valley region. 
	The Elmer Hilbebrand Trophy is awarded to the league champion each season. The SEMHL champion qualifies for the Manitoba Senior 'A' Provincial Championship and competes against the champions from Manitoba's four other senior leagues.
	Only one SEMHL team, the Warroad Lakers, has gone on to win the Allan Cup.

= = = Thomas G. Fuller = = =

	Thomas George Fuller (1909–1994) was a Canadian captain of the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve who earned renown in the Second World War for his actions as a member of the Coastal Forces of the Royal Navy in European waters. Born in Ottawa, Fuller joined the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve in 1939 and was seconded to the British Royal Navy. During his service with the Royal Navy he commanded motor torpedo boat flotillas in European waters, serving with distinction in the Adriatic Sea where he earned a Distinguished Service Cross and two bars along with the nickname "Pirate of the Adriatic." Following the war, Fuller commanded two Canadian Naval Reserve Divisions before retiring in 1952. Following his military service, Fuller ran Thomas Fuller Construction which was instrumental in the construction of several landmark buildings in Ottawa. He was also a member of Ottawa's Britannia Yacht Club and converted and built two brigantines that would later be used for sail training. Fuller died in Ottawa at the age of 85. 
	Born in Ottawa, he was a 32-year-old contractor when he joined the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve in 1939. He was seconded to the British Royal Navy where he commanded flotillas of motor torpedo boats in the Mediterranean Sea and the Adriatic Sea.
	He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) for an action off Dover on 12 May 1942 before being transferred to Alexandria and in 1943. While there he won a bar to his DSC for actions in the Aegean Sea.
	In 1944 he took command of the 61st MGB flotilla, eight torpedo gunboats, based on Vis Island, Yugoslavia. It was here, while conducting raids on Axis shipping to provide supplies to Josip Broz Tito's partisans, that he earned a second bar to his DSC and a Mention in Despatches, as well as the nickname "The Pirate of the Adriatic." He was known as the Pirate of the Adriatic because he carried commandos and captured dozens of ships intact carrying useful cargo such as tons of goulash and Danish butter. For example, he sank or captured 25 ships in ten days. He had 105 firefights at sea as well as 30 actions in which he did not fire a shot. Nevertheless, he decommissioned 13 boats during his war service; the ships were no longer serviceable and were stripped for parts.
	After being imprisoned in Greece, he escaped in the German admiral's barge.
	After the war he commanded HMCS "Naden" and before retiring in 1952.
	Fuller ran Thomas Fuller Construction, which built the Ottawa Police Service headquarters, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa Congress Center, the Varette Building (1982) on Albert Street, and Standard Life's twin towers on Laurier Avenue. He was still working in the family business when he died at 85 years of age.
	Thomas Fuller converted a former tugboat into a brigantine, . In the 1980s, he designed and built a brigantine, , which was named in honour of his wife. After launching "Fair Jeanne" in 1982, he and his wife cruised around the world six and a half times. Today, the ships are flagships of the Bytown Brigantine sail training program.
	He died at 85 years of age at the Ottawa Civic Hospital on May 9, 1994.
	Thomas and his second wife Jeanne had four sons plus a daughter who died in infancy. Their estate was the Moorings across the street from the Britannia Yacht Club. He turned over Thomas Fuller and Son Heavy Equipment to their son Simon, when he was 23 years old. Their son Bill serves as vice president of the Fuller family construction company and Antony is President of the Fuller real estate arm, Metcalfe Realty Company Limited. His daughter from his first marriage to Penelope Sherwood, Victoria Fuller, is a former British actress now living in Ottawa and his eldest son Tom, a retired teacher, lives in New Zealand.
	Thomas G. Fuller's sons, William, Mark, Antony and Simon are active in the Fuller Group of Companies, whose projects include: Rideau Place Retirement Home; Shoppers Drug Mart; The Glebe Centre; City Centre Self Storage Facility; Carleton University Master Plan Phase 1; St. Lawrence College, Ontario, Student Residence; Alfred Lefaivre Water Treatment Plant; Renfrew Water Treatment Plant; The Library of Parliament heritage restoration; Civic Hospital Heart Research and an office building on 90 Murray St.
	The Thomas G Fuller Trophy is awarded annually to the Canadian Forces Naval Reserve achieving the topmost state of combat readiness. Captain Thomas G Fuller served as Commodore to the Britannia Boating Club, Ottawa, Ontario 1948–49. The Fuller Trophy, his uniform and his sword are in a display cabinet in the Commodore's Boardroom at the Britannia Yacht Club. In 1969, a brass plaque on the harbour at Britannia Yacht Club commemorated "All the walls in this harbour were built by the physical efforts of the club members started 1 nov 1951 length 1 mile completed 19 October 1968. This stone laid by Captain Thomas G. Fuller."
	The Commodore's boardroom table features a ship's wheel from "G.B. Patee II" (1904), a steam tug acquired as a family brigantine in 1952 by Captain Thomas Fuller. The Britannia Yacht Club has used the tug, rigged as a pirate ship known as "Black Jack" since 1983 to train new recruits to sail through the Bytown Brigantine Inc.
	The Canadian War Museum erected a memorial passageway plaque in his honour: "The name of this passageway honours the late Captain Thomas G. Fuller, D.S.C.**, M.I.D., R.C.N.V.R., whose operational exploits on loan to the Royal navy during the Second World War, serving in and commanding flotillas of Motor Torpedo Boats and Gun Boats, earned him great distinction as "The Pirate of the Adriatic". His "Nelson-like" tactics of thwarting, sinking, boarding and capturing enemy shipping revolutionized coastal forces small boat warfare, insufficiently recognized as R.C.N.V.R. operations that deserve a better place in Canadian military history. Acknowledged by Marshal Tito as an "Hon. Commandant National Army of Liberation" for his strategic support of the Partisans in liberation of Yugoslavia, Thomas George Fuller is fondly
	remembered as a genuine Canadian hero, a wonderful husband and father, "master builder" and philanthropist.

= = = Kris Cinkovich = = =

	Kris Cinkovich (born September 30, 1960) is an American football coach and former player. He is currently the assistant head coach, offensive coordinator and offensive line coach at the University of Idaho, a position he has held since March 2013. Cinkovich has previously been the wide receivers coach for the Arkansas Razorbacks football team at the University of Arkansas from 2010 to 2012. He was also employed at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, as the wide receivers coach for UNLV Rebels football, and won the Nevada State Championships in 2001 as the head football coach at Las Vegas High School in Las Vegas, Nevada.

= = = Måløy–Skarholmen Lighthouse = = =

	Måløy–Skarholmen Lighthouse () is a coastal lighthouse in Steigen Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The lighthouse marks the entrance to the upper Vestfjorden, the broad sound between the mainland and the Lofoten Islands. It is located on the tiny islet of Måløyvær, about straight west of the village of Leinesfjorden. It was first established in 1922 and was automated in 1979. It was listed as a protected site in 1999.
	The light burns year-round except between 2 May and 4 August each year when it is unnecessary due to the midnight sun. The light is located at an elevation of above sea level. The light is white, red, or green depending on direction, occulting twice every 8 seconds. The 139,100-candela light can be seen for up to . The tall round cast iron tower is centered on a 2-story concrete block keeper's house. The tower is painted red with one white horizontal band and the keeper's house is painted white. The house has dwelling units for three keepers and was in use until the lighthouse was automated in 1979.

= = = Asahel Grant = = =

	Asahel Grant (August 17, 1807 – April 24, 1844) was one of the first American missionaries to Iran.
	Asahel Grant was born at Marshall, New York, studied medicine at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and practiced in Utica, New York. In 1835 he went as a missionary with the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to Iran. He settled at Urmia and worked among the Nestorians there and elsewhere in western Asia. He died in Mosul in the Ottoman Empire. He was a daring adventurer throughout the Middle East, but had little success in converting the fierce Nestorians, whom he considered among the "ten lost tribes" of Israel. He wrote "The Nestorians" and an appeal for Christian doctors to engage in missionary work.
	Like David Livingstone before him (although not as famous), Grant thrilled western audiences with his adventures, inspiring a number of biographies, including those cited on this page. His success as a physician not only saved his life on several occasions, but opened the way for missionary successors.

= = = Singal station = = =

	Singal Station is a subway station of the Bundang Line. It was opened in December 2011, as part of the latest southward extension of the Bundang Line.
	A station on the now-abandoned, former Suryeo Line (1930–72) was also referred to by this name.

= = = Wenyon &amp; Gamble = = =

	Wenyon & Gamble is the name used by the art team of Susan Gamble and Michael Wenyon.
	Susan Gamble & Michael Wenyon are collaborating visual artists, known for their work using holography and for art works resulting from their residencies in observatories and other scientific institutions. As a team they have worked with photographic technology since 1983. They are married and have lived together since 1981.
	In 1993 they were awarded the UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of The Arts, for their contributions to new technology art.
	As a team they combine different academic backgrounds: Gamble has a BA in Fine Art from Goldsmiths' College, London and a PhD in the History of Science from Cambridge University. Wenyon has a BSc in physics from Bristol University, UK, and an MSc in optics, from Imperial College London; on graduating, he wrote one of the first popular textbooks on holography.
	The British writer Marina Benjamin said about their work:
	Susan Gamble and Michael Wenyon met in 1980 at Goldsmiths' Holography Workshop, Goldsmiths’ College, University of London, an experimental studio set up for artists to experiment with holograms, the first such facility in Europe. They were the founding staff of the Workshop, modeled on an open-access print-making studio, providing holographic instruction and equipment rental for visiting artists and art students. The Workshop was funded by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Arts Council of Great Britain. Wenyon & Gamble organized a traveling exhibition from the workshop, "The Holography Show", which opened at the Orchard Gallery, Derry and toured to seven other museums in England, Wales and Northern Ireland during 1982; it featured work by eight artists who had used the facility, including Bill Culbert, Jeremy Diggle, Peter Donebauer, Liliane Lijn and Andrew Logan. Other visiting artists included Bill Molteni and Rick Silberman.
	Wenyon & Gamble's first collaborative exhibition, "Wenyon & Gamble: New Holograms", was at the Glynn Vivian Art Gallery, Swansea, Wales, in 1984.
	In 1987 Wenyon & Gamble were appointed artists in residence at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, then based in Herstmonceux Castle, Sussex. It was a joint appointment with the composer and performer Ron Geesin, funded by South East Arts, a regional branch of the Arts Council of Great Britain. Wenyon & Gamble produced holographic works based on the optical experiments of Isaac Newton. They also began to produce work around the themes of optics and science for which they became known in this medium.
	Wenyon & Gamble lived in Japan between 1990 and 1992, teaching holography and fine art on the Plastics Arts & Mixed Media postgraduate program at the Institute of Art & Design, University of Tsukuba, near Tokyo. Working in a small holography facility over two years, they made a series of holograms of books from the university library. The books included many English-language art books translated into Japanese—texts by Ernst Gombrich and Bernard Leach—as well as Japanese books which interested the artists for their form and structure but which they were unable to read. The resulting installation "Bibliography" was exhibited in 1992 at the Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, and later the same year at the Art Tower Mito in Mito, Ibaraki, with support from the British Council.
	The artists received a fellowship from the Leverhulme Trust in 1994 to work at the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh.
	Between 1993 and 2000 Wenyon & Gamble were based in Boston, where Gamble was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Visual Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Wenyon designed holographic products for the Polaroid Corporation. During this time they produced an installation "Bibliomancy" of holograms of books using an unused photographic darkroom at the Boston Athenæum, one of America’s oldest libraries. Historian Norman Bryson wrote of this work in the exhibition catalog:
	At this time Wenyon & Gamble were also resident artists at the Haystack Observatory of MIT, a radio observatory with no optical telescopes. The photographs they made there, using the telescopes themselves as a rotating camera platform, "are dead-pan representations that demystify the industry of science and its fetishistic dependence upon equipment".
	They have also produced public artworks, including "The Quiet Sun", 2002, a mosaic in a swimming pool at the White Horse Leisure Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, based on a solar spectrum from the SOHO Satellite managed by the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.
	Using photography since 2000 they have documented scientific laboratories, observatories, and sites used for popular science presentations in the United States, United Kingdom, Cuba and India.
	Their panoramic photograph of Steve Squyres, the principal investigator on the Mars Exploration Rover team, taken in his office at Cornell University, is in the National Portrait Gallery, Washington, DC; it was exhibited in "Americans Now" at the Gallery in 2010/11.
	The exhibition "A Universe held up for Inspection" was held at the MagnanMetz Gallery, New York, April 20 – May 25, 2012.
	"Domes & Palaces – Constructing Science" was exhibited at the New York Hall of Science, June 18 – September 11, 2016. Art critic and author Eleanor Heartney wrote an accompanying text about this work
	"Out of Place" is the artists' most recent exhibition at the Magnan Metz Gallery, New York, from November 4 to December 17, 2016.
	Wenyon & Gamble's works are in public collections including the Victoria and Albert Museum, the National Academy of Sciences, DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park, the List Visual Arts Center (MIT), and the National Portrait Gallery (United States). They have exhibited at the Tate Liverpool, and the Whitney Museum of American Art.

= = = Magritte Award = = =

	A Magritte Award () is an accolade presented by the Académie André Delvaux of Belgium to recognize cinematic achievement in the film industry. Modelled after the French César Award, the formal ceremony at which the awards are presented is one of the most prominent award ceremonies in Belgium. The various category winners are awarded a copy of a statuette. The awards, first presented in 2011, are considered the Belgian equivalent of the Academy Awards in the United States.
	Historically given during the first quarter of the new year, the awards honor achievements for cinematic accomplishments for the preceding year. The 10th Magritte Awards ceremony was held on 1 February 2020 at the Square Meeting Centre in the historic site of Mont des Arts, Brussels.
	Founded in 2010, the Académie André Delvaux was established at the request of the Francophone Film Producers Association (UPFF) and Pro Spère, to unite the five branches of the film industry, including actors, directors, producers, technicians and writers. The Académie aims to recognize excellence in Belgian cinematic achievements in order to have a Belgian counterpart to the César Awards of France. After the cancellation of the Joseph Plateau Awards ceremony, which was absorbed into the Flanders International Film Festival Ghent in 2007, a national film award was missing in Belgium. This led the Académie André Delvaux to establish the Magritte Award.
	The name of the award comes from the painter René Magritte. Charly Herscovici, who created the Magritte Foundation, allowed the Académie to use the name of the artist. The awarding statuette was created by designer and sculptor Xavier Lust, who drew inspiration from a poster entitled "Moments inoubliables du cinema" created by René Magritte in 1958 for a film festival. The 1st Magritte Awards ceremony took place on 5 February 2011 at the Square Meeting Centre in Brussels. During the ceremony, the Académie André Delvaux presented Magritte Awards in twenty categories. Film director Jaco Van Dormael presided the ceremony, while actress Helena Noguerra hosted the evening. The ceremony, televised in Belgium by BeTV, was produced by José Bouquiaux and directed by Vincent J. Gustin.
	At the 2nd ceremony, held on 4 February 2012, the Magritte Award for Best Film in Coproduction was split in Best Foreign Film in Coproduction and Best Flemish Film in Coproduction. The latter was renamed Best Flemish Film in 2015. An Audience Award was presented to a Belgian film personality in 2011 and 2012, before being replaced by Best First Feature Film in 2013; its winner, however, was first announced during the 66th Cannes Film Festival, three months after the Magritte Awards ceremony. In 2016, it became a merit category, with the audience award being finally retired. The same year, Best Short Film was split in Best Live Action Short Film and Best Animated Short Film. The 8th ceremony was the first to be aired on La Deux, after RTBF took over broadcast rights from BeTV.
	The Académie André Delvaux, a professional honorary organization, maintains a voting membership of 800 as of 2015. It is divided into different branches, with each representing a different discipline in film production. All members must be invited to join by the Board of Directors. Membership eligibility may be achieved by a competitive nomination or a member may submit a name based on other significant contribution to the field of motion pictures. To be eligible for nomination, a film must be a Belgian production and open in the previous calendar year (from October 16 of the previous calendar year to October 15 of the following year) in Belgium and play for seven consecutive days.
	In December, the Académie reveals the list of eligible releases; a DVD set with the catalog of films is also sent to the electors. Voters use an instant run-off voting ballot, with potential nominees rewarded in the single transferable vote tally for having strong supporters who rank them first. The winners are then determined by a second round of voting. All members are allowed to vote in most categories, except for the Honorary Magritte Award, whose recipients are determined by the Board of Directors of the Académie. After the nominations are revealed, in January, special screenings of the nominated films are shown.
	The following is a listing of all Magritte Awards ceremonies.

= = = Pennin Perumai = = =
	The National Hospital of Sri Lanka (sometimes General Hospital) is a government hospital in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Founded in 1864 as the General Hospital, it is the leading hospital in Sri Lanka and is controlled by the central government. As of 2010 it had 3,246 beds. The hospital has 18 intensive care units and 21 operating theaters. It employs 7,500 staff of which 1,500 are doctors. The hospital carries out 5,000 major and minor surgeries each month and treats over two million out patients a year. Situated on a 36-acre site, it includes the Dental Institute, Maligawatte Kidney Hospital, Nurse's Training School, Post Basic Nurse's Training School, School of Eco Cardiograph, School of Physiotherapy, School of Radiography and the University of Colombo's Faculty of Medicine.
	In 1817 Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals Charles Farell recommended to the British Governor Robert Brownrigg that a hospital for the poor be established. Thus Colombo's first modern hospital was established in 1819 at Prince Street in Pettah. The hospital had 100 beds but demand was so high the hospital became overcrowded and a decision was taken to build a news hospital at a 32-acre cinnamon land in Longden Place. Governor Henry George Ward's administration set aside ₤3,000 to establish the hospital. The new 200 bed General Hospital opened in 1864.
	The hospital had 21 wards in 1864. When the Colombo Medical School was established in 1870 it was based at the hospital's female surgical ward. In 1875 Mudaliyar Samson Rajapakse gifted three and a half acres of land on which Colombo Medical School's successor, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, stands today. The hospital became the first in the country to employ female nurses with the arrival of an English nurse in 1878. The hospital found it difficult to recruit nurses locally so the hospital authorities requested the help of Catholic nuns who served in the hospital from 1886 to 1964.
	The hospital had 22 wards and 212 beds, 112 for the medical unit and 100 for the surgical unit, in 1885. By 1894 hospital had 24 wards and 280 beds. Longden Place was named Kynsey Road in 1900. The Victoria Memorial Building (eye ward) and the White House (administration building) were opened in 1903 and 1904 respectively. The first out patient department was founded in 1910 (now it is the main x-ray unit). Overcrowding at the hospital resulted in an annex being opened at Ragama for elderly and chronically-ill patients but a cholera outbreak in 1912 resulted in these patients being transferred back to the Kynsey Road site.
	Governor William Manning opened Merchant Ward (currently Ward No. 15) in October 1918. The Skinner Memorial Ward was established and adjoining it the Gnanasekaram Ward was built in 1924. These two wards are currently known as Ward No. 16. Physiotherapy and rheumatology units were added in the 1920s A private home on Ward Place was converted into a dental clinic in 1925 and the radiology unit was established in the administration building in 1926. The Marque Memorial Ward was established in 1938 for the Catholic nun nurses whilst the Coudert Memorial Ward was established in 1941 for Christian clergymen. The Khan Memorial Ward (Ward No. 51) was established in 1939 to treat paediatric orthopaedic patients. Colombo College of Nursing was founded on 9 May 1939.
	When the University of Ceylon was established in 1942, the General Hospital was chosen to be its teaching hospital. Paying wards such as Matapan Ward were established in 1943. 1952 saw the building of hospital kitchens and the first cardiothoracic unit. The hospital's first open-heart surgery took place in 1955. An electrocardiography (ECG) unit was opened on 1 November 1955. The College of Physiotherapy and School of Radiology, both affiliated to the General Hospital, were founded in 1957. The Bandaranaike Building (administration and surgery) was opened on 2 February 1958 by Prime Minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike. Eye care moved to the newly created Eye Hospital in 1965 and on 1 January 1967 an accident ward was opened in the vacated Victoria Memorial Building by Prime Minister Dudley Senanayake. Ceylon's first intensive care unit was opened in the Surgical Complex by Minister of Health E. L. Senanayake on 16 June 1968. A mental health ward (Ward No. 59) was founded in the late 1960s. Plastic surgery was introduced in 1970 in Ward No. 4. The Coronary Care Unit was opened in 1973. The Burn Unit started on 28 October 1974 in Lady de Soysa Ward.
	In 1979 the Sri Lankan and Finnish governments entered into an agreement to renovate the General Hospital, with 85% of the funding coming from Finns. Numerous projects were carried out as result of the agreement including the complete refurbishment of the accident, emergency, orthopaedic and trauma units, the establishment of the training unit and laundry, and the building of a new mortuary. The Renal Transplant Unit was opened on 6 May 1987. A new accident ward was opened by President Ranasinghe Premadasa on 15 March 1991. The Medical Ward Complex was opened by President Chandrika Kumaratunga on 1 February 1995. On 31 January 1996 the hospital had to treat 1,200 victims of the Colombo Central Bank bombing. The Neurotrauma Unit, funded by the Saudi Arabian government, was opened by President Mahinda Rajapaksa on 31 March 2011. Rajapaksa opened the third Medical Ward Complex on 19 April 2013.

= = = Kvinge = = =

	Kvinge may refer to:

= = = 1983 NCAA Division I Tennis Championships = = =

	The 1983 NCAA Division I Tennis Championships refer to one of two NCAA-sponsored events held during May 1983 to determine the national champions of men's and women's collegiate tennis in the United States:
	The men's and women's tournaments would not be held at the same site until 2006. 

= = = Jean-Paul C. Montagnier = = =

	Jean-Paul C. Montagnier (born September 28, 1965 at Lyon) is a French musicologist. He studied at the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Paris, where he received two first prizes in musical analysis (1988, professor: Claude Ballif) and music history (1989, professor: Yves Gérard), before completing a PhD at Duke University (1994). He is currently Professor of musicology at the University of Lorraine (Nancy, France), and Associate Member of the Institut de Recherche en Musicologie (CNRS). He also was Adjunct Professor at McGill University. He was involved with Musica Gallica, an edition of the works of the musical patrimony of France. He serves on the editorial board of the Collected Works of Jean-Baptiste Lully published by Olms (Germany). He was made Officer in the Order of Arts and Letters by the French Government in 2012. He was nominated to become a Robert M. Trotter Visiting Distinguished Professor at the University of Oregon School of Music and Dance during the 2018–2019 academic year. 
	He specializes in the sacred music of the French Baroque, and has extensively published in numerous international journals. In addition to several books and book chapters, he has also edited many scores and facsimiles. He is regularly invited to lecture and teach in North-American and European universities.
	He is a member of several learned societies, among which the American Musicological Society, the Royal Musical Association, and the International Musicological Society.
	His grandfather, Georges Montagnier (1892-1967), was a novelist, playwrighter and poet.

= = = José Fabio = = =

	José Manuel Fabio, (born 31 December 1977) is a Paraguayan professional basketball player. He currently plays for the Comunicaciones Mercedes Sports Club of the Torneo Nacional de Ascenso in Argentina.
	He has been a member of the Paraguayan national basketball team and participated at the 2014 South American Basketball Championship, where he averaged most minutes, points, rebounds and blocks for his team.

= = = Primrose Hill Historic District = = =

	The Primrose Hill Historic District encompasses a group of high-quality 19th century residences in Belfast, Maine. Set on Church and High Streets between Primrose and Anderson, this area is where the elite of early 19th-century Belfast built their homes. Four of the five most prominent houses are Federal, while one is Gothic Revival in style. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
	The Primrose Hill area of Belfast was developed after High Street was laid out in 1805. The part of High Street north of the city's central business district is elevated, with commanding views over the downtown and harbor beyond. As such, it became a desirable location for the city's elite to live. The historic district, when described in 1973 for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, described only five properties, extending along High Street from Primrose Street south to a triangular junction with High and Church Streets, and then south on Church Street to Anderson. Its bounds, however, are actually larger, as a portion of Anderson Street (between Church and Waldo Streets) was included in a 1993 amendment to the Belfast Historic District due to its earlier inclusion in this district. (The Belfast Historic District was intended to completely include this district).
	On the east side of High Street stand two of the district's finer houses. The Benjamin Field House is a Federal style two-story wood frame house, with a hip roof, while directly to its south is the 1824 Benjamin Haseltine House, also Federal style. On the west side of High Street, opposite the Field House, stands the Johnson-Pratt House, built in 1812 for the son of one of Bowdoin College's founders. It has an elaborate Ionic portico, which was added about 1830. To its south stands the 1859 Gothic Revival House of Charles Haseltine, and the Anderson House, one of Belfast's finest brick Federal-style houses, stands further south; it was the residence of Hugh J. Anderson, a Governor of Maine. Houses on Anderson Street include a fine Gothic Revival cottage built by a ship's captain about 1853.

= = = Moskva (2007 icebreaker) = = =

	Moskva (; literally: Moscow) is a Russian Project 21900 diesel-electric icebreaker. Built at Baltic Shipyard in 2008, she was the first non-nuclear-powered icebreaker built in Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
	"Moskva" has an identical sister ship, "Sankt-Peterburg", built in 2009. In addition, three icebreakers of slightly upgraded design ("Vladivostok", "Murmansk" and "Novorossiysk") were built in 2015–2016.
	In July 2004, the Saint Petersburg-based Baltic Shipyard won an international tender for the construction of two 16-megawatt diesel-electric icebreakers for Rosmorport, a state-owned company established in 2003 to manage Russia's port infrastructure and operate its fleet of diesel-powered icebreakers. Although the shipyard had built five "Arktika"-class nuclear-powered icebreakers in 1975–1992 and had the sixth under construction at the time, these would be the first non-nuclear icebreakers built on a Russian shipyard in over three decades and the first new icebreakers ordered following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. While the state budget did not initially allocate funding for the new icebreakers, the construction was nonetheless set to begin already in 2004 and the lead ship was to be delivered by November 2006.
	The keel laying ceremony of the first vessel was held on 19 May 2005 and the hull was launched on 25 May 2007, slightly behind the original schedule. At the time, technical readiness of the vessel was estimated to be 70% and the delivery was still expected by the end of the year. However, it took more than a year before the first new diesel-electric icebreaker was finally delivered to Rosmorport on 11 December 2008.
	Project 21900 icebreakers are named after major Russian cities with the lead ship, "Moskva", named after the capital city of Russia. Previously, the same names were used for a series of five Soviet-era diesel-electric polar icebreakers built by Wärtsilä in the 1960s; the previous "Moskva" was in service in 1960–1992.
	"Moskva" is long overall and between perpendiculars, and has a moulded beam of . Fully laden, the icebreaker draws of water. She is strengthened for icebreaking according to Russian Maritime Register of Shipping ice class "Icebreaker6" which is intended for icebreaking operations in non-Arctic freezing seas where the ice is up to thick.
	"Moskva" has a fully integrated diesel-electric propulsion system with main diesel generators supplying power for both main propulsion as well as ship's service loads while underway. Her main power plant consists of two 9-cylinder Wärtsilä 9L32 and two 12-cylinder Wärtsilä 12V32 medium-speed diesel engines. In addition, there are two Wärtsilä 4L20 auxiliary diesel generators for use when the vessel is at port.
	For main propulsion, "Moskva" is fitted with two electrically driven azimuth thrusters. The stainless steel propellers of her pushing-type Steerprop SPO4.5ARC Z-drive units are each driven by two electric motors in tandem, resulting in a combined propulsion power output of about . This is enough to give "Moskva" a service speed of in open water and allow breaking level ice with a snow cover at a continuous speed of in line with her ice class. While the azimuthing propulsion units improve the maneuverability of the icebreaker, she is also fitted with a single transverse bow thruster.
	The two Project 21900 icebreakers were originally built to ensure year-round transportation of crude oil from the terminal in Primorsk. "Moskva"s primary mission was to escort oil tankers up to in breadth in the Gulf of Finland. In addition, she was designed to carry out various secondary tasks such as firefighting and oil spill response operations.
	Since 2016, "Moskva" has occasionally been stationed in the Arctic LNG terminal of Sabetta in the Gulf of Ob during the winter months.
	"Moskva" has participated in the annual Festival of Icebreakers in Saint Petersburg once. The icebreaker was open to visitors in 2015.

= = = Sankt-Peterburg (icebreaker) = = =

	Sankt-Peterburg (; literally: Saint Petersburg) is a Russian diesel-electric icebreaker. She was built at Baltic Shipyard in 2009 as the second vessel for Project 21900, the first series of non-nuclear icebreakers built in Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. She has an identical sister ship, the 2008-built "Moskva".
	Following the construction of "Sankt-Peterburg", three icebreakers of slightly upgraded design ("Vladivostok", "Murmansk" and "Novorossiysk") were built in 2015–2016.
	In July 2004, the Saint Petersburg-based Baltic Shipyard won an international tender for the construction of two 16-megawatt diesel-electric icebreakers for Rosmorport, a state-owned company established in 2003 to manage Russia's port infrastructure and operate its fleet of diesel-powered icebreakers. Although the shipyard had built five "Arktika"-class nuclear-powered icebreakers in 1975–1992 and had the sixth under construction at the time, these would be the first non-nuclear icebreakers built on a Russian shipyard in over three decades and the first new icebreakers ordered following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
	The contract for the construction of the second Project 21900 icebreaker was signed in May 2005 shortly after the lead ship was laid down at Baltic Shipyard. Initially, she was supposed to be delivered in November 2007, one year after the first vessel of the series. The keel laying ceremony was held on 19 January 2006 and the hull was launched on 28 May 2008. While delivery was initially scheduled for late 2008, she was officially commissioned on 12 July 2009.
	Project 21900 icebreakers are named after major Russian cities with "Sankt-Peterburg" named after the country's second-largest city. While the naming of the vessels also follows that of a series of five diesel-electric polar icebreakers built by Wärtsilä in the 1960s, "Sankt-Peterburg"s Soviet-era counterpart was naturally named "Leningrad".
	"Sankt-Peterburg" is long overall and between perpendiculars, and has a moulded beam of . Fully laden, the icebreaker draws of water. She is strengthened for icebreaking according to Russian Maritime Register of Shipping ice class "Icebreaker6" which is intended for icebreaking operations in non-Arctic freezing seas where the ice is up to thick.
	"Sankt-Peterburg" has a fully integrated diesel-electric propulsion system with main diesel generators supplying power for both main propulsion as well as ship's service loads while underway. Her main power plant consists of two 9-cylinder Wärtsilä 9L32 and two 12-cylinder Wärtsilä 12V32 medium-speed diesel engines. In addition, there are two Wärtsilä 4L20 auxiliary diesel generators for use when the vessel is at port.
	For main propulsion, "Sankt-Peterburg" is fitted with two electrically driven azimuth thrusters. The stainless steel propellers of her pushing-type Steerprop SPO4.5ARC Z-drive units are each driven by two electric motors in tandem, resulting in a combined propulsion power output of about . This is enough to give "Sankt-Peterburg" a service speed of in open water and allow breaking level ice with a snow cover at a continuous speed of in line with her ice class. While the azimuthing propulsion units improve the maneuverability of the icebreaker, she is also fitted with a single transverse bow thruster.
	The two Project 21900 icebreakers were originally built to ensure year-round transportation of crude oil from the terminal in Primorsk. "Sankt-Peterburg"s primary mission was to escort oil tankers up to in breadth in the Gulf of Finland. In addition, she was designed to carry out various secondary tasks such as firefighting and oil spill response operations. Since 2015, "Sankt-Peterburg" has occasionally been stationed in the Arctic LNG terminal of Sabetta in the Gulf of Ob during the winter months.
	"Sankt-Peterburg" has also regularly participated in the annual Festival of Icebreakers in Saint Petersburg. The icebreaker has been open to visitors in every festival since 2014 except 2015 when she was replaced by her sister ship "Moskva". In July 2012, she visited France and was open to visitors as part of the maritime festival in Brest.

= = = Murmansk (2015 icebreaker) = = =

	Murmansk () is a Russian Project 21900M diesel-electric icebreaker. While her construction was contracted to Vyborg Shipyard in Russia, she was built at Arctech Helsinki Shipyard in Finland and delivered to Rosmorport in 2016.
	"Murmansk", which represents a further development of the icebreakers "Moskva" and "Sankt-Peterburg", has two identical sister ships: "Vladivostok" and "Novorossiysk".
	In the 2000s, Russia began renewing the state-owned icebreaker fleet that, at the time, consisted mainly of Soviet-era vessels dating back to the 1970s and 1980s. In July 2004, the Saint Petersburg-based Baltic Shipyard won an international tender for the construction of two 16-megawatt diesel-electric icebreakers for Rosmorport, a state-owned company established in 2003 to manage Russia's port infrastructure and operate its fleet of diesel-powered icebreakers. These icebreakers, "Moskva" (delivered in 2008) and "Sankt-Peterburg" (2009), were the first non-nuclear icebreaker built in Russia for over three decades and the first new icebreakers ordered following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
	In 2011, the Russian government decided to continue the fleet renewal within the framework of the federal program "Development of the Transport System of Russia (2010–2020)" with three additional 16-megawatt diesel-electric icebreakers. The construction of the first icebreaker awarded to Vyborg Shipyard on 2 December 2011. On 23 February 2012, the remaining two vessels were also contracted to Vyborg Shipyard which was acquired by the state-owned United Shipbuilding Corporation (USC) to solve the shipyard's financial problems.
	The new icebreakers, referred to as Project 21900M, represent a further development of the original Project 21900 design. Modifications to the original design include, among smaller general improvements, a slightly different diesel-electric power plant configuration and more efficient pulling-type propulsion units where the propeller is facing forward. While Project 21900M vessels were still sometimes referred to as "16-megawatt icebreakers", their propulsion power was increased to 18 megawatts. Externally, the most apparent difference is the helideck which has been moved to the foredeck and enlarged for the bigger Mil Mi-8 helicopter.
	Although the construction of the new icebreaker was awarded to Vyborg Shipyard, the Russian shipyard subcontracted the hull assembly, outfitting and commissioning of the vessel to Arctech Helsinki Shipyard. The contract with the Finnish shipyard, which at the time was a joint venture between USC and STX Finland (a subsidiary of STX Europe, which in turn was a subsidiary of the South Korean STX Offshore & Shipbuilding), was signed on 18 December 2012. The keel-laying ceremony was held in Vyborg already on 26 December, after which the blocks were transferred to Helsinki for hull assembly. The vessel was ceremonially launched on 25 March 2015 and floated out from the shipyard's covered dry dock few days later. On 18 December, after completing the sea trials that began in late November, the new icebreaker was delivered to Vyborg Shipyard where she was handed over to Rosmorport on 25 December 2015.
	Like the preceding Project 21900 icebreakers, the new icebreakers are also named after major cities of Russia with "Murmansk" representing the largest city above the Arctic Circle. Previously, the same naming scheme was also used for a series of five diesel-electric polar icebreakers built by the Finnish shipbuilder Wärtsilä in the 1960s; the previous "Murmansk" was in service in 1968–1995.
	"Murmansk" is long overall and between perpendiculars, and has a moulded beam of . Fully laden, the icebreaker draws of water. While her official Russian Maritime Register of Shipping ice class is "Icebreaker6", "Murmansk"s hull and propulsion units are strengthened to meet the requirements for "Icebreaker7", a higher ice class intended for icebreaking operations in the Arctic.
	"Murmansk" has a fully integrated diesel-electric propulsion system with main diesel generators supplying power for both main propulsion as well as ship's service loads while underway. Her main power plant consists of four 12-cylinder Wärtsilä 12V32E four-stroke medium-speed diesel engines rated at each. In addition, there are two Wärtsilä 4L20 auxiliary diesel generators for use when the vessel is at port and a emergency diesel generator. 
	For main propulsion, "Murmansk" is fitted with two electrically driven azimuth thrusters. Her two Steerprop SP110ARCPULL Z-drive units, each driven by two electric propulsion motors in tandem configuration, were the most powerful mechanical azimuth thrusters in the world at the time of delivery. With a total propulsion power of , "Murmansk" can achieve a service speed of in open water and break up to thick level ice. In addition, she has a transverse bow thruster for maneuvering.
	"Murmansk" is based in Saint Petersburg and normally escorts merchant ships in the Gulf of Finland during the winter navigating season. However, in April 2016 the icebreaker sailed to the Arctic together with her sister vessel "Vladivostok" for full-scale ice trials.
	"Murmansk" has also participated once in the annual Festival of Icebreakers in Saint Petersburg; the icebreaker was open to visitors in 2017.

= = = Novorossiysk (icebreaker) = = =

	Novorossiysk () is a Russian Project 21900M diesel-electric icebreaker. She was built by Vyborg Shipyard in Russia and delivered to Rosmorport in 2016.
	"Novorossiysk", which represents a further development of the icebreakers "Moskva" and "Sankt-Peterburg", has two identical sister ships: "Vladivostok" and "Murmansk".
	In the 2000s, Russia began renewing the state-owned icebreaker fleet that, at the time, consisted mainly of Soviet-era vessels dating back to the 1970s and 1980s. In July 2004, the Saint Petersburg-based Baltic Shipyard won an international tender for the construction of two 16-megawatt diesel-electric icebreakers for Rosmorport, a state-owned company established in 2003 to manage Russia's port infrastructure and operate its fleet of diesel-powered icebreakers. These icebreakers, "Moskva" (delivered in 2008) and "Sankt-Peterburg" (2009), were the first non-nuclear icebreaker built in Russia for over three decades and the first new icebreakers ordered following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
	In 2011, the Russian government decided to continue the fleet renewal within the framework of the federal program "Development of the Transport System of Russia (2010–2020)" with three additional 16-megawatt diesel-electric icebreakers. The construction of the first icebreaker awarded to Vyborg Shipyard on 2 December 2011. On 23 February 2012, the remaining two vessels were also contracted to Vyborg Shipyard which was acquired by the state-owned United Shipbuilding Corporation (USC) to solve the shipyard's financial problems.
	The new icebreakers, referred to as Project 21900M, represent a further development of the original Project 21900 design. Modifications to the original design include, among smaller general improvements, a slightly different diesel-electric power plant configuration and more efficient pulling-type propulsion units where the propeller is facing forward. While Project 21900M vessels were still sometimes referred to as "16-megawatt icebreakers", their propulsion power was increased to 18 megawatts. Externally, the most apparent difference is the helideck which has been moved to the foredeck and enlarged for the bigger Mil Mi-8 helicopter.
	While the steel cutting for the second Project 21900M to be built by Vyborg Shipyard was not set to begin until sometime 2013, the production began ahead of schedule and the keel laying ceremony was held on 12 December 2012. After the launching of the first icebreaker, "Vladivostok", hull assembly of the sister vessel began on the shipyard's semi-submersible barge "Atlant" in May 2019. The unfinished vessel was launched on 29 October 2015 and delivered to Rosmorport on 26 December 2016.
	Like the preceding Project 21900 icebreakers, the new icebreakers are also named after major cities of Russia with "Novorossiysk" representing the main Russian port city on the Black Sea. While a similar naming scheme was also used for a series of five diesel-electric polar icebreakers built by the Finnish shipbuilder Wärtsilä in the 1960s, "Novorossiysk"s 1965-built Soviet-era counterpart, "Kiev", was named the city that became the capital city of Ukraine following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
	"Novorossiysk" is long overall and between perpendiculars, and has a moulded beam of . Fully laden, the icebreaker draws of water. While her official Russian Maritime Register of Shipping ice class is "Icebreaker6", "Novorossiysk"s hull and propulsion units are strengthened to meet the requirements for "Icebreaker7", a higher ice class intended for icebreaking operations in the Arctic.
	"Novorossiysk" has a fully integrated diesel-electric propulsion system with main diesel generators supplying power for both main propulsion as well as ship's service loads while underway. Her main power plant consists of four 12-cylinder Wärtsilä 12V32E four-stroke medium-speed diesel engines rated at each. In addition, there are two Wärtsilä 4L20 auxiliary diesel generators for use when the vessel is at port and a emergency diesel generator. 
	For main propulsion, "Novorossiysk" is fitted with two electrically driven azimuth thrusters. Her two Steerprop SP110ARCPULL Z-drive units, each driven by two electric propulsion motors in tandem configuration, were the most powerful mechanical azimuth thrusters in the world at the time of delivery. With a total propulsion power of , "Novorossiysk" can achieve a service speed of in open water and break up to thick level ice. In addition, she has a transverse bow thruster for maneuvering.
	Unlike the other Project 21900M icebreakers, "Novorossiysk" has been operating primarily in the Arctic and in the Russian far east. In January 2017, the vessel's debut voyage to the high latitudes took her to Franz Josef Land and for the rest of the icebreaking season she provided icebreaking services in the White Sea. In 2018, she supported offshore drilling operations in the Kara Sea with ice management. After having been stationed in the Far East Basin during the 2018–2019 icebreaking season, "Novorossiysk" was deployed to Pevek until 31 October 2019. In August, she began escorting the cruise ship "Silver Explorer" along the Northern Sea Route.
	"Novorossiysk" has also participated once in the annual Festival of Icebreakers in Saint Petersburg; the icebreaker was open to visitors in 2018.

= = = Eglimata = = =

	Eglimata () is a Greek comedy television series that was aired for two seasons (1998-1999 and 1999-2000) by ANT1 TV. The series was created by Lefteris Papapetrou and it stars Kaiti Konstantinou, Maria Kavoyianni, Kostas Koklas, Iro Mane, Christos Chatzipanagiotis, Stavros Nikolaidis, Vassilis Charalambopoulos, Soula Athanasiadou, Athinodoros Prousalis and other. The series was based on a lot of funny characters which surrounded a couple with an extramarital relationship. Eglimata became a very successful TV show and achieved high viewing.
	Alekos, a butcher is married to Sosso. When Sosso discovers that her husband has an extramarital relationship with a housewife, she decides to revenge her husband and his girlfriend. So she plans various ways to kill them. The illegal couple comes close with the two different families and a lot of funny situations happen.

= = = Pénélope McQuade = = =

	Pénélope McQuade (born November 24, 1970) is a French Canadian radio and television host.
	The daughter of France Rivard and journalist Winston McQuade, she was born in Quebec City, Quebec. While she was young, she spent two years in Toronto before her family moved to Montreal. McQuade studied arts and communications at the Cégep Jean-de-Brébeuf and then journalism at the Université du Québec à Montréal. After completing her education, she worked for various Quebec broadcasters.
	In 1999, she received a Prix Gémeaux for best host in the youth category for "Cyberclub". In 2003, she received another Gémeaux award for best host for "Passep’Art".

= = = Vorda = = =

	Vorda (foaled 30 March 2011) is a French Thoroughbred racehorse and prospective broodmare. In a racing career which lasted from April 2013 until October 2014 she won four of her eleven races. After being bought cheaply as a yearling she was one of the best juvenile fillies in Europe in 2013. In France she won the Prix La Fleche and the Prix Robert Papin as well as finishing second in the Prix Morny before being sent to England to record her biggest victory in the Cheveley Park Stakes. She failed to win as a three-year-old but ran well in several major races before being retired at the end of the season.
	Vorda is a bay mare with a white star bred in France by S R L Edy. Her sire, the Kentucky-bred Orpen, raced for the Coolmore Stud, recording his biggest victory in the 1998 Prix Morny. His other progeny have included the South African sprinter War Artist as well as Torrestrella (Poule d'Essai des Pouliches), Blu Constellation (Criterium de Maisons-Laffitte) and Killybegs (Craven Stakes). Vorda is second foal of her dam Velda who had little success as a racehorse in Italy before retiring to become a broodmare. She was a granddaughter of the Oaks d'Italia winner Val d'Erica.
	In October 2012 the yearling filly was offered for sale at Deauville and was bought for €9,000 by the trainer Philippe Sogorb. The filly was trained by Sogorb throughout her racing career and initially raced in the ownership of Remy Picamau.
	Vorda began her racing career in the Prix Caravelle over 1000 metres at Chantilly Racecourse on 29 April. Ridden by Francois-Xavier Bertras, she started a 13.6/1 outsider and won by one and a half lengths from Aventure Love and six others. A majority share in the filly was then sold to Gerard Augustin-Normand. Gregory Benoist took over the ride when the filly was moved up in class and started 1.6/1 favourite for the Listed Prix La Fleche over the same distance at Maisons-Laffitte Racecourse on 11 June. After being restrained towards the rear of the seven-runner field she quickened to take the lead in the last 200 metres and won "comfortably" by one and three quarter lengths from the colt Muharaaj. On 21 July at the same track, the filly was stepped up in class and distance for the Group Two Prix Robert Papin over 1100 metres. She was made the 3/1 favourite ahead of the Prix du Bois winner Vedeux, whilst the other contenders included the British challengers Extortionist (Windsor Castle Stakes) and Ambiance (Dragon Stakes). Benoist settled the favourite behind the leaders as the Italian-trained filly Omaticaya set the pace, before moving forward 300 metres from the finish. Vorda took the lead in the closing stages and drew ahead to win by one and a half lengths and a short neck from Omaticaya and Vedeux. After the race Sogorb commented "She has just improved with every run and she does everything so easily".
	On 18 August at Deauville Racecourse Vorda was moved up in class and distance again for the Group One Prix Morny over 1200 metres and started favourite ahead of the American-trained No Nay Never and the British filly Rizeena. After being held up as usual by Benoist she kept on well in the last 300 metres without ever looking likely to win and finished second, a length behind No Nay Never. Following the race, the filly was bought by the Qatari Sheikh Mohammed bin Khalifa Al Thani. On her next appearance, Vorda returned to all-female competition and was sent to England for the Group One Cheveley Park Stakes over six furlongs at Newmarket Racecourse on 28 September. Ridden by Olivier Peslier she started the 11/8 favourite ahead of the Albany Stakes winner Kiyoshi, whilst the other five runners included Joyeuse (Dick Poole Fillies' Stakes, Come To Heel (Curragh Stakes) and Princess Noor (Princess Margaret Stakes). Peslier tracked the leaders before making a forward move approaching the final furlong. She overtook Princess Noor in the closing stages and won by three quarters of a length with Kiyoshi and Come To Heel in third and fourth. Interviewed after the race, Sogorb said "From the very beginning I knew I had a good filly... She stood out from the rest, she was better than average but I didn't imagine I had a Group 1 winner". The former jockey added "I regret not being able to ride her myself".
	For her final appearance as a two-year-old, Vorda was sent to the United States to contest the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf over one mile at Santa Anita Park on 1 November. She was made the 11/4 favourite, but after racing on the outside for most of the way she made no impression in the closing stages and finished seventh behind the British-trained Chriselliam. Discussing the filly's performance almost three months later Sogorb said "It is best to forget her race at Santa Anita as she didn't appreciate the turns. All her other races were on straight courses and she was not used to using her shoulders. She also received a bump early on, so she was never at the races and was a bit lost that day".
	Vorda failed to win in 2014, when she was ridden in all five of her races by Christophe Lemaire. On her seasonal debut she contested the Prix Imprudence (a trial race for both the 1000 Guineas and the Poule d'Essai des Pouliches) over 1400 metres at Maisons-Laffitte on 3 April. After taking the lead 200 metres from the finish she was caught in the final strides and beaten a short neck by the Francois Doumen-trained Xcellence, with the favourite Miss France in sixth. On 4 April Vorda returned to Newmrket for the 201st running of the 1000 Guineas over the Rowley Mile. She started at odds of 14/1 and never threatened to reproduce her Cheveley Park success, finishing eighth of the seventeen runners behind Miss France. In July she ran fourth to the German seven-year-old in the Group Three Prix de la Porte Maillot and in the following month she finished fifth behind the British colt Garswood in the Group One Prix Maurice de Gheest. Vorda's final race was the Group One Prix de la Foret over 1400 metres at Longchamp Racecourse on 5 October. Starting a 16/1 outsider she stayed on well to take fourth place, two and a quarter lengths behind the winner Olympic Glory.

= = = Nibaran = = =

	Nibaran may refer to

= = = The Yoddhas = = =

	Yoddhas – Indians Fighting Against Cancer is a non-government organisation dedicated to the well-being of cancer patients throughout India.
	It was founded in January 2014 by Rahul Yadav, in the wake of his own diagnosis with multiple myeloma. Initially, the patient-to-patient group consisted of Yadav and other patients he had met at the hospital. As of April 2015, the group has a support base of about 4,000 members. Yoddhas was created as a means to overcome a deficit of strong online support systems in the country. It is a peer-to-peer support group where everyone discusses about their illness and support each other that mainly consists of cancer patients as well as close friends and relatives of people fighting cancer.
	Yoddhas offers a platform for patients, doctors and Caregivers to connect and help each other. The program also tries to explore and talk about the best ways to help each other. They also promote awareness about Stem Cell Donorship. The Yoddhas support group also focuses on aiding patients with emotional, factual and psychological support. The patient group motivates and inspires each other by sharing health tips, personal stories and initiating discussions. Apart from this, it tries to generate cancer awareness among the youth by involving them in its social campaigns.
	The NGO tried to bring awareness to cancer through a social media campaign called 'Happiness Week', campaigns like their hashtag #YspreadHappiness attempt to generate awareness for the cause which had a reach of 60,000 people across India. It has also collaborated with well-known institutes such as IIM Indore, Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies (SIMS) and Delhi University to carry out social awareness activities such as Nukkad Natak (street play). The group has its presence in Delhi, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Bengaluru and Kolkata as of January 2015.
	Yoddhas – Indians Fighting Against Cancer was awarded the second prize in the Best Project category of the UNESCO Youth Citizen Entrepreneurship Competition in the year 2014, in Berlin. It also received the People's Choice Award under the Best Project's Category in the same competition.

= = = Charles A. Hawley = = =

	Charles Augustus Hawley (March 13, 1861 – July 22, 1929) was an American Orthodontist who is known for developing the Hawley Retainer which is used in the field of Orthodontics. He attended Angle School of Orthodontia and graduated from there in 1905.
	He was born in Avery, Ohio in 1861. He attended high school in Columbus, Ohio and then attended Ohio State University for his college degree. He then attended University of Michigan School of Dentistry and obtained his degree in 1893. He then became the Professor of Operative faculty soon after his graduation from the school. He is known to be one of the first people to have used nitrous oxide as an anesthetic for the removal of teeth. He attended Angle School of Orthodontia and graduated in 1905. He moved to Washington, D.C. after and became the first person to specialize in Orthodontics in that city.
	He was married to Evelyn Frank Hawley.
	In the field of Orthodontics, he is best known for his introduction of a refined type of retention plate called the Hawley Bite Plate. Two of Dr. Hawley's papers "Determination of the Normal Arch and Its Application to Orthodontia" and "An Accurate Method in Orthodontia" were read before 4th International Dental Congress and New York Institute of Stomatology. These papers were direct results of Dr. Hawley's work.

= = = The Cats' Bridge = = =

	The Cats' Bridge () is an 1889 novel by the German writer Hermann Sudermann. It was published in English in 1898 as Regina, or The Sins of the Fathers, translated by Beatrice Marshall.
	The novel has been adapted for film multiple times:

= = = Mignini = = =

	Mignini may refer to:

= = = David Fallows = = =

	David Fallows (born 20 December 1945) is an English musicologist specializing in music of the late Middle Ages and Renaissance and the performance practice of music. He is a leader in fifteenth-century music studies, particularly Guillaume Dufay, Josquin des Prez, and secular song.
	Fallows was born in Buxton. He received his BA from Jesus College, Cambridge, his Masters of Music from King's College, London, and his Ph.D. (1978) from the University of California, Berkeley. He is an early music performer as a viol player and continuo harpsichordist, performing with the Studio der frühen Musik, Musica Mundana, and Musica Reservata.
	He taught at the University of Manchester starting in 1976, where he is now Emeritus Professor of Musicology. Visiting appointments include University of Wisconsin, Madison, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, École Normale Supérieure, University of Basel, Harvard University and the University of Vienna. He received the Dent Medal in 1982, became Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 1994, a Fellow of the British Academy in 1997, a Corresponding Member of the American Musicological Society in 1999, and an Honorary Member of the Royal Musical Association in 2012. From 2002–2007, he was president of the International Musicological Society.
	His contributions were honoured with a Festschrift, "Essays on Renaissance Music in Honour of David Fallows: Bon jour, bon mois, et bonne estrenne."
	David Fallows's work has been called "pioneering" on the lives of composers and of the ensembles that performed music, and having covered "just about every aspect of fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century music." Among Fallows's first publications was, "Ciconia padre e figlio" (Ciconia: father and son; 1976), which theorized that the current biography of Johannes Ciconia was primarily that of his father, and that the composer himself was born about thirty-five years later. This theory has become the accepted biography of the composer. Also during his doctoral studies he reconstructed the origins of the important fourteenth-century polyphonic manuscripts in Cambrai ("L'origine du MS. 1328 de Cambrai"). His 1978 dissertation, "Robert Morton's Songs" was among Fallows's first works on English Renaissance music and fifteenth-century song, repertories that have concerned him throughout his life (including in his 2014 Musica Britannica volume on English song, 1380–1480). These studies formed the basis for his comprehensive "A Catalogue of Polyphonic Songs, 1415–1480" (Oxford 1999). A major article on the life of Johannes Regis (1989) also had a transformative impact on the understanding of the composer. His 2009 study of the life and works of Josquin des Prez (Brepols) has been praised for understanding the conflicting information recently unearthed about the composer as well as presenting new hypotheses and understanding of the composer's music in light of new discoveries.
	Fallows's 1982 monograph "Dufay" is the principal reference work on the life and works of the composer Guillaume Dufay. He has edited and introduced facsimile publications of the Songbook of Henry VIII, the manuscript Oxford, Canon. Misc 213, the Chansonnier Cordiforme, and others. As senior consulting editor for The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Fallows contributed many major articles along with many small articles on musical diacritics (tempo and expression marks) and miscellany such as "Spoof Articles."

= = = 2015–16 Premier Arena Soccer League season = = =

	The 2015–16 Premier Arena Soccer League season consists of 22 teams grouped into 4 divisions across the US. The Premier Arena Soccer League continues to serve as the developmental league to the Major Arena Soccer League.
	As of March 6, 2016.<br>
<br>
<br>
(Bold Division Winner, automatic National Finals Qualifier)<br>
	The finals will be played in Colorado, on March 11–12, 2016.
	Preliminary Round: Fri. March 11–12, 2016<br> 
	Knockout round

= = = French submarine Ampère = = =

	Ampère was one of 18 s built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century.

= = = French submarine Berthelot = = =

	Berthelot was one of 18 s built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century.

= = = French submarine Gay-Lussac = = =

	Gay-Lussac was one of 18 s built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century.

= = = Gangchon Recreation Area = = =

	The Gangchon Recreation Area is a South Korean recreational area between Chuncheon-si and Gapyeong-gun. It is in Gangchon-ri, Namsan-Myeon, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon.
	The Gangchon Recreation Area offers accommodations for visitors, including a camping village and a youth hostel. It has amusement activities such as a cycle lane, a survival game field and a bungee jumping field. The recreation area is located near popular tourist attractions, including Elysian Gangchon, Gugok Falls, Samaksan Mountain, Bonghwasan Mountain, Gangchon Theme Land, Geombongsan Mountain and Moonbae village.
	Hiking trails include paths to Gugok Falls, Deungseon Falls, Samaksan and a long walking road along the Bukhangang in the Gangchon Recreation Area. Many people enjoy swimming, fishing, cycling and hiking in the area.
	About 950,000 people visit Gangchon each year. It is a travel destination for students, because of its proximity to Seoul. The peak season is from spring to autumn.
	Gangchon is a tributary area formed alongside the Bukhangang (북한강). It flows between the Samaksan (삼악산) and the Geombongsan (검봉산). The Gangchon Recreation area is located on the confluence of the Gangchon River and the Bukhangang River. Gangchon is located on the mid-latitude of Korean territory and experiences a continental climate.

= = = Rebis Academy of Technology = = =

	Rebis Academy of Technology is a privately owned institution in Toronto, Canada which provides professional training programs and courses in engineering and management.
	In 2004, Rebis Academy of Technology has been founded in response to the need for skilled Oil & Gas engineers and technicians in Middle East which were mostly in Abu dhabi, Dubai, Kuwait and Iran. In 2012, Rebis Academy of Technology opened its new office as a head office in Toronto, Canada.
	The Academy offers a wide variety of training programs and courses form introductory to advanced in the key areas of engineering and management for university or college graduates, entry-level or experienced engineers and managers.
	The Academy has more than 300 programs leading to certificates and diplomas in the fallowing categories:
	The academy has 10 Academic advisers which are key instructors as well. They are responsible for maintaining the superior standards of course materials and ensuring the high-quality delivery of them.
	The academy has 10 regional branches in Canada, United States, Europe, Africa, Asia and Middle East.

= = = French submarine Giffard = = =

	Giffard was one of 18 s built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century.

= = = Val d'Europe station = = =

	Val d'Europe is a railway station on RER train network. It is located in Val d'Europe district of Marne-la-Vallée.
	In 1992, RER line A was extended to Chessy in order to serve Disneyland Paris. Val d'Europe station, whose full name is Serris – Montévrain – Val d'Europe, was created on this line to serve the Val d'Europe department store and its neighborhoods. It opened on 14 April 2001.
	The station is served by a train every 10 minutes to Paris and to Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy. From 10 PM, frequency drops to 1 train every 30 minutes. Service starts at 5:16 AM to Paris, at 5:53 AM to Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy and stops at 0:23 AM to Paris and at 1:13 to Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy.
	Val d'Europe is an important bus station for local bus companies. 

= = = Mohammdi (Assembly constituency) = = =

	Mohammdi Assembly constituency () is one of the 403 constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India. It is a part of the Lakhimpur district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the Dhaurahra (Lok Sabha constituency). First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956. After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 144.
	Extant of Mohammdi Assembly constituency is KCs Mohammdi, Atwa Pipariya, Pasgawan, PCs Semraghat, Alliyapur, Pipri Aziz, Barbar, Patvan, Ghaghpur, Dilawal Nagar, Bhounapur, Basara, Maqsoodpur of Aurangabad KC, Mohammadi MB & Barbar NP of Mohammdi Tehsil.

= = = Bansabati = = =

	Bansabati is a village and a gram panchayat in Suti I CD Block in Jangipur subdivision of Murshidabad district in the state of West Bengal, India.
	Bansabati is located at .
	As per the 2011 Census of India, Bangasbati had a total population of 6,378, of which 3,198 (50%) were males and 3,180 (50%) were females. The population below 6 years of age was 987. The total number of literate people was 3,077 (57.08% of the population over 6 years).

= = = 2016 Argentine Primera División = = =

	The 2016 Argentine Primera División - Copa Axion Energy was the 126 season of top-flight professional football in Argentina. The season began on February 5 and ended on May 29. Thirty teams competed in the league, twenty eight returning from the 2015 and two promoted from the 2015 Primera B Nacional (Atlético Tucumán and Patronato). Two teams (Nueva Chicago and Crucero del Norte) were relegated to the Primera B Nacional Championship in the previous tournament.
	Lanús won their second title after defeating San Lorenzo 4–0 in the final.
	The tournament for the 2016 season was composed of two zones of 15 teams. Each team played the other 14 teams in its zone in a round-robin tournament and also played two interzonal matches against its rival team in the other zone, once home and once away. In the end, the winner of each played a final match on a neutral ground to determine the champion.
	Interim Managers<br>
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	The second-place team in each zone qualified to the 2017 Copa Libertadores and played a match at a neutral stadium to determine at which stage each team entered. The winner of this playoff qualified directly to the second stage (earning the "Argentina 3" berth), and the loser entered the first stage of the tournament (earning the "Argentina 4" berth).
	Several months after the playoff, CONMEBOL expanded the 2017 Copa Libertadores from 38 to 47 teams with Argentina gaining one additional berth. So, Godoy Cruz also qualified directly to the second stage and AFA had to choose between the third places in each zone, Atlético Tucumán and Independiente, to determine the team qualified as "Argentine 6" berth. Finally, AFA gave the extra berth to Atlético Tucumán by sporting criteria.
	Source: AFA
	Relegation at the end of the season is based on coefficients, which take into consideration the points obtained by the clubs during the present season and the two previous seasons (only seasons at the top-flight are counted). The total tally is then divided by the total number of games played in the top flight on those three season and an average is calculated. The team with the worst average at the end of the season is relegated to Primera B Nacional.
	Source: AFA

= = = Double summit = = =

	A double summit, double peak, twin summit or twin peak refers to a mountain or hill that has two summits, separated by a col or saddle.
	One well known double summit is Austria’s highest mountain, the Großglockner, where the main summit of the Großglockner is separated from that of the Kleinglockner by the Glocknerscharte col in the area of a geological fault. Other double summits have resulted from geological folding. For example, on Mont Withrow in British Columbia resistant sandstones form the limbs of the double summit, whilst the softer rock in the core of the fold was eroded.
	Triple peaks occur more rarely - one example is the Rosengartenspitze in the Dolomites. The Illimani in Bolivia is an example of a quadruple summit.
	Well known double summits are (roughly from east to west):

= = = 1922 Northern Rhodesian amalgamation referendum = = =

	A referendum on amalgamation with Southern Rhodesia was held in Northern Rhodesia in February 1922 alongside Advisory Council elections. The proposal was rejected by 82% of voters, who were generally in favour of the territory becoming a Crown colony with a Legislative Council.
	Amalgamation was supported by Francis Chaplin, who was Administrator of both Northern and Southern Rhodesia. Opponents included Leopold Moore, a prominent politician and Advisory Council member.
	A referendum was held in Southern Rhodesia in October, with voters offered the choices of responsible government or union with South Africa, with 60% voting for the former. In July 1923 the Advisory Council officially requested that Northern Rhodesia be made a Crown colony, and in early 1924 an Order in Council was issued by the British Government, stating that the territory would get a Governor and Legislative Council. Herbert Stanley became the territory's first Governor on 1 April 1924, and a Legislative Council was created in the same year. Its members were initially appointed, until the first elections were held in 1926.

= = = Marianna Dolińska = = =

	Marianna Dolińska (1891 – 1928 in Tworki) was a Romani woman from Antoniówka, Radom County, Poland. On the night of December 11th, 1923, she murdered her four children and hung them on a tree. A photograph of the bodies of the children was falsely used to represent victims of the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, committed by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.
	In the winter of 1923, the inhabitants of Radom County in Poland were suffering from poverty and hunger. In early December, Dolińska's husband was arrested for several burglaries and his wife was left alone with four hungry children. Marianna Dolińska, who was mentally disturbed, decided that the only way to protect their children from starvation was to kill them. On December 11, 1923 she killed Zofia (6 months), Antoni (3 years), Bronisława (5 years) and Stefan (7 years) and tied them to a tree. The next day she went to the police and confessed to the crime. Later Dolińska was delivered to a psychiatric hospital, where her "manic depression" and other medical disorders were identified. She died in 1928, and was buried in the cemetery of the hospital.
	For reasons not currently known, the image of the dead children has been repeatedly used as an illustration of the crimes committed by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.
	The earliest publication of the photograph appears in the collection of Dr. Stanislaw Krzaklewski in 1993. It bears the caption "Polish children tortured and murdered by a branch of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army near the village Kozów, in the province. Ternopil, the autumn of 1943". Two years later the image appeared in the work of the J. Węgierski "Home Army in the districts Stanislaviv and Ternopil" and bears the caption "murdered by the SS-Galicia Polish children in the area Kozów".
	In July 2003, a monument for the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia was created in Przemyśl, which shows the victims of Marianna Dolińska. In early October 2008, the sculpture was removed.

= = = Peter of Brixey = = =

	Peter of Brixey (, ) (died 1192) was Bishop of Toul from 1167 to 1192, and a supporter of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in the late twelfth-century phase of the Investiture Controversy, one of the few bishops of Lorraine to do so.
	Peter was the son of Peter, Count of Brixey, and Matilda of Rinel (Risnel, Rinelle). He was made a canon of Toul in 1152, then archdeacon in 1156. In 1165, the previous Bishop of Toul, Henry I of Lorraine, died; two years later, Peter was elected to succeed him, and consecrated by Hillin of Falmagne, Archbishop of Trier, of whom he was a suffragan.
	Thereafter, he put an end to the war between Frederick IV of Dampierre, Count of Toul, and the cathedral canons, and by 1177 had rebuilt the castle of Liverdun, destroyed in the strife, making it and the associated town a nexus of power in the diocese. In order to lure settlers, he offered a charter of freedom to the local community, the first to be issued in Lorraine. In 1178, Peter received the right to mint his own coinage from the Emperor.
	In the succeeding years, he himself came into conflict with the powerful Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine, who sought to gain the rents of the church of Toul for his son, Theoderic, Bishop of Metz; Peter appealed the case to Alexander III, but the Pope was unable to intervene due to his ongoing struggle with Barbarossa. Nevertheless, on the death of the Count of Toul without issue, Peter entrusted the lordship of the county to Matthias's youngest son (also named Matthias). Thereafter, he busied himself with founding several monastic communities, at Liverdun in 1184, at Rinel in 1185, and at Commercy in 1186.
	Peter was a strong supporter of the interests of Barbarossa, both paying numerous lengthy visits to the imperial court and himself playing host in Toul to the Emperor twice, in 1171 and at Pentecost of 1187. When Hillin's pro-Staufen successor, Arnold I of Vaucourt, died in May 1183, and the succession came into dispute between Folmar of Karden, the candidate of the pro-papal party, and Rudolf of Wied, the imperial candidate, Peter supported the latter, refusing to receive Folmar in Toul when the latter returned from Rome in 1186 as a Papal Legate armed with the judgment of Pope Urban III. Shortly thereafter, Peter was excommunicated by Folmar at a hastily assembled provincial synod in Mouzon.
	Peter himself hastened to Rome, arriving just in time to assist at Urban's funeral. Urban's successor Gregory VIII nullified Peter's excommunication in a bull issued on November 30, 1187, whereupon Peter returned to his diocese, which he set himself to putting in order.
	Peter is listed among the numerous nobles and prelates to have attended the great Diet of Pentecost in Mainz (May 20-22) of 1184, and was almost certainly among the many bishops attending the Diet of Christ in Mainz on March 27, 1188, where his imperial master took the cross, for he himself shortly followed the imperial army to the Holy Land in 1189 in the company of Gutbert, Lord of Apremont; Henry, Count of Salm; and Garsires and Regnier of Montreuil. While he was to be absent, he named his nephew Frederick, Dean of Toul, and the abbot of Saint Aprus of Toul vicars general of the church of Toul. In 1191, he was present at the Siege of Acre, having arrived in the company of Henry II, Count of Champagne. After the Treaty of Jaffa between Saladin and Richard the Lion-Heart was signed on September 2, 1192, allowing Christians free access to Jerusalem, he made his way there, where he died and was buried.

= = = French submarine Thermidor = = =

	Thermidor was one of 18 s built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century.

= = = McIntyre, Pennsylvania = = =

	McIntyre is an unincorporated community in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is west-southwest of Indiana. McIntyre has a post office with ZIP code 15756.

= = = Takahito Otsuka = = =


= = = Koa Bosco = = =

	ASD Koa Bosco is an amateur football club based in Rosarno, Italy.
	The club was founded in 2013 and it's formed from African immigrants.
	In May 2015, the club won its promotion to Seconda Categoria, the 8th level in Italian football system.

= = = Yuuna Sugiyama = = =

	Sugiyama was born in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. In 2009, Sugiyama debuted on the Tokyo Broadcasting System drama, "Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo".
	From March 28, 2011, to March 27, 2015, she became the fifth-generation One-san in the NHK Educational TV series, "Inai Inai Baa!". Sugiyama is now in "Wan Wan Wonderland" from April 2015.
	Her favorite food is Inari roll and sushi. Sugiyama had a difficulty with swimming. On 2013, she wanted to practice riding a bike.
	On September 22, 2015, Sugiyama's CD debut was "Kama tte Yo! Ne".

= = = Albertine Winner = = =

	Dame Albertine Louise Winner ("née" Wiener; 4 March 1907 – 13 May 1988) was a British physician and hospital administrator. After graduating from University College Hospital Medical School, Winner practiced at the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital, the Mothers' Hospital in Clapton, and Maida Vale Hospital for Nervous Diseases.
	During World War II, she enlisted in the Royal Army Medical Corps, where she later served as the consultant to the Women's Services. After the war, Winner served in the Department of Health as its first female deputy chief medical officer. In later life, she worked with Cicely Saunders in forming the first modern hospice at St Christopher's Hospice in Sydenham, London. Winner was also elected as president of the Medical Women's Federation in 1971.
	She died on 13 May 1988 in London.
	Albertine Louise Winner was born in London to Isidore Wiener (1859–1925) and Annie Stonex (1866–1946). Her father was a Dutch Jewish hide merchant from Venlo, Limburg and her mother was English, from Pilkington, Lancashire. In 1918, her father changed the family surname to Winner. 
	She was privately educated at the Francis Holland School, an independent girls' school at Clarence Gate in London. During her time there she was elected as head girl. Winner gained a Bachelor of Science Hons. degree in Physiology from University College London. She then studied medicine at the University College Hospital Medical School. She graduated with the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery degree as well as the University of London Gold Medal in 1933. She also played for the university's tennis team. Winner followed this with an MD in 1934.
	After qualifying, Winner worked at the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital, the Mothers' Hospital in Clapton, and the Maida Vale Hospital for Nervous Diseases. In 1940, during World War II, she joined the Royal Army Medical Corps, where she was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. She was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1945. Winner also later served as the consultant to the Women's Services from 1946 to 1970. After the end of the war and on the eve of the emergence of the National Health Service, Winner joined the Department of Health in 1947 as its first female deputy chief medical officer, a position she would serve in for the next twenty years. In 1959, she became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. Between 1965 and 1968, she was a honorary physician to the Queen. In the 1967 New Year Honours, Winner was appointed as Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE). She was also appointed as the Linacre Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, a position she held from 1967 to 1978. While serving in the position, Winner played a key role in developing postgraduate medical training posts for the Joint Committee on Higher Medical Training.
	After retiring from the medical profession in 1967, Cicely Saunders asked for her financial assistance in establishing the first modern hospice. Winner was initially apprehensive but soon saw its importance and helped establish St Christopher's Hospice in Sydenham, London. She supervised its construction, and served as its deputy medical director when it opened in 1967. Winner later became its chairman in 1973, and president in 1985. She was also on the council of the charity Disabled Living Foundation, vice-president of the Medical Defence Union, and was elected as president of the Medical Women's Federation in 1971.
	She died on 13 May 1988 at the Lancaster Lodge nursing home in Wimbledon, London at the age of 81.

= = = Starford, Pennsylvania = = =

	Starford is an unincorporated community in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is northeast of Clymer. Starford has a post office with ZIP code 15777, which opened on March 14, 1905.

= = = Lordship of Oñate = = =

	The Lordship of Oñate (Basque: "Oñatiko jaurreria", Spanish: "Señorío de Oñate") was one of the Basque "señoríos", and represented a period of feudal rule in a region surrounding the city of Oñati, in the present-day province of Gipuzkoa, Basque Country. The lordship was ruled by a single family, the House of Guevara (in Basque, "Gebara"), who all hailed from the town with the same name in Álava. Their titles as "Lords of Oñati" were first conferred by the monarchs of Navarre, as the Lordship acted as a vassal state of the former. Circa the year 1200 the Lordship was conquered and annexed by the Kingdom of Castile, but it was maintained until the year 1845, when Oñati was incorporated into the province of Gipuzkoa and the title was lost.
	Not much is known about the origins of the lordship itself as a political entity. The lordship is mentioned for the first time in a text from 1284, although some latter documents (dated in the 15th century) state that the majorat over the land around Oñati was given to the Guevara family in the year 1149. The House of Guevara came from a village with the same name located in what then was part of the Kingdom of Navarre. The family had important contacts with the Navarrese monarchy and had been supporters of the Gamboino faction during the War of the Bands. The lordship had strong links with the County of Álava and remained a vassal territory of Navarre until the year 1200, when Gipuzkoa and Álava itself were conquered by the Kingdom of Castile. From that point and until its dissolution, the lordship was under the sphere of influence of Castile, and it was eventually integrated into the kingdom, along with other Basque feudal lordships such as the Lordship of Biscay.
	In the year 1481 the Catholic Monarchs confirmed the lands and title as Count of Oñate to Íñigo Vélez of Guevara and Ayala, 13th Lord of Oñate-
	The Lordship of Oñate was dissolved and the title lost when Oñati was officially incorporated into the province of Gipuzkoa as a town in 1845.
	"Lord of Oñate" or "Count of Oñate" was the title granted to those who ruled the Lordship of Oñate. Every lord of Oñate has belonged to the Guevara family.

= = = Luciano Fernando = = =

	Luciano Fernando (born April 13, 1992 in Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil) is a Brazilian professional baseball outfielder for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball. His paternal great-grandmother was Japanese.

= = = 1922 Northern Rhodesian Advisory Council election = = =

	Advisory Council elections were held in Northern Rhodesia in February 1922. Candidates opposed to amalgamation with Southern Rhodesia received 1,117 votes, whilst candidates supportive of the proposal received 310.
	Northern Rhodesia was split into two constituencies, North-Western Rhodesia (four seats) and North-Eastern Rhodesia (one seat). Voting was restricted to British subjects over the age of 21 who had lived in the territory for at least six months and owned at least £150 of property. A total of 679 voters registered in North-Western Rhodesia.
	In North-Western Rhodesia a total of 569 votes were cast, of which four were invalid.

= = = Vincent Achuka = = =

	Vincent Achuka is an award-winning Kenyan journalist and writer based in Nairobi.
	He majors on investigations, analysis and features with specific interests in crime, human interest stories, infrastructure transport, aviation, business and urban trends.
	He currently writes for the Saturday and Sunday Standard in Kenya where he moved to in February 2017 after writing for the Sunday Nation, a weekly publication with the largest circulation in East and Central Africa for three years.
	The Sunday Nation is owned by the Nation Media Group. The Saturday and Sunday Standard are owned by the Standard Media Group.
	Prior to joining the "Nation" he worked for the "Ghetto Mirror", a community newspaper ran by Shining Hope for Communities-an international NGO that focuses on social issues in the informal settlements of Nairobi. In between he freelanced for South Africa’s "Sunday Times", UKs "Think Africa Press" and "Next City" in New York majorly writing features about Kenya’s slums.
	His 2014, Achuka was awarded the tourism story of the year in the Annual Journalism Excellence Awards by the Media Council of Kenya for his 2013 “Slum tourism, the new fad for tourists in Kenya,” which talked about the rise of slums as an attraction for tourists and the need for Kenya to regulate and adopt as part of its Vision 2030 objectives as South Africa and India have done.
	The same year his investigative story “Gaza, the new teenage killer gang calling the shots in Nairobi’s Eastlands” won first runners up for the good governance reporting award by the Media Council of Kenya.
	In 2016, he was awarded by the Media Council of Kenya as the second runners up in the Development Reporting Category during the Annual Media Excellence Awards
	He is a 2010 Bachelor of Journalism and Mass Communication graduate of Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology.

= = = Maholi (Assembly constituency) = = =

	Maholi Assembly constituency () is one of the 403 constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India. It is a part of the Sitapur district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the Dhaurahra (Lok Sabha constituency). First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed and the constituency was formed in 2008.The second elections were held in 2017.The constituency is assigned identification number 145.
	Extant of Maholi Assembly constituency is KCs Pisawan, Maholi, Chandra & Maholi NP of Mishrikh Tehsil; PCs Saraora, Godwa, Bambhaura, Rojaha, Jagana, Tihar, Sahadat Nagar, Sohai, Baseti, Bibipur, Koraiya Udaypur, Jar, Arthalia Grant, Keshawpur & Aliya of Aliya KC of Sitapur Tehsil (Sadar).

= = = Harua = = =

	Harua is a village and gram panchayat in Suti I CD Block in Jangipur subdivision of Murshidabad district in the state of West Bengal, India.
	Harua is located at .
	As per the 2011 Census of India, Harua had a total population of 9,012, of which 4,613 (51%) were males and 4,399 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,664. The total number of literates in Harua was 3,382 (46.03% of the population over 6 years).
	This area is a bank United Bank of India Harua branch.

= = = 2014 Thailand National Games = = =

	The 43rd Thailand National Games (Thai: การแข่งขันกีฬาแห่งชาติ ครั้งที่ 43 "นครราชสีมาเกมส์", also known as the 2014 National Games and the Nakhon Ratchasima Games) were held in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand from 9 to 19 December 2014. Competition included 43 sports and 77 disciplines. These games held in the 80th Birthday Sport Center, Suranaree University of Technology Sport Center. Nakhon Ratchasima also hosted the 2007 Southeast Asian Games.
	Symbols in the games' emblem had the following meanings.
	The mascots "Sima" Gomphotherium is an ancient animal fossils were discovered in Chaloem Phra Kiat District, Nakhon Ratchasima. The mascots carry the torch, wear orange T-shirt. "Orange" is the color of the province and hanging a gold medal.
	The official opening ceremony of this games were 9 December 2014 at the 80th Birthday Stadium in Nakhon Ratchasima. It was attended by the Minister of Tourism and Sports, Kobkarn Wattanavrangkul. This ceremony presented 7 series including
	The official closing ceremony was 19 December 2014 at the 80th Birthday Stadium December 5, 2007 in Nakhon Ratchasima. In the closing ceremony were shown 6 series and closing by Kobkarn Wattanavrangkul, Minister of Tourism and Sports.
	Suphan Buri led the medal table for the second consecutive time. A total of 77 Provinces won at least one medal,65 Provinces won at least one gold medal,11 Provinces won at least one silver medal and 1 Province won at least one bronze medal. The host province, Nakhon Ratchansima, is highlighted. 

= = = McGees Mills, Pennsylvania = = =

	McGees Mills is an unincorporated community in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, United States. A gristmill operated by Henry Holmes McGee eventually resulted in the name. The community is located at the junction of U.S. Route 219 and Pennsylvania Route 36, west-northwest of Mahaffey. The McGees Mills Covered Bridge crosses the West Branch of the Susquehanna River at McGees Mills.

= = = Torrance, Pennsylvania = = =

	Torrance is an unincorporated community in Derry Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located on the south side of the Conemaugh River east of Blairsville. Torrance has a post office with ZIP code 15779.

= = = Stortford Street electric railway station = = =

	Stortford Street electric railway station was the fourth of five calling points on the eastern, "street" section of the inter-urban Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway when travelling from Corporation Bridge, Grimsby to Immingham Dock.
	The electric railway was built primarily to carry workers between Grimsby and Immingham Dock which the Great Central Railway had built on a greenfield site in a sparsely populated area. The line was built by the Great Central and remained in railway ownership up to closure in 1961. It therefore appeared in railway timetables and it was possible to buy through tickets between any of the stops on the line and anywhere on the national railway network, though there never was any physical connection with any conventional track, nor with the tramways in Grimsby and Cleethorpes.
	In modern parlance the vehicles would be described as trams, but they were usually referred to locally as "tramcars", with related things being called names such as "tramcar halt" and "tramcar bridge" with "car" a more common short form than "tram."
	Travelling from Corporation Bridge the eastern section of the line passed along the middle of first Corporation Road, then Gilbey Road, Grimsby. This part of the line was single track; it originally had three passing places ("loops" in railway parlance) where the line:
	A fourth, turnback, loop was added at the extreme western end of the street running section, west of Cleveland Bridge, in 1956 when the remainder of the street running section closed. Unlike the "country" section of the line, halts did not always coincide with loops.
	The points at the ends of the loops were spring loaded. As the line was unsignalled, motormen drove by line of sight.
	No platforms ever existed at any of the stopping places; passengers were expected to board and alight from the roadway or trackside cinders according to the location. The "stations" were much more commonly referred to as "halts" or "stopping places."
	Passengers bought their tickets from conductors on board the cars.
	Stortford Street halt was a Compulsory Stop throughout its life. It opened with the line in 1912 and was mentioned in the 1914 and 1922 timetables, as well as the 1948 version reproduced in the Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway article.
	Unlike the "country" section, where conventional track was used, tramcars arrived at Stortford Street halt from both directions on grooved tram tracks set into the public road, as they were around Immingham Town.
	Unusually among British tramways services ran round the clock, particularly to provide for railway workers based at Immingham engine shed, whose duties often involved starting or finishing at unsocial hours. Traffic was highly peaked, with convoys of tramcars leaving and arriving to match shift changes at the dock. It was normal for several tramcars to queue to enter and leave Stortford Street at the peaks.
	After 1945 industry was attracted to the south bank of the Humber, steadily transforming the landscape from rural to urban, though few workers at the new plants lived locally. This led to an increase in ridership and an increase in footfall at Stortford Street halt. It also coincided with and reinforced a rise in road use along Gilbey Road itself, increasing the risk of conflicts and accidents. The tension between tram and rubber wheeled traffic is nowhere better shown than the famous "Tram Pinch" signs at the roadside.
	The east coast floods of 1953 did considerable damage to the tramway's infrastructure, with passengers having to walk between tramcars marooned either side of flooded or washed out sections.
	In 1956 over a million passengers used the line, nevertheless the roadway section east of Cleveland Bridge, including Stortford Street halt, closed at midnight on 30 June 1956. The last car to call was original GCR car No. 1.
	The line took some years to die. It was cut back at the Grimsby end in 1956. In 1959 it was reduced to peak services only, it disappeared from Bradshaw and through ticketing beyond the line was withdrawn. Formal closure of the line and Kiln Lane tramcar halt came on Monday 3 July 1961, with the last tramcars running on Saturday 1 July 1961, when a convoy of six tramcars set off from Immingham Dock, nominally at 14:03. The last tramcar of this convoy and therefore the last of all was Number 4.
	The first track on the line to be removed was at Immingham Dock tramcar station, to give increased parking space. The process of demolition was piecemeal and even in 2013 many hints of the line remained, such as spun concrete masts near Immingham Town.
	Former Services

= = = Sadikpur, Murshidabad = = =

	Sadikpur is a village and a gram panchayat in Suti I CD Block in Jangipur subdivision of Murshidabad district in the state of West Bengal, India. 
	Sadikpur is located at .
	As per the 2011 Census of India, Sadikpur had a total population of 5,245, of which 2,686 (51%) were males and 2,959 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 771. The total number of literates in Sadikpur was 2,863 (63.99% of the population over 6 years).

= = = Learchis poica = = =

	Learchis poica is a species of sea slug, specifically an aeolid nudibranch. It is a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Facelinidae.
	This species was described from the East coast of Virginia Key, Miami, Florida. It has been reported from Jamaica, the Bahamas, Barbados and Ghana.

= = = Ulrich of Eppenstein = = =

	Ulrich of Eppenstein (?ca.1047–1121) served between 1071 and his death as Abbot of the powerful Abbey of Saint Gall. Ulrich was prominent as a supporter of Emperor Henry IV during the civil wars that erupted out of the power struggles between the emperor and the papacy during the closing decades of the eleventh century.
	Sources that focus on his role as Abbot of St. Gallen sometimes refer to him as Ulrich III of St Gallen. In 1086 he was also appointed Patriarch of Aquileia, in respect of which sources may refer to him as Ulrich I of Aquileia.
	Ulrich was born into the , a in Carantania. His father, , was a supporter of the emperor in his conflicts with Rome. His mother, Liutbirg of Plain, was a daughter of . Of his known siblings the eldest, Liutold of Eppenstein, would succeed to their father's dukedom and lands in 1177. The second brother, , succeeded when Luitold died in 1190. The third brother, called Markwart, probably died young. Ulrich entered the church: he was the fourth son. All the brothers who lived long enough to feature in the sources participated actively in the Investiture Controversy in support of the emperor. Because of the way local rivalries became intertwined with continental politics, this meant sustained conflict closer to home with dynastic families supporting the papacy, notably the von Zähringens and the von Rheinfeldens.
	The and the Emperor Henry IV shared their descent from Herman II of Swabia, who was probably Ulrich's great grandfather, and the emperor saw in young Ulrich a loyal supporter. In 1877 Ulrich was appointed Abbot of Saint Gall / Saint Gallen in succession to the abbot Ulrich II who had died on am 9 December 1076. The appointment was contested by the "anti-abbot" Lutold between 1177 and 1183. Lutold's appointment was conferred by the "anti-king", Rudolf of Rheinfelden. One objection cited for Ulrich's appointment was that he was young - aged "only about 30". Lutold came from the nearby , but sources indicated that the monks at St. Gallen nevertheless favoured the newcomer to monasticism, Ulrich, in the war that unfolded him because they, like Ulrich, backed the emperor against the pope. Two years later Ulrich himself was given the additional appointment of "anti-abbot" of , but the Monastery at Reichenau supported in the papal cause and Ulich's base remained at St. Gallen. In 1083 St Gallen itself was attacked by an army led by Folknand von Toggenburg, but Ulrich managed to drive off the attackers. Another assault in 1086 seems to have been less serious. Nevertheless, by 1086 the abbey had been impoverished, and many of the church ornaments had been sold.
	The "anti-abbot" Lurtold was replaced in 1083 by a new "anti-abbot", another Reichenau monk called Werinhar, and one source indicates that Werinhar successfully supplanted Ulrich for a time. Meanwhile, on the international stage the "anti-king", Rudolf of Rheinfelden had died following a battle in 1080, his place as "anti-king" being taken by Hermann of Salm. Hermann was less effective as a leader for the papal side than Rudolf had been. Support for the rebellion against the emperor was fading: in St. Gallen the "anti-abbot", Werinhar, formally abdicated his claim in 1086, possibly persuaded to do so by the resistance he met from St. Gallen's monks, and calm slowly returned. As a reward for his energetic loyalty, in 1086 the emperor conferred on Ulrich the Patriarchate of Aquileia, a wealthy region where his elder brother, already exercised secular overlordship in support of the emperor. It is believed that in it was Ulrich of Eppenstein who in 1119 established at Moggio a Benedictine monastery, dedicated to Saint Gall. Moggio was along the route between St. Gallen and Aquileia and the new foundation was presumably intended to strengthen communication links between the region of Ulrich's patriarchate and his Abbey of Saint Gall.
	Ulrich von Eppenstein probably died on 13 December 1121 at Aquileia. However, residual uncertainty as to his date of death remains because of other surviving entries in the records at St. Gallen which support the dates 2 April and 7 October as anniversaries of his death.

= = = Prairieleut = = =

	The Prairieleut, also written Prärieleut and sometimes also called Prairie People, were a branch of the Hutterite tradition from the immigration of the Hutterites to the United States in the 1870s until the about the middle of the 20th century, when they had almost totally assimilated into Mennonite congregations, especially into the Krimmer Mennonite Brethren or into mainstream society. The Prairieleut did not live in colonies, with community of goods, but on individual farms, mostly homesteads on South Dakota grasslands. During the 20th century the Prairieleut mostly lost their distinctive language Hutterisch.
	According to the United States Census in 1880 there were 822 Praireleut.

= = = 1918 Northern Rhodesian Advisory Council election = = =

	Advisory Council elections were held in Northern Rhodesia for the first time in July 1918.
	Europeans in Northern Rhodesia had been calling for elected representation since the early 1910s. When Governor-General of South Africa Herbert Gladstone visited the territory in 1911 he met with farmers from Kafue who demanded that an Administrative Council be created. Moore agreed with the farmers, and pressed for its creation; however, the British South Africa Company (BSAC) insisted that there were too few Europeans in the territory (1,184) to allow powers to be transferred.
	In February 1913 the North-Western Rhodesia Farmers' Association was established, primarily to campaign for the creation of a Legislative Council. In December 1913 the BSAC announced that Europeans in the territory would be allowed to nominate two representatives that the Administrator would have to consult with.
	After a political lull caused by World War I, Leopold Moore began calling for a Legislative Council again in 1917. However, the BSAC deferred a decision until the Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council had made a decision 1917 on amalgamating the territories. Although the vote in April was in favour, the elected members had a majority against and the BSAC opted not to proceed.
	In July 1917 Resident Commissioner Herbert Stanley had started work on the establishment of an administrative council. Initial plans were for it to include the Administrator, five government officials and three elected members who would not have the right to vote. Eventually it was decided that there would be five elected members.
	Northern Rhodesia was split into two constituencies, North-Western Rhodesia (four seats) and North-Eastern Rhodesia (one seat). Voting was restricted to British subjects of European descent over the age of 21 who had lived in the territory for at least six months and owned at least £150 of property.
	Only one candidate, J L Bruce, ran for the North-Eastern Rhodesia seat, and was returned unopposed.
	Defeated candidates included Burkitt, Gray and Oosthuizen.

= = = List of Bonaire international footballers = = =

	In April 2013, the Bonaire Football Federation was granted associate membership in CONCACAF and was promoted to full membership in June 2014. Bonaire also became a full member of the Caribbean Football Union in 2013.
	Below is a list of footballers who have appeared for the Bonaire national football team since being accepted into CONCACAF. Players who represented Bonaire in unofficial internationals before obtaining CONCACAF membership are not included.

= = = Obelistes acutangulus = = =

	Obelistes acutangulus is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, observed by Weise in 1895.

= = = Meet You There (song) = = =

	"Meet You There" is a song by English pop punk band Busted. It was written by James Bourne and Charlie Simpson and was originally recorded for, and included on, their second studio album "A Present for Everyone" (2003). It was a fan favourite, despite not being an official single.
	In 2015, ten years after disbanding in 2005, Busted re-recorded the song at Abbey Road Studios, their first new recording in 12 years, and released a music video for it. The re-recorded version will appear as a bonus track on Japanese editions of third album "Night Driver" (2016).

= = = Reeking Pained and Shuddering = = =

	Reeking Pained and Shuddering is the second full-length studio album by Gnaw Their Tongues, released on September 8, 2007 by Paradigms Recordings.
	Adapted from the "Reeking Pained and Shuddering" liner notes.

= = = Jaroslava Jehličková = = =

	Jaroslava Jehličková (born 24 March 1942) is a Czech former middle-distance runner for Czechoslovakia. She was the first ever international champion in the women's 1500 metres, winning the gold at the 1969 European Athletics Championships in a world record time of 4:10.77 minutes. She competed twice at the Summer Olympic Games (1968 and 1972). During her career, she set personal bests of 2:04.7 for the 800 metres and 4:08.39 for the 1500 m.
	Born in Hořice, Jehličková established herself at national level in the mid-1960s in the 800 m, which was then the longest distance regularly by women. She won the Czechoslovak Athletics Championships in 1966, then again in 1968. This earned her her debut at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, where she was a semi-finalist. The longer 1500 m was introduced as a championship event for the 1969 European Athletics Championships—the first time the women's race was incorporated at a major international event—and it began to be contested more widely. Jehličková became the first Czechoslovak national champion in the 1500 m, and she also defended her 800 m title.
	The 1500 m world record holder Paola Pigni was among the favourites for the 1969 European title, but it was Jehličková that triumphed, breaking the world record in the process with a time of 4:10.77 minutes for the gold medal. This made her the world's first international women's champion in the 1500 m.
	She did not compete in the 1970 season, but returned in 1971 to repeat her middle-distance double at the national championships. She attempted to defend her 1500 m title at the 1971 European Athletics Championships, but could not compete to the same standard and finished seventh. Karin Burneleit won the race and also improved Jehličková's world record by over a second in the process.
	Jehličková's final year of competition at a high level was in 1972. She won her last national title in the 1500 m, bringing her total over both middle-distance events to seven national titles overall. She achieved personal bests of 2:04.7 minutes for the 800 m and 4:08.39 minutes for the 1500 m that year. Her last major appearance came at the 1972 Munich Olympics. She proved to be a spent force, finishing a distant last in her 1500 m semi-final. She ranked twelfth in the world on time for that season.

= = = Obelistes intermedius = = =

	Obelistes intermedius is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by the Belgian entomologist in 1941.

= = = 1920 Northern Rhodesian Advisory Council election = = =

	Advisory Council elections were held in Northern Rhodesia in April 1920.
	Northern Rhodesia was split into two constituencies, North-Western Rhodesia (four seats) and North-Eastern Rhodesia (one seat). Voting was restricted to British subjects over the age of 21 who had lived in the territory for at least six months and owned at least £150 of property.

= = = Oberá Tenis Club = = =

	Oberá Tenis Club is a Argentinean professional sports club located in Oberá. It is best known for its basketball team, which currently competes in the Torneo Nacional de Ascenso.
	The club is internationally known because some of its players have represented their South American national teams at the FIBA Americas Championship.

= = = Robbie Vorhaus = = =

	Robbie Vorhaus (born Robert Pool Vorhaus, March 15, 1954) is an American communications and leadership strategist, author, and an authority and speaker on crisis and reputation management, consumer brands, and cultural transformation. Vorhaus, a pioneer in non-fiction and brand storytelling, is the founder and CEO of Vorhaus Communications Inc. Vorhaus is also known as the author of the personal transformational book, "One Less. One More. Follow Your Heart. Be Happy. Change Slowly".
	On February 29, 2016, appearing on Mornings with Maria on Fox Business Network, Vorhaus became the first American, non-politically affiliated, TV network contributor to predict Donald J. Trump's ascendancy to President of The United States.
	Vorhaus created two expressions that have entered popular culture, "Truth is the Ultimate Spin," which was subsequently awarded a U.S. Trademark, and, "Be the light, not the bulb."
	Vorhaus appears frequently as a media commentator on FOX, CNBC, CNN, and "The New York Times", "Wall Street Journal" and also "The Financial Times".
	A fifth-generation Manhattanite, Vorhaus was born in New York City, before later moving with his family to Levittown, Pennsylvania. He attended St. Mary's Hall in Burlington, New Jersey, before transferring to the Neshaminy School District in Pennsylvania. At 12, he became a professional magician, performing by the name Voodini.
	Vorhaus began his career as a photojournalist for the "Bucks County Courier Times" in Levittown, PA. In 1975, he worked for KRNT Radio in Des Moines, Iowa, before working for WDAF-TV and KYYS (KY102 Radio) in Kansas City, MO. Moving back to New York City, Vorhaus became a media relations specialist for the public relations firm, Burson-Marsteller.
	In 1983, Vorhaus joined "The CBS Evening News with Dan Rather", working with Dan Rather as a headline producer.
	In 1988, he was named the special projects director for the CBS/Broadcast Group in New York. Vorhaus left CBS in 1989 to form the communications firm, Vorhaus Communications Inc.
	Although Vorhaus has never publicly revealed his clients, he is recognized as a trusted advisor and strategist to world leaders, celebrities, entrepreneurs, and Fortune 500 companies.
	"One Less. One More. Follow Your Heart. Be Happy. Change Slowly." is Vorhaus' first published book. It focuses on transformational happiness and self improvement, advising readers to focus on progression and goal setting. Aspects of the book also focus on spirituality, while observing the daily activities of any individual and their work/life balance.
	Incorporating aspects of Sacred Geometry, "One Less. One More". focuses on the philosophy of personal incrementalism, the daily removal of one negative aspect from a person's life each day and replacing it with something more positive. This ongoing change is one possible path to someone becoming authentic and happy. The book was released in September 2014.

= = = Obelistes leplaei = = =

	Obelistes leplaei is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by the Belgian entomologist in 1941.

= = = Obelistes luluensis = = =

	Obelistes luluensis is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by the Belgian entomologist in 1941.

= = = Seven Dials = = =

	Seven Dials may refer to:

= = = Obelistes maynei = = =

	Obelistes maynei is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by the Belgian entomologist in 1941.

= = = List of earthquakes in Cyprus = = =


= = = 2004 Pop Secret 500 = = =

	The 2004 Pop Secret 500 was a NASCAR Nextel Cup Series stock car race held on September 5, 2004 at California Speedway in Fontana, California. Contested over 250 laps on the 2-mile (3.23 km) asphalt D-shaped oval, it was the twenty-fifth race of the 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series. Elliott Sadler of Robert Yates Racing won the race.
	The first fall race at California Speedway would be held on Labor Day weekend, bumping the Mountain Dew Southern 500 off as part of the 2004 NASCAR Realignment. Brian Vickers won the pole. Portions of this race were filmed for the 2005 film "". Rookie Kasey Kahne got his fifth second-place finish of the season.

= = = Obelistes schoutedeni = = =

	Obelistes schoutedeni is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by the Belgian entomologist in 1941.

= = = Dawn Breaks Open Like a Wound That Bleeds Afresh = = =

	Dawn Breaks Open Like a Wound That Bleeds Afresh is an EP by Gnaw Their Tongues, released in November 2007 by Universal Tongue.
	Adapted from the "Dawn Breaks Open Like a Wound That Bleeds Afresh" liner notes.

= = = Obelistes trivittatus = = =

	Obelistes trivittatus is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by the Belgian entomologist in 1941.

= = = Boulevard Recreation Ground electric railway station = = =

	Boulevard Recreation Ground electric railway station was the third of five calling points on the eastern, "street" section of the inter-urban Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway when travelling from Corporation Bridge, Grimsby to Immingham Dock.
	The halt was called "Boulevard Recreation Ground" on timetables, but was shown as "Beeson Street" on tickets. The adjacent passing loop was also known as "Beeson Street"
	The electric railway was built primarily to carry workers between Grimsby and Immingham Dock which the Great Central Railway had built on a greenfield site in a sparsely populated area. The line was built by the Great Central and remained in railway ownership up to closure in 1961. It therefore appeared in railway timetables and it was possible to buy through tickets between any of the stops on the line and anywhere on the national railway network, though there never was any physical connection with any conventional track, nor with the tramways in Grimsby and Cleethorpes.
	In modern parlance the vehicles would be described as trams, but they were usually referred to locally as "tramcars", with related things being called names such as "tramcar halt" and "tramcar bridge" with "car" a more common short form than "tram."
	Travelling from Corporation Bridge the eastern section of the line passed along the middle of first Corporation Road, then Gilbey Road, Grimsby. This part of the line was single track; it originally had three passing places ("loops" in railway parlance) where the line:
	A fourth, turnback, loop was added at the extreme western end of the street running section, west of Cleveland Bridge, in 1956 when the remainder of the street running section closed. Unlike the "country" section of the line, halts did not always coincide with loops.
	The points at the ends of the loops were spring loaded. As the line was unsignalled, motormen drove by line of sight.
	No platforms ever existed at any of the stopping places; passengers were expected to board and alight from the roadway or trackside cinders according to the location. The "stations" were much more commonly referred to as "halts" or "stopping places."
	Passengers bought their tickets from conductors on board the cars.
	Boulevard Recreation Ground halt was a Request Stop throughout its life. Intending users had to give a clear signal to the motorman or inform the conductor as appropriate. It opened with the line in 1912 and was mentioned in the 1914 and 1922 timetables, as well as the 1948 version reproduced in the Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway article.
	Unlike the "country" section, where conventional track was used, tramcars arrived at Boulevard Recreation Ground halt from both directions on grooved tram tracks set into the public road, as they were around Immingham Town.
	Unusually among British tramways services ran round the clock, particularly to provide for railway workers based at Immingham engine shed, whose duties often involved starting or finishing at unsocial hours. Traffic was highly peaked, with convoys of tramcars leaving and arriving to match shift changes at the dock. It was normal for several tramcars to queue to enter and leave Boulevard Recreation Ground halt at the peaks.
	After 1945 industry was attracted to the south bank of the Humber, steadily transforming the landscape from rural to urban, though few workers at the new plants lived locally. This led to an increase in ridership and an increase in footfall at Boulevard Recreation Ground halt. It also coincided with and reinforced a rise in road use along Gilbey Road itself, increasing the risk of conflicts and accidents. The tension between tram and rubber wheeled traffic is nowhere better shown than the famous "Tram Pinch" signs at the roadside.
	The east coast floods of 1953 did considerable damage to the tramway's infrastructure, with passengers having to walk between tramcars marooned either side of flooded or washed out sections.
	In 1956 over a million passengers used the line, nevertheless the roadway section east of Cleveland Bridge, including Boulevard Recreation Ground halt, closed at midnight on 30 June 1956. The last car to call was original GCR car No. 1.
	The line took some years to die. It was cut back at the Grimsby end in 1956. In 1959 it was reduced to peak services only, it disappeared from Bradshaw and through ticketing beyond the line was withdrawn. Formal closure of the line and Kiln Lane tramcar halt came on Monday 3 July 1961, with the last tramcars running on Saturday 1 July 1961, when a convoy of six tramcars set off from Immingham Dock, nominally at 14:03. The last tramcar of this convoy and therefore the last of all was Number 4.
	The first track on the line to be removed was at Immingham Dock tramcar station, to give increased parking space. The process of demolition was piecemeal and even in 2013 many hints of the line remained, such as spun concrete masts near Immingham Town.
	Former Services

= = = Obelistes variabilis = = =

	Obelistes variabilis is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Selman in 1972.

= = = Pachnephorus aequatorianus = = =

	Pachnephorus aequatorianus is a species of leaf beetle found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Stefano Zoia in 2007. Its name refers to the presence of the species near the equator.

= = = Antonio Sedeño = = =

	Antonio Sedeño (died 1538) was a Spanish conquistador and the governor of Trinidad between 1530 and 1538.
	By 1514, Ferdinand had named Andres de Haro as manager of the Puerto Rican royal mines and farms, Baltasar de Castro as contador, Antonio as factor, and Diego de Arce as veedor. Baltasar, Antonio and Diego held those positions until at least 1520.
	Before his appointment to his position in Trinidad, Sedeño had been the Royal Treasurer of Puerto Rico. He obtained a letters patent from the King appointing him as the Captain and Governor-General of Trinidad on July 12, 1530. He then sailed from the port of Sanlucar de Barrameda, returned to Puerto Rico and arrived in Trinidad on November 8, 1530 with two caravels and seventy men. He landed on the Bay of Erin, which provided shelter and was the only coast of the island known to the Spaniards at the time.
	At first, Sedeño treated the natives of the island with "consideration and justice" and was received well by them. He distributed gifts to the indigenous people who came to greet them and the cacique Maruana welcomed him as an ally against other natives. He used the short period of peace to build a fort. The Spaniards' treatment of the natives then turned harsh as their food ran out and they raided the village of Cumucurapo in the north of the island. This prompted fighting which plagued the rest of the years of Sedeño's rule. All the natives except those headed by Maruana then attacked the Spaniards and forced Sedeño to flee. Their fort and arms held out for long enough for them to do so, and Maruana helped them in the process.
	Sedeño returned to Puerto Rico and attempted to raise new men and supplies to re-established a presence on Trinidad, which turned out to be difficult as people had heard about the conflict. He went on to Tierra Firme on mainland South America and arrived on land ruled by the chief Turipari. He realized the inconvenience of his settling, and made an agreement with Turipari that supplies could be shipped from Puerto Rico to his land in preparation of a successful entry into Trinidad. Some soldiers had remained on the island and settled in Fort Paria, which was taken by another conquistador, Diego de Ordas. When Sedeño sent a caravel to Paria with new supplies, the ship turned around, fearful of de Ordas, and instead landed in Cumucurapo. The natives appeared welcoming at the beginning, but their mistrust prompted them to attack the new settlers a week later, killing 24 of the 30 men. The six survivors returned to Puerto Rico using the caravel.
	Sedeño sailed back to Trinidad in 1532 with 80 men and prevailed the locals in the village of Cumucurapo, which was destroyed and the surviving locals fled to the mountains. However, with the village destroyed, Sedeño had no provisions and so retreated from the island to Margarita. He returned in 1533 a year later and built a stockade in Cumucurapo, but many soldiers became ill and he had to rely on Maruana for supplies. They were attacked on 13 September 1533, and while many Spaniards were killed, they prevailed at the end by counter-attacking on horses.
	However, many of his men then left to join Pizarro for Peru. On 27 August 1534, he had to abandon his settlement and go to Fort Paria, where he was imprisoned by de Ordas for six months. After his release, he went to Puerto Rico and gathered a new group of soldiers, this time to go to the mainland in search of El Dorado. He never returned to Trinidad. He died in 1538, allegedly having been poisoned by a female slave.

= = = Pachnephorus bezdeki = = =

	Pachnephorus bezdeki is a species of leaf beetle found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Stefano Zoia in 2007. It is named after Jan Bezděk, a specialist of Chrysomelidae and a friend of the author.

= = = Sumeda Ranasinghe = = =

	R.M. Sumeda Jagath Ranasinghe is a male Sri Lankan javelin thrower. With a distance of 83.04 metres, and a new Sri Lankan record, Ranasinghe achieved the qualifying standard for the javelin at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

= = = Pachnephorus bracarumvestitus = = =

	Pachnephorus bracarumvestitus is a species of leaf beetle found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Stefano Zoia in 2007. Its name is a compound of the Latin "bracarum" ("of trousers") and "vestitus" ("dressed"), referring to the wide scales covering the legs of the species.

= = = Pachnephorus cristiani = = =

	Pachnephorus cristiani is a species of leaf beetle found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique, described by Stefano Zoia in 2007. It is dedicated to the author's son, Cristian.

= = = Pachnephorus crocodilinus = = =

	Pachnephorus crocodilinus is a species of leaf beetle found in Sudan, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Namibia, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique and South Africa, described by Stefano Zoia in 2007. Some specimens of the species from western Africa (Senegal, Ghana, Gabon and Mali) are also known, but with doubt. Its name is derived from the Latin "crocodilus" ("crocodile"), referring to both the species' type locality (Mfuwe Crocodile Farm, in South Luangwa National Park, Zambia) and the fact that "Pachnephorus" species, like crocodiles, usually live near water.

= = = Pachnephorus danielssoni congoanus = = =

	Pachnephorus danielssoni congoanus is a subspecies of "Pachnephorus danielssoni", a species of leaf beetle. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and was described by Zoia in 2007. The subspecies name refers to the country where the subspecies was collected.

= = = Joes Creek = = =

	Joes Creek is a secondary tributary (via Trace Fork) of the Mud River, in Lincoln County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. The stream is located in eastern Lincoln County and lies 4.4 miles from Tornado. Through Trace Fork, the Mud River, the Guyandotte River, and finally the Ohio River, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi.
	Joes Creek rises in Sumerco, mostly from runoff from Sumerco Mountain, and is fed by a smaller stream known as Laurel Fork. It flows mostly northward, eventually flowing into Trace Fork from the southeast, from Garretts Bend. The upper portion of the stream was historically referred to as Williams Fork but is no longer common usage.

= = = Ortadoğu Analiz = = =

	Ortadoğu Analiz (meaning "Middle East Analysis" in English) is a Turkish bimonthly political commentary magazine founded in 2009. It covers political, economic, cultural and historical analysis, and current news from the Middle East. The magazine is part of the Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies and is published by the Center on a bimonthly basis.
	The first issue of '"Ortadoğu Analiz"' appeared in January 2009 with a special focus on the Gaza Strip in Palestine. In the first issue, the magazine was including independent academic commentaries, book reviews and an interview with an important political figure.
	In 2013, the magazine changed its style. It not only abandoned to use reference and abstracts in commentaries but it also shortened commentaries. This change made the magazine less academic and therefore more close to public readers.

= = = Pachnephorus demeyeri = = =

	Pachnephorus demeyeri is a species of leaf beetle found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Stefano Zoia in 2007. It is named after Marc de Meyer, for helping Zoia during his visits to the Royal Museum for Central Africa.

= = = Love (1927 German film) = = =

	Love (German: Liebe) is a 1927 German silent film directed by Paul Czinner and starring Elisabeth Bergner, Agnes Esterhazy and Elza Temary.

= = = Troitske = = =

	Troitske (; ) is an urban-type settlement in Sloboda Ukraine, administrative centre of Troitske Raion, a part of Luhansk Oblast in Ukraine. Population: .
	Troitske traces its heritage to a sloboda settlement Kalnivka (or Kalynivka) when five families headed by a centurial aged peasant Kalyna (nicknamed Kalnyi) resettled in these lands out of Urazova sloboda, Valuiky county in Voronezh Governorate sometime in 1740-1750s. Near Kalynivka 2 versts towards Urazova River settled some Gypsy (Tsyhan) who traded horses and was looking for unoccupied pasture lands. Where he settled, there appeared a khutir (hamlet) Tsyhanivskyi or Tsyhanivka.
	Those lands where peasants settled and as they found out belonged to M.Golitsyn. Those peasants were placed in serfdom.
	In 1803 the Ober Procurator of the Most Holy Synod Prince Aleksandr Golitsyn proposed to residents of Kalnivka redemption to freedom. But they were unable to make huge redeeming pay in one time. Then the prince took out a land contract through a state bank obligating his peasants for the next 40 years to make deposits to bank on the sum of money with a defined percent. Thus, residents of Kalnivka and neighboring settlements, former serfs of princes Golitsyns, officially became bank's peasants. They had to pay the bank 35 rubles a year from each soul of male gender. From these excessive payments after 10 years the peasants has become absolutely impoverished turning into beggars.
	In 1815 Kalnivka accounted for 400 souls of male gender and with neighboring khutirs including Tsyhanivka 1,500. Here was built the Saint Trinity Church. Since then and until 1870s Kalnivka was officially known as Novotroitska Sloboda. In 1831-1833 Novotroitska Sloboda suffered a big hardship, a severe drought. Bread burned out in the fields, famine took place, erupted epidemic of cholera. Almost three quarters of residents perished. Oppression had intensified due to for each soul has fallen the payment for the deceased. Because of that there grew arrears. Another drought hit the crops in 1846-1847. The peasants became so impoverished that had refused to pay their obrok to the bank and sent their delegates (khodaki) to Saint Petersburg with petition to released them from payment. There it turned out that during 39 years They have already deposited the full amount. By order of the Chamber of State Property from 2 September 1848 the sloboda residents were classified as state peasants.

= = = Pachnephorus fabianae = = =

	Pachnephorus fabianae is a species of leaf beetle found in the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Stefano Zoia in 2007. A single specimen of the species from Zambia is also known, but with doubt. It is named after the author's wife, Fabiana.

= = = Venetian Snares = = =

	Aaron Funk (born January 11, 1975), known as Venetian Snares, is a Canadian electronic musician based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He is widely known for innovating and popularising the breakcore genre, and is one of the most recognisable artists to be signed to Planet Mu, an experimental electronic music label. His signature style involves meticulously complex drums, eclectic use of samples, and odd time signatures in particular.
	His 2005 release, "Rossz Csillag Alatt Született," combined breakbeats with orchestral samples, and was released to critical acclaim, helping bring Funk and the genre into popularity within the experimental electronic music community.
	Funk is a very prolific musician, often releasing several records each year, sometimes on several different record labels, including Planet Mu, Hymen, Sublight, and his own imprint Timesig, and also under different aliases, including Last Step, Snares Man!, Snares, and Speed Dealer Moms. He has also explored other electronic genres such as glitch, IDM, modern classical and acid techno.
	Funk began producing music as early as 1992, when he was experimenting with several 'ghetto blasters': I'd use a bunch of ghetto blasters playing all at once to play different sounds I'd recorded with some shitty ghetto blaster. Most of my sources I'd get riding around on my bicycle and just listening for interesting sounds. I'd use garbage bins and streetlights and anything else I could find that was hollow or metallic to bang out rhythms on. Then I'd set up all the ghettos and record them all playing into that same ghetto blaster. Then I'd play a bunch of those tapes all at the same time and record that and so on. Then I would do cut-ups or pause-ups of those tapes to create a more startling rhythmic effect. A strange ritual in retrospect.
	I somehow came across this looping delay pedal that would hold a 2 second sample. This pedal coupled with the ghetto blaster experiments really changed my life.Funk then got an Amiga 500 computer, where he initially produced music through a music tracker, OctaMED. He formed the name 'Venetian Snares' after '...writing a track with really fast snare rolls that sounded like scraping a stick across a grate or running a pencil down venetian blinds in a distracted classroom'.
	He would self-release several cassettes during the 90's, before making his first official release with the 1999 12" EP, "Greg Hates Car Culture", followed by a split album with Stunt Rock, "Fuck Canada // Fuck America", and more EPs in the next year 2000, including "Salt, 7 sevens.med, Shitfuckers!," and his first full-length album, "printf("shiver in eternal darkness/n");." Funk then moved to using a PC sometime before 2000, producing music in MED Soundstudio, a Windows port of OctoMED.
	After hearing "Greg Hates Car Culture" while browsing a Minneapolis record store, Mike Paradinas (also known as μ-Ziq) immediately signed Funk on to his record label Planet Mu, leading to three releases for the label in 2001, a collaboration album with Speedranch, "Making Orange Things," a 7" EP, "Defluxion," and a full-length album, "Songs About My Cats". In addition, he also released "Doll Doll Doll", as well as split 12" with Cex and a raggacore 7" as Snares Man!, all in the same year. The Snares Man! 7" has been cited as influential in the development of raggacore. The following year, 2002, Funk released three full-length albums, "Higgins Ultra Low Track Glue Funk Hits 1972–2006," "2370894" (Under Vsnares), and "Winter in the Belly of a Snake," plus a 15-minute limited edition EP, "A Giant Alien Force More Violent & Sick Than Anything You Can Imagine". 2003 saw the release of "The Chocolate Wheelchair Album", "Find Candace", a 7" EP "Badminton", two split 7" EPs, one with Fanny under BeeSnares, and the other with Phantomsmasher, and an experimental collaboration album with Hecate, "Nymphomatriarch." Following 2004, Funk released "Huge Chrome Cylinder Box Unfolding", three EPs, "Horse And Goat," "Infolepsy EP," and "Moonglow/This Bitter Earth" and a remix of Doormouse's Skelechairs. During this time period, Funk started using Cubase next to MED.
	Funk first released in 2005 his tribute album to his hometown, "Winnipeg is a Frozen Shithole," before releasing "Rossz Csillag Alatt Született," an album inspired by Funk's recent Hungary trip that combines fast breakbeats with classical strings and trumpets, to critical acclaim. Tiny Mix Tapes called it Funk's '...most accomplished album to date', describing the album as '... of uncouth beauty that is at once sublime, timeless, cinematic, sporadic, and moving from start to finish for the uppity junglist or the CBC Radio 1 listener in your family'. At the same year, Funk has also released another album, "Meathole," and debuted under his new acid-oriented alias, Last Step, in "You're a Nice Girl".
	In the later years, Funk's amount of releases would decrease to at least one each year, compared to as many as six earlier before. The next year, 2006, Funk released one album, "Cavalcade of Glee and Dadaist Happy Hardcore Pom Poms," and a single EP, Hospitality. 2007 saw the release another classical-styled album, "My Downfall (Original Soundtrack)," an EP, Pink + Green, a 10" series of dubstep-styled Black Sabbath covers under Snares, and his first full-length self-titled album under Last Step. Funk followed it next year, 2008, with another Last Step album, 1961. He also released the "Detrimentalist" album and the "Miss Balaton" single in the same year. 2009 saw the release of the album "Filth," and the "Horsey Noises" EP. Afterwards in 2010, Funk released the "My So-Called Life" album and a 12" collaboration with Red Hot Chili Peppers guitarist John Frusciante under Speed Dealer Moms. Funk's only release in 2011 is the EP "Cubist Reggae." 2012 saw three new releases by Funk, with two EPs "Fool The Detector and Affectionate," and a Last Step album, "Sleep." After an unusual absence in 2013, Funk's next release came in 2014 with a new album, "My Love is a Bulldozer," as well as a self-titled debut collaboration album with Joanne Pollock, Poemss, and a self-released Last Step EP, "Lost Sleep". Funk released the EP, "Your Face," the following year 2015.
	On August 26, 2015, Funk posted on his Facebook page that he was '...suddenly in very serious financial trouble,' and announced that he has launched his own Bandcamp page, re-releasing a majority of his releases, especially those previously out-of-print. Funk topped the whole Bandcamp best-selling list within the next 24 hours. As thanks to his fans, Funk self-released "Thank You For Your Consideration" on his Bandcamp page for a pay-what-you-want price. Funk later announced a new album coming February 19, 2016, called "Traditional Synthesizer Music", with a preview single available to listen to now. This album was the product of Funk's experimentations with modular synthesizers, and was created exclusively on modular synthesizer hardware.
	In 2017, Funk announced a collaboration with Daniel Lanois. This was recorded in Toronto and released in 2018 as "Venetian Snares x Daniel Lanois".
	Funk is well-known for using odd time signatures, especially . The track 'Szamár Madár' from "Rossz Csillag Alatt Született" uses a time signature, being based on Edward Elgar’s 'Cello Concerto', which also uses this unusual signature. The album "Thank You for Your Consideration" also employs unusual meters instead of the time used in most electronic music.

= = = Bubonic Burial Rites = = =

	Bubonic Burial Rites is an EP by Gnaw Their Tongues, independently released on November 21, 2007.
	Adapted from the "Bubonic Burial Rites" liner notes.

= = = Pachnephorus fasciatus fasciatus = = =

	Pachnephorus fasciatus fasciatus is the nominotypical subspecies of "Pachnephorus fasciatus", a species of leaf beetle. It is found in Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola. It was first described by the Belgian entomologist in 1941.

= = = Pachnephorus gardinii = = =

	Pachnephorus gardinii is a species of leaf beetle found in Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, the Republic of the Congo, the
	Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Tanzania, described by Stefano Zoia in 2007. It is named after Giulio Gardini, a friend of the author.

= = = Multi-satellite link = = =

	Multi-satellite link is – according to "article 1.114" of the International Telecommunication Union´s (ITU) ITU Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as «"A radio link between a transmitting earth station and a receiving earth station through two or more satellites, without any intermediate earth station. A multi-satellite link comprises one up-link, one or more satellite-to-satellite links and one down-link".»
	Each "station" shall be classified by the "service" in which it operates permanently or temporarily.

= = = David L. Turpin = = =

	David L. Turpin is an American Orthodontist who was the Editor-in Chief for The Angle Orthodontist from 1988 to 1999 and American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics from 1999 to 2010.
	He received his dental degree from University of Iowa College of Dentistry in 1962 and his master's degree in Orthodontics from University of Washington School of Dentistry in 1966. He worked in private practice for more than 37 years of his life along with being on the clinical faculty in the Orthodontic Department at the University of Washington. This education when combined with clinical teaching opened a number of opportunities in serving the specialty of orthodontics. While a young man in the early years of practice, Dr. Turpin was appointed by the President of the American Society of Orthodontists to be one of 8 members to represent the Pacific Coast Society of orthodontists in making the organization more "user friendly" to new and younger members. Although this effort was a well-meaning attempt by the national president to involve young members, it failed to make many useful changes in the larger organization. With this background of Association activity, Dr. Turpin was able to become Editor of the Bulletin of the Pacific Coast Society of Orthodontists (1976-1988), a regional journal serving orthodontists on the West Coast. This journalistic experience allowed Turpin to move up to a more broadly respected publication, The Angle Orthodontist, where he served on the Board and was the Editor from 1988-1999. He then became Editor-in-Chief the American Journal of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, serving from 1999 to 2011. He was also called upon to serve as it's interim Editor in Chief from 2013–2014 when Dr. Vince Kokich died unexpectedly. Turpin served one 5-year term on the Executive Committee of the World Federation of Orthodontists (2010-2015). He is a diplomate of the ABO and member of College of Diplomates of the American Board of Orthodontics. Additional positions held in the Department of Orthodontics at the University of Washington included being named the Moore/Riedel Professor from 2010 until 2019. He has recently retired from teaching.
	Turpin is married to Judith Clark Turpin and have three children together.
	Omicron Kappa Upsilon
	Mosby Book Award 1962
	Milo Hellman Award 1967
	Golden Pencil Award (PCSO Bulletin) Internatn'l College1980 & 89
	Golden Scroll Award (PCSO Bulletin) Internatn'l College, 1985 
	Annual Session Honoree, Pacific Coast Society of Ortho - 1988
	Golden Scroll Award (Angle Orthodontist) Internatn'l College, 1990
	Award of Merit, Pacific Coast Society of Orthodontists - 1991
	First Place – 2001 TRENDS Association Award, Scientific Pub 
	Platinum Citation – 2002 (AJO-DO) Internatn’l College of Dentists
	AAOF Jacob A. Salzmann Award – 2006
	Gold Category 3 – 2005 TRENDS Assoc Award, Scientific Pub 
	James A Brophy Award—2007
	Lifetime Achievement Award - 2011, PCSO 
	Dale B Wade Award of Excellence in Orthodontics – 2012
	The Albert H. Ketcham Memorial Award – 2015 
	Honorary Membership in Indian Orthodontic Society – 2015
	Honorary Scientific Advisor for WFO/ 9th International Orthodontic Congress, Yokohama, Japan
	Jacob A Salzmann Lecture - 2006 AAOF, AAO Annual Session
	President's Lecture, Pacific Coast Society of Orthodontics - 2007 
	13th Professor Jose Rant Memorial Lecture - 2010, Slovenia
	Thirty-first Annual Alton W. Moore Lectureship - 2011, Seattle
	President's Lecture, Pacific Coast Society of Orthodontics - 2012
	Edward H Angle Lecture, AAO Annual Session – San Diego, 2017

= = = Pachnephorus medvedevi = = =

	Pachnephorus medvedevi is a species of leaf beetle found in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Stefano Zoia in 2007. It is named after Lev Medvedev, a specialist in Chrysomelidae and a friend of the author.

= = = Jackson Street electric railway station = = =

	Jackson Street electric railway station was the second of five calling points on the eastern, "street" section of the inter-urban Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway when travelling from Corporation Bridge, Grimsby to Immingham Dock.
	The electric railway was built primarily to carry workers between Grimsby and Immingham Dock which the Great Central Railway had built on a greenfield site in a sparsely populated area. The line was built by the Great Central and remained in railway ownership up to closure in 1961. It therefore appeared in railway timetables and it was possible to buy through tickets between any of the stops on the line and anywhere on the national railway network, though there never was any physical connection with any conventional track, nor with the tramways in Grimsby and Cleethorpes.
	In modern parlance the vehicles would be described as trams, but they were usually referred to locally as "tramcars", with related things being called names such as "tramcar halt" and "tramcar bridge" with "car" a more common short form than "tram."
	Travelling from Corporation Bridge the eastern section of the line passed along the middle of first Corporation Road, then Gilbey Road, Grimsby. This part of the line was single track; it originally had three passing places ("loops" in railway parlance) where the line:
	A fourth, turnback, loop was added at the extreme western end of the street running section, west of Cleveland Bridge, in 1956 when the remainder of the street running section closed. Unlike the "country" section of the line, halts did not always coincide with loops.
	The points at the ends of the loops were spring loaded. As the line was unsignalled, motormen drove by line of sight.
	No platforms ever existed at any of the stopping places; passengers were expected to board and alight from the roadway or trackside cinders according to the location. The "stations" were much more commonly referred to as "halts" or "stopping places."
	Passengers bought their tickets from conductors on board the cars.
	Jackson Street halt was a Request Stop throughout its life. Intending users had to give a clear signal to the motorman or inform the conductor as appropriate. It opened with the line in 1912 and was mentioned in the 1914 and 1922 timetables, as well as the 1948 version reproduced in the Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway article.
	Unlike the "country" section, where conventional track was used, tramcars arrived at Jackson Street halt from both directions on grooved tram tracks set into the public road, as they were around Immingham Town.
	Unusually among British tramways services ran round the clock, particularly to provide for railway workers based at Immingham engine shed, whose duties often involved starting or finishing at unsocial hours. Traffic was highly peaked, with convoys of tramcars leaving and arriving to match shift changes at the dock. It was normal for several tramcars to queue to enter and leave Jackson Street at the peaks.
	After 1945 industry was attracted to the south bank of the Humber, steadily transforming the landscape from rural to urban, though few workers at the new plants lived locally. This led to an increase in ridership and an increase in footfall at Jackson Street halt. It also coincided with and reinforced a rise in road use along Corporation Road itself, increasing the risk of conflicts and accidents. The tension between tram and rubber wheeled traffic is nowhere better shown than the famous "Tram Pinch" signs at the roadside.
	The east coast floods of 1953 did considerable damage to the tramway's infrastructure, with passengers having to walk between tramcars marooned either side of flooded or washed out sections.
	In 1956 over a million passengers used the line, nevertheless the roadway section east of Cleveland Bridge, including Jackson Street halt, closed at midnight on 30 June 1956. The last car to call was original GCR car No. 1.
	The line took some years to die. It was cut back at the Grimsby end in 1956. In 1959 it was reduced to peak services only, it disappeared from Bradshaw and through ticketing beyond the line was withdrawn. Formal closure of the line and Kiln Lane tramcar halt came on Monday 3 July 1961, with the last tramcars running on Saturday 1 July 1961, when a convoy of six tramcars set off from Immingham Dock, nominally at 14:03. The last tramcar of this convoy and therefore the last of all was Number 4.
	The first track on the line to be removed was at Immingham Dock tramcar station, to give increased parking space. The process of demolition was piecemeal and even in 2013 many hints of the line remained, such as spun concrete masts near Immingham Town.
	Former Services

= = = Pachnephorus senegalensis = = =

	Pachnephorus senegalensis is a species of leaf beetle found in Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Togo,
	Benin, Nigeria, Chad, Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania and Zambia, described by Julien Achard in 1914.

= = = Pachnephorus torridus = = =

	Pachnephorus torridus is a species of leaf beetle found in Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Sierra Leone, Mali, Ivory Coast, Burkina, Togo, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea,
	Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi,
	Namibia, Mozambique and South Africa, described by Joseph Sugar Baly in 1878.

= = = Pagria liturata = = =

	Pagria liturata is a species of leaf beetle distributed in Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Garamba and Upemba National Parks), Ethiopia and South Sudan. It was described by Édouard Lefèvre in 1891. Its host plants include "Vitex doniana" and "Sporobolus pyramidalis".

= = = Paganini in Venice = = =

	Paganini in Venice () is a 1929 German short historical film directed by Frank Clifford and starring Andreas Weißgerber, Hans Hermann Schaufuß and Agnes Esterhazy. It was made by the newly formed Tobis Film during the switch from silent to sound film.
	The film's sets were designed by the art director Erich Czerwonski.

= = = Myint Swe = = =

	Myint Swe is a Burmese name and may mean:

= = = Pagria maynei = = =

	Pagria maynei is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by the Belgian entomologist in 1941.

= = = Pagria ruwenzoriensis = = =

	Pagria ruwenzoriensis is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Selman in 1972.

= = = Gare de Noisy–Champs = = =

	Noisy–Champs is a railway station on RER train network at the border between Champs-sur-Marne, Seine-et-Marne and Noisy-le-Grand, Seine-Saint-Denis, France.
	The station opened on 19 December 1980, when RER Line A was extended to Torcy. It serves the Descartes Campus of the University of Eastern Paris – Marne-la-Vallée (French: "Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée"). Bus stations are on both ends of platforms: "Archimède" is on Noisy-le-Grand side, "Descartes" on the Champs-sur-Marne side.
	The average frequency is one train every 10 minutes to Paris and to Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy (some trains terminate at Torcy).
	Noisy–Champs RER–Descartes is served by RATP Group bus lines 212 (to Emerainville), 213 (to Chelles and Lognes) and 312 (circular line serving the campus and its vicinities).
	Noisy–Champs RER–Archimède is served by RATP bus lines 310 (to Les Yvris–Noisy-le-Grand) and 320 (circular line serving other stations in Noisy-le-Grand).
	The station is also served by Noctilien night line N130 to Paris and Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy, and by CIF line 100 to Torcy and Créteil.
	Paris Métro Line 11 is expected to be extended to Noisy–Champs. This station should be the terminus of the future lines 15 and 16.

= = = Pagria suturalis = = =

	Pagria suturalis is a species of leaf beetle distributed in East Africa (including Kenya and Tanzania), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Garamba and Upemba National Parks), Uganda and South Sudan. It was described by Édouard Lefèvre in 1884. Its host plants include "Erythrophlaeum guineensis".

= = = Pagria varians = = =

	Pagria varians is a species of leaf beetle distributed in East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Garamba and Upemba National Parks) and South Sudan. It was described by Édouard Lefèvre in 1884. Its host plants include "Combretum" spp..

= = = Paraivongius akaensis = = =

	Paraivongius akaensis is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Selman in 1972.

= = = Paraivongius armatus = = =

	Paraivongius armatus is a species of leaf beetle. It is distributed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sudan. It was first described by the Belgian entomologist in 1941.

= = = Paraivongius bagbelensis = = =

	Paraivongius bagbelensis is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Selman in 1972.

= = = Paraivongius bayeri = = =

	Paraivongius bayeri is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by the Belgian entomologist in 1942, from specimens collected by Gaston-François de Witte from the Albert National Park between 1933 and 1935.

= = = Michalis Paraskevas = = =

	Michalis Paraskevas (Greek: Μιχάλης Παρασκευάς), is a Cypriot lawyer who has been described as an activist activist 
	Michalis Paraskevas was born and raised in Nicosia to a Greek-Cypriot family. He was influenced by his family and his social environment and he was raised to be proud of the Greek heritage and the national struggles, but he never was a nationalist or a right wing. He studied law at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in Greece.
	In 2014, he refused to pay social insurance contributions as an act of civil disobedience in response to the government's decision of writing-off a 7.2 billion euro debt to the Social Insurance Fund, as suggested by the Troika in 2012. A possible refusal to comply with the court order to pay the fine could result in a jail sentence and probably disbarment. Michalis Paraskevas' civil disobedience was also connected to the refusal of the Minister of Finance to comply with the Social Insurance Fund 2010 Law, which obliged the Minister to repay some of the debt back to the Social Insurance account so as to create real assets, and to appoint an independent committee for auditing purposes. The initiative concerning the Social Insurance Fund resulted in the creation of a small team of activists. Called ‘Initiative for Social Control of Social Insurance Fund’, which demanded the return of money from the state to the Social Insurance Fund, and reformation of the way the Fund is controlled so as to allow for some direct control by the citizens. As he explained in interviews, following the 2018 Presidential Election, when the same persons were candidates, as if nothing happened, he realized that the impact of this endearing effort simply had no practical effect on society and that the civil disobience as way of social struggle or awaking in Cyprus society was at least insufficient https://www.facebook.com/voulitv/videos/996265724097595/?t=1 https://www.facebook.com/activeradiocy/videos/870226710002285/?t=0
	Michalis Paraskevas has consistently defended human rights and social equality.
	He identified himself as an anarchist who supports direct democracy, and named Peter Kropotkin, Mikhail Bekunin, Errico Malatesta and Alexander Berkman as his influences. At some point, he vehemently opposed voting and all contact with political parties, and argued that anyone running for office does it for personal gain, and also argued against the hypocrisy of tie-wearing politicians.
	He later switched position and lobbied parliamentary parties in order to influence the legislative process.
	With his own words in an interview: https://24h.com.cy/2018/12/ypopsifios-stis-eyroekloges-2019-o-anypakoyos-michalis-paraskeyas/
	On January 14, 2019, he announced that he would be running for office as an independent candidate. In justifying his decision to run for office, he stated that society wants others to decide. He also stated that his personal long-term goal is to partake in decisions.
	He has a distinctive style and mannerisms, characterised by "fiery posturing", furious and energetic "as if about to explode".

= = = Paraivongius bequaerti = = =

	Paraivongius bequaerti is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by the Belgian entomologist in 1941.

= = = The Country Girl / Little Boy Lost = = =

	The Country Girl / Little Boy Lost is a Decca Records album by Bing Crosby of songs from the Paramount films Little Boy Lost and The Country Girl. This is not a soundtrack recording album but the songs used in the films were separately recorded for commercial release. It was issued as a 10” LP with catalog No.DL 5556. The songs from “The Country Girl” were also issued on an extended play record numbered ED-2156 and all of the songs from both films were used in the 15-part "Bing’s Hollywood" series issued by Decca in 1962. 
	Bing Crosby had moved away from his familiar light comedy musical roles in the 1950s and undertaken two dramatic roles in "Little Boy Lost" and "The Country Girl". Neither of the films was a musical but each had songs which helped to move the action along. The song “Violets and Violins” was not sung by Crosby in the former film but by his wife played by Nicole Maurey.

= = = Healthcare in Northamptonshire = = =

	Healthcare in Northamptonshire is now the responsibility of Nene and Corby Clinical Commissioning Groups, with some involvement of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough CCG.
	From 1947 to 1974 NHS services in Northamptonshire were managed by the Oxford Regional Hospital Board. In 1974 the Boards were abolished and replaced by Regional Health Authorities. Northamptonshire came under the Oxford RHA. Regions were reorganised in 1996 and Northamptonshire came under the Anglia and Oxford Regional Health Authority. From 1974 there was one Area health authority covering the county. From 1982 there were two District Authorities, Kettering and Northampton, but they were merged in 1993. Three Primary care trusts were established in the county in 2002: Daventry and South Northamptonshire PCT, Northampton Teaching PCT and Northamptonshire Heartlands PCT. They were merged into Northamptonshire Teaching PCT in 2006. They were managed by the Leicestershire, Northamptonshire and Rutland SHA Strategic health authority which was merged into NHS East Midlands in 2006.
	Northamptonshire formed a sustainability and transformation plan area in March 2016 with John Wardell, the Accountable Officer of Nene Clinical Commissioning Group, as its leader In May 2018 the partnership, which had been rated “in need of improvement” by NHS England in 2017, produced a list of “helpful” and “unhelpful” behaviours for its board members and planned to hold a “reconciliation event” hoping to override all individual or organisational self-interest. It was unclear whether this difficulty was related to the financial difficulty of Northamptonshire County Council.
	2 practices in the county are in Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Clinical Commissioning Group. 69 are in Nene CCG, and 5 are in Corby CCG, including Lakeside Surgery, the biggest General practice in the National Health Service with 62 partners.
	Out-of-hours services are provided in the county by Integrated Care 24 Limited.
	Kettering General Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Northampton General Hospital NHS Trust are the main acute providers in the county.
	Northamptonshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust
	Northamptonshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust provide the majority of the community services in the county including community nursing and therapy services. 
	Northamptonshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust in conjunction with the county Council set up a new organisation, First for Wellbeing, in November 2015 to provide public health services including debt advice, smoking cessation and weight management. Badby Park is a specialist provider of care for people with long term conditions.
	There is a Healthwatch organisation

= = = Paraivongius bicolor = = =

	Paraivongius bicolor is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Édouard Lefèvre in 1885.
	There are two subspecies of "P. bicolor":

= = = Paraivongius bicolor arussinus = = =

	Paraivongius bicolor arussinus is a subspecies of "Paraivongius bicolor", a species of leaf beetle. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and was described by the Italian entomologist Raffaello Gestro in 1895.

= = = Strongstown, Pennsylvania = = =

	Strongstown is an unincorporated community in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located at the junction of U.S. Route 422 and Pennsylvania Route 403 west-northwest of Ebensburg.

= = = Saravanan Saran = = =

	Saravanan is a Tamil film actor. He debuted as a lead actor in the film Murugaatrupadai in 2014. and currently acting in Love Guru as a pair with Sanchita Shetty.
	Saravanan begin his career as an actor in film Murugaatrupadai opposite to Navika Kotia under Sigaram visual media productions. He acted in a film named Evan Avan Currently he is acting opposite to Soodhu Kavvum fame Sanchita Shetty in a film named as love guru along with Parthiban, Kalabhavan Mani, Pasupathy and MS Bhaskar. He also owns a production company Sigaram Visual Media, which distributed Orange Mittai starring Vijay Sethupathi in association with PRIME media in United States.

= = = Paraivongius collarti = = =

	Paraivongius collarti is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by the Belgian entomologist in 1941.

= = = Paraivongius costatus = = =

	Paraivongius costatus is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, observed by Jacoby in 1894.

= = = Caleb C. Harris = = =

	Caleb C. Harris (September 22, 1836 – September 24, 1904) was an American farmer, physician, and politician.
	Born in the township of Springfield, Erie County, Pennsylvania, Harris moved with his parents to Walworth County, Wisconsin in 1849. In 1857, Harris took part in an expedition against the Sioux tribe in Spirit Lake, Iowa. In 1867, Harris moved to the town of Ottawa, Waukesha County, Wisconsin where he owned a dairy farm and practiced medicine. Harris served on the Waukesha County Board of Supervisors and was a Republican. In 1895. Harris served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. Harris died at his home in Ottawa, Wisconsin from peritonitis for which he had surgery.

= = = Paraivongius demoulinensis = = =

	Paraivongius demoulinensis is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Selman in 1972.

= = = Paraivongius duruensis = = =

	Paraivongius duruensis is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Selman in 1972.

= = = The Day and the Night = = =

	The Day and the Night is an album by American jazz saxophonist Roscoe Mitchell, which was released in 1997 on the German Dizim label.
	The "JazzTimes" review by Willard Jenkins says "There is a thoughtful, contemplative sense of quietude which marks a good portion of this disc and the dialogue between the trio is palpable."

= = = Paraivongius elisabethanus = = =

	Paraivongius elisabethanus is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by the Belgian entomologist in 1941.

= = = The Demons (2015 film) = = =

	The Demons () is a 2015 Canadian drama film, written and directed by Philippe Lesage.
	Based in part on Lesage's own childhood, the film stars Édouard Tremblay-Grenier as Félix, a ten-year-old boy living with his family in a quiet suburb of Montreal who is prone to excessive worry. As a series of child abductions begins to grip the town, however, his vague and needless fears begin to give way to something much more real.
	The film's cast also includes Laurent Lucas, Pascale Bussières, Victoria Diamond, Vassili Schneider, Sarah Mottet, Théodore Pellerin and Pier-Luc Funk.
	The film was shot in August/September 2014 in Montreal and vicinity.
	The film premiered in September 2015 at the San Sebastian Film Festival. It was released in the province of Quebec (on 8 screens) on 30 October 2015. In December, the film was announced as part of the Toronto International Film Festival's annual Canada's Top Ten screening series of the ten best Canadian films of the year.
	The film was nominated for the 2016 Ingmar Bergman International Debut Award at the Gothenburg Film Festival.
	Tremblay-Grenier reprised his role as Félix as a minor character in Lesage's 2018 film "Genesis (Genèse)".

= = = Paraivongius flavimanus flavimanus = = =

	Paraivongius flavimanus flavimanus is a subspecies of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, observed by Jacoby in 1903.

= = = Aryana Commandar = = =

	Saeed Anwar (alias Aryana, January 28, 1975 – December 10, 2015) was born in Haider Khel Village of North Waziristan Agency.
	He was a member of Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) with Maulana Sadiq Noor Group.
	He was a well known militant in North Waziristan. He was killing people, also Pakistani Army soldiers.
	In June 2014, when Pakistan military launched operation Zarb-e-Azb, He was escaped to Afghanistan.
	On December 10, 2015, Afghan Security Forces killed Aryana, a key commander of TTP, and arrested his 15 accomplices in a raid carried out near the Pak-Afghan border in Paktia province, Afghanistan. Aryana remained a closed friend of TTP head Hakimullah Mehsud till his death in a US drone strike in North Waziristan.
	Aryana was also close to local Taliban commander Maulana Sadiq Noor in North Waziristan.
	Khan Said Sajna TTP Mehsood Taliban head was also killed in the raid, but Taliban sources said that Sajna was alive and remained safe after the raid.

= = = Paraivongius flavimanus scheitzae = = =

	Paraivongius flavimanus scheitzae is a subspecies of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by the Belgian entomologist in 1941.

= = = Yarborough Street electric railway station = = =

	Yarborough Street electric railway station was the first of five calling points on the eastern, "street" section of the inter-urban Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway when travelling from Corporation Bridge, Grimsby to Immingham Dock.
	The electric railway was built primarily to carry workers between Grimsby and Immingham Dock which the Great Central Railway had built on a greenfield site in a sparsely populated area. The line was built by the Great Central and remained in railway ownership up to closure in 1961. It therefore appeared in railway timetables and it was possible to buy through tickets between any of the stops on the line and anywhere on the national railway network, though there never was any physical connection with any conventional track, nor with the tramways in Grimsby and Cleethorpes.
	In modern parlance the vehicles would be described as trams, but they were usually referred to locally as "tramcars", with related things being called names such as "tramcar halt" and "tramcar bridge" with "car" a more common short form than "tram."
	Travelling from Corporation Bridge the eastern section of the line passed along the middle of first Corporation Road, then Gilbey Road, Grimsby. This part of the line was single track; it originally had three passing places ("loops" in railway parlance) where the line:
	A fourth, turnback, loop was added at the extreme western end of the street running section, west of Cleveland Bridge, in 1956 when the remainder of the street running section closed. Unlike the "country" section of the line, halts did not always coincide with loops.
	The points at the ends of the loops were spring loaded. As the line was unsignalled, motormen drove by line of sight.
	No platforms ever existed at any of the stopping places; passengers were expected to board and alight from the roadway or trackside cinders according to the location. The "stations" were much more commonly referred to as "halts" or "stopping places."
	Passengers bought their tickets from conductors on board the cars.
	Yarborough Street halt was a Compulsory Stop throughout its life. It opened with the line in 1912 and was mentioned in the 1914 and 1922 timetables, as well as the 1948 version reproduced in the Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway article. Although it always appeared in timetables, it never appeared on any ticket or fare table, or maps specifically commissioned to show the line.
	Unlike the "country" section, where conventional track was used, tramcars arrived at Yarborough Street halt from both directions on grooved tram tracks set into the public road, as they were around Immingham Town.
	Unusually among British tramways services ran round the clock, particularly to provide for railway workers based at Immingham engine shed, whose duties often involved starting or finishing at unsocial hours. Traffic was highly peaked, with convoys of tramcars leaving and arriving to match shift changes at the dock. It was normal for several tramcars to queue to enter and leave Yarborough Street at the peaks.
	After 1945 industry was attracted to the south bank of the Humber, steadily transforming the landscape from rural to urban, though few workers at the new plants lived locally. This led to an increase in ridership and an increase in footfall at Yarborough Street halt. It also coincided with and reinforced a rise in road use along Corporation Road itself, increasing the risk of conflicts and accidents. The tension between tram and rubber wheeled traffic is nowhere better shown than the famous "Tram Pinch" signs at the roadside.
	The east coast floods of 1953 did considerable damage to the tramway's infrastructure, with passengers having to walk between tramcars marooned either side of flooded or washed out sections.
	In 1956 over a million passengers used the line, nevertheless the roadway section east of Cleveland Bridge, including Yarborough Street halt, closed at midnight on 30 June 1956. The last car to call was original GCR car No. 1.
	The line took some years to die. It was cut back at the Grimsby end in 1956. In 1959 it was reduced to peak services only, it disappeared from Bradshaw and through ticketing beyond the line was withdrawn. Formal closure of the line and Kiln Lane tramcar halt came on Monday 3 July 1961, with the last tramcars running on Saturday 1 July 1961, when a convoy of six tramcars set off from Immingham Dock, nominally at 14:03. The last tramcar of this convoy and therefore the last of all was Number 4.
	The first track on the line to be removed was at Immingham Dock tramcar station, to give increased parking space. The process of demolition was piecemeal and even in 2013 many hints of the line remained, such as spun concrete masts near Immingham Town.
	Former Services

= = = Paraivongius fulvus = = =

	Paraivongius fulvus is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Selman in 1972.

= = = Paraivongius garambaensis = = =

	Paraivongius garambaensis is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Selman in 1972.

= = = Paraivongius interstitialis = = =

	Paraivongius interstitialis is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, observed by Jacoby in 1900.

= = = Paraivongius katangensis = = =

	Paraivongius katangensis is a species of leaf beetle. It is distributed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sudan. It was first described by the Belgian entomologist in 1941.

= = = Myint Swe (writer) = = =

	Myint Swe (, ; 25 July 1912 – 21 September 1978) was a Burmese physician and writer. He is known for his first book and memoir, "The Japanese Era Rangoon General Hospital", which chronicles the events at the only hospital in Yangon (Rangoon) open to non-Japanese during the Japanese occupation of Burma. It was a bestseller, and won the Burma National Literature Award, 2nd Prize for 1967. He published three more books though none achieved the first book's success.
	Prior to his literary career, the Mandalay-born Myint Swe had led a private practice in Yangon since 1952. He served as a principal physician with the title of "Mahabhisaka" at the Sixth Buddhist Council (1954–56), and regularly volunteered at the main hospital for monks until 1976. For his services to the country, Myint Swe was awarded the title of Wunna Kyawhtin, and the Order of Independence (Third Class) by the Burmese government.
	Myint Swe was born on 25 July 1912 in Mandalay, British Burma to a well-to-do family of Ma Ma Lay () and San Kyu (). His father San Kyu was a well known physician in Upper Burma, and recipient of the prestigious ATM ("Ahmudan-kaung Tazeit-ya Min", အမှုထမ်းကောင်း တံဆိပ်ရ မင်း) title bestowed by the colonial government on top colonial era civil servants. The eldest of ten siblings, Myint Swe graduated from Anglo-vernacular E.W. Kelly High School, and enrolled at Mandalay College in 1932.
	At the college, he quickly became ensnared in the anti-colonialist politics of the era. He became close friends with Kyaw Nyein and Thein Pe, leftist students leading the protests against the administration of the University of Rangoon, which had decided to close down its constituent college in Mandalay because of a budget shortfall. He later wrote that he was never as politically inclined as his firebrand friends, and that his only contribution was to drive Kyaw Nyein, Thein Pe and other student leaders around from protest to protest in his father's five-seater Whippet. He transferred to the University of Rangoon in 1934, and was admitted to the highly selective Rangoon Medical College (RMC) in 1935. Yet he was expelled from school just a year later after getting into a public feud with a British lecturer who he felt had repeatedly denigrated the Burmese. He was readmitted to RMC only in 1939, and was a final-year student in March 1942 when the incoming Japanese invasion closed down the school.
	Myint Swe was one of the few privileged elite who did not flee with the retreating British. The non-graduate became a Resident Medical Officer at the newly opened BIA Hospital (located at the former Diocesan School, modern War Office Building) in April 1942 only because of a severe staff shortage. The makeshift hospital, later renamed the Rangoon Public General Hospital and led by one Dr. Ba Than, became the only hospital open to non-Japanese patients. (The Japanese had taken over the Rangoon General Hospital compound, and did not admit any non-Japanese there.) Even the top Burmese politicians and military men as well as the leaders of the Indian National Army had to use the makeshift hospital run by a few remaining physicians.
	As a result, he encountered several historically important people at the hospital, including Aung San, Ne Win, Bo Letya, Bo Setkya, Thakin Than Tun, Thakin Mya, Ba Cho, Kyaw Nyein, S. C. Bose, and J. R. Bhonsle. According to Myint Swe, he played a small part in the courtship between Aung San and Khin Kyi, a senior nurse at the hospital. At the beginning of the courtship, Aung San used to bring him and Bo Letya along to Khin Kyi's apartment at the hospital; Myint Swe's function was to play the violin while Khin Kyi sang the hits of the day. During the visits, the avid violinist also befriended his future wife Tin Htwe, an operating room nurse and a roommate of Khin Kyi and Khin Gyi. He earned his LMP (Licensed Medical Practitioner) degree from the wartime Medical College in 1943, and became an Assistant Medical Officer.
	After the war, Myint Swe worked at the Rangoon General Hospital, now back at the prewar location, for four years. In 1949, he went to school in Ahmedabad for further education, and received his MBBS degree in 1951. He then started a private practice in 1952 in Yangon. He was one of the principal physicians with the title of "Mahabhisaka" caring for the health of the monks at the Sixth Buddhist Council (1954–56). While leading a successful private practice, he continued to see patients in poor sections of the Irrawaddy delta, and volunteered at the Kaba Aye Sangha Hospital and the Sasana Yeiktha from 1956 to 1976.
	He published his first book about the Japanese era public hospital in 1967. It was both a commercial and critical success. He published three more books although none matched the first book's success. For his services to the country, he was awarded the title of Wunna Kyawhtin by the Burmese government in 1961. He was also awarded the Order of Independence, Third Class ("Mawgun Win") for his contributions to the independence movement.
	He died on 21 September 1978 at age 66. He was survived by his wife Tin Htwe and their five children: May Thinn Swe, Myo Swe, Nu Nu Swe, Ni Ni Swe and Thit Thit Swe.
	Myint Swe began his literary career late in his life. He wrote in his first book that he had always recounted the stories at the wartime hospital to countless friends and colleagues over the years, and that upon the repeated urging of Myint Oo, editor of Shaytho Magazine, he began writing his first book in 1966. It was a bestseller, and won the Burma National Literature Award, 2nd Prize for 1967. The First Prize went to "Withaytha Taing Thamaing A-Sa" by his Mandalay College classmate Thein Pe Myint.

= = = Paraivongius kraatzi = = =

	Paraivongius kraatzi is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, observed by Jacoby in 1898.

= = = Paraivongius maynei = = =

	Paraivongius maynei is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by the Belgian entomologist in 1941.

= = = Belsano, Pennsylvania = = =

	Belsano is an unincorporated community in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located at the junction of U.S. Route 422 and Pennsylvania Route 271, west-northwest of Ebensburg. Belsano has a post office with ZIP code 15922, which opened on February 8, 1876.

= = = Kuliev = = =

	The surnames Kuliev, Kuliyev, Kouliev, etc. are derived from the variants of the Turkish name Quli. 
	The surname Guliev is of the same origin, and both can be transliterated from the native languages as Quliyev. 
	They may refer to:

= = = Sir Charles Green, 1st Baronet = = =

	General Sir Charles Green, 1st Baronet (18 December 1749 – 12 July 1831) was a British Army officer who became General Officer Commanding Northern District.
	Green was the son of Captain Christopher Green and was commissioned as an ensign in the 31st Regiment of Foot in 1765. He was injured and taken prisoner at the First Battle of Saratoga in September 1777 during the American Revolutionary War. 
	He became commanding officer of the 30th Regiment of Foot in February 1794 and was deployed to Corsica. He went on to be Civil Governor of Grenada in 1796 and then temporary commander of the British troops in the Leeward Islands in 1804. He commanded a force which captured the colony of Suriname later that year. 
	He became commander of the British troops in Malta in 1807, colonel of the 16th (Buckinghamshire) Regiment of Foot in 1808, General Officer Commanding Northern District in March 1812 and General Officer Commanding London District in November 1813. In 1814 he transferred as Colonel to the 37th or North Hampshire Regiment of Foot and was promoted to full General on 12 August 1819.
	He had been knighted in 1803 and created a baronet in 1805. He died in 1831.

= = = Guliyev = = =

	The surnames Guliev, Guliyev, etc. are derived from the variants of the Turkish name Quli. 
	The surname Kuliev is of the same origin, and both can be transliterated from the native languages as Quliyev.
	The surname may refer to:

= = = Edpercivalia = = =

	Edpercivalia is a genus of insects known as Caddisflies in the family Hydrobiosidae. This genus is endemic to New Zealand. The genus contains the following species:

= = = Paraguay national under-17 basketball team = = =

	The Paraguay national under-16 and under-17 basketball team is a national basketball team of Paraguay, governed by the Confederación Paraguaya de Basquetbol.
	It represents the country in international under-16 and under-17 (under age 16 and under age 17) basketball competitions.
	It appeared at the 2015 South American U17 Championship.

= = = Felicia Mason = = =

	Felicia Mason (born May 8, 1962) is an African-American novelist and journalist born in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, United States. She is best known for writing in the romance genre. Her novel "Rhapsody" was adapted into a television movie in 2000.
	Mason grew up in Pennsylvania, but her family moved to Virginia when she was a child. Mason received her BA in mass media arts from the Hampton Institute in 1984 and her MA from Ohio State University. Before becoming a writer, she was a staff developmental editor for the "Daily Press" in Newport News. She currently lives in Yorktown, VA.
	"Romantic Times" and "Affaire de Coeur" were both awarded Reviewers Choice Awards for best contemporary ethnic novel in 1995. She was selected by readers as one of top 10 romance authors, 2002, for "Body and Soul". In 2001 she was awarded the Emma Award for contribution to Della's House of Style. She was named best romance writer turned mainstream by "Black Issues Book Review" in 2002, for "Testimony".

= = = An Epiphanic Vomiting of Blood = = =

	An Epiphanic Vomiting of Blood is the third full-length studio album by Gnaw Their Tongues, released on December 15, 2007 by Burning World and Señor Hernandez Records. It was re-issued in 2008 by Crucial Blast and became Gnaw Their Tongues' first album to be released on Compact Disc in the United States. This allowed for wider distribution and marked the first time the project garnered critical interest, with comparisons being favorably drawn to the music of Napalm Death and Carcass.
	The music for "An Epiphanic Vomiting of Blood" was recorded at composer Maurice de Jong's personal studio in Drachten, named De Bejaarde. De Jong was approached by Burning World Records, who offered to press his music to vinyl for a limited run of five hundred copies. The US-based label Crucial Blast adopted the album in early 2008, offering the music a wider distribution.
	"An Epiphanic Vomiting of Blood" garnered favorable reviews from music critics, primarily for its ability to conjure a bleak and oppressive atmosphere. Music journalist Ned Raggett gave the album three and a half out of five stars saying, "often, things seem to be fully careening out of control -- no bad thing, but it makes songs hard to hum -- but then there'll be some sort of Wagnerian surge, as on "Sawn Asunder and Left for the Beasts" or "And There Will Be More of Your Children Dead Tomorrow" that turns it all into a massive tension release." Albert Pollard of Aural Innovations lauded Gnaw Their Tongues' sound, saying "their music is bore of the Devil, it is dark and droning orchestral doom, horrific and bloody, it rolls like a horror film and sounds like one." Max Deneau of Exclaim! noted the number of diverse instruments employed in the compositions and compared the music to that of the Italian progressive rock band Goblin.
	Adapted from the "An Epiphanic Vomiting of Blood" liner notes.

= = = Actinomyces viscosus = = =

	Actinomyces viscosus is a human and animal pathogen/pathobiont which colonises the mouths of 70% of adult humans. "A. viscosus" has a low level of virulence and is often mistaken with other actinomycetes.
	"A. viscosus" is Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, and filamentous. It grows slowly on nonselective media, forming gray and white colonies.
	"A. viscosus" causes periodontal disease in animals and has been isolated from human dental calculus and root surface caries, as well as the oral cavity of hamsters and actinomycotic lesions in swine, cats, and dogs. 
	Furthermore, it has been shown to cause endocarditis in humans. "A. viscosus" has also been known to cause lung infections, but only in very few cases. Infections are treatable with penicillin for three-week therapies.
	"A. viscosus" infection symptoms are indistinguishable from Actinomyces israelii infection symptoms or Actinomyces bovis infection symptoms. "A. israelii" and "A. bovis" infections usually cause actinomycotic infections, but sometimes and very rarely will the pathogen be "A. viscosus". "A. viscosus" colonies test positive for catalase and negative for indole.
	Multiple-week antibiotic therapies have cured actinomycotic infections caused by "A. viscosus" in every recorded case. Therapies include treatment with penicillin, sulfadimethoxine, flucloxacillin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and ticarcillin. "A. viscosus" is usually resistant to vancomycin, metronidazole, cefalexin, and dicloxacillin. Treatments last at least three weeks, with some exceptions. Although "A. viscosus" is difficult to distinguish from other closely related actinomycetes, the general determination of being an actinomycete is sufficient for treatment of infections.

= = = Maipomyia = = =

	Maipomyia is a genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae from Chile. The genus is named after the Maipo River.

= = = Listed buildings in Blindbothel = = =

	Blindbothel is a civil parish in the Borough of Allerdale in Cumbria, England. It contains eleven listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. All the listed buildings are designated at Grade II, the lowest of the three grades, which is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest". The parish is almost entirely rural, and most of the listed buildings are houses, cottages, farmhouses, and farm buildings dating from the 17th and 18th centuries. The other listed buildings are a church and a bridge.

= = = Garske, North Dakota = = =

	Garske is an unincorporated community in Ramsey County, in the U.S. state of North Dakota.
	A Jewish homesteading community named the Garske Colony was settled in 1883 and lasted until about 1925. The Sons of Jacob Cemetery, its cemetery, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in June, 2017. 
	The cemetery is located about from the present-day unincorporated community of Garske as located on Google maps (which matches the coordinates of the GNIS listing for Garske).

= = = Vasundhara Komkali = = =

	Vasundhara Komkali (1931–2015), popularly known as Vasundhara Tai, was an Indian classical musician and one of the leading exponents of the Gwalior gharana, an old Khyal tradition of Hindustani music. She was the wife of renowned musician, Kumar Gandharva, and was a recipient of the 2009 Sangeet Natak Akademi Award. The Government of India awarded her the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2006, for her contributions to Indian classical music.
	Vasundhara Komakali, née Vasundhara Shrikhande, was born on 23 May 1931 in a music loving family in Jamshedpur, the largest city in the Indian state of Jharkhand. Her early years were in Kolkata where she met Kumar Gandharva when she was 12 years old, at the All India Music Conference and informed him of her desire to learn classical music under the renowned musician. Gandharva asked her to come to Mumbai but the World War II had already begun which prevented her from moving to Mumbai. Staying in Kolkata, she learnt music and started performing for the Kolkata station of the All India Radio. After the war, she moved to Mumbai in 1946 and started training under B. R. Deodhar, a prominent vocalist and musicologist, as Gandharva could not find time to teach her during that time. Later, she returned to Gandharva for training and married the musician in 1962.
	Vasundhara performed as a vocal accompanist to Kumar Gandharva for the next thirty years and took up solo performance only after the latter's death in 1992. It is reported that she sacrificed her career to be with Gandharva as his accompanist. Adhering to the khyal tradition of the Gwalior gharana of which her guru, Deodhar was known for, she performed in various stages in India. She received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Hindustani vocals in 1998. Six years later, the Government of India honoured her again with the civilian award of the Padma Shri in 2006.
	Vasundhara Komkali died on 29 July 2015, at the age of 84, following a cardiac arrest, at her residence in Dewas of Madhya Pradesh and her last rites were performed in Dewas. Her daughter, Kalapini Komkali, is a noted vocalist of Hindustani music.

= = = Blossom tree (graph theory) = = =

	In the study of planar graphs, blossom trees are trees with additional directed half edges. Each blossom tree is associated with an embedding of a planar graph. Blossom trees can be used to sample random planar graphs.
	A blossom tree is constructed from a rooted tree embedded in the plane by adding opening and closing stems to vertices. The number of opening and closing stems must match. Some authors require that blossom trees be rooted and put conditions on which kind of stems they can carry. The terms leaves and blossoms are also sometimes used for opening and closing stems.
	An embedded planar graph can be built from a blossom tree by connecting each opening stem to a closing stem. One visits the half-edges by going around the graph clockwise starting at an opening stem. If the tree is rooted, one usually starts at the root. The algorithm is analogous to parenthesis matching and uses a stack. At each stage, if the type of the current half-edge formula_1 is the same as the half edge at the top of the stack, formula_1 is pushed onto the stack. If the colors differ, the stack is popped and the two half-edges are connected. If we orient the added edges from opening to closing stem, we have no counter-clockwised edges. This process takes linear time.
	Similarly, an embedding of a rooted planar graph can be encoded as a blossom tree. If the root is in the corner, this can be done in linear time. The edges of a rooted planar graph can be oriented so that there is a path from the root to any vertex, but there are no counter-clockwise cycles. In this case, one can use a depth-first algorithm to turn it into a blossom tree. Starting with the root vertex, look at every edge incident to it. If it points away from our current vertex, cut it, labelling the outward half-edge as a closing stem and inward half-edge as an opening stem. If it points toward our current vertex, mark it as to be kept and set its other endpoint as our current vertex. Continue until all edges have been considered. If the map is not rooted in a corner, constructing the blossom tree takes quadratic time.
	Blossom trees are also used to randomly generate large knot diagrams. Knots can be represented by 4-regular planar graphs where each node is marked as an overcrossing or undercrossings. Blossom trees can be used to generate random 4-regular planar graphs. However, these do not always give knot diagrams as there may be more than one component. This can be checked in cubic time.

= = = Verlinsky = = =

	The surname Verlinsky () may refer to:

= = = Paraguay national under-19 basketball team = = =

	The Paraguay national under-18 and under-19 basketball team is a national basketball team of Paraguay, governed by the Confederación Paraguaya de Basquetbol.
	It represents the country in international under-18 and under-19 (under age 18 and under age 19) basketball competitions.
	Its last appearance was at the 2004 South American Championship for Cadets.

= = = Pipilia = = =

	Pipilia is a medium-size village located in Ghatgaon of Kendujhar district, Odisha with a total of 392 families residing. The Pipilia village has population of 1,764, of which 888 are males while 876 are females as per Population Census 2011. Asanabani, Bankapatuli, Chikinia and Mundatangara are the nearby villages to Pipilia.

= = = Bashkiriya National Park = = =

	Bashkiriya National Park ( Bashkort:"Башҡортостан милли паркы", Russian: "Башкирия (национальный парк)"), covers a large contiguous forest on the southern end of the Ural Mountains. The park is an important buffer between the industrialized flatlands to the west, and the mountainous and sparsely-populated Shulgan-Tash nature reserve and Altyn-Solok ("Golden Bee Tree") entomological reserve to the east and north. Bashkirya National Park lies between the Nugush River (and the popular recreational zone of the Nugush Reservoir), and the southern bend of the Belaya River. The park features deep river valley cuts in a karst topography. It is known for a natural bridge across the river Kuperlya. The park is situated across three districts (Meleuzovsky, Kurgachinsky and Burzyansky) of the Republic of Bashkortostan (also known as "Bashkiriya").
	The park rises from flatlands in the west, into medium-height Karst (limestone) uplands to the east. The northern boundary is along the Nugush River (in Turkic, "clean, bright"), which flows through deep wooded valleys with limestone formations on the slopes. The Nugush Reservoir (25 km) where the river flows west out of the mountains. The reservoir is a popular destination for locals in the summer; the industrial town of Meleuz is only 20 miles to the west, making Bashkiriya National Park an important point of recreation as well as an ecological buffer to the protected areas to the east.
	The southern boundary is the Belaya River as it bends around the south end of the Ural mountains. In the east, the Park borders on the "Shulgan-Tash" State Sanctuary. Over 92% of the park is forested. The central region of the park is relatively difficult to access, with older growth and dead trees that support a wide variety of wildlife.
	The most striking landforms are the various limestone formations: outcrops, caves, grottoes, and underground rivers. The rocky banks of the Nugush and Belaya rives reach 150 meters in height. The "Kuperlya Natural Bridge" is a karst formation that is 20 meters above the ground and 10 meters across; it is the remains of a former underground river. There are 30 known caves in the park, with 8.2 km of major passageways. One cave, the Sumgan Cave, is the largest cave in the Urals, with major and minor passages up to 10 km long, and reaching down to a depth of 126 meters. The Sumgan Cave is located in a particular isolated terrain known as "Kutuk-Sumgan" ("kutuk" - "water well", "sumgan" - "dived").
	The climate of Bashkiriya is "Humid continental climate, warm summer" (Köppen climate classification (Dfb)). This climate is characterized by large swings in temperature, both diurnally and seasonally, with mild summers and cold, snowy winters.
	Bashkiriya is in the "Urals montane tundra and taiga" ecoregion. The Urals are commonly recognized as the divide between Europe and Asia, and the southern Urals combine the mixing of the two with proximity to steppe ecoregions. The primary trees of the Urals Mountain Taiga ecoregion include the Siberian Spruce, Siberian larch, Russian larch, and the Siberian fir.
	The park has high levels of biodiversity because it is at the meeting point of several biogeographical provinces: boreal conifer forests ("taiga"), broadleaf forests, and steppe. Because over 90% of the park has forest cover, it is an area of broad protection for forest plant communities. The light conifers of the taiga (pine and larch) mix with broadleaf (linden, oak, elm, maple) and small-leaved (birch and aspen) trees. Rocky outcrops provide openings for smaller flowering plants. Over 800 flowering plant species have been recorded in the park, with 117 being listed as rare or vulnerable. There are limited non-forest areas of the park, including an areas known as the "Bear Meadow" that features lop-sided onion, a type of wild onion.
	Due to the position of the forest on the extreme ends of different ecoregions (Europe/Asia, and North/South), many of the resident species are at the extreme ends of their respective ranges. The protected areas of the park provide habitat for over 60 species of mammals. Representative species include the brown bear, elk, wolf, lynx and beaver. There are 11 recorded amphibian species, 30 fish species and 150 species of birds. The birds of prey include the vulnerable Eastern imperial eagle and the White-tailed eagle (the largest eagle with a wingspan up to 8 feet). Among the fish species in the headwaters of the Nugush and Belaya is the vulnerable Siberian salmon.
	The Bashkiriya region has been inhabited for thousands of years: the cave paintings of the Paleolithic culture in the bordering Shulgan-Tash reserve have been dated by radio-chemical analysis to 13,000-14,000 years ago. The semi-nomadic Bashkirs are indigenous to Bashkortostan and claim descent from the original cave cult cultures.
	The area was well known for wild beekeeping, in which honey is collected from tree hollows, and in which bee clusters would be artificially introduced into caverns. The neighboring Altyn-Solok entomological reserve protects this historic source of industry, which may stretch back 1,500 years.
	In the 20th century, the region of Bashkiriya between the Volga and the Urals became the most industrialized and populous republic in Russia. The upland area around Bashkiriya National Park and its related reserves remained relatively undisturbed y development and population, increasing their importance for both recreation and natural protection.
	Today, the park known for local recreational use of the Nugush Reservoir in the summer, and for explorations into the forest by trail, river raft, and horseback. Caving is also a feature of the park. There are tourist facilities near the reservoir, and in the nearby town of Meleuz.

= = = Schmiedeleut = = =

	The Schmiedeleut, also Schmiedeleit, are a branch of the Hutterites that emerged in 1859. It is divided into two subgroups.
	The founder of the Schmiedeleut, Michael Waldner (1834-1889), was a blacksmith and therefore called "Schmied Michel", i.e. "smith Michael". From Waldner's nickname the Schmiedeleut, meaning "smith people", took their name.
	In 1857 some Hutterites under the leadership of George Waldner tried to reestablish community of goods in Hutterdorf, Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire, after having abandoned this custom in 1819 in Radichev, but this first attempt failed. In 1859 Michael Waldner and Jakob Hofer (1830-1900) successfully reestablished a community of goods.
	The followers of Michael Waldner, all together 113 people, left their homes in the Ukraine in June 1874 to settle at Bon Homme Hutterite Colony in South Dakota, the mother colony of the Schmiedeleut. During their journey 36 children died of an epidemic of dysentery in Lincoln, Nebraska. The Schmiedeleut flourished in their new home in South Dakota and in 1878 a second colony (Tripp Colony in Yankton, South Dakota) was formed. An attempt to relocate this second colony to Tidioute, Pennsylvania soon failed and the colony returned to South Dakota.
	Shortly after World War I, two Hutterite conscientious objectors, Joseph and Michael Hofer, died in an American prison. This and the growing anti-German sentiment caused the emigration of the Schmiedeleut to Manitoba, Canada in the following years. Five Schmiedeleut colonies (Milltown, Maxwell, Rosedale, Huron and James Valley) left the United States, only Bon Homme Colony remained.
	In the 1930s the Schmiedeleut started again to form new colonies in South and North Dakota, thus returning to the United States. In 1950 there were 20 Schmiedeleut colonies in Manitoba, 15 in the South Dakota and one North Dakota. In 1973 there were 91 Schmiedeleut colonies in Manitoba, South and North Dakota. In 1980 the Schmiedeluet started their first colony in Minnesota. More were to follow to this state in the next decades.
	In 1992 the Schmiedleut started to divide into two subgroups over several questions like certain management procedures of the Kleinsasser group, financial ventures and a lawsuit over patent rights with another Hutterite. The relation with the Bruderhof Communities and higher education were further issues. Elder Jacob Kleinsasser of Crystal Spring Colony in Manitoba condoned all these things, while a conservative group opposed them. It took some time before separation was achieved.
	The followers of Kleinsasser later took the name "Hutterian Brethren". They are also called "Schmiedeleut I" or "Group 1". They are nicknamed "Oilers". The more traditional Schmiedeleut branch took the name "Committee Hutterites". They are also called "Schmiedeleut II" or "Group 2". They are nicknamed "Gibbs".
	Around the year 2010 there were 120 colonies of the more conservative "Committee Hutterites", whereas there were some 60 colonies of the "Hutterian Brethren" branch, that embraces many customs of the modern world.
	There were also independent Hutterite colonies of Schmiedeleut origin, for example the Elmendorf Christian Community.
	Schmiedeleut today are the more progressive branch of the Hutterites, especially the "Hutterian Brethren" who were the followers of Elder Jacob Kleinsasser. The women of the Schmiedeleut wear a "tiechle" (head scarf) without or with very small polka dots, whereas Dariusleut have smaller polka dots and Lehrerleut large polka dots that cover a large amount of the pattern of the fabric.

= = = Abro (serial) = = =

	Abro is a Pakistani television drama serial that originally aired on Hum TV on 20 December 2015. It is directed by Ilyas Kashmiri, based on a script by Qaisra Hayat and screenplay by Umera Ahmad. It stars Eshal Fayyaz, Noor Hassan, Zainab Ahmed and Ahmed Zeb in pivot roles. The show was moved from the Sunday 8pm slot to the Saturday 8pm slot after Gul-e-Rana ended as Udaari took the Sunday evening slot. It also reaired on Hum TV from July 3, 2017 to August 10, 2017.
	Abro drama is based on two fatherless siblings Abro (Eshal Fayyaz) and Hamid (Imran Ashraf). Their mother Sakina (Asma Abbas) works as a pion of a college and servant of its principal (Ismat Zaidi). Abro and Hamid don't respect their mother and are ill-mannered. Abro is in love with her friend Ali (Noor Hassan), son of Farzana (Farah Shah) and Zafar, brother of Abid (Ahmad Zeb), Samra and Tayyaba. Abro and Ali like each other and want to marry each other but Ali's family doesn't like Abro's bad manners and never will accept her as their daughter-in-law. However, Ali has a cousin from his mother Farzana's side (Farzana's niece, Shahida's daughter), Fouzia Jamshed (Zainab Ahmed) and Zarmina. Ali's family wants Ali to marry Fouzia but Ali refuses as he is already in love with Abro. Fouzia also likes Ali. In their engagement, Ali is not happy for his engagement. Abro leaves Ali but he forgives her and decides to break engagement with Fouzia. He finally breaks engagement with Fouzia and marries Abro as a court marriage. It shocks both families. They use to live in Ali's friend's house but soon they decide to live Ali's home's upperside. Ali's job become low day-by-day so he is unable to fulfill some duties. They finally give birth to a child whose name, Afsheen, is chosen by Ali's mother. While, on other side, because of Ali and Fouzia's separation, Farzana and Zafar decide to marry Abid to Fouzia. Farzana's sister Shahida, mother of Fouzia, first thinks that Abid is younger than Fouzia but then marry. The show skips ahead 4 months and Abid and Fouzia have a child whose name is chosen by Farzana as Ahmed Ali. Ali's parents also marry Samra and Tayyaba in good dynasties. Abid does more to help his brother in any way. Afsheen cries a lot, Ali decides to sell his bike to take something for her (Afsheen). Fouzia also gives birth later to a daughter, Aima. Ali's mother treats Abro as a servant. Hamid is also in love with another woman and secretly marries her and goes to Kuwait. The show again takes leap of 4 years when Afsheen, Ahmed Ali and Aima became of school age pupils. Ali asks Abid to help him in Afsheen's school that Afsheen can learn but Farzana comes and refuses it. The show again takes leap of 20 years leap when all these pupils became 20-year-old boys and girls. In this time, All are changed. Afsheen's role is now performed by actress Hina Altaf Khan. She does all things that Abro didn't do for her mother. She also pays concentration on studies. Ahmed Ali and Aima grow and are very bad to their parents. They do not study well and do not follow what their parents tell. Unfortunately, Afsheen can't continue her dream to be a doctor due to financial issues with her family and she g does a Bachelor of Arts instead. Ahmed loves Afsheen too, but Afsheen doesn't know. Fauzia still does not like Abro and her family. Afsheen is harassed by a man at the college and didn't go there for a week. Farzana forces Afsheen to marry a man whom initially was meant to marry Aima, but later backed out as the family wanted a traditional girl, not a modernized girl (Aima). At the end of the play, Ahmad tried to convince Afsheen to run away with her. However, afsheen when thinks of her parent's trust in her, refuses to run with Ahmed and asks him to marry Samra's daughter and gives up on his love. But their whole conversation is heard by Abid, Fouzia and their grandmother. Ali and Fouzia feel very ashamed of not bringing up their children better and praises Afsheen for her respectable behaviour and dignity. Moreover, Aima turns out having friendship with a boy name Fahad, who happens to be a thief, and wanted by police. Once the police visits Aima's house to take cell phone gifted to Aima by Fahad (which was actually stolen from a rich woman), her parents get even more ashamed. Already regretting their leniency in bringing up children, they decide to stop Aima from going to college. Meanwhile, the grandmother also ashamed of trusting Fouzia and hating Abro realizes her mistake and forgives Abro and her son, also asks for Abro's forgiveness. At the end they decide to get Ahmed engaged to Afsheen. Ammara's daughter Sania, who was expected fiancée of Ahmed also confronts Ahmed about his emotions for Afsheen and about her plans of not desiring any stay in Pakistan or marrying Ahmed.Drama ends with Ahmed and Afsheen's engagement, where everyone is happy and giving blessing to each other.
	The drama series became popular soon after it went on-air. It made Hum TV the slot leader on Sundays. Just in its first episode, Abro achieved a TRP of 2.8 (over the 15 mins time slot of 8:30pm–8:45pm) on 20 December 2015. Over the 70 mins time slot (8pm-9:10pm) on the same day, Abro achieved a TRP of 2.1. In the U.K., Abro's first episode raked in 33,600 viewers at 8pm, whereas the second episode attracted 36,200 viewers. Escalating further, the third episode of Abro in U.K. registered 63,700 viewers. The ninth episode recorded 98,800 viewers, making it the most watched on the channel. The eleventh episode garnered 79,000 viewers. The thirteenth episode broke records as 'Abro' delivered 111,100 viewers – peaking at 136,400 viewers. In Pakistan, the thirteenth episode Abro gained a TRP of 4.6 (over the 15 mins time slot of 8:30pm–8:45pm) on 13 March 2016. Over the 70 mins time slot (8pm-9:10pm) on the same day, Abro achieved a TRP of 3.3, making it a place in the top 3 dramas during the time. It is the most watched on the channel on Sundays. It is quite popular in the UK with over 60,000 views per episode on average.

= = = Bardsey railway station = = =

	Bardsey railway station was a railway station on the Cross Gates to Wetherby line serving the village of Bardsey, West Yorkshire connecting it with the town of Wetherby to the North and the city of Leeds to the south. The station opened in 1876 and closed, along with the line, following the Beeching axe in 1964.

= = = Philippe Lesage = = =

	Philippe Lesage is a Canadian film director and screenwriter from Quebec. Originally a documentary filmmaker, he moved into narrative feature filmmaking in the 2010s with the films "Copenhague: A Love Story", "The Demons (Les Démons)" and "Genesis (Genèse)".
	Born in Saint-Agapit, Quebec and raised in Longueuil and Montreal, Lesage studied at McGill University and the European Film College. His first documentary film, "Pourrons-nous vivre ensemble?", was released in 2006. He won a Jutra Award for Best Documentary in 2012 for "Ce cœur qui bat".
	"The Demons" premièred at San Sebastian International Film Festival in Official Competition. It has since been selected in more than 40 festivals around the world and has won several awards. "The Demons" was selected in Guy Lodge's Top Ten Films of 2015 in "Variety" and in the "Toronto International Film Festival" Canada's Top Ten. The Quebec Film Critic Association honoured the film with its two annually awards: Best Canadian film of 2015 and Best Film from the International Competition of the Montreal Film Festival of New Cinema.
	In 2018, he directed "Genesis (Genèse)". Premiered at the "Locarno Festival" in the International Competition, the film has won numerous awards including the Golden Wolf (Festival of New Cinema, Montreal), Best Film and Best Director Awards at "Seminci" in Valladolid (Spain) and Best Film at "Los Cabos International Film Festival" (Mexico) festivals. The film was also selected at the renowned Museum of Modern Art and Film Society of Lincoln Center "New Directors/New Films Festival" , "AFI FEST", and "Rotterdam Film Festival". 
	Lesage has also taught documentary filmmaking at the European Film College.

= = = Ardipithecus (album) = = =

	Ardipithecus (stylized as ARDIPITHECUS) is the debut studio album by American singer Willow. It was released on December 11, 2015 through Roc Nation. Willow is credited as sole songwriter on 11 tracks, and sole producer on 10 of them. The album also features contributions from Willow's brother Trey Smith, under the moniker AcE, and frequent collaborator Jabs. The track "F Q-C #8" was released as a single on May 7, 2015, with an accompanying music video. A video to the track "Why Don't You Cry" was also released.
	The album takes its name from the genus of an extinct hominine of the same name.
	In an e-mail interview with Fader, Willow explained the name choice: 
	The album received poor reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 51, which indicates "mixed or average reviews", based on 5 reviews. Among these reviews, not one was positive. "Consequence of Sound" critic Adam Kivel described the album as "impenetrable, even distancing." Kivel further wrote: "The album is a headscratcher, one that shows plenty of promise but also a personality abstruse to the point of mystification." Criticizing the album's musical simplicity and lyrics, "The New York Times" Ben Ratliff called the album as "essentially a Bandcamp record released by Roc Nation."
	"Now" critic Kevin Ritchie regarded that "Ardipithecus" "undercooked production" as "a serious limitation." Ritchie further stated that the record "could've been distinctive but instead lacks depth or the transporting quality of her imaginative lyrics." Frank Farisi of "Tiny Mix Tapes" thought: "So much of listening to "Ardipithecus" feels immeasurable by good or bad." and concluded that the album "fails as a pop record, because it's barely aware that it's a part of that conversation."
	Credits adapted from Tidal.
	Notes

= = = Struggle for the Soil = = =

	Struggle for the Soil (German: Kampf um die Scholle) is a 1925 German silent film directed by Erich Waschneck and starring Gustav Oberg, Ferdinand von Alten and Oscar Marion.
	The film's art direction as by Botho Hoefer, Hans Minzloff and Bernhard Schwidewski. It was shot on location in Lensahn in Holstein.

= = = HECW = = =

	HECW may refer to:

= = = Biryani Aur Haleem = = =

	Biryani Aur Haleem is a slapstick comedy play written by Team Sutradhar, directed by Deepti Girotra and Mohit Jaiswal. is based on the English play, "The Pie and The Tart" by Hugh Chesterman, an English play with French setting. It was produced by a theatre group called Sutradhar.
	It is a 45-minute play, on the life two beggars, Salim and Javed, set in old Hyderabad city and its unique Hyderabadi language. Deepti, the director, also did the popular role of Pasha Bi in the play with her Deccani lehja.
	The play starts with a monologue by Javed, one of the two beggars and quickly takes the form of a dialogue with the entry of his partner in mischief, Salim. The two beggars (protagonists), Salim (Sattya Bhagat Reddy) and Javed (Ahmed Quraishi),friends on the street. They meet at a place and go over the happenings with each other. On that day, Salim goes begging to the home of well-known cook, Ismail Bhai (Rahim Aamir Ali Lalani). And also meet his wife, Pasha Bi (Deepti Girotra) and get a good thrashing from her.
	Ismail is invited by a Nawaab to demonstrate his culinary skills and make the best Hyderabadi biryani and haleem and bring it over. He is desperate for money and out to impress the Nawaab, he prepares a special Biryani and haleem and tells his wife, Pasha Bi, to hand it over to the delivery boy he would send. She is told that he recites a poem (sher) for her to recognize him. The delivery plan is overheard by Salim, the beggar, who is outside the cook's home. He calls over Javed and gives him new clothes and tells him to go as the delivery boy and recite the sher to Pasha Bi, to get the biryani and haleem pack. The plan works and successfully dupe Pasha Bi and eat the entire Biryani meant to be delivered to the Nawaab. The cook realises and catches the beggars.
	The play ends with the dialogue, "Gaye the Bheek Maangne Javed aur Saleem, lekhar aagaye Biryani aur Haleem".
	The popular segment in the play is Pasha Bi's 2-minute, non-stop dialogue scolding the beggar, Salim, in Hyderabadi Urdu is loved by the audiences.
	The caption of the play reads "Pasha Bi ka kudkudaana, Ismail bhai ka chidchidaana, Salim ka joote Khaana, Javed ka topi pinaana"
	The play was received overwhelmingly by the audience and critically acclaimed by the critics. It is staged at Chowmahalla Palace and regularly several times in film festivals and other centers across India.
	The roles played with a typical Hyderabadi behaviour and language is well received by the audience. It also had subtle dialogues on social, political issues are a hit among the audience.

= = = Luge at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics = = =

	Luge at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics took place at the Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track venue in Lillehammer, Norway.
	The rankings from the 2014–15 and 2015–16 Junior Luge world cup were used to qualify entries. Every nation was guaranteed one sled in each event if they met the minimum standard. If there were more sled then quotas then the world cup rankings were used. The maximum total for an NOC was six athletes (2 boys, 2 girls and one doubles), with a maximum total of 20 athletes in the singles and 15 in the doubles. If the host nation would not qualify, the last quota spot would be awarded to Austria. If an event would not have enough qualifiers, the quota spots left over were allocated to the other events equally. A nation could enter the team event if it has qualified an athlete in each event. If spots were reallocated, first priority would be given to nations that have not qualified an athlete yet. A country qualifying in all events may enter the team relay, along with countries made up of athletes from a maximum of 2 athletes.
	The following is the quota summary. In this case only 13 sleds were eligible in the doubles, meaning each individual event received 2 additional quotas.

= = = Akhini = = =

	Akhini (, ) is a neighbourhood of Tabriz, the largest city in Iranian Azerbaijan.
	Akhini is located in the northwest of Tabriz. It was originally a village near Tabriz with large farms and gardens. Due to the expansion of the city within last decades, all of Akhini's farms and gardens were the victims of the settlements and change of land use and Akhini became a part of Tabriz. Hokmavar, Sham Qazan, Jamshidabad and Qara Agaj are the neighbour districts of Akhini.

= = = Devotion (EP) = = =

	Devotion is an EP by Gnaw Their Tongues, released on March 22, 2008 by At War With False Noise.
	Adapted from the "Devotion" liner notes.

= = = Finn (Star Wars) = = =

	Finn (Designation FN-2187) is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" franchise. The character first appeared in the 2015 film "" as a First Order stormtrooper who, shocked by the Order's cruelty in his first combat mission, flees and joins forces with Rey and later the Resistance. He is portrayed by English actor John Boyega, who reprised the role in "" and "".
	The idea for the character, whose name during early pre-production was Sam, came from screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan. Colleague Michael Arndt, who prepared an early draft of "The Force Awakens", said: And then we were struggling to figure out who the male lead was going to be. I remember we talked about pirates and merchant marines and all this stuff, and finally Larry [Kasdan] got pissed at all of us and he's just like, "You guys, you're not thinking big. What if he's a stormtrooper that ran away?"
	For the roles of Finn and other new "Star Wars" characters for "The Force Awakens", director J. J. Abrams intentionally looked for unknown actors, as he wanted audiences "to meet these characters [in the film] and not feel like it’s him from that thing, it’s her from that thing." Boyega, who had impressed Abrams in his debut role in British sci-fi film "Attack the Block" (2011), was invited to audition for the role of Finn, a process which lasted seven months before he was finally cast. Kathleen Kennedy, one of the producers of "The Force Awakens", stated: John Boyega was somebody we'd known of because of "Attack the Block". And we'd been sort of putting him on the top of our list right from the beginning. But, then again, we went on a massive search just to see who was out there, and we kept coming back to realizing that John would be the perfect Finn.
	Finn's stormtrooper code name, FN-2187, is a reference to the number of the cell in which Princess Leia was detained in the original 1977 film "Star Wars". "Cell 2187", in turn, references Arthur Lipsett's short film "21-87".
	Abrams stated that it was intentional that Finn was given no last name in promotional materials for "The Force Awakens", suggesting that his full name and background would be revealed in future films. However, the film itself revealed that "Finn" is an adopted name, derived from his stormtrooper number.
	Finn, originally designated "FN-2187", is an ex-First Order stormtrooper who served under Captain Phasma (Gwendoline Christie) and Kylo Ren (Adam Driver). He was taken from his family at a young age and sold to the First Order to become a part of their ever-expanding army. He was trained for most his life to be an effective, loyal, and merciless soldier.
	In spite of his training, Finn becomes disillusioned with the First Order during his first combat mission on the planet Jakku. He is traumatized when a fellow stormtrooper dies in front of him, and is later horrified when Ren, having failed to secure the map that will lead to the missing Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill), orders his squadron to massacre a village of Jakku civilians. The other stormtroopers follow Ren's order without hesitation. Finn, however, lowers his weapon, aghast, in a silent but firm refusal. While on Jakku, Phasma and Ren both notice Finn's inability to kill, and Phasma later instructs him to report for reconditioning to better follow her orders. Instead of heeding her word, Finn resolves to flee the First Order, and convinces the captured Resistance pilot Poe Dameron (Oscar Isaac) to aid him in his escape.
	With Poe piloting a stolen TIE fighter, the two escape from aboard the "Finalizer"—the "Resurgent"-class Star Destroyer where Poe was being held prisoner. While piloting, Poe dubs FN-2187 "Finn" (from the "FN" in his designation), which the otherwise nameless stormtrooper embraces. Moments after, their TIE fighter is shot down by the "Finalizer's" turrets and crash-lands back on Jakku. When Finn comes to, he searches for Poe in the wreckage, but is only able to find the pilot's jacket before the shattered hull of their ship is swallowed by an enormous sinkhole. Finn assumes that Poe is dead. Alone, Finn decides to search for civilization, and dons Poe's jacket in place of his own stormtrooper armor.
	Poe's astromech droid BB-8, now in the care of the junk scavenger Rey (Daisy Ridley), recognizes the jacket that Finn is wearing belongs to Poe. Rey assumes Finn to be a member of the Resistance after mentioning that BB-8 has a partially completed map leading to Luke. Finn goes along with her mistaken assumption, hoping that she will help him get BB-8 to the Resistance. The three of them escape the First Order on the "Millennium Falcon" with help from Han Solo (Harrison Ford) and Chewbacca (Peter Mayhew). Han takes them to his friend Maz Kanata (Lupita Nyong’o) on Takodana, who promises to take them to the Resistance. Finn decides to continue to flee the galactic conflict, but changes his mind when the First Order launches a preemptive strike on the capital of the New Republic and Ren's forces find them and take Rey prisoner.
	Finn flies to the Resistance base, where he discovers that Poe is still alive and meets General Leia Organa (Carrie Fisher), C-3PO (Anthony Daniels), and the hibernating R2-D2 (Kenny Baker). Finn reveals some details about the First Order's superweapon, Starkiller Base, and claims to be able to disable their shields. When he arrives on the planet with Han and Chewbacca, however, Finn reveals that he only worked in the base's sanitation section. Nevertheless, the team takes Phasma hostage and Finn forces her at gunpoint to disable the shields. This allows the Resistance to attack, led by Poe. They meet up with Rey, who has freed herself from captivity. Later, Finn watches in horror with the others as Ren kills Han. Ren confronts Finn and Rey in the woods, claiming that their fight is not over. Finn picks up Luke’s old lightsaber after Rey is knocked out by Ren and tries to fight him, but Ren easily overpowers him and knocks him unconscious. Rey stops Ren from killing Finn, and she and Chewbacca has escape Starkiller Base in the "Millennium Falcon" and bring the comatose Finn to the Resistance base for medical care.
	Finn is featured in "" (2015) by Greg Rucka, an anthology book for young readers that focuses on the lives of Poe, Rey and Finn before the events of "The Force Awakens". Finn is also a point of view character in the of "The Force Awakens" by Alan Dean Foster.
	Finn is a playable character in "Disney Infinity 3.0", voiced by Boyega.
	Finn awakens from his coma aboard the main Resistance cruiser, and immediately demands to know where Rey is, learning that Leia has a beacon that will lead Rey back to her when necessary. Later, following the attack on the cruiser that killed most of the Resistance's main leadership and rendered Leia unconscious, Finn takes the beacon and attempts to board an escape pod in the hopes of keeping both himself and Rey out of danger. Before he can board the pod, he is found by Rose Tico (Kelly Marie Tran), a maintenance worker whose sister Paige, a bomber for the Resistance, has recently died in an attack on the First Order. Seeing Finn trying to escape, Rose stuns him and intends to turn him in for desertion, but stops when Finn tells her that the First Order has found a way to track the cruiser through lightspeed. She tells Finn that she might be able to disable the tracker, and Finn says that, having worked aboard a Star Destroyer, he would be able to find where the tracker is. Rose and Finn run their plan by Poe, who contacts Kanata for help, but she claims that she is too busy and instructs them to find a "master code breaker" on a casino on the planet Canto Bight. Operating against acting Resistance leader Vice Admiral Holdo’s (Laura Dern) wishes, Finn and Rose, along with BB-8, steal a ship and go to Canto Bight.
	Finn is initially entranced by the lavish lifestyle of the casino, but becomes disillusioned when Rose tells him that most of the people there have become wealthy by dealing arms to the First Order. While they find the master code breaker, they are unable to recruit him as they are arrested and jailed for a parking violation. In their cell they meet DJ (Benicio Del Toro), a thief and codebreaker who offers to help them; they refuse, but he nonetheless breaks them out of their cell. Finn and Rose escape from the prison, where they set free a horde of horse-like racing creatures called Fathiers, escaping atop one of them. Outside the casino they are greeted by BB-8 and DJ, having stolen a ship together. DJ agrees to help them, despite Finn’s misgivings. Eventually, Finn, Rose, and DJ arrive aboard the "Mega"-class Star Dreadnought "Supremacy" and disguise themselves as First Order officers; Finn finds the location of the tracker and DJ breaks them in, but before Rose is able to disable the tracker they are caught by Phasma. Upon being captured, DJ, having overheard the Resistance's plan of escaping to Crait via transports, secretly tells the First Order of the plans in exchange for money and his freedom, and Finn and Rose are to be executed. Before they are, Holdo rams the Resistance cruiser into Supreme Leader Snoke’s (Andy Serkis) flagship at lightspeed, damaging the ship and sending it into chaos. Finn has a one-on-one fight with Phasma, ending with him proudly declaring himself "rebel scum" before Phasma falls to her demise. BB-8, aboard a First Order AT-ST, rescues Finn and Rose from Stormtroopers and the three of them very narrowly escape to Crait aboard a damaged shuttle.
	As the First Order prepares an attack on the formerly abandoned Rebel base on Crait, Finn recognizes the weaponry that they plan to use to destroy the blast doors and leads a small strike on the First Order with the intention of disabling the cannon. The attack goes poorly, and Poe orders all fighters to retreat, but Finn is determined to destroy the cannon and flies directly into the blast, planning to sacrifice himself to defeat the First Order. At the last second, Rose stops him by ramming her speeder into his, pushing him out of the blast. Finn asks her why she stopped him, and she tells him that wars are won "not by fighting what we hate, but saving what we love;" she then kisses him before falling unconscious. Finn brings her body back to the Rebel base and summons a medic for her. When Luke appears on Crait, Finn's first instinct is to send forces to help him, but Poe realizes that Luke is stalling to give the Resistance time to escape. Finn and Poe lead the Resistance off the planet, and Finn finally reunites with Rey, passionately embracing her before boarding the "Millennium Falcon". Finn is last seen putting a blanket over the still unconscious Rose.
	Finn is a playable Hero in "Star Wars Battlefront II", voiced by Boyega. He was added through the DLC of "The Last Jedi".
	Finn, along with Poe, intercepts a message from a First Order mole that Emperor Palpatine (Ian McDiarmid) has come back to life and is planning an attack on the Resistance in the form of the Final Order, a massive fleet of Star Destroyers. Finn then leaves along with Rey, Poe, C-3PO, and Chewbacca to the desert planet of Passana, where with the help of Lando Calrissian (Billy Dee Williams) they locate a dagger that contains a clue to a Sith Wayfinder, a compass to the Sith planet Exegol. Throughout the whole journey, Finn clearly has something he wants to tell Rey, but is unable to find the time to tell her. Their journey takes them to Kijimi, where the location of the Wayfinder is extracted from C-3PO's memory files, and later to the First Order's command ship, where Finn and Poe go to rescue Chewbacca, who was taken by the First Order. In the process, Finn and Poe are captured by Stormtroopers and set to be executed, but they are rescued by General Hux (Domnhall Gleeson), who reveals that he is the mole. Going free, Finn and Poe rescue Rey aboard the "Millennium Falcon" and head to the Endor system, where the Wayfinder is located among the wreckage of the second Death Star.
	On Kef Bir, they encounter a group allied with the Resistance, led by a woman named Jannah (Naomi Ackie). Finn gets to know Jannah, who reveals that she and the entire settlement on Kef Bir are former Stormtroopers who mutinied after a battle. Finn tells her that he left the Order as well, and suggests that the Force brought them together and caused them all to leave the Order. Finn and Jannah follow Rey aboard the wreckage to try and stop her from confronting Ren, but she does so and nearly kills him before healing him and leaving aboard Ren's ship. Without Rey or the Wayfinder, Finn, Poe, and Jannah return to the Resistance base, where they learn that Leia has died. Poe is named Acting General, and Poe appoints Finn as Co-General.
	Finn learns of Exegol's whereabouts based on Rey's transmissions, and he and Poe lead a strike against the Final Order fleet, with Finn and Jannah specifically leading a ground attack on the surface of the command Star Destroyers to take out their navigation. As the attack nears its end, Finn and Jannah are left on the surface of the damaged Star Destroyer, but are ultimately rescued by Lando and Chewbacca in the "Millennium Falcon" and the rest of the Resistance fleet; Finn attributes his faith in his being rescued to a knowledge of the Force. Following the successful attack, Finn celebrates among the Rebels on the Resistance base, reuniting with Rey and Poe.
	When asked about Finn's character traits, Boyega replied, I think the element of having to step up to a bigger calling, when your circumstances don't particularly reflect that. Because I'm young, at the beginning of my life; you haven't really achieved much, and then you have to do that whole adulthood thing, get responsible, work and all of that stuff, no more mommy and daddy taking care of things. I feel like it's the same kind of journey that Finn has when he leaves the First Order. He leaves a curriculum, he leaves a system and embarks on his own journey. He also noted that initially "most of his decisions are based on adrenaline. Like, 'Okay, you know what? I'm just going to get this blaster and run away.' " Boyega further noted that "[n]ot only is the character in over his head and someone who is just dropped into an extraordinary circumstance, the scenes and the script prove that and it's not a problem that can just be erased."
	Finn was originally going to be accompanied to Canto Bight by Poe in "The Last Jedi", but writer/director Rian Johnson found the storyline flat when he realized their dialogue was interchangeable. This led to the creation of the character Rose Tico, who would challenge and contrast with Finn.
	In "The Rise of Skywalker," Finn spends much of the film trying to tell Rey something which he does not want to say in front of Poe, but this thread is never resolved within the film's runtime and he never gets to tell Rey. While many fans speculated that he was trying to confess romantic feelings for her, at a fan event shortly after the film's release, writer/director J.J. Abrams revealed that Finn was in fact trying to tell her that he is Force-sensitive, something that he suggests at several points throughout the film to Jannah. This potential Force-sensitivity is explored numerous times throughout the trilogy, with Finn's conscience against the First Order and relative lightsaber ability in "The Force Awakens", his connection to Rey in "The Last Jedi", and his instincts and faith as well as his continued connection to Rey which is seen in "The Rise of Skywalker". Nevertheless, some fans and critics considered the thread underdeveloped, and his revelation (or lack thereof) in "Skywalker" to be anti-climactic.
	The character and Boyega's portrayal have received critical acclaim; reviewer Jamie Graham wrote, "of the new triangle of characters, Boyega brings intensity and surprisingly honed comic timing." Reviewers also praised Finn's relationships with the other characters: The dynamic between Rey and Finn is something new for Star Wars, with her bright-eyed heroism complementing Boyega's roguish wit...Gone is the clunky dialogue of the prequels—instead, it's replaced by some seriously clever writing that often leads to nice little moments, many with Han and Finn. Drew McWeeny of HitFix notes, "Boyega has this great combination of self-interested fear and reluctant heroism that he plays beautifully, and he charts Finn's evolution as a person expertly here." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" described the character as "bracingly comic and cunning". Robbie Collin writes that Boyega has a "(very funny) half-brave, half-anxious, would-be-heroic schtick" and notes that despite being "brave, charming, and funny", Finn "only wants to be thought of as the daring freedom-fighter he's not quite sure he's cut out to be." Some reviewers were less than positive, however. Ty Burr of "The Boston Globe" wrote that "Boyega's Finn is the new movie's one weak link, a character who vacillates between noble impulses and cowardice until our interest drops away. The performance is fine but it's just fine, with little of the iconic bite a Wagnerian cartoon like this needs."
	The character was also subject to racist reactions by some fans online, to which Boyega responded, "I'm not going to lose sleep over people." After the first trailer premiered, Boyega responded to critics with, "To whom it may concern ... Get used to it", and further commented that, "All the films I've done have had a secret commentary on stereotypical mentalities. It's about getting people to drop a prejudiced state of mind and realise, 'Oh shit we're just watching normal people.' " In response to those who desired to boycott the film over their disagreements with the existence of a black stormtrooper, Boyega replied, "I'm proud of my heritage, and no man can take that away from me. I wasn't raised to fear people with a difference of opinion. They are merely victims of a disease in their mind."
	In 2016, Boyega was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Finn.

= = = Trial of the facts = = =

	Under the law of England and Wales regarding insanity and unfitness to plead, once a court has determined that the defendant is subject to a disability that prevents their trial progressing, there may be a "trial of the facts" in which the truth of the allegations against the defendant, as opposed to their guilt or innocence of a crime, is to be determined. The court's options are: to order an absolute discharge; a supervision order; or a hospital order (with or without a restriction order).
	The trial is not a criminal trial to determine guilt or otherwise; it is "limited to ensuring that the interference with the liberty of the defendant consequent upon whatever order might be made following an adverse finding can be justified by reference to what can be proved about what he or she did, even if intention might have been clouded by delusion or other incapacity."

= = = Sichuan Provincial Women's Prison = = =

	Sichuan Provincial Women's Prison (四川省女子监狱 "Sìchuān Shěng nǚzǐ jiānyù") is a women's prison in Yangma Town (养马镇), Jianyang, Ziyang, Sichuan, away from Chengdu. It is over large. It became a women's prison in 1998. The Sichuan Provincial Administration of Prisons operates this facility.
	It has a prison clinic/hospital with 44 employees.

= = = Harrison Point Lighthouse = = =

	Harrison Point Lighthouse is a lighthouse located in the northern Parish of Saint Lucy, Barbados.
	The lighthouse has a cylindrical shape and it was the latest, of four lighthouses, to be built on the island, in 1925. It is built in concrete block, it has a height of and a focal height of . The tower is white painted and the lantern is red; its characteristic, before the temporary deactivation. was two white flashes every 15 seconds. The lighthouse was deactivated probably in 2007, as reported by Admiralty, because it was on the ground of a prison; the tower was abandoned and the keeper's house ruined. In 2011 the Admiralty confirmed the activity of the lighthouse with a continuous red light.

= = = Remie Olmberg = = =

	Remie Jacques Olmberg (born August 28, 1950) is a retired Surinamese footballer who played as a defender for SV Robinhood in the Hoofdklasse, and for the Suriname national team. He was the team captain for SV Robinhood for a decade during one of the club's most successful periods, having won three national titles and finishing as runners-up in the CONCACAF Champions Cup on three occasions as well. He also won the Surinamese Footballer of the Year award twice.
	Olmberg began to play football at age eight under the tutelage of Jules Coblijn (SV Robinhood) and Saften (SV Voorwaarts). He played for the Froweinschool in the Mulo competition, before moving to the George Streepy Stadion playing in the youth ranks of S.V. Robinhood. In 1966 he was selected to play for the Suriname national youth team to compete in the Kingdom Games leaving an impression on then Dutch national team head coach George Kessler.
	In 1969 Olmberg made his debut for the first team of SV Robinhood playing with the likes of Theo Blaaker, Ewout Leefland and Wilfred Garden. His impact on the team earned him the captain armband and in 1970 he was awarded the prize for Surinamese Footballer of the Year. The following season saw him win his first national title and Robinhood's eighth overall. Qualifying for the 1972 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, Olmberg would captain his team to a second-place finish in the tournament, losing to Olimpia from Honduras 2–0 on aggregate score in the final.
	Olmberg won his second national title with Robinhood in 1975, thus qualifying for the CONCACAF Champions' Cup once more. In 1976 Robinhood would go on to win consecutive national titles and Olmberg's third overall, while also making it to the 1976 CONCACAF Champions' Cup final once more. Robinhood finished second to Águila from El Salvador, losing 8–2 on aggregate score in the final. In 1977, he led Robinhood to the 1977 CONCACAF Champions' Cup final for the second time in a row where they faced Club América from Mexico, losing 1–0 on aggregate score. It was Olmberg's third time in the finals of the competition, with his performance earning him his second National Footballer of the Year award. His period with Robinhood is considered one of the best in the club's history.
	On Sept 1, 1977 a friendly match was played at the Queen's Park Oval, in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago between the New York Cosmos and the Caribbean All-Stars, a selection of International football players of the Caribbean Football Union. Olmberg was selected to captain the team, which included players such as Arsène Auguste, Hugh Bell, Leroy Spann, Ernst Jean Joseph, Orville Edwards and Jose Sabin. The New York Cosmos were captained by Pelé, and fielded players such as Carlos Alberto, Franz Beckenbauer, Giorgio Chinaglia, Rildo and Werner Roth. The match ended in a 5–2 win for the Cosmos with Chinaglia, Topić and Pelé scoring for the visitors. Olmberg played the full match, which saw Trinidadians' Spann and Llewellyn scoring for the Caribbean All-Stars.
	In 1979, Olmberg transferred to cross town rivals S.V. Transvaal and in 1981 helped the team win their second CONCACAF Champions' Cup, defeating Atlético Marte from El Salvador 2–1 on aggregate score in the final. It was Olmberg's first Continental title, having been to the finals of the competition three times with his former club.
	Olmberg made his first appearance for the Suriname national team playing for the youth team in the 1966 Kingdom Games.
	He made his debut for the first team in 1972, playing in the country's 1974 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign on 28 November 1972 against Trinidad and Tobago. The match ended in a 2-1 loss at the Queen's Park Oval in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, with Suriname failing to advance in the qualifying rounds.
	Olmberg also played in Suriname's 1978 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign. The team played the 1977 CONCACAF Championship qualification, finishing in 8th place in the final round. He scored five goals in the campaign, scoring against Trinidad and Tobago twice, as well as against Canada, Mexico and El Salvador. That same year he also helped Suriname to win the CFU Championship.

= = = 2016 Ohio State Buckeyes football team = = =

	The 2016 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented The Ohio State University in the 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season. It was the Buckeyes' 127th overall, the 104th as a member of the Big Ten Conference, and third as a member of the Eastern Division. The team was led by Urban Meyer, in his fifth year as head coach, and played its home games at Ohio Stadium in Columbus, Ohio.
	Ohio State was the preseason favorite to win the Big Ten, and were ranked sixth in the preseason AP Poll. They began the year with six straight victories, including on the road against then-No. 14 Oklahoma and in double overtime against then-No. 8 Wisconsin, and rose to second in the AP Poll. The Buckeyes were upset by unranked Penn State in a whiteout game at Beaver Stadium on October 22. The team won its remaining regular season games, and finished conference play with an overtime victory against arch-rival and third-ranked Michigan. Penn State and Ohio State both finished with conference records of 8–1, and Penn State advanced to the 2016 Big Ten Football Championship Game due to the head-to-head victory. Despite this, and Penn State's victory over Wisconsin in that game, Ohio State was ranked ahead of Penn State at third in the final College Football Playoff rankings, earning them a spot in the national semi-final Fiesta Bowl against second-ranked Clemson. The Buckeyes were shutout in that game 31–0 and ended the year at 11–2.
	The Buckeyes were led on offense by quarterback J.T. Barrett, who finished with 2,555 passing yards and 24 touchdowns. Running back Mike Weber led the team with 1,096 rushing yards and nine touchdowns. Center Pat Elflein was named a unanimous first-team All-American and was the recipient of the Rimington Trophy as the nation's top center. On defense, cornerback Malik Hooker led the Big Ten with seven interceptions (three returned for a touchdown) and was also a unanimous first-team All-American.
	Ohio Stadium attendance record
	The Ohio State Buckeyes defeated the Bowling Green Falcons by a score of 77–10 at Ohio Stadium in Columbus, Ohio. Ohio State's offense started off slow by QB, J.T. Barrett throwing an interception returned for a touchdown to Brandon Harris. Ohio State then went on to score 21 unanswered points before BGSU made a field goal midway through the second quarter. Ohio State scored two more times and led at halftime 35–10. The Buckeyes went on to score six more touchdowns in the second half and allowing no scoring.
	Ohio State's offense gained 776 yards, which broke the record of most yards in a game held since 1930, and scored ten touchdowns. The Ohio State defense, commonly known as the Silver Bullets, allowed 244 yards and scored a defensive touchdown. Ohio State's J.T. Barrett set a record for the most touchdowns in a game with seven and tied the single-game record of six passing touchdowns. For his performance Barrett was named Big Ten Offensive Player of the Week.
	Game Statistics
	Game Leaders
	Ohio State (1–0) took on the Tulsa Golden Hurricane (1–0) and won by a final of 48–3 in Columbus, Ohio. Following the kickoff by Ohio State, Dane Evans' pass was intercepted by Ohio State's Marshon Lattimore during the first offensive possession of the game. Ohio State was unable to find their way into the endzone and settled for a 29-yard Tyler Durbin field goal to make the score 3–0. Tulsa and Ohio State went on to trade field goals to make it 6–3, Ohio State. The OSU defense then forced turnovers on the next three Tulsa possessions, scoring two defensive touchdowns, to end the half up 20–3.
	There was a weather delay of 50 minutes at halftime due to lightning strikes in the general vicinity of the stadium.
	The Buckeyes scored to open the second half on a 9-play, 72-yard drive, capped by an 11-yard touchdown run by J.T. Barrett. The OSU offense went on to add three more touchdowns. The Silver Bullet defense of Ohio State forced two second-half turnovers and allowed no offensive points from the Golden Hurricane.
	Game Statistics
	Game Leaders
	After kickoff was delayed from the original start time of 7:30 P.M. due to lightning and thunderstorms in the vicinity of the University of Oklahoma, the Buckeyes (2–0) and Sooners (1–1) began play at 9:00 P.M. in Norman, Oklahoma. Ohio State struck first, midway through the first quarter on a Curtis Samuel 36-yard touchdown run. On Oklahoma's next possession, Ohio State's Jerome Baker intercepted Baker Mayfield's pass to score a touchdown on a 68-yard interception return. This was Ohio State's fourth defensive score in their first three games. During the ensuing kickoff, Oklahoma's Joe Mixon returned the kick for a 97-yard touchdown, to make the score 14–7, Ohio State. Though not caught, Mixon dropped the ball before he crossed the goal line and fumbled into the end zone. Ohio State scored another two touchdowns and Oklahoma made a field goal to make the score 28–10. With six minutes to go in the half, Oklahoma scored on a 35-yard Mayfield pass to A.D. Miller to give the OSU defense their first allowed offensive touchdown of the year and brought the Sooners within 11. The Buckeye offense drove 75 yards to end the first half on a behind-the-back grab by Noah Brown to give the Buckeyes a 35–17 halftime advantage.
	Ohio State scored on their opening possession of the half with Noah Brown's school record tying fourth touchdown reception. Oklahoma scored again with four minutes to go in the third quarter to make the score 42–24, Ohio State. The final score of the game was a 31-yard Tyler Durbin field goal with 10:33 to go making the final 45–24.
	Noah Brown was named Big Ten Offensive Player of the Week and Jerome Baker was named conference co-Defensive Player of the Week for their performances.
	Baker Mayfield (the Sooners starting QB) claimed that the Ohio State team and fans who traveled to Norman sang their fight song after their win. Baker Mayfield cites this as his reasoning for spiking the flag on the Ohio State symbol at the 50 yard line in the 2017 rematch in Columbus.
	Game Statistics
	Game Leaders
	The Ohio State Buckeyes (4–0, 1–0) played the Rutgers Scarlet Knights (2–3, 0–2) in Columbus, Ohio on Oct. 1, 2016. The Buckeyes won by a score of 58–0. Ohio State allowed only 121 total yards (33 passing, 83 rushing) and gained 669 (259 passing, 410 rushing.) This was their largest regular season conference shut out since 1981 and their first since 2013. Ohio State's J.T. Barrett, set the Ohio State record for most career passing touchdowns with 59.
	Mike Weber was named the conference's Freshman player of the week for his performance in the game. He rushed for 144 yards and one touchdown on 14 carries and caught one pass for three yards.
	Game Statistics 
	Game Leaders
	Ohio State (5–0, 2–0) defeated Indiana (3–2, 2–1) by a score of 38–17. This Buckeye victory extended the longest current Big Ten win streak against a single opponent to 21, with the Hoosiers' last win over the Buckeyes coming in 1988.
	The Indiana secondary held the Buckeye pass offense to only 93 yards passing, but allowed 290 yards and four touchdowns on the ground. This included a career-high of 26 careers for J.T. Barrett. The Buckeye defense forced two turnovers and allowed only 99 yards rushing on 40 attempts.
	Game Statistics
	Game Leaders
 
	The #2 Ohio State Buckeyes (6–0, 3–0) defeated the #8 Wisconsin Badgers (4–2, 1–2) in overtime, in a cross-divisional Big Ten match up on Oct. 15, at Camp Randall Stadium, by a score of 30–23. With both teams ranked in the top ten of both major college football polls, ESPN had chosen Madison, Wisconsin as the host of College GameDay. This was Wisconsin's second appearance on GameDay for 2016 and Ohio State's first. Ohio State extended their current win streak over the Badgers to five, dating back to 2011. Ohio State coach Urban Meyer is 4–0 versus Wisconsin and this was Badgers' coach Paul Chryst's first game against the Buckeyes.
	The Buckeyes started the game off slow by gaining only 23 yards on their first two drives, both resulting in punts, while allowing 147 yards for the Badger's offense on their first two drives that resulted in a ten-point lead for #8 Wisconsin. Neither team could find the endzone for the remainder of the first half and both settled for two additional field goals apiece for a halftime score of 16–6 favoring the Badgers.
	The Silver Bullet Buckeye defense came out strong in the second half forcing two Wisconsin turnovers and a three-and-out, on Wisconsin's first three possessions. Though the Buckeyes threw an interception on their first possession, they followed it up with two consecutive touchdowns, both J. T. Barrett runs. On Barrett's second touchdown, Ohio State took their first lead of the night at the 14:09 mark of the fourth quarter, and the Buckeyes led 20–16. The next drive, Wisconsin drove 81 yards to take back the lead with 7:54 left in the game. The Buckeyes followed that score with a field goal to tie the game at 23 with 3:57 to go. The Badger offense drove 25 yards on their last possession, but come up short of field goal range and had to punt to the Buckeyes with 0:14 left. The Buckeyes with the ball on their 17-yard line decided to run out the clock and force overtime.
	Ohio State would get the ball first in overtime and would score a touchdown on a J. T. Barrett pass to Noah Brown on third and two from the Wisconsin 7, which gave them a 30–23 lead. On Wisconsin's attempt, quarterback Alex Hornibrook would throw a 21-yard pass on Wisconsin's second play which got the Badgers to the Ohio State 4. After two Corey Clement runs for no gain and an incomplete pass, the game came down to a fourth and goal from the Ohio State four. Wisconsin opted for a pass and Hornibrook was sacked by Tyquan Lewis to preserve Ohio State's unbeaten status.
	The Buckeyes were led by Barrett who had 226 yards passing and 92 yards rushing and three total touchdowns (two rushing, one passing). Barrett was named Big Ten Co-Offensive Player of the Week for his 318 total yard performance. He was also named Davey O’Brien National Quarterback of the Week. Wisconsin's quarterback Alex Hornibrook had 214 yards passing and one touchdown and running back Corey Clement gained 164 yards on 25 carries against the Buckeyes. Wisconsin Junior Linebacker Jack Cichy, who had 15 tackles, one sack and a forced fumble, was named Big Ten Defensive Player of the Week for his performance.
	Ohio State stayed at #2 in both the AP and Coaches Polls and Wisconsin dropped two spots to #10 in the AP Poll and remained unchanged at #10 in the Coaches Poll. The Badgers would be the highest rated two-loss team.
	Game Statistics 
	Game Leaders
	Despite being 20-point favorites, the #2 Ohio State Buckeyes (6–1, 3–1) lost to their inter-divisional rival, the Penn State Nittany Lions (5–2, 3–1), at Beaver Stadium in University Park, Pennsylvania on October 22, at 8 p.m. on ABC. After the Ohio State special teams blocked a field goal on Penn State's opening drive, the Buckeyes score 12 unanswered points through two field goals and a J.T. Barrett to Marcus Baugh touchdown. Penn State finished the first half on a 20-yard touchdown pass with only nine seconds remaining in the first half, to give the Buckeyes a 12–7 lead at the half.
	Ohio State scored a 74-yard Curtis Samuel Rushing touchdown on their second possession of the third quarter and followed it up with a safety when Penn State's punt team fumbled the ball into the endzone. Ohio State would not score anymore following that touchdown. Penn State went on to score a touchdown and also a field goal following a blocked punt. Making the score 21–17, Ohio State. With 4:27 left in the game, Ohio State ran out their field goal team to attempt a 43-yard field goal to go up by seven, but the kick was blocked and returned 60 yards to give Penn State a 24–21 lead which was also the final score.
	This was Urban Meyer's first loss to Penn State, making him 4–1 versus the Nittany Lions.
	Game Statistics 
	Game Leaders
 
	The #6 Ohio State Buckeyes (7–1, 4–1) defeated the Northwestern Wildcats (4–4, 3–2) on October 29, in a cross-divisional match up by a score of 24–20. This was the first meeting for the teams since 2013 and the first meeting in Columbus since 2007. Ohio State extended their win streak over Northwestern to six, dating back to 2004.
	The Buckeyes started off the game quickly by scoring ten unanswered points in the first quarter with a Mike Weber touchdown run and a 35-yard Tyler Durbin field goal following an Ohio State interception. The Wildcats inched closer by scoring at the 14:51 mark of the second quarter, but it was followed by another Weber touchdown run of 23 yards. With 1:23 left in the half, Northwestern made a 23-yard field goal to make the halftime score 17–10, Ohio State.
	Northwestern kept the Buckeye offense in check during the third quarter allowing no scoring and their offense tied the game at 17 with 3:49 to go in the third quarter. Ohio State found the endzone once more with 9:43 to go on a Curtis Samuel 3-yard run giving the Buckeyes a 24–17 lead. The final score came on a 33-yard Northwestern field goal with 3:31 to go in the game.
	Game Statistics 
	Game Leaders
 
	The #6 Ohio State Buckeyes (8–1, 5–1) defeated #9 Nebraska Cornhuskers (7–2, 4–2) at Ohio Stadium in front of the second largest crowd in Ohio Stadium history. This was the first match-up since 2012 and only the second since Nebraska joined the Big Ten Conference in 2011. Urban Meyer is 2–0 versus the Cornhuskers, winning the 2012 clash by a score of 63–38. Ohio State opened as 18-point favorites.
	On Nebraska's first drive quarterback Tommy Armstrong Jr. threw an interception to Damon Webb, who returned the interception for a touchdown to give the Buckeyes an early 7–0 lead. The ensuing possession for the Cornhuskers would be a 15-play, 72-yard drive that would result in a 20-yard field goal, Nebraska's only points of the game. Ohio State would score three more touchdowns and a field goal in the first half to give the Buckeyes a 31–3 lead. With 6:03 left in the second quarter, Tommy Armstrong Jr. ran for 11-yards but was hit while going out-of-bounds causing him to hit his head and briefly knocked unconscious. He was carried off of the field on a stretcher and transported to Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center for evaluation. He was quickly released and made an appearance back in the stadium in the third quarter to chants of "Tommy! Tommy!" from the Ohio State student section.
	Ohio State would receive the ball in the third quarter and would score on the opening play with a 75-yard pass from J. T. Barrett to Curtis Samuel. Ohio State's offense would score 17 more points in the game and defensive back Malik Hooker would record his second interception returned for a touchdown and fifth overall for the season. The Cornhuskers failed to stop the Buckeyes from scoring on all of their drives.
	Curtis Samuel was named Big Ten Conference Co-Offensive Player of the Week for his performance by gaining 173 all-purpose yards and two touchdowns.
 
	The #6 Ohio State Buckeyes (9–1, 6–1) defeated the Maryland Terrapins (5–5, 2–5) 62–3 in a Big Ten East match-up. The game was played on Nov. 12, at 3:30 pm, in College Park, Maryland and was aired on ESPN. It was the third meeting between the teams with the Buckeyes being victorious in both previous games. The Buckeyes came in as 28-point favorites.
	Ohio State came out of the gates quickly by scoring touchdowns on their first two offensive possessions while holding the Terrapins to −4 yards. Maryland mustered up a 23-yard field goal at the 2:03 mark of the first quarter and would not score the rest of the game. The Buckeyes would go on to score on five of their last six possessions of the first half and forcing two Maryland turnovers to close the half up 45–3.
	The Buckeyes scored two more touchdowns and a field goal in the second half, while Maryland would not reach the Buckeye-side of the field.
	Following a chaotic week in football, the Buckeyes would jump to #2 in both the AP and Coaches Polls following their second straight 59-point victory.
	Statistics
 
	The No. 2 Ohio State Buckeyes (10–1, 7–1) defeated the Michigan State Spartans (3–8, 1–7), 17–16, in East Lansing, Michigan.
	Michigan State received the opening kickoff and in two plays scored a 64-yard touchdown screen pass from Tyler O'Connor to LJ Scott to give the Spartans a 7–0 advantage 46 seconds into the game. Following Ohio State and Michigan State trading punts, Ohio State evened the score on a 5-play, 50-yard drive, capped by a 24-yard J. T. Barrett pass to Curtis Samuel.
	The Spartans opened the second quarter with a 28-yard field goal to give them a 3-point lead, but were tied once again by the Buckeyes on the following drive with a 39-yard field goal. Ohio State intercepted an O'Connor pass two plays later and drove the ball into the redzone. On third and three at the MSU 16, Mike Weber fumbled the ball giving Ohio State no chance to attempt a field goal. Ohio State and Michigan State went into halftime tied at ten.
	Both teams punted twice to start the second half until Ohio State formed a four-play 69-yard drive that resulted in another touchdown, giving them a 17–10 advantage. The next score came from Michigan State on a 1-yard LJ Scott run. The Spartans opted to go for a two-point conversion with only 4:41 left in the game to attempt to take the lead. Tyler O'Connor's pass was intercepted in the end zone and the Buckeyes maintained the lead, 17–16. Ohio State got the ball back and ran 2:37 off the clock on six plays, but punted with 2:04 left in the game. Tyler O'Connor was sacked on the first play by Tyquan Lewis for a loss of ten yards, the following play, Gareon Conley intercepted O'Connor's pass to seal the Buckeyes' 17–16 victory.
	Mike Weber was named Big Ten Freshman of the Week for his performance and for the second time this season.
	Statistics
 
	Following its road game against Michigan State, Ohio State faced its arch-rivals, the Michigan Wolverines, in the 113th meeting of "The Game". In the previous meeting, Ohio State defeated Michigan for the fourth consecutive year, winning 42–13.
	In this year's game, the #2 Ohio State Buckeyes (11–1, 8–1) defeated the #3 Michigan Wolverines (10–2, 7–2) by a score of 30–27 in double overtime. After neither team scored in the first quarter, Michigan opened the scoring in the second quarter via a 28-yard field goal from Kenny Allen. Ohio State responded with a 16-yard interception return from Malik Hooker. Michigan closed the scoring in the first half via a one-yard touchdown run from Khalid Hill, which made the score 10–7 in favor of Michigan at halftime. Michigan extended their lead in the third quarter via an eight-yard touchdown pass from Wilton Speight to Hill. Ohio State reduced Michigan's lead to three points via a one-yard touchdown run from Mike Weber, before Tyler Durbin recorded a 23-yard field goal as time expired in the fourth quarter to tie the game and force overtime. In overtime, Ohio State scored via a seven-yard touchdown run from J. T. Barrett. Michigan responded with a five-yard touchdown pass from Speight to Amara Darboh to force double overtime. In double overtime, Michigan scored via a 37-yard field goal from Allen. On a controversial 4th and 1 play, J.T Barrett ran up the middle and was tackled in such a way that the forward progress made it difficult to determine where the ball would be spotted. The result was ultimately that the officials gave Ohio State the first down. The next play, Curtis Samuel recorded a 15-yard touchdown run to win the game.
	Dave Adolph served as honorary captain for both Michigan and Ohio State. The game marked the 11th time that Michigan and Ohio State took the field both in the nation's top-five rankings; and is just the second time that both programs were ranked in the nation's top three. The other was the No. 1 vs. No. 2 matchup in 2006 at Ohio Stadium. The game also marked the first overtime in the Michigan-Ohio State rivalry. Michigan's defense recorded a season-best eight sacks against Ohio State. It is the program's most since posting nine against Notre Dame on September 15, 2007. The Wolverines have recorded at least three sacks in each of the last four games. Wide receiver Amara Darboh surpassed the 2,000-yard receiving milestone in the contest. Darboh caught eight passes for 68 receiving yards, upping his career total to 2,026. Darboh has recorded a reception in 32 consecutive games, earning a share of the fourth spot among Michigan's all-time leaders in the category. He is tied with Marquise Walker (1998–2001).
	Raekwon McMillan was named the conference Defensive Player of the Week for his performance. He recorded a career-tying 16 tackles, including seven solo stops.
	Statistics

= = = Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton = = =

	Francis Egerton Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton (born 8 February 1934) is a British aristocrat, financier, and academic. He is the eldest son of Robert Egerton Grosvenor, 5th Baron Ebury, and his first wife, Anne Acland-Troyte. He succeeded his father as 6th Baron Ebury in 1957, and his fourth cousin, Seymour William Arthur John Egerton, 7th Earl of Wilton, to the earldom in 1999.
	Following a career in the financial services industry in London, Melbourne and Hong Kong, he attained a doctorate in Philosophy-Arts at Melbourne University, going on to teach there as 'Dr Francis Ebury'. The Earl is a member of the Board of Directors of Victorian Opera (Melbourne).
	He married firstly, on 10 December 1957 (marriage dissolved 1962), Gilian Elfrida Astley Elfin Soames, with issue:
	He married secondly, on 8 March 1963 (marriage dissolved 1973), Kyra Aslin.
	He married thirdly, in 1974, Suzanne Jean Suckling (4 August 1943 - 12 April 2018), with issue:
	As "Sue Ebury", his third wife was a biographer ("The Many Lives of Kenneth Myer"; "Weary the Life of Sir Edward Dunlop", "Weary: King Of The River"), editor and publisher; member of the Development Council of the National Library of Australia, and Patron of the Australian Garden History Society.

= = = St Andrew's, Croydon = = =

	St Andrew's, formally the Church of St Andrew, is a church of England church in Croydon, London, England.
	It was built in 1857. Aisles were added in 1870. A lady chapel designed by H B Walters was added in 1891. An organ chamber lies opposite the lady chapel. The nave has five bays and the triple chancel arch has a wrought-iron screen.
	The building, in flint with stone dressing, was given Grade II listed status in November 1976, protecting it from unauthorised alteration or demolition, but is on Historic England's Heritage at Risk Register, due to its "slow decay" with "no solution agreed". The former bell-turret has been dismantled due to its poor condition, but the building's listed status legally requires its reinstatement.
	The church falls within Croydon Central Deanery in the Diocese of Southwark.
	St Andrew's is a parish in the Anglo-Catholic tradition. It had previously passed resolutions that rejected the ministry of female priests, but these were rescinded in 2013.
	The church contained an organ dating from 1891, by William Hill & Sons, which was removed, and replaced by another from the same maker in 1906. Specifications for the latter can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.
	The church's current electronic organ was purchased from the Sultan of Oman in around 2012.

= = = My Womb Is Barren = = =

	My Womb Is Barren is an EP by Gnaw Their Tongues that was released on July 24, 2008 by At War With False Noise.
	Adapted from the "My Womb Is Barren" liner notes.

= = = Tool use by sea otters = = =

	The sea otter, "Enhydra lutris", is a member of the Mustelidae that is fully aquatic. Sea otters are the smallest of the marine mammals, but they are also the most dexterous. Sea otters are known for their ability to use stones as anvils or hammers to facilitate access to hard-to-reach prey items. There are three recognized subspecies of otters, all of which exhibit tool use behavior in some capacity. Tool use behavior is more associated with geographic location than sub-species. Most behavioral research has been conducted on "Enhydra lutris nereis", the Californian otter, and some has been conducted on "Enhydra lutris kenyoni", the Alaska sea otter. Sea otters frequently use rocks as anvils to crack open prey, and they are also observed to rip open prey with their forepaws. While lying on their backs, otters will rip apart coral algae to find food among the debris. The frequency of tool use varies greatly between geographic regions and individual otters. Regardless of the frequency, The use of tools is present in the behavioral repertoire of sea otters and is performed when most appropriate to the situation.
	It is not possible to pin-point when sea otters began using tools consistently. It is hypothesized that certain behaviors were selected for, in the process of evolution, which led to this adaptation. The first instance of a rock as a tool may have occurred when an otter was unable to access a prey item at the bottom of the ocean and used a rock to facilitate access to the object. Similarly, an otter at the surface of the water may have chosen to crush two bivalves against each other when faced with an inability to crush the prey items with the forelimbs or teeth. Shellfish are found on rock structures at the bottom of the ocean, so collecting multiple rocks and shellfish from the bottom of the ocean in one diving episode and crushing the objects together on the surface may have led to the association of rocks with crushing shells of foods items. If a behavior which was performed in a conflict situation happened to open a prey item, an otter may have attempted to repeat the behavior and therefore learned to repeat the behavior consistently.
	Sea otters commonly exhibit swimming behavior where they swim on their backs. The features which facilitate swimming on the back also facilitate tool use. Otters that do not use tools still feed on their backs. This habit of feeding on the surface with the chest up facilitates a flat surface for resting rocks and pounding items together (1). Once discovered and consistently performed by one or some otters, the tool use behavior may have spread through a population of nearby otters by horizontal social learning.
	Tool use behaviors are observed in mammalian species where adults and their progeny have close ties. Mother otters have one pup at a time and sea otter pups are dependent on their mothers for an average of 6 to 7 months. Extremely young pups cannot swim or dive due to their natal fur coating, so they must be anchored to the mothers at all times. Otter pups therefore receive undivided attention from their mothers for prolonged periods of time. This may have allowed young otters many opportunities to mirror the behavior of their experienced mothers and manipulate the objects that the mother otters were holding.
	Similarly, young otters are observed to be exceptionally active, curious, and playful. Selection may have favored certain kinds of manipulatory play.
	Sea otters belong to the order Carnivora, whose members possess typical carnivoran teeth, or shearing carnassials. These are blade-like teeth formed by an upper premolar and lower molar. Sea otters have replaced their carnassial teeth with bunodont post-canines to improve their food crushing ability. These teeth favor a diet of aquatic invertebrates which is crucial to the otter's survival in the water.
	Sea otters also belong to the family Mustelidae. When compared with other mustelids, such as the river otter, weasels, and minks, the sea otter shows distinct hindlimb anatomy which could contribute to propulsion and stability at the surface of the water while the forelimbs manipulate tools and food. E. lutris has significantly larger gluteus muscles than other mustelids.
	Sea otter forelimbs are small and not used in swimming. Forelimb structure, particularly musculature and skeletal anatomy, are potentially adapted for, "tactile sensitivity and tool use associated with detection, handling, and consumption of prey".
	The lower incisors of sea otters protrude and are shaped like spades, a shape which may facilitate their ability to scoop food out of shellfish. During consumption of sea urchins, otters use a tool or their paws to crack open the sea urchins and scoop out the gonads and viscera with the lower incisors (12). The canines are blunt, and the post-canines are bunodont. Their flat and broad shape is useful for chewing a combination of soft invertebrates and the harder parts of tougher invertebrates, like shell fragments and sea urchin tests.
	Sea otters also have some of the largest lungs in the otter family, which may be helpful for buoyancy, especially because sea otters do not have blubber. Being buoyant along the length of the body allows otters to lie on their backs and manipulate food, tools, and young while on the surface of the water.
	Underneath the arm of each sea otter, at the axilla, is a flap of skin that can store stones and food. The hind legs are long and flattened like flippers, and the tail is also flattened. The tail moves in an undulating motion for propulsion. Paws and vibrissae work in tandem to find and grasp prey underwater.
	Tool use behavior is presumed to be learned, rather than innate, behavior. Otters that use stones to open prey do not use stones every time they need to manipulate their prey. Crabs, for example, can be ripped apart by the forelimbs and then eaten. Otters will store a stone in the pouch of skin under the arm to eat prey with both forelimbs, such as crabs, and then retrieve the stone at a later instance. This seems to imply, "an anticipation of use that goes beyond the immediate situation". If a stone appears to be particularly good for opening one food item, it will be kept for several others. In an observation of an otter in Point Lobos State Park, it was seen than one otter ate 44 mussels in one feeding episode and only used six stones.
	Sea otter development is marked by a six-month-long dependency period. Once an otter has adult-like swimming and diving behavior, can procure food by itself, and self-groom, it is considered independent. Until then, otter pups spend all of their time with their mothers. This is exacerbated by the fact that for the first three months of life, otter pups cannot swim or dive effectively. They are born with a natal pelage that differs in color and structure from adult pelage and is incredibly buoyant. This prevents them from submerging their bodies underwater and must be held or anchored to kelp.
	Sea otter pups display a propensity for manipulating objects between their paws and regularly pound rocks and little bits of coral against their bodies in a random and curious manner. According to some of the earlier otter behavior biologists, Hall and Schaller, this, "tendency to manipulate and pound is far from stereotyped in its application and seems to prove the basis for learning the use of tools in feeding behavior". The first indications of tool use are observed at 5 weeks of age when pups will slap their forepaws against their chest. By ten weeks of age, they attempt consecutive dives with the same rock as they learn to swim.
	Otters forage independently, except for females with offspring, who feed with their single young. Twins are observed but very rare. This allows for the mother otters to focus their attention on the pup, especially because mating occurs without pair bonding, so the father of the pup is not present. Pups express the same preferences in tools, technique, and diet as their mothers, which is evidence of vertical social transmission.
	Mother otters appear to make sacrifices in order to teach their pups. In Prince William Sound it was observed that, "the diet of females with pups was often of poor quality because the mothers frequently foraged on prey items that are easily captured by pups".
	The foundation for observation studies of otters was conducted by scientists K. R. L. Hall and George B. Schaller in 1964. The scientists spent six days observing the Californian otters in Point Lobos State Park, California. Over the course of their time, they observed 30 separate instances of tool use behaviors, most of which involved otters using rocks to crack mussels. Since then, Californian sea otters have been studied extensively for their tool use behavior, garnering more attention to the subject, and serving as a model for what kinds of tool use behaviors the sea otter species is capable of performing.
	Sea otters do not seem to express preference for stones and rocks of a particular shape (smooth, sharp, flat, irregular), instead choosing ones that fall between a size range of , suggesting that size is more important than shape.
	Otters go on dives with their tools stored in specialized pouches of skin underneath the arms. A sea otter may capture more than two different food items on a single dive.
	In all populations of sea otters, soft-bodied organisms such as worms and sea stars are the least likely to be consumed with the aid of tools. On the other hand, shelled bivalves and snails with shells are the most likely to be cracked open with tools. Otters of the Northern Pacific consume mostly sea urchins and fish, thereby exhibiting less tool use behavior. Otters of the southern Pacific Ocean feed on tougher macro invertebrates such as bivalves.
	In central California, sea otters feed mostly on sea urchins, abalones, and rock crabs. Rocks are used to knock abalones from the structure on which they are growing. Rocks can also be used to crack crab carapaces. Scientists have studied areas of California where up to 80% of abalone shells display crack patterns that are suggestive of breakage against rocks performed by otters. In areas near the Aleutian Islands, less tool use is recorded and sea otters consume much more fish. The diet in these areas also includes sea urchins, which otters can break with their forepaws, mollusks, and crustaceans.
	Sea otters demonstrate at least three distinct methods of tool use. Two pertain to the use of stones and one pertains to the use of kelp as an anchor. Stones can be used as anvils, in which they are rested on the chest of an otter lying on the ocean surface. Hard prey items can be pounded against the anvil to create cracks and facilitate access to flesh. Stones can also be used as hammers, primarily to extract shellfish from their substrates. Other important aspects of otter tool-use behaviors include the use of tool composites and tool reuse. Tool composite is the term given to the combination of two rocks as an anvil and a hammer, separately, but used on the same prey item at once. Tool reuse is demonstrated by the use of the same stone in a variety of feeding opportunities over one large feeding period.
	There have also been observed instances of tool use methods which do not involve stone or kelp, but rather parts of the prey itself. These have been specifically seen as otters taking pieces of shell or crab carapace. Otters will take advantage of nearby objects, occasionally using, "empty shells, driftwood, empty glass, or other discarded man made objects. Live clams are also pounded against each other".
	Sea otters most commonly use stones as anvils. They do not express a preference for the shape of the stone or rock, but they do choose fairly large stones, between , to rest on their chests. While all sub-species of otters use the forelimbs to rip open urchins, the Californian otters were observed to have used rocks as a surface to pound urchins and crabs, as well as mussels (observed most frequently). Otters seem to rise from a dive and immediately lie on the surface of the water with their chests up and place a stone on the chest to function as an anvil. The average length of a dive is 55 seconds. Otters hold mussels so as to orient the flat sides of the mussels against the "palms" of the paws and the seam of the two shells contacts the stone in a pounding instance. Mussels are pounded against rock or stones at a rate of two pounds per second. It takes approximately 35 blows to crack open a mussel.
	In order to extract abalones from their substrate, otters demonstrate a hammering method by picking up rocks from the bottom of the ocean and hammering the abalone free from the substrate. Once on the surface, the otter may use the anvil method to continue to crack the abalone shell. Otters may also use a stone to hammer a prey item that is rested on the chest.
	Otters commonly wrap crabs in strands of kelp to immobilize them and leave the wrapped crabs on the chest while the otter eats other kinds of collected prey from the ocean bottom. Sea otters are familiar with kelp as a wrapping agent because they wrap themselves in kelp to remain in one location at the surface during periods of rest, or during sleeping. Mother otters also wrap their offspring in kelp when they cannot rest the pups on their chests.
	Intra-species variation is observed with regards to the Northern Pacific and the Southern Pacific. In Point Lobos, the use of tools to open mussels is very common. This behavior is distinctly less common in northern areas like the Commander Islands and Kuril Islands. There, adult otters only use tools if they are unable to open food items after trying first with their teeth. Alaskan otters do not use tools as often as Californian otters. Californian otters show multiple techniques with differences that are tailored specifically to eating bivalves and crabs.
	A study that compiled seventeen years' worth of observational data demonstrated a significant difference between the occurrence of tool use in Amchitka Island, Alaska and Monterey, California. Alaskan otters used tools on 1% of dives, while Californian otters used tools on 16% of dives.
	All otter pups generally use tools if their mothers did. However, females are more likely to use tools to crush their prey in situations where the prey does not necessarily require a stone. It is suspected that matrilineal transmission can explain the observed female sex bias. Female otters also display more variation in the types of tool-use methods they employ.
	During long-term studies to record behavior, it is frequently recorded that some, individual otters do not use tools at all. Instead, these otters target soft-bodied prey like fish, or urchins which can be ripped apart with the forelimbs. Among tool using otters, up to 21% of the day can be spent engaging in tool use. In a study conducted from Alaska to Southern California, sixteen otter populations demonstrated that individual diet specializations are much more likely to be present in environments of rocky habitat over soft sediment substrates. Daughter Californian otters display the same tool techniques as their mothers, expressing explicit preference for certain methods when eating bivalves or eating crabs.
	In an aforementioned study, which compiled 17 years of observational data on otters from southern California to the Aleutian Islands, it was discovered that anywhere from 10% to 93% of individuals in a population use tools.
	Some otters have developed very specific, individual behaviors that do not necessarily demonstrate tool use, but do demonstrate dexterity. Individuals in California have learned how to tear open aluminum cans that float in the water from incidents of pollution. Small octopuses commonly reside in the cans and the sea otters attempt to eat the small octopuses. Others have learned to reach on the stern of small boats to obtain bait fish or squid.
	Otters are not immune to paralytic shellfish poisoning, despite some popular belief that they are. However, they have the ability to manipulate their prey enough to avoid the paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins so that they do not consume lethal amounts. Alaskan sea otters prey heavily on the butter clam, which has the ability to retain toxins obtained from dinoflagellate blooms. Captive sea otters were fed live butter clams in a study designed to test toxin avoidance and the otters discarded the siphons and kidneys before eating the clams. Most of the toxins are concentrated in these organs.

= = = 1970–71 Connecticut Huskies men's basketball team = = =

	The 1970–71 Connecticut Huskies men's basketball team represented the University of Connecticut in the 1970–71 collegiate men's basketball season. The Huskies completed the season with a 10–14 overall record. The Huskies were members of the Yankee Conference, where they ended the season with a 5–5 record. The Huskies played their home games at Hugh S. Greer Field House in Storrs, Connecticut, and were led by second-year head coach Dee Rowe.
!colspan=12 style=""| Regular Season
	Schedule Source:

= = = Silas J. Kloehn = = =

	Silas J. Kloehn (November 7, 1902 – February 20, 1985) was an American orthodontist who was part of the journal "The Angle Orthodontist" for 40 years. Due to his contributions, the journal transitioned from a dependent organization in 1940s to an independent organization in the 1950s. His work was also instrumental in the revival of cervical traction and Nance's Arch-Length Analysis in orthodontics.
	He was born in Forest Junction, Wisconsin in 1902. In his early childhood, he worked at a farm of his family. He graduated at the age of 16 and attended Marquette University School of Dentistry, where he obtained his dental degree in 1924. He practiced general dentistry in Appleton, Wisconsin for 14 years. He applied to the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry Orthodontic Program in 1935 and was accepted. Later he eventually moved back to Appleton, Wisconsin. He was appointed as second-ever business manager of the journal "The Angle Orthodontist". He served in this position for 40 years.
	In 1968 he presented the George W. Grieve Memorial Lecture at Canadian Society of Orthodontists. He was also a Fellow of the International College of Dentists and the American College of Dentists, and a member of the editorial board of the AAO.
	In 1947, Kloehn reported on the use of occipital Headgear which was attached by hooks to a maxillary .045 in archwire against the first molars. To prevent the side-effect of molar tipping, he modified the appliance by taking the bow and soldering it to the inner arch of the incisor area and therefore eliminated the "Victorian" headcap stigma associated with headgear. Therefore, the headgear was modified with a cervical neck strap.

= = = Merry Legs = = =

	Merry Legs (1911-1932) was a Tennessee Walking Horse mare who was given foundation registration for her influence as a broodmare. She was also a successful show horse.
	Merry Legs was foaled in April 1911. She was a bay with sabino markings. She was sired by the foundation stallion Black Allan F-1, out of the American Saddlebred mare Nell Dement, registration number F-3, and bred by the early breeder Albert Dement. She was a large mare at maturity, standing high and weighing . Merry Legs was a successful show horse; as a three-year-old, she won the stake class at the Tennessee State Fair. She was also successful as a broodmare, giving birth to 13 foals, among them the well-known Bud Allen, Last Chance, Major Allen, and Merry Boy. For her influence on the breed, she was given the foundation number F-4 when the TWHBEA was formed in 1935. She died in 1932.

= = = Lies to Light the Way = = =

	In early 2013, after parting ways with percussionist Sam Albarado, the band recruited Aaron Robertson to perform on drums. Midway through the year the ensemble was signed by Artery Recordings.
	Vocalist John Ritter refers to debut single "Doublespeak" as "a big middle finger to those people" who caused the ensemble to be "dragged in the dirt in the past and played like chess pieces". He goes on to say that "if they didn't do what they did, we wouldn't be as aggressive in making this happen", and that this is the meaning of album title "Lies to Light the Way". The vocalist then described "Useless" as "one of [their] meanest songs", alluding to "rock stars" and "people who take their positions for granted, exploit their fame, and have overbearing egos".
	In September 2013, the title of their album was announced as" Lies to Light the Way". At that time, "Doublespeak" was broadcast as the first single from the album. To promote the album, the group toured in late 2013 with This or the Apocalypse, Honour Crest and Tear Out the Heart on The Browning's "The Hypernova Tour".
	On 24 October 2013, a full stream of the studio album was made available to the public. At the beginning of 2014, the band published "Something to Dream About", the very first music video from the ensemble followed by a live music video of "Useless". In the latter part of that year, a music video for "Playing It Safe" along with a lyric video for "Admitting The Truth" were published. In early 2015, the group published an acoustic version of their debut music video.
	Carl Schulz of" The Snapper" newspaper at Millersville University describes the album as being "praised for its distinctive clashes between gripping unclean vocals provided by John Ritter, bone-crushing breakdowns, and sugary-sweet clean vocals". The Door night club in Deep Ellum describes the work as "twelve tracks that segue from gnashing technical guitars into immediately irresistible refrains", going on to say that "Electronic flourishes color the sound at points, while every element falls into an impenetrable groove reminiscent of Deftones or Sleeping with Sirens". Ryan De Freitas of DEAD PRESS! likened the group to Memphis May Fire and Kellin Quinn portraying the tunes as "pretty infectious when it’s at it’s best and with a bit of refining and more sporadic usage" continuing on to state that "Some of the better [tracks] could easily reach [anthemic heights]". Kriston McConnell of Under the Gun Review however, compared Swank's vocals to those of Andy Leo from Crown The Empire.

= = = Joey Gilmore = = =

	Joshua Gilmore (born July 6, 1944), better known as Joey, is an American electric blues and soul blues singer, songwriter, and guitarist. He has shared the stage with James Brown, Etta James, Bobby Bland, Little Milton, and Little Johnny Taylor among others. Gilmore's best known tracks include "Blues All Over You".
	Gilmore was born in Ocala, Florida, United States.
	Self-taught on the guitar at an early age, from watching a local minister-cum-barber playing his own flat-bodied guitar, Gilmore initially headed a band of youths who appeared in local clubs long before they were legally able to enter such establishments.
	In the 1960s, Gilmore relocated to South Florida, and he became a popular local attraction which led to him accompanying many touring blues, R&B and soul musicians. He recorded a small number of tracks in the 1970s, including his debut single "Somebody Done Took My Baby And Gone" / "Do It To Me One More Time" (1971). He released several EPs at that time, as well as the "Joey Gilmore" album (1977), which was re-released in 2012. His next album was "So Good to be Bad" (1989), released by Pandisc Records. The album reached number 80 on the US "Billboard" R&B album chart. It took until the mid 1990s before Gilmore began recording more frequently, and he appeared at numerous blues, jazz and soul festivals which included dates in Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Mississippi Valley, Montreux, Riverwalk, and in Taiwan. In 2012 he played at the Daytona Blues Festival.
	In 2006, Gilmore and his backing band took part in the Blues Foundation's International Blues Challenge in Memphis, Tennessee, where he won the 'Best Band' section.
	Amongst Gilmore’s sidemen in the mid-2000s were Regi Oliver (saxophone/keyboard), George Caldwell (bass) and Dave Wooten (drums).
	In 2008, Gilmore was awarded a Blewzzy Award for the 'best song', "Blues All Over You". In the same year he released "Bluesman", on Emancipation Media, and appeared at the Poconos Blues Festival. In 2009, Gilmore performed at the Taichung Jazz Festival, and the Briggs Farm Blues Festival. In 2013, Gilmore undertook various functions backed by the Sean Carney Band.
	In 2015, Gilmore was honored with a Latin World Talent Lifetime Achievement Award. He continues to regularly play throughout his native Florida, including an appearance at the Pompano Beach Seafood Festival, and beyond. His latest album, "Brandon's Blues", was self-released by Gilmore in 2015.

= = = Nexo Knights = = =

	Nexo Knights is a 3D animated television series for Cartoon Network that premiered in 2015, simultaneously produced as a Lego theme of the same name. Four seasons were produced for a total of 40 episodes. The fourth season finished airing in 2017.
	In a medieval yet futuristic world, Clay, Aaron, Lance, Princess Macy, and Axl are five young knights who protect the kingdom of Knighton and its capital Knightonia from Jestro, the Book of Monsters, and their army of Lava Monsters. They also receive help from the Knightonia Royal Family, the digital wizard Merlok 2.0, Robin Underwood, and Ava Prentiss.
	By the third season, the Cloud of Monstrox appears following his defeat as the Book of Monsters as he once again controls Jestro into helping him obtain the Forbidden Powers where the Cloud of Monstrox uses his evil lightning to animate his Stone Monsters. The two of them later ally with a sculptor named Roberto Arnoldi who helps to sculpt things out of rock for Jestro and Monstrox to use.
	Despite the LEGO sets that the series is based on receiving a 5th wave, the series was ultimately canceled, ending on a cliffhanger. In 2018, LEGO announced the discontinuation of the theme, officially confirming the cancellation of the series.
	The series debuted on Cartoon Network in the United States on December 13, 2015 as Sneak Peek and January 2016 officially. It premiered on Cartoon Network in Middle East and Gulli in France on December 18, 2015. Then it premiered Cartoon Network in Central and Eastern Europe on November 28, 2015. It debuted on Cartoon Network in United Kingdom and Ireland on December 19, 2015 as a Sneak Peek and February 1, 2016 officially. It premiered on Cartoon Network in Turkey on December 19, 2015. It premiered on Cartoon Network in Nordic on December 23, 2015. It premiered on Cartoon Network in Poland on December 26, 2016 as Sneak Peek. It debuted on Teletoon in Canada on January 8, 2016. It debuted on Cartoon Network in Australia and New Zealand on February 6, 2016. It premiered on Cartoon Network in Africa on February 27, 2016. Kix and Pop debut in United Kingdom on March 4, 2017. The series was cancelled due to funding issues.
	The NEXO Knights: 4D Movie, "The Book of Creativity", debuted in all LEGOLand Parks in the Summer of 2016. It features an original story line and enhanced production in 3D and with physical effects designed for theaters in the LEGOLand Parks. The plot involved the Nexo Knights fighting Jestro and the Book of Monsters when they attack the village of Buildburg so that the Book of Monsters can consume the Book of Creativity.
	"Lego Nexo Knights" is a fantasy-based castle LEGO theme released in January 2016. Announced at New York Comic Con 2015, it incorporates thematic elements drawn from both earlier space and castle themes while adding a 21st-century digital spin. It replaced Legends of Chima, a theme released in 2013. The theme was discontinued after the January 2018 wave of releases.
	Fourteen building sets were available for sale in January 2016, ranging in price from $9.99 to $99.99. Additional building sets were launched in August 2016. The first two sets were revealed at New York Comic Con.
	2016
	Ultimate
	Polybags
	August 2016
	Ultimate
	2017
	Polybags
	2018
	Lego has also released several books about the Lego Nexo Knights.
	One particular book is called "Lego Nexo Knights: The Book of Monsters" which talks about the different evil spellbooks, the Book of Monsters' crush on the Book of Love, the bios of the Nexo Knights with vandalized pictures, the bios of the Lava Monster Army, the bios of the as-yet-unintroduced Forest Monster Army, and the bios of the as-yet-unintroduced Sea Monster Army.
	On September 27, 2016, Scholastic released "Lego Nexo Knights: The Knights Code", a guidebook for all knights-in-training. 
	On January 31, 2017, Scholastic released "Knights Academy: The Forbidden Power" a Nexo Knights spin-off book series following Fletcher Bowman, an orphan from the countryside, and Izzy Richmond, little sister to Lance Richmond, on their adventures at the Knights Academy. A sequel has been confirmed by Lego.com and it will be titled "Knights Academy: The Secret Classroom".
	"Lego NEXO Knights: Merlok 2.0" is an action battle mobile game was released for Android and iOS on December 19, 2015. The users has to play through the game to "Save the Kingdom". Each of the five knights has an accompanying shield. Each shield unlocks a Nexo Power for the user to play with, the more powers that are unlocked the more powerful they become. Later on, Combo Powers were added when using the battle mech suits. Shields could be found in Lego sets, blindbags, and even pictures could be found in the tv series, mini movies and magazines.

= = = SP-Forth = = =

	SP-Forth is a reliable and comfortable Forth system producing optimized native code for the Intel x86 processors. It runs on MS Windows 9x, NT and Linux. Authors: Russian Forth Interest Group with the help of many contributors. Started by Andrey Cherezov in 1992.

= = = Pawn Shop = = =

	A pawn shop is a shop that takes possessions as pledge.
	Pawn Shop may also refer to:

= = = For All Slaves a Song of False Hope = = =

	For All Slaves a Song of False Hope is an EP by Gnaw Their Tongues, released in September 2008 by Burning World. The title of the track "Aderlating" would serve as the name of de Jong's band. The album would appear in its entirety on the compilation "Collected Atrocities 2005–2008", released in 2015.
	Adapted from the "For All Slaves a Song of False Hope" liner notes.

= = = List of mayors of Monaco = = =

	The following is a list of mayors of Monaco.

= = = Lagos Yacht Club = = =

	The Lagos Yacht Club (LYC) is one of the oldest sporting club in Nigeria. The yacht club was founded in 1932. It is located south of Tafawa Balewa Square and the National Museum; all in Lagos Island, across the bridge leading to Victoria Island. Facilities at the harbour also include several sailing boats and other sport activities which take place at the club house.
	The club was founded by expatriate sailing lovers in Lagos, among whom were C.J. Webb, Jessie Horne, R.M. Williams and H.A. Whittaker. A regatta held in 1931 to coincide with the visit of H.M.S. Cardiff and the German cruiser Emden generated interest in sailing. At inception, the club had over 20 members.
	The Lagos Club hosts the annual Whispering Palms regatta.

= = = Francis Jervis = = =

	Francis Mahon Jervis (26 December 1870 – 20 December 1952) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A wing three-quarter, Jervis represented . He was a member of the New Zealand national side on their 1893 tour of Australia, playing in 10 of the 11 matches and scoring 38 points in all, making him the highest scorer on tour.
	His great grandsons are former New Zealand cricketers, Martin and Jeff Crowe through his daughter Ngaire.

= = = 1960 Campeonato Profesional = = =

	The 1960 Campeonato Profesional was the 13th season of Colombia's top-flight football league. 12 teams competed against one another and played each weekend. Santa Fe won the league for the 3rd time in its history after getting 61 points. Millonarios, the defending champion, was 6th with 45 points.
	The same 12 teams from the last tournament competed in this one. Santa Fe won the championship for the third time.
	Every team played four games against each other team, two at home and two away. Teams received two points for a win and one point for a draw. If two or more teams were tied on points, places were determined by goal difference. The team with the most points is the champion of the league.
 
 

= = = John o' Groats Trail = = =

	The John o’Groats Trail is a Scottish long-distance walking route from Inverness to John o’Groats, traversing back lanes, footpaths, shorelines and cliff tops of the Scottish Highlands. The trail gives access to accommodation, meals and shops at the end of each stage of the walk.
	The trail is in use but is still a work in progress. Work began in March 2015. All of the route is walkable, and many sections of the coastal route are walked frequently by local walkers as well as long-distance walkers. However, work is ongoing to bring the trail up to the usual standards for walking trails. Markers and basic infrastructure such as stiles and bridges are still needed in some places. Most work is being carried out on a voluntary basis.
	The walk presents some obstacles that an established trail normally would not. In a few places the trail requires crossing of barbed wire fences, river fording, boulder scrambling, and strenuous walking through summer vegetation. These can be dangerous or difficult activities if not done with care by a fit, experienced walker.
	The John o’Groats Trail is 147 miles (235 km) long. It is divided into 14 stages that are each walkable in a day. All stages end in a town or village that provides accommodation.
	The trail begins in Inverness at Inverness Castle and follows the Inverness waterfront most of the way to the Kessock Bridge. Crossing the bridge, it then crosses the Black Isle on Forestry Commission lands and small back roads. It then continues across the Cromarty Bridge and follows back roads to Evanton and Alness. Before reaching Tain, it diverts into the Morangie Forest for several miles.
	After Tain, the trail mostly follows the coast, which begins as low sandy beaches in Sutherland and develops into cliffs in Caithness. After Tain, the next town is Dornoch, where the trail goes along the edge of Royal Dornoch Golf Course, then goes past Embo and along the shores of Loch Fleet. Then it goes through Golspie and past Dunrobin Castle on the way to Brora. It reaches the halfway point at Helmsdale. 
	After Helmsdale, the scenery along the cliffs, at several ruins of old fishing stations, at small harbours, and at several sea stacks and arches is spectacular, culminating in the distinctive Stacks of Duncansby. After Helmsdale the trail crosses the Ord of Caithness and goes past Badbea Clearance Village on the way to Berriedale. The next town is Dunbeath and then Lybster. After that, it reaches Whaligoe where the famous Whaligoe Steps descend to an old fishing harbour. After that, the trail goes past one of the highest sea arches on the British coast on the way to Wick. After Wick it passes the lighthouse at Noss Head, goes past Castle Sinclair Girnigoe, and rounds Sinclairs Bay. It then goes through the village of Keiss and then the final stage takes the walker past Duncansby Head and finally on to John o' Groats.
	The following cities/towns are the stage endpoints for the trail:
	The John o' Groats Trail connects to three other long distance routes at various points along its length:
	The John o' Groats Trail, the North Highland Way, the Cape Wrath Trail, and the Great Glen Way can all be combined to form the Great Northern Loop, a walk of 607 miles.

= = = Sichuan Province Prison Administrative Bureau = = =

	Sichuan Province Prison Administrative Bureau (四川省监狱管理局) is the provincial prison service agency in Sichuan, China. It is headquartered in Chengdu.

= = = The Genocidal Deliverance = = =

	The Genocidal Deliverance is an EP by Gnaw Their Tongues, released on October 16, 2008 by At War With False Noise.
	Adapted from "The Genocidal Deliverance" liner notes.

= = = Issam Chebake = = =

	Issam Chebake (born 12 October 1989) is a Moroccan professional footballer who currently plays for Turkish club Yeni Malatyaspor as a right-back.
	Chebake was born in Morocco, and raised in France. He debuted for the Morocco national football team in a 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification 2–0 win over Cape Verde on March 3, 2016.

= = = Kate Frank = = =

	Kate Frank (February 5, 1890 – April 1982) was a Missouri-born, Oklahoma teacher who taught for nearly 50 years. She was instrumental in the founding of the Oklahoma Education Association, served as its first president, and later, donated the initial monies for the trust that became a legal defense fund for educators. She served as vice president of the National Education Association in the 1940s and was the first national Retired Teacher of the Year recipient. Honored by many awards, she was inducted into the Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame in 1983.
	Kate Frank was born on February 5, 1890, on a farm in Missouri. By the age of 18, she was teaching eight grades in a one-room school house for a Missouri mining town, but moved to Oklahoma around the end of World War I. Frank was hired as one of the inaugural teachers for West Junior High School, which opened in 1920 in Muskogee, and taught there through 1923. She received a bachelor's degree from Southwest Teachers College in Springfield, Missouri in 1924, and later earned a master's degree from the University of Missouri. After several years at West, Frank moved to Muskogee's Central High School, where she taught business education.
	In the 1930s, Frank served as president of the Muskogee Classroom Teachers Department, later the Muskogee Classroom Teacher's Association. In 1934, she became one of the founders of the state classroom teacher's association and by 1936, she was serving as the president of the Oklahoma Education Association (OEA), as the first person and woman elected to head the organization. As president, Frank began a series of studies to evaluate classroom organization, teacher pay, school revenues, and tenure, though the proposals for change were not approved by the state legislature. Frank was elected to serve as vice president of the National Education Association (NEA) in 1942, and though re-elected to the post in 1943, she was fired by the Muskogee School Board. Although Frank was never given a specific reason for the termination, it was widely reported that it was for failure to back a specific candidate in a school board election and for her previous agitation for teacher pay guarantees. She took the case to court and was backed by the NEA, which raised funds to pay her salary while suspended. She was reinstated in 1945 and returned the unused money collected in her behalf to the NEA. The monies were used to establish a fund now called the Kate Frank/DuShane Legal Services Program, as a defense fund for teachers needing help in legal matters concerning their employment. Even after her reinstatement, Frank continued to fight for improved benefits for teachers, including health insurance and paid sick leave.
	In 1950, she was selected by Yale and Michigan State Universities for a study tour in Europe to evaluate European educational systems.
	Frank retired from teaching in 1956, having taught for 47 years, but continued her advocacy, arguing for senior citizens' rights. In 1961, she was appointed by Governor J. Howard Edmondson to serve on the state Teacher's Retirement System Board of Trustees, on which she continued to serve for ten years. That same year, she attended the White House Conference on Aging and began promoting a teacher's retirement home while in Washington, D.C. The following year, Frank obtained a loan from the Federal Housing Administration to build the first high-rise apartment building in Muskogee, Oklahoma, as a residence for retired teachers. The apartments are now open to any senior citizen above age 62, who is still ambulatory and offers subsidies from the Oklahoma Department of Rehabilitation Services for rent.
	Frank received multiple awards and recognition at the local, state, and national levels. In Muskogee, there is a street named after her, "Kate Frank Drive"; "Kate Frank Manor", the apartment high-rise for which she lobbied bears her name; and the OEA annual award for service excellence is named in her honor. In 1972 Frank was the first honoree to receive the National Retired Teacher of the Year Award, which she accepted from first lady Pat Nixon. In 1979 she was named as the Outstanding Older Oklahoman by Governor George Nigh, for her work in helping to found the American Association of Retired Persons and in 1983, she was inducted into the Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame, posthumously.
	Frank died in April 1982, in Muskogee, Oklahoma.

= = = St John the Baptist Church, Peterborough = = =

	St John the Baptist Church is a Grade I listed Church of England parish church in the city of Peterborough, now Cambridgeshire, England.
	The present St John the Baptist Church is situated in Cathedral Square and is only a few minutes walk away from Peterborough Cathedral. This seemingly strange state of affairs is due to the fact that the cathedral was for the monks and the church for the townspeople. It is officially designated as Peterborough's parish church and, as such, its vicar bears the title of the Vicar of Peterborough. There are several other Anglican churches throughout the city.
	The original parish church, dating from the 11th century, was some distance to the east of the current location, on the site now occupied by Bishop Creighton Academy. When the centre of Peterborough moved west, the church was relocated stone by stone. Construction of the current church began in 1402 and it was dedicated to St John the Baptist on 26 June 1407. 
	Two royal funerals took place at the nearby Cathedral during the 16th century, Katherine of Aragon (1536) and Mary, Queen of Scots (1587). They were both buried by the same sexton of St John's, Robert Scarlett and the bells of St John's Church rang for both funerals. 
	Following the English Civil War, in 1651 permission was granted by Parliament to demolish the church and use it as building materials, though the plan did not eventually go ahead. 
	Restoration in 1819 'brutally swept away' old features and added clerestory and galleries. In 1882-3 John Loughborough Pearson provided new roofs, new clerestory, aisle parapets, and tracery. The galleries were removed, the east window unblocked and raised, floors lowered and a new pulpit added. This restoration work was for Revd Henry Syers and designed in 1880. The Builder was John Thompson and the cost was £11,000. 
	In 1968 a new stained-glass window, designed by Brian Thomas, was installed. It depicts notable people connected to Peterborough: Symon Gunton, vicar of the parish during the plague, between 1665-7 (d.1676), Nurse Edith Cavell (d. 1915), Captain Thomas Mellows (d. 1944, fighting in the French Resistance), and William Law (d. 1761). The window is dedicated to James Ruddle (1830-1898) and to his wife Edith. James Ruddle was a prominent local architect who worked extensively in the Peterborough area and was the son of the famous local carpenter Francis Ruddle.
	St John the Baptist received a Grade I heritage listing in 1952 as a prominent and "architecturally ambitious parish church... exemplifying Perpendicular town church design." Its "very fine" south porch, 15th century font, 20th century screens, interesting monuments and tombs were also noted.

= = = Mike Harrison (bishop) = = =

	Michael Robert "Mike" Harrison (born 7 March 1963) is a Church of England bishop. Since February 2016, he has been the Bishop of Dunwich, a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich. He was consecrated a bishop on 24 February 2016. From 2006 to 2016, he was the Director of Mission and Ministry in the Diocese of Leicester.
	Harrison was born on 7 March 1963. He studied mathematics and statistics at Selwyn College, Cambridge, and graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1984. He then worked in London as a management consultant and a social worker.
	Harrison trained for ordination and study theology at Ripon College Cuddesdon, an Anglican theological college, and graduated with a BA degree in 1989. He then spent a year studying at the Union Theological Seminary in New York City, United States, and graduated with a Master of Sacred Theology (STM) in 1990.
	During the early years of his ordained ministry, Harrison also undertook postgraduate research. He studied doctrine at King's College London, and graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1997. His doctoral thesis was titled "Sharing in the life of God - a study of participation in Christian thought". He studied international development at the University of Bradford, and graduated with a Master of Arts (MA) degree in 1999.
	Harrison was ordained in the Church of England as a deacon in 1990 and as a priest in 1991. From 1990 to 1994, he served his curacy at St Anne and All Saints, South Lambeth, in the Diocese of Southwark. He then moved to the Diocese of Bradford, where he was chaplain to the University of Bradford, and to Bradford and Ilkley Community College. During this time, he also served as the Diocesan World Development Advisor.
	In 1998, Harrison returned to the Diocese of Southwark. He was Vicar of Holy Trinity, Eltham, between 1998 and 2006. From 2005 to 2006, he also served as Rural Dean of Eltham and Mottingham. He then moved to the Diocese of Leicester where he has served as the Director of Ministry and Mission from 2006 to 2016; in this role his duties include "growing the mission of local parishes ... developing missional leadership, pioneer ministry and fresh expressions of church". In 2006, he was made an honorary canon of Leicester Cathedral.
	On 16 December 2015, Harrison was announced as the next Bishop of Dunwich, a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of St Edmundsbury. On 24 February 2016, he was consecrated a bishop during a service at Westminster Abbey. He was installed as the Bishop of Dunwich at St Edmundsbury Cathedral on 27 February.
	Harrison is married to Rachel, an occupational therapist. Together, they have four children.

= = = Wynnefield Capital = = =

	Wynnefield Capital, Inc., is an employee-owned hedge fund founded in 1992 by Nelson Obus and Joshua Landes. The fund is a value investor, specializing in U.S. small-cap companies with a business- or industry-specific catalyst. It employs long and short strategies and conducts in-house research in making its investments. The fund has been an activist investor with a number of companies, including Cornell Companies, Crown Crafts, Breeze-Eastern, MAM Software, Chiquita Brands, and Omega Protein.
	Wynnefield Capital is based in New York City and is named after Nelson Obus’ and Landes’ childhood neighborhood of Wynnefield in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
	In May 2014, after a 12-year battle, Nelson Obus and a Wynnefield analyst were exonerated of all insider trading accusations made by the SEC in a trial by jury. Nelson Obus has been an outspoken critic of the SEC and penned an op-ed on regulatory overreach for "The Wall Street Journal".
	Prior to founding Wynnefield, Nelson Obus and Landes both held senior research equity positions at Lazard Feres & Co. Nelson Obus currently serves on the Board of Directors for Zionist Organization of America, Layne Christensen Co., MK Acquisition LLC, and the Princeton Historical Society. Obus also serves on the Board of Advisors of the Bank of Princeton, the Appalachian Mountain Club, and the Stony Brook-Millstone Watershed Association. He previously served on the Boards of Directors of Breeze-Eastern Corporation and Underground Solutions, Inc. 
	Landes is a member of the Board of Trustees of S.A.R. Academy in Riverdale, New York; Board of Directors of Ken's Krew and the Zionist Organization of America, and the Vice President of the American Jewish Historical Society. Landes led the financing efforts for the creation of a statue commemorating Uriah P. Levy, the first Jewish admiral to serve in the U.S. Navy.

= = = Ming Prefecture = = =

	Ming Prefecture or Mingzhou may refer to:

= = = Ormes Stadium = = =

	The Ormes Stadium is an athletics stadium located at Lomme along the street Lompret. With a Grandstand of 1,500 seats, it is used daily by the local athletics club, the OSM Lomme Athletics.

= = = List of recipients of the Silver Antelope Award = = =

	The Silver Antelope Award is used to recognize registered adult Scouters of exceptional character who have provided distinguished service within one of the geographical regions of the Boy Scouts of America. The recognition is presented by the National Court of Honor on behalf of the four regions of the Boy Scouts of America – Central, Western, Southern, and Northeast. Completed nomination forms are submitted to local councils for Scout executive approval, then submitted electronically to the National Court of Honor; awards are presented each year at the regional awards luncheon held in conjunction with the BSA National Council Annual Meeting. Recipients receive a certificate, an embroidered square knot emblem for the field uniform, and the Silver Antelope medal. The medal is a silver antelope suspended from an orange and white ribbon for formal occasions and civilian wear. Recipients also receive a lapel pin for non-uniform wear.
	Unlike the Silver Buffalo Award, recipients must be registered as adult members of the Boy Scouts of America.
	This list of recipients of the Silver Antelope Award includes people who have been awarded the highest region-level commendation of the Boy Scouts of America.

= = = 2015 YU9 = = =

, also known as and , is a sub-kilometer Hungaria asteroid from the inner region of the asteroid belt, approximately 350 meters in diameter. It was first observed on 16 December 2015, by the Catalina Sky Survey at Mount Lemmon Observatory in Arizona, United States.
	is a member of the dynamical Hungaria group, which form the innermost dense concentration of bright asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8–2.0 AU once every 2 years and 7 months (956 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 20° with respect to the ecliptic.
	Precovery images were taken by Pan-STARRS on 8 December 2015. At the time of discovery the asteroid was from Earth which is close to the Earth minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID). The asteroid came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) around 28 December 2015.
	When the asteroid was first detected and it had an observation arc less than 1 day, the asteroid was suspected of being a Near-Earth asteroid that would make a close approach to Earth on 19 December 2015. But that orbit solution used an erroneous observation from the Catalina Sky Survey causing an incorrect orbit determination. The asteroid is not a near-Earth object.
	With an absolute magnitude of 19.2, the inner main-belt asteroid is approximately 350 meters in diameter, based on an assumed albedo of 0.3 – a typical compromise value between 0.4 and 0.2, corresponding to the Hungaria asteroids both as family and orbital group.
	Initial mass media reports for the size of the asteroid were incorrectly based on the assumption the asteroid was 0.02 AU from Earth and not 0.8 AU from Earth. On 31 December 2015 the asteroid received the provisional designation .

= = = Chongqing Municipal Administration of Prisons = = =

	Chongqing Municipal Administration of Prisons (重庆市监狱管理局) is the prison service agency of Chongqing, a direct-controlled municipality in China. Its headquarters are in Yubei District.

= = = Elijah Frink Rockwell = = =

	Elijah Frink Rockwell (October 6, 1809 – April 15, 1888) was an American minister and educator.
	Rockwell was born in Lebanon, Connecticut, October 6, 1809, the second son of Joseph and Sarah (Huntington) Rockwell. He entered Yale College in 1829, but left before the end of Freshman year, and pined the next class at the beginning of their Sophomore year. After graduating in 1834, he taught in Monson, Massachusetts ,which lasted until 1835 and was then induced to go to Fayetteville, N C, as assistant to the Rev. Simeon Colton, formerly of Monson, in the Donaldson Academy, of which he had recently taken charge.
	He married, Margaret K. McNeill, daughter of George McNeill, of Fayetteville, June 18, 1839. She died May 21, 1866, without having children. His next marriage was with Bettie II Browne, daughter of Archibald S. Browne. Browne was associated with Davidson College and lived in Fayetteville. She survived him with one of their two sons produced during the marriage.
	Rockwell had assisted the Reverend Simeon Colton when he had been in charge of the Donaldson Academy. He left this position in 1837 to pursue theological studies,—spending one year at Princeton Theological Seminary and a second year at the Columbia Theological Seminary in Columbia, S. C. He supplied the Presbyterian Church in Fayetteville from June, 1839, to December, 1840, in which month he removed to the Presbyterian Church in Statesville, Iredell County, over which he was ordained and installed as pastor in the following spring.
	He continued in this charge until October, 1850, when he accepted a call to a Professorship in Davidson College, N C, where he remained for eighteen years. He at first held the chair of Natural History, and later, of Latin. In August, 1868, he returned to Statesville, and for two years acted as the Principal of Concord Female College, which he had aided in establishing. However, the institution was subsequently sold for debt, by which means as well as by the results of the American Civil War he lost a large amount. For another year or two he conducted a classical academy for boys.
	During all these years since his retirement from the pastorate he had supplied vacant churches near his residence for most of the time, and in 1872 he removed from Statesville to Cool Springs, about ten miles to the northeast, where he supplied the local church, Fifth Creek Church, and two others. About 1883 he retired from active work, but his declining years were still employed in his favorite studies and in works of practical benevolence. The degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred upon him by the University of North Carolina in 1882. He had been in failing health for two years, and died after a week's illness, of pneumonia, at his home in Cool Springs, April 15, 1888, at the age of 79.

= = = Twin Rocks, Pennsylvania = = =

	Twin Rocks is an unincorporated community in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located along Pennsylvania Route 271 northwest of Nanty Glo. Twin Rocks has a post office with ZIP code 15960.

= = = Hugo Boumous = = =

	Hugo Adnan Boumous (born 27 July 1995) is a French-Moroccan footballer who plays for Indian Super League club FC Goa as a attacking midfielder.
	Born in Rennes, Boumous graduated from the youth academy of Laval and made his debut with the reserves in 2013 after having joined the youth team two years earlier. In May 2015, he signed his first professional contract with the club and was promoted to the senior team. On 22 May 2015, he made his first team debut in the last round of Ligue 2, scoring a goal after having substituted in a 3–0 victory over Charmois Niortais.
	On 20 July 2016, Boumous moved abroad and joined Moroccan Botola club Moghreb Tétouan, after agreeing to a three-year deal.
	On 2 February 2018, he switched clubs and countries and joined Indian Super League franchise FC Goa as a replacement for Manuel Arana. Two days later, he made his debut in a 2–2 draw against NorthEast United FC. On 22 February, he scored his first goal in a 1–1 draw against Delhi Dynamos.
	In May 2016, Boumous was called up to the Morocco under-23 football team for a friendly match against Cameroon. However, he was expelled from the team by the technical director after a video of Boumous smoking "shisha" surfaced in social media.
	"Goal.com" wrote that Boumous "often picks the ball in the middle of the park or at times from an even deeper position...He can hold the ball and make those surging runs through the middle which makes him an exciting player to watch".

= = = Saumarez Park = = =

	Saumarez Park is the largest public park on the island of Guernsey.
	The park, one of the island's main social venues, is located in the Parish of Castel, about 4 km from the centre of Saint Peter Port. It contains various facilities, including the National Trust of Guernsey's Folk & Costume Museum, a cafe, a large children's playground, large open grass lawns and a duck pond. A nature trail links the park with nearby Cobo Bay on the north shore of the island.
	In 1869, Baron James Saumarez (1843–1937), grandson of Admiral James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez, who had acquired the property through his marriage in 1788 with Martha Le Marchant, exercised his "droit de retraite" (right of redemption) to buy Saumarez Park and the nearby Le Guet estate, after his father had put the property up for sale. A diplomat who travelled widely in his career, he created a set of exotic gardens, which included a bamboo walk, a Japanese garden, a camelia lawn, a rose garden and a walled garden. After his death Saumarez Park was acquired by the States of Guernsey.
	The park is open all year round from dawn until dusk. Entry is free of charge, except when certain events are held when there are charges for parking and entry.
	The large manor house is today a residential care and nursing home.
	Situated within the park, near the Victorian walled garden, is the National Trust of Guernsey's Folk & Costume Museum. It is housed in a cluster of meticulously restored traditional farm buildings and showcases Guernsey’s heritage with exhibitions covering domestic life, farming, fishing and sea-faring. In addition, special exhibitions from the more than 8000 pieces of its nationally acclaimed costume collection are on display throughout every season.

= = = Let Them Talk (Little Willie John song) = = =

	"Let Them Talk" is a 1959 Little Willie John song written by Sonny Thompson, on King Records produced by Henry Glover. The lyrics begin: ""Let them talk if they want to, talk don't bother me... I want the whole wide world to know: I love you so...""
	The song has been covered by many artists including George Benson, James Booker on his album "Live from Belle Vue" (2015), Lonnie Mack on his album "Glad I'm in the Band" (1969), James Brown on his album "Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud" (1969), and was the title track for albums by Marva Wright (2000), Gary U.S. Bonds (2009) and Hugh Laurie (2011).

= = = Carola Helbing-Erben = = =

	Carola Helbing-Erben is a German artist. She has worked primarily in textiles and in the creation of tapestries, and also as a mosaic artist and painter.
	Helbing-Erben was born in 1952 in Halle (Saale) in East Germany. She attended university in Halle where she earned her Master of Education degree and then continued her study in the University for Art and Design in Burg Giebichenstein in Halle. Helbing-Erben was commissioned by Sparkasse Bernburg to research and create artworks for an exhibition.
	Helbing-Erben received a commission from the city of Bremen in 2011 to design a large public artwork; a mosaic installation on a wall seventy-five feet long. She oversaw the installation of the mosaic pieces placed by the children of the neighborhood in which the artwork was made.
	Some of Helbing-Erben's works are on permanent display in the Academy of Textile Art within Giebichenstein Castle.
	Before the fall of the Berlin Wall, Helbing-Erben authored the book "Tageworte im Buch der Gedanken" (Reflections on Daily Life). A small book of thoughts, quotes, poetry and reflections on time, culture and life. It was published in 1992 by Frieling-Verlag Berlin.

= = = Ron Horsley (rugby union) = = =

	Ronald Hugh Horsley (4 July 1932 – 20 December 2007) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A lock, Horsley represented and at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, between 1960 and 1964. He played 31 matches for the All Blacks including three internationals. After retiring as a player, Horsley went on to serve as a selector for the Nelson (1966), Golden Bay-Motueka (1967–68) and Nelson Bays (1969–70) unions. A Rotarian, Horsley served as a district governor (district 9930) from 1998 to 1999.

= = = Marsh–Link–Pollock Farm = = =

	Marsh–Link–Pollock Farm, also known as the Pollock Farm, is a historic home and farm located at Brunswick, Rensselaer County, New York. The farmhouse was built about 1840, and is a two-story, "L"-plan, Greek Revival style timber frame dwelling with a one-story rear ell. The original section was expanded in the 1920s to its present size. Also on the property are the contributing main barn, a small light-frame barn that was used for calves and a concrete block cow barn with a silo (c. 1959).
	It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

= = = Paula Jacklin = = =

	Paula Jacklin (24 March 1957) is an English darts player who competes in British Darts Organisation.

= = = Goldsbrough Mort Building, Rockhampton = = =

	Goldsbrough Mort Building is a heritage-listed warehouse at 238 Quay Street, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1899. It is also known as Drug Houses of Australia Ltd, Queensland Druggists Building, and Taylors Elliots & Australian Drug Ltd. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 January 2004.
	During the 1890s, Rockhampton's business community underwent many changes, including the toppling of many local stock and station agencies and wool and produce brokers. At the same time was witnessed the arrival of branches of large southern firms such as Dalgetys which opened a branch office in 1891, and then Goldsbrough, Mort & Co. Ltd in 1896.
	The prosperous southern based pastoral house of Goldsbrough, Mort & Co. Ltd was established in Melbourne , with branch offices thereafter opened at Sydney and London. The Goldsbrough Mort Building situated at 514-526 Bourke Street (corner William St.) Melbourne, "is all that survives of a complex of distinctive stone woolstores and offices located in this area which comprised the Goldsbrough empire and were the nucleus of one of the world's greatest wool broking firms".
	The expansion of Goldsbrough Mort activities into Queensland took place with the establishment of a branch office in Rockhampton . This branch office was initially located in East Street, Rockhampton, managed by Mr J.M. Niall. This was followed later by branch activities in Brisbane in the early 1910s, for which the Goldsbrough Mort Woolstore at Teneriffe stands testament.
	In 1899, Walter and Eliza Hall had the extant building at 238 Quay Street, a late Victorian, classical-style single storey cement render and brick building, constructed. It was into these Quay Street premises that Goldsbrough Mort moved its office and store from East Street, to this more suitable commercial centre of Rockhampton conveniently placed opposite the important port and wharf facilities. An advertisement for Goldsbrough, Mort & Co., Ltd in 1900 directed commercial cliental attention to the firm as "The Oldest and Largest Wool Sellers in Australia." The firm's Quay Street branch office at this time was managed by Acting Manager Mr J. Fairweather.
	Eliza Rowden Kirk (1847-1916) was the daughter of George Kirk, who had pastoral interests with Goldsbrough Mort founder, Richard Goldsbrough. In 1875, Eliza married Walter Russell Hall (1831-1911), a successful businessman and philanthropist. Hall made his business fortune through interests in Cobb & Co in Victoria and Queensland, and later in Queensland with the Mount Morgan Gold Mining Co. Ltd. As a philanthropist, Walter gave generously, often anonymously, to various public institutions and charities. After his death in 1911, Eliza set up a trust to commemorate her husband's memory, which was to become known as the Walter and Eliza Hall Trust. This Trust continued to be used for the relief of poverty and the advancement of education and research, including the establishment of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Research in Pathology and Medicine in Melbourne in 1916.
	The building situated at 238 Quay Street, though tenanted by Goldsbrough Mort, was owned by Walter and Eliza Hall, or their Trustees, till November 1917 when the building was purchased by Goldsbrough Mort. This location was to remain the branch wool and produce brokerage office and store for Goldsbrough Mort activities until 1932. In these final years at this location this branch office was managed by Mr J. Rankin.
	In January 1932 the building at 238 Quay Street was purchased by Taylors Elliots & Australian Drug Ltd. who maintained interests at this location until December 1955, when ownership transferred to firstly DHA (Qld) Pty Ltd (till July 1964), and then Drug Houses of Australia Ltd from August 1964. This latter firm utilised these premises until September 1974, when it was taken over by Slater Walker Finance Corp Ltd, to be followed by various ownership.
	In the 1980s and 1990s, the former Goldsbrough Mort Building at Quay Street was leased and utilised by Radio 4RK and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
	In 2015, the building is occupied by a construction consulting company.
	The former Goldsbrough Mort Building is a single storey rendered masonry building addressing Quay Street, Rockhampton.
	The main facade, facing north-west towards the Fitzroy River, has a central entry and two arch-headed windows to either side. The facade is articulated with pilasters and triangular pediments and has a parapet with ball finials above.
	The rear elevation, facing the laneway, has a double gabled parapet.
	The interior of the building has been modified to accommodate subsequent tenants.
	The front section of the building (the former office area) appears quite intact, and retains large amounts of original fabric, including joinery, fenestration and other detailing, and much of the original room layout. The original ceiling may survive above the later suspended ceiling.
	The rear area of the building has been substantially altered with a new suspended ceiling and mezzanine level supported by new timber columns.
	The former Goldsbrough Mort Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 January 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.
	The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
	The Goldsbrough Mort Building built in 1899 is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland's history, in this case the expansion of commercial enterprise and activity in the important regional centre of Rockhampton. This commercial activity is similarly representative of the role of the Port of Rockhampton throughout this process. In this respect this building is also important in understanding the business expansion of the major southern wool and produce brokers, and stock and station agents firm of Goldsbrough, Mort & Co. Ltd. in the 1890s.
	The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
	This former Goldsbrough Mort Building also exhibits particular aesthetic characteristics valued by the Rockhampton and broader community. This is especially so as it complements, in conjunction with many other similarly valued buildings, the streetscape of Rockhampton's historic Quay Street.
	The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.
	As an early surviving office building of the pastoral company Goldsbrough Mort the place has a special association with Goldsbrough Mort, an important organization in Queensland's economic history and the pastoral expansion in central Queensland at the turn of the twentieth century.

= = = Dilltown, Pennsylvania = = =

	Dilltown is an unincorporated community in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located along Blacklick Creek and Pennsylvania Route 403 southeast of Indiana. Dilltown has a post office with ZIP code 15929.

= = = Anca Zijlstra = = =

	Anja Carolina Zijlstra (born September 3, 1973 in Heerlen) is a Dutch darts player who competes in British Darts Organisation.

= = = David MacNaughton = = =

	David MacNaughton is a Canadian diplomat, business leader, political strategist, and strategy consultant who most recently was the Chairman of StrategyCorp, a communications, public affairs, and management consulting firm. He was Canada's ambassador to the United States from 2016 to 2019, succeeding Gary Doer. MacNaughton presented his diplomatic papers to US President Barack Obama on March 2, 2016.
	MacNaugton is credited by "Canadian Business" with "changing the face of public affairs in Canada" through the co-creation of the firm Public Affairs Resource Group (PARG), which in 1987 brought the services of public affairs and the polling firm Decima Research under one roof.
	Prior to his appointment, MacNaughton was Chairman at StrategyCorp, a Canadian public affairs and communications firm. MacNaughton also served as Canadian and North American president of Hill and Knowlton, and president of Public Affairs International, which purchased Decima Research to create Public Affairs Resource Group.
	MacNaughton’s public sector experience includes work at both the federal and provincial levels of government. At the federal level he spent six years as a senior advisor to Don Jamieson, successively Minister for the Government of Canada's Departments of Transport, Industry and Foreign Affairs. A longtime Liberal Party of Canada activist, MacNaughton has been involved federally in numerous election and political campaigns.
	In Ontario, he co-chaired David Peterson's successful 1987 election campaign, and was a senior advisor to Dalton McGuinty in the 2003 election. Following that election, from October 2003 until May 2005 MacNaughton served as principal secretary to McGuinty.
	In 2015, MacNaughton served as Ontario co-chair for the federal Liberal campaign that was successful in electing Justin Trudeau as Prime Minister.
	MacNaughton has been an outspoken advocate of government using asset sales in order to invest in new infrastructure. He has also urged government to adopt a program of fundamental change in how it operates in order to more efficiently provide services.
	MacNaughton has served on the boards of the North York General Hospital, the Toronto International Film Festival, the Stratford Festival, TVOntario and the Toronto French School.
	MacNaughton's partner is Leslie Noble of the public affairs firm, StrategyCorp. Noble has worked for the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party for several elections, notably as co-campaign manager with Tom Long on the "Common Sense Revolution" which won majority governments in 1995 and 1999.

= = = 1927 VPI Gobblers football team = = =

	The 1927 VPI Gobblers football team represented Virginia Polytechnic Institute in the 1927 college football season. The team was led by their head coach Andy Gustafson and finished with a record of five wins and four losses (5–4).
	The following players were members of the 1927 football team according to the roster published in the 1928 edition of "The Bugle", the Virginia Tech yearbook.

= = = Taphropeltus contractus = = =

	Taphropeltus contractus is a species in the family Lygaeidae. It is found in the West Palearctic - in Europe, excepting the far North. In the South of Europe the distribution includes the Mediterranean Basin including North Africa. The East limit is the Caucasus. In Central Europe the species is widespread and it is not uncommon in the South. North of the central uplands, it occurs but only locally. The species occurs only in warmer in the Alps. It prefers half shady, dry warm habitats.
	This species lives in the litter layer and sucks the seeds of many different types of herbaceous plants and shrubs. At the beginning of the summer when it is the mating season, they are also seen on the plants. The imagines hibernate and pairing starts from May. Nymphs are present in June to Autumn, the new generation of adult bugs appears in August. 
	There is one generation per year.

= = = Tina Osborne = = =

	Tina Osborne (born 4 May 1979) is a New Zealand darts player who competes in British Darts Organisation events.

= = = Rexis, Pennsylvania = = =

	Rexis is an unincorporated community in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located at the Cambria County line across from Vintondale, near the confluence of the two branches of Blacklick Creek.

= = = 1967 VPI Gobblers football team = = =

	The 1967 VPI Gobblers football team represented the Virginia Polytechnic Institute in the 1967 college football season. They finished the season with a 7–3 record.
	The following players were members of the 1967 football team according to the roster published in the 1968 edition of "The Bugle", the Virginia Tech yearbook.

= = = Philippidès Stadium = = =

	The Philippidès Stadium is the main athletics stadium of the City of Montpellier. It belongs to the University of Montpellier and is primarily used as a place of education for the UFR STAPS.
	The management of the stadium is done, by convention, (under the form of ), to the university for educational use during week days and then by the city of Montpellier for nights and weekends, during which the town organises maintenance, caretaking, the opening of athletic clubs, and also access to the public.
	Inaugurated in 1988 to equip the UFR and the Montpellier with an infrastructure for athletics and has a Grandstand of 1,200 places. Its playground consists of a central grassed area of 9,200 m² surrounded by a 400m Athletics track with eight lanes.
	The Philippidès stadium is equipped to hold international events and has already hosted several, such as the and the university championships of France. It has also served as a training base for many athletes preparing for national and European competitions. Even globally-ranked athletes (sprinters of the team of France) have used the facility. It is also used as the permanent training center for combined sporting events.
	At the end of 2011 and into early 2012, the track was completely renovated (the surface was renovated, the corridors were added, the practice area for javelin and long jump was increased) and a flexible jogging track of 550 meters was added.

= = = Kennack Sands = = =

	Kennack Sands is a beach and sand-dune system on the east coast of the Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall, England, UK.
	The beach is approximately long and backed by cliffs, Kennack Towans (sand-dune system) and Carn Kennack. Inland is the abandoned Gwendreath Quarry. The beach is used for recreation and divided into two by an outcrop of rocks called the Caerverracks. Kennack Sands has a gentle sloping beach so the tidal range is quite large. At high tide there is still a large amount of beach to make use of but at low tide the beach seems to get a lot bigger. There is a rocky outcrop that splits the beach into two so the beach may be referred to as Kennack Sands west and Kennack Sands East. The rock that splits the beaches is called Caerverracks and the hill above this Carn Kennack. There is a path that runs over Carn Kennack allowing access to the east beach which is a designated nature reserve.
	It is a popular site for launching inflatables for underwater diving. Less than off-shore the depth of water is over .
	The nearest village is Kuggar, inland. There is a car park and café on the western side of the beach and on the road to Kuggar there are caravan and camping sites.
	Pill boxes and an anti-tank wall were built on the back of the beach in case of invasion during the Second World War.

= = = 1966 VPI Gobblers football team = = =

	The 1966 VPI Gobblers football team represented the Virginia Polytechnic Institute in the 1966 college football season.
	The following players were members of the 1966 football team according to the roster published in the 1967 edition of "The Bugle", the Virginia Tech yearbook.

= = = Goldsbrough Mort &amp; Co = = =

	Goldsbrough Mort & Co was an Australian agricultural business.
	In 1843 Thomas Sutcliffe Mort established a business which operated as auctioneers and brokers in the wool trade. The business took on partners and become known as Mort & Co.
	In 1847, Richard Goldsbrough founded a wool broking business in Melbourne.
	In 1888, R Goldsbrough & Co merged with Mort & Co to form Goldsbrough Mort & Co.
	In 1962 Goldsbrough, Mort & Co merged with Elder Smith & Co to form Elder Smith Goldsbrough Mort & Co Ltd.
	In 1981 Elder Smith Goldsbrough Mort & Co Ltd merged with Henry Jones IXL to form Elders IXL which today trades as Elders Limited.
	Some of Goldsbrough Mort's buildings are now heritage listed, including:

= = = Christian Hartinger = = =

	Christian G. Hartinger (born 1974) is an Austrian-born New Zealand bioinorganic chemist known for his work in metal-based anticancer drugs.
	Hartinger studied chemistry at the University of Vienna, earning his MSc in 1999 and his PhD in 2001 under Bernhard Keppler. He was an Erwin Schrödinger Fellow with Paul Dyson at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne from 2006 to 2008 and obtained his habilitation at the University of Vienna in 2009. In 2011, Hartinger was appointed the position of Associate Professor at The University of Auckland, where he currently serves and in 2015 was promoted to professor. He was also made deputy Head of School of Chemical Sciences in 2013.
	Hartinger's research interests are in bioinorganic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and bioanalytical chemistry, where he uses an interdisciplinary approach in drug discovery. He is specially interested in the development of metal-centred anticancer agents, particularly ruthenium anticancer drugs, and using analytical methods to characterise their behaviour in the presence of biomolecules.
	Hartinger has now published over 168 publications and has an h-index of 50.

= = = Howard–Odmin–Sherman Farmstead = = =

	Howard–Odmin–Sherman Farmstead, also known as the Hidden Pond Farm, is a historic home and farm located at Pittstown, Rensselaer County, New York. The farmhouse was built about 1860, and consists of a two-story, three bay, frame dwelling with a one-story rear ell in a transitional Greek Revival / Italianate style. Also on the property are the contributing carriage barn (c. 1840-1860), outbuilding (c. 1840-1860), grain house (c. 1840-1860), main barn (c. 1870), henhouse (c. 1940s), turkey coop (c. 1930), small outbuilding (c. 1900), and two pole barns (c. 1960).
	It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

= = = Spirocyclina = = =

	Spirocyclina is a genus of large forams, with a flat test as much as 10mm in diameter. Coiling is planispiral to slightly asymmetric and mostly involute, some becoming uncoiled with a straight final stage. The final whorl, or stage, has about 25 strongly arcuate chambers. Composition is of agglutinated matter, the outer layer of the wall imperforate. Chambers are subdivided into secondary chamberlets by internal structures. The aperture consists of a double row of pores on the apertural face. 
	"Anchispirocyclina" and "Martiguesia" are among related genera.

= = = 2015 Copa ASOBAL = = =

	The 2015 Copa ASOBAL was the 26th edition of the Copa ASOBAL. It took place like the previous year in the Palacio de los Deportes, in León, Castile and León, on 19 and 20 December 2015. The tournament was hosted by ABANCA Ademar León and León city council, being the sixth time León hosted Copa ASOBAL.
	FC Barcelona Lassa won its 11th Copa ASOBAL by defeating Naturhouse La Rioja 35–31 in the Final.
	Qualified teams for this edition are the top three teams on standings at midseason (matchday 15) plus the host team (ABANCA Ademar León).
(*) Host team.
	The tournament was broadcast in Spain in Canal+ Deportes 2 HD and worldwide via LAOLA1.tv

= = = Elton, Pennsylvania = = =

	Elton is an unincorporated community in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located at the junction of Pennsylvania Route 160 and Pennsylvania Route 756, east-southeast of Johnstown. Elton has a post office with ZIP code 15934.

= = = Marie-Hélène Cousineau = = =

	Marie-Hélène Cousineau is a Canadian film director and producer. Originally from Quebec, she moved to Igloolik, Northwest Territories (now in Nunavut) in 1991, where she became a co-founder of the filmmaking collective Arnait Video Productions.
	Her most noted film, "Before Tomorrow (Le Jour avant le lendemain)", was co-directed with Madeline Ivalu and released in 2008. Cousineau and Ivalu were shortlisted Genie Award nominees for Best Director, and alongside co-writer Susan Avingaq for Best Adapted Screenplay, at the 30th Genie Awards in 2010. Cousineau later collaborated with Ivalu on the film "Uvanga", and with Avingaq on the documentary film "Sol". "Sol" is a feature documentary, that explores the mysterious death of a young Inuit man, Solomon Uyurasuk. As the documentary investigates the truth to Solomon's death, it sheds light on the underlying social issues of Canada's North that has resulted in this region claiming one of the highest youth suicide rates in the world.
	More recently, Cousineau has collaborated with Ivalu on an adaptation of Gabrielle Roy's unpublished work "La Rivière sans repos", previously translated and published as "Windflower".

= = = The Soul of the World = = =

	The Soul of the World is a 2014 book by the English philosopher Roger Scruton, in which the author argues for the reality of a transcendent dimension, and maintains that the experience of the sacred plays a decisive role even in a secular society. Scruton supports the concept of "cognitive dualism", which means that a human can be explained both as a physical organism, and as a subjective person who relates to the world through concepts which do not belong in physical sciences, and without which it would not be possible to understand human life.
	Scruton discusses the meaning of the sacred, evaluating and criticizing theories such as those of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, as put forward in works such as "Totem and Taboo" (1913), and the anthropologist René Girard, as put forward in works such as "Violence and the Sacred" (1972).
	"The Soul of the World" was first published by Princeton University Press in 1994.
	Marcus Tanner reviewed the book in "The Independent":
	Lest any vicar feel tempted to pick up this book in search of inspiration for Sunday sermons, it should be pointed out that Scruton doesn't have much to say specifically about God or Christianity, except at the end. What he mostly defends in these essays is a thinking person's right to say no to a boiled-down Darwinism that reduces all relationships to contracts and all human behaviour and emotions to biological selection and adaptation. ... Scruton argues persuasively that much of what passes for scientific fact today is just the latest fashion in physics. But one wonders who would find this eloquent plea on behalf of the right to interpret things in various ways objectionable.

= = = Shamshir (horse) = = =

	Shamshir (foaled 21 February 1988) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. In racing career which lasted from August 1990 until October 1991 she won two of her eleven races. As a two-year-old in 1990 she was one of the best fillies of her generation in Britain, winning a maiden race and being narrowly beaten in the May Hill Stakes before recording her biggest win in the Group One Fillies' Mile. She failed to win as a three-year-old but finished second in The Oaks and the Nassau Stakes and third in the Yorkshire Oaks. She was retired at the end of the year to become a broodmare.
	Shamshir was a chestnut mare with a white blaze and white socks on her hind legs, bred in the England by Luca Cumani's Fittocks Stud. She was sired by Kris, an outstanding miler who won fourteen of his sixteen races between 1979 and 1981. His other progeny included Oh So Sharp, Unite, Balisada and Shavian. Her dam Free Guest was a top-class racemare who won the Sun Chariot Stakes (twice), Nassau Stakes and Princess Royal Stakes. She was also a half-sister to Royal Ballerina who finished second in both The Oaks and the Irish Oaks.
	The filly was acquired by Sheikh Mohammed and trained by Luca Cumani at Newmarket, Suffolk. As the owner of Fittocks Stud, Cumani was also responsible for breeding the filly. Shamshir was ridden in all of her races by Frankie Dettori, who was nineteen years old when the filly began her racing career. As her sire Kris was named after a Malaysian dagger, Shamshir was named after a type of Persian sword
	On her racecourse debut Shamshir started favourite for a seven furlong maiden race at Newmarket Racecourse on 10 August and finished fifth of the ten runners behind the Clive Brittain-trained Kohinoor. In a similar event over the same course and distance two weeks later she started 3/1 second favourite behind the John Gosden-trained Majmu. She was amongst the leaders from the start, overtook Majmu a furlong out and held off the renewed challenge of the favourite to win by a head with a gap of two and a half lengths back to the other fourteen runners. In September Shamshir was stepped up in class and distance for the Group Three May Hill Stakes over one mile at Doncaster Racecourse. She started 6/1 third favourite, alongside Majmu and behind the Sweet Solera Stakes winner Trojan Crown and the Michael Stoute-trained maiden winner Joud. After being restrained by Dettori in the early stages, Shamshir moved up to dispute the lead but after a sustained struggle with Majmu she was beaten a short head, with the pair finishing six lengths clear of Trojan Crown in third.
	On 29 September Shamhir was one of twelve fillies to contest the Brent Walker Fillies' Mile at Ascot Racecourse, which was being run for the first time as a Group One race. The highly regarded maiden winner Third Watch started favourite with Shamshir joint second choice in the betting on 6/1 alongside the Prestige Stakes winner Jaffa Line whilst the other nine runners included Majmu, Trojan Crown and Glowing Ardour (Silken Glider Stakes). Shamshir turned into the straight in fourth place behind Third Watch before moving up to take the led approaching the final furlong. She stayed on well in the closing stages to win by two lengths from Safa with a gap of five lengths back to Atlantic Flyer in third.
	Shamshir made her first appearance of 1991 in the Musidora Stakes (a trial race for the Oaks Stakes) over ten furlongs at York Racecourse on 14 May. She started the 11/4 joint favourite but finished third, beaten a length and a head by Gussy Marlowe and Dartrey. She was then moved up in distance for the Oaks over one and a half miles at Epsom Downs Racecourse on 8 June and started 6/1 second favourite behind Shadayid. After turning into the straight in seventh place she made steady progress in the last quarter mile to finish second to the 50/1 outsider Jet Ski Lady. Apart from Shamshir, the other beaten fillies included Jaffa Line, Magnificent Star and Dartrey. In the Ribblesdale Stakes at Royal Ascot twelve days later Shamshir started favourite but finished unplaced behind Third Watch. On 3 August the filly was brought back in distance for the ten furlong Nassau Stakes at Goodwood Racecourse and finished second to the four-year-old Ruby Tiger with Gussy Marlowe in fourth. Later that month she contested the Yorkshire Oaks and finished third behind Magnificent Star and Jet Ski Lady.
	Shamshir was sent to France for her last two races. In the Prix Vermeille over 2400 metres at Longchamp Racecourse on 15 September she finished sixth of the fourteen runners, three and a half behind the winner Magic Night. On 6 October, over the same course and distance, she started a 91/1 outsider for the 70th running of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe and finished tenth of the fourteen runners behind Suave Dancer.
	Shamshir was retired from racing to become a broodmare for her owner's stud. She produced at least two known foals:

= = = Mastaba of Kaninisut = = =

	The Mastaba of Kaninisut (or Ka-ni-nisut ["Ka-nj-nswt"]), or Mastaba G 2155, is an ancient Egyptian mastaba tomb, located at Giza in the West field of the Great Pyramid of Giza. The cult chamber of the mastaba is now on display in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna with inventory number 8006. Kaninisut was a high state official in the Fourth dynasty or early Fifth dynasty in the Old Kingdom (c. 2500 BC), as demonstrated by the location and size of his tomb and his numerous honorific titles. The cult chamber of Kaninisut was built of the best quality white Tura limestone and decorated with fine, raised reliefs, which mainly depict offerings, scenes of funerary ritual and Kaninisut with his family. Kaninisut's descendants built additional smaller tombs within the large mastaba.
	The Mastaba of Kaninisut lies in the Giza West Field, the western cemetery of Giza. There are clearly planned fields of mastabas to the east and west of the Great Pyramid. The closest relatives of Khufu, the owner of the Great Pyramid, were buried in the East Field and high officials and dignitaries were buried in the West Field. Through this privilege, the deceased could be included in the conceptual world of the royal afterlife and receive the necessary offerings via the funerary cult operated from the royal mortuary temple. Construction, alignment and decoration of the individual private tombs reflected the contemporary cultural hierarchy. During Khufu's reign a total of 77 tombs were built in the two grave fields and numerous graves were added in later times. The regular arrangement of the individual mastabas indicates that they were constructed altogether. Apparently the completed mastabas were handed over undecorated to their owners, who were responsible for any further decoration. The mastaba of Kaninisut is located in the westernmost part of its section of the cemetery, which is referred to as a cemetery "en échelon" on account of the arrangement of its tombs.
	In 1902, the Giza West Field was divided into three parallel sections for each of the nations which had been granted an excavation concession - from east to west, the United States, the Kingdom of Italy and the German Empire. Between 1903 and 1907 Georg Steindorff undertook three excavation campaigns. In 1911, Steindorff and Hermann Junker, who had previously excavated in Nubia, decided to swap their concessions. Thus, the Austrian Academy of Sciences took over the German concession at Giza.
	On 10 January 1913, Hermann Junker and his colleagues discovered the Mastaba of Kaninisut. Shortly thereafter it was decided that that cult chamber would be sold to the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, so that it could be displayed there as a typical example of Old Kingdom funerary architecture. Hermann Junker remarked that "The entire chamber is in every respect so beautiful and instructive that I consider it pre-eminently suitable for being transferred to Vienna."
	The Viennese industrialist Rudolf Maass covered the costs of the sale and transfer - around 30,000 krone. On 27 January 1914, the k.u.k. Oberstkämmerer and the Egyptian antiquities service signed off on the sale. The cult chamber was removed over the course of a month and was transported to Vienna in 32 crates with a total weight of 65 tonnes. They began to arrive at Vienna in July 1914.
	Due to the First World War and the poor economic situation after the war, the reconstruction of the cult chamber did not occur for more than ten years. The rebuilt cult chamber was first made accessible to the public on 17 June 1925.
	Kaninisut was a high official during the fourth or early fifth dynasties, as is shown by the location and size of his tomb at Giza and by his numerous honorific titles. The exact reign in which he lived is not currently clear. His family may have continued into the fifth generation, since his descendants had their graves built in the immediate proximity of his mastaba. From the tomb architecture and titles of his descendants, however, the social decline of his family can be discerned. Apparently, his family increasingly lost the high position he had enjoyed in the royal court.
	Kaninisut bore titles such as "Lord of the kilt," "Sole Friend" and "Beloved son of the king," which were originally only used by relatives of the king, but came to be honorific titles for very important non-royals over the course of the Old Kingdom. They do not indicate much about Kaninisut's actual role. Most of the time in his titularies, the title of Sem priest is in first position. This indicates a significant role in divine and funerary cult.
	Kaninisut's wife and two sons are also depicted in the cult chamber.
	The tomb of Kaninisut was a mastaba tomb. The term "mastaba", which is Arabic for bench, derives from the appearance of these tombs: the upper building is rectangular with slightly inclined side walls and thus looks like an oversized bench. The core structure of Kaninisut's mastaba is 24 m long by 10.2 m wide, the height can no longer be determined due to its destruction. The outer walls were made of limestone blocks clad with a layer of fine white Tura limestone. There are no rooms in the interior of the upper building; it is filled in with rubble. Towards the end of the reign of Khufu it was becoming increasingly common to place the cult rooms within the upper building, before this they were added to the east facade of the tomb. Apparently in the case of Kaninisut's mastaba, the basic structure of the tomb was completed towards the end of Khufu's reign, but it required numerous adaptations in order to fit the new building style. Rather than to hollow out the mastaba, it was apparently decided to extend the tomb to the south, in order to install the cult chamber there.
	A mudbrick porch was erected on the east facade in front of the entrance to the cult chamber. A 2.55 m long and 0.75 - 1.05 m wide passageway led to the cult chamber, which was sealed with a wooden door. The 3.60 m long, 1.45 m wide and 3.16 m high chamber contained two false doors in the west wall, which offerings were placed in front of. Behind the false door was the serdab, a small room which was completely walled off, in which the ka-statue of the tomb's owner was located. However, Hermann Junker was not able to locate the ka-statue of Kaninisut. The chamber was robbed in ancient times, leaving traces of forceful entry.
	The substructure of Kaninisut's mastaba was a 17 m deep vertical shaft grave, which led, via a short corridor, to a grave chamber roughly hewn from the rock. The rough execution of the grave chamber stands in sharp contrast to the fine execution of the cult chamber. Apparently, the underground spaces' execution was increasingly neglected in the later fourth dynasty. No remains of the deceased could be found.
	On the east side of the mastaba, the son of Kaninisut, who was also called Kaninisut, had a modest tomb for himself added to his father's mastaba. The upper building is 8.8 m long and 3.5 m wide. Through the east side of this addition, one could access its cult chamber, which also had two false doors in the west wall. The underground chamber for the sarcophagus was found largely empty and was probably robbed in ancient times. Despite this, some grave goods were found lying around, including fine alabaster vessels, small copper tools and four clay jars which had held the organs of the mummy.
	A further addition is located on the north side of the main mastaba of Kaninisut. This tomb belongs to another Kaninisut, probably the grandson of the owner of the main tomb. Not much now remains of this tomb.
	In the immediate proximity of the mastaba, Iri-en-re and Ankh-ma-re, probably the great-grandson and great-great-grandson of Kaninisut also erected their tombs. The small street between the Mastaba of Nisut-nefer (G 4970) and Mastaba G 4980 was perhaps the only practical space available for their tombs. The tomb of Iri-en-re was built at the northwest corner of the mastaba of Nisut-nefer and that of Ankh-ma-re was built further to the east.
	The cult chamber of Kaninisut is made of the best white Tura limestone and decorated with fine raised reliefs, which are now displayed in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. Some remains of the original paintwork still survive. Typically for Egyptian art, people are depicted in a combination of frontal and side views. Thus, eyes, shoulders, and chests are shown in frontal view while heads, arms, and legs appear in side view.
	On the northern and southern walls of the entrance corridor are dining scenes. In each of them, Kaninisut sits at an offering table with twelve loaves of bread stacked close together on it, symbolising his food supply in the afterlife. Kaninisut wears a leopard pelt, the symbol of the sem priest. On the south wall it is a long pelt and on the northern wall a more rarely depicted short pelt.
	To the right of the dining scene on the northern wall, there are four priests, who are depicted on a smaller scale than Kaninisut, carrying out ritual offerings for the dead: the first one is labelled as the "cupbearer of the great, full table" and is kneeling with a vessel and a loaf of bread in his hands. Behind him, an Ut-priest carries out the offering ritual, extending the fist of his right hand and touching his forehead with his left hand. The third priest holds up a washing bowl, which was used for cleaning cult places. Behind him stands a Heri-wedjeb-priest with his hand raised in a speaking gesture. He takes the gifts involved in the offering ritual: incense, anointing oil, green eyeshadow, black eyeshadow, wine, wˁḥ-fruit, weh-fruit, buckthorn bread, figs, four loaves of dpt bread, buckthorn bread, t3-rtḥ bread, roasted wheat, white and green zẖt barley. On the southern wall, another man is depicted behind the Heri-wedjeb-priest, holding a large cow's leg.
	At the south door jamb, the delivery of an antelope is depicted on the south wall. Two men, wearing only kilts with three bands, bring the animal as an offering. The funerary priest Ankh-haf holds the antelope at the mouth and horns. The "leader of the hall" drives the animal forward with a stick. A man in front brings other offerings. The antelope is a donation from a property which provided materials for the funerary cult of Kaninisut. Above it are further images of offering gifts, arranged in two rows.
	On the east wall above the entrance are two ship scenes. The upper scene depicts a sail boat, the lower a row boat. A long narrow band underneath the boats symbolises the water and simultaneously forms the dividing line between the two scenes. Kaninisut is depicted standing at the middle of each boat, with a stick for support. The ship scenes depict the journeys of the deceased in the afterlife to the old capitals of Buto and Heliopolis.
	The two upper registers of the rest of the east wall depict personifications of the properties which provided offerings. Arm and hand postures are similar for all figures: with the right hand they hold a basket with offering gifts on their head, from their left hand an animal hangs down. The figures represent the properties which provided regular funerary offerings.
	In the third register, the delivery and slaughter of cattle is shown. In the left half, two long horned cattle and a calf are brought forward, in the right half two cattle are slaughtered.
	In the lowest register, thirteen men bring small tables or plates with bread, fruit and pieces of meat.
	The small south wall contains a list of offerings and a dining scene. The offering list consists of eight registers, in which the captions are arranged from left to right in short vertical columns without dividing lines. The dining scene is at the right hand side of the lower four registers. In the ritual offering lists, the offerings and ritual actions are noted, which were carried out in the regular funerary cult at the tomb. They begin with the list of the entrance rites, which were carried out by the funerary priest, like the purification of the cult space by sweeping and pouring water, washing hands, burning incense and supply of the seven holy oils and anointments. After this follows the list of foods and drinks which were to be brought in a defined order. These consist of various kinds of breads, cakes, meats, poultry, fruit and vegetables. Only fragments of the dining scene survive.
	The west wall was the chief cultic focus of the tomb and contained two false doors. The south false door consists of an outer frame, a false door table, an inner frame, a wind screen and a door niche. On the crossbeam of the outer frame is the offering formula: ""The offering which the give gives, which Anubis who stands at the top of the divine hall gives; may he be buried in the west: the lord who is worthy to the great god, after he has reached very great age, the Sem-Priest and leader of the skirts Kaninisut."" A podium stands in front, on which the ritual equipment and offerings could be placed. Behind the door was the serdap with the ka statue (no longer extant).
	On the left outer doorpost, two men are depicted one above the other, bringing writing equipment or fabric strips. On the left inner doorpost, are other servants who hold various things in their hands, including a pot, a scrll, and a sack. In the rectangular false door table is another dining scene with a short offering list. Above this, some titles of Kaninisut are listed. A somewhat different list of titles appears on the wind screen between the two doorposts.
	An additional architrave is located between the two false door architraves, which contains a full list of all Kaninisut's titles: "The Sem-Priest, the lord of the kilt, the friend, the Sema-Priest of Horus, the Administrator of Dep, Mouth to the people of Pe, the sole friend, the Guardian of the Mystery of the Morning house, the Chief of El Kab, the Chief of Allocations of the House of Life, the Leader of the Petitions, the Leader of the Black Jar, the Prophet of the Lord of Buto the Son of the Black Jar, the Propher of the Lord of Buto the son of the Northern one, the Lector Priest, the one in the Entourage of the Ha, the only one among the great people of the feast: Kaninisut."
	Under this Kaninisut is depicted with his wife Neferhanisut and their children. The faces of the children and of Kaninisut have been intentionally destroyed. To the left of the family, the numerous servants of Kaninisut's household are depicted, including four scribes. A container stands amongst them with papyrus documents and bound papyrus scrolls. Underneath are five priests, who carry ritual equipment and offerings. More people bringing offerings can be seen in the lowest register of this space between the false doors.
	The northern false door of the west wall is an additional ritual location. It also features a short offering list, names and titles of Kaninisut and an offering scene. On the inner doorposts, there are further servants carrying Hes vases. Another servant in the lower part of the outer doorposts holds up a washstand. All the servants face towards the door niche. In the door niche, there is a large hole which was possibly cut by a grave robber hoping to find a serdab with a ka-statue in it. In the upper portion of the doorposts, the wife of Kaninisut is depicted, who does not look towards the door niche like the servants, but instead towards the large image of Kaninisut on the north wall.
	A large image of Kaninisut dominates the north wall. Above it is a horizontal inscription with a detailed list of his titles. Kaninisut stands with his left leg striding forward. In his left hand he holds a long staff, in his right hand a Sekhem scepter. His hair is in fairly long locks. He wears a short kilt and a leopard pelt, which is held in place by a fabric strip across his chest. Behind him stands his oldest son, Her-wer, who is shown at a much smaller scale; he only reaches halfway up his father's calf. He is depicted as a naked child with a sidelock of youth, a typical presentation of the children of tombowners, even when the children were actually adults.
	In front of Kaninisut are three rows depicting scribes and officials of his household. Right at the front in the top register is his chief steward, Wehem-ka, who presents a papyrus document.

= = = Heinrich Andreas Christoph Havernick = = =

	Heinrich Andreas Christoph Havernick (29 December 1811, Kröpelin – 19 July 1845, Neustrelitz) was a German Protestant theologian known for his conservative views on the biblical Old Testament.
	He studied theology at the universities of Leipzig and Halle, where he made the acquaintance of August Tholuck and was influenced by proponents of confessional orthodoxy. At Halle, he was involved in the turmoil of 1830 when advocates of orthodoxy demanded the dismissal of "rationalist" professors Wilhelm Gesenius and Julius Wegscheider (Accusations made against the two were partially based on lecture notes taken by Havernick). Afterwards, he studied theology in Berlin, where he was a disciple of Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg. He then taught classes in Geneva, and later relocated to the University of Rostock, where in 1837 he became an associate professor of theology. Four years later, he gained a full professorship at the University of Königsberg.

= = = 1926 Miami Hurricanes football team = = =

	The 1926 Miami Hurricanes football team represented the University of Miami during the 1926 college football season. The team was only a freshman team, but was the first to play football for the university. Before competition took place, plans for a 50,000 seat stadium were proposed by university president Dr. Bowman Ashe. Work began on a temporary, 8,000-seat structure when on September 17, 1926 a hurricane destroyed much of South Florida, killing more than 130 people, and removing any plans of a football stadium. This postponed the season, and gave the team its nickname of "Hurricanes."

= = = Jean Lacoste = = =

	Jean Lacoste (born 1950 in Paris) is a French-German philosopher, scholar and essayist. He is known for his research on Nietzsche, Goethe, Walter Benjamin and Ernst Cassirer. He is currently a philosophy professor at the Ecole Normale Supérieure.

= = = 1927 Miami Hurricanes football team = = =

	The 1927 Miami Hurricanes football team represented the University of Miami during the 1927 college football season. It was the team's first varsity squad.

= = = Parkhill, Pennsylvania = = =

	Parkhill is an unincorporated community in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located along Pennsylvania Route 271 northeast of Johnstown. Parkhill has a post office with ZIP code 15945.

= = = Praška filmska škola = = =

	The Prague film school (, ), also known as the Czech film school (, ) or the Prague wave (, ) was a group of Yugoslav film directors who rose to prominence in the 1970s after graduating from the Film and TV School of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague (FAMU). Five prominent Yugoslav directors born from 1944 to 1947 attended classes at FAMU: Lordan Zafranović (b. 1944), Srđan Karanović (b. 1945), Goran Marković (b. 1946), Goran Paskaljević (b. 1947), and Rajko Grlić (b. 1947). Emir Kusturica, who was born is 1954, is sometimes also considered a member of the "Praška škola". Cinematographers Živko Zalar (who has worked with Grlić, Karanović and Marković), Predrag Pega Popović (who has worked with Zafranović and Marković), Vilko Filač (who has worked with Kusturica), Valentin Perko, and Pavel Grzinčič, also studied at FAMU.
	As they were all FAMU students at the end of 1960s and the beginning of 1970s, the directors of the "Praška škola" were mostly influenced by the directors of Czechoslovak New Wave, such as Miloš Forman, Jiří Menzel, and Oscar-winning FAMU professors, Ján Kadár and Elmar Klos. The events of the Prague Spring and Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 also strongly influenced the "Praška škola" and formed the basis for the loosely defined group.
	The beginning of the emergence of the "Praška škola" came in 1968, when Grlić, as a student, directed his first professional television documentary entitled "Mi iz Praga" (Us from Prague). The film, produced by TV Zagreb, focused on the interactions between the Yugoslav students in Prague. In this film, it was stated that Marković had enrolled first in FAMU, prompting the others to follow in his steps. The first feature film directed by a "Praška škola" member was Zafranović's "Sunday" () (1969), starring Goran Marković, followed by Karanović's "Društvena igra" (1972) and Grlić's "Whichever Way the Ball Bounces" () (1974), which were praised by the modernism-influenced film critics, but not yet universally accepted by the wider Yugoslav audience. 
	However, the second half of the 1970s brought fame to the members of the group, and the term "Praška škola" was coined by critics after the success of its members at several Yugoslav and international film festivals. In 1976, the TV series "Grlom u jagode", written by Grlić and Karanović and directed by Karanović, was highly successful in Yugoslavia. The same year, Paskaljević received the Golden Arena for Best Director award at the Pula Film Festival for his first feature film "Beach Guard in Winter" (). In 1977, Marković's debut film "Special Education" () won the FIPRESCI award at the International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg. In 1978, all four main prizes at the Pula Film Festival were awarded to films directed by former FAMU students: Zafranović's "Occupation in 26 Pictures" (), Grlić's "Bravo maestro", Paskaljević's "The Dog Who Loved Trains" (), and Karanović's "Miris poljskog cveća", for which Živko Zalar was also awarded the Golden Arena for Best Cinematography. 
	Throughout the 1980s, the term "Praška škola" was associated with many successful films, popular with critics, as well as the general public. Seven out of ten Golden Arena for Best Director awards from 1976 to 1986 went to the "Praška škola", with each member except for Marković receiving at least one. The success of two-time Palme d'Or winner Emir Kusturica, who attended FAMU several years after the other members of the "Praška škola", further boosted the academy's reputation in field of Yugoslav cinema.
	The legitimacy of the term "Praška škola" is sometimes doubted, as the members themselves never used the term to describe their work, and their work varied in artistic sensibility and directorial approach, sometimes considerably. In 1990, Marković wrote a book entitled "Češka škola ne postoji" (The Czech School Doesn't Exist), in which he describes his days at FAMU, his relationships with the other students and their artistic similarities and differences. In a 2001 interview, Karanović expressed strong opposition to the term, saying:
	However, retrospectives of the "Praška škola" were held in Belgrade in 2001, and in Zagreb in 2014, when all the initial "Praška škola" members, except for Karanović, met and reminisced about their Prague years. In August 2014, Zafranović, Marković, Paskaljević and Grlić announced they would be filming together for the first time. Grlić and Marković said that an anthology film with the working title "Nirvana" was to be filmed in the memory of their professor Elmar Klos.

= = = Four Fast Guns = = =

	Four Fast Guns is a 1960 American Western film directed by William J. Hole Jr. and written by James Edmiston and Dallas Gaultois. The film stars James Craig, Martha Vickers, Edgar Buchanan, Brett Halsey, Paul Richards and Richard Martin. The film was released on February 10, 1960, by Universal Pictures.
	Wanted outlaw Tom Sabin rides to the town of Purgatory, ruled by a ruthless man named Hoag, who is deemed safe from being killed by virtue of being handicapped and in a wheelchair. 
	Tom befriends town deputy Dipper and attracts the interest of Hoag's beautiful daughter Mary, although he isn't sure whether to trust her. Hoag sends for three hired gunman to get Tom out of his town, but Tom gets the better of the first two, shooting both.
	The third, Johnny Naco, is offered triple pay by Hoag to get the job done. All in town are shocked when Tom refuses to face Johnny. It turns out they are brothers. Tom took the blame for a crime Johnny committed, so a grateful Johnny doesn't want to kill him. 
	Johnny does shoot Hoag, who tries to kill Tom himself with a shotgun. But when townspeople ridicule Tom for not facing the outlaw, Johnny calls him out and draws, forcing Tom to shoot him. Tom leaves the sheriff's job to Dipper and rides off, Mary promising to meet him.

= = = Intlo Srimathi Veedhilo Kumari = = =

	Intlo Srimathi Veedhilo Kumari is a 2004 Telugu comedy film directed by K. Vasu. It stars Srikanth, Prabhu Deva and Aarti Chhabria in the lead roles. A remake of Priyadarshan's 2003 Hindi film "Hungama", which itself borrowed its story from the director's "Poochakkoru Mookkuthi" (1984), "Intlo Srimathi Veedhilo Kumari" opened to mixed reviews in August 2004.
	Jeevi of Idlebrain.com gave the film a mixed review, citing "the first half is average and second half is a letdown" and "the main drawback of the film is the mistiming of comedy". He added "comedy films do not work out when the comedy timing in those films goes amiss". Another critic from MyMazaa.com stated "on the evidence of this film, the director lacks the skill to handle such subjects with finesse" and added "there is a thin line dividing comedy and confusion and that he lets the film slip into the latter stream".
	The film did not perform well at the box office, and post-release, Srikanth stated he did the film for "emotional reasons" and signed the film on the belief that Allu Aravind had a good stature in the industry.

= = = Cane Creek (Chestatee River) = = =

	"Cane Creek"' is a stream in Georgia, and is a tributary of the Chestatee River. The creek is approximately long.
	Cane Creek rises in north-central Lumpkin County, less than 2 miles west of the source of Yahoola Creek, and approximately halfway between Suches to the northeast and Dahlonega to the southeast, in the southern portion of the Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest. The creek heads south for approximately 3.7 miles, and picks up an unnamed branch first from the west, then from the east, before being joined by West Cane Creek from the west, then continues south for just under 2 additional miles before its confluence with Little Cane Creek, again from the west, in the eponymous unincorporated community of Cane Creek. Approximately 1.4 miles further on, Cane Creek picks up an unnamed branch from the north and forms Cane Creek Falls in Camp Glisson, then continues south for another 2 miles before crossing State Route 9/State Route 52 just west of Dahlonega, where it is also joined by Clay Creek. Crooked Creek joins Cane Creek from the west less than a mile further on, then the creek meanders south for approximately 4.4 miles, picks up two more unnamed branches, and joins the Chestatee River just west of U.S. Route 19/State Route 60 southwest of Dahlonega.
	The creek watershed and associated waters is designated by the United States Geological Survey as sub-watershed HUC 031300010603, is named the Cane Creek sub-watershed, and drains an area of approximately 27 square miles north of Dahlonega. Clay Creek, which is long, and which joins Cane Creek at State Route 9/State Route 52, drains a significant portion of the west of the sub-watershed before joining Cane Creek, and picks up Peggy Branch and Scott Branch, as well as two unnamed branches, along the way.

= = = William Willard = = =

	William Willard may refer to:

= = = Jack Murdock (comics) = = =

	Jack Murdock is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the father of Matt Murdock (Daredevil) and the ex-husband of Maggie Murdock.
	Jack Murdock first appeared in "Daredevil" #1 and was created by Stan Lee and Bill Everett
	Born Jonathan Murdock, he went by Jack for short, and lived an average life in New York. He eventually met and fell in love with a woman named Maggie Grace, which led to the birth of a son, Matt. Although their life was good together, Maggie eventually divorced him and went on to join a convent, becoming a nun.
	Jack didn't want Matt growing up hating his mother for leaving them and decided to tell him she died when he was little. From then on, Jack raised Matt as a single parent by becoming a boxer fighting other boxers like Happy Hogan and others while doing the best that he could to support Matt.
	As time went by, Jack found it hard to support his son on boxing alone and ended up going to a local mobster named Roscoe Sweeney, known as the "Fixer" because he fixed boxing matches to make money off of them. Jack made an agreement with him: Jack would be one of his enforcers, and in return, Sweeney would fix his fights so that Jack would win and make more money.
	When Matt saw his father roughing up someone for money to give to the Fixer, he fled from the scene in shock and got into a car accident, when he saved an old blind man from getting hit by a truck carrying radioactive chemicals. Blinded by the chemicals, Matt developed superhuman senses. Heartbroken by what he put his son through, Jack vowed to never work for the Fixer again and helped Matt adjust to his blindness, unaware of his powers.
	Matt soon entered college and law school, studying to become a lawyer, while Jack continued to be a boxer. Unfortunately, Jack soon became involved with Roscoe Sweeney again when he returned to town; Sweeney revealed that Jack actually still worked for him, by showing him that all the fights he won over the years were the result of Sweeney fixing his matches so that Jack would win and he could make more money off him in return.
	But this time, Sweeney paid Jack to lose the match. Jack reluctantly accepted the deal. But as the fight started he saw Matt in the crowd cheering him on. Knowing he couldn't disappoint his son, Jack rebelled against the Fixer's orders and won the fight with all his might in Matt's honor. In retaliation, Sweeney had Slade and the rest of his men ambush and kill Jack as he left the gym.
	Thereafter, Matt Murdock put his powers and training to use as the crime-fighter Daredevil and brought his father's killers to justice.
	Since then, Jack Murdock has appeared in flashbacks throughout Matt's life as Daredevil.
	Jack Murdock maintains the same role in the Ultimate Comics as he does in the 616 continuity.
	During a 1981' What If? title story set in an alternate timeline. It shows that Jack Murdock was still alive and well. At the same time, his son Matt was involved in an accident when he was still a kid by a truck carrying a radioactive isotope. Tony Stark, employer of the truck, put the unconscious Matt into his car that transformed into a plane and took off into the air boarding the newly-completed S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier. Tony spoke with S.H.I.E.L.D. director Nick Fury, who informed him that Matt's senses had become superhumanly acute thanks to the radiation. Once Matt had fully recovered, a man named Dr. Frost removed the bandages from his eyes. Much to Matt's surprise, he had been rendered blind but his new hyper senses made up for it. Nick Fury offered to help Matt deal with his blindness and new found powers by joining S.H.I.E.L.D. and training with them. Years later, Jack was attacked and kidnapped in his apartment by a Life Model decoy created by Hydra and modeled after Matt and held prisoner in their base. Matt soon found out and tracked him down to the Hydra facility holding him and defeated several Hydra agents before finding Jack. After that, Hydra agents surrounded both Jack and Matt; but S.H.I.E.L.D. agents soon came to the rescue and began their attack on the Hydra base by gassing the room, while Matt handed his father a gas mask and they both made it to safety while being picked up by S.H.I.E.L.D.; Jack said that now that Matt was a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent, Jack didn't have to sign up with the Fixer to support him, but also reminded Matt about the promise he made to his mother about becoming someone important in life. Matt responded he would; and that no one would know that Matt Murdock was a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent in disguise, they would only know him by his old nickname as a kid: Daredevil.
	Jack Murdock had no superhuman abilities. But he was a trained athlete and professional boxer with good stamina which he continued to maintain even as he grew older.

= = = Rica Imai = = =

	After graduating from high school, Imai was listed in "Vivi"'s "Vivi Nintei! Shin Charisma Dokusha File" Volume 7 as a reader model on February 2003. She later worked as a regular model in the fashion magazine "Ray", and also worked as a "Private Level" image model.
	On 2007, Imai, with Misako Yasuda and Aki Higashihara, appeared in "Uma na de: Uma to Nadeshiko", started her career appearing variety series and dramas. The program also made her gain interest in horse racing. After discontinuing "Uma na de" on December 6, Imai's first photo-book, "Rica", was released.
	On March 22, 2009, she played as a participant in the Tokyo Marathon 2009 Women's 10 km Road Race department.
	On September 23, 2014, after the release of "Ray"'s November issue, Imai married a man who is three years older than her, and announced that she graduated from "Ray". She later became a regular model in "Lee".
	On October 6, 2015, Imai was reported that she gave birth to her first daughter.

= = = Lađevci = = =

	Lađevci may refer to:

= = = Bertie Baigent = = =

	Robert Edward Series Baigent is a British conductor, composer, and organist. He is musical director of the Waterperry Opera Festival, assistant conductor of the Colorado Symphony, and principal guest conductor of the Denver Young Artists Orchestra. Previously he was conductor of the London Young Sinfonia, organ scholar at Jesus College, Cambridge and conductor of Cambridge University Symphony Orchestra. He also directs the Percival Ensemble, a Cambridge-based orchestra that he founded in 2014.
	Baigent has won prizes in numerous composition competitions, including the Stainer and Bell Award for Choral Composition, the BBC Inspire Competition 2013, and the NCEM Young Composers Award. His work "Joie de Vivre" was commissioned for and played at the unveiling of a plaque to mark the first performance of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony in the City of Westminster. Baigent's compositions have been performed by the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House under Antonio Pappano, the Aurora Orchestra under Nicholas Collon, the Bath Philharmonia and Fretwork. In 2015 a recording of his organ work "Bright spark, shot from a brighter place" was released by the German CD label Jubal.
	Bertie read music at Jesus College, Cambridge, and subsequently completed an MA at the Royal Academy of Music. His aunt is the mathematician Caroline Series, and his grandfather was the physicist George Series.

= = = Georgios Kalpakidis = = =

	Georgios Kalpakidis, also known as Gorgi (Greek: Γιώργος Καλπακίδης; born on 27 April 1978 in Tübingen, Germany), is a Greek songwriter, former journalist, Radio & TV host, best known for having composed the 2019 Eurovision Song Contest entry for Moldova, "Stay" by Anna Odobescu. He started his radio work at the age of 13 and continued his career in the media field until 2015. He made his television debut as a host on Europe One channel, with a show called "Join Me" and also started appearing as a guest host in several projects over the next few years, on other local stations. His breakthrough came in middle 2006, when a new contract brought him to one of the biggest national networks, Macedonia TV. It was during the Eurovision 2006 period in Athens, where he was given the task to cover the event and report daily on live TV. His "ESC '06" special, was noted as one of the shows with the highest ratings of the year.
	Georgios has been covering the Eurovision Song Contest as a journalist for radio and TV stations, magazines and newspapers from 2000 until 2008. He's also starred in two horror films in 2009 and 2010, directed by Nick Samaras. His musical steps began in 2003 when he decided to enter an online remix contest. He was the winner of the competition, having scored the maximum points, awarded by the voters who chose his rendition of the original "Adrenaline" by singer Maria Louiza Vasilopoulou (aka MLV). Even though it was announced that the prize would be a collaboration with the artist on her next album, MLV was dropped by her label therefore Georgios didn’t receive his reward. The next year would mark the beginning of a still ongoing course, in the Eurovision Song Contest field. Gorgi counts several entries in national selections, all over Europe.

= = = Obetsebi = = =

	Obetsebi is a surname of Ghanaian origin. It may refer to

= = = Ed Levinson = = =

	Edward Levinson (March 2, 1898 to December 26, 1981) was an American gambling operator.
	He was raised in Chicago, Illinois then joined the underworld in Detroit, Michigan in the 1920s and became an associate of Meyer Lansky.
	Levinson and his brothers moved to Newport, Kentucky, in the 1930s, where they dominated illegal gambling. In the 1940s he moved to Miami, then in 1952 to Las Vegas, where he became a part owner and operator of various legitimate hotels and casinos. For several years he ran the Fremont Hotel and Casino. Illegal FBI tapes seemed to show that Levinson was involved in skimming profits for delivery to hidden underworld partners. In the 1960s he became involved in enterprises in which he was associated with senior politicians of the Democratic Party.
	Edward Levinson was born on March 2, 1898 to a Jewish family in Chicago, Illinois.
	His mother, Mary "Goodman" Levinson, was the aunt of Edward M. Gertz, who was involved in the liquor business in Chicago during the Prohibition Era.
	Ed and his brothers Mike and "Sleepout" Louis grew up in Chicago, then moved to Detroit where they joined the underworld, ran two casinos and were active in the 1920s newspaper circulation wars.
	Ed Levinson was a prominent member of the Detroit illegal gambling fraternity and collaborated with Samuel Garfield, a friend of Moe Dalitz.
	He was arrested occasionally, but usually the charges were dismissed.
	Levinson became an associate of Bugsy Siegel (1906–47), the partner of Meyer Lansky.
	The Levinson brothers moved to Newport, Kentucky in the 1930s as representatives of Lansky's national organized crime syndicate.
	Newport was on the other side of the Ohio River from Cincinnati.
	The Levinsons became key players in the flashy casino gambling scene in Newport, as did the "Cleveland Four", of which Moe Dalitz was a leader.
	At one time Levinson controlled the illegal gambling in Newport.
	The 633/Flamingo Club at 633 York Street was opened in the late 1930s by Arthur Dennert.
	The Levinsons forced Dennert out of control and turned the Flamingo into one of the most popular casinos in Newport.
	They let Dennert retain his share.
	Pete Schmidt, who had been forced out of his Newport, Kentucky club Beverley Hills Country Club by the syndicate, remodeled his Glenn Hotel in Newport in 1943 and expanded the casino, renaming it the Glenn Rendezvous.
	Dennert also had interests in the Glenn Rendezvous.
	The syndicate did not accept the competition from Schmidt, and their associates began a campaign of urinating publicly in the lobby.
	Schmidt gave in to the pressure.
	In 1948 the Levinson brothers and Arthur Dennert bought the Glenn Rendezvous.
	Dennert opened the Club Alexandria in 1949, a casino that could hold hundreds of gamblers.
	Dennert was killed in an auto crash in 1952, in which foul play was suspected.
	The Cleveland Four claimed his share in the Flamingo.
	In the late 1940s Levinson partnered with Gil "the Brain" Beckley in running the Bobben Realty layoff bank, which would become the largest layoff bank in the country.
	Ed Levinson started gambling operations in south Florida in the late 1940s.
	Routine operations in Newport were handled by his brother Louis and others such as Ed Whitfield, Red Masterson and the Bermans.
	Mike and Louis Levinson ran gambling places in Covington, Kentucky, until stopped by a reform in 1960.
	In 1950 and again in 1951 Ed Levinson was arrested in Miami for offenses related to gambling, but was not convicted.
	Levinson was one of the investors in the Sands Hotel and Casino, which opened on December 15, 1952.
	There were many other investors, including the oilman Jake Freedman of Texas, Sid Wyman, Hyman Abrams and Jack Entratter.
	The performers Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin both bought minor interests in the hotel.
	Although Jake Freedman was ostensibly the main shareholder, it was really controlled by Frank Costello.
	In May 1953 the Nevada Tax Commission said it was well aware of the backgrounds of gamblers and hoodlums that the final report of the California Crime Commission had named as trying to become established in the legal gambling industry in Nevada.
	These included Levinson, Joseph Stacher, Mack Kufferman, Meyer Lansky, Malcolm Clarke and William Bischoff.
	Levinson was described as a bookmaker in Florida, Kentucky and elsewhere.
	The Nevada commission secretary pointed out that unlike other states Nevada distinguished between gamblers, who were legal and licensed, and racketeers, who were not. He said both Levinson and Clarke, licensed in the Sands Hotel, had gambling backgrounds which were studied minutely before they were granted casino permits.
	In September 1953 Levinson, described as "Sands casino boss", was quoted extolling the value provided by Las Vegas hotels with their low prices, swimming pools, plush casinos and high-quality entertainment.
	A newspaper report in September 1954 said the Flamingo Hotel was being sold for between $9 and $10 million to a Chicago syndicate of mid-west bookies and gamblers.
	Ed Levinson would be connected with the Flamingo after the sale.
	The Nevada Tax Commission said it knew nothing about the deal.
	The Dunes opened on 23 May 1955 and soon ran into financial difficulty.
	The Sands management agreed to take over operation of the Dunes, and the Nevada Tax Commission agreed to an arrangement where Ed Levinson would run the casino and Jack Entratter would be Entertainment Director for both hotels.
	The Sands team could not turn the Dunes around, and it was sold to new owners in 1956.
	Levinson partnered with Lou Lurie, a San Francisco financier who had experience with hotels in Miami, to build the 15-story Fremont, the first refined hotel in downtown Las Vegas.
	The Fremont Hotel and Casino opened on May 18, 1956 in downtown Las Vegas.
	Levinson had a 20% share of the Fremont, which had been built using loans from the Teamsters.
	Levinson brought in Chef Shillig, formerly of the Ritz Hotel in Paris and the Savoy in London, and made Ed Torres the food and beverage manager.
	Torres and Levinson arranged high-class entertainers like Wayne Newton, Kay Starr, Pat Boone and Helen Reddy to draw the crowds.
	Levinson managed Meyer Lansky's Havana Riviera before Fidel Castro took over Cuba in January 1959 and closed it down.
	Levinson moved back to Las Vegas in 1959 to run the Fremont.
	In 1959 Levinson, Carl Cohen and Jack Entratter headed a group that bought the Riviera hotel and casino in Las Vegas.
	Levinson bought a 27% share of Binion's Horseshoe.
	The Horsehoe reopened in June 1961 after a construction project costing more than $2 million had combined it with the former Boulder club. Levinson, president of the Horsehoe as well as the Fremont, came up with the concept of the Horseshoe's exterior with its huge marquee.
	In 1964 Benny Binion bought back the shares that Levinson and his associates held in the Horseshoe and took back control of the operation.
	Levinson and Cliff Jones of Nevada were listed as stockholders of the Bank of World Commerce, Ltd., incorporated in Nassau, Bahamas in 1961, part of a complex structure of financial vehicles used by Las Vegas gamblers – and by state and federal politicians.
	In February 1962 Levinson applied for approval of a sale of one third of his share in the Fremont to local businessman Jerome D. Mack for a maximum price of $370,000.
	Levinson would keep a 20% share in the Fremont.
	The hotel was going through a massive expansion at the time in which more than a block would be filled with new facilities.
	In 1966 the Parvin-Dohrman Company of Los Angeles bought the Fremont.
	Albert Parvin, head of the company, was connected to Levinson and to the Teamsters.
	His Parvin Foundation owned a share of the mortgage on the Flamingo.
	The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) placed a "bug" (hidden microphone) in Levinson's Fremont office in 1961.
	The bug recorded Levinson saying of profit skimming, "You can't steal $100,000 a month and pay dividends. If you steal $50,000? Well, maybe ...".
	An FBI report on the gambling industry recorded an informant's account of a conversation on January 21, 1963, between Levinson and Torres, vice-president of the Fremont, who were counting money and determining how much would be skimmed. Levinson said Meyer was getting the New Jersey money. Torres said he thought Meyer only handled the Florida area.
	Levinson answered that "it all goes to Florida, then to New York and New Jersey".
	The FBI bug recorded Benjamin B. Siegelbaum, a friend of Lansky, telling Levinson, "Meyer wants a breakdown".
	They took this to mean Lansky wanted to know how the skim was to be divided up.
	They thought the recording showed Levinson was counting out skim money from the Sands, Fremont, Flamingo and Horseshoe into shares that would be taken by courier to the hidden partners in the mob.
	From the bug the FBI estimated that Lansky had an investment in the casinos of about $2.2 million, and earned $1 million per year from the combined skim.
	In April 1963 FBI listeners heard Levinson reading aloud from a report on the skimming operation the FBI had just written.
	He said, "My God, they even know about Ida [Devine]."
	The casino operators at once searched their premises for bugs, and found microphones planted by the FBI in Levinson's office, the Dunes and the Horseshoe.
	There was even a bug in Levinson's bedroom. Levinson brought a lawsuit against the FBI for the bugging.
	Bobby Baker, a protege of Lyndon B. Johnson, and Fred Black, a lobbyist for North American Aviation, met Levinson at a pre-inauguration party in Washington, D.C. in January 1961 before John F. Kennedy took office.
	They were probably introduced by Benny Sigelbaum, who was a friend of Baker.
	The District of Columbia National bank was chartered in 1962 with Bobby Baker, Fred Black, Levinson and Sigelbaum as stockholders, as well as various senior Democrat politicians or their relatives.
	Levinson, Baker and Jack Cooper, a Miami businessman and arms dealer, tried to arrange deals in the Dominican Republic.
	Baker tried to use his influence to obtain a casino license there for Levinson, but did not succeed.
	In November 1962 the bugs in Levinson's office at the Fremont picked up references to Baker. The FBI agent notified FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover of the references early in 1963 because, "I thought it was important for Washington to be aware of the possible political influence of Ed Levinson."
	Senator Kerr arranged financing to set up to Serv-U Corporation, which obtained a near-monopoly on machines selling soft drinks, candy and cigarettes on sites where companies were working on government defense contracts.
	These included North American Aviation, Northrop Corporation and Space Technologies.
	George Simon of Miami, chief accountant of the International Hotel chain, invested $80,000 and apparently arranged investments by Levinson, Torres and Sigelbaum.
	Ernest Tucker, Bobby Baker's lawyer, also invested in the business.
	Levinson and Seigelbaum arranged with an Oklahoma City bank for a $400,000 start-up loan for the Serve-U Corporation to buy equipment and supplies.
	The alleged labor racketeer Mike Singer was on the payroll.
	By 1963 Serv-U was making millions of dollars annually.
	The Senate launched a two-year investigation in 1963.
	In December 1963 Fred Black told senators investigating Baker's role in the vending machine affair, "I go along as far as Levinson is concerned with gambling, but he is far from being a racketeer."
	Levinson appeared before the Senate Rules Committee on March 2, 1964, and was asked who else had gone on the trips he made the Dominican Republic with Bobby Baker.
	They were probing to find out if Lyndon Johnson had been involved in attempts by the mob to open gambling concessions in the Dominican Republic.
	Levinson refused to answer any questions.
	The Senate eventually found that Baker did nothing illegal but was guilty of improper conduct.
	Later the government charged Baker with larceny, fraud and income tax evasion.
	In 1965 the Federal Bureau of Narcotics suspected that Levinson was involved in Meyer Lansky's drug smuggling business.
	In September 1966 it was reported that Ed Levinson and nine other Fremont Hotel executives had been served a subpoena to give information to US attorneys related to a suit against the FBI over the wiretapping. The Nevada Gaming commission wanted to call Levinson as a witness.
	In May 1973 Levinson, 74, was resident in Las Vegas, and was reportedly involved with Lansky in investments in oil wells.
	He died peacefully after a long life in the County of Los Angeles, California.
	An FBI recording of Black's hotel suite in April 1963 recorded him saying of Levinson to columnist Jack Anderson, "Jack, some day when Eddie comes here for dinner or something, I want you to meet him. He's a little hard to describe. I know his whole background. He was probably the biggest bookmaker Detroit ever had. I know he was the biggest gambler Miami ever had. Then he went to Las Vegas. He came under the granddaddy law; it excused him for anything he ever did as long as he stayed working in Nevada. He told us all those things."

= = = The Terror (1920 film) = = =

	The Terror is a 1920 American silent Western film starring Tom Mix, Francelia Billington, and Lester Cuneo. The film was produced by William Fox and directed and written by Jacques Jaccard, and was based on a story written by Mix.
	Mix plays a Deputy U.S. Marshal working in a gold mining camp in the Sierra Nevada. His antagonist is Con Norton (Lester Cuneo) who owns a dance hall. Mix learns that a group of robbers working for Norton are planning to steal a gold shipment, and engages in a brawl with them, swinging on a chandelier. Mix's horse Tony helped him win the fight. There is also a gunfight on a steam locomotive, which is shown in the publicity photos.
	The railroad scenes were filmed in the Jamestown, California area, and featured the steam locomotive Sierra No. 3 in its first of many movie appearances. The locomotive is shown in a publicity still for the film.
	During the filming, actors Billington and Cuneo first met, and they soon married. They divorced in 1925, and Cuneo committed suicide a few days later.
	The studio was Fox Entertainments. It was a five reel film, and was released in May, 1920. Marketing slogans for the film included "The daredevil of the screen in a masterpiece of speed, stunts and thrills", and "A Drama of Daredeviltry and Romance".
	A newspaper critic for the "Kentucky New Era" wrote in 1920:
	Tom Mix marks up another winner. Not only does the star hold his audience spell bound, but he has a photoplay that is a genuine "corker". "The Terror" is the story of the rush for gold in the Sierra Nevada mountains, and the picture, without question is the most thrilling Mix has done this season. Anyone who loves the great western outdoor life should not miss seeing "The Terror".

= = = Diminići = = =

	Diminići is a small settlement in the Labinština peninsula in Istria County, Croatia. This settlement is grouped with Kobavići and is known as Sveti Lovreč Labinski /San Lorenzo di Albona/ Sveti Lovreč Labinski. This settlement belongs to the Raša Municipality, Istria County, Croatia. It is located just south of Sveti Lovreč Labinski.

= = = 1969–70 Cupa României = = =

	The 1969–70 Cupa României was the 32nd edition of Romania's most prestigious football cup competition.
	The title was won by Steaua București against Dinamo București.
	The competition is an annual knockout tournament.
	In the first round proper, two pots were made, first pot with Divizia A teams and other teams till 16 and the second pot with the rest of teams qualified in this phase. Each tie is played as a single leg.
	First round proper matches are played on the ground of the lowest ranked team, then from the second round proper the matches are played on a neutral location.
	In the first round proper, if a match is drawn after 90 minutes, the game goes in extra time, and if the scored is still tight after 120 minutes, the team who played away will qualify.
	From the second round proper, if a match is drawn after 90 minutes, the game goes in extra time, and if the scored is still tight after 120 minutes, then the team from the lower division will qualify. If the teams are from the same division a replay will be played.
	From the first edition, the teams from Divizia A entered in competition in sixteen finals, rule which remained till today.
	Notes:

= = = 1987–88 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team = = =

	The 1987–88 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team represented the University of Iowa as members of the Big Ten Conference. The team was led by second-year head coach Tom Davis and played their home games at Carver-Hawkeye Arena. They finished the season 24–10 overall and 12–6 in Big Ten play to finish tied for third place. The Hawkeyes received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament as #5 seed in the West Region. After defeating Florida State in the first round and UNLV in the second round, they lost to #1 seed Arizona in the Sweet Sixteen.
!colspan=8| Regular Season
!colspan=8| NCAA Tournament
	Overall, five players from this team were selected in the NBA Draft.

= = = 1909 Missouri Tigers football team = = =

	The 1909 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri in the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) during the 1909 college football season. The team compiled a 7–0–1 record (4–0–1 against MVC opponents) and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 86 to 36. Bill Roper was the head coach for the first and only season. The team played its home games at Rollins Field in Columbia, Missouri.

= = = All Around the World (Little Willie John song) = = =

	"All Around the World" is a 1955 hit song by Little Willie John written by Titus Turner. The song was the debut single and first hit for Little Willie John, and a hit in 1969 for Little Milton, renamed as "Grits Ain't Groceries". Milton's version reached No. 5 on the US "Billboard" R&B chart, and No. 73 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. James Booker also covered the song on his album "Classified", and Leigh Harris and Larry Sieberth covered it on the album "Patchwork: A Tribute to James Booker".

= = = Anchispirocyclina = = =

	Anchispirocyclina is a genus of agglutinated discoidal forams known from the upper Jurassic (lower Kimmeridgian) to the lower Cretaceous (lower Valanginan) of Europe, north Africa, USA (North Carolina) and Cuba.
	The test of "Anchispirocyclina" is discoidal, thin and often slightly undulating. The early stage is close coiled, later flaring some becoming circular in outline. Walls are microgranular to finely agglutinated. Chambers have complex interiors produced by a network of rafters and beams. Those near the median plane have an irregular labyrinthic structure produced by radial pillars or buttresses extending from septum to septum between adjacent apertural openings.
	"Spirocyclina", "Haurinia" and "Martiguesia" are related genera.

= = = Bradarac = = =

	Bradarac may refer to the following villages in Serbia:

= = = Let Them Talk (Gary U.S. Bonds album) = = =

	Let Them Talk is a 2009 album by Gary U.S. Bonds.

= = = Markus Gasser = = =

	Markus Gasser (born 1967) is an Austrian literary scholar and author.
	Markus Gasser was born in Bregenz in 1967. After the gymnasium, he went to the University of Innsbruck for German, English and American studies. He attained a habilitation in 2007 with the thesis "The collapse of the platonic cave" ().
	In 2010 he published "The Kingdom in the Sea. Daniel Kehlmann's Secret" () about the work of Austrian best-selling author Daniel Kehlmann. It was followed in 2014 by "The Book of Books for the Island" (), published by Hanser Verlag, and finally in 2015 by "A world History in 33 Novels" (), also published by Hanser.
	Additionally, he works as a literary critic, contributing to the "FAZ" and the "Weltwoche". Furthermore, he teaches at the University of Innsbruck and Saarbrücken.
	Markus Gasser lives in Zürich.

= = = Lexa discography = = =

	Lexa, a Brazilian singer, songwriter, and dancer, has released two studio albums, two extended plays, and seven singles. 
	Lexa's first single, "Posso Ser", was released on December 2014. It was featured on Brazil Hot 100 Airplay's Top 30 Singles. 
	"Posso Ser" became the title track of Lexa's debut Extended Play (EP) album, released in March 2015. The album contained four songs, including "Posso Ser". The same album was re-released in April 2015 with the bonus track "Delete". 
	Lexa released her first studio album on September 18, 2015. The album had 13 tracks, including all five songs from the EP.

= = = Shaykh Bahai hammam = = =

	The Shaykh Bahai hammam is a historical hammam in Isfahan, Iran. The hammam belongs to the Safavid era and is located in the Shaykh Bahai alley in the Abd or-Razagh street. It is the most famous hammam in Isfahan. It was built in 1616 by Shaykh Bahai in the era of Abbas I and is located between Jameh mosque of Isfahan and Harounieh in the old Bazaar near the famous Darb-e Imam. Because of its unique features, there are many tales and stories about it.
	The people of Isfahan believed since the old times, that Shaykh Bahai built the stove of this hammam, so that it can be warmed by only one candle and under the cauldron of the stove, he made an empty closed space and lit a candle in it and the candle was lighted for a very long time and the water of the hammam became warm by it. There are different theories about the fuel of the Garmkhaneh, which can not be proved because there is no candle and no complete research has been done yet.
	The most realistic theory about the fuel of the Garmkhaneh is that there was an underground ceramic piping system between the public toilet of the Jameh mosque and the hammam and probably gases like methane and sulfur oxides led to the torch of heated pool by the natural suction method and methane and sulfur oxides burned directly as the heating source in torch, or these gases were used from the wastes of hammam. According to old residents in the neighborhood, there was an artificial marsh behind the Garmkhaneh and wastewater flew in the marsh and needed gas was obtained from this marsh.
	The Shaykh Bahai hammam had two dressing rooms. The bigger dressing room was for men and the smaller one for women. The hammam had also a swimming pool, heated pools and an ab anbar.
	The swimming pool section is used at present as a cotton spinning factory by private sector. Until 20 years ago, Shaykh Bahai hammam was used as a hammam. Then it was closed and after 10 years it came in the possession of the Cultural Heritage, Handcrafts and Tourism Organization. Since 2007, the Garmkhaneh of the hammam has been being repaired by this organization.
	2. https://theiranproject.com/blog/2015/06/08/a-burning-candle-a-hot-bath-connect-the-dots/

= = = Uvanga = = =

	Uvanga ('I, me, mine') is a Canadian drama film, released in 2013. Written and directed by Marie-Hélène Cousineau and Madeline Ivalu, it was the second narrative feature film released by Arnait Video Productions.
	The film stars Marianne Farley as Anna, a woman from Montreal who once had a relationship with Caleb, an Inuk man from Igloolik, Nunavut; after learning of Caleb's death, she takes their 14-year-old son Tomas (Lukasi Forrest) on a trip to Nunavut to learn more about his Inuit heritage. Sarah (Ivalu), Caleb's mother and Tomas' grandmother, tries to keep the peace between Anna and Caleb's widow Sheba (Carol Kunnuk), while Tomas bonds with his half-brother Travis (Travis Kunnuk) and Anna begins to suspect that Sheba's new boyfriend Barrie (Peter-Henry Arnatsiaq) may know more about Caleb's death than he has admitted.
	The film garnered three Jutra Award nominations at the 17th Jutra Awards, in the categories of Best Sound (Eric Ladouceur, Luc Mandeville and Lynne Trépanier), Best Editing (Glenn Berman) and Best Original Music (Alain Auger).

= = = Glider Pilot Badge = = =

	The Glider Pilot's Badge () was a German military decoration that was awarded during World War II to military pilot's who were members of the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) after they completed their glider training. Honorably discharged personnel who met the requirements could also be awarded the badge. A citation was issued with the awarded badge. It was worn on or right below the left breast tunic pocket.
	The badge was approved in 1940 and first issued in 1942. It was made by C. E. Juncker in Berlin. The badge was oval in shape and had a silver oakleaf wreath around the outside. The middle of the wreath had a dark "oxidized" national eagle in flight. A Nazi swastika was at the bottom middle of the outside wreath. Originally made of aluminum, however, in the latter stages of World War II it was made of metal alloy. The badge measured 42mm wide by 55mm high and the wingspan of the eagle's wings in the middle was 53mm. There was also a cloth version of the badge which could be worn by officers and NCOs. The presentation case was dark blue, with a blue satin top liner and a blue velvet bottom liner on the inside.

= = = Haurania = = =

	Haurania is a genus of elongated, finely agglutinated benthic foraminifera included in the Spirocyclinidae. The test is free, starting with a brief planispiral coil followed by a straight uncoiled stage. The exterior is imperforate, the interior divided by radial septula or beams, perpendicular to the septa and outer wall. The aperture is cribrate, a series of openings on the terminal face.
	This genus is known from the lower and middle Jurassic of China, Iraq and Morocco.

= = = Trnjane = = =

	Trnjane may refer to the following villages in Serbia:

= = = 1971–72 Connecticut Huskies men's basketball team = = =

	The 1971–72 Connecticut Huskies men's basketball team represented the University of Connecticut in the 1971–72 collegiate men's basketball season. The Huskies completed the season with an 8–17 overall record. The Huskies were members of the Yankee Conference, where they ended the season with a 5–5 record. The Huskies played their home games at Hugh S. Greer Field House in Storrs, Connecticut, and were led by third-year head coach Dee Rowe.
!colspan=12 style=""| Regular Season
	Schedule Source:

= = = Brown Olson = = =

	Brown Olson (March 31, 1850 – March 8, 1897) was an American farmer and politician.
	Born in the town of Christiana, Vernon County, Wisconsin, Olson was the first white child to be born in the town. Olson was a farmer. He served as chairman of the Christiana Town Board and was a Republican. In 1891, Olson served in the Wisconsin State Assembly.

= = = John Allan Wyeth = = =

	John Allan Wyeth (May 26, 1845 – May 22, 1922) was an American Confederate veteran and surgeon. Born and raised on a Southern plantation in Alabama, he served in the Confederate States Army and completed his medical studies in New York City and Europe. He became a surgeon in New York City, where he founded the New York Polyclinic Graduate Medical School and Hospital, a medical school. He served as the president of the American Medical Association in 1902. He was the author of a biography of Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest. He was a proponent of the annexation of Mexico by the United States.
	John Allan Wyeth was born on May 26, 1845 in Guntersville, Alabama. His father, Louis Wyeth, was a lawyer who founded the city of Guntersville in 1848 and later served in the Alabama state legislature. His mother, Euphemia Allan, was the daughter of John Allan, a Presbyterian minister who was opposed to slavery. On his paternal side, Wyeth was related to George Wythe, a Virginia lawyer who was also opposed to slavery. He grew up on a Southern plantation.
	Wyeth attended La Grange Military Academy, a defunct military academy in Colbert County, Alabama, from the age of 15 to 17. During the American Civil War of 1861-1865, he served in the Confederate States Army. He participated in Morgan's Raid under Brigadier-General John Hunt Morgan, from 1862 to 1863. He joined the 4th Regiment Alabama Cavalry under General Joseph Wheeler, and served in the Battle of Chickamauga of 1863. He was captured by Union forces and jailed at the Camp Morton in Indianapolis, Indiana from October 1863 to February 1865.
	After the war, Wyeth attended the University of Louisville School of Medicine, graduating in 1869. He also studied at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College from 1872 to 1873, when he received another medical degree. Shortly after, Wyeth joined the staff at the Bellevue Hospital. After reading French and German medical journals, he completed his medical studies by going to Europe, where he was trained as a surgeon by J. Marion Sims. He also met "leading physicians and surgeons in Paris, London, Berlin, and Vienna."
	Wyeth became a surgeon at St. Elizabeths Hospital and Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City in 1880. A year later, in 1881, he founded the New York Polyclinic Graduate Medical School and Hospital. Prominent students included William James Mayo and Charles Horace Mayo. By 1918, the Polyclinic Graduate Medical School merged with the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.
	Wyeth served as the president of the American Medical Association in 1902. He also served as the president of the New York Academy of Medicine in 1906 and 1908.
	Wyeth wrote his memoir, entitled "With Sabre and Scalpel: The Autobiography of a Soldier and Surgeon". He also wrote a memoir of Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest, entitled "That Devil Forrest: Life of General Nathan Bedford Forrest". The book was reviewed by "The American Historical Review", who called it "valuable and unusually interesting," concluding, "Dr. Wyeth's style is attractive, and his narrative, notwithstanding the amplitude of detail and incident, is extremely clear." Additionally, Wyeth wrote an article published in the "Confederate Veteran".
	In a 1915 article published in the "North American Review", Wyeth suggested Mexico was "a disgrace to civilization," partly due to widespread addiction to pulque and to a "disregard" for the institution of marriage. He suggested:
	Wyeth married Florence Nightingale Sims, the daughter of surgeon J. Marion Sims, on August 10, 1886. They had two sons and one daughter. One of their sons, Marion Sims Wyeth, became an architect who designed many mansions in Florida. Another son, John Allan Wyeth, Jr., was a poet. After his first wife died, Wyeth married Marguerite Chalifoux.
	Wyeth was a Christian. He played the banjo, which he learned as a child from a slave on his family plantation.
	Wyeth died of a heart attack on May 22, 1922. He was buried at the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.
	Wyeth was inducted into the Alabama Hall of Fame in 1954. His statue was added to the Alabama State Capitol in Montgomery, Alabama. Meanwhile, the New York Polyclinic Graduate Medical School and Hospital closed down in 1975.

= = = Orlando Pops Orchestra = = =

	The Orlando Pops Orchestra is an American orchestra based in Orlando, Florida that specializes in playing classical and film score music.

= = = 1977 Sun Bowl (January) = = =

	The 1977 Sun Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game that featured the Texas A&M Aggies and the Florida Gators.
	The Aggies finished third in the Southwest Conference due to losses to the eventual co-champions of the conference, Texas Tech and Houston, though they were invited to their first ever Sun Bowl. The Gators finished tied for third the Southeastern Conference with Kentucky and Mississippi State in their fourth straight bowl season.
	The Aggies scored first on a Tony Franklin field goal from 39 yards out after a drive of nearly 4 minutes to give them the lead midway through the first quarter. The Gators had a miserable first half, with two first downs and no completed passes in total. Walker scored on a touchdown plunge to make it 10-0 in the 2nd quarter after a Florida fumble gave the ball to the Aggies at the 14. After a Florida punt, the Aggies were given the ball back at the 50. After gaining only 5 yards, the Aggies elected to let Franklin attempt a 62 yard field goal, which went through the uprights. His kick set a post season record and gave them a 13-0 lead. After both teams punted, the Aggies drove from their 33 to the Gator 16 and Franklin made a 33 yard field goal to make it 16-0 with 1:26 left in the second half. George Woodward scored on a touchdown plunge with 10:50 left in the 3rd on a short 45 yard drive. A successful 2-pt conversion made it 24-0 A&M. Wes Chandler rushed for a 29 yard touchdown to narrow the lead to 24-7. However, a Florida interception gave the ball back to the Aggies later in the quarter and George Woodward scored on a 3 yard touchdown plunge to make it 31-7. The Gators scored one last time in the 4th on a Terry LeCount touchdown plunge to make it 31-14. Woodard scored on a touchdown pass from Walker with 3:08 left to make it 37-14, and the Aggies won soon after. Franklin kicked three field goals and kicked two extra point attempts in an MVP effort. He was later named to the 75th Anniversary All-Sun Bowl Team. George Woodward rushed for 125 yards on 25 attempts with 3 touchdowns. 
	After the 1977 football season, A&M played in the Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl in December. Florida did not return to a bowl game until the 1980 Tangerine Bowl. A&M next played in the Sun Bowl in 1989, when it was known as the John Hancock Bowl. Through the 2019 football season, the January 1977 edition has been Florida's only Sun Bowl appearance, and has also been the most recent Sun Bowl not played in December.

= = = Gerrards Cross Memorial Building = = =

	The Gerrards Cross Memorial Building is a community centre and First World War memorial in the village of Gerrards Cross in Buckinghamshire, to north west of London, England. The building was designed by British architect Sir Edwin Lutyens, known for designing the Cenotaph in London and numerous other war memorials; it is the only instance of Lutyens designing a war memorial with a functional purpose, rather than as a monument in its own right.
	In the aftermath of the First World War, thousands of war memorials were commissioned across Britain to commemorate the war dead. In Gerrards Cross, the local vicar, the Reverend John Matthew Glubb, was keen to have a "living memorial" which would be of use to the village community and its ex-service personnel, rather than simply a monument in its own right. The vicar proposed that the former vicarage stables should be converted for use as a community centre. Rather than form a war memorial committee as was the common practice, the village established a community association, whose remit was to "establish, maintain and manage a community centre which shall be a war memorial for activities promoted by the association and its constituent members in furtherance of the above objectives or any of them, the centre to be called the Gerrards Cross Centre".
	Architect Sir Edwin Lutyens was commissioned for the project. Although Lutyens designed over 40 war memorials in the aftermath of the First World War, Gerrards Cross was the only in which he was commissioned to design a memorial with a functional purpose. Lutyens was already a well-regarded architect for his country houses built for wealthy clients before the war, and was commissioned to design many war memorials following the success of the Cenotaph on London's Whitehall. The building is based on the 18th-century vicarage stables. Set well back from the road and partially hidden by hedges, it is a rectangular structure constructed predominantly of red brick, most of which is painted white, with a slate roof and a large portico "in antis". The roof above the portico is supported by four sandstone Doric columns, also painted white, which are level with the walls of the wings; it houses a stone memorial plaque the height of the wall which lists the names of men from the village who were killed while serving in the First World War. The interior is based around a central hall with wings to the side, forming a U shape; the wings are accessed from the exterior through doors at either end of the portico. Viewed from the front, the building appears to be a single-storey structure, but at the rear the roof is shorter, revealing an attic storey above the hall.
	Lutyens' original proposal included a similar portico at the rear of the building to allow for a larger hall, but this was not included in the final specification. The total cost of the project was approximately £3,500 (1922) (about £ in ), which was funded by public subscription. The building was formally opened by Charles Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire, the Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire, on 14 October 1922.
	The plaque on the front of the building was replaced in 1947, the replacement having been sculpted by Edmund Ware. The plaque contains two columns of names separated by a sword and headed by the pre-1948 coat of arms of Buckinghamshire. In the same year, the Gerrards Cross Community Association was founded to promote the well-being of the village community and took responsibility for the memorial building. The vicarage house itself (formerly known as Berkeley Cottage and heavily modified since its original construction), just east of the memorial building—adjacent and to the rear—was purchased from the Church of England after the Second World War and converted into the Gerrards Cross Memorial Centre to serve as a memorial to the second war.
	To commemorate Remembrance Sunday 2015, Historic England (formerly known as English Heritage) announced that it considered Lutyens' war memorials to be a national collection. Accordingly, the Gerrards Cross Memorial Building was designated a grade II listed building, having previously been the only one of Lutyens' 44 free-standing memorials in England not to hold listed building status. Each of the memorials' descriptions on the National Heritage List for England was also updated and expanded. The adjacent Memorial Centre is a grade II listed building in its own right, having been listed in 1985.
	The memorial building remains in active use, and serves as the headquarters of the local branch of the Royal British Legion.

= = = Live in Willisau = = =

	Live in Willisau is the debut album by Trio 3, a jazz group consisting of saxophonist Oliver Lake, bassist Reggie Workman and drummer Andrew Cyrille.
	It was recorded in 1992 at the Swiss Jazz Festival Willisau and released in 1997 on the German Dizim label.
	In his review for AllMusic, Thom Jurek states "Lake, while the front-line player here, actually acts as the gatekeeper among melody, harmony, and rhythm, and among the various approaches to subverting or at least stretching them outside the blues or swing context."
	The "JazzTimes" review by Willard Jenkins notes "Though Oliver Lake, who sticks to his alto sax for this date, is the melodic instrument nominally out front of the trio, there is no one true leader and the sense of shared exploration permeates this disc."

= = = Martiguesia = = =

	Martiguesia is a genus of agglutinated benthic forams from the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian) of France. The test is free, the early stage planispirally coiled, becoming nearly straight during later growth. The agglutinated wall is externally imperforate, the interior with a coarse alveolar network. Chambers are subdivided and almost completely filled by irregular radial pillars. The aperture, cribrate.
	As a member of the Spirocyclinidae "Martiguesia" is related to "Haurania", "Anchispirocyclina", "Streptocyclammina", and of course "Spirocyclina".

= = = Clewett's Building = = =

	Clewett's Building is a heritage-listed former warehouse at 250 Quay Street, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built . It is also known as Capricorn Survey Consultants Pty Ltd, Herron Todd White Building, JM Headrick & Co., W G Thompson & Co., Lamberton & Co., RM Gow & Co., St Andrew's Hospital, and Herron Todd Valuers. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.
	The former Clewett's building, built as a two-storeyed warehouse building, is thought to have been constructed for Felix Clewett (a Member of the Queensland Legislative Council) in the mid-1880s.
	Following its initial occupation by the Archer brothers at Gracemere after 1853, Rockhampton was proclaimed a town and declared a port of entry in 1858. The first sale of town allotments was held in November of that year. Charles Campen purchased the Quay street site, conveniently close to the town's Fitzroy River wharves, on 16 August 1860.
	In 1884 title for the land was transferred to Felix Clewett who held the property until his death in 1913. Until the financial downturn of 1866 Clewett had worked as a trainee surveyor under Frederick Byerley, Engineer of Roads of the Northern District. Just prior to his purchase of this Quay Street allotment he was operating a wholesale and retail store in Blackall.
	Rockhampton's early merchants and storekeepers operated as independent, locally based businesses. The first wave of these entrepreneurs, attracted to the area by the promise of gold at nearby Canoona, opened their stores in the late 1850s. A second wave arrived in the 1860s. Some operated in partnerships. By the late 19th century, commerce in Rockhampton was very competitive with up to twenty-seven separate firms providing services such as shipping, mercantile or stock and station agents. Notable in merchandising during the 1880s were John M Headrick & Co., EK Ogg, Alex. Reid & Co. and WG Thompson & Co. The independence of these firms, supported strongly by local manufacture of ironmongery, timber joinery and items such as soap and cordial, was a reflection of the self-sufficiency that Rockhampton's community leaders expressed politically through a concurrent movement towards secession.
	Like many stores which operated at this time, the former Clewett's building was occupied initially by locally-based merchants. This changed from the early 1890s when large southern firms, attracted to the area by the wealth of the Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company and Rockhampton's rural hinterland, established branches in Rockhampton, supplanting many local stock and station agents, wool produce brokers and others in the chain of commerce. Amongst the first was Dalgety and Co, which opened an office in Quay Street in 1891.
	By 1887, JM Headrick and Andrew Newton, operating as JM Headrick & Co, General Merchants and Importers, had moved their business to Clewett's Quay Street building where they had taken up a seven year lease from 1 April 1887. Newspaper advertisements from 1887 for John M Headrick & Co. identify the ship used to transport the company's goods, emphasising this local firm's direct links to suppliers overseas. Prior to taking up the lease on Clewett's property in 1887, JM Headrick & Co were situated in East Street. The Headrick family were strongly associated with business and civic interests in Rockhampton, with John Headrick Snr commencing business as early as 1862.
	In 1893, after the retirement of Andrew Newton, John Mackay Headrick continued in partnership with his brother Arthur. Their success was such that at the end of their lease on Clewett's Quay Street site in 1894, the company moved to a substantial new two-storeyed premises in East Street, between William and Derby Streets. Despite Headrick's move out of the Quay Street building, an association remained between Headrick and Clewett, as in August 1890, Headrick had married Felix Clewett's daughter, Annie Isabel Clewett. Following Headrick's move back to East Street to the company's new building (John M Headrick & Co Building), the Quay Street store was occupied by the mercantile company and agency, Clewett and Thompson. William George Thompson was a well-known agent for a number of companies. After service in the Boer War, Thompson returned to his business, served as president of the Rockhampton Chamber of Commerce and, in conjunction with DW Jackson, as mercantile, insurance, shipping and forwarding agents. The firm also supplied stock and station requirements, groceries, wines, spirits, beers, tobaccos, cigars, cigarettes and butchers' requisites.
	While still a partner with Thompson, Felix Clewett also had other interests. After July 1890 he served as a member of the Legislative Council of Queensland. In 1909, following the introduction of steam trams in Rockhampton, which opened up new areas for housing, Felix Clewett was amongst the first to develop residential estates in the Allenstown vicinity. After Clewett's death in February 1913, Thompson purchased the Quay Street store. In December 1922 he was elected to the Australian Senate. He served until June 1932.
	Yet another store, wine and spirits merchants Lamberton and Co, was established in the building after 1926. Royal Insurance Co. and Bluff Colliery Co. Ltd also had their offices in the building.
	In December 1943 transfer of title site passed to RM Gow Pty Ltd. This company, formed in Brisbane, manufactured the Gold Crest brand of produce and conducted a wholesale grocery business from the Quay Street site.
	The use of the store did not change after 1967 when ownership of the building was transferred to Walter Reid & Co. This firm owned the warehouse nearby at the corner of Quay and Derby Streets. With the intention of establishing a hospital, the Presbyterian Church of Queensland purchased both sites in July 1976. This did not eventuate and the building was bought by Herron Todd Valuers in July 1979.
	The building was extensively renovated in the late 1980s. The building continues to be occupied by the Capricorn Survey Group which encompasses Herron Todd White Valuers.
	The former Clewett's building is located on a block of Quay Street that is populated almost exclusively with other buildings of heritage significance; those listed on the Queensland Heritage Register include: Walter Reid Court, the former Commercial Hotel and Chambers (now the Heritage Tavern), the former Cahill's Stores, the Goldsbrough Mort Building (now the Capricornia studios of the Australian Broadcasting Commission) and the residence Avonleigh.
	Running along the short, south-western edge of the allotment is Quay Lane, which forms part of a system of such laneways that inhabits the city centre's orthogonal grid and services its primary streets. The grid is aligned to the course of the Fitzroy River that flows from the north-west to the south-east.
	The former Clewett's building is a two-storey brick building, of which the side facade to the south-east is undecorated but painted, the rear and remaining side facades are unpainted. The Quay Street facade is faced with cement render and painted. The long gable roof clad in corrugated iron is contained behind parapets on each facade. Its triangular shape in section is expressed on the rear facade. The front face of the building, approximately nine metres wide, is symmetrically arranged and its classical details are modelled using cement render.
	Vertically, the building is divided into three basic parts by pilasters on each end and a central section sitting proud of the flanking walls. The central section of facade, approximately two metres wide, is surmounted by a tall projection of the parapet on which sit two decorative urns. The projection is capped with a cornice-like moulding, below which is a course of dentils and a further stringcourse. Curved render brackets connect the central projection to the lower halves of the parapet. Each end of the lower section, above the stylised framing pilasters, is accented with render globes. The capitals to the end pilasters incorporate some fluting, making them reminiscent of single triglyphs. Above these are placed single rosette-like ornaments.
	A cornice-like stringcourse, running the full width between the outermost pilasters, creates a strong horizontal line on the facade to Quay Street. Beneath this is further render modelling and then a line of upper storey windows on either side of a central door. This French door opens onto a small, cantilevered balcony edged with cast iron balustrading. A simple label mould frames the semicircular fanlight atop this door, its ends resting on the tops of pilasters that extend to street level. The arched heads of the two double-hung sash windows on either side of the door are similarly framed. A suspended footpath canopy separates the upper and lower sections of the front facade. In the lower section, the four pilasters sit on an expressed plinth. Beneath the balcony is a set of French doors topped with a basket arch-shaped fanlight. On either side of this door are three double-hung sash windows, the heads of which meet the underside of the footpath canopy.
	Currently entry to the building is gained through an entry area and opening in the south-eastern facade near Quay Street. This entry area appears to be built on the adjacent empty allotment.
	The long south-eastern facade of the building is punctured by a number of small, square windows opening from the upper storey, and some service pipes. An uncovered stairway leads to the upper storey. A skillion-roofed concrete block addition has been added to the ground storey towards the Quay Lane end of this facade.
	The lower storey of the rear facade has a central set of large loading doors. Above this are three symmetrically placed double-hung sash windows with brick sills and low arches to their heads. This facade has two rainwater heads and associated downpipes, the one in the southern-most corner appearing to be set into the wall. The facade to the north-west has only three, small windows in it.
	The interior of the building has been extensively remodelled to accommodate commercial offices. A large room faces Quay Street on the lower storey, while three rooms do so on the upper storey. A row of steel columns supports the upper level floor. These have been encased in fire retardant panelling.
	The former Clewett's Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.
	The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
	Thought to be constructed in the mid-1880s, for Felix Clewett, the former Clewett's building is important in demonstrating the pattern of mercantile trading in a major regional centre of Queensland, representing a phase of commercial development and growth in Rockhampton during the late 19th century precipitated by trade at the port and the success of the Mount Morgan gold mines during the 1880s.
	The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
	The former Clewett's building is significant as it retains the chief characteristics of a late Victorian commercial premises, comprising a street facade that is articulated with freely employed classical details common among such buildings, whilst the unadorned side and rear facades reflect its utilitarian purpose.
	The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
	The former Clewett's building exhibits integrity as a two-storeyed warehouse and store at the same time contributing to the continuity and character of the 19th century commercial streetscape of Quay Street.

= = = Q58 (New York City bus) = = =

	The Q58 and Q58 Limited are bus routes that constitute a public transit line operating primarily in Queens, New York City, United States, with its southern terminal on the border with Brooklyn. The Q58 is operated by the MTA New York City Transit Authority. Its precursor was a streetcar line that began operation in November 1899. and was known variously as the Flushing–Ridgewood Line, the Corona Avenue Line, and the Fresh Pond Road Line. The route became a bus line in 1949.
	The Q58 operates between two major bus/subway hubs: the Ridgewood Terminal on the border of Ridgewood, Queens and Bushwick, Brooklyn; and the Flushing – Main Street terminal in Downtown Flushing, Queens. It is among the busiest bus lines in the borough of Queens, with 9.79 million people riding the route in 2014.
	The original route of the Flushing–Ridgewood streetcar began at 41st Road and Main Street in Downtown Flushing, just south of the Main Street station of the Long Island Rail Road, and several blocks south of the Main Street subway station on the IRT Flushing Line. It ran south on Lawrence and Rodman Streets, and west on Horace Harding Boulevard to Corona. It then ran generally west along the winding Corona Avenue to Queens Boulevard in Elmhurst, and on Grand Avenue to Maspeth. Between Junction Boulevard in Corona and the intersection of Grand Avenue and Flushing Avenue, the line shared a right-of-way with the Grand Street Line. After a short portion on Flushing Avenue and 61st Street, it ran south down Fresh Pond Road to the Fresh Pond Road station of the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line, where a major trolley barn existed. It then followed the right-of-way of the Myrtle El and former Lutheran Cemetery Surface Line to its own dedicated barn at the Ridgewood Depot, located at Palmetto Street underneath the Myrtle-Wyckoff Avenue station.
	The current Q58 bus route follows the former trolley route, with some exceptions. The right-of-ways of Lawrence Street and Rodman Street along the route have since been replaced with College Point Boulevard, while the Long Island Expressway was built over the Horace Harding Boulevard corridor. The former trolley barn at Fresh Pond Road is now the Fresh Pond Depot in Ridgewood; the Q58 used to be dispatched from there, but is now operated from the Grand Avenue Depot in Maspeth. Due to using several different streets, including winding roads and many tight turns, the Q58 consistently ranks among the slowest bus routes in New York City, and has been cited for pedestrian safety issues. Short strips of the trolley tracks still exist, in Ridgewood at 60th Place and at Woodbine Street underneath the Myrtle El. Tracks on the rest of the route were paved over.
	The streetcar line was operated by the Brooklyn and Queens Transit Corporation, a subsidiary of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) and later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) which operated many streetcar lines, and several rapid transit lines including some of the city's first subway lines. The line began operation on June 20, 1896 as the Fresh Pond Road Line, running the same route except turning north at Junction Boulevard (then Junction Avenue) and Corona Avenue towards Bowery Bay (the current site of LaGuardia Airport). In November 1899, the Flushing–Ridgewood routing began service. Around this time, the Junction Boulevard portion of the line became a shuttle known as the North Beach Line, while the Grand Street Line was truncated to the Maspeth Trolley Depot at Grand Avenue and 69th Street. On October 19, 1919, the line was extended from the Fresh Pond Depot south to Ridgewood terminal at the Brooklyn-Queens line. Between 1939 and 1940, the line served passengers going to the 1939 New York World's Fair in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park.
	Beginning in the 1920s, many streetcar lines in Queens, Brooklyn, and the rest of the city began to be replaced by buses, particularly after the unification of city's three primary transit companies (including the BMT) under municipal operations in June 1940. Buses began running on the line as early as 1946. On June 30, 1949, the New York City Board of Estimate approved the full motorization of the line with buses. The Flushing–Ridgewood line was officially replaced by city-owned buses on July 17, 1949, The line was designated B58 ("B" the designation for buses based in Brooklyn), and the line was renamed the Corona Avenue Line. The early fleet consisted of General Motors-built buses.
	On July 27, 1960, the B58 was moved to the newly opened Fresh Pond Bus Depot, after operating from bus depots in Brooklyn. During the 1964 New York World's Fair, the B58 was rerouted to stop at the Rodman Street entrance of Flushing Meadows Park. On December 11, 1988, the B58 was renumbered Q58. Due to slow trips and high passenger load, limited-stop service was added to the route on September 12, 2010. Community Boards 5 and 8 had been asking for the introduction of limited-stop service for the Q58 for years, but limited service was only added at this time because the Q58 had reached the headway required for limited-stop service. The Q58 was moved to Grand Avenue Depot in 2019, possibly in preparation for conversion to Select Bus Service (SBS), since the Grand Avenue Depot can hold the articulated buses used on the SBS system.

= = = John Darley = = =

	John Darley is the name of:

= = = Eduardo Manchón = = =

	Eduardo Manchón Molina (born 24 July 1930 in Barcelona, died there on 29 September 2010) was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward.
	Although naturally left-footed, he was also adept with his right, and was capable of playing both as a striker and on the left wing.
	Between 1950 and 1957 he scored 88 goals in 201 games for Barcelona, where he witnessed one of his most successful periods in his career. He belonged to the legendary "Five Cups-Barça" side, which won all five possible trophies in 1952. During his time with the club, he won La Liga twice, the Spanish Cup four times, the Copa Eva Duarte twice, and even the Latin Cup.
	Manchón, son of a hard-working family from Murcia, joined Barcelona at the age of 16. He first played for the Catalan club SD España Industrial, which was the reserve team of Barcelona at the time. In the fifth round of the 1950–51 La Liga season, Manchón made his league debut for the first team against Valencia and also managed to score his first goal for the club.
	Together with László Kubala, César and Estanislau Basora, he formed one of the most dangerous front-lines in the club's history. In the 1951–52 season the club managed to win all five trophies (the Spanish Championship, the Spanish Cup, the Latin Cup, the Copa Eva Duarte, and the Trofeo Martini & Rossi).
	After his time at "Barça", he played for the first division side Granada CF during the 1957–58 season and later for Deportivo de La Coruña, Club Atlètic Ibèria and CE L'Hospitalet.
	Manchon made one appearance for the Spanish national team in his career. This was during a qualifying match for the 1954 FIFA World Cup, a 0–1 defeat against Turkey. He also represented the Catalonia national football team.
	After a long illness Manchón died on 29 September 2010 at the age of 80.

= = = Alex Tettey = = =

	Alex Tettey is the name of:

= = = Rocky River (Kangaroo Island) = = =

	The Rocky River is a stream in the Australian state of South Australia located on the west end of Kangaroo Island in the locality of Flinders Chase. 
	It flows in a generally south-westerly direction over a distance of approximately and discharges into Maupertuis Bay on the island's west coast.
	The catchment area for Rocky River is approximately , is considered to be the only river catchment in South Australia essentially unaffected by land clearing and other human impacts and is located within the boundaries of the following protected areas - Flinders Chase National Park and the Ravine des Casoars Wilderness Protection Area.

= = = Ruotger = = =

	Ruotger, also spelled Rutger, Rudger or Rudgar (died 27 January 931), was the archbishop of Trier from 915. His archdiocese at first lay within the kingdom of West Francia, but after 925 it was annexed to East Francia, an event in which Ruotger played a major role.
	Ruotger was born to a noble family, probably in Lotharingia, possibly from the region north of Metz, around Thionville. He had a brother named Beroald, a layman, who was accused by Eberwin of Tholey a century later of having usurped the abbey of Saint Martin in Trier after the death of Abbot Regino. He also had a wealthy niece in the Rizzigau. Nothing is known of Ruotger's life before his elevation to the archdiocese in 915. His predecessor, Radbod, died on 30 March that year. It is probable that Ruotger was chosen as his successor in a free election by the cathedral chapter, since in 928 the church had been granted that privilege by King Charles the Straightforward. Nonetheless, it is probable that the choice of Ruotger was in conformity with the king's wishes, since Trier was at the time the chief city of Lotharingia, which had only been joined to Charles's kingdom in 911.
	As Charles's archchancellor for Lotharingia from January 916, Ruotger had a large role in securing the king's authority in Lotharingia, culminating in the Treaty of Bonn in 921, in which the East Frankish king, Henry the Fowler, recognised Lotharingian as belonging to West Francia. Ruotger also became involved in a conflict with Giselbert, duke of Lotharingia, over the basilica of Saint Servatius in Maastricht. 
	In June 922, Charles's domestic opponents declared him deposed, electing and crowning Robert, Count of Paris, in his place. Charles was forced to retreat with his supporters into Lotharingia. Ruotger, erstwhile archchancellor, does not appear to have attended Charles's court there, for he is not mentioned in any further royal documents. It may be that he had gone over to Robert, or else that he was already supporting a bid by Henry the Fowler for Lotharingia. In June 923, Robert was killed at the battle of Soissons, but Charles's was defeated and shortly afterwards captured. Henry took the opportunity to invade Lotharingia and besiege Metz. By this time Ruotger had clearly abandoned the king, for he was present with Henry's army at the siege of Metz. Ruotger's support for Henry carried with it that of the Lotharingian church. By 925 the East Frankish annexation was complete, and in 927 Henry appointed Ruotger as his Lotharingian archchancellor.
	As a clergyman, Ruotger's primary concern was the renewal of the Lotharingian church in the aftermath of Viking and Hungarian raids, which had taken a physical toll on the churches and disrupted ecclesiastical structures. It was in this context that, in 927×929, Ruotger held a provincial synod attended by the bishops of Metz, Toul and Verdun. It was probably for this occasion that he composed a "capitula episcoporum", a manual for ecclesiastical practices and the subdiocesan level. Such instruments were common during the earlier Carolingian epoch, and Ruotger's is the last one from Lotharingia. Only 28 of its chapters survive in later manuscripts: one tenth-century and another twelfth-century manuscript from West Francia, and a twelfth-century East Frankish manuscript. It probably never circulated much beyond the province of Trier, and it owed more to West Frankish exemplars than East Frankish ones. It was partially modeled on the "capitula" drawn up by Archbishop Radulf of Bourges in 853. Several of its chapters match canons from the provincial synod, but it cannot be determined which came first. The provincial canons, titled "Sermo in synodo faciendus" as if they were a sermon delivered by Ruotger to his assembled bishops, were only discovered in a Viennese manuscript in the early 1980s.
	Ruotger was buried in the chapel dedicated to Saint Walpurga in the church of Sankt Paulin in Trier. His gravestone was still visible in the 17th century.

= = = Chris Baldwin (director) = = =

	Chris Baldwin is a British performance director and curator, professor and writer, he has lived in northern Spain for 20 years. He develops site specific performances and curated events devoted to specific city, rural or regional contexts. Baldwin's work emphasises the importance of a collaboration between professionals and citizens in the making and curating of cultural projects. He has various plays and Books published about theatre and the teaching of history in post authoritarian countries. Baldwin directs widely including Spain, UK, Poland, Bulgaria and Germany. Baldwin worked for Rose Bruford College, 2012 Summer Olympics. He was Curator of Interdisciplinary Performance for the 2016 in Wroclaw, Poland and also works for the . He was Creative Director for Galway 2020 <http://galway2020.ie/en/> European Capital of Culture.
(2)THE SOUL OF THE CITY – CHRIS BALDWIN interviewed by CATHERINE TRZECIAK 12 July 2015 "The City is a story, but it also can be the author of the story. The diverse and multi-layered nature of the city is a story that demands to be told."
<nowiki>https://www.tygodnikpowszechny.pl/dusza-miasta-31566</nowiki>
(3)¨CAOS, DIRRECCIÓN y AMOR¨ CHRIS BALDWIN por BIENVENIDA BORRÁS 24/04/06 www.diagonalperiodico.net/culturas/caos-direccion-y-amor-son-tres-ejes-sobre-pivota-trabajo-creativo.html
(4) FIESTA IN BRESLAU – CHRIS BALDWIN interviewed by Magda Piekarska 5 December 2015
<nowiki>http://wyborcza.pl/magazyn/1,149724,19296289,fiesta-w-breslau-rozmowa-z-kuratorem-europejskiej-stolicy-kultury.html</nowiki>
(5) <nowiki>https://www.diariodelaltoaragon.es/NoticiasDetalle.aspx?Id=956211</nowiki>

= = = The Ugly American (film) = = =

	The Ugly American is a 1963 American adventure film directed by George Englund, written by Stewart Stern, and starring Marlon Brando, Sandra Church, Eiji Okada, Pat Hingle, Judson Pratt and Arthur Hill. It is based on the 1958 novel "The Ugly American" by Eugene Burdick and William Lederer. The film was released on April 2, 1963, by Universal Pictures.
	American ambassador Harrison MacWhite (Marlon Brando) travels to a Southeast Asian country beleaguered by rival factions, but MacWhite views the political situation only in the simplest terms: as a struggle between communism and democracy. By the time that the ambassador finally sees the resultant political upheaval as something far more complicated, it may be too late.
	The film version of the novel was made in 1963 and starred Marlon Brando as Ambassador Harrison Carter MacWhite.
	The screenplay was written by Stewart Stern, and the film was produced and directed by George Englund. The film was shot mainly in Hollywood, with Thailand serving as the inspiration for the background sceneries. Parts of the film were also shot on locations in Bangkok, Thailand, including at Chulalongkorn University, one of the leading institutes of higher learning of the country.
	The "Ugly American" received mixed reviews and was completely overwhelmed by a number of more popular films that year. The film won no Golden Globes and was not nominated for an Oscar. It did poorly at the box office and was not among the year's top 25 grossing films of 1963.
	The "New York Times" reported that Brando “moves through the whole picture with authority and intelligence,” and the "New York Daily News" said it was “one of Brando’s best performances.” But the negative view was reflected by the critic in "Time" who wrote that Brando “attempts an important voice but most of the time he sounds like a small boy in a bathtub imitating Winston Churchill” and called it a “lousy picture.”
	Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 80% of critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 6.1/10.
	Of twenty-three reviews examined by one scholar, fourteen were positive, five negative, and four neutral or mixed. Brando had given interviews where he questioned American Cold War politics, and some reviewers agreed, but few of these reviews mentioned that the film was set in a country very much like Vietnam. Only a few mentioned the point that, as "The Dallas Morning News" put it, one should “not assume that nationalism is inevitably anti-American,” and "The New Republic" was unusual in adding that “American blindness ... has driven many people particularly Asians, towards communism.” Some called Senator Brenner the real “ugly American” and objected to his McCarthyite tactics. "The New York Post" wrote that the film presented the dilemma that when Americans supported dictators, the Communists “make common revolutionary cause with the downtrodden.” Many East Coast reviews, however, objected to the film’s “oversimplification” of the issues. "The Washington Post" wrote it was “nothing more than a western about the bad guys and the good guys.”
	Kukrit Pramoj, a Thai politician and scholar, was hired as a cultural expert/advisor to the film and later played the role of Sarkhan's Prime Minister "Kwen Sai". Later on, in 1975, he, in fact, became the 13th Prime Minister of Thailand. Probably because of this, the word "Sarkhan" entered the Thai language as a nickname of Thailand itself, often with a slight self-deprecating or mocking tone. Much of the 'Sarkhanese' spoken in the film is actually Thai.

= = = Ming Prefecture (Zhejiang) = = =

	Mingzhou or Ming Prefecture (738–1194) was a "zhou" (prefecture) in imperial China located in modern northeastern Zhejiang, China, around modern Ningbo. The prefecture was called Yuyao Commandery from 742 to 758.
	Located on the coast of the East China Sea and the southern bank of Hangzhou Bay (which connects it to Hang Prefecture and the Grand Canal), Ming Prefecture was one of the most important international ports during the Tang (618–907), Wuyue (907–978) and Song (960–1279) dynasties. Cargo ships to and from Japan, Silla (57 BC – 935 AD), Goryeo (918–1392), and Liao (907–1125) frequented this prefecture. Ming Prefecture also administered Zhoushan, an island archipelago off the Zhejiang coast, including Zhoushan Island.
	For most of its history, Ming Prefecture administered the following 4–6 counties (縣):
	Before 764, Xiangshan (which is separated from the prefectural seat by Xiangshan Harbor) was under the administration of Tai Prefecture.
	Ming Prefecture was created on 3 August 738 by splitting Mao County (鄮縣) from Yue Prefecture and dividing the area into 4 counties. Around 500 homeless people from Run Prefecture were brought over to resettle in Ming Prefecture.
	In 739, it was determined that 207,032 people from 42,027 families resided in Ming Prefecture.
	In 744, Mao County's magistrate Lu Nanjin (陸南金) had laborers expand the Wanjin Lake (now known as Dongqian Lake) to facilitate irrigation and agricultural water management.
	In 744, while waiting for the typhoon to pass before embarking on his third journey to Japan, the Buddhist monk Jianzhen stayed at the Temple of King Ashoka.
	In 752, three ships carrying Japanese diplomats from Empress Kōken's court arrived in Ming Prefecture.
	In 762, Yuan Chao (袁晁) rebelled from the Zhoushan Archipelago, and quickly took several prefectures including Ming Prefecture. In 763, Yuan Chao was destroyed and captured by the Tang army led by Li Guangbi.
	In 798, military officer Li Huang (栗鍠) rebelled in Ming Prefecture. He was defeated in 799.
	In 804, a Japanese ship carrying 127 people from Emperor Kanmu's court arrived in Ming Prefecture, the Buddhist monk Saichō among them.

= = = Keita Ono = = =

	Keita Ono (born December 17, 1987) is a Japanese darts player.
	Ono won a Dartslive event in Hong Kong in 2012 by defeating Lourence Ilagan. He claimed the 2013 Japan Open by beating Gordon Dixon in the final. Ono attempted to qualify for the 2014 PDC World Darts Championship, but lost to eventual winner Morihiro Hashimoto in the Semi-final of the Japan Qualifying Event.
	Ono qualified for the 2016 PDC World Championship by winning the Japan Qualifying Event. After defeating Alex Tagarao 2–0 in the preliminary round, he lost 3–0 to 16-time world champion Phil Taylor in the first round. Ono made his debut at the World Cup and, together with partner Haruki Muramatsu, they were beaten 5–2 by Northern Ireland in the first round. Ono lost 6–1 in the opening round of the Tokyo Darts Masters to Raymond van Barneveld, but won the Soft Tip Dartslive Premium Stage event by overcoming Boris Krčmar in the final.

= = = 2003–04 Eastern Michigan Eagles men's basketball team = = =

	The 2003–04 Eastern Michigan Eagles men's basketball team represented Eastern Michigan University during the 2003–04 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Eagles, led by fourth year head coach Jim Boone. The Eagles played their home games at the Eastern Michigan University Convocation Center and were members of the West Division of the Mid-American Conference. They finished the season 13–15, 7–11 in MAC play. They finished fifth in the MAC West. They were knocked out in the first round of the MAC Tournament by Marshall.
	Source:
	The team captains were Markus Austin, Michael Ross.
!colspan=9| Regular Season
!colspan=9| 2004 MAC Men's Basketball Tournament
	MAC Player of the Week
	Preseason 1st Team All-MAC West Division
	E-Club Hall of Fame Inductees

= = = Francesco Bagnara = = =

	Francesco Bagnara (1784, in Vicenza – 21 October 1866, in Venice) was an Italian scenographer, decorator and landscape architect.
	Francesco Bagnara came from a poor family and began work as a decorative room painter. Thanks to the interest of a local noble family (the Angarans), he was able to go to Venice, where he studied with Giuseppe Borsato and helped him paint decorations for the Teatro La Fenice. Around 1812, with the financial assistance of the Papadopoli family, he was able to open his own studios. His first clients were the Teatro San Moisè and the Teatro San Benedetto, and later became the official designer at La Fenice. During this period, he designed sets for several now-famous operas by Gioachino Rossini.
	He also supplied decorations for provincial theaters. Because they generally could not afford full new sets for each production, he created a series of scenarios (about a dozen) that could be easily readapted for the occasion. None of these survive, but albums of watercolor sketches have been preserved at the Museo Correr.
	In addition to his theater work, he decorated churches and palaces and designed gardens featuring mounds, lakes, bridges and faux ruins; after the style of Giuseppe Jappelli. His most notable work was at the Giardini Papadopoli, although much of it was later destroyed to create an extension for the bus terminal at the Piazzale Roma. From 1838 to 1854, he was a Professor of landscaping at the Accademia di Belle Arti.
	Beginning in a Neo-Classical style, he gradually adopted Romanticism. He was known for his lack of concern for historical veracity, once having set "La Sonnambula" in what looked like a Roman forum (instead of an Italian village), for example. Occasionally, he used machines to create theatrical effects; notably at a festival celebrating the coronation of Ferdinand I of Austria in 1835. According to his official obituary, he created over 1,100 scenarios.

= = = Writer2epub = = =

	Writer2ePub (W2E) is a free extension for the various implementations of the "Writer" text processor to create EPUB-formatted e-Books "from any file format that Writer can read". A text to be exported as EPUB has to be saved as OpenDocument (ODT)-formatted text document. Writer2epub is written in OpenOffice Basic. The author of Writer2ePub is Luca “Luke” Calcinai.

= = = List of former Innovate Wrestling personnel = = =

	Innovate Wrestling is a professional wrestling promotion based in Kingsport, Tennessee. Former employees in Innovate Wrestling consist of professional wrestlers, managers, play-by-play and color commentators, announcers, interviewers and referees.

= = = Main Street Commercial District (Little Rock, Arkansas) = = =

	The Main Street Commercial District is a historic district encompassing a typical downtown city block of Little Rock, Arkansas, during the first half of the 20th century. The district consists of ten buildings lining the east side of the 300 block of Main Street. This area was completely redeveloped after a fire in February 1900 sparked an explosion at an arms company, levelling the block. The buildings in the district are stylistically diverse, and were built between 1900 and 1955.
	The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. Four of the district's buildings are also individually listed on the National Register: the Fulk Building, the Taylor Building, the Rose Building, and the Gus Blass Department Store.

= = = Snowboarding at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics = = =

	Snowboarding at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena, Lillehammer and Hafjell in Øyer, Norway from 14 to 19 February. The snowboard cross was added for each gender.
	All quotas were distributed using the results of the 2015 World Junior Championships. Each nation was allowed to enter one athlete per event. The total quota was 80 athletes (32 in snowboard cross, 24 in slopestyle and 24 in halfpipe).

= = = Tomhannock Methodist Episcopal Church = = =

	Tomhannock Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic Methodist Episcopal church located at Pittstown, Rensselaer County, New York. It was built in 1845, and is a one-story, vernacular Greek Revival style brick church building with a front gable roof. It is topped by an open belfry topped by a low pyramidal roof. The interior was remodeled in 1871 and 1896. A two-story frame addition was built about 1980 to replace a two-story social hall added in 1855. The church was abandoned by United Methodist Conference in 2010 and subsequently adapted for municipal purposes.
	It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

= = = Mary T. Boatwright = = =

	Mary Taliaferro Boatwright is professor of classical studies at Duke University. She is a specialist in Roman history.
	Boatwright received her B.A. from Stanford University in 1973, and her M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. She was a Phi Beta Kappa at Stanford.
	Boatwright is professor of classical studies at Duke University. She is a specialist in Roman history, the topography of Rome, Roman women, Rome's northern frontiers and Latin historiography. In 1992 she won the Gildersleeve Prize, for her article "The Imperial Women of the Early Second Century A.C." in the "American Journal of Philology" (No. 112 (1991), pp. 513-40)

= = = Joanna Angelett = = =

	Joanna Angelett is the artist name of Joanna Trummer, a British-Australian jewellery designer, author, founder of the worldwide anti-racism "Tree of Life" art project. As a designer she is best known for her sculpture-like jewellery, and as creator of desktop items of precious metals, decorated with gems and cloisonné enamels.
	In 1992, Angelett started a jewellery design company called Olgene & Co in Sydney, Australia. In 1996, she designed and made the award-winning chalice "Cup of David" which represented Australia in the international design competition Jerusalem 3000, during the celebration of Jerusalem's 3000-year-anniversary in 1996. The chalice, made from gold and silver, decorated with cloisonné enamels, Australian diamonds and golden colored labradorite from New South Wales, was included in an international design catalogue and displayed in the Exhibition and Convention Centre in Jerusalem, where Angelett explained the jewellery techniques she had used in making it to the director of the Bible Lands Museum in Jerusalem. With her success in the Jerusalem 3000 competition, Angelett was congratulated by the Ambassador of Israel to Australia and the Lord Mayor of Perth Dr Peter Nattrass, who also attended the opening of her renamed company Jewellery Art Gallery after its relocation to Perth, Western Australia in 1998.
	The newspaper The Western Australian wrote in the article 'Jewel in the Crown Displays Finery' published on 10 March 1998: " The Cup of David is the final item in Joanna Trummer Crystal Harp collection, a project she researched in Paris and London in 1990-91. Apart from Cup of David, the collection consists of ranging big items from precious metals and paintings - now contained in private collections overseas and in Australia - including the collection of former Prime Minister Paul Keating."
	After the recognition of Angelett's "Cup of David", called by German magazine Schmuck "a rarity, created with diverse, ancient and elaborate techniques" and her works, including the "Snow Drops" collection with Australian pearls which she launched in Perth, she started to showcase her works on the international market.
	In 1998 Angelett created an anti-racism art project. German magazine Schmuck wrote in 2001: "Joanna Trummer, one of Australia's leading designers and specialist in art history, founded three years ago, the internationally successful "Menorah" project". In the Menorah-Tree of Life project, later often called simply Tree of Life, according to Schmuck magazine "scientists, designers and journalists from Australia, Belgium, Israel and even the Pope" were participating. Angelett got the idea for the project while working on an object with biblical motive, in which she let "time" be represented by wings carrying symbolic light. She called the piece the "Millennium Lamp". In the project, the biblical menorah represented the "magnificent almond tree" full of light, considered as a Tree of Life - "symbol of humanity and rejection of all forms of racism and violence".
	The Tree of Life project was honoured by the Pope with a special award. The British magazine "Sussex Style" wrote: "His Holiness John Paul II himself blessed Angelett's creativity in 2000!" Shortly thereafter, her Tree of Life project was acclaimed by Prime Minister of Australia John Howard. The symbol of the project – the "Golden Cross of Life", was selected for the Vatican collection and handed over to the Pope by the Apostolic Nunciature in Canberra in 2001. 
	As president or the Tree of Life organization, Angelett was in 2002 invited to the Government House in Canberra to discuss the project with the Governor-General Dr. Peter Hollingworth, who donated a copy of Angelett's "Golden Cross of Life", to the collection of the Government House of Australia and introduced the Tree of Life project to Queen Elizabeth II. 
	The same year, she was also called "top Australian designer", by jewellery historian Dr Jack Ogden.
	Angelett, who also works in the wide range of art fields, creating paintings, sculptures and music, was recognized as "The Artist with Extraordinary Ability" by the United States Department of Justice in 2002. With an increased demand for her designs, she moved her company to the jewellery district of Los Angeles, California and renamed it Angelett Gallery, after one of her talented artist ancestors. She also started to use the name Angelett as her artist name.
	That same year, Angelett received a letter from Queen Elizabeth II with words of support for the project. The Queen's letter, which expressed appreciation for her as an artist, inspired Angelett to create the "Royal Garden" collection in her "sculpture-like" jewelry style.
	During her time in the United States, the Governor of New York invited Angelett to meet with Secretary of State of New York Randy Daniels, whose department ordered a copy of the "Golden Cross of Life" for its collection.
	In 2006, Angelett was granted "The Artist with Significant Achievement" visa by the British Home Office. In 2007, she relocated her company to Sussex, England, and in 2008, she established an art and jewellery design gallery in the Hatton Garden jewelry district in central London, where during the period from 2008-2019 Angelett established several new art collections and wrote the short story cycle, published in British press, about inspiration behind the creation of art objects.
	From 2013 Joanna Angelett is holding dual British-Australian nationality.
	In 2015-16, Angelett launched two new jewelry collections – "Geological", consisting of rings with rare minerals in settings, including the "Miner's Ring", made with gold from Western Australia and newly discovered gold crystals (mineral) from the Salsigne gold mine in France, and "The Characters" – a collection of luxury objects, for some of which a German sculptor, whose ancestor worked for the House of Fabergé, carved small sculptures according to Angelett designs from agate, to be used as part of the composition of these items.
	In London, Angelett continued to work on and expand the "Royal Garden" collection inspired by the Australian nature. An example from the collection is the ring "Veronica Perfoliata" created with the use of CAD and laser technology. In parallel with modern techniques Angelett is continuing to use the ancient technique of cloisonné, which was used in the "Cup of David" in Australia. The "Holy Kingdom Ring", designed by Angelett in London for the former Governor-General of Australia Dr Hollingworth, is implemented in this technique. The "Holy Kingdom Ring" is "Manifestation of biblical passage which painted a picture of Holy Kingdom with the image of Jesus Christ depicted in ancient technique of polychrome cloisonné enamel". For creation of this ring Angelett conducted research on "remarkable collection of papal rings, dating back to fourteenth century" in the British Museum in London.
	Her palladium ring "After the Rain" from the "Royal Garden Collection", created in sculpture-like style, became The First British Jewellers' Association Palladium Jewellery Award winner in 2010 and her collections have been exhibited in several noted venues, including the Mansion House and Goldsmiths' Hall in London in 2009.
	In 2017 Joanna Angelett has been nominated as one of the major authors-contributors by the "Gems & Jewellery" magazine, where both of her recent articles - 'Christmas Lake' and The 'Emerald Desert' - are displaying rings in form of miniature 'jewellery-sculptures' from her latest collection 'The Characters', that has been created in Hatton Garden premises of Angelett Gallery in London and expanded there significantly during 2018.
	Collection 'The Characters', as a thematic line, is designed as a main direction of Angelett further work in the field of art.

= = = Viettel Tanzania = = =

	Viettel Tanzania Public Limited Company, trading as Halotel,is a mobile communications company, providing voice, messaging, data and communication services in Tanzania. It is owned by Viettel Global JSC which is the state-owned Investment Company from Vietnam investing in the Telecommunications market in several countries worldwide. It has invested up to $1 Billion into the Tanzania's telecommunications market. The Company was the first company in Tanzania allowed to lay its own fiber optic cable and has placed over 18,000 km of optic fibers, providing all 26 regions of Tanzania services.
	The Tanzanian telecom market is one of the most competitive markets in Africa and Tanzania has over 71% mobile phone penetration. The company aims to capitalize on the providing a very wide coverage as quickly as possible and the company claims to cover over 81% of the country's area soon to be the higher than any of the major providers.
	Halotel was launched in October 2015 and deployed in all 26 Tanzanian regions. This was Viettel's fourth investment in Africa after Movitel, Lumitel and Nexttel in Mozambique, Burundi and Cameroon respectively. Viettel started investing in the country in 2011 and planned $736 million in investment after the then president Jakaya Kikwete made a state visit to Vietnam. The goal of the government was to encourage rural mobile connectivity in the country where and the government saw fit to increase competition by allowing Viettel to operate in the country.
	The entry of Viettel also saw further liberalization of the communication sector, where the government allowed private companies to lay their own optic fiber cables. The company had promised to connect several public institutions around the country with the optic fibre network and connect over 1500 villages to the telecommunication grid that were previously not served. The company also tried to partner with state-owned energy company Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited (TANESCO) to use TANESCO's power poles to serve as antennas, however due to high costs the plan was abandoned.
	The company has successfully obtained licenses to operate its mobile money services HALOPESA to help it compete with Tanzania's well established operators.
	Viettel Group is a Vietnam based telecommunications group. It is a state-owned enterprise wholly owned and operated by the Ministry of Defence of Vietnam. The company has a customer base of over 75 million as of 2014 and made over $8 billion in revenue. ,the Group has subsidiaries in:

= = = 1955–56 Oberliga = = =

	The 1955–56 Oberliga was the eleventh season of the Oberliga, the first tier of the football league system in West Germany and the Saar Protectorate. The league operated in five regional divisions, Berlin, North, South, Southwest and West. The five league champions and the runners-up from the west, south, southwest and north then entered the 1956 German football championship which was won by Borussia Dortmund. It was Borussia Dortmund's first-ever national championship and second appearance in the championship final, having previously lost to VfR Mannheim in 1949.
	A similar-named league, the DDR-Oberliga, existed in East Germany, set at the first tier of the East German football league system. The 1956 DDR-Oberliga was won by SC Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt.
	The 1955–56 season saw two new clubs in the league, VfR Neumünster and Eintracht Nordhorn, both promoted from the Amateurliga. The league's top scorer was Uwe Seeler of Hamburger SV with 32 goals, the highest total for any scorer in the five Oberligas in 1955–56. 
	The 1955–56 season saw two new clubs in the league, Tasmania 1900 Berlin and Hertha Zehlendorf, both promoted from the Amateurliga Berlin. The league's top scorer was Manfred Dommasch of Hertha Zehlendorf with 18 goals. 
	The 1955–56 season saw two new clubs in the league, Sportfreunde Hamborn and Wuppertaler SV, both promoted from the 2. Oberliga West. The league's top scorer was Alfred Niepieklo of Borussia Dortmund with 24 goals. 
	The 1955–56 season saw two new clubs in the league, FV Speyer and Sportfreunde Saarbrücken, both promoted from the 2. Oberliga Südwest. The league's top scorer was Horst Schmutzler of TuS Neuendorf with 30 goals. 
	The 1955–56 season saw two new clubs in the league, TSV 1860 München and Viktoria Aschaffenburg, both promoted from the 2. Oberliga Süd. The league's top scorer was Ernst-Otto Meyer of VfR Mannheim with 30 goals, six less than the previous season when he also finished as the league's top scorer. 
	The 1956 German football championship was contested by the nine qualified Oberliga teams and won by Borussia Dortmund, defeating Karlsruher SC in the final. The runners-up of the Oberligas, except Berlin, played pre-qualifying matches to determine which three of the four would go on to the group stage. The remaining eight clubs then played a home-and-away round of matches in two groups of four. The two group winners then advanced to the final.

= = = Rend Each Other Like Wild Beasts, Till Earth Shall Reek With Midnight Massacre = = =

	Rend Each Other Like Wild Beasts, Till Earth Shall Reek With Midnight Massacre is an EP by Gnaw Their Tongues, released on May 16, 2009 by At War With False Noise.
	Adapted from the "Rend Each Other Like Wild Beasts, Till Earth Shall Reek With Midnight Massacre" liner notes.

= = = Angelo Marre House = = =

	The Angelo Marre House, also known as Villa Marre, is a historic house at 1321 Scott Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a high style Italianate house, two stories in height, with a flared mansard roof and a 2-1/2 story tower set above its entry. Built of painted brick, it has been a landmark of the city since its construction, and has had at least two notable occupants: Jeff Davis, a Governor of Arkansas, and Edgar Burton Kinsworthy, a state attorney general and long-serving state senator.
	The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.
	The home was used for exterior shots of Sugarbaker & Associates Interior Design on the television series Designing Women.

= = = Heshang Gong = = =

	Heshang Gong (also Ho-Shang Kung) is the reputed author of one of the earliest commentaries on the "Tao Te Ching" of Laozi to survive to modern times, which is dated to the latter part of the Han dynasty. He was reputedly a reclusive Chinese hermit from the 1st century CE. Other early commentaries include the Xiang'er written between AD 190 and 220, and one written by the philosopher Wang Bi.
	Little is known about the life of Heshang Gong; however the impact of his writing is extensive in regards to the understanding and translation of the Dao De Jing, and is considered one of the earliest proponents of Daoist meditative practices which cultivate the “three treasures” of vitality, energy, and spirit, and the "dual cultivation" of spiritual nature () and life-and-destiny ().
	Heshang Gong's name is only known as the epithet Riverside Elder (), being an early form of "anshang" 岸上, meaning on the bank or shore. What we know of Heshang Gong comes from the preface written by Ge Xuan 葛玄, a Taoist of the third century AD.
	According to Ge Xuan, the emperor Han Wenti a keen student of the "Tao Te Ching", had heard that Heshang Gong was an expert on that text, and sent for him to come to the emperor to teach him. The hermit declined the invitation to teach the emperor, saying, "Tao is esteemed and Te honored, one cannot ask much about them." Annoyed, the emperor went to the hermit and sternly informed him that as he resided within the bounds of the Empire, and the emperor had the power to make him rich or poor. Heshang Gong immediately rose into the air and replied, "above: "Now above I have not reached heaven, in the middle I am not bound to men, below I am not staying on earth. How do I belong to the people? How could your Majesty want to make me rich and honored or poor and despised?"
	The emperor realized that he was speaking to a divine emissary, repented of his brusque manner, and begged of the hermit to be instructed in the work. Thereupon Heshang Gong presented his commentary to emperor Han Wenti.
	Dan G. Reid says, "Heshang Gong’s insights into Daoist wisdom, history, cosmogony, and meditative practices, have been an essential aid to understanding the meaning, applicability, and cultural context of the Dao De Jing throughout Chinese history. He was the first to explain, in written form, its many paradoxical idioms and place them in context of the time and culture in which they were written. Every subsequent commentary, re-editing, and translation of the Dao De Jing has absorbed some degree of influence from his work."
	Heshang Gong provides what Kohn calls the "first evidence for Taoist meditation" and "proposes a concentrative focus on the breath for harmonization with the Dao." Eduard Erkes says the purpose of the Heshang Gong commentary was not only to explicate the "Daodejing", but chiefly to enable "the reader to make practical use of the book and in teaching him to use it as a guide to meditation and to a life becoming a Taoist skilled in meditative training."

= = = United Waste Manufacturing Company Building = = =

	United Waste Manufacturing Company Building, also known as the Hudson River Terminal Warehouse Company and "The Fortress", is a historic warehouse building located at Troy, Rensselaer County, New York. It was built about 1902, and is a six-story, load bearing masonry building in the Romanesque Revival style. It features castellated detailing, three blind arcades, crenellated corner towers, and a prominent main tower that resembles castle keep.
	It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.

= = = On-body wireless = = =

	On-body wireless or body-centric wireless is the interconnection and networking of wearable computer system components and sensors through a system of transceivers, space wave antennas, and surface guided wave antennas for telemetry and telecommunications. The technique uses the surface of the human body as a transmission medium or path for electromagnetic waves. The topic of body-centric wireless networks (BCWN) can be divided into three main domains based on wireless sensor nodes placement, i.e., communication between the nodes that are on the body surface; communication from the body-surface to nearby base station; and at least one node may be implanted within the body. These three domains have been called on-body, off-body and in-body, respectively. The performance analysis of on-body wireless communication for different sporting activities has been reported . 

= = = Andrea Cavallari = = =

	Andrea Cavallari is a composer and visual artist.
	Born in the United States, Cavallari studied piano, composition, ethnomusicology, orchestra conducting and art. After graduating from the music conservatory he took a masters in composition with Franco Donatoni. Cavallari then studied visual art. For the past 20 years he has expressed his art in both music and visual art. He is influenced by the works of Salvatore Sciarrino, Luciano Berio, John Cage, György Ligeti and also artists such as Jackson Pollock, Piero Manzoni, Alighiero Boetti and many others.
	Cavallari is very active in the contemporary visual arts, having collaborated and curated events for many festivals, galleries and museums such as the Bargello Museum and the Museo Novecento. He has shown his works in exhibitions in London, Singapore, Paris, NYC and throughout Europe. Since 2007 he has been the artistic director of the festival Firenze Suona Contemporanea which is held in Florence and collaborates with some of the most important institutions, including the Museo degli Uffizi, Museo Pecci, Museo del Bargello and Palazzo Strozzi. He has recorded with Rivoalto (Italy) and Capstone (New York). He founded the Accademia San Felice and FLAME / Florence Art Music Experience. He has been artistic director at the Estate Fiesolana, the Week of World Sacred Music and the FOG festival. In 2013 he co-founded the London Ear Festival of Contemporary Music with the British composer Gwyn Pritchard. Cavallari is also involved in programming, art direction and music production, mainly aimed at experimentation and contemporary in classical music and electronics. He has edited and produced projects combining visual art and contemporary music, creating acoustic-visual installations by William Kentridge and Philip Miller (Paper Music), Alfredo Pirri and Alvin Curran (Passi), Jannis Kounellis and Erwin Wurm. In 2008 founded the festival of contamination between visual art and music Firenze Suona Contemporanea, which takes place annually in Florence. He lives and works in Florence and London. Cavallari's music is published by Verlag Neue Musik (Berlin).

= = = Marshall Square Historic District = = =

	The Marshall Square Historic District encompasses a collection of sixteen nearly identical houses in Little Rock, Arkansas. The houses are set on 17th (south side) and 18th (north side) Streets between McAlmont and Vance Streets, and were built in 1917-18 as rental properties Josephus C. Marshall. All are single-story wood frame structures, with hip roofs and projecting front gables, and are built to essentially identical floor plans. They exhibit only minor variations, in the placement of porches and dormers, and in the type of fenestration.
	The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

= = = Calvin Henry Kauffman = = =

	Calvin Henry Kauffman (March 1, 1869–1931) was an American botanist and mycologist. A fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, he was affiliated with the University of Michigan from 1904 until his death, and was known for his studies of the family Agaricaceae.

= = = Too Many Zooz = = =

	Too Many Zooz is an American music group based in New York City, New York, consisting of Leo Pellegrino (baritone saxophone), Matt "Doe" Muirhead (trumpet) and David "King of Sludge" Parks (drums).
	Pellegrino and Muirhead met at the Manhattan School of Music where they were attending. Pellegrino and Parks had played together in Drumadics, a local busking band. Teaming up in mid-2013, the trio started busking together that August at various stations in the New York City Subway in their self-defined genre – brass house.
	The band's definition of Brass House is defined as a mix of jazz, Afro-Cuban rhythms, funk, EDM and house music.
	They gained fame when a video of one of their subway performances, recorded by a passer-by at the Union Square station, went viral on YouTube in March 2014. They are known as well for Pellegrino's characteristic dance moves while playing.
	Too Many Zooz recorded an EP, "F NOTE", in January 2014, which they sold at their busking performances. The band has recorded three more EPs, followed by their first full-length studio album, "Subway Gawdz", on June 27, 2016, receiving mixed to positive reviews.
	By January 2015, the band was booked on a tour at theatres and small clubs across the United States. They continue to perform on road trips, and played backup for Beyoncé for her televised CMA Awards performance on Nov. 2, 2016 in Nashville, Tenn.
	Kaskade's July 2016 single "Jorts FTW" features Too Many Zooz.
	"Warriors", from Too Many Zooz "Subway Gawdz" album, was featured in Google's commercial for their Pixel 2 smart phone in October 2017. "Warriors" was also featured in the Flag Parade of the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 Grand Final. "Brnx Bmbr" is featured in a KFC commercial for the Triple Grab N Go. "Get Busy", is also featured in the beginning credits of the Netflix original movie, "The Package".

= = = Kemp-Welch = = =

	Kemp-Welch is a double-barrelled surname of British origin. People with that surname include:

= = = 2016 WFG Tankard = = =

	The 2016 Quebec Men's Provincial Curling Championship, also known as the WFG Tankard, was held from January 17 to 24 at the Salaberry Arena in Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec. The winning Jean-Michel Ménard team represented Quebec at the 2016 Tim Hortons Brier in Ottawa, Ontario. The event was held in conjunction with the 2016 Quebec Scotties Tournament of Hearts.
	Teams were as follows:
	"Sunday, January 17, 15:00"
	"Monday, January 18, 08:15"
	"Monday, January 18, 12:00"
	"Monday, January 18, 15:45"
	"Monday, January 18, 19:30"
	"Tuesday, January 19, 08:15"
	"Tuesday, January 19, 12:00"
	"Tuesday, January 19, 15:45"
	"Tuesday, January 19, 19:30"
	"Wednesday, January 20, 08:15"
	"Wednesday, January 20, 12:00"
	"Wednesday, January 20, 15:45"
	"Wednesday, January 20, 19:30"
	"Thursday, January 21, 09:00"
	"Thursday, January 21, 14:00"
	"Thursday, January 21, 19:30"
	"Friday, January 22, 10:00"
	"Friday, January 22, 10:00"
	"Saturday, January 23, 10:00"
	"Saturday, January 23, 14:30"
	"Saturday, January 23, 14:30"
	"Sunday, January 24, 08:15"
	"Sunday, January 24, 15:45"

= = = Lorenzo Cohen = = =

	Lorenzo Cohen is a professor in the Department of General Oncology and Behavioral Science and the director of the Integrative Medicine Program at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. He is also a distinguished clinical professor at the Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center in Shanghai, China. Cohen is a founding member and past president of the Society for Integrative Oncology.
	Cohen has been involved with numerous studies examining psychosocial and integrative medicine interventions to improve quality of life and outcomes for patients with cancer and other serious diseases, including therapies such as reiki, "energy medicine", acupuncture, and yoga. David Gorski has called the topics of Cohen's research quackery and a waste of taxpayer dollars; he has criticized Cohen for taking a credulous stance on pseudoscience. His directorship of integrative medicine at MD Anderson Cancer Center has been criticized for offering ineffective treatments to patients.
	Cohen was awarded a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship from the National Cancer Institute of Canada. Since then, he has received continual research support from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States in the form of R01 funding, with up to four R01’s funded at a time. In 2007, he became a Distinguished Clinical Professor of Fudan University Cancer Hospital, where he continues his research on traditional Chinese medicine that started in 2003. In 2007, Cohen earned the International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Award of Shanghai Municipality.
	In 2008, the Shanghai Municipal People's Government awarded Cohen the Silver Magnolia Memorial Award and in 2011 the Gold Magnolia Memorial Award, in recognition of outstanding contributions to the city of Shanghai. In 2011, Cohen was recognized by the Society for Integrative Oncology with the Outstanding Achievement Award. Cohen is a Fellow of the Academy of Behavioral Medicine Research.
	Cohen has published extensively in the field of integrative therapies in oncology and beyond.

= = = Sex differences in emotional intelligence = = =

	Emotional intelligence (EI) involves using cognitive and emotional abilities to function in interpersonal relationships, social groups as well as manage one's emotional states. It consists of abilities such as social cognition, empathy and reasoning about the emotions of others.
	Current literature finds women have higher emotional intelligence ability than men based on common ability tests such as MSCEIT and the newer Test of Emotional Intelligence.
	Reviews, meta-analysis and studies of physiological measures, behavioral tests, and brain neuroimaging, however, revealed mixed findings. Whereas experimental and neuropsychological measures show no reliable sex effect, self-report data consistently indicates greater empathy in females.
	Emotional intelligence (EI) involves using cognitive and emotional abilities to function in interpersonal relationships, social groups as well as manage one's emotional states. A person with high EI ability can perceive, comprehend and express emotion accurately, and also has the ability to access and generate feelings when needed to improve one's self and relationships with others. According to the Four-Branch Model of Emotional Intelligence model, there are four abilities that exist for emotional intelligence:
	The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test is used to get emotional intelligence IQs (EIQ). The area scores include experiential EIQ and strategic EIQ. Experiential EIQ includes being able to recognize emotions to compare them to other sensations and their connection to the thought process. Strategic EIQ focuses on the meaning behind emotions, how emotions affect relationships, and how to manage emotions. After area scores, branch scores include four different sections: perceiving emotions, using emotions, understanding emotions, and managing emotions. Using these categories, the test analyzes people's ability to perform tasks and solve emotional problems/situations. No self-perceived assessments are used in the test.
	A 246 university sample study published in the 2004 journal "Personality and Individual Differences" found women scored significantly higher than men on all scales of the MSCEIT. Another 330 sample study published in the same year and same journal also found women scored significantly higher in emotional intelligence ability than men. A 2006 sample study of 946 participants involving the University of Málaga and Yale University as well as researcher Peter Salovey found significantly higher scores obtained by women on overall scale and branches. A 2010 meta-analysis published in the "Journal of Applied Psychology" by researchers Dana L. Joseph and Daniel A. Newman found that women scored higher than men by around half a deviation which amounts to 6–7 points difference. A 2013 study published in the "Journal of Personality Assessment" by researchers Antonietta Curci and Tiziana Lanciano found that results are in line with those of previous studies showing that women consistently expressed higher emotional intelligence abilities than men (Brackett et al., 2004; Extremera et al., 2006; Salguero et al., 2012). A 2014 study published in the journal "PLoS ONE" by researchers Jerzy Wojciechowski, and Maciej Stolarski found differences favoring women for performance-based EI ability tests supporting the held common hypothesis that women have higher EI scores than men do. A 2016 study by researcher Tiziana Quarto published in the journal "PLoS ONE" found women had higher EI abilities among a group of 63 participants.
	This test is based on a theory provided by Peter Salovey and John Mayer, which states that emotional intelligence has distinct, yet connected, categories. There are four categories.
	The TIE uses these categories in its structure.
	The TIE focuses on measuring people's abilities, being an ecologically valid test, and the scoring being based on judgements by experts (instead of the population statistics). Multiple abilities are tested in theSr TIE, much more than compared to other emotional intelligence tests. These included fluid intelligence, verbal intelligence, personality, perception of emotion, and self-reported emotional intelligence. It can be looked at as valid alternative to the MSCEIT.
	A 2014 study plus meta-analysis published in the journal "PLoS ONE" with a sample size of 8979 participants found higher overall score by females on all facets of ability emotional intelligence. The analysis was conducted by researchers Magdalena Śmieja, Jarosław Orzechowski and Maciej S. Stolarski in various universities across Poland. They also found in another study that although genders were equally adept at detecting consistency with basic emotions, women were superior at detecting deception in both basic emotion and inconsistent emotions conditions or in other words complex and subtle emotions. The deviation size differences were 0.32 and the researchers attributed this to women's greater emotional intelligence.
	One example of using a behavioral study was a 2011 study published in the journal "Sex Roles" by researchers Matthew J. Hertenstein and Dacher Keltner. The study found that within a behavioral experiment study of 212 participants, women shared more emotions, felt more prosocial emotions and communicated much more happiness levels in one on one dyadic interaction. Results also found that 79% of female decoders accurately identified male emotions and 96% accurately identified female emotions (both "p"s < .01). For male decoders, 70% ("p" = .052) correctly identified male encoders and 81% ("p" < .01) correctly identified female encoded emotions. Results conformed with findings from past literature.
	Social cognition is what allows people and animals to interpret tone, language, facial expressions, and body language. Everyday, people use social cognition subconsciously as it is part of most modern society. Social cognition is an important part of emotional Intelligence and incorporates social skills such as processing facial expressions, body language and other social stimulus.
	A 2012 review published in the journal "Neuropsychologia" found that women are better at recognizing facial effects, expression processing and emotions in general. Men were only better at recognizing specific behaviour which includes anger, aggression and threatening cues. A 2012 study published in the journal "Neuropsychology" with a sample of 3500 individuals from ages 8–21, found that females outperformed males on face memory and all social cognition tests. Another 2014 study published in the journal "Cerebral Cortex" found that females had larger activity in the right temporal cortex, an essential core of the social brain connected to perception and understanding the social behaviour of others such as intentions, emotions, and expectations.
	In 2014, a meta-analysis of 215 study sample by researcher A.E. Johnson and D Voyeur in the journal "Cognition and Emotion" found overall female advantage in emotional recognition. Other studies have also indicated greater female superiority to discriminate vocal and facial expression regardless of valence, and also being able to accurately process emotional speech. Studies have also found males to be slower in making social judgements than females. Structural studies with MRI neuroimaging has also shown that women have bigger regional grey matter volumes in a number of regions related to social information processing including the inferior frontal cortex and bigger cortical folding in the Inferior frontal cortex and parietal cortex. Researchers supposed that these sex differences in social cognition predisposes to high rates of autism spectrum disorders among males which is characterized by lower social cognition. Two 2015 reviews published in the journal "Emotion review" also found that adult women are more emotionally expressive, but that the size of this gender difference varies with the social and emotional context. Researchers distinguish three factors that predict the size of gender differences in emotional expressiveness: gender-specific norms, social role and situational constraints, and emotional intensity.
	Empathy is the ability to read emotional cues from others and to create an emotional connection during different social situations. Empathy allows the user to organize their emotions in a way that allows them to broadcast what they feel, by what they say.
	A 2006 meta-analysis by researcher Rena A Kirkland in the "North American Journal of Psychology" found significant sex differences favoring females in "Reading of the mind" test. "Reading of the mind" test is an advanced ability measure of cognitive empathy in which Kirkland's analysis involved 259 studies across 10 countries. Another 2014 meta-analysis in "Cognition and Emotion", found overall female advantage in non-verbal emotional recognition across 215 samples.
	In a study published in 2006, neuroscientist Tania Singer showed that empathy-related neural responses are significantly lower in males when observing an "unfair" person experiencing pain. Another 2014 study by researchers Chiyoko Kobayashi Frank, Simon Baron-Cohen and Barbara L. Ganzel found that on average women use networks in the brain associated with both cognitive empathy ( higher activity in mPFC) and emotional empathy (non-activity in the vmPFC) more than men, in which they inferred can somewhat explain why women have better performance in theory of mind or cognitive empathy skills.
	A 2014 analysis from the journal "Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews" also found that there are sex differences in empathy from birth, growing larger with age and which remains consistent and stable across lifespan. Females, on average, were found to have higher empathy than males at all ages, and children with higher empathy regardless of gender continue to possess high empathy throughout development in life. Further analysis of brain tools such as event related potentials found that females who viewed human suffering had higher ERP waveforms than males, an indication of greater empathetic response. Another investigation with similar brain tools such as N400 amplitudes found higher N400 in females in response to social situations which then positively correlated with self-reported empathy. Structural fMRI studies have also found females to have larger grey matter volumes in posterior inferior frontal and anterior inferior parietal cortex areas which have been correlated with mirror neurons indicated by the fMRI literature. Mirror neurons are crucial for many if not most aspects of empathy. Females were also found to have a stronger link between emotional and cognitive empathy. The researchers use "The Primary Caretaker Hypothesis" to explain the stability of these sex differences in development. According to the hypothesis, prehistoric males did not have the same selective pressure as women and this led to sex differences in emotion recognition and empathy.
	Another research, from PLOS One, found that sex differences in empathy vary dramatically depending on the method of assessment. While experimental and neuropsychological measures show no consistent sex effect, self-report data steadily indicates greater empathy in women. In a large-scale study (n = 10,802) the researchers measured empathy with an experimental empathy-for-pain task (EPT). Results showed some sex differences, but with minuscule effect sizes. In the second study, a subsample (n = 334) completed a self-report empathy questionnaire. Contrastingly to the first study, significant sex differences were found in self-reported empathy. Authors argue that self-reports may induce biases leading individuals to assume gender-role stereotypes. The research from "Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience" compared age-related sex differences in both self-report and neurophysiological measures of empathic arousal in sixty-five 4–17-year-old children. Self-report indicated greater responsivity by females, which increased with age, while implicit hemodynamic and physiological measures did not demonstrate any gender-related patterns.

= = = Searle, Gardner and Company Cuff and Collar Factory = = =

	Searle, Gardner and Company Cuff and Collar Factory, also known as the Marshall Ray Building, is a historic textile factory located at Troy, Rensselaer County, New York. It was built about 1898-1899, and consists of a five-story, 18 bay wide, rectangular, main block with an attached two-story block. It features segmental arched windows and Romanesque Revival style design elements. The building housed a collar and cuff, and later shirt, manufacturing plant into the mid-1900s.
	It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

= = = Albert Dement = = =

	Albert Dement (born 1868) was an early Tennessee Walking Horse breeder.
	Albert Dement was born in Cannon County, Tennessee in 1868.
	In 1892 Dement moved to Wartrace, in Bedford County Tennessee, and began breeding horses. Dement's main broodmare was the Tennessee Walking Horse foundation mare Nell Dement F-3. In 1910, Dement bought the stallion Black Allan from fellow horseman James Brantley, with the guarantee that the horse would live through the breeding season. From the only breeding of Nell Dement and Black Allan, Dement obtained the foundation mare Merry Legs. Dement is given credit for being the first Tennessee Walking Horse breeder to utilize scientific inbreeding. 
	Dement was posthumously given the Master Breeder Award by the Tennessee Walking Horse Breeders' and Exhibitors' Association. His farm, with three barns he built, remains in his family and has been designated as a Tennessee Century Farm, meaning that it has been owned by the same family for more than a century.

= = = KRAQ = = =

	KRAQ may refer to:

= = = Hansboro–Cartwright Border Crossing = = =

	The Hansboro–Cartwright Border Crossing connects the towns of Hansboro, North Dakota and Cartwright, Manitoba on the Canada–US border. It is connected by North Dakota Highway 4 on the American side and Manitoba Highway 5 on the Canadian side.
	The Hansboro border station, which was built in 1963, was replaced in 2011. The Canadian Customs port of Cartwright was established in 1914 in the town of Cartwright, and was relocated to the US border in the 1930s. The current border station was built in 1982.

= = = Karel Zouhar = = =

	Karel Zouhar (21 January 1917 – 14 March 1985) was a Czechoslovakian Flight Lieutenant in the Royal Air Force during World War II.

= = = Opacuincola = = =

	Opacuincola is a genus of New Zealand freshwater snails in the family Tateidae.
	The genus contains the following species:

= = = Fort Sumner (Maine) = = =

	Fort Sumner was a coastal defense fortification on Munjoy Hill in Portland, Maine, United States. It was built in 1794 as part of the First System of coastal fortifications built by the United States. It was reportedly originally named Fort Allen after the nearby Revolutionary War battery that probably became part of Fort Sumner, but was renamed in 1797 after Increase Sumner, the incumbent Governor of Massachusetts, of which Maine was then a part. The location is now Fort Sumner Park, also called Standpipe Park, at 60 North Street.
	Fort Sumner consisted of a blockhouse, magazine, and barracks on the summit of Munjoy Hill, where Fort Sumner Park is now, and a "water battery" (battery near a body of water) or "detached battery", probably where Fort Allen Park is now and an upgrade of the Revolutionary War Fort Allen. The battery was rebuilt in 1798 and 1808. The Secretary of War's report for December 1811 describes a battery "at the north end of the town... of five guns mounted and four 18-pounders mounted on travelling carriages". This probably refers to the detached battery, which may have been on the Fort Allen site. Fort Sumner lessened in importance with the construction of Fort Preble and Fort Scammel in 1808. Fort Allen was rebuilt in 1814 with city resources, adding a magazine and barracks due to the British capture of Eastport and Castine in the War of 1812.
	In 1800-1801 Fort Sumner's commander was Captain John Henry, who resigned his command in 1801, became a spy for the British, and was later instrumental in starting the War of 1812. In 1802 the fort's commander was Captain Amos Stoddard of the Regiment of Artillerists, a Portland resident, who successfully kept the fort garrisoned when ordered to Fort Constitution in Portsmouth, New Hampshire by dividing his company. Fort Sumner was probably abandoned in the early 1820s.
	In 1827 John Neal established a gymnasium at the fort.
	Fort Sumner Park (also called Standpipe Park) is located at 60 North Street. It offers an excellent view of the city. Its main feature is the Fort Sumner Steps, which cross over the summit of Munjoy Hill. Nothing remains of the fort in Fort Sumner Park, but a few earthworks remain in nearby Fort Allen Park.
= = = List of Juventus F.C. seasons = = =

	Juventus Football Club is an Italian professional association football club based in Turin, Piedmont. The club was founded as Sport-Club Juventus in late 1897 by pupils from the Massimo D'Azeglio Lyceum school in Turin, among them the brothers Eugenio and Enrico Canfari, but were renamed as Foot-Ball Club Juventus two years later. The club joined the Italian Football Championship in 1900. In 1904, the businessman Ajmone-Marsan revived the finances of the football club Juventus, making it also possible to transfer the training field from piazza d'armi to the more appropriate Velodrome Umberto I. During this period, the team wore a pink and black kit. Juventus first won the league championship in 1905 while playing at their Velodrome Umberto I ground. By this time the club colours had changed to black and white stripes, inspired by English side Notts County.
	Juventus is the most successful club in Italian football and one of the most awarded globally. Overall, Juventus has won 67 official titles on the national and international stage, more than any other Italian club: 35 official league titles, 13 Coppa Italia titles, eight Supercoppa Italiana titles, being the record holder in all these competitions; and, with 11 titles in confederation and inter-confederation competitions (two Intercontinental Cups, two European Champion Clubs' Cup/UEFA Champions Leagues, one European Cup Winners' Cup, three UEFA Cups, one UEFA Intertoto Cup and two UEFA Super Cups), the club ranks fifth in Europe and eleventh in the world with the most trophies won.
	Under the management of Giovanni Trapattoni (1976–1986 and 1991–1994), Juventus won thirteen trophies in the ten years before 1986 (including six league titles, two national cup titles and five international titles) and became the first club to win all three competitions organised by the UEFA: the European Champions' Cup, Cup Winners' Cup and UEFA Cup. With successive triumphs in the 1984 European Super Cup and 1985 Intercontinental Cup, the club became the first, and thus far, the only in association football history, to have won all possible , an achievement that it revalidated with the title won in the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup. Under the management of Marcello Lippi (1994–1999 and 2001–2004), the club had its second most successful cycle with five league titles and three international titles, along with a one Coppa Italia title, four Supercoppa Italiana titles and four further European finals, one UEFA Cup final and three Champions League finals (1996–97, 1997–98, 2002–03).
	In May 2006, Juventus became one of the five clubs linked to a 2006 Italian football scandal, the result of which saw the club relegated to Serie B for the first time in its history, as well as being stripped of the two league titles won under Fabio Capello in 2005 and 2006. After returning to Serie A in the 2007–08 season, Juventus appointed Claudio Ranieri as manager and finished third and second in the following two years league. After two consecutive 7th-place finishes (its worst placement since 1954–57) and for the first time since the 1960s out of European competitions, newly Juventus chairmen Andrea Agnelli appointed former player and fan favourite Antonio Conte as manager in 2011, the same year the club relocated to the new Juventus Stadium. Conte led Juventus to his first three league titles of the 2010s and achieved a record 102 points and 33 wins in the 2013–14 season.
	Following Conte's resignment, Massimiliano Allegri was appointed as manager and led Juventus to a national double in his first year. In the 2015–16 season, the club won their 5th straight title (and 32nd overall) since last winning five straight between 1930–31 and 1934–35, after climbing from 12th place and taking 73 points of a possible 75. The club also became the first team in Italy's history to complete Serie A and Coppa Italia doubles in back-to-back seasons. In the 2016–17 season, the club won their 12th Coppa Italia title, becoming the first team to win three consecutive championships. Juventus also secured their sixth consecutive league title, establishing an all-time record of successive triumphs in the competition. Juventus won their 13th Coppa Italia title, and fourth in a row, extending the all-time record of successive Coppa Italia titles. Four days later on 13 May, Juventus secured their seventh consecutive Serie A title, extending the all-time record of successive triumphs in the competition. On 20 April 2019, Juventus secured their eighth consecutive Serie A title, further extending the all-time record of successive triumphs in the competition.
	The first official national football tournament was organised in 1898 by the Italian Football Federation (Italian: "Federazione Italiana del Football" – FIF, before changing its name in "Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio" – FIGC by 1909).
	In the following years, the tournament (called Prima Categoria) was structured into regional groups, with the winners of each group participating in a playoff with the eventual winners being declared champions. From 1921 to 1926, Prima Divisione was founded as the first level of the Italian Football Championship. Regarding to the dispute between major clubs and FIGC, Divisione Nazionale was created in the following three years as the new national top league where Northern and Southern teams played in the same championship from 1926 to 1929. In 1929, Divisione Nazionale (two groups of 16 teams each) split into two championships: Divisione Nazionale Serie A (the new Top Division) and Divisione Nazionale Serie B (the new second level of Italian Football).
	In the current format of Serie A, the Italian Football Championship was revised from having regional and interregional rounds to a single-tier league from the 1929–30 season onward.

= = = List of schools in Ballarat = = =

	This is a list of schools provided by and within the City of Ballarat.

= = = Ivakin = = =

	Ivakin () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Ivakina. It may refer to

= = = Igoshin = = =

	Igoshin or Igošins () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Igoshina. It may refer to

= = = Igumnov = = =

	Igumnov (, from "игумен" meaning "hegumen") is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Igumnova. It may refer to

= = = Nambisha = = =

	Nambisha is a village located south of Ukhrul in Ukhrul district, Manipur state, India. The village falls under Kamjong sub division. Nambisha is connected by Ukhrul-Kamjong state highway. The village is flanked by Punge in the west, Kangpat in the south, Kongkan Thana in the east and Ningchou in the north. Locally, the inhabitants speak Nambisha dialect that belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family. Some researchers are of the view that the dialect spoken by the inhabitants has some affinity to that of the Koireng tribe.
	According to 2011 census, Nambisha has 92 households with the total of 601 people of which 290 are male and 311 are female. Of the total population, 87 were in the age group of 0–6 years. The average sex ratio of the village is 1072 female to 1000 male which is higher than the state average 985. The literacy rate of the village stands at 99.61% which is higher than the state average 76.94%. Male literacy rate stands at 100% while female literacy rate was 98.25%.
	The village is home to people of Tangkhul Naga tribe. Majority of the inhabitants are Christians and Nambisha and Bungpa hold the record of appointing women pastors in the 1940s; a rare historical privilege in a predominantly patriarchal society. Agriculture is the primary occupation of the inhabitants. Being a remote area, the village is often in the news for the poor transport system due to bad road condition and the inhabitants suffer most during the rainy season because of frequent landslides. Nambisha is close to the porous Indo-Myanmar international border and the village is often used as transit route by militants for which there are frequent encounters between the Indian arm force and militant groups.

= = = Ilyasov = = =

	Ilyasov or Ilyasova is a Slavic surname. It may refer to

= = = Ilyukhin = = =

	Ilyukhin () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Ilyukhina. It may refer to

= = = Louis Bell = = =

	Louis Russell Bell (born May 27, 1982) is an American record producer, vocal producer, songwriter, and mix engineer. Bell's work includes collaborations with Post Malone, Camila Cabello, DJ Snake, Steve Angello, Selena Gomez, Lorde and Taylor Swift. A producer and writer specializing in various genres, Bell has 18 US top 10 hits to his credit, including seven number ones, all since 2018. "Billboard" called Bell's impact on the top of the charts "historic" and labeled him "pop's most prolific, accomplished and untethered freelancer of 2019".
	Louis Bell was born on May 27, 1982 in Quincy, Massachusetts. He began taking piano lessons at the age of 11 and used this skill to make beats with a keyboard and the audio software Fruity Loops, which led to him developing himself as a rapper and recording himself on the computer and eventually opening his own studio in Boston where he worked with dozens of artists.
	In 2013, Bell moved to Los Angeles after signing with his manager Austin Rosen, CEO/Founder of Electric Feel Management. After some time working together in the studio, Bell and artist Post Malone quickly realized they had a great chemistry, and the same vision musically. The duo continued to work together on Post Malone's debut album "Stoney" and multiple singles including ""Congratulations" that gained popularity in late 2015.
	Bell's career took off in January 2016 when Justin Bieber visited him, Malone, and fellow producer Frank Dukes in the studio while finishing the "Stoney" album and the resulting product was the hit song "Deja Vu".
	In August 2016, Bell's first hit song, "Let Me Love You" by Justin Bieber, DJ Snake, and co-written with a longtime collaborator Andrew Watt, made its chart-topping debut. Bell co-wrote and vocal produced the Frank Dukes & Metro Boomin co-production "Congratulations", "Stoney"'s lead single, which debuted at Top 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 Chart followed by "Rockstar", the lead single of Malone's second album, "Beerbongs & Bentleys", which held the No. 1 spot on "Billboard"'s Hot 100 chart for eight straight weeks.
	Bell has also collaborated with numerous artists including PartyNextDoor, Tyga, Juvenile, Sugar Ray, Mike Stud, OMI, Joe Budden, Andrew Watt, and many more. Bell earned a spot on "Variety"'s 2017 Hitmakers list for his work on Malone's "Congratulations", Kygo's collaboration with Selena Gomez's "It Ain't Me", and Camila Cabello's and Young Thug's "Havana".
	On July 6, 2019, Bell became only the second person to top "Billboard"'s newly launched Hot 100 Producer chart. This was thanks to four Hot 100 charting titles, on which Bell is credited as a producer. He also reached number 3 on the Hot 100 Songwriters chart, thanks to his five songwriting credits on the Hot 100.
	61st Annual Grammy Awards

= = = Eleanor Greatorex = = =

	Elizabeth Eleanor Greatorex (1854-1917) was an American painter and illustrator.
	Eleanor Greatorex was born in 1854 in New York City. Her mother was Eliza Pratt Greatorex and her sister, Kathleen Greatorex.
	She painted primarily flowers and figurative works. Greatorex attended the National Academy of Design from 1869 until 1870. She was a member of the New York Etching Club. She studied under Carolus-Duran and Jean-Jacques Henner, while in Paris in 1879.
	She became sick while working in Algiers in 1881. She returned to New York. After she became well, she traveled again, often with her sister. She had a studio with her mother and sister in New York. 

= = = 2014 FIBA 3x3 World Championships – Men's tournament = = =

	The men's tournament of the 2014 FIBA 3x3 World Championships hosted in Russia was participated by 24 teams.
	All five FIBA zones were represented. The top 24 teams, including the hosts, based on the FIBA National Federation ranking qualified for the tournament.
	Notes
	Notes
	Notes
	Source:FIBA
	The Dunk Contest also called Nike Dunk Contest due to sponsorship reasons, was held from 7–8 June 2014. Each team can enter 1 player to participate in the dunk contest. There are two phases, the qualification and the final, which consists of the semi-finals and final). Each player has three attempts to complete both a first and a second dunk which was graded by members of the jury (0 or 5-10). 7 players entered to the competition.
	"After the Final held on 8 June 2014.

= = = Yury Ilyasov = = =

	Yury Mikhaylovich Ilyasov (; 13 November 1926 – 2005) was a Soviet high jumper. He competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics and shared 13th place.

= = = Goshono Site = = =

	The Goshono site is a large scale residential settlement from the Middle Jōmon Period, approximately 2500 BC to 2000 BC. The site is located on a river terrace on the east bank of the Mabechi River, on raised ground at an altitude of approximately 190 meters. There are over 800 pit dwellings extending over 75,000 m² and the site has only partially been excavated.
	The settlement contains two or three groups of pit-house dwellings, located to the east and west of a central ceremonial area containing a necropolis and ritual buildings. Nearby earthen mounds have yielded burned animal bones, seeds, pottery fragments and stone tools.
	The eastern settlement contains more than 250 pit-dwellings of various sizes and a number of grave pits. The central settlement has two stone circles surrounding grave pits, encircled by what appear to be post holes to create a colonnade and to support ritual buildings. The southern portion of this area is raised earthen work, within which a large amount of pottery, stone tools, and burnt bone and plant remnants. The number of structures is also estimated to be between 200 and 250. The western area is largely unexcavated, but appears to be a residential area with between 70-100 dwellings.
	The site contains a museum and reconstructions of some pit-dwellings and other structures.
	The museum building, which was designed after the mud-roofed buildings of the site, has won various awards such as the 2003 Good Design Award, and has a glass floor, under which a burnt-down pit dwelling from 4000 years ago is displayed.
	The site is one of several submitted for inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List as one of the Jōmon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidō, Northern Tōhoku, and other regions

= = = Inozemtsev = = =

	Inozemtsev () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Inozemtseva. It may refer to

= = = Chakhon Philakhlang = = =

	Chakhon Philakhlang (, born March 8, 1998), simply known as Flok (), is a Thai professional footballer who plays as a Goalkeeper for Thai League 2 club Khon Kaen.

= = = Nechkinsky National Park = = =

	Nechkinsky National Park () is an important biological and cultural reserve of Udmurtia (the Udmurt Republic), situated in the middle valley of the Kama River, its tributary the Siva River, and the coastal part of the Votkinsk reservoir. This places Nechkinsky on the western side of the central Ural Mountains. The territory is mostly forest and river floodplains, with a number of ancient archaeological sites on the grounds. It is near the city of Izhevsk.
	The park covers a forested valley of the watershed of the Siva River, a tributary of the Kama. The valley is about 110–160 meters deep, and 3–20 km wide. It is asymmetrical, in that the left bank is flat, and the right bank is steep hillside. The Kama River at this point has a wide floodplain, with several fluvial terraces at higher levels.
	The ecoregion of Nechkinsky is "Sarmatic mixed forests" (WWF ID#436). This ecoregion is a strip of low forests, lakes and wetlands, running from the Baltic Sea east to the Urals. Forest cover is typically mixed conifer and deciduous trees, with large unbroken tracts under pressure from agriculture. 
	The climate of Nechkinsky is "Humid continental climate, warm summer" (Köppen climate classification (Dfb)). This climate is characterized by large swings in temperature, both diurnally and seasonally, with mild summers and cold, snowy winters. Average temperatures range from 10 F in January to 66 F in July. Annual precipitation averages 20 inches.
	The forest communities are a mixture of taiga, mixed forests and steppe-forests. On the lower levels there are oligotrophic and mesotrophic bogs. In the gullies and depressions there are Siberian spruce and associated species. On both the left and right banks of the Siva River there are pine forests, with some stands of silver fir and Siberian larch. In the lower levels the forest cover is broadleaf (oak) communities, with secondary cover of birch and aspen. The park records 712 species of vascular plants, representing 70% of the species found in Udmurtia. The wetlands of the Siva include the Kemulskoye bog (2 thousand hectares).
	A census of species in the park in 2002 recorded 50 mammals, 191 birds, 5 reptiles, 8 amphibians, 37 fish. Special studies of were done of mollusks (33 species), spiders (120 species), beetles (600 species), butterflies (500 species) and dragonflies (25 species). Rare species include the vulnerable Russian desman, a semi-aquatic large mole that looks like a muskrat and is under protection because of historical trapping for its fur. 
	Early settlements sites of ancient hunters and fishers (3rd - 2nd millennium BCE) have been excavated in the park. The earliest identifiable archaeological sites are the remains of fortified Iron Age settlements from the first millennium BCE, associated with the Ananyino culture. The Ananyino were an early Finno-Ugric languages people.
	There are several educational trails developed around ecological themes of a particular habitat or geological type; park employees are available as guides on these trails. The park has one long developed hiking trail (Tourist route "Dear Ancestors", 25 km) that has four rest areas along the route, two observation decks for views of the reservoir, and passages along old trails used by peasants in former times. There are two access points for bathing in the Kama River. There are also two ski trails and five auto routes (for which written passes must be obtained from the forest administration office.

= = = Ishutin = = =

	Ishutin () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Ishutina. It may refer to

= = = Anumandai = = =

	Anumandai is a village panchayat located in the Marakkanam Taluk, Viluppuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the village panchayats coming under Marakkanam block of Viluppuram district.
	Anumandai has two banks namely, Pallavan Grama Bank and Co-operative Bank.

= = = Howell Trophy = = =

	The Howell Trophy or Cellular South Howell Trophy or C Spire Howell Trophy is an award given annually to the best men's college basketball player in the state of Mississippi by the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame. It is open to players from all four-year colleges in Mississippi, although it has only been won by a non-Division I player once.
	The trophy is named after former Mississippi State star Bailey Howell.

= = = Pusheta Creek = = =

	Pusheta Creek is a stream located entirely within Auglaize County, Ohio. The long stream is a tributary of the Auglaize River.
	Pusheta Creek was named after an Indian chief who settled there.

= = = Blackhoof Creek = = =

	Blackhoof Creek is a stream located entirely within Auglaize County, Ohio. The long stream is a tributary of the Auglaize River.
	Blackhoof Creek was named after Black Hoof, a Shawnee Indian chief.

= = = Kazankov = = =

	Kazankov () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Kazankova. It may refer to

= = = Mary Magdalena Lewis Tate = = =

	Mary Magdalena Lewis Tate ("Mother Tate") (January 3, 1871 – December 28, 1930) was an African American evangelist. She was the first American woman to serve as a Bishop in a nationally recognized denomination. She founded a Pentecostal denomination, The Church of the Living God, the Pillar and Ground of the Truth, in 1903. Its first convocation was held in June 1903 in Greenville, Alabama. The church was the first Pentecostal Holiness church in America founded by a woman, and spread to at least twenty states. At least seven denominations currently trace their history back to her church.
	Mary Lena Street was born in Vanleer, Tennessee on January 5, 1871. She was one of four sisters born to Belfield Street and Nancy (Hall) Street, and part of a larger extended family of nine children, including five half-brothers and half-sisters.
	In 1889, at age nineteen, Mary Street married her first husband, David Lewis. They had two sons, Walter Curtis Lewis and Felix Earley Lewis. She is reported to have married and divorced twice more.
	Mary Lewis began traveling and preaching in Steel Springs, Tennessee and Paducah, Kentucky. She was known as Saint Mary Magdalena. She gathered people into informal "Do Rights" bands in Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee. She preached to both white and black audiences.
	In 1903, Lewis led her followers in creating the Church of the Living God, the Pillar and Ground of the Truth in Greenville, Alabama. The name was taken from I Timothy, 3:15. Following a period of illness, Lewis experienced a miraculous healing and the Pentecostal baptism of the Holy Spirit, speaking in tongues. From June 25 to July 5, 1908, she held a ten-day General Assembly there, a Pentecostal revival at which she formally incorporated the denomination. As the Overseer and Chief Leader of the Church, she presided as bishop, ordained ministers, and baptized converts in the "indwelling" of the Holy Ghost. The church spread rapidly, in response to the work of Lewis and her sons. By 1911, presiding elders were appointed.
	In 1914, Street married Robert Tate, a deacon in the church. In June 1914, State Bishops were ordained for four states at the 1914 General Assembly, held in Quitman, Georgia. Two of the bishops were Tate's sons. At the same assembly, the church adopted Tate's first "Decree Book", written to summarize the doctrines, rules, rituals and governance of the denomination, for use in its churches. A later edition of 1923 was titled the "Constitution, Government, and General Decree Book".
	By 1916, the group had spread to twenty states. In 1923, its headquarters were moved to Nashville, Tennessee. There Tate established the New and Living Way Publishing Company to print religious literature and music. She is credited with writing many of the hymns used by the denomination.
	In 1929, Tate identified Bishop Archibald Henry White as her successor in the Church. He was later elected Senior Bishop of all churches in Pennsylvania, incorporated under the name “House of God, Which is the Church of the Living God, Pillar and Ground of the Truth”.
	Tate died on December 28, 1930 in Philadelphia General Hospital while on a visit to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her death resulted from frostbite and gangrene in one of her feet, possibly complications of diabetes. Her body was originally buried in a family plot in Dickson, Tennessee, but was moved in 1963 to Greenwood Cemetery in Nashville, Tennessee.
	Following Tate's death, three major branches were created under the leadership of various relatives of Mother Tate. These are currently known as the Keith Dominion, the Lewis Dominion, and the Jewell Dominion (previously the McLeod Dominion). At least seven denominations can trace their history back to Tate's establishment of Church of the Living God, the Pillar and Ground of the Truth.
	Tate was a strong exponent of women's leadership, who intentionally used generic language and mentored women for leadership positions. Hundreds of women served in The Church of the Living God, the Pillar and Ground of the Truth as evangelists, ministers, and bishops. 
	Tate propounded an approach to living that emphasized "cleanness", as a principle underlying all aspects of life, including food, marriage, family life, and community activity. Her dogma of "The Cleanliness of the Word" was based on St. John 15:3.

= = = John Trotwood Moore = = =

	John Trotwood Moore (1858–1929) was an American journalist, writer and local historian. He was the author of many poems, short stories and novels. He served as the State Librarian and Archivist of Tennessee from 1919 to 1929. He was "an apologist for the Old South", and a proponent of lynching.
	John Moore, Jr., was born on August 26, 1858 in Marion, Alabama. He was of Scotch-Irish descent. His father, John Moore, was a lawyer and Confederate veteran. His mother was named Emily. He had a sister, who later married a professor at Vanderbilt University.
	Moore graduated from Howard College, now known as Samford University, where he studied the classics, and was a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity. While in college, he wrote "The Howard College Magazine". Later, he read law with Hilary A. Herbert.
	Moore started his career as a journalist for "The Marion Commonwealth", a newspaper in Marion, Alabama. He was a schoolteacher in Monterey, Butler County, Alabama and a school principal in Pine Apple, Alabama in the early 1880s.
	Moore became a columnist for "Clark's Horse Review" in 1885. He took the penname of "Trotwood" after Betsey Trotwood, a character in Charles Dickens's "David Copperfield". His column, called "Pacing Department", included short stories, poems and local histories. In 1897, Moore decided to publish a collection of his columns, entitled "Songs and Stories from Tennessee". Four years later, in 1901, he published his first novel "A Summer Hymnal". Over the years, Moore published several other novels.
	Moore founded "Trotwood's Monthly", an agrarian magazine, in 1905. A year later, as it merged with Robert Love Taylor's magazine, it became known as the "Taylor-Trotwood Magazine". Moore was the chief writer and editor. The magazine was discontinued in 1910. Meanwhile, he was the author of historical sketches on Andrew Jackson, Andrew Johnson, James K. Polk and Sam Houston. He was also a contributor to "The Saturday Evening Post".
	Moore was appointed as the State Librarian and Archivist for Tennessee by Governor Albert H. Roberts in March 1919. He was recommended by businessman James Erwin Caldwell. He served in this capacity until 1929.
	Moore was "an apologist for the Old South." He was invited to give a speech at the dedication of a bronze plaque in honor of President Jefferson Davis at St. John's Episcopal Church in Montgomery, Alabama in May 1925.
	Moore was a "racist." His racist ideas were reinforced by his reading Joseph Widney's 1907 "Race Life of the Aryan Peoples", a book recommended to him by Theodore Roosevelt, which Moore proceeded to review favorably. He was a defender of the Ku Klux Klan and a proponent of lynching. Additionally, Moore was francophobic for racist reasons, lambasting the French for "intermarrying with the Indians and treating them as equals" during the French colonization of the Americas.
	Moore married Florence W. Allen in February 1885. They resided in Columbia, Tennessee, where they raised Tennessee Pacers on their farm. After his first wife died in 1896, Moore married Mary Brown Daniel on June 13, 1900. They had a son, and two daughters. They resided in South Nashville, Tennessee, where they organized possum hunts and literary gatherings.
	Moore was Presbyterian.
	Moore died on May 10, 1929 in Nashville. At his funeral, the pallbearers were African Americans clad in Confederate uniforms. He was buried at the Mount Olivet Cemetery.
	After his death, his widow was appointed State Librarian and Archivist for Tennessee. She served in this capacity until 1949. Meanwhile, their son, Merrill Moore, became a poet. One of his daughters, Helen Lane Moore, married Whitefoord Russell Cole, Jr., the son of railroad executive Whitefoord Russell Cole.
	In 2019, the plaque that Moore dedicated to Jefferson Davis at a church in 1925 was moved to the church's archives. The pastor cited Moore's involvement as one of the reasons for the removal. 

= = = Kolganov = = =

	Kolganov () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Kolganova. It may refer to

= = = Don't Just Stand There! = = =

	Don't Just Stand There! is a 1968 American comedy film directed by Ron Winston and written by Charles Williams. It is based on the 1966 novel "The Wrong Venus" by Charles Williams. The film stars Robert Wagner, Mary Tyler Moore, Glynis Johns, Harvey Korman, Barbara Rhoades and Vincent Beck. The film was released on May 1, 1968, by Universal Pictures.
	A famous author, Sabine Manning, has yet to finish her latest sex-themed novel and is on a European cruise with Merriman Dudley, her manager and lover. Her exasperated publisher Marine Randall, in an exchange of favors, asks adventurer Lawrence Colby to pursue her. Colby discovers that Kendall Flanagan, mistaken for Sabine, has been kidnapped.
	Kendall's karate skills help her escape when Colby comes to her rescue. Colby learns that Sabine no longer wants to write about sex, so he urges her to finish the completed novel under a pseudonym. Kendall complicates matters by becoming involved in another gangster's crime, but Colby is ultimately able to get everything settled.

= = = Goldmine (Kimbra song) = = =

	"Goldmine" is a song co-written, co-produced and performed by New Zealand recording artist Kimbra, issued as the third single from her second studio album "The Golden Echo".
	"Goldmine" has received positive reviews from critics, with many complimenting the song's R&B-ish sound. Stan Mahoney of "The Guardian" complimented the song's "rising R&B chant" as a seemingly welcome "departure from [Kimbra's] art pop stereotype"; while Sasha Geffen of Consequence of Sound called Kimbra's vocals on the song "elastic" while also stating that the song has the strongest chorus on the album. Ryan Reed of "Paste" echoed this notion, highlighting the song as "the album's true centerpiece".
	The official music video for "Goldmine" was filmed in a factory in Berlin. It was shot in black-and-white using a high amount of stop-motion animation; and was directed by Chester Travis and Timothy Armstrong.
	The music video has received critical acclaim. "Rolling Stone" called the video "stunning"; while Paley Martin of "Billboard" proclaimed it as "an artful and edgy [...] piece set to a soul-piercing soundtrack". Scott Heins of Okayplayer described the video as "hypnotic".

= = = Amethi railway station = = =

	Amethi railway station is a small railway station in Amethi district, Uttar Pradesh. Its code is AME. It serves Amethi city. The station consists of two platforms. The platforms are not fully sheltered. It has facilities including chair seating, chilled drinking water, a kiosk, parking, and toilet.
	Some of the important trains that runs from Amethi are :

= = = Kapralov = = =

	Kapralov or Kaprálov () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Kapralova or Kaprálová. It may refer to

= = = Vidya Pratishthan's College of Engineering, Baramati = = =

	Vidya Pratishthan's Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute of Engineering and Technology, formerly known as Vidya Pratishthan's College of Engineering, is a college under Pune University. It is located in Baramati, in Pune district.

= = = Mayday (2005 film) = = =

	Mayday is a 2005 American television film, based on the 1979 thriller novel by American author Thomas Block. The novel was updated in 1998 by authors Thomas Block and Nelson DeMille and re-released as a paperback. The film stars Aidan Quinn, Gail O'Grady, Dean Cain, Charles Dutton, Michael Murphy and Kelly Hu.
	A state-of-the-art supersonic passenger jet is flying from San Francisco to Tokyo. At 12 miles () above the Pacific Ocean, the Pacific Global Flight 52 is struck by an errant U.S. Navy missile that cripples the aircraft. The missile has killed the flight crew, and left almost all of the other crew and most of the passengers dead, near death, or psychologically deranged. 
	A handful of survivors on the airliner must now have to achieve the impossible: to land the aircraft despite weather, intrigues and technical problems. While terror and hysteria begin to increase for those on board, John Berry (Aidan Quinn), a weekend pilot is forced to take control of the airliner and navigate it to safety. Meanwhile, the U.S. military, Anne Metz (Gail O'Grady), a representative from the insurance company and executives from the Pacific Global Airline are all working to keep the incident a secret. U.S. Navy Commander James Sloan (Dean Cain) sends Lt. Peter Matos (James Thomas) to destroy the crippled airliner, but the pilot disobeys his orders.
	U.S. Navy Admiral Randolf Hennings (Charles S. Dutton) also defies his superiors and pledges to tell the true story of the accident in his report to the Pentagon. Berry and flight attendant Sharon Crandall (Kelly Hu) survive another attempt to down the aircraft and eventually manage to control the stricken airliner and bring it back to a safe landing in San Francisco.
	Originally developed with TNT Network for the 2003-2004 season, the "Mayday" project was picked up for production for the 2005-2006 CBS season. Principal photography took place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada by Chautauqua Entertainment and the Jerry Leider Co. in association with Paramount Network TV, at the Toronto Film Studios. Filming took place from July 9, 2005 with shooting completed on August 6, 2005.
	"Mayday" was reviewed by Brian Lowry for "Variety"; he said: "Although "Mayday" is based on a bestselling novel, it's hard to escape the distracting sense that it feels like a sober-minded update of "Airplane!," what with a weekend pilot and attractive stewardess forced to land a wounded plane filled with incapacitated passengers."

= = = Lee Chang-hoon (actor) = = =

	Lee Chang-hoon (born September 8, 1966) is a South Korean actor. Lee is a comedian turned actor. He was cast in the lead in Korean dramas "Daring Women" (2010) and "While You Were Sleeping" (2011) .

= = = Kupriyanov = = =

	Kupriyanov () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Kupriyanova. It may refer to

= = = Gutman, Ohio = = =

	Gutman is an unincorporated community in Auglaize County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.
	A post office called Gutman was established in 1884, and remained in operation until 1905. The community was named for the local Gutman family, who kept a store there.
	A section of the Toledo and Ohio Central Railroad, later absorbed by the New York Central ran through this community before being abandoned in the 1960s.
	A photo of the T and OC depot at Gutman can be found here

= = = Karavayev = = =

	Karavayev or Karavaev () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Karavayeva or Karavaeva. It may refer to:

= = = Chul-woo = = =

	Chul-woo () is a Korean masculine given name. People with this name include:

= = = Karaulov = = =

	Karaulov () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Karaulova. It may refer to

= = = Eremophila biserrata = = =

	Eremophila biserrata, also known as prostrate eremophila, is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to a small area in the south of Western Australia. It is a prostrate shrub covering an area of up to about and which has serrated leaves and flowers that are green and yellow.
	"Eremophila biserrata" is a prostrate shrub often with long unbranched snake-like stems up to long and under ideal conditions the plant may spread to a diameter of . Its leaves are arranged alternately or clustered in rosettes, mostly long, wide, broadly lance-shaped with the narrower end towards the base. The leaves have serrated edges, the serrations often themselves serrated, sometimes deeply so that the leaf appears to have separate leaflets.
	The flowers are usually borne singly in leaf axils on a stalk usually long but are mostly hidden between the leaves with only the tips of the flowers visible. There are 5 overlapping green sepals differing slightly in size and shape from each other but about long. The 5 petals are long and joined at their lower end to form a tube. The tube and the petal lobes on its end are green and yellow, sometimes pale red and the 4 stamens extend well beyond the petal tube. Flowers appear mostly between September and November and are followed by fruit which are dry, oval-shaped and about long.
	"Eremophila biserrata" was first formally described by Robert Chinnock in 1979 and the description was published in "Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden". Chinnock collected the type specimen north of the road between Hyden and Lake Cronin. The specific epithet ("biserrata") refers to the unusually serrated leaf margins.
	This eremophila occurs in areas near Hyden and Lake King in the Coolgardie and Mallee biogeographic regions where it grows in sandy and clay soils near salt lakes and freshwater depressions.
	"Eremophila biserrata" is classified as "Priority Four" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that is rare or near threatened.
	Prostrate eremophila is a ground-hugging shrub, ideal to replace grass where there is no foot traffic, because it does not grow into higher plants. It is easily propagated from cuttings, striking in a few weeks but needs to be kept moist during hot weather when first planted out. It will grow in full sun or as an understorey but is frost tolerant and relatively drought resistant.

= = = Sandpiper pipeline = = =

	The Sandpiper pipeline is a underground oil pipeline project in the United States. It would carry light crude oil from the Bakken oil fields in Northwest North Dakota, through Minnesota, to end in Superior, Wisconsin. Enbridge Energy Partners, and Williston Basin Pipe Line LLC, an indirect subsidiary of Marathon Petroleum Corporation have been planning the project since 2013. In 2015 Enbridge estimated the pipeline will cost about $2.6 billion.
	The Sanpiper pipeline project was made public by the media in 2013, and informational hearings for landowners took place in three North Dakota towns during March 2014. The North Dakota Public Service Commission approved the pipeline in June 2014. The Minnesota Public Utilities Commission unanimously approved the Sandpiper pipeline, but its decision was overturned in September 2015. 
	In September 2016, Enbridge Energy Partners announced that due to "extensive and unprecedented [regulatory] delays [which] have plagued the Sandpiper pipeline," they were withdrawing their state application and asking for an end to regulatory proceedings, including work on an environmental-impact statement. An Enbridge spokesperson said that the pipeline may be reconsidered once the oil market rebounds but it was then "outside the company’s current five-year planning horizon".
	In 2015, Enbridge stated that "The Sandpiper Pipeline serves the oil conducting needs of North Dakota residents, which constitutes a public benefit". Per Enbridge, the Sandpiper pipeline represents a "public use", a "statutorily defined public utility.", and its route was chosen with the "greatest public benefit and the least private injury." and "As long as the public benefit can be demonstrated, it is immaterial that private interests are also served." 
	Per Enbridge, the pipeline is necessary "to meet demand for Bakken oil".
	The corporation projects economic benefits of $69 million in property tax revenue for the 3 states, and 3000 construction jobs for workers in Minnesota and North Dakota.
	The pipeline would enter Minnesota just south of Grand Forks, North Dakota, east to Clearbrook Enbridge's terminal. and then south toward Park Rapids along an existing crude oil corridor. Afterwards, the pipeline would run in a transmission line corridor to Superior, Wisconsin.
	The route passes through 28 rivers, including the Mississippi River headwaters, and lakes and wetlands that can’t be reached by nearby roads if a spill should occur.
	Informational hearings for landowners took place in three North Dakota towns during March 2014. The North Dakota Public Service Commission approved the pipeline on 25 June 2014.
	Enbridge sued a couple in Grand Forks in 2014, because they refused to give Enbridge an easement and right-of-way. the couple quoted NDPL's abuse of eminent domain, continued reliance on fossil fuels their effect on the environment and possibility for spills as arguments. In August 2015 the couple agreed on an easement, and forfeited compensation, in order to file an appeal to the North Dakota Supreme Court.
	In November 2013, Enbridge applied at the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission (MPUC). The MPUC unanimously approved the project, allowing to do an environmental review later. In September 2015, the {Minnesota Court of Appeals overruled the PUC decision as a violation of state law.
	In a November 2014 Star Tribune commentary a Polk County commissioner, a Clearwater County commissioner and a Red Lake County commissioner opined, that the Sandpiper pipeline was the "best choice for the state...better than trucks or rail and also offer[ing] economic benefits."
	In February 2015, the White Earth Indian Reservation, represented by Winona LaDuke stated that the pipeline would cross a portion of its land, which Enbridge disputes. La Duke has been against the pipeline because it would violate Indian sovereignty and for environmental reasons.
	The President of North America's Building Trades Unions came out in a December 2015 commentary criticizing the Minnesota Court of Appeals decision, accused the court was "robbing hard-working Minnesotans of jobs" which would provide workers with a path to middle class.

= = = Kasama Castle = = =

	In 1205, a retainer of Utsunomiya Yoritsuna, Shioya Tomonari, moved to this area and changed his name to “Kasama”. The original Kasama Castle was completed in 1235, but little is known of the Kasama clan during the Kamakura period and subsequent Muromachi period. However, in 1591, Kasama Tsunaie refused the summons of his overlord, the Utsunomiya, to join his forces against the Later Hōjō clan at the Battle of Odawara and was dispossessed of his castle. A retainer of the Utsunomiya, Tamanyu Katsumasa initially replaced the Kasama, but in 1598 the castle was taken by Gamo Satonari as part of a 30,000 "koku" domain. He made many modifications to modernize its layout. Following the Battle of Sekigahara, Tokugawa Ieyasu assigned the castle to Matsudaira Yasushige in 1601.
	As the headquarters of Kasama Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate, the castle was passed to the Ogasawara clan, Toda-Matsudaira clan, Nagai clan, Asano clan, Inoue clan, Honjo clan, Inoue clan (again), before coming into the hands of the Makino clan in 1747, who subsequently remained in residence at Kasama until the Meiji Restoration.
	Kasama Castle is rare among the Sengoku Period mountaintop castles because it lasted through the Edo Period without being abandoned, moved or entirely rebuilt. The castle consisted of Main and donjon enclosure on the two adjacent peaks of Mount Sashiro, and with the Second and Third enclosure at the foot of the mountain. The extensive use of stonework is also unusual for the Kantō region
	Little remains of the castle today except for some stonework, one reconstructed "yagura" turret & two reconstructed gates.

= = = Hatun Waqya = = =

	Hatun Waqya (Quechua "hatun" big, "waqya" call, appeal, "big call (or appeal)", Hispanicized spelling "Jatun Huaguia") is a mountain in the Andes of Peru which reaches an altitude of approximately . It is located in the Junín Region, Yauli Province, Carhuacayan District, and in the Pasco Region, Pasco Province, Huayllay District. Hatun Waqya lies northwest of the lake named Waskhaqucha.

= = = Karev = = =

	Karev () is a Slavic masculine surname with Kareva as its feminine counterpart. Notable people with the surname include:
	Kareva is also an Estonian surname, both masculine and feminine

= = = Clinton Caldwell Boone = = =

	Clinton Caldwell Boone (9 May 1872 –1939) was an African-American Baptist minister, physician, dentist, and medical missionary who served in the Congo Free State and Liberia. The son of Rev. Lemuel Washington Boone and Charlotte (Chavis) Boone of Hertford County, North Carolina, he played an important role in Africa as a missionary for the Lott Carey Foreign Mission Convention and the American Baptist Missionary Union, now American Baptist International Ministries. 
	He married shortly before traveling to the Congo in 1901 as a missionary. His first wife and their infant child died there. After Boone returned to the United States in 1906 and studied to earn his medical degree, he was assigned to Liberia as a medical missionary. While on furlough in the US in 1919, the widower married again. He and his second wife traveled in 1920 to serve in Monrovia, Liberia, and their two children were born there. The family returned to the US permanently in 1926, settling in Richmond, Virginia. Both his namesake son and grandson, also named Clinton C. Boone, became ministers, carrying the family's religious calling into the fourth generation.
	Clinton Caldwell Boone was born in Hertford County, North Carolina on May 9, 1872 to Charlotte (Chavis) Boone and the Reverend Lemuel Washington Boone, a minister. His parents were known as early African-American leaders in the Baptist church, who were committed to missionary work and education. 
	After the Civil War, his father, Reverend Lemuel Washington Boone, founded many independent Baptist churches for people of color, who mostly withdrew from the Southern Baptist Church. He co-founded and was the first president of the Roanoke Missionary Association, the state Baptist association organized by African Americans for their independent congregations. He also was a founding trustee of Shaw University, a historically black university in Raleigh. 
	Boone started in the state's public schools, and was encouraged by his parents to obtain higher education. At the age of 19, he won a scholarship to Virginia Union University, a historically black university in Richmond, Virginia. While there he also studied at the Waters Normal Institute for teacher training and the Richmond Theological Seminary, graduating with a B. D. (Bachelor of Divinity) in 1900.
	While attending Virginia Union University, Boone met Eva Roberta Coles (8 January 1889-8 December 1902), a student at the neighboring Hartshorn Memorial College for women. Eva graduated from Hartshorn in 1899, and returned to her hometown of Charlottesville, Virginia to teach. Boone graduated a year after her, and they were married on January 16, 1901. That year they went together to the Belgian Congo, where he was assigned as a missionary. She died there on December 8, 1902, after their child had died as an infant. 
	It was not until 1919 that the widower Boone married again. He married Rachel Tharps that year after traveling to the United States for a furlough from Liberia, where he had been for nearly a decade. Like his first wife, Tharps was a graduate of Hartshorn Memorial College. In 1920, they returned to Monrovia, Liberia. They were there for the celebration of his Providence Baptist Church's one hundredth anniversary in 1922.
	Boone and Rachel had two children, Clinton Caldwell Boone Jr. (1923-25 March 2012), and Rachel H. C. Boone (c.early 1920s-unknown), while living in Monrovia. The Boones permanently left Liberia with their young children in 1926 to return to the United States, where they settled in Richmond, Virginia.
	After graduating from seminary school in 1900, Boone began his missionary work. He and his wife Eva traveled to the Congo Free State in 1901 to serve. They were sponsored jointly by the Lott Carey Foreign Mission Convention and the American Baptist Missionary Union. They arrived at the Palaballa station in the Katanga province of the Congo on May 24 of the same year. The territory was then under the personal rule of the Belgian king.
	While in the Congo, Boone worked as a preacher and educator. He learned Kongo language to preach and teach the people in their own language. His wife Eva taught at a kindergarten for the village children and started a sewing school for the village women. But she encountered resistance due to her ignorance of this culture, in which the men traditionally did the sewing. After some time, she persuaded some women to take it up. According to Boone's memoir, the village women deeply respected Eva; they referred to her as "Mama Bunu."
	Boone and his wife faced many challenges in the Congo. As a religious leader, Boone worked to prevent the Congolese from driving him and other evangelists away. Their royal rulers had led many of the people to Catholicism in the 16th century after their own conversion under the influence of Portuguese missionaries. Catholic natives burnt down the schoolhouse built by Boone and his followers. When the Americans appealed to the King's private Congo authorities for help, the latter said that the Kongo people must be allowed to decide if they wanted to follow Catholicism or Protestantism. Most of the villagers settled on Protestantism and gradually agree to rebuild the school. 
	Boone's work as a medical missionary did not begin until after his wife Eva died in December 1902. Both he and the Congolese were greatly saddened by her death. Boone lived there alone for a time, but was grateful to receive an order to be transferred from Palabala station to another station called Ikoko. Boone stayed at Ikoko for a short time. 
	He later transferred to Lukunga station, to work with another American evangelist, Mr. Moody and his wife, in planting a new congregation. Although their main work was to preach and spread the gospel, they often gave out simple remedies such as castor oil, quinine, laudanum, epsom salts, etc. The need for a hospital and medically trained evangelists became apparent so they had a hospital built as well as a new schoolhouse. During that time, Boone took up a keen interest in medical training and was encouraged by Mrs. Moody.
	During his time at Lukunga, Boone saw and treated patients from all over the Congo suffering from a variety of tropical diseases, in addition to Eurasian infectious diseases such as smallpox and measles likely introduced by Europeans and Americans. He treated "malaria fever, persistent malaria, hemorrhagic fever, smallpox, leprosy, measles, tonsillitis, meningitis, pleuritis, pericarditis, consumption [tuberculosis], pneumonia, sleeping sickness, cancer and ulcers." His first surgery was an amputation he performed on a man whose broken leg had developed an ulcer to the bone. Boone wrote that his success with the amputation, along with another, inspired him to return to the United States to study medicine.
	After five years of service in the Congo, Boone returned to the United States in 1906. He attended medical school at the Leonard Hall at Shaw University, a historically black university in Raleigh, North Carolina.
	Upon graduating in 1910 from medical school at Shaw University, Boone qualified as a medical missionary for the Lott Carey Foreign Mission Convention. He was assigned to the newly established Republic of Liberia, which had been founded in the early 19th century as an American colony for free blacks. He was stationed in Brewerville. 
	Boone was later transferred to the capital, Monrovia, where he opened a day school. He also became the pastor of Providence Baptist Church, Liberia's first church, which was founded in 1822 by Lott Carey. Boone also served as Secretary of the American Legation when the acting secretary took a furlough to America. He put his medical missionary work on hold at that time but returned to medical work following the secretary's return.
	While in Liberia, Boone treated patients with yaws, tonsillitis, meningitis, pneumonia, smallpox, hookworm, pinworm, tapeworm, guinea worm, malaria, heart lesions, black water fever (jaundice), and intermittent malaria. Boone also performed a successful Caesarian section on a woman whose fetus was tied by a witch doctor.
	After nine years of medical service in Liberia, Boone was granted a furlough in 1919 to the United States. Having recognized the need for a dentist, because the only dentist in Liberia died from the international Spanish flu epidemic, Boone studied mechanical dentistry at the Bodee Dental School in New York City. He was supported in his studies by the Lott Carey Foreign Mission Convention. He and his second wife returned to Liberia for some time.
	Boone drowned in the James River at Richmond, Virginia in July 1939.
	"Congo As I Saw It"
	This memoir documents Boone's five years as an evangelist, educator, and missionary in the Congo from 1901-1906. Clinton used data and first hand experiences to write about the country and its people. This contains history and facts about the Congo. Boone captured daily experiences, cataloged the local animals and plants, and described the daily lives of the Kongo people, as well as his missionary work.
	"Liberia As I Know It"
	This recounts Boone's time as a pastor and medical missionary in Liberia from 1910-1926, after he had earned his medical degree. He also wrote about Liberia’s history, privately founded as a colony by the American Colonization Society to resettle free African Americans. He also described the climate, the animals and plants, and material about the government and politics of the times.
	His son Clinton Jr. followed his father into the ministry. Three years old when his family returned to the US, he attended the local segregated schools of the South before earning a bachelor's degree at Houghton College in upstate New York. He returned to Richmond to earn a theology degree at Virginia Union University; and, after he had moved to New York, also gained a master's degree in education at the C.W. Post Campus of Long Island University in Brookville. He had a career in teaching in Copiague and became pastor of Union Baptist Church of Hempstead in May 1957, serving 46 years before retiring. He had been elected to the Hempstead school board and was a leader in local religious and civic organizations. Boone died at age 90 and was survived by his daughter Evelyn Dane Boone-Franklin, son the Rev. Clinton C. Boone III, and a total of five grandchildren.

= = = Phu Pha Man National Park = = =

	Phu Pha Man National Park () is a national park in Thailand's Khon Kaen and Loei provinces. This forested park is home to caves, waterfalls and steep cliffs.
	Phu Pha Man National Park is located about west of the city of Khon Kaen in the Phu Pha Man and Chum Phae districts of Khon Kaen Province and Phu Kradueng District of Loei Province. The park's area is . Park elevations range from to . 
	Klang Khao cave is notable for its large daily exodus of bats at dusk, making a formation about long. Other park caves feature stalagmite and stalactite formations. The Lai Thaeng cave hosts rock paintings dating back up to 2,000 years.
	The park's highest waterfall is Tat Yai waterfall at high. Tat Rong waterfall reaches high. The black rock Pha Nok Khao cliff rises above the Phong river.
	The park's forest types are mostly evergreen and mixed deciduous. Plant life includes rattan, orchid and cogon grass. Park animal species include wild boar, barking deer and pangolin.

= = = Sun Chan (Chen Shen) = = =

	Sun Chan (born 1932) is a self-taught artist who is known for his unique Chinese character motifs. Born in Lima, Peru, in 1932 to an overseas Chinese family, he was brought back to Fóshān, Guǎngdōng China to study the Chinese language at the age of five. At this time Chan first became fascinated with Chinese characters. He has always loved calligraphy and painting but was unfortunately deprived of an education after the second grade due to the break out of the Pacific War. He went through considerable hardship in the subsequent years and later moved to Hong Kong, where he worked his way from the ground up and established himself as a successful entrepreneur. 
	As a great admirer of Chinese characters since childhood, Chan has studied the Chinese writing on his own for years. Decades ago he began making innovative artworks with Chinese characters merely to get his young daughters interested in their roots. What started out of an act of love has grown into his lifelong passion. Despite his lack of formal training in art Chan went on to explore with new visual representations for Chinese characters, and created various series of artwork throughout the years. With clean lines and vibrant colors, he transforms the Chinese script back into its pictorial form but as entirely new graphic emblems.
	Chan's early works are mostly small drawings in pen and ink, color pencils, pastels and markers on paper. He constantly educates and refines himself in skills, and has switched to large-scale acrylic paintings in his more recent works. His artistic creations had been exhibited in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and Paris, France. He is to showcase his works in New York, US in 2017, and in Zurich, Switzerland by invitation of Ernst Hohl Cultural Foundation Appenzell in 2018.
	Chan's Chinese character artworks have been made into unique wall art and installed at prestigious institutions such as the Innovation Tower of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the International School Academy of Hong Kong, and are also adopted in large-scale public sculptures as well as fashion/lifestyle products of an international luxury brand.
	Chan has long retired from his businesses and currently resides in Gold Coast, Australia, where he continues to produce original Chinese character artworks with a penchant for creativity.

= = = Kartashov = = =

	Kartashov () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Kartashova. It may refer to:

= = = Richfield Center, Ohio = = =

	Richfield Center is an unincorporated community in Lucas County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.
	A post office called Richfield Centre was established in 1874, the name was changed to Richfield Center in 1893, and the post office closed in 1901. The community is located in Richfield Township, from which it takes its name. In 1910, Richfield Center had 111 inhabitants.

= = = KCXX = = =

	KCXX may refer to:

= = = Yondota, Ohio = = =

	Yondota is an unincorporated community in Lucas County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.
	A post office called Yondota was established in 1895, and remained in operation until 1906. The name Yondota may be derived from Wyandot.

= = = Katin = = =

	Katin is the surname of the following people:

= = = Frank W. Hazelbaker = = =

	Frank Woodworth Hazelbaker (August 5, 1912 – March 16, 1990) was an American politician in the state of Montana who served in the Montana House of Representatives and Montana State Senate. He was Speaker pro tempore of the House in 1945 and the Speaker of the House in 1963. His father, Frank A. Hazelbaker was a Lieutenant Governor of Montana, and his maternal grandfather, George E. Woodworth served in the Montana House of Representatives.

= = = Métisse (film) = = =

	Métisse (also known as Café au lait) is a 1993 French film directed by Mathieu Kassovitz.
	Lola, a young West Indian Métis, is pregnant. However, she does not know which of her two lovers is the father: Felix, a poor Jewish bicycle courier, or Jamal, the son of affluent African diplomats. When she refuses to get a paternity test, the two men fight to prove to her that they would be a better father.

= = = Stevia World = = =

	Stevia World Agrotech Pvt Ltd is an agrotechnology company specializing in the growing and the processing of Stevia leaves, headquartered in Bangalore, India. The company primarily focuses on growing and processing Stevia at relatively low costs adhering to high environmental standards using 'Good Agricultural Practices'. Stevia World regularly invests in Research & Development and Intellectual property acquisitions, managing their proprietary propagation and plantations while providing services to the farmers for contract based farming.
	Stevia is a nutrient rich plant. It is a natural herb of the Asteraceae, typically growing along the edges of the rain forest of Paraguay. Locals quote it was initially used by their ancestors more than a millennium ago, both for its intense sweet taste and medicinal qualities. Consisting of more than 100 essential nutrients that have been discovered, the leaves can be 30 times sweeter than normal sugar, depending upon the type, geographic location and period of harvest. The type correlates to the amount and blend of glycosides within each stevia unit.
	"stevia as substitute to sugar"january 19,2016"
[stevia as substitute to sugar.]
	"Stevia World Featured On Suvarna News" Published on 1 December 2015
[Stevia World Featured On Suvarna News.]
	"Stevia World Featured on Kasthuri News" Published on 7 December 2015
[Stevia World Featured on Kasthuri News]
	"Stevia World Featured On Mathrubhumi News" Published on 25 December 2015"
[Stevia World Featured On Mathrubhumi News]

= = = Kangpat = = =

	Kangpat is a generic reference to two villages, Kangpat Khullen and Kangpat Khunou located south of Ukhrul in Ukhrul district, Manipur state, India. The village falls under Kamjong sub division. The two villages are connected by Ukhrul-Kamjong state highway. Kangpat is flanked by Sorbung and Punge in the west, Choro in the south, Skipe in the east and Nambisha in the north. Locally, the inhabitants speak Kangpat dialect that belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family. Some researchers are of the view that the dialect spoken by the inhabitants has some affinity to that of the Koireng tribe.
	According to 2011 census, Kangpat Khunou has 58 households with the total of 353 people of which 176 are male and 177 are female. Of the total population, 50 were in the age group of 0–6 years. The average sex ratio of the village is 1006 female to 1000 male which is higher than the state average 985. The literacy rate of the village stands at 61.72% which is lower than the state average 76.94%. Male literacy rate stands at 63.23% while female literacy rate was 57.24%.
	According to 2011 census, Kangpat Khullen has 78 households with the total of 438 people of which 230 are male and 208 are female. Of the total population, 59 were in the age group of 0–6 years. The average sex ratio of the village is 904 female to 1000 male which is lower than the state average 985. The literacy rate of the village stands at 93.93% which is higher than the state average 76.94%. Male literacy rate stands at 95.45% while female literacy rate was 92.27%.
	The village is home to people of Tangkhul Naga tribe. Majority of the inhabitants are Christians. Agriculture is the primary occupation of the inhabitants. Being a remote area, the village is often in the news for the poor transport system due to bad road condition and the inhabitants suffer most during the rainy season because of frequent landslides. Kangpat is close to the porous Indo-Myanmar international border and the village is often used as transit route by militants for which there are frequent encounters between the Indian arm force and militant groups. There had been many incidents of incursion of land by the Myanmar army and Kangpat is one of the villages that has lost some of its original land due to illegal encroachment by the neighboring country.

= = = The Rabbi's Cat (film) = = =

	The Rabbi's Cat () is a 2011 French animated film directed by Joann Sfar and Antoine Delesvaux, based on volumes one, two and five of Sfar's comics series with the same title. It tells the story of a cat, who obtains the ability to speak after swallowing a parrot, and its owner who is a rabbi in 1920s Algeria. The voice cast includes François Morel, Hafsia Herzi, Maurice Bénichou, Fellag, François Damiens and Jean-Pierre Kalfon.
	The story takes place in the Jewish community of Algeria during the 1920s. One day a rabbi finds that his talking parrot, who is very noisy, has been eaten by his cat and that the cat has gained the ability to speak in human tongues. However, the rabbi finds that the cat is very rude and arrogant, so the rabbi teaches him about the Torah, with the cat deciding that — if he is Jewish — then he should receive a bar mitzvah, leading the two to consult with the rabbi's rabbi. The cat proceeds to mock and insult the rabbi's strict views, who declares that the cat should be killed for its heresy. The rabbi takes his cat and leaves, mad at the cat for making a fool of his master. The two eventually reach an agreement where the rabbi will teach the cat all about the Torah and that he might have his bar mitzvah when he is ready.
	The cat helps the rabbi pass a French language exam so that he might one day become head rabbi, but after the exam the cat loses his ability to speak (as he invoked the name of God to pray for his master). After the discovery of a Russian Jew who has stowed away in a shipment of religious texts, the cat learns he can speak Russian. He eventually regains his ability to speak French, finding he knows many languages and can act as a translator. The Russian reveals that he is a painter who has fled from Soviet Russia. He has come to Africa to search for a hidden city of black Jews deep in the heart of Africa, and convinces the rabbi, his cat, and a former Russian soldier to help him in his search.
	Autochenille Production was launched in 2007 by Joann Sfar, Antoine Delesvaux and Clément Oubrerie with the aim to make "author-driven, challenging films to appeal to children and adults." "The Rabbi's Cat" was the company's first project. The production was made in collaboration with TF1 and France 3. It was pre-bought by Canal+ and CineCinéma and had a budget of 12.5 million euro. It is the second film directed by Sfar, after "Gainsbourg (Vie héroïque)".
	One of the directors' sources of inspiration was American animation from the 1930s and, in particular, from the Fleischer Studios, which Sfar described as characterised by multi-ethnic production crews and for portraying dark aspects of society, in cartoons such as "Betty Boop" and "Popeye". To generate more personality for the drawn characters in "The Rabbi's Cat", some of the scenes were staged in a Parisian suburb loft in the summer of 2008, with props and the cast fully costumed. As the actors performed and invented their characters' personal motion habits, the design team observed closely and drew what they picked up.
	The original soundtrack was composed by Olivier Daviaud, who had composed the music for "Gainsbourg (Vie héroïque)", and was performed by Enrico Macias and the Amsterdam Klezmer Band.
	The film was released in France on 1 June 2011 through UGC Distribution, which launched it in 243 prints. It competed at the 2011 Annecy International Animated Film Festival, where it won the top award: the Annecy Crystal for best feature.
	"The Rabbi's Cat" received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 94% based on 16 reviews and an average rating of 7.6/10. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 74 out of 100 based on nine reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews."
	Pierre Vavasseur of "Le Parisien" gave a top rating of three stars and compared the impression it left to that of "Persepolis" by Marjane Satrapi. Vavasseur called "The Rabbi's Cat" "a pure pleasure" and complimented it for its variation and colourfulness, as well as for how it tackles the subject of a divided society: "Offsprings of Voltaire, Sfar and his cat don't stroke anyone with the hair, but throw as chefs together a broth of cultures with multiple flavours and with nurtured scenery."
	Jacques Mandelbaum wrote a negative review in "Le Monde", where he, among other things, criticised the film for having dull gags, lifeless voice acting and a dragging pace: "This general disconcertment is due to the lack of determination in the point of view, which evidently wants to take in everything and fails to grasp the bad. Between Chagall and "The Adventures of Tintin", family chronicle and adventure film, biblical legend and colonial chronicle, historical reconstruction and winks to the contemporary world, the references are superimposed without achieving harmony. In the end, this plea for tolerance is a moral preaching so annoyingly gentle that it struggles to convince us of its legitimacy." Jordan Mintzer wrote in "The Hollywood Reporter": "Though this gorgeously animated affair showcases the artist's freewheeling style and colorful arabesque imagery, its rambling episodic structure is not quite the cat's meow, even if it remains a thoroughly enjoyable take on Judaism in early 20th century North Africa. ... While the end result is somewhat chaotic, it proves that Sfar can make the jump from page to screen in ways that are both compelling and personal."
	On 24 February 2012, "The Rabbi’s Cat" ("Le Chat du rabbin") was named Best Animated Film at the César Awards (France’s equivalent of the Oscars).
	On 3 December 2012, it was announced that the film received two nominations at the 40th Annie Awards, including Best Animated Feature.
	It won the Prix Jacques Prévert du Scénario for Best Adaptation in 2012.

= = = Frank A. Hazelbaker = = =

	Francis Albert Hazelbaker (February 15, 1878 – July 6, 1939) was an American politician in the state of Montana who served as Lieutenant Governor of Montana from 1929 to 1933. He also served in the Montana State Senate and was the Republican candidate for governor in 1932 and 1936, losing narrowly each time. 
	Hazelbaker was the Secretary of the Commission overseeing Montana's representation at the Panama–California Exposition in San Francisco (1915-7) and represented the Commission at the exposition. He had previously overseen the agricultural displays at the Montana state fair.
	Hazelbaker was allergic to bee stings and died after being stung.
	Hazelbaker married Lois Brown Brantly (1894-1972), the daughter of Theodore M. Brantley, the Chief Justice of the Montana Supreme Court. His son, Frank W. Hazelbaker, also served in the state legislature.

= = = 2016 in Romania = = =


= = = Chak Atitha High School = = =

	Chak Atitha High School is a non-government funded co-educational secondary school in Chak Atitha, Naogaon Sadar Upazila, Naogaon District, Bangladesh. It was established in 1914.
	Established in 1914, the 2 acre (0.8 ha) campus serves approximately 350 students from grades 6-10 (ages 12–17) with a teaching staff of 15, led by Principal Yasin Ahmed (2015 to present) and the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Rajshahi. Facilities include a Faculty-Library, a student hostel, and a mosque. Sessions run from January to December, and coursework is conducted in the Bengali language.
	The school's motto is "Knowledge Is Power" (জ্ঞানই শক্তি).
	chak-atitha

= = = Christmas, Again = = =

	Christmas, Again is a 2014 drama romance written, directed, and produced by Charles Poekel. The film features Kentucker Audley in the lead role as a Christmas-tree salesman returning to New York City. The film had its premiere at the 2014 Locarno International Film Festival in Switzerland and the 2015 Sundance Film Festival in the United States.
	A heartbroken Christmas-tree salesman returns to New York City hoping to put his past behind him. Living in a trailer and working the night shift, he begins to spiral downwards until the saving of a mysterious woman and some colorful customers rescue him from self-destruction.
	The film has been nominated for several independent film awards including a 2016 Independent Spirit Award.

= = = Oakland Coffee Works = = =

	Oakland Coffee Works is a coffee company founded by Billie Joe Armstrong, Tre Cool and Mike Dirnt of the rock band Green Day. Focusing on sustainability, it is the first coffee company in the world to offer only 100% fully organic and compostable-packaged products.
	The Financial Times reported Oakland Coffee's launch in December 2015 as was the world’s first fully compostable 12 oz. coffee bags and fully compostable single-serve coffee cups.
	Oakland Coffee sources their beans in the High Andes of Peru, and also in Bolivia and Honduras, and the coffee is organic and fair trade.
	Oakland Coffee also launched a grass roots charitable organization in 2013, working in partnership with Crescendos Alliance to support communities in Peru in regions where the coffee beans are grown.

= = = Chimelong International Ocean Tourist Resort = = =

	Chimelong International Ocean Tourist Resort () is a theme park resort located in Hengqin, Zhuhai, China and owned by Chimelong Group. The resort currently consists of one theme park, one circus venue and three themed hotels. With a 20 billion yuan investment, future plans for the resort include at least three additional theme parks, a new aerial tramway transportation system, a new Hengqin Island Theater, an artificial island and at least one additional hotel. Chimelong expects visitation at Chimelong International Ocean Resort to increase to over 50 million annually once all of the theme parks are operating.
	Chimelong Ocean Kingdom, designed by PGAV Destinations, is the resort’s first theme park. The soft opening took place in January 2014 and the park officially opened in March 2014.
	Chimelong Marine Science Park is the second theme park planned for Chimelong International Ocean Tourist Resort. This ocean-themed park masterplanned by Legacy Entertainment will be entirely indoors and will be connected to Chimelong Ocean Kingdom via pedestrian bridge and the aerial tramway. Construction on the park began on November 30, 2015 and it will open in 2019 or 2020.
	Chimelong Adventure Park is the planned third theme park at Chimelong International Ocean Tourist Resort. This outdoor theme park will be located at the peak of Hengqin Island's mountain range. The theme park will be accessed by aerial tramway. Early plans for this theme park included a wooden roller coaster, observation wheel, and observation tower.
	Chimelong Animal Kingdom, a fourth theme park planned for the resort features day time and night time safari components centered around live animals, with masterplan design by Dan Pearlman.
	Hengqin Island Theater is a large indoor theater located at the center of Chimelong International Ocean Tourist Resort. Performances of Chimelong Hengqin International Circus City take place at the venue every evening and the theater hosts the annual China International Circus Festival.
	A new, larger Hengqin Island Theater is currently being built at Chimelong International Ocean Tourist Resort and once completed in 2019, it will become the resort's primary circus theater venue.
	In July 2017, Chimelong Group submitted to the local government plans to build an artificial island off the coast of Hengqin Island. Plans for the island include a marine theater and marine museum. Early design plans for Chimelong International Ocean Tourist Resort show the island having a large marina.
	Chimelong International Ocean Tourist Resort is primarily accessed by bus or car and guests travel around the property by walking or by taking a boat ride on the resort's central canal.
	Small boats for guests travel on a canal located at the center of the resort. Guests can board and debark the boats at Chimelong Hengqin Bay Hotel, Hengqin Island Theater and Chimelong Penguin Hotel.
	A new light rail station is currently being constructed at the resort. The light rail connects the resort to the surrounding areas of Zhuhai and Macau.
	In December 2017, an article written about Chimelong Group's founder, Su Zhigang, revealed plans for an aerial tramway at Chimelong International Ocean Tourist Resort. The aerial tramway system will be manufactured by Poma and the stations will be located near Chimelong Ocean Kingdom, Chimelong Adventure Park, and Chimelong Marine Science Park. The first license for one of the tramway's stations was approved by the local government in December 2018.
	There are three hotels on site with a fourth currently under construction:

= = = Café au lait (disambiguation) = = =

	Café au lait is coffee with hot milk added. 
	Café au lait may also refer to:

= = = Chōbyō Yara = = =


= = = Giasuddin Selim = = =

	Giasuddin Selim is a Bangladeshi film director and screenwriter. He is best known for directing "Monpura" (2008) and "Swapnajaal" (2018). He won Bangladesh National Film Award twice: Best Story for the film "Adhiar" (2003) in 2003 and Best Screenplay for "Monpura" in 2008.
	Selim was born and raised in Feni District. He studied at University of Rajshahi in the marketing department He is an establishment Member of 'Bishwabidyalay theatre Rajshahi' at Rajshahi University.
	Selim started his career as a scriptwriter. Later he moved on to directing television dramas. His first directed television drama serial was "Biprotip". His debut full-length feature film was "Monpura" (2008).

= = = The Monk (1975 film) = = =

	The Monk, also known as The Kung Fu Monks, is a 1975 Hong Kong martial arts film written, directed by and starring Dean Shek, making his directorial debut.
	According to an interview by Dean Shek, the film was developed after a time when Lau Kar-leung asked Shek whether he was daring enough to direct a film, to which Shek replied, "If you dare to invest, I dare to direct".

= = = Cyclogon = = =

	In mathematics, in geometry, a cyclogon is the curve traced by a vertex of a polygon that rolls without slipping along a straight line. There are no restrictions on the nature of the polygon. It can be a regular polygon like an equilateral triangle or a square. The polygon need not even be convex: it could even be a star-shaped polygon. More generally, the curves traced by points other than vertices have also been considered. In such cases it would be assumed that the tracing point is rigidly attached to the polygon. If the tracing point is located outside the polygon, then the curve is called a "prolate cyclogon", and if it lies inside the polygon it is called a "curtate cyclogon".
	In the limit, as the number of sides increases to infinity, the cyclogon becomes a cycloid.
	The cyclogon has an interesting property regarding its area. Let "A" denote the area of the region above the line and below one of the arches, let "P" denote the area of the rolling polygon, and let "C" denote the area of the disk that circumscribes the
	polygon. For every cyclogon generated by a regular polygon,
	A cyclogon is obtained when a polygon rolls over a straight line. Let it be assumed that the regular polygon rolls over the edge of another polygon. Let it also be assumed that the tracing point is not a point on the boundary of the polygon but possibly a point within the polygon or outside the polygon but lying in the plane of the polygon. In this more general situation, let a curve be traced by a point z on a regular polygonal disk with n sides rolling around another regular polygonal disk with m sides. The edges of the two regular polygons are assumed to have the same length. A point z attached rigidly to the n-gon traces out an arch consisting of n circular arcs before repeating the pattern periodically. This curve is called a trochogon — an "epitrochogon" if the n-gon rolls outside the m-gon, and a "hypotrochogon" if it rolls inside the m-gon. The trochogon is curtate if z is inside the n-gon, and prolate (with loops) if z is outside the n-gon. If z is at a vertex it traces an epicyclogon or a hypocyclogon.

= = = Shinnosuke Kakinaga = = =

	In his home country he plays for Suntory Sungoliath whom he joined in 2014. He was also named in the first ever squad which will compete in Super Rugby from the 2016 season. Kakinaga is a Japanese international who debuted against in 2014, however he did not make the squad for the 2015 Rugby World Cup.

= = = Kōichi Taira = = =


= = = Katina (name) = = =

	Katina is a given name and surname. It may refer to

= = = Mohammad Hossein Emad = = =

	Mohammad Hossein Emad (born 26 August 1957 in Arak, Iran) is a contemporary Iranian sculptor.
	Emad was born in the Iranian city of Arak and lived there until the age of 33 before moving to the capital Tehran. He began being interested in painting at the age of five when he started copying images found in the magazines. 
	He began his artistic activities with experimental painting. He later began experimenting with sculpture and held his first exhibition at Tehran's Afrand Gallery in 1993.
	Emad has been commissioned for a series of urban projects. Among his urban sculptures are 'Vazir', situated in Tehran's Gofteman Park, and the Beheshti Monument situated in Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran, both commissioned in 2004. He has also made three sculptures for the Dr. Hesabi Centre in the cities of Tehran, Bushehr and Arak.
	In 2009, Assar Art Gallery published a book entitled "Mohammad Hossein Emad's sculptures" on the works of the artist.

= = = Nelson Story Jr. = = =

	Nelson Story Jr. (February 15, 1878 – October 21, 1932), also known as Bud Story, was an American politician in the state of Montana who served as Lieutenant Governor of Montana from 1921 to 1925. He also served in the Montana State Legislature in the 1902 and 1910 sessions, as mayor of Bozeman, and commissioner of Gallatin County, Montana. His father was Nelson Story, a pioneer settler in Bozeman. Nelson Jr. was educated at the Shattuck (Minnesota) and Ogden (Utah) Military academies. A businessman, he owned a machine shop and iron foundry, served as vice president of a milling company, and was involved in the gold mining industry. Story died of a stroke while driving in Bozeman, Montana in 1932.

= = = Ryuhei Arita = = =

	In his home country he plays for the Coca-Cola Red Sparks whom he joined in 2011. He was also named in the first ever squad which will compete in Super Rugby from the 2016 season. Arita is a Japanese international who debuted against Kazakhstan in 2012, but did not make the squad for the 2015 Rugby World Cup.

= = = Víctor Ramos = = =

	Víctor Ramos or Victor Ramos may refer to:

= = = Tetulia B. M. C. College = = =

	Tetulia B. M. C. College is a private higher secondary school in Tetulia, Naogaon Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh.

= = = Lamphua = = =

	Lamphua was an Ancient city and bishopric in Roman Africa and remains a Latin Catholic titular see.
	Its present location is Aïn-Foua, in modern Algeria.
	Lamphua was important enough in the late Roman province of Numidia to be one of its many suffragan sees, but was to fade.
	The diocese was nominally restored in 1933 as a [titular bishopric]] (Curiate Italian name variant Lamfua).
	It has had the following incumbents, all of the lowest (episcopal) rank :

= = = Kashkarov = = =

	Kashkarov () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Kashkarova. It may refer to

= = = NanKang Biotech Incubation Center = = =

	The NanKang Biotech Incubation Center (NBIC) () is a biotech incubator formed by the SME Foundation of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, ROC and managed by the Development Center for Biotechnology. The incubator focuses on the initiation and development of biotech startups with an emphasis of the biotech industry including pharmaceuticals, medical devices and applied biotech.
	NBIC is a model incubator in biotech industry, different from the university affiliated incubator, supported by the SME Foundation. As of 2015, the incubator has 21 Class I client companies, 1 Class II, and 20 Class III. Beside office space, the incubator provides wet laboratory with instruments and facilities.
	NBIC is accredited by the National Business Incubation Association (NBIA) since 2011 as a Soft Landings incubator. A full article reported the incubator extensively in The Business Incubator, pp34–39, Volume 1 Issue 1, June–September 2012.
	Development Center for Biotechnology/SMEA

= = = Yoshiya Hosoda = = =

	In his home country he plays for the NEC Green Rockets whom he joined in 2011. He was also named in the first ever squad which will compete in Super Rugby from the 2016 season.

= = = Kashirin = = =

	Kashirin () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Kashirina. It may refer to

= = = Anjana Sultana = = =

	Anjana Sultana is a retired Bangladeshi film actress. She won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Actress for her role in the film "Parineeta" (1986). 
	Sultana was born and grew up in Dhaka. She made her acting debut in the film "Shetu". Her first released film was Shamsuddin Togor directed "Doshshu Bonhur" (1976). She got her breakthrough in the film "Matir Maya" (1976). Her fifth film was "Ashikkhito" (1978).
	Sultana has a son, Moni. She served as the vice president of Manash, an anti-smoking organisation.

= = = Buffalo Run = = =

	Buffalo Run is a stream located entirely within Ritchie County, West Virginia.
	Buffalo Run was so named by Native Americans after the buffalo, which was hunted in the area until the 1790s.

= = = Veera (2018 film) = = =

	Veera is a 2018 Tamil action film directed by Rajaraman and produced by Elred Kumar of RS Infotainment. The film stars Kreshna and Iswarya Menon in the leading roles, with Karunakaran, Rajendran and Yogi Babu in supporting roles. Leon James composed the original score and soundtrack for the film, while Bakkiyam Shankar wrote the film's script. Having begun production in August 2015, the film had went through a change of cast before being released on 16 February 2018.
	In August 2015, Bobby Simha signed on to appear in a venture titled "Veera" directed by debutant Rajaraman and produced by Elred Kumar of RS Infotainment. The production house signed him on for three films, with "Ko 2" (2016) and "Kavalai Vendam" (2016) also announced to be in production during the same period. The film was titled after producer Panchu Arunachalam allowed them to use the title that he had previously owned after making the 1994 film of the same name. Rookie actress Iswarya Menon was signed on to play the leading female role, while Bala Saravanan was selected to play a major supporting role. Subsequently, in November 2015, Bobby Simha opted out of the film citing scheduling issues and was replaced by Vishnu in the lead role. During the same month, Karunakaran was also selected to replace Bala Saravanan, while Leon James was signed as the music composer after the producers were impressed with his work in "Ko 2".
	Vishnu also later opted out from the film and was replaced by Krishna, with production beginning quietly in mid-2016. By September 2016, the team had completed the majority of the shoot and the producers released the first look poster during the same month. Cinematographer Kumaran revealed that "seventy percent" of the film was completed in the first schedule, before the second schedule began in September 2016. The film marked actress Iswarya's first big role in Tamil films, and in the film, she portrayed an Ooty-born girl, who moves to Chennai. For the role, she had to juggle speaking in normal Tamil and with a north Madras slang.
	The team initially planned to release the film for January 2017, but production continued beyond the date. The film was sold to Orange Creations in a distribution deal in early September 2017, with a release date planned for later in the month, but the date was later skipped. Another two proposed release dates in December 2017 was postponed at the last minute, after the distributors Orange Creations failed to get enough screens for a wide theatrical release.
	The film's music was composed by Leon James, in his fourth film venture following "Kanchana 2" (2015), "Ko 2" (2016) and "Kavalai Vendam" (2016). The soundtrack was released on 23 March 2017 through Sony Music India.

= = = Turtle Run = = =

	Turtle Run is a stream located entirely within Ritchie County, West Virginia.
	Turtle Run was so named by Native Americans after the turtle.

= = = Mulungu Airport = = =

	Mulungu Airport is an airport serving the town of Mulungu in Sud-Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

= = = Indian Creek (Hughes River) = = =

	Indian Creek is a stream located entirely within Ritchie County, West Virginia. It is a tributary of Hughes River.
	Indian Creek was named after the Indians (Native Americans) who once dwelled in the area.

= = = Vanguard TV0 = = =

	Vanguard TV-0, also called Vanguard Test Vehicle-Zero, was the first sub-orbital test flight of a Vanguard rocket as part of the Project Vanguard.
	Project Vanguard was a program managed by the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), and designed and built by the Glenn L. Martin Company (now Lockheed-Martin), which intended to launch the first artificial satellite into Earth orbit using a Vanguard rocket, powered by a basic design for large liquid rockets. as the launch vehicle from Cape Canaveral Missile Annex, Florida.
	Vanguard TV-0 was a refurbished Viking 13 rocket. Vanguard TV-0 was only a one-stage test flight. It was launched on 8 December 1956 at 01:05 at Cape Canaveral from launch pad 18A. A Viking launch stand was shipped from White Sands Missile Range for use at the Cape Canaveral. The one-stage test flight was to prepare for the late launch of the full three-stage Vanguard. One of the goals of the test was to test the new Minitrack transmitter used as part of the tracking systems. Shortly after two minutes after lift off a small telemetry antennas unrolled from the rocket transmitting an oscillator's beep. The beep was picked up at the Air Force Missile Test Center's (AFMTC) tracking station.
	Vanguard TV-0 was very successful, the one-stage rocket achieved an altitude of and a down range of , landing in the Atlantic Ocean. Vanguard TV-0 was followed by Vanguard TV-1. Vanguard TV-1 was a successful two-stage prototype rocket.
	With Vanguard TV-0 success, the next sub-orbital test flight, Vanguard TV-1, was launched on 1 May 1957.
	Vanguard TV-0 success was an important part of the space race. The space race started between United States and the Soviet Union at the end of World War II, as a race began to retrieve as many V-2 rockets and Nazi Germany V-2 staff as possible. Three hundred rail-car loads of V-2 rocket weapons and parts were captured and shipped to the United States, also 126 of the principal designers of the V-2, including Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger, went to America. von Braun, his brother Magnus von Braun, and seven others decided to surrender to the United States military in Operation Paperclip to ensure they were not captured by the advancing Soviets or shot dead by the Nazis to prevent their capture. Thus the V-2 program started the space race, the V-2 could not orbit, but could reach a height of 88 km (55 mi) on long range trajectory and up to 206 km (128 mi) if launched vertically.
	Due to later problems with Vanguard it was not the first rocket to put into orbit an unmanned satellite. The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, it put into orbit an unmanned orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergei Korolev in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit.
	The USA responded by launching the Vanguard rocket, that was intended to be the first launch vehicle the United States would use to place a satellite into orbit. Instead, the Sputnik crisis caused by the surprise launch of Sputnik 1 led the U.S., after the failure of Vanguard TV-3, to quickly orbit the Explorer 1 satellite using a Juno I rocket launched on 1 February 1958. Thus Vanguard 1 was the second successful U.S. orbital launch. Thus started the space race, that gave the drive to put men on the Moon with the USA's Apollo program.

= = = Tsuyoshi Murata = = =

	In his home country he plays for the NEC Green Rockets whom he joined in 2011. He was also named in the first ever squad which will compete in Super Rugby from the 2016 season. Murata is a Japanese international who debuted against South Korea in 2015, but did not make the squad for the 2015 Rugby World Cup.

= = = Water purslane = = =

	Water-purslane or water purslane is a common name for several plants and may refer to:

= = = Knyazev = = =

	Knyazev () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Knyazeva. It may refer to

= = = List of Nirvana in Fire episodes = = =

	This is a list of "Nirvana in Fire" episodes. The series originally aired in 2 episodes daily on Beijing TV and Dragon TV, Monday through Sunday from 19:30 to 21:00. It premiered on September 19, 2015, and aired its finale on October 15, 2015. "Nirvana in Fire" tells the story of Lin Shu, or his alias Mei Changsu, who stirs the political pot in Jin Ling, with an ultimate goal to bring justice to his family and 70,000 Chiyan soldiers who were labeled traitors twelve years before.
	Note: For viewer ratings, the number on top is the audience share on Dragon TV, while the number in the bottom is of Beijing TV.

= = = W. S. McCormack = = =

	William Samuel McCormack (November 10, 1863 – September 5, 1946) was an American politician in the state of Montana who served as Lieutenant Governor of Montana from 1925 to 1929. McCormack, who lived in Kalispell, Montana, was a farmer and businessman. He also served in the Montana House of Representatives.

= = = Koki Yamamoto = = =

	In his home country he plays for Yamaha Júbilo whom he joined in 2013. He was also named in the first ever squad which will compete in Super Rugby from the 2016 season.

= = = Jashim = = =

	Abul Khayer Jashim Uddin (known professionally as Jashim; 14 August 1950 – 8 October 1998) was a Bangladeshi film actor, producer fight director and a freedom fighter. He acted in more than 200 films and is known as the first action hero of Dhallywood.
	Jashim was born in Dhaka in 1950. He was a freedom fighter who fought in the Liberation War of Bangladesh which took place in 1971. After completing his bachelor's degree, he started his acting career in 1973 by playing a negative role in the film "Dost Dushman", a remake of the Hindi film "Sholay". He also played negative characters in "Rongbaj", "Raj Dulari", "Tufan", "Jobab", "Nag Nagini", "Bodla", "Barud", "Sundori", "Koshai", "Lalu Mastan", "Nababjada" and "Meyerao Manush". He debuted as a lead actor in the film "Shobuj Shathi", directed by Delowar Jahan Jhontu. He went on to act in the films "Poribar", "Buker Dhon", "Shami Keno Ashami", "Lal Golap", "Tiger" and "Habildar".
	Jashim's first wife was film actress Sucharita and later he married Nasrin, the daughter of actress Purnima Sengupta Ratul, Rahul and Sami are the sons of Jashim.
	Jashim died from a brain haemorrhage on October 8 1998.

= = = Kozhukhov = = =

	Kozhukhov () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Kozhukhova. It may refer to

= = = Franz Ambrosius Reuss = = =

	Franz Ambrosius Reuss (3 October 1761, Prague – 9 September 1830, Bilin) was a Czech geologist, mineralogist and balneologist. He was the father of geologist August Emanuel von Reuss.
	He studied medicine in Prague and obtained his medical doctorate in 1782. As a student, he developed a strong interest in geology and mineralogy and subsequently visited the "Bergakademie" in Freiberg, where he attended lectures given by Abraham Gottlob Werner, a proponent of geological Neptunism. Later on, he was hired by Prince Lobkowitz to serve as a spa physician in Bilin, a town in northwestern Bohemia. Here, he conducted investigations of the regions' mineral deposits, that included orographic and paragenetic studies of its highlands. He was the author of a number of works on the composition, geology and utilization of mineral resources at Bilin, Franzensbad, Liebwerda, Teplitz, etc. For this, and for his comments made regarding the mining aspects of regional mineral deposits, he was named royal "Bergrat" (councilor of mines) in 1808.
	He also conducted extensive mineralogical studies of the regions' mineral springs from a medicinal standpoint. From 1780 he assembled a systematic collection of minerals that was continued by his son, August Emanuel.
	He was the author of a four-volume textbook on mineralogy, "Lehrbuch der Mineralogie" (1801-06), in which he gives a total account of Werner's ideas. A few of Reuss's other written efforts are:
 

= = = Kozakov = = =

	Kozakov or Kozákov, or Kozakova may refer to

= = = Jon Langston = = =

	Jonathan Thomas Langston (born April 8, 1991) is an American country musician from Loganville, Georgia. He released an extended play, "Showtime", with Treehouse Records, in 2015. This was his breakthrough release upon the "Billboard" magazine charts. His extended play, "Jon Langston", was released independently in 2015. The release got better placements upon the same "Billboard" magazine charts.
	Langston was born Jonathan Thomas Langston, on April 8, 1991, in Loganville, Georgia, to Rob and Kathryn Langston. He attended Gardner–Webb University to be a player on their football team, where this was sidelined because of the concussions he suffered.
	His music career began at a show in Kennesaw, Georgia in 2013, where he was the opening act for Chase Rice. He released an independently made extended play in 2013, "Runnin on Sunshine". The extended play, "Showtime", was released on May 5, 2015, with Treehouse Records. This extended play was his breakthrough release upon the "Billboard" magazine charts, where it peaked at No. 26 on the Top Country Albums chart, No. 22 on the Independent Albums chart, and No. 8 on the Heatseekers Albums chart. His second extended play, "Jon Langston", was independently released on December 11, 2015. It placed on the same "Billboard" magazine charts, where this time it got No. 25 on the Top Country Albums, No. 13 on Independent Albums, and No. 1 on the Heatseekers Albums.
	Langston is featured on the song "Yung and Dum" by American metalcore band Issues, taken from their second full-length album, "Headspace", which was released on May 20, 2016. In February 2018 it was announced on his Instagram page that he would be signing a record deal with UMG Nashville.
	In February 2018, Langston released the single "When It Comes To Loving You" which received considerable attention, and it became the second best-selling country song of the week with 21,000 copies sold. It reached No. 29 on Hot Country Songs, his second single to appear on the chart after "Right Girl Wrong Time" in 2017. In August 2018 Jon was assigned to UMG Nashville imprint EMI Records Nashville and 32 Bridge Entertainment, an imprint founded by Luke Bryan.

= = = Indian Run = = =

	Indian Run may refer to:

= = = Andrew Tuason = = =

	Andrew Tuason (born 30 November 1962) is a Hong Kong musician, record producer, composer, songwriter, arranger, conductor and musical director. He has been a producer for notable musical artists including Jacky Cheung, Andy Lau, and Coco Lee.
	Tuason was born in Hong Kong, the son of Bading Tuason, musical director for the Hong Kong Hilton from 1968 - 1996. In 1982, Tuason became assistant to Joseph Koo, one of the most respected composers in Hong Kong, known as the Godfather of Cantopop. Koo became Tuason's mentor in his musical career and entry into the Hong Kong music business. In the early years working as an assistant for JK, Tuason had shown his skills and talent as an arranger and keyboardist to many major records label in HK, as a result, many recording label's artists are looking for Tuason to arrange and played keyboards on their albums, most of the Hong Kong recording artists has Tuason's name on their album credit list as arranger, keyboardist, or composer. They included: 
	Jacky Cheung, Sam Hui, Alan Tam, Paula Tsui, Michael Kwan, Roman Tam, Jenny Tsang, 
	Shirley Kwan, Sandy Lam, Cass Pang, Eason Chan, Coco Lee, Faye Wong,
	Andy Lau and the list goes on...
	Tuason first met with Andy Lau in the late 80s when he was hired as a Musical Director and Pianist for Lau for his North America concert tour, at the time Lau was a newcomer in singing career but he was already popular and famous in TVs and movies, the two work closely together after their US tour and Tuason began to produce Lau recording albums since then. In 1992, Tuason and Lau had formed a record label called: New Melody, they had also built a recording studio (Q-Sound Studio) in Tsim Sha Tsui area, which later on becoming one of the busiest studios in the business. Tuason had produced 7 solo albums for Lau from 1992 to 1996, he had composed one of Lau biggest hit track "Ai Bu Wan", the song had reached to number one on all major pop charts in HK both on radio and TVs. Of all the 7 albums of Lau, more than half of it went to the top-selling Canto pop albums in the 90s, Tuason has also done more than 60 live concerts with Lau as his Musical Director during those years.
	In 1996, Tuason joined EMI HK as A&R Director, his biggest achievement in EMI was on Cass Pang "Chuang Wai" album which had sold more than 300,000 three hundred thousand copies alone. Tuason's highlighted career is when he was appointed by Television Broadcast Ltd as Musical Director for the ceremony of Hong Kong Reunification to China in 1997, where he had arranged and conducted the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra and Chinese Orchestra combine to perform one of China classical masterpiece "The Yellow River Piano Concerto". Tuason had invited his classical piano teacher, the well-known concert pianist in HK Cai Chong Li to play on the Piano Concerto.
	Another highlighted in Tuason's career was as a Musical Director and conductor for Jacky Cheung musical Snow, Wolf, Lake, Cheung and Tuason had toured together with some 80 crew members in China and Hong Kong for more than 50 musical shows during 2004 and 2005. Cheung and Tuason had worked together enormously over the past 10 years, after the musical they have done 2 world tour which had sold more than 250 concerts worldwide, and Tuason had produced 2 albums for Cheung - Private Corner in 2009 and Wake up Dreaming in 2014
	Tuason began producing Andy Lau of The Four Heavenly Kings in 1988. Tuason continued producing, arranging and composing for seven albums by Andy Lau from 1988 - 1996.
	Tuason became A&R Director for EMI Asia from 1996 - 1999. During this time, he was in charge of the repertoire of all of EMI Hong Kong's recording artists.
	Tuason began arranging for Jacky Cheung in 1985 until the present. In 2004, Tuason conducted Jacky Cheung's musical production "Snow.Wolf.Lake".
	In 2009, Tuason produced Jacky Cheung's "Private Corner" album. It is Cheung's first jazz album for which he coined the phrase "Canto-jazz". "Everyday Is Christmas", "Which Way, Robert Frost?", "Let It Go", "Lucky in Love" and "Double Trouble" were co-written by Roxanne Seeman in collaboration with Tuason, tailor-made for Cheung. "Lucky in Love" is the end-credit song of "Crossing Hennessy", Hong Kong movie starring Jacky Cheung and Tang Wei, produced by William Kong. Nokia’s music download service website (Ovi.com) announced that "Everyday Is Christmas" was the 10th most downloaded Christmas song in the world in 2010, joining classic hits such as Wham’s ‘Last Christmas’ and Mariah Carey’s "All I Want for Christmas is You". Cheung is the only Chinese language singer to make it into the Top Ten.
	http://www.discogs.com/artist/4497701-Bading-Tuason
	https://books.google.com/books?id=lKP9sRBhcrQC&pg=PA133&lpg=PA133&dq=bading+tuason&source=bl&ots=YXRuwMUxY7&sig=E21n48mt6cFYYwSjVu4PIqsYeyw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmwYuWxPHJAhVN52MKHf8zD4QQ6AEIQjAJ#v=onepage&q=bading%20tuason&f=false
	https://books.google.com/books?id=uGY4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT419&lpg=PT419&dq=bading+tuason&source=bl&ots=XkCjhslcEA&sig=a5AUnxEkeDs1z_yY652JgoRrjD4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmwYuWxPHJAhVN52MKHf8zD4QQ6AEIKjAE#v=onepage&q=bading%20tuason&f=false
	http://www.mediaandmarketing.com/13Writer/Profiles/MIX.Hong_Kong_Studios.html

= = = Thevenard Island = = =

	Thevenard Island is located approximately off the coast of Onslow in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.
	Thevenard Island is the largest of a group of ten islands and atolls unofficially called the Mackerel Islands. Two islands in the group, Thevenard Island and Direction Island, have accommodation for tourists. There is a brick paved runway on Thevenard. The island can be reached by a ferry service operating from the mainland at Onslow, recreational boats, helicopter and light scenic plane.
	Thevenard Island is approximately in length and occupies a total area of . It is surrounded by limestone reefs and platforms, with diverse coral assemblages on the northern side. Areas of deep sandy soil are found on the island supporting Acacia and Triodia shrubland and coastal heath scrub.
	Tourism facilities exist in a resort on Thevenard Island including accommodation, a general store, barbeques, boat moorings, airstrip and fuel facilities. There is also a solar power and desalination plant providing fresh water to the island. Available activities include fishing, diving and snorkelling.
	Classified as a C class nature reserve, Thevenard Island is visited by green sea turtles, flatback sea turtles, loggerhead sea turtles and hawksbill sea turtles who lay their eggs on the beaches between November to March.
	The waters off-shore are also home to several species of dolphins including bottlenose, spinner, striped, common and humpback dolphins.
	Whales that have been observed in the area include the pilot whale, false killer whale, sei whale, bryde’s whale and humpback whales. Humpbacks migrate south from June to October, with calving taking place in August. 
	Dugongs (sea cows) are also found in waters around the island and can be observed feeding and calving in waters less than deep. Dugong breeding occurs between September and April. 
	Twenty-four species of land birds have been recorded on Thevenard Island. In addition, there are up to 31 species of migratory birds occurring in the Mackerel Islands area, including kestrels, quails, godwits, plovers, sandpipers and harriers. Some birds migrate from remote northern hemisphere locations as far as Siberia, and are protected by international treaties. Seabirds, such as terns and shearwaters, nest from October to January.
	A total of nine reptile species have been recorded on the island including goannas, dragons, skinks, geckos and ta-ta lizards. No rare or endangered reptiles have been recorded.
	The only native land mammal on the island is the endangered forrest's mouse or short-tailed mouse. The domestic mouse also inhabits the island and is most likely to have been introduced.
	The island was visited by indigenous Australians before and after its separation from the mainland, approximately 8,000 years ago.
	In 1964, Onslow local residents Ian Blair and Adrian Day were granted a lease on Thevenard Island and Direction Island by the Government of Western Australia. In 1973, a group of local farmers purchased the business. From there, the accommodation and facilities on the islands developed from beach shacks used by fisherman to a fully fledged tourism operation. The same group of farmers developed the Onslow Mackerel Motel on the mainland in 1997.
	WAPET (WA Petroleum) discovered the Saladin oil field just off Thevenard Island in 1985, followed by further discoveries including a series of gas fields, leading to the North West Shelf Project on the Burrup Peninsula, the Gorgon project on Barrow Island and the Wheatstone Project on the mainland in Onslow. The company was granted a lease to build production facilities on Thevenard Island; the first oil was produced from the project in 1989. Other fields were brought online between 1991 and 1998 using facilities both off-shore and on Thevenard itself. In 2000, Chevron Australia became operator of the oil and gas exploration and production assets previously managed by WAPET. Production from off-shore oil fields including Saladin ceased in 2014. The new owners, Chevron Corporation, tried to sell the facilities on Thevenard without success. The decision was made in 2015 to decommission the site, with the removal of all plant, road and footing expected to take two years. The operators of the remaining land lease and tourism business on Thevenard and Direction Islands, Mackerel Islands Pty Ltd, state as of 2017 ″The Mackerel Islands and WA Petroleum have maintained a harmonious and collaborative association throughout the past 30 years of operation. Currently decommissioning of the projects is under way, where some of the infrastructure still stands on Thevenard Island. In the coming years this will be removed, leaving Mackerel Islands to devote sole use of Thevenard Nature Reserve to developing eco-tourism facilities and activities.″
	The MV "Boa Force" was shipwrecked off the island when the anchor handling tug supply vessel struck a wellhead in 1994. All eleven crew were rescued; "Boa Force" was later raised and subsequently scuttled in deep water.
	The Government of Western Australia's Department of Parks and Wildlife (now the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions) conducted a pilot flatback turtle monitoring project on Thevenard Island in 2016, which continues annually, having identified Thevenard Island as an important turtle nesting site. The pilot project was part of the North West Shelf Flatback Turtle Conservation Program’s monitoring program, which was established to help understand the ecology and demography of the
	North West Shelf flatback stock, which includes populations found off the Pilbara and south-west Kimberley coasts.
	Flatbacks are listed as vulnerable under the "Western Australian Wildlife Conservation Act 1950". Internationally they are considered data deficient, meaning that more research is required to determine their abundance and distribution.
	The North West Shelf Flatback Conservation Program is a $32.5 million, 30-year program funded by the Chevron-operated Gorgon gas project and is administered by Parks and Wildlife.

= = = Indian Run (Hughes River) = = =

	Indian Run is a stream located entirely within Ritchie County, West Virginia. It is a tributary of Hughes River.
	Indian Run was named after the Native Americans (Indians).

= = = Kolesov (surname) = = =

	Kolesov (, from "колесо" meaning "wheel") is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Kolesova. It may refer to:

= = = 1911 Christchurch North by-election = = =

	The 1911 Christchurch North by-election was a by-election during the 17th New Zealand Parliament held on 17 August that year in the electorate. It was triggered by the death of sitting member Tommy Taylor on 27 July and was won by his close friend and political ally, Leonard Isitt.
	Taylor had come to national prominence over prohibition even before he was first elected to parliament in the . A radical politician, he was interested in a variety of labour and liberal issues, but was a staunch opponent of Richard Seddon and always maintained his independence, going as far as refusing company ownership or joining cabinet. On a personal level, he was deeply popular with the population, and when he died aged 49 only months after having been elected Mayor of Christchurch, 50,000 people lined the streets during his funeral procession.
	At the time, Taylor had been one of New Zealand's most colourful politicians. Naturally, when it came to discussions around his succession in the Christchurch North electorate, a focus was on people who could advance some of the causes that had been important to Taylor. The two politicians mentioned in this context were Leonard Isitt and James McCombs. The next general election was not too far away and McCombs had already committed himself to contest Christchurch East, and he thus declined. He also stated that he was too busy during the by-election campaign period, as he had committed himself to organise the Taylor memorial fund, for which he was secretary.
	Isitt accepted the nomination. Also a prohibitionist and a close friend of Taylor's, Isitt was at his bedside when he died. Labour interests did not stand a candidate against Isitt out of respect for Taylor. The conservative candidate was John Dryden Hall, the second son of a former premier, John Hall.
	The following table gives the election results:
	Commentators attributed the win of successful candidate Leonard Isitt to floods of sympathy votes. Isitt held the Christchurch North electorate until he retired at the . Hall contested the Christchurch North electorate in the 1911 general election a few months after the by-election, but was beaten by Isitt in the second ballot.

= = = Yannick Goyon = = =

	Yannick Goyon (born 22 June 1981) is a retired French professional footballer who played as a defender.
	Since making his senior debut with Bourg-Péronnas in the 1999–2000 season, Goyon has played for a number of clubs in the French lower leagues, including Limoges, Orléans, Jura Sud and Besançon. In 2015, during his second spell with the club, he was part of the Bourg-Péronnas side that won promotion to Ligue 2 for the first time in their history.

= = = Dariusleut = = =

	The Dariusleut, also Dariusleit, are a branch of the Hutterites that emerged in 1860.
	In 1859, Michael Waldner and Jakob Hofer (1830–1900) successfully reestablished a community of goods among some Hutterites in Hutterdorf, Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire. This group was named Schmiedeleut. In 1860, another group of Hutterites did the same under the leadership of Darius Walter (1835–1903) also in Hutterdorf, Ukraine, but on the opposite side of the village. This group was called Dariusleut, after the first name of its leader.
	The Dariusleut left their homes in the Ukraine in June 1874 together with the Schmiedeleut. During the first winter, the Dariusleut lived on government grounds at Silver Lake, South Dakota. In 1875, they founded their first colony on American soil, Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony in South Dakota, the mother colony of the Dariusleut.
	Shortly after World War I, two Hutterite conscientious objectors, Joseph and Michael Hofer, died in an American prison. This and growing anti-German sentiment caused the emigration of all six Dariusleut colonies to Alberta, Canada in the following years.
	In the 1930s, the Schmiedeleut started to form new colonies in Montana, thus returning to the United States. In 1950, there were 25 Schmiedeleut colonies in Alberta and four in Montana.
	Owa Hutterite Colony, a Hutterite colony of ethnic Japanese that is affiliated with the Dariusleut, was founded in 1972.

= = = Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd Sports Complex = = =

	Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd Sports Complex or BHEL Stadium is a multi purpose stadium in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. The ground is mainly used for organizing matches of football, cricket and other sports. 
	The stadium hosted four first-class matches from 1987 when Madhya Pradesh cricket team played against Rajasthan cricket team. until 1994.
	The stadium hosted four List A matches from 1994 when Madhya Pradesh cricket team played against Rajasthan cricket team. but since then the stadium has hosted non first-class cricket matches.

= = = Little Indian Run (West Virginia) = = =

	Little Indian Run is a stream located entirely within Ritchie County, West Virginia.
	Little Indian Run was named after the Native Americans (Indians) in the area.

= = = Bearwallow Run (Ritchie County, West Virginia) = = =

	Bearwallow Run is a stream located entirely within Ritchie County, West Virginia.
	Bearwallow Run was descriptively named by the Indians.

= = = Norman Hilberry = = =

	Norman Hilberry (March 11, 1899 – March 28, 1986) was an American physicist, best known as the director of the Argonne National Laboratory from 1956 to 1961. In December 1942 he was the man who stood ready with an axe to cut the scram line during the start up of Chicago Pile-1, the world's first nuclear reactor to achieve criticality.
	Horace van Norman Hilberry was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on March 11, 1899. He received his Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) degree from Oberlin College in 1921, and then became an assistant in physics at the University of Chicago. In 1925 he became an instructor in physics at Washington Square College in New York, where he rose to become an assistant professor in 1928. He earned his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) from the University of Chicago in 1941, writing his thesis on "Extensive cosmic-ray showers and the energy distribution of the primary cosmic rays".
	In 1941, Hilberry joined what would become the Manhattan Project, the effort to create an atomic bomb during World War II. He moved to the University of Chicago to help Arthur H. Compton in any way possible. Hilberry became associate director of Compton's Metallurgical Project. On December 2, 1942, he was present for the start up of Chicago Pile-1, the world's first nuclear reactor to achieve criticality. Because of fears that the reaction could "run away", Hilberry stood ready with an axe to cut the scram line, a manila rope connected to control rods that could quickly shut the reactor down. He was also present for the start-up of the X-10 Graphite Reactor in November 1943, and the reactors at the Hanford Engineer Works the following year. He returned to the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago in 1945.
	Hilberry became assistant director of the Metallurgical Laboratory in 1943. On July 1, 1946, the Metallurgical Laboratory became Argonne National Laboratory, the first designated National Laboratory, with Walter Zinn as director, and Hilberry as associate director. He became the deputy director in 1949, and the director in June 1956, on Zinn's departure. He was the first director of Argonne's International School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, an important part of the Eisenhower Administration's Atoms for Peace program, from 1955 to 1956. He stepped down in November 1961, and was replaced by Albert Crewe. He remained at Argonne as a senior scientist until 1964, when he accepted an appointment as Professor of Nuclear Engineering at the University of Arizona. He retired and became a professor emeritus in 1985.
	Hilberry was the recipient of the American Nuclear Society's Arthur Holly Compton Award, and received a citation for meritorious service from the Atomic Energy Commission. He was president of the American Nuclear Society from 1965 to 1966. He was a member of the board of directors of the Atomic Industry Forum from 1961 to 1968, of the Advisory Committee on US Policy Toward the International Atomic Energy Agency in 1962, and of the National Academy of Sciences' Advisory Committee to the United States Office of Emergency Preparedness from 1968 to 1973.
	He died from complications arising from influenza on March 28, 1986, at the Humana Desert Hospital in Phoenix, Arizona. He was survived by his wife Ann and daughter Joan. His papers are in the University of Chicago Library.

= = = Bee Run (Ritchie County, West Virginia) = = =

	Bee Run is a stream located entirely within Ritchie County, West Virginia.
	Bee Run was descriptively named by the Indians.

= = = Bone Creek (West Virginia) = = =

	Bone Creek is a stream located entirely within Ritchie County, West Virginia.
	Bone Creek was descriptively named for the animal bones discovered along its course. The animals were attracted to a salt lick.

= = = Austin Petersen = = =

	Austin Wade Petersen (born February 19, 1981) is an American writer, libertarian political activist, commentator, and film and television producer. He was the runner-up for the Libertarian Party's nomination for President of the United States in 2016, finishing second place to Gary Johnson with 21.9% of the vote.
	On August 7, 2018, he finished third in the U.S. Senate Republican primary in Missouri with 8.3% of the vote, behind winner Josh Hawley and runner-up Tony Monetti.
	Petersen was raised on a farm in Peculiar, Missouri, the son of Donna and John D. Petersen. He attended Missouri State University, where he graduated with a degree in musical theater.
	Petersen's early career included stints as a model and as a product demonstrator at FAO Schwarz; at the latter position, he briefly appeared during a "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" sketch filmed at the store.
	In 2008 Petersen worked for the Libertarian National Committee and the Atlas Network, assisting on the 2008 and 2012 presidential bids of former U.S. Representative from Texas, Ron Paul. He was an associate producer at the Fox Business program "Freedom Watch with Judge Napolitano", which aired from 2010–2012, and later went to work as director of production at the conservative advocacy group FreedomWorks. Petersen has also been a frequent guest on the RT program "The Big Picture with Thom Hartmann".
	As of 2018, Petersen is the owner and CEO of a photo and video consulting firm called Stonegait LLC and is the founder of "The Libertarian Republic" and "Liberty Viral" - both libertarian news and commentary websites. He also recently ran for the 2018 U.S. Senate election in Missouri as a Republican, but was defeated in the primary by Missouri's Attorney General Josh Hawley.[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin_Petersen&editintro=Template%3ABLP_editintro#cite_note-exploratory-16 <nowiki>[16]</nowiki>]
	By 2015, Petersen was living in Kansas City, Missouri "behind a midtown QuikTrip" when he announced his candidacy in the 2016 Libertarian Party nominating convention for President of the United States. Writing in the "Los Angeles Times", he was described by "Reason" editor Matt Welch as "an eager libertarian dudebro on the make".
	Petersen called himself the Bernie Sanders of the Libertarian Party due to his grassroots fundraising strategy. After Ted Cruz terminated his campaign for the Republican Party's nomination for president, Petersen received the backing of Mary Matalin and Erick Erickson. In many polls, he placed in the top three presidential choices for his party, along with opponents John McAfee and Gary Johnson. On May 29, 2016, at the Libertarian National Convention, Petersen lost the nomination to Johnson, getting second place on the second ballot. Petersen congratulated Johnson on the win and gave him a replica of George Washington's pistol. Petersen then criticized Johnson's vice presidential pick Bill Weld, in response to which Johnson placed the replica into a garbage can.
	Petersen, thereafter, endorsed Johnson for president.
	In late June 2017, Petersen filed an exploratory committee to consider running for the 2018 U.S. Senate election in Missouri. On July 4, 2017, Petersen formally announced his bid for the Republican nomination in the 2018 Missouri Senate race.
	In September 2017 Petersen was banned from Facebook during his senate campaign for giving away an AR-15 style rifle as a promotion and criticizing his Democratic opponent Claire McCaskill's positions on gun rights. The ban was lifted after Fox News and the "New York Post" reported that Facebook's COO Sheryl Sandberg had made max donations to McCaskill's campaign. The raffle drew renewed controversy in February 2018 when the school shooting in Parkland, Florida caused the "Springfield News-Leader" to investigate. KMOV in St. Louis scrutinized Petersen over his Second Amendment views in light of the shooting.
	Petersen also reportedly received the national record for the largest Bitcoin donation in American campaign history. 
	Fox News reported in January 2018 that Petersen is one of two "potential general election challengers" in the election. In February, Fox News continued to place Petersen in its power rankings in Missouri's senate race.
	Petersen officially filed with the Missouri Secretary of State for the US Senate seat as a Republican on February 28, 2018.
	On March 6, Petersen announced a new AR-15 raffle on Facebook. His personal page was banned for 30 days less than two hours after the livestream was recorded. In July he announced a raffle for a machine, similar to a 3-D printer, that can produce "untraceable gun parts". His campaign said 3-D printing technology has been described as the "end of gun control".
	In the runup to the Republican primary election in August, President Donald Trump endorsed Petersen's rival Josh Hawley and campaigned for him. Petersen complained bitterly about Trump's involvement in the primary. In the August 7 primary Petersen came in third with 8.3% of the vote.
	Petersen has voiced and published his rejection of the non-aggression principle. Petersen describes himself as a minarchist. During his presidential campaign, he maintained that he had a "consistent pro-life ethic," meaning he is both pro-life and anti-death penalty. He opposes the War on Drugs. He is a non-interventionist on most matters of foreign policy and applies a free-market capitalist approach to economics. Petersen advocates for an Ellis Island styled immigration policy with a strict disease check, strict security check, with no quotas. He has expressed he has no fear of open borders, but believes the problems of the welfare state must be addressed first. He is an advocate for the Second Amendment and the right to freedom of association.
	On social media and in interviews, Petersen has described himself variously as an agnostic and an atheist. He grew up as a Christian, though in a 2016 interview with Glenn Beck, Petersen spoke about how the death of his mother changed his religious views: "When I was a young man my mother died, and she was victimized by a pharmacist who diluted her chemotherapy drugs. I lost my faith and I never went back."
	Petersen resides in Jefferson City, Missouri.

= = = Aloe pembana = = =

	Aloe pembana (the "Pemba Aloe", previously "Lomatophyllum pembanum") is a species of "Aloe" indigenous to the island of Pemba and surrounding islets, off the coast of Tanzania.
	It is part of a group of aloes which bear fleshy berries, and were therefore classed as a separate group, "Lomatophyllum". Within this group it is most closely related to "Aloe aldabrensis" and "Aloe alexandrei" - both also from islands in the Mozambique channel - as well as "Aloe peyrierasii" from the north east corner of Madagascar. The Pemba aloe differs from these species by its growth into dense clumps, its flower colour, and its longer inflorescence.
	The Pemba aloe forms short, erect stems, offsets and suckers from its base, and forms large clumps. Its leaves are a shiny green with white margins and teeth. Its multi-branched inflorescence bears red flowers in racemes, and its seeds develop in fleshy berries.
	While it was formerly widespread across Pemba and surrounding islands, it now only occurs on Misali island, off the Pemba coast, where it grows in dappled shade in the sandy coastal scrub.
	The Pemba aloe occurs over an extremely small area, with only a few hundred individual plants remaining in the wild. This species was only fully discovered in 1995. It is currently threatened by habitat degradation, trampling by fishermen and collection for traditional medicine.

= = = Qullqi Mach'ay = = =

	Qullqi Mach'ay (Quechua "qullqi" silver, "mach'ay" cave, "silver cave", hispanicized spelling "Culquimachay") is a mountain in the Andes of Peru which reaches an altitude of approximately . It is located in the Junín Region, Yauli Province, Carhuacayan District. Qullqi Mach'ay lies southwest of the lake named Waskhaqucha.

= = = Traps (1985 film) = = =

	Traps is a 1985 Australian film directed by John Hughes.
	It screened at the Melbourne International Film Festival.

= = = Buzzard Run (Lynncamp Run) = = =

	Buzzard Run is a stream located entirely within Ritchie County, West Virginia. It is a tributary of Lynncamp Run.
	Buzzard Run was descriptively named by the Native Americans (Indians).

= = = Malcolm Dixelius = = =

	Johan Malcolm Dixelius (born 23 April 1948 in Frösö, Sweden) is a Swedish journalist, documentary filmmaker and Russia expert.
	In 1972, Dixelius started his career in journalism as a reporter on the local public service TV station in Gothenburg (Västnytt) and later in Sundsvall (Mittnytt). He is best known as a Moscow correspondent for Swedish public radio and television in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. He also worked for TV4 in the 1990s and for Viasat during the Sochi Winter Olympics in 2014.
	After twenty years in public radio and TV, Dixelius switched to documentary filmmaking in 1993, founding his own production company, Dixit International. He has received awards and acclaim for several films, including "Russian Mafia" (1994), "CCCP Hockey" (2004) and "A Bitter Taste of Freedom" (2011). 1999-2001 he produced a trailblazing international affairs series for TV4 called pangea.nu. From 2003 Dixelius is involved with Deep Sea Productions, where he has produced the series "Wreck Hunters" (Swe. Vrakletarna, 2007) as well as directing and producing a number of documentary films for the international market.
	Together with Russian journalist and writer Andrei Konstantinov, Dixelius has written two books on organized crime in Russia.
	Since 2015, he is the chairman of the Malik Bendjelloul Memorial Foundation, which runs a fund in support of documentary filmmakers.
	Gothenburg Institute of Journalism, 1970-72 journalism
	Uppsala University, 1969-70 Russian, English
	Army Interpreter School, 1968-69 Russian
	University of Georgia (Henry W Grady School of Journalism), 1966-67 journalism
	Atlantic College, 1963-65 A-levels
	SVT 1, 1990-93 correspondent, Moscow
	SVT 1, 1984-1990 reporter, international editor
	SVT, 1983-84 correspondent, Moscow
	Sveriges Radio, 1979-83 correspondent, Moscow
	Författarcentrum Norr, 1978-79 consultant
	Mittnytt (SVT, Sundsvall), 1973-78 reporter
	Västnytt (SVT, Gothenburg), 1972-73 reporter
	"Taikon" (2015), executive producer
	"Mars the Magnificent" (2015), producer
	"Crossroads" (2014), producer
	"The Land that is No More" (2012), executive producer
	"Return of the Ghost Ship" (2011), director
	"A Bitter Taste of Freedom" (2011), producer
	"Women with Cows" (2011), script, executive producer
	"The Cuban colonel, the Russian General and the (near) Destruction of the World (2011)," director, producer
	"Route of Death" (2011), producer
	"The Mystery of the Lost Spy Plane" (2011), director
	"Being Anja Pärson" (2010), executive producer
	"Königsegg" (2009), director
	"Profession: High Jumper" (2009), director
	"The Horseman" (2007), executive producer
	"The Virus Hunter" (2006), director
	"The Laser Man Documentary" (2005), director, producer
	"Homeward Bound" (2005), producer
	"Mr IKEA, the Man Who Wanted to Furnish the World" (2004), director, producer
	"CCCP Hockey" (2004), director
	"Girls in Jeopardy" (2002), producer
	"The Prince" (2001), producer
	"Conquering the Arctic" (2000), director
	"North East Passage" (1994), director, producer
	"Russian Mafia" (1994), director, producer
	"Russia’s Underworld", Malcolm Dixelius and Andrej Konstantinov, Stockholm 1994
	"Mafialand Russia", Malcolm Dixelius and Andrej Konstantinov, Stockholm 1997
	Malcolm Dixelius on the Internet Movie Database 

= = = Amity University, Kolkata = = =

	Amity University, Kolkata is a private university in Kolkata in the state of West Bengal, India. It was founded in 2015 and is the eighth university to be established by the Amity Education Group.
	The Amity Group's presence in Kolkata began at the end of 2009 with Amity Global Business School (Salt Lake, Sector V), which offered management degrees under Amity University. In 2015, the state legislature of West Bengal passed the "Amity University Act, 2014" (West Bengal Act, XXIV of 2014) to enable the establishment of the university in Kadampukur, Action Area - III of New Town. The university was established on 6 January and classes commenced on 31 August 2015. It is the eighth university to be established by the Amity Education Group, which also established Amity University, Mumbai in 2014.
	The university is widely known for having one of the world's most expensive campuses. It has many classrooms that are centrally air-conditioned and has many laboratories for conducting experiments.
	The Central Building (known as the Leaf Structure) is centrally air-conditioned and has hi-tech security. It consists of a library block (the second-largest library in Kolkata after the National Library of India), an auditorium block, a cafeteria block and an atrium that is used for many events.
	The Academic Block which consists of three wings comprises more than 100 classrooms spread across its institutes. It has the university's common seminar hall and is next to the sports field and basketball court.
	A new 22 Storey Tower is coming up which will be an addition to the academic building and will feature more than 200 classrooms, research labs and other amenities room. It will be ready by 2020.
	An All New Sport Complex is also coming up which will feature a Swimming Pool, Tennis Courts and Indoor Sport Room. It will also be ready by 2020.
	The University also possess a 13 Storey Hostel Block which provide Residential Living to Boys and Girls separately.
	The university offers undergraduate, post-graduate and doctoral degrees. Courses are run by constituent institutes and schools situated on its campus. Amity University, Kolkata is currently offering programs in the field of management, engineering, bio-technology, applied sciences, forensic sciences, environment, medical and allied health sciences, nursing, journalism and mass communications, liberal arts, computer science, foreign language, law, architecture, medical, commerce, economics, fashion, fine arts, hotel management both at undergraduate and post graduate levels, besides offering doctoral degrees in many of these disciplines.
	School of Engineering & Technology is called as Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Kolkata (ASETK). All engineering programs are run under School of Engineering & Technology. It offers UG, PG & Ph.D programmes. The different Programmes running under this school are,
	Undergraduate Programme
	Post Graduate Programme
	Amity Law School Kolkata is affiliated to Amity University Kolkata. All the law programs are run under the Amity Law School. It offers UG and PG programs. The programs running under the school are:
	Undergraduate Programme
	Post Graduate Programme
	The university has 11 research centres in bio-design, computer graphics, decisions and ethics, design research, information technology, financial analytics, robotics, computer research in music and acoustics, humanities, language and information, applied & behavioral sciences.
	The university has more than 25 institutes in its campus, including Amity School of Business, Kolkata, Amity Business School, Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Amity School of Architecture and Planning, Amity Law School, Kolkata and Amity Institute of Biotechnology.

= = = Cow Run (West Virginia) = = =

	Cow Run is a stream located entirely within Ritchie County, West Virginia.
	Cow Run was so named by Native Americans after the buffalo.

= = = Baeonoma euphanes = = =

	Baeonoma euphanes is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is 9–10 mm. The forewings are dark fuscous with a short white mark on the base of the dorsum and a triangular white blotch on the dorsum beyond the middle, reaching half across the wing. The apex is narrowly white. The hindwings are rather dark grey, thinly scaled in the disc.

= = = Crab Run (West Virginia) = = =

	Crab Run is a stream located entirely within Ritchie County, West Virginia. It is a tributary of South Fork Hughes River.
	Crab Run was descriptively named on account of crayfish in its waters.

= = = Den Run = = =

	Den Run is a stream located entirely within Ritchie County, West Virginia.
	Den Run was descriptively named by the Indians.

= = = Vivekananda Nagar Indoor Sports Complex = = =

	Vivekananda Nagar Indoor Sports Complex is an indoor stadium located in Vivekananda Nagar, Nagpur, Maharashtra. The stadium was constructed on 3.5 acres of land allotted by the Nagpur Municipal Corporation for events of Table Tennis, Badminton etc. The stadium has a seating capacity of 5,000. The venue hosts several political events, music events and sports events like badminton, basketball, lawn tennis.
	The stadium is second indoor venue in the city and 3 603 square meter area with parking of 300 two-wheelers and 50 four-wheelers. This first sporting venue in South-West Nagpur facilities of a cafeteria, administrative office along with changing rooms and toilets which cost 3 crores for construction.

= = = Baeonoma orthozona = = =

	Baeonoma orthozona is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is 13–14 mm. The forewings are dark fuscous with a small white spot on the base of the dorsum. There is a moderately broad straight white transverse median fascia and a moderate subtriangular white spot on the costa at four-fifths. The hindwings are rather dark grey.

= = = Aloe aldabrensis = = =

	Aloe aldabrensis (the "Aldabra Aloe", previously "Lomatophyllum aldabrensis") is a species of "Aloe" endemic to the islands of Aldabra in the Indian Ocean, where it can still be found in coastal scrub on limestone-based soil.
	It is part of a group of aloes which bear fleshy berries, and were therefore classed as a separate group, "Lomatophyllum". Within this group it is most closely related to "Aloe pembana" and "Aloe alexandrei" - both also from islands in the Mozambique channel - as well as "Aloe peyrierasii" from the north east corner of Madagascar. These species are also more distantly related to "Aloe purpurea" of Mauritius, but differ by their larger leaves, longer flowers, and more widely interspaced leaf-teeth. 
	The Aldabra aloe usually grows singly, close to the ground, with at most a short stem. Its leaves are green with red or orange tints. Its multi-branched inflorescence bears orange-red flowers in racemes, and its seeds develop in fleshy berries.

= = = Baeonoma mastodes = = =

	Baeonoma mastodes is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is 15–19 mm. The forewings are white with a rather thick suffused dark fuscous streak along the costa from the base to beyond the middle and a rounded-triangular dark fuscous blotch on the middle of the dorsum, reaching half across the wing. There is a slight spot of fuscous irroration on the end of the cell. There is a variable rounded blotch of dark fuscous irroration or suffusion extending over the termen. The hindwings are grey.

= = = Jean-Luc Vilmouth = = =

	Jean-Luc Vilmouth (5 March 1952 – 17 December 2015) was a French sculptor. He was born on 5 March 1952 at Creutzwald and died on the 19 December 2015 in Taipei. He taught at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris.
	Trained at the Fine Arts School in Metz, Vilmouth arrived in England in the 1970s where he immersed himself in the New English sculpture of Tony Cragg, Bill Woodrow and others. If minimalism and conceptual art will influence his early works Vilmouth will quickly focus his researches around everyday objects. Describing himself as "augmentateur" Jean-Luc Vilmouth seeks to supplement the object rather than transform it. Far from formalist concerns, he chose objects for their potential, their memory: "what interests me in the objects that surround us,is their origin, their design ... I think that an object can enable us to understand include a whole social evolution... ". Through sculptures, installations, videos and performances, Vilmouth questioned the relationship to the object and its place in the environment. Reporting the malfunctions of the world around him, he seeks to reinterpret everyday life to better challenge it. By the principle of diversion and scaling, he transcends mere objects of everyday life, by increasing its meaning and by engaging the viewer as an actor.
	Comme un noyau, un voyage de l’esprit, Saint-Vincent-les-Forts (2011)
	Under the VIAPAC, Vilmouth installed a model of the Vauban Fort of Saint-Vincent-les-Forts on the access path to the site, facing the Fort . Unlike the building that suffered the marks of time, the model is an exhaustive representation, to the image of the original architecture. This device brings the visitor to perceive sculpture as the nucleus from which the fort was built. This is both a reflection on architecture and a working memory inciting the public to mentally reconstruct the architecture of the fort by operating a back and forth between two scales of perception: that of the miniature model and that of the monumental building .
	Bar des plantes, Strasbourg (2006)
	This was carried out for a public commission for the city of Strasbourg . It is a flower kiosk functioning like a greenhouse and in which different kinds of syrups from various plants can be tasted.
	Comme deux tours, Châtellerault (1994)
	As part of the redevelopment of the Weapons Manufacture of Châtellerault, Vilmouth created a work highlighting the site and its history. It is as a kind of an architectural metal graft that transforms two huge fireplaces in observation towers . 18 meters high gateways installed on these chimneys are made accessible by the spiral staircase situated where the old water tower used to be . On the Manufacture site stand two chimneys visible from most of the city . "Inversing the situation is to allow the viewer to show, is to allow the viewer to climb chimneys to watch the city. "'
	Exhibitions
	2007 : Villa du Parc, Centre d’Art contemporain, Anemasse (France)
	2006 : The White Building, Galerie Anne Vidal, Paris
	2005 : Les visiteurs, carte blanche to Jean-Luc Vilmouth, Château de Carcassonne (France)
	2004 : Code Unknown, Palais de Tokyo, Paris (France)
	2000 : Elysian Fields, , Paris (France)
	1999: Autour de l'arbre, Chateau de Bionnay Morgane Rousseau, (France)
	1994 : The winter of love, MoMA PS1, New-York (USA)
	1991 : Lyon Biennale(France)
	1990 : Empreinte de Siam, in collaboration with la Manufacture nationale de Sèvres.
	1987 : Local Time, le Magasin, centre national d’art contemporain, Grenoble (France)

= = = Korea Correctional Service = = =

	The Korea Correctional Service (; 矯正本部) is the corrections agency/prison service of South Korea. An agency of the Ministry of Justice, it is headquartered in Building #1 of the Government Complex-Gwacheon in Gwacheon, Gyeonggi-do in the Seoul metropolitan area.
	The agency uses an anthropomorphic bear, "Borami," as its mascot. Borami, based on Korean foundational myth, was introduced in 2002.f
	As of 2007, there were 2,431 women incarcerated in the South Korean prison system, making up 5.3% of all of the prison inmates; Bitna Kim, Jurg Gerber, and Yeonghee Kim of Sam Houston State University wrote that therefore "these incarcerated women have not been a matter of much popular or scholarly concern and interest in South Korea."
	The females are held in 10 detention centers, one long-term prison for women, one juvenile correctional center, for correctional center branches, and a vocational training correctional center as of 2007.
	The number of females detained can be contributed to a study conducted by researchers Kim, Park, & Lee (2004) who stated, “A large proportion of incarcerated women in Korea were incarcerated for intimate partner homicide” (130). This interesting finding may be contributed to the country’s patriarchal roots, which causes an imbalance of power based on gender. Women in South Korea are pressured to increase their societal value by any means necessary including cosmetic surgery and marrying someone that has a higher socioeconomic status. Because of this, the authors of this study wanted to test the general power-control theory, which focused on the differences between females engaging in prosocial and antisocial risk-taking behavior. The criteria for prosocial risk-taking behavior from females involved career paths such as doctors and police, while antisocial risk-taking included females involved in committing crimes. These researchers hypothesized that both prosocial and antisocial risk-taking groups would have been raised in less patriarchal families and were more likely to challenge gender roles, reject patriarchal beliefs, and have a high preference for engaging in risk-taking behavior. The results of their study found that females a part of the antisocial group were more likely to be raised in less patriarchal families, while prosocial females were more likely to be raised in patriarchal families. The findings of this study suggest that antisocial females (those who commit crimes) lack a strong father figure in their household, which contributed to their rebellious behavior. The importance of having a strong but healthy power dynamic in the household holds extreme value, especially in the context of the family quality in South Korea.
	As of 2005 prisoners who are members of the U.S. military (U.S. military members convicted of serious crimes by local South Korean courts) are generally held at Cheonan Juvenile Correctional Institution. As per an agreement between the U.S. and South Korea they are held one to a cell, separated from South Korean prisoners, given Western cuisine supplied by U.S. Forces Korea, and are not required to perform hard labor that is mandatory for South Korean prisoners.
	There are 11 pre-trial detention centers and 37 correctional centers; the latter includes one women's prison, one juvenile institution, one private prison, two centers for vocational training, and one open prison.
	Pre-trial detention centers:
	Correctional centers: 

= = = Chicken Island (Guangdong) = = =

	Chicken Island is an island located in the southeast of Dianbai district, Maoming, Guangdong province, China. Its original name is Fenzhou (汾洲) island and Wanzhou (湾舟) island. The distance from Chicken Island to continent is 8 nautical miles. The area of Chicken Island is 1.9 square kilometers and it is the biggest island in Maoming. The highest point on Chicken island is 122 miles and the visibility of the sea area around it is between 6 and 12 miles. The climate of Chicken island is subtropical climate.
	Chicken island was located in the sea silk road. Over thousands of year, many ships used it to take a rest here. Chicken island has traces of the communication between ancient China and western countries.
	Besides the witness of history, famous people had came to Chicken Island. Li Deyu , a politician in Tang dynasty, left a stone tablet here when he suffered a demotion in 848. He used the stone tablet to record the climbing in Chicken island and his demotion.
	In 2004, Chen Mingzhe (陈明哲) bought the rights of using Chicken Island for fifty years. He spent 4.3 billion yuan to develop the island. Chicken Island has become the AAAA degree scenic spot in China.
	There are mainly two origins of the name which can be divided into history and myth reason.
	One origin is about Li Deyu. He was an officer in Tang dynasty. After demoted by the court, he kept travelling and had been Chicken island. After his visit, people built a temple for him and exalted him as spirit. When ships went by, sailors would go to the temple and worship his spirit by releasing a chicken.
	There are two myths about the origin of the name. Here is the first one. Long time ago, local sailors who needed to be navigated would put a chicken in this island and blessed for safety. Gradually, the name of the island became Chicken Island. In Chinese, Chicken island means the island is used to releasing chickens.
	Here is the second story about the origin of this name. In the old time, sailor who came through this island, the wave was too huge that many boats had been destroyed. One day, there is a Buddhist looked at a boat team which was coming back and the boats were getting through the Wanzhou (湾舟) island. The Buddhist discovered that the billows looked like centipedes which were attacking the boats. Wanzhou (湾舟) island looked like a chicken. Therefore, he had an idea to solve the problem. He told sailors to build a temple in Wanzhou(湾舟) island and release some chickens there. These behaviors mean that they were using chicken to overcome the centipedes. After that, the sailors felt it makes sense and they kept doing it. Because releasing chicken means accumulate virtue in Chinese Buddhism. After that, the sea around Wanzhou (湾舟) island become quiet and peace. Sailors had got full tank of fishes and they felt it works. Therefore, whenever sailor go to work, they would release a chicken in Wanzhou (湾舟) island to accumulate virtue for safety. Gradually, people called it Chicken island.
	Chicken Island was an uninhabited island. In June 2004, Chen Mingzhe (陈明哲), a Taiwanese attained fifty years use right of Chicken Island. After two years, they built up a wharf which depth is between 30 and 40 miles and width is 5 miles, a road which length is 9 kilometers which surrounds the island and completed the water system, hydro system and network system. He also develop Chicken Island into a tourist attraction. The table above is the tourist economy of Chicken island in 2011.
	The queen of heaven is located in the middle northern of Chicken island. The main building is a Chinese temple and it was built in February, 2013. In this attraction, it contains the queen of heaven(Huangji Palace), Nine Dragon Pool, Mercy room, Shun dhi pavilion, Nine-Dragon Wall, Mazu (goddess) culture wall, Bell Tower and vice versa. These are architectural attractions. Standing on square in this attraction, people can see all of the constructions. The queen of heaven is in the top of the attraction.
	The second name for Chicken scenery is Chicken head scene. Chicken scenery is located in the northern of Chicken island. This area has been kept washing by the waves and formed the coastal erosion land shape. Therefore, rocks in here have different and strange shapes. There are some nature landscapes like the reef and different stones such as chicken head stone, kissing stone, lion stone and golden turtle. The name of these stones is created by metaphor. Chicken scenery is a suitable place for rock fishing.
	Wishing tree is located in the west of Chicken island. In this attraction, a banyan which is over one hundred years old has many roots on the rock wall. Wish cards hanging on the tree branches. In front of the banyan, a statue placed here. The statue has a myth. Long time ago, a fisher hit by storm and swam back to Chicken island. He saw Ji Gong reclining under the tree. Instead of answering the fisher's request, Jigong waved his hand fan and disappeared. When the fisher awoke, he found his ship was full of fishes and he saw Ji Gong sculptor is under the tree. After that, people hang wish cards on the tree and pray to Jigong.
	Gold beach is a scenic area with beach and amusements which is surrounded by blue sea. Gold beach is located in northeastern Chicken island. The infrastructure here includes beach bars, beach stages, and a food street near the coastline. These entertainments open at night. Along with the coastline, there is a pavilion to view the sea and sunset.
	This is a theme park that contains many wild pineapple trees and some statues. The location of this park is the south of Chicken island. There are lots of wild pineapple trees which are over hundreds year old. The academic name of these trees is Pandanus tectorius. Besides wild pineapple trees, the park has the statues of Nanhai Guanyin, Nanhai turtle, Jin Chan and Paul the Octopus and some pavilions that related to these statues. Standing in the pavilion, people could see the sea rock topography, sea trough, and sea caves. Wild pineapple park is a proper place to watch sunset and go fishing in Chicken island.
	The chicken island is accessible by ship or speedboat. People need to take ship at the Bohe (博贺) dock which is located in Dianbai district. The ship from Bohe (博贺) dock can reach Chicken island dock.
	Inside the island, bike and electric truck are the only transportation allowed.

= = = Baeonoma helotypa = = =

	Baeonoma helotypa is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana and Brazil.
	The wingspan is 14–18 mm. The forewings are white with some undefined fuscous suffusion towards the dorsum beyond the middle, sometimes forming an irregular suffused dark fuscous blotch in males. There are some scattered fuscous scales on the end of the cell and towards the termen and there is a marginal series of well-marked sometimes connected dark fuscous dots around the apex and termen. The hindwings are grey.

= = = Baeonoma holarga = = =

	Baeonoma holarga is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is about 19 mm. The forewings are white and the hindwings are rather light grey.

= = = B. D. Pande = = =

	Bhairab Dutt Pande (born 17 March 1917; died 4 April 2009) was a member of the Indian Civil Service and Union Cabinet Secretary of the Government of India under Indira Gandhi. He served as the Governor of West Bengal (1981–1983), and Punjab (1983–1984), and the Administrator of Chandigarh for a brief period.
	Born in Almora, in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, Pande served as a Cabinet Secretary to the Union Government from 2 November 1972 to 31 March 1977. When President's rule was imposed on Punjab, he served as the Governor of the state.
	Pande was married to Vimla Pande. They had three children: Arvind Pande, environmentalist Lalit Pande, and Ratna Pande. His brother-in-law, Vinod Chandra Pande, was also a former Governor and Union Cabinet Secretary.
	He was one of the last living members of the Imperial Civil Service, having entered in the 1939 batch.
	The Government of India awarded Pande the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 1972, for his contributions to Indian society and the Padma Vibhushan in 2000.

= = = Eighth Seimas of Lithuania = = =

	The Eighth Seimas of Lithuania was a parliament (Seimas) elected in Lithuania. Elections took place on 8 October 2000. The Seimas commenced its work on 19 October 2000 and served a four-year term, with the last session on 11 November 2004.
	In the elections in 2000, 70 members of the parliament were elected on proportional party lists and 71 in single member constituencies. Elections took place on 8 October 2000. No run-off was held in single seat constituencies and the candidate with the most votes was declared a winner.
	Liberal Union became the largest party in the parliament after winning 34 seats, followed by 29 seats won by New Union (Social Liberals). The Social-Democratic Coalition of Algirdas Brazauskas won 51 seats, with the largest party in the coalition, Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania, winning 26.
	Artūras Paulauskas was elected as the Speaker of the Eighth Seimas. After the impeachment of Rolandas Paksas, Paulauskas acted as the President of Lithuania from 6 April 2004 until 12 July 2004. Česlovas Juršėnas acted as the Speaker of the Seimas during the time.
	The Eighth Seimas saw an initial ruling coalition of Liberals and New Union (Social Liberals), which lasted less than a year. At the end of 2001, New Union (Social Liberals) joined the Social Democratic Coalition, headed by Algirdas Brazauskas. Under the term of the Seimas, Lithuania joined the European Union and NATO."
	During the first session of the Seimas the following parliamentary groups were registered: Social Democratic Coalition, Liberals, New Union (Social Liberals), Homeland Union - Conservatives, Peasant and New Democracy Parties and the Mixed Group of Members of the Seimas.
	Substantial shifts between political groups occurred during the term. By the end of the term of the Seimas, the following parliamentary groups were active.
	A total of 151 members served on the Eighth Seimas.

= = = Magruder Tuttle = = =

	Magruder Hill Tuttle (July 21, 1908 – November 6, 1998) was an American rear admiral. Born and raised in Lenoir, North Carolina, Tuttle attended Duke University before entering the United States Naval Academy, from which he graduated in 1932. While at the academy, Tuttle played center on the football team for two years and was team captain in 1931. For his accomplishments in football at the academy, the "New York Sun" named him as the first-team center on their all-time Navy football team, selected in 1932. Following graduation, Tuttle was commissioned as an officer in the United States Navy. He was a senior officer at the Pearl Harbor naval base when it was attacked on December 7, 1941. During World War II, he served as a pilot and commanded three different squadrons at various times throughout the war. Tuttle also served in the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Other assignments included commander of Corry Field, commander of the USS "Philippine Sea", and deputy commander of the Pacific Missile Range. While stationed in Florida, Tuttle planned and founded the National Naval Aviation Museum. He died in Pensacola, Florida on November 6, 1998.

= = = Stenoma ptychocentra = = =

	Stenoma ptychocentra is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is about 13 mm. The forewings are light glossy grey with the costal edge ochreous whitish and with a black basal dot in the middle. The plical stigma is conspicuous and black and there is a rather thick blackish line from three-fifths of the costa to the dorsum near the tornus, hardly curved in the middle. The area beyond this is somewhat darker grey and there is a marginal row of indistinct blackish dots around the apex and termen. The hindwings are dark grey.

= = = Stenoma niphacma = = =

	Stenoma niphacma is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is about 15 mm. The forewings are dark slaty fuscous with the costal edge white from one-fourth onwards and with a white slightly irregular line from before the middle of the costa to two-thirds of the dorsum. There is a narrow white apical patch, attenuated to below the middle of the termen, marked with three blackish dots on the apical edge. The hindwings are rather dark grey.

= = = List of Rajya Sabha members from Nagaland = = =

	The list of current and past Rajya Sabha members from the Nagaland State. State elect 1 member for the term of 6 years and indirectly elected by the state legislators, since year 1964.
	Alphabetical list by last name
	"The list is incomplete".

= = = Stenoma periaula = = =

	Stenoma periaula is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is about 16 mm. The forewings are dark violet grey with the costal edge white throughout, more strongly towards the base. There is a hardly curved white line from the middle of the costa to before three-fourths of the dorsum and a white line with waved anterior edge running around the apex and termen, marked with a series of small black dots on the marginal edge. The hindwings are rather dark grey.

= = = Daisuke Inoue (rugby union) = = =

	In his home country he plays for the Kubota Spears whom he joined in 2013. He was also named in the first ever squad which will compete in Super Rugby from the 2016 season.

= = = List of Rajya Sabha members from Tripura = = =

	The list of current and past Rajya Sabha members from the Tripura State. State elect 1 member for the term of 6 years and indirectly elected by the state legislators, since year 1964.
	Alphabetical list by last name
	"The list is incomplete".

= = = Tama Talum prosecution = = =

	The Tama Talum prosecution is a controversial criminal case in Taiwan involving the prosecution of Tama Talum, a Bunun Aborigine, for possession of an illegal firearm and poaching. Talum was convicted in 2015 and sentenced to three and a half years in prison. The case sparked protests and discussion of indigenous rights in Taiwan.
	In July 2013 Tama Talum – also known by his Chinese name 王光祿 () – a 54-year-old man from the Bunun tribe, went hunting in the mountains in Taitung County to obtain meat for his elderly mother. After killing a Formosan serow and a Reeve's muntjac, Talum was arrested for violation of the Controlling Guns, Ammunition and Knives Act as the shotgun he was carrying was not "home-made" (the act provides exceptions for Aborigines with home-made weapons). He was also charged with violation of the Wildlife Conservation Act as his hunt was deemed to fall outside permitted ceremonial activities. Talum did not deny the facts of the case, but maintained that his actions were not illegal. Aboriginal and human rights groups protested that hunting is an integral part of Bunun culture, and that Talum was being prosecuted for a "filial act" (i.e. hunting to provide meat for his elderly mother).
	After being found guilty on both charges, Talum was sentenced to three years and two months in prison for possession of an illegal weapon, and seven months for violating the Wildlife Conservation Act. Part of the sentences were to run concurrently, so the total sentence was three years and six months. He was also fined NT$70,000. Community groups criticised the harshness of the sentence, and Talum was defended by a seven-person legal team from the Taitung Legal Aid Foundation, who argued that the Controlling Guns, Ammunition and Knives Act did not limit Aboriginal hunters to "home-made" weapons.
	On 15 December 2015 Talum was due to start his prison sentence. He remained at home with his mother in Haiduan, Taitung, waiting for authorities to come for him, but the local police reported that they were waiting for orders from above. On the same day Prosecutor-General Yen Da-ho filed an extraordinary appeal to the Supreme Court, asserting that the original judgment in the case was itself illegal. Talum remains free pending the appeal.

= = = Antaeotricha tephrodesma = = =

	Antaeotricha tephrodesma is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in Brazil and the Guianas.
	The wingspan is 14–15 mm. The forewings are whitish, partially faintly tinged with fuscous and with a suffused dark fuscous streak from the base of the costa along the basal one-fourth or one-third of the dorsum, followed by some undefined lighter ashy-fuscous suffusion. The first discal stigma is rather large and blackish, the plical smaller, obliquely beyond it. There are two somewhat irregular rather curved suffused dark fuscous lines from the costa at the middle and three-fourths to the dorsum at two-thirds and the tornus, the included space wholly ashy-fuscous except the costal edge. There are seven blackish marginal dots around the apex and termen. The hindwings are grey.

= = = List of Rajya Sabha members from Puducherry = = =

	The list of current and past Rajya Sabha members from the Puducherry State. State elect 1 member for the term of 6 years and indirectly elected by the state legislators, since year 1964.
	Alphabetical list by last name
	"The list is incomplete".

= = = Sunder Sukka = = =

	Sunder Sukka (; born 18 August 1978) is an Indian artist (painter) from Mahboobnagar district of Telangana State in India. Sunder Sukka is the son of a Golla Suddula performer. Golla Suddula performance is an art form which makes people aware of the socioeconomic, political and cultural conditions with an underlying message so that they can fight for their rights.
	Sunder has been running around from one art gallery to another since 2007 but, artist Sukka Sunder never got a chance to host a solo show until 2014. Sunder brought out 24 collections of artwork titled, Discourse of a People, in what was the first solo art show of his life in 2014. Ask him why it took this long and he says, “Not many were willing to let me host a solo art show. I’m glad it finally worked out.”
	All the paintings, whether it is the recurring figure of lambs and sheep, or men and women from the village, each artwork is a “memory” for Sunder. “Things are changing in the villages. Many artist communities are fast disappearing, so this is my attempt to capture my memories,” he says. When pointed out that a majority of his paintings have lambs in them he smiles, “I’ve grown up with animals around me. Lambs and sheep are very unique animals. The way they sit, their ears... everything makes for a unique subject.”
	Sunder’s tryst with art began when he was in Std V when his instincts made him grab a pen and sketch out Rani Rudramadevi. “I seemed to get everything right. I had her features sketched as exact replica of the photo. Elders at home were impressed. My inspiration to paint is my brother who is a signboard artist. Later I did paintings of leaders and as a young school boy, I made greeting cards for New Year, and gave them to friends and relatives. The response from my teachers, student friends and relatives inspired and encouraged me further.”
	With Sunder’s interest in art continuing, he joined BFA to pursue it seriously. “Objects like the lantern, issurayyi", rolu- rokali" looked interesting to me,” he says as he points out works that depict these objects. He also loves to paint extinct art forms and occupations like "budaga", "angalollu, gangireddulollu, kommollu, sodi chepetollu, budabudukalollu" and others. “I grew up watching them in our village and now life is devoid of instances where one can see such art forms. In some of my works I have represented a sensitive and unnoticed relation and the intimacy which is created or automatically formed between animals and human beings, “he explains. In his painting 'the morning clock' the village woman is compared to morning clock who works out her daily activities like a cock or hen.
	The relationship that rural folk develop with their livestock in their daily survival etc. is a recurring theme throughout his paintings. This relation is an outcome of the society and “the socialist ideology” that he had developed over the years. “My father went to Madhya Pradesh as a labourer. So in some of my works I have painted the narratives of the life of the villagers as migrant labourers, their feelings at being away from their villages and family,” he explains.
	Sunder is married to Karuna Sukka and they have a daughter.
	Two man show:
	Group shows:
	2015
	2014
	2013
	2012
	2007
	2015
	2014
	2013
	2012
	2007
	2006
	2004

= = = Department of Corrections (Thailand) = = =

	The Department of Corrections (, ) is an agency of the Thai Ministry of Justice. Its mission is to keep prisoners in custody and rehabilitate them. Its headquarters is in Suanyai Sub-district, Mueang Nonthaburi District, Nonthaburi Province. , Police Colonel Narat Sawatanan (Naras Savestanan) is director-general of the department. Its FY2019 budget is 13,430 million baht.
	Bang Kwang houses Thailand's death row for men and execution chamber. The Klong Prem (Lard Yao) section for women houses female death row inmates.
	The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) puts the minimum space requirement for inmate accommodation at 3.4 m per person in a shared or dormitory accommodation. The Department of Corrections has three different inmate space standards for its prisons: the "standard capacity" spacing regulation is 2.25 m floor space for each prisoner. "Full capacity" spacing is 1.1 m per female inmate, 1.2 m per male inmate. "Full capacity 30%" sets the spacing at 0.85 m per inmate. These guidelines allow the DOC to manipulate prison occupancy numbers. When the Director-General of the Department of Corrections says—as he did in December 2019—that the 700,000 inmates behind bars are three times the capacity of the prisons it is unclear which capacity standard he is using. In December 2019, a video was released on YouTube showing a crowded cell at the Lang Suan Prison in Chumphon Province. Justice Minister Somsak Thepsuthin's response was to tell the prison to file a police complaint of an alleged hacking of the video system. He directed the Department of Special Investigation (DSI) to find out how it happened and who was responsible on the grounds that the leak may have violated the rights of inmates.
	The Department of Corrections is moving towards separating lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) prisoners from other prisoners to ensure their safety and security. Min Buri Prison will be used as a prison for LGBT prisoners under a pilot scheme. There are 4,448 prisoners self-identified as LGBT: 2,258 females, 2,156 males, and 34 transgender individuals. LGBT inmates account for about one percent of Thailand's total of 300,000 prisoners.
	Thailand, as of 2018, is one of 58 nations that retain the death penalty. Of the 10 ASEAN nations, only Cambodia and the Philippines have outlawed it.
	Thailand retains the death penalty, but rarely employs it. Since 1935 Thailand has executed 326 persons, 319 by firing squad (the last was shot on 11 December 2003), and seven by lethal injection, the latest on 19 June 2018. , 517 persons remain on death row. Bang Khwang Central Prison contains the nation's primary Death Row, but Death Rows exist in provincial prisons, for both men and women. , 59 women are on death row, 58 of them for drug-related offenses.
	Even after the Supreme Court has handed down a death sentence, under Thai law it can be stayed by the king if a petition is sent to the palace within 60 days. The king can then ponder the petition indefinitely. King Bhumibol (Rama IX), effectively halted executions in Thailand for nearly a decade by this means. Petitions submitted by condemned prisoners were left unanswered by the palace, leading prison officials to regard them as "under royal deliberation". They did not dare put petitioners to death lest they were seen as intruding on royal prerogative. More than 500 death row inmates were thus spared death. On the other hand, when the king rejects clemency petitions, the prisoner must be put to death within 24 hours.
	Thai public opinion on the death penalty is unclear. A 2014 survey reported that only eight percent of the population favored its abolition. Another survey indicated that 41 percent wanted to retain the death penalty as a sentencing option. Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha has said that the death penalty is necessary to maintain peace and order and deter severe crimes in spite of general acknowledgement that the possibility of execution does not serve to deter crime.
	The corrections department has three criteria for granting parole to inmates:
	Two conditions are attached: The inmate must have served at least six months of an ordinary sentence, or—if sentenced to life—the inmate must have served at least 10 years of that sentence. One serial killer was originally sentenced to death in 2005. He confessed to the crime, thus resulting in the commutation of his sentence to life. He then served 14 years of his life sentence and during that time received four sentence reductions for good behaviour. He was then granted parole on a "special national occasion." Seven months after he was paroled he committed murder and was rearrested.

= = = Don Wollett = = =

	Donald Howard Wollett (July 5, 1919 - September 23, 2014) was a college professor, baseball salary arbitrator and author.
	He was born in Muscatine, Iowa and died in Freeland, Washington. He attended Bradley University, University of Chicago and University of Indiana. He served in the United States Navy during World War II.
	Starting in the 1940s, he worked for the University of Washington. In 1959, he took a position to work at the New York School of Law. From 1978 to 1990, he taught at the McGeorge School of Law. He also worked at Louisiana State University, University of California and Harvard Law School.
	Wollett wrote and contributed to many books. With co-author Benjamin Aaron in 1960, he published "Labor Relations and the Law". Wollett wrote the 2008 book "Getting on Base: Unionism in Baseball" and the 2013 book "Dog Law" (with Susan Crowell).In 2014, he published "The Peculiar Business of Labor Law and Thoughts", also with Crowell.
	He was considered "he only person left who’s pushing for a minor-league union" in 2012. He made the headlines later in life after publicly criticizing the Department of Veterans Affairs for rejecting him a pension for his service during World War II.

= = = San Francisco housing shortage = = =

	Starting in the 1990s, the city of San Francisco, and the surrounding San Francisco Bay Area have faced a serious housing shortage, such that by October 2015, San Francisco had the highest rents of any major US city. The nearby city of San Jose, had the fourth highest rents, and adjacent Oakland, had the sixth highest. Over the period April 2012 to December 2017, the median house price in most counties in the Bay Area nearly doubled. Late San Francisco mayor Ed Lee has called the shortage a "housing crisis", and news reports stated that addressing the shortage was the mayor's "top priority".
	Since the 1960s, San Francisco and the surrounding Bay Area have enacted strict zoning regulations. Among other restrictions, San Francisco does not allow buildings over 40 feet tall in most of the city, and has passed laws making it easier for neighbors to block developments. Partly as a result of these codes, from 2007 to 2014, the Bay Area issued building permits for only half the number of needed houses, based on the area's population growth. At the same time, there has been rapid economic growth of the high tech industry in San Francisco and nearby Silicon Valley, which has created hundreds of thousands of new jobs. The resultant high demand for housing, combined with the lack of supply, (caused by severe restrictions on the building of new housing units) have caused dramatic increases in rents and extremely high housing prices. For example, from 2012 to 2016, the San Francisco metropolitan area added 373,000 new jobs, but permitted only 58,000 new housing units.
	The city of San Francisco has strict rent control laws. However, a California state law called the Ellis Act allows landlords to evict rent-controlled tenants by going out of business, and fully exiting the rental market. In recent years, hundreds of tenants have been evicted through the Ellis Act process.
	Due to the advances of the city's economy from the increase of tourism, and the boom of innovative tech companies, the rent increased by more than 50 percent by the 1990s. Many affluent tech workers migrated to San Francisco due job opportunities and lack of housing in the South Bay. Until the end of the 1960s, San Francisco had affordable housing, which allowed people from many different backgrounds to settle down, but the economic shift impacted the city's demographics. All of this resulted in constant gentrification of many neighborhoods. Residents of areas such as the Tenderloin and The Mission District, which house many immigrants and low-income families, are faced with the possibility of eviction, in order to develop low-income housing to more luxurious housing, which caters to the advances of the economy. For example, residents of the Mission District experienced 14.2 percent of the citywide evictions in the year 2000. 
	The effect of housing policies has been to discourage migration to California, especially San Francisco and other coastal areas, as the California Legislative Analyst's Office 2015 report "California's High Housing Costs - Causes and Consequences" details: [From 1980-2010]
	"If California had added 210,000 new housing units each year over the past three decades (as opposed to 120,000), [enough to keep California's housing prices no more than 80% higher than the median for the U.S. as a whole--the price differential which existed in 1980] population would be much greater than it is today.
	We estimate that around 7 million additional people would be living in California.
	In some areas, particularly the Bay Area, population increases would be dramatic. For example,
	San Francisco's population would be more than twice as large (1.7 million people versus around 800,000)." 
	Housing has become a key political issue in Bay Area elections. In November 2015, San Francisco voters rejected two ballot propositions both of which were claimed by their supporters to reduce the crisis. The first, Proposition F, would have enacted a number of restrictions on Airbnb rentals within the city. The second, Proposition I or the "Mission Moratorium", would have blocked all housing development in San Francisco's Mission District for 18 months, except for developments in which every apartment was subsidized at a below-market rate.
	To address evictions, San Francisco City Supervisor David Campos (D9) passed two new city ordinances, each requiring landlords to pay tens of thousands of dollars to each tenant evicted under the Ellis Act. The first ordinance was struck down as unconstitutional under the Fifth Amendment, while the second was rejected as contrary to California state law.
	Mayor Ed Lee responded to the shortage by calling for the construction of 30,000 new housing units by 2020, and proposing a $310 million city bond to fund below-market-rate housing units. The goal of 30,000 new units was approved by San Francisco voters in 2014's Proposition K, and the affordable housing bond was passed in 2015 as Proposition A.
	City Supervisor Scott Wiener (D8) has criticized the advocates of anti-development laws, writing an article titled "Yes, Supply & Demand Apply to Housing, Even in San Francisco" in response to Proposition I. Wiener called for greatly increasing the supply of all housing, including both subsidized housing and housing at market rate.
	On September 29, 2017, Gov. Jerry Brown signed a package of housing bills, pushed by Democrats and Republican Assemblyman Brian Maienschein, aimed to address California's housing crisis. The housing package, 15 bills in total, seek to finance the construction of low-income housing projects, expedite buildings, and prevent counties and cities from blocking any new development.
	Senate Bill 2, by Sen. Toni Atkins (D-San Diego), will impose a permanent fee of $74 to $225 for certain real-estate transition development to be put in a trust fund programs affordable housing and homeless assistance. The revenue received in 2018 will be split between local government projects and the other half towards homeless programs.
	Senate Bill 3, by Sen. Jim Beall (D-San Diego), will introduce $4 housing bond in the November 2018 ballot. SB 3 will also provide $3 billion for affordable housing and redevelopment programs. Once approved, $1 billion will be set side for the CalVet Home Loan Program in assisting military veterans to purchase their first home.

= = = Micheál Donoghue = = =

	Micheál Donoghue (born 7 September 1974) is an Irish hurling manager and former player who was the manager of the Galway senior hurling team from the end of 2015 until the summer of 2019. 
	Donoghue began his hurling career at club level with Clarinbridge. After breaking onto the club's top adult team he enjoyed his greatest success almost a decade later when he captained the club to the 2001 Galway Senior Championship.
	At inter-county level, Donoghue, along with his twin brother Liam, was part of the successful Galway minor team that won the All-Ireland Championship in 1992 before later winning an All-Ireland Championship with the under-21 team in 1993. He also joined the Galway senior team in 1993. Donoghue's senior career was hampered by injuries, however, he made a number of National League and Championship appearances in a career that ended with his last game in 1996. His final season with the team saw him claim National League and Connacht Championship medals.
	After retiring as a player, Donoghue served as a selector with the Galway under-21 team, with whom he won All-Ireland Championships in 2005 and 2007. He subsequently turned to management with his home club Clarinbridge and steered the team to the All-Ireland Club Championship in 2011. An unsuccessful spell as Turloughmore manager was followed by a two-year tenure as statistician with the Tipperary senior hurling team. Donoghue was appointed manager of the Galway senior team in December 2015. In his second season in charge he guided the team to a clean sweep of All-Ireland, Leinster Championship and National League titles.
	Donoghue joined the Clarinbridge club at a young age and played in all grades at juvenile and underage levels. On 14 November 1992, he scored a point from left wing-back when Clarinbridge drew 1-08 to 2-05 with Castlegar in the Galway Minor Championship final. Donoghue lined out in the same position for the replay a week later and collected a winners' medal following a 1-09 to 1-05 victory.
	Donoghue subsequently progressed onto the Clarinbridge under-21 and senior teams. On 30 November 1997, he was named at centre-back when Clarinbridge lost out to Sarsfields by 1-11 to 1-06 in the final of the Galway Senior Championship.
	On 21 October 2001, Donoghue captained the club from centre-back to their very first Galway Senior Championship title following an 0-18 to 2-11 defeat of Athenry. Donoghue won a Connacht Club Championship medal on 18 November following a 2-18 to 1-06 defeat of Four Roads in the final. On 17 March 2002, he captained Clarinbridge to a 2-10 to 1-05 All-Ireland final defeat by Birr.
	A series of injuries brought Donoghue's club career to an end at the age of 28.
	Donoghue was drafted onto the Galway minor team in advance of the 1991 All-Ireland Championship. He made his first appearance on 9 August when he lined out at left corner-back in a 1-16 apiece draw with Kilkenny in the All-Ireland semi-final. Donoghue was switched to left wing-back for the All-Ireland final against Waterford on 8 September. He ended the game with a winners' medal following a 1-13 to 2-04 victory.
	After joining the Galway under-21 team, Donoghue made his first appearance on 21 August 1993. He lined out at left wing-back in a 1-09 to 1-07 defeat of Cork in the All-Ireland semi-final. Donoghue retained his position on the starting fifteen for the All-Ireland final against Kilkenny on 3 October. He collected a winners' medal following the 2-09 to 3-03 victory.
	On 11 September 1994, Donoghue lined out in a second successive All-Ireland final. He was selected at left wing-back for the 3-10 to 1-11 defeat by Kilkenny.
	Donoghue was added to the Galway senior panel prior to the start of the 1993-94 National League. He made his first appearance on 31 October 1994 when he lined out at left wing-back in a 2-15 to 2-09 defeat of Down. On 7 May 1994, Donoghue was named amongst the substitutes when Galway faced Tipperary in the National League final. He was introduced for Tom Helebert in the 2-14 to 0-12 defeat. Donoghue made his first championship appearance in a 2-21 to 2-06 defeat of Roscommon in the All-Ireland quarter-final on 17 July.
	Donoghue suffered a series of injuries which hindered his inter-county career. A broken collarbone was followed by surgery to address a bulging disc in his lower.
	On 12 May 1996, Donoghue lined out at left wing-back when Galway qualified for the National League final. He ended the game with a winners' medal following the 2-10 to 2-08 defeat of Tipperary. Donoghue won a Connacht Championship medal on 6 July after Galway's 3-19 to 2-10 defeat of Roscommon in the final. Further injuries and surgeries brought his inter-county career to an end shortly after.
	After being appointed manager of the Clarinbridge senior hurling team in 2009, Donoghue immediately brought success to the club. Under his guidance, the team qualified for the Galway Senior Championship final on 31 October 2010, however, the game ended in a 2-11 to 1-14 draw with Loughrea. Clarinbridge defeated Loughrea by 0-18 to 0-15 in the replay on 21 November. Donoghue subsequently guided Clarinbridge to the All-Ireland Club Championship title on 17 March 2011 following a 2-18 to 0-12 defeat of O'Loughlin Gaels.
	Donoghue took charge of the Turloughmore senior hurling team in 2012. In his first season in charge he guided the team to a semi-final appearance in the Galway Senior Championship, however, his side suffered a 1-12 to 0-07 defeat by Loughrea.
	Donoghue's second season as Turloughmore manager ended with a quarter-final defeat by Beagh.
	Donoghue was drafted in by Eamon O'Shea to help out with a variety of coaching and statistics roles with the Tipperary senior hurling team in 2014. In his second and final season with the team Tipperary suffered a 0-26 to 3-16 defeat by Galway in the All-Ireland semi-final. Donoghue later said: "It was hard, very hard but like any job when you are asked to do something you just focus on the job that you are given. I suppose if you were going to get beaten then Galway were going to be the team you wanted to succeed and push on."
	Donoghue became a selector to the Galway under-21 team in 2005 under manager Vincent Mullins. As part of the management team he help guide the team to the All-Ireland title following a 1-15 to 1-14 defeat of Kilkenny on 18 September 2005.
	Galway surrendered their All-Ireland title at the first hurdle in 2006, however, Donoghue was retained as a selector for a third season the following year. On 8 September 2007, Galway won a second All-Ireland title in three years following a 5-11 to 0-12 defeat of Dublin in the final.
	Donoghue's tenure as a selector ended on 24 August 2008 following a 2-14 to 1-13 defeat by Kilkenny in the All-Ireland semi-final.
	In December 2015 Donoghue succeeded Anthony Cunningham as Galway manager starting in the 2016 Season.
	On 3 April 2016, Galway lost to Cork in a Division 1A Relegation Play-Off by 2-22 to 0-25 and were relegated to Division 1B for 2017. On 3 July 2016, Galway lost the Leinster Final to Kilkenny on a 0-22 to 1-26 scoreline after having a three-point lead at half-time.
	On 22 April 2017, Galway won the 2017 National Hurling League after a 3-21 to 0-14 win against Tipperary in the final.
	On 2 July 2017, Galway won their second ever Leinster Senior Hurling title after a 0-29 to 1-17 win against Wexford in the final.
	On 6 August 2017, Galway qualified for the 2017 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final after a one-point victory over Tipperary in the semi-final. On 3 September 2017, Donoghue and his Galway team were crowned All Ireland Champions after defeating Waterford on a 0-26 to 2-17 scoreline in the final. This was Galway's first All Ireland senior hurling title since 1988.
	In November 2018, Donoghue was ratified for a further two years as Galway manager.
	In August 2019, Donoghue stepped down as Galway manager.

= = = John Essington (MP for New Romney) = = =

	John Essington (1689–1729), of Wandsworth, Surrey, was an English Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons briefly from 1727 to 1728.
	Essington was baptized on 8 December 1689, the fourth son of Peter Essington of Wandsworth, a goldsmith of London, and his first wife Elizabeth. He was admitted at Inner Temple in 1706. He married Elizabeth Claphamson of Wandsworth on 10 January 1713. In 1724 he was High Sheriff of Surrey. 
	Essington was returned as a Whig Member of Parliament for New Romney at the 1727 British general election but was unseated on petition on 29 April 1728. 
	Essington died on 8 April 1729, in Newgate prison where he was incarcerated for debt. He and his wife had three sons and eight daughters. 

= = = List of Rajya Sabha members from Delhi = = =

	The list of current and past Rajya Sabha members from the Delhi State. State elect 3 member for the term of 6 years and indirectly elected by the state legislators, since year 1956.
	Alphabetical list by last name
	"The list is incomplete".

= = = Liz Vice = = =

	Elizabeth Lorraine Vice (born February 9, 1983) is an American gospel music recording artist and musician from Portland, Oregon. Her music career started in 2015, with the studio album, "There's a Light", with Ramseur Records. This album was her breakthrough release upon the "Billboard" magazine charts.
	Liz Vice was born, Elizabeth Lorraine Vice, on February 9, 1983, in Portland, Oregon, where she was the third of five children. Her physical health declined, when she was 19, having to go on hemodialysis for a three and a half-year stretch, eventually giving her a fistula. She obtained a kidney transplant, in 2005, facilitating her eventual recovery from illness.
	Her music career started in 2012, with the studio album, "There's a Light", that was originally released with the Deeper Well Collective, and was later re-released on September 25, 2015, by Ramseur Records. The album was her breakthrough release upon the "Billboard" magazine charts, where it peaked at No. 6 on the Top Gospel Albums chart, and No. 13 on the R&B Albums chart.

= = = Mewla Bhatti = = =

	Mewla Bhatti is a medium village in the Loni tehsil & block of Ghaziabad district of Uttar Pradesh, near the Siroli & Chirori region of Loni, on the GAIL indane Gas Plant (bantla,Loni) to Rataul & Chandinagar Air Force Station road.
	The village had a literacy rate of 70.3% in 2011. The villagers are predominantly hard working farmers, businesspeople, property dealers, Bhatta Company Owner (Bricks kilns) and builders.

= = = Disha Patani = = =

	Disha Patani is an Indian actress who works primarily in Hindi films. She began her acting career with the Telugu film "Loafer" (2015), opposite Varun Tej. After making her Bollywood debut in the sports biopic "" (2016), she starred in the Chinese action comedy "Kung Fu Yoga" (2017), which ranks among one of the highest-grossing Chinese films of all time. She went on to play the romantic interest of the lead male character in the commercially successful Hindi action films "Baaghi 2" (2018) and "Bharat" (2019).
	Patani comes from Uttarakhand.
	Patani debuted with a Telugu film, "Loafer" alongside Varun Tej in 2015. She played the role of Mouni, a girl who runs from home to escape a forced marriage. Directed by Puri Jagannadh and produced by C. Kalyan under "C.K. Entertainment", the film was made on a budget of 200 million and performed poorly at the box office with a lifetime collection of 106 million. In the following year, Disha appeared in a music video, Befikra along with Tiger Shroff which was produced by Bhushan Kumar and Krishan Kumar under T-Series and composed by Meet Bros. Written and directed by Meet Bros, the singer, Aditi Singh Sharma lent her voice.
	Patani found her commercial break with Neeraj Pandey's "", a biographical sports film based on the life story of Mahendra Singh Dhoni, the former captain of the Indian Cricket Team along with Sushant Singh Rajput and Kiara Advani. She played the role of Priyanka Jha, the girlfriend of Mahendra Singh Dhoni who died in a car accident. Directed by Neeraj Pandey and produced by Fox Star Studios, the film was released on 30 September 2016 and was a massive hit with the collections of 2.16 Billion emerging to be the highest-grossing film for both Sushant Singh Rajput and Disha. Her performance was widely accepted. In her review, Renuka Vyavahare of "Times of India" reviewed, "the performance of Disha in the film deserves a special mention as her performance tugs at your heartstrings." In addition, she also starred in Jackie Chan's "Kung Fu Yoga", along with Sonu Sood.
	Patani then acted in "Baaghi 2" along with Tiger Shroff, a sequel to 2016 hit "Baaghi" also starring Tiger Shroff along with Shraddha Kapoor. Produced by Sajid Nadiadwala and directed by Ahmed Khan, the film was released on 30 March 2018 worldwide and grossed approximately 243 crore.

= = = 2015 ICC Awards = = =

	The 2015 ICC Awards were awards presented in ten categories by the International Cricket Council to international cricket players.
	The awards covered performances between 18 September 2014 and 13 September 2015.
	As with the other awards, the voting panel took into account players' performance between 18 September 2014 and 13 September 2015.
	Alastair Cook was selected as the captain of the World Test XI, with Sarfaraz Ahmed selected as the wicketkeeper. Other players are:
	AB De Villiers was selected as the captain of the World one-day XI, with Kumar Sangakkara selected as the wicketkeeper. Other players are:

= = = Braemar Alliance = = =

	The Braemar Alliance is a group of ASX-listed public and private mining and exploration companies with projects located in the Braemar region between Peterborough in South Australia and Broken Hill in neighboring New South Wales. The group was formed in 2011 with the intention of devising shared infrastructure solutions to provide water, power and freight corridors for the benefit of all members' projects. The Alliance's member companies have considered using existing outports and developing new ones on the eastern coast of Spencer Gulf to facilitate bulk exports, chiefly of iron ore. These include developing transshipping facilities at Port Pirie and building entirely new facilities at Myponie Point and south of Wallaroo (provisionally called Port Havilah). In July 2011, the Braemar Alliance had determined that its magnetite processing would require 50 gigalitres of water per year (135 megalitres per day) and that the water would be provided via a yet-to-be-constructed seawater desalination plant to be located on Spencer Gulf. 
	In 2011, the Braemar Alliance's membership included Carpentaria Exploration, Havilah Resources, Minotaur Exploration, Royal Resources and U3O8 and private companies, Sinosteel PepinNini Curnamona Management, Bonython Metals Group and Wentworth Metal Group.
	In 2012, the private company Braemar Infrastructure Pty Ltd was established. As of 2015, the company intends to developing an iron ore export facility at Myponie Point with up to four slurry pipelines connecting the port to various prospective mine sites in the Braemar region. Braemar Infrastructure is affiliated with Braemar Iron Pty Ltd, Lodestone Equities and Olary Magnetite Pty Ltd which own, hold and operate exploration licenses in the Braemar region.
	In 2013, the Braemar bulk export infrastructure proposal received Major Development Status from the Government of South Australia. Braemar Infrastructure's chairman Graham Toll told the media that investment of $3 billion would need to be raised before the project could proceed. 

= = = Henry Langford = = =

	Henry Langford (by August 1674 – 11 September 1722) was an English politician.
	He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for St Johnstown, County Donegal in August 1695.

= = = Ryohei Yamanaka = = =

	In 2011, Yamanaka received a 2 year ban from the IRB for rubbing a cream on his upper lip - in an attempt to promote moustache growth - which contained a banned steroid, either methyltestosterone or methandriol.
	In his home country he plays for the Kobelco Steelers whom he joined in 2013. He was also named in the first ever squad which will compete in Super Rugby from the 2016 season. Yamanaka is a Japanese international who debuted against the Arabian Gulf in 2010, but did not make the squad for either the 2011 or 2015 Rugby World Cups.

= = = Swedish Dynamic Sports Shooting Association = = =

	The Swedish Dynamic Sports Shooting Association (, SDSF), is the Swedish association for practical shooting under the International Practical Shooting Confederation.

= = = Syriac Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Basra and the Gulf = = =

	The Syriac Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Basra, Iraq and the Gulf is an exarchate (Eastern Catholic missionary pre-diocesan jurisdiction) of the Syriac Catholic Church "sui iuris" (Antiochian Rite in Syriac language) for southern Iraq and the Gulf states, notably Kuwait.
	It depends directly on the Syriac Catholic Patriarch of Antioch, without belonging to his or any other ecclesiastical province.
	It was established in 1991 on territory previously without proper Ordinary of the particular church "sui iuris".

= = = Cyrus (album) = = =

	Cyrus is the self-titled debut studio album by Cyrus, the winner of the seventh season of "The X Factor Australia", released through Sony Music Australia on 9 December 2015. The album peaked at number nine on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified Gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 35,000 copies. It was preceded by the lead single "Stone", which debuted at number four on the ARIA Singles Chart.
	The album features re-recorded studio tracks of some of the songs he performed on the show including his winning single, "Stone".
	Jessica Thomas of Renowned for Sound said, ""Cyrus" sees Cyrus take his brand of smooth pop covering a plethora of popular tracks and breathing a fresh life into them. There are 11 songs on his debut and while the 10 cover performances boast a very similar aesthetic to the original tune they're all infused with that Cyrus twist which makes them stand well on their own."

= = = Hajime Yamashita = = =

	In his home country he plays for the Toyota Industries Shuttles whom he joined in 2015. He was also named in the first ever squad which will compete in Super Rugby from the 2016 season.

= = = Stone (Cyrus song) = = =

	"Stone" is the debut and winner's single by Cyrus, the series seven winner of "The X Factor Australia". It was released digitally on 24 November 2015 as the lead single from his self-titled debut album. The song debuted at number four on the ARIA Singles Chart. The music video was released on 12 December 2015.
	"Stone" was written by TMS and Bobby Andonov. After winning "The X Factor", "Stone" was released for digital download in Australia on 24 November 2015, as Cyrus's debut and winner's single. The song was released as a CD single three days later.
	For the issue dated 30 November 2015, "Stone" debuted at number four on the ARIA Singles Chart from two days of sales.
	Cyrus performed "Stone" live for the first time during "The X Factor" grand final performance show on 23 November 2015. He performed the song again during the grand final decider show the following day, after he was announced as the winner, where he told the audience; "I want to thank God for blessing me with the gift of music that I've been so blessed to share with you all."

= = = Antaeotricha tumens = = =

	Antaeotricha tumens is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is about 17 mm. The forewings are fuscous-whitish, with a faint lilac tinge, white on the costal edge and between the veins posteriorly. There is a fuscous basal dot in the middle, and a short oblique mark above the base of the dorsum and three cloudy dark fuscous oblique transverse lines, the second and third triangularly dilated on the costa, the first from one-fifth of the costa to the middle of the dorsum, slightly curved, the second from the middle of the costa to four-fifths of the dorsum, slightly sinuate outwards in the middle, the third from three-fourths of the costa to the tornus, curved outwards on the lower half, the dorsal area between this and the second partially suffused with fuscous. There are eight marginal dots around the apex and termen. The hindwings are whitish with the costa broadly expanded and clothed with rough projecting white scales from the base to two-thirds, beyond this abruptly sinuate-incised. There is also a yellowish subcostal finely striated groove from the base to three-fifths.

= = = Deon Joubert = = =

	Deon Joubert (born June 1953) is a former professional tennis player from South Africa.
	Joubert represented South Africa in the 1973 Davis Cup, for a tie against Argentina which was held in Montevideo, Uruguay. He teamed up with Bernard Mitton in the doubles to beat Ricardo Cano and Guillermo Vilas in five sets. That win kept South Africa in the tie and Joubert was called up to play Vilas in the fourth rubber, but was comfortably beaten by the Argentine.
	A left-handed player, Joubert competed in the 1973 Wimbledon Championships as a lucky loser and managed to make it to the third round, with wins over Colin Dowdeswell and Jaime Pinto-Bravo. In the third round he lost to Davis Cup teammate Bernard Mitton, also a lucky loser, in a five set match.
	In 1978 he won two American ATP Challenger tournaments, the first in Birmingham and the other in Virginia Beach.
	On the Grand Prix tennis circuit he had his best performance in 1979 when he was runner-up in a tournament in Johannesburg in 1979. He lost the final to Argentina's José Luis Clerc. The following year he made the semi-finals of the Sarasota Open in Florida.

= = = Vladimir Veličković (basketball) = = =

	Vladimir Veličković (born March 3, 1989) is a Serbian professional basketball player for Zdravlje.

= = = Samuel Brewer (dissenter) = = =

	Samuel Brewer (1724 – 11 June, 1796) was an English dissenting clergyman who was minister at the Stepney Meeting House, London, from 1746 to 1796. He succeeded John Hubbard.
	When Brewer took over Stepney Meeting House, the congregation was quite small, but over the years he built it up. He was not sectarian maintaining friendly relations with Anglicans from the established church.
	He was particularly friends with George Whitefield, and also very supportive to Samson Occom and Nathaniel Whitaker during their visit to London to raise money for a Christian church in New Hampshire in British Colonial America.
	George Ford provided his funeral oration.
	His grandson was the hymnist James Edmeston.

= = = 1964 Mongolian National Championship = = =

	The 1964 Mongolian National Championship was the second recorded edition of the Mongolian National Championship for football, with the first tournament taking place in 1955. It would appear however that championships were contested between 1956 and 1963, as sources note that a team called Aldar won the title on numerous occasions during that time. Nonetheless, the 1964 national championship was won by Khudulmur (literally: "Labour" or "Workers" and also romanised as Hödölmör), their first title.

= = = Antaeotricha affinis = = =

	Antaeotricha affinis is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in Brazil (Amazonas) and the Guianas.
	The wingspan is 18–19 mm. The forewings are white, partially faintly tinged with fuscous and dark fuscous markings. There is a small spot on the base of the costa, a small subbasal dash in the middle, and a short subbasal mark on the dorsum, followed by some fuscous suffusion on the dorsal half, as well as three oblique lines, the first two irregular, followed by more or less fuscous suffusion towards the dorsum, the first from a short elongate mark above the middle at one-fifth to the middle of the dorsum, the second from the middle of the costa to three-fourths of the dorsum, the third from three-fourths of the costa to the tornus, slightly indented above the middle, somewhat curved below this. There are eight marginal dots around the apex and termen. The hindwings are whitish, becoming light grey towards the apex and termen. The costa is rather expanded from the base to three-fourths.

= = = Berres = = =

	Berres is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Antaeotricha insidiata = = =

	Antaeotricha insidiata is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is 19–22 mm. The forewings are white with a faint violet tinge, sometimes tinged or sprinkled with violet-grey on the dorsal area. The markings are dark fuscous. There is a suffused straight streak from the base of the costa to one-fifth of the dorsum and an irregular somewhat curved line from above the middle at one-fifth to the middle of the dorsum, expanded dorsally. An irregular slightly curved line is found from the middle of the costa to four-fifths of the dorsum, sometimes marked with a distinct dot in the middle, dilated at the extremities. There is also a curved line from three-fourths of the costa to the tornus, slightly indented beneath the costa. Eight marginal dots are found around the apex and termen. The hindwings are grey, anteriorly paler and whitish-tinged and with the costa expanded and edged with rough whitish scales from the base to two-thirds, then abruptly sinuate-incised, with a yellow subcostal groove from the base to the middle.

= = = San Antonio FC = = =

	San Antonio FC is a professional soccer team based in San Antonio, Texas. It competes in the USL Championship (USLC), the second-highest level of the United States soccer league system, as a member of the Western Conference. The team was awarded the thirty-first USL franchise on January 7, 2016.
	The establishment of the club, along with the concurrent purchase of Toyota Field by the City of San Antonio and Bexar County, was part of a plan by local officials to obtain an expansion franchise in Major League Soccer. As a result, the San Antonio Scorpions franchise of the North American Soccer League was shut down. The first head coach in club history is former Elon University men's soccer coach and Orlando City SC Pro Academy Director, Darren Powell. Carlos Alvarez was the club's first player signing on February 2, 2016.
	After failing to make the playoffs in its inaugural season, San Antonio FC finished the 2017 USL regular season with a 17–11–4 (W-D-L) record, finishing second in the USL Western Conference standings and earning their first playoff berth in club history. SAFC advanced to the Western Conference semifinals before being eliminated. San Antonio failed to make the playoffs in consecutive years in 2018 and 2019 by a combined 4 points in the conference table.
	San Antonio FC parted ways with head coach Darren Powell on October 30, 2019 after four seasons with the club. He accumulated an overall competition win-draw-loss record of 59-39-44. He led the club to its only playoff appearance in 2017, but failed to make the playoffs in the other three seasons under his management. His assistant coach, Alen Marcina, was named to replace Powell on December 9, 2019 in preparation for the 2020 USL Championship season. He led the former San Antonio Scorpions to their only NASL championship in the 2014 season.
	San Antonio plays its home matches at Toyota Field in San Antonio, Texas. Toyota Field is an 8,200-seat soccer-specific, natural grass stadium designed to be expandable to over 18,000 seats. Originally built for the former San Antonio Scorpions, the stadium was sold by its owner, Gordon Hartman, to the City of San Antonio and Bexar County in November 2015. San Antonio FC set a Toyota Field attendance record of 8,466 for its inaugural home match against the Swope Park Rangers on April 9, 2016.
	San Antonio's club colors are black and silver, showing strength and unity with the other SS&E franchises. Red is an accent color that is from the same red in the Texas state flag signifying the pride the club has in Texas.
	The shape of San Antonio FC's badge was derived from a variety of traditional national and international club crests. The heart of the badge contains two prominent elements: the five diagonal stripes, which were inspired by the armed forces’ service stripes, are a salute to San Antonio’s rich military history and their upward movement signifies the club's goal to play at the highest level; and the rowel of the Spur symbolizes the direct link between San Antonio FC and its parent company, Spurs Sports & Entertainment. Binding all of the interior elements is a single "S”—a subtle nod to the hometown heritage and how it unites the community.
	San Antonio is designated as the USL affiliate of New York City FC for the 2017 season. The partnership will result in organizational collaboration for on and off the field initiatives between the two clubs.
	San Antonio FC shares in-state rivalries with the three other USL Championship sides in Texas - Austin Bold FC, El Paso Locomotive FC, and Rio Grande Valley FC. Beginning with the 2019 USL Championship season, all four teams participate in the Copa Tejas - a head to head competition during the USL regular season schedule. The team with the most points at the end of the season wins the trophy.
	Since 2016, the annual rivalry with Rio Grande Valley FC, who serves as a hybrid affiliate of the Houston Dynamo of Major League Soccer, is one of the most hotly contested matches in lower division US soccer. The two teams are located about 237 miles apart from each other in South Texas. Due to this proximity, the matches tend to draw well and often featured aggressive play for bragging rights.
	The club is owned by Spurs Sports & Entertainment.
	"For recent transfers, see 2020 San Antonio FC season."
	Last updated: 13 January 2020

= = = 1966 Mongolian National Championship = = =

	The 1966 Mongolian National Championship was the third recorded edition of the Mongolian National Championship for football, with the first tournament taking place in 1955 and no tournament held the previous year. It would appear however that championships were contested between 1956 and 1963, as sources note that a team called Aldar won the title on numerous occasions during that time. Nonetheless, the 1966 national championship was won by Khudulmur (literally: "Labour" or "Workers" and also romanised as Hödölmör), their second title following victory in the 1964 championship.

= = = Iskuqucha = = =

	Iskuqucha (Quechua "isku" lime, "qucha" lake, "lime lake", Hispanicized spelling "Izcucocha") is an archaeological site in Peru. It is located in the Junín Region, Yauli Province, La Oroya District. The site was declared a National Cultural Heritage by "Resolución Viceministerial" No. 0099-2010-VMPCIC-MC on November 11, 2010.

= = = Keith Chamberlain = = =

	Keith Chamberlain (8 June 1913 – 3 September 1993) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = The United States of America v Nolan = = =

	The United States of America v Nolan [2015] UKSC 63 was a 2015 judgment of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom concerning the application of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 to public administrative establishments.
	Mrs Nolan worked at a watercraft repair centre in Hythe, Hampshire operated by the United States Army. In 2006 the base was closed down and Mrs Nolan was dismissed for redundancy on the day before it closed. Mrs Nolan brought a case based on the failure of the United States to consult with an employee representative when proposing to dismiss her.
	Both the Employment Tribunal and Employment Appeal Tribunal found in favour of Mrs Nolan and granted an order for remuneration for a one-month period.
	Under the preliminary ruling procedure the Court of Appeal asked the Court of Justice of the European Union whether the duty to consult with an employee representative arose on a 'proposal' or a 'decision' to close the base. The European Court declined jurisdiction over the issue.
	The United States appealed to the Supreme Court on two key grounds. Firstly that the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 should not apply to public administrative establishments and secondly that the Secretary of State had exceeded the powers conferred by section 2 of the European Communities Act 1972 by going further than EU law required. These appeals were dismissed on the basis that just because legislation does not contain a clear exemption does not mean that the courts should read any such exemption into the legislation. On the second ground it was held that because the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 had established a unified domestic regime the Secretary of State had not exceeded his powers when making the 1995 regulations.
	Lord Carnwath dissented on this point and noted the importance of limiting the ministerial power to legislate outside of the normal parliamentary process.
	The case will now return to the Court of Appeal where it will be decided whether the duty to consult arises when there is a proposal to make a business decision that will lead to redundancies or when that decision has been made. On this point it has been argued that:

= = = Oak Cinema = = =

	The Oak Cinema, was an Art Deco style cinema located at the junction of Chapel Lane and Bristol Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham from 1923 to 1984. 
	It was designed by the architect Harold Seymour Scott in the Art Deco style, and opened on 26 March 1923 with a seating capacity of 1,111.
	It was taken over by ABC Cinemas in March 1935 who refurbished the building and increased the seating to 1,506. The improvements included an air conditioning and heating system which provided over one million cubic feet of air per hour, and maintained a pressure inside the building which prevented draughts entering when doors were opened. The enlarged cinema was provided with a staff of 18, It re-opened on 16 December 1935. 
	In July 1951, the Oak Cinema was voted the second cleanest cinema in the country and the manager, Roy Fielder was presented with a Silver Medal by A.H. Sayer, chairman of the Birmingham Public Entertainments Committee.
	In 1966 the chief projectionist was John Radcliff and the manager was Mr Harris.
	ABC ownership lasted until April 1978 when the building was sold to an independent concern. This was short lived and the cinema closed on 3 November 1979. The final films were 'The Spaceman and King Arthur' and the Disney movie 'Dumbo'.
	The building stood derelict until demolished in December 1984. A Sainsburys supermarket was built on its site.

= = = Len Brown (footballer) = = =

	Len Brown (2 November 1910 – 8 August 1983) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Antaeotricha obtusa = = =

	Antaeotricha obtusa is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is about 19 mm. The forewings are white tinged with violet fuscous and dark fuscous markings. There is a suffused streak from the base just beneath the costa to one-fifth of the dorsum and an irregular line from towards costa at one-fifth to the middle of the dorsum. There is a somewhat irregular line from beyond the middle of the costa to three-fourths of the dorsum and a rather curved line from four-fifths of the costa to the tornus, the space between this and the preceding greyer on the dorsal half. Six marginal dots are found around the apex and termen. The hindwings are light grey, suffused with whitish towards the base and with the costa slightly expanded and fringed with rough projecting whitish hairscales from the base to two-thirds.

= = = Federation of German Marksmen = = =

	The Federation of German Marksmen, "German" Bund Deutscher Sportschützen (BDS), is the second largest shooting sports association in Germany.

= = = Tom Sleightholm = = =

	Tom Sleightholm (14 June 1916 – 18 May 2004) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Helsingør City Museum = = =

	Helsingør City Museum (Danish: Helsingør Bymuseum) is a local history museum in Helsingørm Denmark. The 16th-century building in which it is based is known as the Cammelite House (Danish: Kammelitterhuset) although the Carmelite brothers from the adjacent Priory of Our Lady have in fact only built a minor part of the build.
	On 11 July 1516, Granted the brothers at Helsingør's Carmelite Priory permission to build a hospital for "poor, sick foreign seamen for rest and something, help and comfort". The building, located on present day Hestemøllestræde to the south of the priory's chapel, was 25 and contained 8–M10 beds. After the dissolution of the priory in 1536 during the Reformation, the Carmelites were turned out. The hospital was sold to Asgud Mikkelsen who constructed a horse mill at the. Herluff Trolle, who had become Seignor of Krogen in 1544, acquired the property in 1550. He extended the one-storey hospital building westwards withy a two-storey townhouse. It is likely that Trolle intended to expand the house further but he left Helsingør when he was appointed to Seignor of Copenhagen Castle in 1561. The house in Helsingør was instead granted by Herluff and Birgitte Trolle to the city's grammar school.
	In 1686, the king granted the mayor and city council permission to sell the building to a member of the donators' family to raise money for the school. In 1598, it was sold to Peder Brahe, whose wife, Margrethe Gøye, was a niece of Birgitte Gøye. They expanded the house with the west wing on Sankt Anna Gade in 1592. The city acquired the Brahe House as it was then known in 1630 and turned it into its new poorhouse. In 1632, the old hospital building was expanded to the same height as Trolle's house. The poorhouse was later expanded with a half-timbered north and west wing, turning it into a four-winged complex with a central courtyard. In 1761, 71 people lived in the building and by 1845 the number had increased to 96. The south wing as from 1805 until 1841 used as a school for the poor with up to 120 pupils. The poorhouse was decommissioned in 1902. Helsingør City Museum took over the building in 1973. It had previously been based in Marienlyst Castle.
	The museum contains a large model of Helsingør as it appeared in 1801. The museum also contains various exhibitions about the city's history and paintings with local provenence. The museum is also notable for its well-preserved Renaissance Hall on the first floor.
	Helsingør City Museum is now part of Helsingør Kommunes Museer (Helsingør Municipal Museums) which also comprises three other museums in Helsingør:

= = = Keith Long (Australian footballer) = = =

	Keith Long (9 May 1910 – 30 June 1988) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Falling for Challenge = = =

	Falling for Challenge () is a web drama created by Samsung company. The drama stars South Korean actress Kim So-eun and Exo's Xiu Min. The web drama became the most watched web drama in 2015 with 21,124,965 views. "Falling for Challenge" is one of the most watched web drama ever with over 24 million views.
	Na Do-jeon is a timid but bright boy who works part-time as a Pierrot because he genuinely loves making people laugh. Ban Ha-na is a girl dreaming of having her own food truck and developing a food truck app. The two incidentally run into each other and slowly form a relationship over subsequent meetings. This is the story of their single-handed fight to prevent the closure of the "One Plus One" hobby club where they fell in love.

= = = Antaeotricha diacta = = =

	Antaeotricha diacta is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is about 17 mm. The forewings are white, faintly fuscous-tinged on the dorsal area and with dark fuscous markings. There is a streak from the extreme base of the costa to one-fifth of the dorsum. The first discal and plical stigmata are moderate, the plical posterior, connected with the dorsum before the middle by some fuscous suffusion. There is a cloudy line from the costa before the middle to three-fourths of the dorsum, widely interrupted beneath the costa, marked with a stronger dot in the disc, expanded into a suffused spot towards the dorsum. A curved line is found from three-fourths of the costa to the tornus, somewhat sinuate inwards toward the costa and there are eight marginal dots around the apex and termen. The hindwings are whitish.

= = = Agreement on Net Financial Assets = = =

	The Agreement on Net Financial Assets (ANFA) is an agreement between European Central Bank (ECB) and national central banks (NCB) concerning the 
	purchase of sovereign debt (financial assets) by the central banks.
	By end of 2015 the total amount of such purchases had risen to around €560 billion.
	In a press conference on 3 December 2015, Mario Draghi, President of the ECB, declared that
	such purchases are "often (...) very hard to understand" but denied claims of any monetary financing by NCBs.
	In the beginning, details of the treaty had not been published. Critics demanded the agreement to be disclosed. However, according to ECB this was not necessary because ANFA "is an internal technical document".
	Only on 5 February 2016, the agreement was published by the ECB along with an updated version of the questions and answers document
	Hans-Werner Sinn, the President of the Ifo Institute for Economic Research criticized that ANFA “allows states to print money in their own basement which is recognized as lawful money in other countries.”

= = = Wally Guy = = =

	Wally Guy (25 October 1910 – 28 March 1978) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = 1967 Mongolian National Championship = = =

	The 1967 Mongolian National Championship was the fourth recorded edition of the Mongolian National Championship for football, with the first tournament taking place in 1955 and no tournament held in 1965. It would appear however that championships were contested between 1956 and 1963, as sources note that a team called Aldar, the Mongolian Army Sports Club, won the title on numerous occasions during that time. Nonetheless, the 1967 national championship was won by Tengeriin Bugnuud, a team from Bat-Ölzii, a sum (district) of Övörkhangai Province in southern Mongolia, their first title.

= = = Antaeotricha aequabilis = = =

	Antaeotricha aequabilis is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is 23–24 mm. The forewings are white with the dorsal half more or less suffused with light fuscous-grey, and with three ill-defined darker fuscous dorsal blotches not reaching half across the wing, two posterior with oblique cloudy shades extending from them obliquely inwards to above the middle. The hindwings are grey, paler anteriorly.

= = = Antaeotricha quiescens = = =

	Antaeotricha quiescens is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is 23–24 mm. The forewings are white, tinged with grey anteriorly and with the dorsal half rather dark greyish-fuscous throughout, this colour in the median area occupying rather more than half, the wider portion terminated by two cloudy darker dots on the end of the cell. The hindwings are grey, paler or whitish towards base.

= = = Horrie Stevens = = =

	Horace Henry Stevens (20 October 1912 – 14 January 1940) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He drowned in the Yarra River at the age of 27.

= = = Komarov (surname) = = =

	Komarov (, from "комар" meaning mosquito) is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Komarova. It may refer to

= = = Antaeotricha aggravata = = =

	Antaeotricha aggravata is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is about 16 mm. The forewings are rather dark grey with the costal edge suffusedly white except towards the base and with three cloudy darker lines, blackish towards the costa, the first from one-fourth of the costa to the middle of the dorsum, the second from the middle of the costa to four-fifths of the dorsum, somewhat bent in the middle, the third from three-fourths of the costa to the tornus, curved. The apical area beyond this is suffused with white and with eight blackish marginal dots around the apex and termen. The hindwings are dark grey.

= = = Ray Mead (footballer) = = =

	Ray Mead (12 April 1913 – 17 May 2001) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = San Francisco Bay Area Renters' Federation = = =

	The San Francisco Bay Area Renters' Federation (SFBARF) is a political advocacy group formed in response to the present-day San Francisco housing shortage. SFBARF advocates for more housing development, and fewer zoning restrictions on the production of housing. It is one of several recently formed YIMBY (Yes In My Back Yard) groups in the San Francisco Bay Area.
	SFBARF is an unincorporated club. The organization's acronym "barf", a slang term for vomiting, was deliberately chosen to improve the group's name recognition.
	SFBARF engages in anti-"NIMBY" political activity, such as rallying for housing projects, campaigning for legislation, and organizing events. The press has referred to SFBARF as an "avidly pro-development grass-roots activist group" aiming to increase the height and density of buildings allowed under San Francisco Bay Area zoning regulations. The "New York Times" says of the group: "Its platform is simple: Members want San Francisco and its suburbs to build more of every kind of housing. More subsidized affordable housing, more market-rate rentals, more high-end condominiums."
	The group was founded in early 2014 by local activist Sonja Trauss, a self-described anarchist. Previously a prep school math teacher, Trauss now leads the group full-time.
	As of April 2016, the group had a mailing list of 500 people and a "a few dozen hard-core members — most of them young professionals who work in the technology industry — who speak out at government meetings and protest against the protesters who fight new development."
	Opponents have accused the organization of being funded by the real estate industry. SFBARF has denied this claim, saying they have raised no money from real estate developers. Yelp CEO Jeremy Stoppelman has donated $10,000 to the group.
	In 2015, SFBARF campaigned to take over the leadership for the San Francisco chapter of the Sierra Club, claiming that the local chapter opposed high-density development, such as 2015's Proposition D in Mission Bay. According to the "San Francisco Business Times", SFBARF "believes that blocking dense housing near transit encourages sprawl," which is environmentally destructive. The national Sierra Club strongly supports infill development. The campaign was criticized in an editorial in VICE, which said that one of the candidates SFBARF supported, Donald Dewsnup, had a history of using "shady" activism tactics. (Dewsnup was later convicted of voter fraud.
	The group has invoked California's Housing Accountability Act in order to sue cities when they attempt to block, restrict, or down-size housing development.
	Their first suit was in 2015, when SFBARF sued the city of Lafayette, California for blocking a housing development. The group referred to this as part of their "Sue the Suburbs" campaign, creating a website under this name. The suit claimed that under California's Housing Accountability Act, the Lafayette city council could not force developers to reduce the density of a housing project, since the project already complied with all zoning laws. In a televised debate with SFBARF, Lafayette mayor Brandt Andersson argued the suit was unwarranted, saying that Lafayette should "keep multi-unit housing downtown" near the BART station.
	In April 2015, a developer submitted an application to tear down a dilapidated building at 1310 Haskell Street in Berkeley, and replace it with three two-story homes. In July 2016, the Berkeley City Council voted 5-0 (with 4 abstentions) to deny the proposal. The city was sued by the SF Bay Area Renters Federation, who argued that denying the application violated California's Housing Accountability Act (HAA). In October 2016, the city settled the lawsuit by agreeing to reconsider the proposal.
	In July 2017, the judge ruled in favor of SFBARF. In September 2017, the Berkeley City Council voted to approve the project and settle the lawsuit.

= = = 1968 Mongolian National Championship = = =

	The 1968 Mongolian National Championship was the fifth recorded edition of the Mongolian National Championship for football, with the first tournament taking place in 1955 and no tournament held in 1965. It would appear however that championships were contested between 1956 and 1963, as sources note that a team called Aldar, the Mongolian Army Sports Club, won the title on numerous occasions during that time. Nonetheless, the 1968 national championship was won by Darkhan, representing the city of Darkhan, the capital of Darkhan-Uul Aimag, their first title.

= = = Antaeotricha intersecta = = =

	Antaeotricha intersecta is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is 24–25 mm. The forewings are ochreous-white with blackish markings and with three dorsal blotches, the first narrow, from near the base to near the middle, with a longitudinal streak from its apex to near the second, the second rhomboidal, reaching nearly half across the wing, the third transverse, narrowed downwards, reaching more than half across the wing. A fine line is found along the lower margin of the cell throughout, dilated into an elongate spot before the middle of the wing and a small spot at the extremity, nearly reaching the third dorsal blotch. There is also an irregular streak from the base of this to the disc at one-third close above it and an oblique spot from the costa at one-fifth, produced along the costal edge nearly to the base. An elongate spot is found towards the costa before the middle and a larger very oblique spot across the upper angle of the cell, as well as an irregular oblique streak from beneath the costa at three-fifths to near the upper posterior angle of the third dorsal blotch and an almost terminal fascia cut by fine lines on the veins, leaving the terminal edge white. The hindwings are grey, paler towards the base.

= = = Srdjan Živković = = =

	Srdjan Živković (born March 14, 1986) is a Serbian former professional basketball player.

= = = Lee Dong-keun (badminton) = = =

	Lee Dong-keun (Hangul: 이동근; or ; born 20 November 1990) is a Korean badminton player specializing in men's singles. He won his first international senior title at the 2011 Vietnam International tournament. In 2016, Lee represented his country compete at the Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
	"Boys' singles"
	The BWF World Tour, announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tour are divided into six levels, namely World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100.
	"Men's singles"
	The BWF Grand Prix has two levels: Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix. It is a series of badminton tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007.
	"Men's singles"
	"Men's singles"

= = = Stenoma citroxantha = = =

	Stenoma citroxantha is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is about 17 mm. The forewings are light grey with the extreme costal edge white except on the basal fourth and with a violet-grey streak along the basal fourth of the costa, as well as two small whitish-yellow basal spots above and below the middle. Beyond these is a transverse series of three deep yellow streaks and one spot, separated by pale violet-grey streaks, the second yellow streak longest. The costal area beyond this is whitish yellow, marked with two dark grey spots, and terminated by an elongate dark grey blotch about two-thirds. There is a large blackish patch extending over the median third of the wing except the costal area and the posterior area is grey marked with obscure darker longitudinal streaks, and cut by a paler curved subterminal shade tinged with whitish yellowish towards the costa. The hindwings are light grey.

= = = 1969 Mongolian National Championship = = =

	The 1969 Mongolian National Championship was the sixth recorded edition of the Mongolian National Championship for football, with the first tournament taking place in 1955 and no tournament held in 1965. It would appear however that championships were contested between 1956 and 1963, as sources note that a team called Aldar, the Mongolian Army Sports Club, won the title on numerous occasions during that time. Nonetheless, the 1969 national championship was won by Tengeriin Bugnuud, a team from Bat-Ölzii, a sum (district) of Övörkhangai Province in southern Mongolia, their second title following victory in the 1967 championship.

= = = Kopeikin = = =

	Kopeikin or Kopeykin () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Kopeikina or Kopeykina. It may refer to

= = = Cerconota capnosphaera = = =

	Cerconota capnosphaera is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is 17–18 mm. The forewings are light brownish-ochreous, somewhat sprinkled with light grey and with a small grey spot on the base of the dorsum and with a roundish dark slaty-grey blotch resting on the costa about one-fifth and reaching half across the wing, followed by two small grey spots. There is a very dark brown trapezoidal blotch extending on the dorsum from two-fifths to three-fourths, reaching half across the wing, narrowed upwards. A very dark brown transverse-oval blotch is found towards the termen, the area between this and the dorsal blotch dark slaty grey, forming an irregular patch extending upwards in front of the subterminal blotch nearly to the costa. There are two or three small irregular dark grey marks towards the costa on the posterior half and a dark slaty-grey pre-terminal streak, only narrowly separated from the preceding blotch above and touching it beneath. The hindwings are dark fuscous.

= = = Sree Veda Vyasa Temple = = =

	Sree Veda Vyasa Temple is one of the major temples in India. It has Sree Veda Vyasa, the creator of the ancient epic Mahabharata, as the main Prathishta (god of worship) and Sree Hanumaan Swami, the devotee of Sree Rama swami.
	The temple is located in Neerattupuram near Chakkulathukavu Sree Bhagavathi Temple in Alappuzha District, Kerala, on the bank of the River Pampa.

= = = Umberto Klinker = = =

	Umberto Orlando Klinker is a former Surinamese football player who played the majority of his career for S.V. Robinhood in the SVB Hoofdklasse and for the Suriname national team. Klinker helped Robinhood to win several national championships in the eighties and finished as the league top scorer in 1982 and 1983.
	Klinker began his football career playing for Lions'71 in the SVB Eerste Klasse, the second tier of football in Suriname. In 1978, he was recruited and joined the youth ranks of S.V. Robinhood, joining the first team a year later. He made his first appearance for the first team in 1979 in a match against S.V. Leo Victor which ended in a 7–0 win at the National Stadion. He won the national championship a total of 12 times during the span of his career before retiring as a player in 1995. He also finished as the league top scorer in both 1982 and 1983. He would help Robinhood to consecutive CONCACAF Champions' Cup finals, finishing as runners-up to UNAM from Mexico, losing 3–2 on aggregate score in 1983 scoring once in the final; and again against C.F. Atlante from Mexico losing 6–1 on aggregate score a year later. In 1994 and 1995 he helped Robinhood to win the Suriname President's Cup twice.
	Klinker was a regular in the youth teams of the Suriname national team, before making his debut for the first team on 12 October 1980 in a 4–0 win against Guyana in the countries 1982 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign. He scored his first goal on 29 August 1984 against Guyana in a 1–1 draw at the Bourda in Georgetown, Guyana. On 30 June 1985 he scored once more in a 2–2 draw against Guadeloupe in the 1985 CFU Championship.

= = = Antaeotricha ballista = = =

	Antaeotricha ballista is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is 19–20 mm for males and about 24 mm for females. The forewings are whitish, on the dorsal half faintly brownish tinged. There are two very large dark fuscous blotches, the first extending on the dorsum from near the base to the middle, rounded above, reaching three-fourths across the wing, the second rounded, near the termen, not reaching the costa or the dorsum. There are seven or eight dark fuscous marginal dots around the apex and termen. The hindwings are light grey, darker towards the apex.

= = = Victoria Holbrook = = =

	Victoria Rowe Holbrook is an American scholar and translator of Turkish literature and language. She studied at Harvard and Princeton, obtaining a PhD from the latter in 1985. Her subject was Near Eastern Studies. She won numerous fellowships and research grants in her academic career. She was attached to Ohio State University from 1987 to 2005, also teaching at Bilkent University, Koç University, and Bosphorus University in Turkey.
	She is best known today for her translation of Orhan Pamuk's novel "The White Castle", which won the inaugural Independent Foreign Fiction Prize. Other translations include:
	Her own book "The Unreadable Shores of Love: Turkish Modernity and Mystic Romance" won the Turkish Studies Association M. Fuat Köprülü Book Prize.

= = = Stenoma castellana = = =

	Stenoma castellana is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
	The wingspan is 20–21 mm. The forewings are ochreous white with an elongate blackish-fuscous blotch running from the base of the costa to the middle of the dorsum but leaving dorsum narrowly whitish on the basal fourth, the upper edge somewhat irregular, the posterior extremity truncate, reaching the fold. There is a light fuscous trapezoidal blotch on the dorsum just beyond this, almost reaching the following. There is a very broad blackish-fuscous fascia from three-fourths of the costa to the tornus, much narrowed on the costa, the anterior edge convex-prominent in the middle and towards the costa, the posterior edge waved convex, leaving only a narrow white streak around the apical edge. The hindwings are grey, darker towards the apex, sometimes whitish tinged at the base and with the apical edge white.

= = = Hongcun (Shandong) = = =

	Hongcun (Simplified: 洪村) is a village in Shizhong, Zaozhuang city, Shandong province, China. 
	Hung Village was built during the Ming Dynasty in 1449 by Hong Jian Cun, Hong Cun, and Gu Ming.
	In July 1953, the agency merged with Tengxian West Jining agency. Fushan is the agency leader for the area. 
	On September 12, 1961, the village commune merged into the village of West Wang Zhuang commune.
	In November 1983, Hong Village became part of the West Wang Zhuang commune.
	In 1984, West Wang Zhuang commune became part of Zhuang Xiang Xi wang.
	In November 2014, central city set up. Xi Wang Zhuang Zhen Hong Cun membership.
	Hong Village is located in Zaozhuang city of Shandong province in West Zhuang Zhen, latitude 34 degrees 48 '1.13 ", longitude 117 degrees 35' 54.74". It is about 1.28 square kilometers in area.
	Shahe basin provides the main water supply, covering about 112.2 square kilometers.
	Its economy is primarily agricultural and industrial. The main crops are wheat, corn, peaches, and nectarines. Industry includes a garment factory and Shandong Taihe Water Treatment Technologies Co., Ltd.
	Hong Cun Lianxiao provides primary school education, employing more than 20 teachers.
	Hong Village has a health room, with 10 employees.
	Hung village traffic developed, ten Taiwan highway, road dates (030 County Road) and through.
	Hong Cun blockhouse is an important historic buildings.

= = = 2015–16 Women's EHF Cup = = =

	The 2015–16 Women's EHF Cup will be 35th edition of EHF's third-tier women's handball competition. It started on 16 October 2015.
	All draws held at the European Handball Federation headquarters in Vienna, Austria.
	Teams listed first played the first leg at home. Some teams agreed to play both matches in the same venue. Bolded teams qualified into the third round.
	Teams listed first played the first leg at home. Some teams agreed to play both matches in the same venue. Bolded teams qualified into last 16.
	Teams listed first played the first leg at home. Bolded teams qualified into quarter-finals.
	Teams listed first played the first leg at home. Bolded teams qualified into semi-finals.

= = = Liga Bolasepak Rakyat = = =

	Liga Bolasepak Rakyat () was the fourth-tier football league in Malaysia. The league was managed by Liga Bolasepak Rakyat-Limited Liability Partnership (LBR-LLP) and it was an amateur-level competition. It was established in 2015 to provide an alternative entry point for young players. The league has discontinued since 2017 and have been replaced by M4 League.
	The current champion is Gua Musang, a club from East Zone which won the league in 2016–17 season.
	"Liga Bolasepak Rakyat" is a joint idea of Football Association of Malaysia (FAM) president Tengku Abdullah Sultan Ahmad Shah and Tengku Mahkota Pahang, with an objective of developing football systematically, besides functioning as an institute to produce talented players for the national side. A total of 111 clubs from all around the country will be joining the amateur-level competition for 2015-16 season, which is divided to 8 zones where 520 matches to be played. The competition is open to under-28 players, including five under-21 boys.
	After a successful early stage of the league during its first season, FAM has approved to give out the right of the league management to LBR-LLP for ten years in order to develop lower league football.
	The second season of LBR will start on September 2016 with 125 clubs planned to be competing in the league. On 25 September 2016, it has been confirmed that a total of 108 clubs participated in the league to represent their district in the league for the second season even though ten Johor based clubs pulled from the league. LBR-LLP has also announced that a women's league for LBR will commence next year as part of LBR effort to support women's football development in Malaysia. LBR-LLP also has launched the kits with themes inspired by common region colour according to the zones the clubs participated. The purpose for effort are to fulfil sponsors obligation and to promote the branding for the league and also help clubs to reduce management cost. Even though a common kits has been introduced, clubs are still allowed to use their own kits instead of it.
	Currently there are a total of 108 clubs out of more than 150 possible districts in the country participated in the "Liga Bolasepak Rakyat" for 2016–17 season. The clubs were divided into 8 zones according to regional location.
	There are 14 clubs competing in North Zone this season.
	There are 14 clubs competing in West Zone this season.
	There are 29 clubs competing in Middle Zone 1 & 2 this season.
	There are nine clubs competing in South Zone this season.
	There are 14 clubs competing in East Zone this season.
	There are 16 clubs competing in Borneo Zone 1 this season.
	There are 12 clubs competing in Borneo Zone 2 this season.
	The "italic" clubs did not play current season. Listed in bracket is the district the club representing in the league. The bold is the new clubs that play current season.
	Although some clubs has pulled from the league over the years, there still some other districts located in Malaysia which has never been represented in any forms in the league. Those clubs are listed below:

= = = John Henry MacCracken = = =

	John Henry MacCracken (September 30, 1875 – February 1, 1948) was an American academic administrator who served as president of Westminster College and Lafayette College. When he was chosen as president of Westminster College in 1899, MacCracken was the youngest college president in the United States. MacCracken was the son of Henry MacCracken, a chancellor of New York University, and the brother of Henry Noble MacCracken, a president of Vassar College.
	MacCracken was born in Rochester, Vermont. MacCracken was born to Henry MacCracken, a chancellor of New York University (NYU), and the former Catherine Almira Hubbard. He was a descendant of Irish immigrants to Pennsylvania in the mid-18th century. His brother Henry Noble MacCracken became president of Vassar College. John Henry MacCracken attended college preparatory school in New York City.
	When he was 15, MacCracken enrolled at NYU and he completed an undergraduate degree in 1894, when he was named class valedictorian. He pursued graduate study at NYU and the Union Theological Seminary before earning a Ph.D. at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg in Germany.
	He joined the NYU faculty in 1896 and was promoted to assistant professor briefly before accepting the role of president at Westminster College in 1899. At the time of his election to the presidency at Westminster College, an NYU source said that the appointment would make him the youngest college president in the United States.
	When MacCracken came to Westminster, his youth raised alarm among some of the supporters of the university, and his modest personality and quiet nature did not immediately assuage his doubters. Within a few months, MacCracken secured $20,000 in donations for the university, and he was able to increase the variety of academic offerings at the school. When the university's chair of Bible and metaphysics resigned, President MacCracken was named the Sauser Chair of Philosophy and Christian Apologetics. A formal presidential inauguration was held for MacCracken in June 1900.
	MacCracken left Westminster College in 1903 to return to NYU as a syndic and professor of politics. He taught one of the earliest courses in city planning in the United States, and he served as vice president of the university senate. In 1914, MacCracken was vice president of the trustees of the American Institute of Christian Philosophy. His father was president.
	In 1915, MacCracken was selected as president of Lafayette College. The school's physical plant increased in value under MacCracken, who served until 1927.
	During his time as president of Lafayette College, MacCracken was one of the founding advisors during the creation of Alpha Phi Omega, the largest collegiate fraternity in the United States.
	MacCracken married Edith Constable in 1910. MacCracken's father-in-law, Frederick Augustus Constable, managed Arnold Constable & Company in New York, and he was the son of one of the store's original partners. MacCracken's daughter Louise married Robert Olmsted, a trustee of Vassar College and the namesake of the school's biological sciences building. His son Constable was a graduate of Harvard University and Columbia Law School.
	Active in the Presbyterian faith, MacCracken spent nearly ten years as president of the Presybterian college board. He represented the church as a delegate at world conferences in Lausanne, Oxford and Edinburgh.
	MacCracken died at his Manhattan home on February 1, 1948. He was survived by his wife, daughter, son and brother.

= = = Wanindu Hasaranga = = =

	Pinnaduwage Wanindu Hasaranga De Silva (born 29 July 1997), or Wanindu Hasaranga (), is a professional Sri Lankan cricketer who plays for the national team in limited over internationals. His elder brother, Chaturanga de Silva, has also represented the national team.
	Wanindu Hasaranga de Silva was educated at Richmond College, Galle, where he started his cricket career. He represented Sri Lankan under 19 cricket team at the Under-19 Cricket World Cup held in Bangladesh in 2016.
	He made his List A debut on 30 November 2015 in the AIA Premier Limited Over Tournament. 
	In December 2015 he was named in Sri Lanka's squad for the 2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. He made his first-class debut for Sri Lanka Ports Authority Cricket Club in the 2015–16 Premier League Tournament on 26 February 2016.
	In November 2017, he was named the most promising player in domestic cricket for the 2016–17 season at Sri Lanka Cricket's annual awards. He made his Twenty20 debut for Sylhet Sixers on 11 November 2017 in the 2017–18 Bangladesh Premier League.
	In March 2018, he was named in Colombo's squad for the 2017–18 Super Four Provincial Tournament. The following month, he was also named in Colombo's squad for the 2018 Super Provincial One Day Tournament. In August 2018, he was named in Dambulla's squad the 2018 SLC T20 League.
	He was the leading run-scorer for Colombo Cricket Club in the 2018–19 Premier League Tournament, with 765 runs in nine matches. In March 2019, he was named in Galle's squad for the 2019 Super Provincial One Day Tournament.
	He was named to Sri Lanka's One Day International (ODI) squad for their series against Zimbabwe. He made his ODI debut for Sri Lanka against Zimbabwe on 2 July 2017. In the match, he took the final three Zimbabwe wickets in the innings in consecutive deliveries, becoming the youngest bowler to take a hat-trick on debut in an ODI. He was also the third debutant in ODI history to claim a hat-trick after Bangladeshi Taijul Islam and South African Kagiso Rabada. He also became the first leg-spinner to take a hat-trick in ODI history.
	In May 2018, he was one of 33 cricketers to be awarded a national contract by Sri Lanka Cricket ahead of the 2018–19 season. In August 2019, he was named in Sri Lanka's Twenty20 International (T20I) squad for their series against New Zealand. He made his T20I debut for Sri Lanka, against New Zealand, on 1 September 2019.
	In September 2019, Hasaranga was included as the only specialist spinner for the Pakistan series in Pakistan, where many major players withdrew from the team due to security concerns. During the T20I series, he took eight wickets, where Sri Lanka dominated against Pakistan. Sri Lanka won all three matches and whitewashed Pakistan for the first time. It was Sri Lanka's first ever series win against Pakistan in a T20I bilateral series. Sri Lanka went on to win the final T20I match by 13 runs, winning the series 3–0. It was the first time in a three-match T20I series that Sri Lanka had won 3–0, and the first time that Pakistan had been whitewashed. Due to his match winning all round ability, Hasaranga was adjudged as man of the match of third T20I as well as player of the series.

= = = Slobodan Agoč = = =

	Slobodan Agoč (; born 18 January 1977) is a Serbian professional basketball coach and former player.
	His son, Stefan (born 2002) is a basketball player, also. Stefan was a member of the Serbia national under-16 team at the 2018 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship.

= = = Yasutaka Sasakura = = =

	In his home country he plays for the Panasonic Wild Knights whom he joined in 2011. He was also named in the first ever squad which will compete in Super Rugby from the 2016 season.

= = = Outline of the Book of Mormon = = =

	The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Book of Mormon:
	Book of Mormon – sacred text of the Latter Day Saint movement, which adherents believe contains writings of ancient prophets who lived on the American continent from approximately 2200 BC to AD 421. It was first published in March 1830 by Joseph Smith as "The Book of Mormon: An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi".
	The Book of Mormon can be described as all of the following:

= = = 1970 Mongolian National Championship = = =

	The 1970 Mongolian National Championship was the seventh recorded edition of the Mongolian National Championship for football, with the first tournament taking place in 1955 and no tournament held in 1965. It would appear however that championships were contested between 1956 and 1963, as sources note that Aldar, (literally: "Glory") the Mongolian Army Sports Club, won the title on numerous occasions during that time. Nonetheless, the 1970 national championship was won by Aldar, their first recorded title. Aldar went unbeaten throughout the entire season, with Khuldumur finishing as runners up and Darkhan in third place. The official best players for the championship included: Baigal, Bayanjargal, Sagar (all Aldar), Emel, Grish, Purevjal (all Darkhan), Samdan (Khudulmur).

= = = Peter Kussi = = =

	Peter Kussi (died 2012) was a Czech scholar and translator. Born in Prague, he taught Czech language and Czech literature at Columbia University for many years. He is best known for his translation of the works of Milan Kundera, among them the novel "Immortality" which won the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize. He also edited an anthology of the works of Karel Capek. 

= = = Kamindu Mendis = = =

	Kamindu Mendis (born 30 September 1998) is a Sri Lankan cricketer who plays for Colombo Cricket Club. He is an ambidextrous bowler and has bowled both right and left-arm deliveries during the same over. He made his international debut for the Sri Lanka cricket team in October 2018.
	Mendis started bowling with both arms at the age of 13, while playing cricket for Richmond College, Galle. He made his List A debut alongside Charith Asalanka on 30 November 2015 in the AIA Premier Limited Over Tournament.
	The following month, he was named in Sri Lanka's squad for the 2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. He was named as the Under-19 captain in December 2016 and captained the Sri Lankan squad for the 2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup.
	He was named in Colombo's squad for the 2017–18 Super Four Provincial Tournament and the 2018 Super Provincial One Day Tournament, before being named in the squad the 2018 SLC T20 League. He made his Twenty20 debut for Colombo on 21 August 2018.
	He made his first-class debut for Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club in the 2018–19 Premier League Tournament on 30 November 2018. In March 2019, he was named in Colombo's squad for the 2019 Super Provincial One Day Tournament. In December 2019, he was the leading wicket-taker in the 2019–20 Invitation Limited Over Tournament, with nineteen dismissals in eight matches.
	In August 2018, Sri Lanka Cricket named him in a preliminary squad of 31 players for the 2018 Asia Cup.
	In October 2018, he was named in Sri Lanka's Twenty20 International (T20I) squad for the one-off match against England. He made his T20I debut for Sri Lanka against England on 27 October 2018. He scored 24 runs in the match.
	In December 2018, he was named in Sri Lanka team for the 2018 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup. In February 2019, he was named in Sri Lanka's One Day International (ODI) squad for their series against South Africa. He made his ODI debut for Sri Lanka against South Africa on 10 March 2019. In November 2019, he was named as the vice-captain of Sri Lanka's squad for the 2019 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup in Bangladesh. Later the same month, he was named as the vice-captain of Sri Lanka's squad for the men's cricket tournament at the 2019 South Asian Games. The Sri Lanka team won the silver medal, after they lost to Bangladesh by seven wickets in the final.

= = = Lahiru Samarakoon = = =

	Lahiru Samarakoon (born 3 March 1997) is a Sri Lankan cricketer who plays for Galle Cricket Club. He made his List A debut on 2 December 2015 in the AIA Premier Limited Over Tournament. In December 2015 he was named in Sri Lanka's squad for the 2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. He made his first-class debut for Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club in the 2016–17 Premier League Tournament on 28 December 2016. He made his Twenty20 debut for Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club in the 2017–18 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 24 February 2018.
	In March 2018, he was named in Kandy's squad for the 2017–18 Super Four Provincial Tournament. In May 2018, it was reported that he would join Camberley Cricket Club in England for the 2018 season. He made his debut on 26 May 2018, taking 2/34 from his 10 overs, as well as completing a catch in the field.
	His inaugural season in English club cricket finished with a figures of 33 wickets at 15.36 and 301 runs at 30.10, as Camberley finished fourth in the Surrey Championship First Division.

= = = Lloyd Johnson (footballer) = = =

	Lloyd Johnson (13 December 1913 – 26 February 2004) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Danish Sport Shooting Association = = =

	The Danish Sport Shooting Association, "Danish" Dansk Sportsskytte Forbund (DSF), is the Danish association for practical shooting under the International Practical Shooting Confederation. DSF is also a member of Dansk Skytte Union (The Danish Shooting Union).

= = = Poeae = = =

	The Poeae are the largest tribe of the grasses, with around 2,500 species in 121 genera. The tribe includes many lawn and pasture grasses.
	Two separate tribes, Poeae and Aveneae, used to be distinguished based on morphology, but phylogenetic analysis showed that they are intermingled. Poeae now includes the former Aveneae. Phylogenetic analyses identified two lineages based on chloroplast genomes. The genera are classified in 25 subtribes.
	Reticulate evolution occurred repeatedly in the tribe.

= = = Kiki Divaris = = =

	Vasilliki Babaletakis "Kiki" Divaris (c. 13 September 1925 in Sparta – 5 December 2015) was a Greek fashion designer, model and the first white woman to have been declared a liberation war hero in Zimbabwe.
	Divaris grew up in Cape Town.
	Divaris was a close friend of Robert Mugabe, his first wife Sally, and current wife, Grace. She created the Miss Zimbabwe beauty pageant. In 2012, at 88, she still ran the event In 2013, she handed over the "Miss Zim" business to Mary Mubaiwa.
	Divaris died in her sleep on 5 December 2015, at the Borrowdale Clinic Trauma Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe, from pneumonia. She was 90.

= = = Dick May (footballer) = = =

	Dick May (16 May 1910 – 13 September 1986) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Finland at the 2016 Summer Paralympics = = =

	Finland competed at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 7 September to 18 September 2016. They earned three medals, one gold, one silver and one bronze.
	Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories; amputation, the condition may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness; cerebral palsy; wheelchair athletes, there is often overlap between this and other categories; visual impairment, including blindness; Les autres, any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories, for example dwarfism or multiple sclerosis. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing. Some sports, such as athletics, divide athletes by both the category and severity of their disabilities, other sports, for example swimming, group competitors from different categories together, the only separation being based on the severity of the disability.
	The Finnish Paralympic team consists of 26 athletes and 2 guide athletes, who compete in 11 sports. Chef de mission is Kimmo Mustonen.
	Jere Forsberg earned Finland a spot at the Rio Games following his performance at the 2015 World Archery Para Championships. He qualified the country after his performance in the compound men’s open.Jean Pierre Antonios earned Finland a second qualifying spot after making the round of eight in the W1 men event.
	Legend: W = win, L = loss
	Legend: SB = season best, Q = qualified by place, PB = personal best, RR = European record, NR = Finnish record
	Legend: SB = season best, PB = personal best
	With one pathway for qualification being one highest ranked NPCs on the UCI Para-Cycling male and female Nations Ranking Lists on 31 December 2014, Finland qualified for the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, assuming they continued to meet all other eligibility requirements.
	The country earned an individual slot via the Para Equestrian Individual Ranking List Allocation method.
	The Finland men's national goalball team qualified for the Rio Games after finishing second at the 2014 IBSA Goalball World Championships. Finnish women failed to qualify at the 2014 World Championships, finishing two spots out of medal contention in fifth place at the home hosted event. Finland's men enter the tournament ranked 6th in the world.
	Legend: W = win, L = loss
	One pathway for qualifying for Rio involved having a boat have top seven finish at the 2015 Combined World Championships in a medal event where the country had nor already qualified through via the 2014 IFDS Sailing World Championships. Finland qualified for the 2016 Games under this criteria in the 2.4m event with a thirteenth-place finish overall and the third country who had not qualified via the 2014 Championships. The boat was crewed by Niko Salomaa.
	Legend: 14 = excluded score
	The first opportunity to qualify for shooting at the Rio Games took place at the 2014 IPC Shooting World Championships in Suhl. Shooters earned spots for their NPC. Finland earned a qualifying spot at this competition in the R5 – 10m Air Rifle Prone Mixed SH2 event as a result of the performance of Minna Sinikka Leinonen.
	Legend: Q = qualified for the next phase
	Legend: L = loss

= = = Richard Puller = = =

	Richard Puller (1747–1826) was a prominent English merchant banker in London. He has sometimes been identified as the pseudonymous economic writer Piercy Ravenstone, considered a precursor of Karl Marx; but scholarly sources generally now follow the suggestion of Piero Sraffa that Ravenstone was Richard Puller the younger (1789–1831), his son.
	He was the son of Christopher Puller (died 1789), also a prominent London merchant banker. His father was a director of the Bank of England, while he was a director of the South Sea Company;
	Richard and Charles Puller, of 10 Broadstreet Buildings, were the London bankers of John Adams during the 1780s; Adams refers also to the firm as Conde & Puller. This was also the period of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, and Richard Puller acted as an agent in a case concerning a captured Dutch ship.
	In later life Puller resided at Painswick Court in Gloucestershire. He died there, on 5 December 1826.
	Puller married Selina Wall, daughter of Thomas Wall of Albury Park, Surrey. (Wall is so called. The Wall family of Albury Park were Charles Wall of Barings Bank and his wife Francis, daughter of Sir Francis Baring; they were the parents of Charles Baring Wall, the Member of Parliament. The house was bought in 1811 from Samuel Thornton, sold in 1819 to Henry Drummond. Charles Wall's parents were Thomas Wall (1721–1812) and Elizabeth Ellis.) The following were their children:

= = = Geoff Fox (Australian footballer) = = =

	Geoff Fox (3 May 1910 – 8 August 1971) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Jim Bolwell = = =

	Jim Bolwell (27 August 1911 – 15 August 1993) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Kandhei Jatra = = =

	Kandhei Jatra or Toy Fair is a traditional festival celebrated every year in Berhampur in the Indian state of Odisha. The festival is three centuries old and related to the oldest Jagannath temple of the city. This festival takes place for three days and things for domestic use made of clay, wood or metal were also put up for sale.
	This festival is celebrated every year on the full moon day of Hindu calendar month of Ashadha. This festival is held at Berhampur known as the silk city after a week of Ratha Yatra. It is to be believed that the traditional festival is around three centuries older. The toy fair is ritualistically attached to the oldest Jagannath temple in the city (Berhampur) located in Khaspa Street. According to the tradition, on the night the pedestal of idol of lord Jagannath at this temple is decorated with earthen toys of different mythological characters. The good thing about the festival is that, it promotes the traditional toy makers of the area who make toys from clay, cow dung, wood, coir and papier-mâché.
	According to the local tales, centuries back, a priest of the Bada Jagannath Temple Sribachha Panda (ଶ୍ରୀବଛ ପଣ୍ଡା) requested the king of Mahuri Kingdom (now known as Mahuri Kalua by the locals) for the festival and he permitted it. Since then the festival has been celebrated every year at Khaspa Street of Berhampur.

= = = Turkey at the 2016 Summer Paralympics = = =

	Turkey has qualified send athletes to the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 7 September to 18 September 2016. Sports the country qualified to compete in include 5-a-side football, archery, goalball and wheelchair basketball.
	The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games:
	Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories; amputation, the condition may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness; cerebral palsy; wheelchair athletes, there is often overlap between this and other categories; visual impairment, including blindness; Les autres, any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories, for example dwarfism or multiple sclerosis. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing. Some sports, such as athletics, divide athletes by both the category and severity of their disabilities, other sports, for example swimming, group competitors from different categories together, the only separation being based on the severity of the disability.
	As of January 2016, the country had qualified 37 vision impaired athletes for Rio. The Games will be the first where Turkey sends teams in all vision impaired team sports.
	Turkey qualified for the Paralympics after finishing first at the 2015 IBSA Blind Football European Championships. They made it out of group play in second, with England having won the group after not dropping a game. Turkey dropped their game against England 1 - 2, with the English side goals coming from Turnham and English while the Turkish goal came from Hasan Şatay. In elimination play, Şatay and Abdullah Sümer scored two goals in penalty time after their game against Spain ended in 0 - 0 draw. Turkey then met Russia in the gold medal match, where Kahraman Gurbetoğlu scored to give Turkey a 1 - 0 win.
	Turkey qualified three archers for the Rio Games following their performance at the 2015 World Archery Para Championships. The spots are all in the compound open, with 2 spots for men and 1 spot for a woman. Bülent Korkmaz earned Turkey's first spot in the men's compound open, with Erdoğan Aygan earning the second men's spot. Handan Biroğlu earned the women's spot after defeating Ireland's Kerrie-Louise Leonard to qualify for the quarterfinals.
|align=left|Sadık Savaş
|align=left|Zehra Özbey Torun
|align=left|Sadık Savaş<br>Merve Nur Eroğlu
	Turkey's men enter the tournament ranked 4th in the world.
	Quarter-Finals
	The Turkey women's national goalball team qualified for the Rio Games after finishing third at the 2014 IBSA Goalball World Championships. They defeated Japan in the bronze medal game to qualify. Turkey’s assistant coach Eren Yıldırım said after his team qualified, "We had a nightmare in the semi-final against Russia (a 2-1 defeat). But our main aim was a place at Rio 2016 and we managed to recuperate and focus on this. We’re really pleased.” Turkey's women enter the tournament ranked 5th in the world.
	Quarter-Finals
	Semi-Finals
	Final
	The first opportunity to qualify for shooting at the Rio Games took place at the 2014 IPC Shooting World Championships in Suhl. Shooters earned spots for their NPC. Turkey earned a qualifying spot at this event in the R2 – 10m Air Rifle standing women SH1 event as a result of Çağla Baş winning a silver medal. Cevat Karagöl gave Turkey another spot in the P1 – 10m Air Pistol Men SH1 event after winning a bronze medal.
	The country sent shooters to 2015 IPC Shooting World Cup in Osijek, Croatia, where Rio direct qualification was also available. They earned a qualifying spot at this event based on the performance of Muharrem Korhan Yamaç in the P4 – 50m Pistol Mixed SH1 event.
	The third opportunity for direct qualification for shooters to the Rio Paralympics took place at the 2015 IPC Shooting World Cup in Sydney, Australia. At this competition, Savaş Üstün earned a qualifying spot for their country in the R3 - Mixed 10m Air Rifle Prone SH1 event.
	The last direct qualifying event for Rio in shooting took place at the 2015 IPC Shooting World Cup in Fort Benning, USA in November. Ayşegül Pehlivanlar earned a qualifying spot for their country at this competition in the P2 Women's 10m Air Pistol SH1 event. Murat Oğuz earned a second qualifying spot for Turkey at this competition in the P4 Mixed 50m Pistol SH1 event. Because no women qualified in the P3 Mixed 25m Pistol SH1 event, the spot for women was reallocated to P4 Mixed 50m Pistol SH1, which Turkey's Aysel Özgan claimed for her country. Hakan Çevik claimed another spot for Turkey with his performance in the R5 Mixed 10m Air Pistol Prone SH2 event.
	The Turkey men's national wheelchair basketball team has qualified for the 2016 Rio Paralympics.
	During the draw, Brazil had the choice of which group they wanted to be in. They were partnered with Spain, who would be in the group Brazil did not select. Brazil chose Group B, which included Iran, the United States, Great Britain, Germany and Algeria. That left Spain in Group A with Australia, Canada, Turkey, the Netherlands and Japan.
	Quarter-Finals
	Semi-Finals
	3rd Place
	Busra Un qualified for Rio in the women's singles event as a result of a Bipartite Commission Invitation place.

= = = Michael Punke = = =

	Michael W. Punke (born December 7, 1964) is an American writer, novelist, professor, policy analyst, policy consultant, attorney, and former Deputy United States Trade Representative and US Ambassador to the World Trade Organization in Geneva, Switzerland. He is currently the Vice President of Public Policy for Amazon Web Services. He is best known for writing "The Revenant: A Novel of Revenge" (2002), which was adapted into film as "The Revenant" (2015), directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu, with a screenplay by Iñárritu and Mark L. Smith, and starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hardy.
	Punke was born and raised in Torrington, Wyoming, the son of Marilyn and Butch Punke, a high school biology teacher. He has a younger brother, Tim, and a sister, Amy. They engaged in various outdoor activities in the wilderness like fishing, hunting, hiking, shooting, and mountain biking. When he was a teenager, he also spent at least three summers working at the Fort Laramie National Historic Site as a "living history interpreter." He was also a debate team champion in high school, which he graduated early from to attend the University of Massachusetts Amherst, later transferring to George Washington University, where he graduated with a degree in International Affairs from the Elliott School of International Affairs. He later attended and received his Juris Doctor degree from Cornell Law School, where he focused on trade law, and was elected to become Editor-in-Chief of the "Cornell International Law Journal".
	Upon graduation from Cornell Law in the 90s, Punke worked as a government staffer for Senator Max Baucus (D-Montana), who is now the former Ambassador to China. Specifically, from 1991–92, Punke served as International Trade Counsel to Baucus, who was also then Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee's International Trade Subcommittee. Punke also met his wife Traci while working for Baucus. During 1993–95, Punke then served at the White House as Director for International Economic Affairs and was jointly appointed to the National Economic Council and the National Security Council.
	In 1995–96, Punke became a Senior Policy Advisor at the Office of the United States Trade Representative (the USTR), where he advised them on issues ranging from intellectual property (IP) law to trade to agricultural law. Punke has also worked on international trade issues from the private sector, including as a partner at the Washington, D.C., office of Mayer, Brown, Rowe, & Maw. From 2003 to 2009, Punke consulted on public policy issues out of Missoula, Montana.
	In 2009, President Barack Obama selected Punke to serve as the Deputy United States Trade Representative and U.S. Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Geneva, Switzerland. Obama's selection of Punke for this position was also confirmed by the U.S. Senate in 2011.
	As a federal government employee, Punke was prohibited by ethics rules from promoting his literary work, including through interviews, events, book signings, parties or any other efforts that could be considered abusing his position to enrich himself.
	Punke has been a partner at the law firm of Mayer Brown, resident in the Washington, D.C. office and working on various matters involving international trade law. In the years of 2003 to 2009, Punke served as a consultant on various public policy matters and was also based in Missoula, Montana. In February 2017, Punke joined Amazon Web Services as Vice President for Global Public Policy.
	Punke is the author of "The Revenant: A Novel of Revenge", which was published by Carroll & Graf in 2002.
	Punke allegedly came up with the idea to write the novel while on an airplane, after reading a couple of lines in a history book about real-life frontier fur trapper Hugh Glass. Punke was also working at the law firm of Mayer Brown at the time when he started the book (1997), so he would go to the office as early as 5:00 AM before anyone else got there to write pages for roughly three hours, and then do his job for eight to ten hours. The book took a total of four years to complete and according to his brother Tim, Punke actually caught pneumonia at least four times during the writing process. Punke also performed extensive research on Glass, which included setting up and testing real hunting traps. The book was published in 2002 to little fanfare, although Punke was able to sell movie rights to it. Once he discovered the novel, Director Alejandro G. Iñárritu fought for it to be made into a movie, where other directors such as Park Chan-Wook and producers such as Megan Ellison were also attached.
	After Punke relocated with his wife Traci and their two children to Missoula, Montana, where he worked part-time as a policy consultant and an Adjunct Professor at the University of Montana, he finished two screenplays as well as two non-fiction books, one about the fight to save the Buffalo – "Last Stand" (2007) – and the other about a mining disaster that occurred in North Butte, Montana – "Fire and Brimstone: The North Butte Mining Disaster of 1917" (2013).
	While a high-ranking federal employee, Punke was prohibited by ethics rules from talking publicly or to the media about his work, attending events, signing book copies or conducting any other activities that could be seen as promoting his work for his personal enrichment. He was, however, allowed to earn royalties and other payments from it. Punke's brother Tim and wife Traci frequently spoke for him instead.
	In 2006, Punke published a non-fiction book, via Hachette Books, that covered a mining disaster that occurred in North Butte, Montana during 1917. The book was a finalist for the Mountains and Plains Booksellers Award. A reprint edition was also published in 2007. The book has received favorable reviews from Publishers Weekly, Booklist, Kirkus Reviews and other sources.
	Harper Collins published Punke's non-fiction book about saving the Buffalo – "Last Stand" – in 2007. The subtitle of the book is "George Bird Grinnell, the Battle to Save the Buffalo, and the Birth of the New West."
	Punke also wrote the introduction to a contemporary reprint of Mari Sandoz's 1954 book, "The Buffalo Hunters: The Story of the Hide Men".
	Punke was also the historical correspondent for "Montana Quarterly" magazine.

= = = Dansk Skytte Union = = =

	Dansk Skytte Union (DSkyU), literally The Danish Shooting Union, is a Danish association for sport shooting with rifle, pistol and shotgun. The association consists of over 50.000 members and 450 associated clubs.

= = = List of cashew companies based in Kollam = = =

	Kollam or Quilon is known as the Cashew Capital of the World. Kollam is the largest processed cashew exporter in the world. , there are more than 600 cashew processing units in the city. About 800,000 tonnes of raw cashews are imported to the city for processing every year. 90% of India's export quality cashew kernels are prepared in Kollam.
	Foreign exchange earnings of the nation through the export of cashew kernels in 2011-12 is Rs.4,390 crore, Rs.4046.23 crore in 2012-2013 and Rs.5058.73 crore in 2013-2014, based on the statistics from the Cashew Export Promotion Council of India (CEPCI). 131,000 tonnes of kernels were exported during 2011-12. 90% of these export quality cashew kernels are prepared in Kollam. and the Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited work in Kollam city to promote exports of cashew kernels and cashew nut shell liquid from India. They also protect the interest of workers and attempt to provide maximum employment to the industry's workers and give them statutory benefits such as minimum wages and bonuses.

= = = Trevor Wallace (footballer) = = =

	Trevor Wallace (23 January 1912 – 27 June 1980) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = 1971 Mongolian National Championship = = =

	The 1971 Mongolian National Championship was the eighth recorded edition of the Mongolian National Championship for football, with the first tournament taking place in 1955 and no tournament held in 1965. It would appear however that championships were contested between 1956 and 1963, as sources note that a team called Aldar, the Mongolian Army Sports Club, won the title on numerous occasions during that time. Nonetheless, the 1971 national championship was won by Tengeriin Bugnuud, a team from Bat-Ölzii, a sum (district) of Övörkhangai Province in southern Mongolia, their third title following their first victory in 1967 championship.

= = = Roy Pope = = =

	Roy Pope (15 June 1914 – 14 February 2004) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Ted Wintle = = =

	Ted Wintle (3 January 1909 – 25 February 1972) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = 2016 Manx general election = = =

	General elections were held in the Isle of Man on 22 September 2016. Independents won 21 of the 24 seats in the House of Keys. A record number of women were elected (5, or 21% of the house).
	Following changes to the electoral system ahead of the elections, the 24 members of the House of Keys were elected from 12 constituencies, each of which returned 2 members. Previously constituencies had varied in size from one to three seats. Election is by multiple non-transferable vote in each constituency, with voters having two votes (of which they may choose to use only one) for the two seats.
! scope="col" colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="width:12em;" | Party
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! scope="col" colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="width:12em;" | Party
! scope="col" rowspan=2 style="width:14em;" | Candidate
! scope="col" colspan=2 | Votes
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! scope="col" colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="width:12em;" | Party
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! scope="col" colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="width:12em;" | Party
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! scope="col" colspan=2 | Votes
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! scope="col" colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="width:12em;" | Party
! scope="col" rowspan=2 style="width:14em;" | Candidate
! scope="col" colspan=2 | Votes
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! scope="col" colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="width:12em;" | Party
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! scope="col" colspan=2 | Votes
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! scope="col" colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="width:12em;" | Party
! scope="col" rowspan=2 style="width:14em;" | Candidate
! scope="col" colspan=2 | Votes
! scope="col" style="width:5em;" | Count
! scope="col" style="width:7em;" | Of total (%)
! scope="col" colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="width:12em;" | Party
! scope="col" rowspan=2 style="width:14em;" | Candidate
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= = = Jack Diprose = = =

	Jack Diprose (12 October 1905 – 12 October 2002) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Jack Haskett = = =

	Jack Haskett (25 June 1911 – 5 March 1992) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Aloe mayottensis = = =

	Aloe mayottensis (previously "Lomatophyllum mayottensis") is a species of "Aloe" indigenous to the island of Mayotte and surrounding islands of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean. Formerly more widespread, it is now rarely found outside of cultivation.
	It is part of a group of aloes which bear fleshy berries, and were therefore classed as a separate group, "Lomatophyllum". Within this group, it is a relatively distinctive and easily recognisable species. 
	It branches from base and stem, with stems up to 50 cm long. Its leaves are a green with pale yellow brown margins and teeth. Its multi-branched inflorescence bears flowers in racemes, and its seeds develop in fleshy berries.

= = = Johnny Edwards (footballer) = = =

	Johnny Edwards (27 March 1912 – 12 November 1973) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Dendrodoa = = =

	Dendrodoa is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Dendrodoa" include:
	Species names currently considered to be synonyms:

= = = Finnish Shooting Sport Federation = = =

	The Finnish Shooting Sport Federation, "Finnish" Suomen Ampumaurheiluliitto (SAL), was founded in 1919 and is an umbrella organization for sport shooting in Finland, representing many international shooting sport organizations in Finland. 
	SAL is Finlands's representative for the international shooting organizations International Shooting Sport Federation, International Practical Shooting Confederation, World Benchrest Shooting Federation, International Metallic Silhouette Shooting Union, Muzzle Loaders Associations International Committee and the European Shooting Confederation.

= = = General Executive Agency of Court Decision = = =

	General Executive Agency of Court Decision (GEACD, ) is an agency of the government of Mongolia. It serves as that country's prison service.

= = = Frank Morgan (footballer) = = =

	Frank Morgan (6 March 1912 – 22 May 1976) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Genetic improvement (computer science) = = =

	In computer software development, genetic Improvement is the use of optimisation and machine learning techniques,
	particularly search based software engineering techniques such as genetic programming
	to improve existing software.
	The improved program need not behave identically to the original.
	For example, automatic bug fixing improves program code by reducing or eliminating
	buggy behaviour.
	In other cases the improved software should behave identically to the old version
	but is better because,
	for example:
	it runs faster,
	it uses less memory,
	it uses less energy
	or
	it runs on a different type of computer.
	GI differs from,
	for example,
	formal program translation,
	in that it primarily verifies the behaviour of
	the new mutant version by running both the new and the old software on 
	test inputs
	and comparing their output and performance 
	in order to see if the new software can still do what is wanted of the original program and
	is now better.
	Genetic improvement can be used to create multiple versions of programs,
	each tailored to be better for a particular use
	or for a particular computer.
	Genetic improvement can be used with Multi-objective optimization
	to consider improving software along multiple dimensions or
	to consider trade-offs between several objectives,
	such as asking GI to evolve programs which trade speed against
	the quality of answers they give.
	Of course it may be possible to find programs which are
	both faster and give better answers.
	Mostly Genetic Improvement makes typically small changes or edits (also known as mutations) to
	the program's source code but sometimes the mutations are made to
	assembly code,
	byte code
	or binary machine code.

= = = Hugh Carroll = = =

	Hugh Carroll (28 May 1909 – 21 July 1969) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Ken Bracken = = =

	Ken Bracken (24 August 1903 – 25 February 1978) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Alloeocarpa = = =

	Alloeocarpa is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Alloeocarpa" include:
	Species names currently considered to be synonyms:

= = = Jack Patterson (footballer) = = =

	Jack Patterson (28 May 1911 – 27 October 1994) was an Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne and North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Max Millen = = =

	Max Millen (7 July 1909 – 4 September 1973) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Asterocarpa = = =

	Asterocarpa is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Asterocarpa" include:
	Species names currently considered to be synonyms:

= = = Irene Capek = = =

	Irene Capek (28 December 1924 – 19 November 2006) was a Jewish Holocaust survivor, humanitarian and local Australian politician. She was the fourth ever female member of the Caulfield City Council, was the recipient of the Caulfield City Council Citizen of the Year award, and went on to become a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).
	Capek was born Bedriska ‘Ishka’ Lavecka (anglicised to 'Irene') to parents Anna and Emil Lavecka in Prague, Czechoslovakia on December 28, 1924. She lived with her parents until 1931, when her mother died from typhoid and her father, a travelling salesman and recovering World War 1 serviceman, placed her in the care of her grandmother. She was transferred to the care of a Prague orphanage in 1936 following the death of her grandmother, and to a nearby English boarding school soon after.
	The German occupation of Czechoslovakia began with the annexation of the Sudetenland in 1938, and the subsequent establishment of Bohemia and Moravia as German protectorates in March 1939. Capek describes these early years of German occupation as 'gradual, and systematic'. Her persecution developed over the course of a three-year period, beginning with her removal from school, and progressing to her banishment from work and subsequent placement in a Jewish Youth Hostel. The situation changed dramatically with the assassination of German Nazi Officer Reinhard Heydrich in 1942. Heydrich's death saw a marked increase in transportations from Prague to Czechoslovakia's Theresienstadt Concentration Camp. By September 1942, Capek herself was bound for the camp. Capek remembered Theresienstadt 'in mixed terms'. She recalled the horror of finding her father malnourished and emaciated on her arrival there, and watched him die from pleurisy two days later. She recalled the inhumanity she felt in knowing that the old and sick were dying at the camp, and the scenes she witnessed in the early days as a cleaner in the camp's infirmary. By September 1944, she had met and become engaged to marry one of the camp's inhabitants, Igor ‘Sisi’ Eisenberg. Upon learning that he and hundreds of the camp's other men were bound for Auschwitz, Capek and five hundred of the camp's women volunteered to join them. At the time, Capek recalled that the men and women of the camp thought they were being moved to 'assist with the war efforts'. Capek arrived at Auschwitz on 1 October 1944. Upon arrival, the leader of her group was shot and killed as she exited the train. The group were then gathered outside the gates of the camp, where they were separated into two groups by ‘a man in a white coat’. After entering the camp, Capek and her group were shaved, showered and dressed in dog collars and rags. Over the ensuing four weeks, Capek was woken every morning at 5:00 am for roll call and fed red beetroot in water. Amongst the horrors, she recalled witnessing German guards murder two Polish women, and people throwing themselves at the electrical fence. By her own account, she was 'lucky' to have arrived at Auschwitz as late in the war as she did. By 28 October 1944, Capek was being transported again, this time to the Kudowa-Sackisch concentration camp, where she remained for the duration of the war. She stated that the camp was run largely by 'female Gestapo officers', and was required to work as a machinist, grave digger and railway worker during her time there. At the end of the war, on 8 May 1945, Capek was marched by the Gestapo to the border of Czechoslovakia with the remainder of the camp's inhabitants. She was met by the townsfolk of Nachod, who took her and the remainder of the camp into their care as they recovered.
	After the war, Capek returned to Prague and worked for the Red Cross, tending to the sick and dying who had returned from Europe's concentration camps. It was there that she learnt that her fiancé, Sisi, had died of dysentery soon after being transferred from Theresienstadt. It was also there that she re-united with Fred Capek. Fred and his late-wife Greta, who was murdered at Auschwitz, had been Capek's supervisors at the Jewish Youth Hostel she attended in Prague before the war. Within a year, Capek and Fred were married, and expecting their first son, John.
	Three years later, fearing the Stalinisation of Europe, the Capeks fled from Prague to Australia. They arrived in Melbourne aboard the Cyreniaii on 5 April 1949. The years following their arrival were lean. For the first five years, the family lived in a converted garage. Irene worked as a cleaner and waitress, and Fred worked as a gardener and conveyor belt operator. Their fortunes changed when Fred, a mechanical engineer by trade, obtained work at a local engineering company. Employed to clean the company's European machinery, Fred took the liberty of designing machinery for the company in his free time, and eventually impressed his employers with a design for commercially harvesting sea-wood. He was given a job as an engineer, and his wages increased commensurably. In 1953, this allowed Irene, who had just given birth to the couple's second child, Annabelle, to quit her cleaning and waitressing jobs, and focus on her community endeavours.
	With the challenges of settling in a new country fresh in her mind, Capek focused her efforts on migrant services. She began by attending the Port Melbourne docks, migrant hostels and local hospitals to hand out information to new arrivals. Sensing a need for a more concerted effort, she went on to establish the Prahran Migrant Advisory Service, and lobby government through her roles as an Executive Member of the Commonwealth and Victorian Migrant Advisory Councils. Her other appointments in migrant and community services included: United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Australian Auxiliary (Secretary and Treasurer); Good Neighbours Council (United Nations Delegate, and Vice President); Caulfield Community Services (foundation member); Commonwealth Council of the Ageing (Executive Member); United Nations Association of Australia (Executive Member); and Caulfield Citizens Advice Bureau (Member).
	Capek was elected as a councillor to the City of Caulfield in September 1977, making her the fourth woman to achieve this office. Ultimately, she served less than a year on the council, leaving office in June 1978 so that she could resume work with people at a more community level, and attend to family matters.
	Capek's involvement in migrant welfare was recognised on 1 January 1973, when she was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire. Her appointment was formalised on 12 April 1973, when she attended Victoria's Government House to be vested with her insignia.
	Capek was named the Caulfield City Council Citizen of the Year on 22 January 1988, the year of Australia's bicentenary celebrations.

= = = Bill Lewis (footballer, born 1909) = = =

	Bill Lewis (3 September 1909 – 3 August 1949) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Results of the Victorian state election, 1973 (Legislative Council) = = =

	This is a list of Legislative Council results for the Victorian 1973 state election. 18 of the 36 seats were contested.
! colspan="6" style="text-align:left;" |After distribution of preferences
! colspan="6" style="text-align:left;" |After distribution of preferences

= = = Aksyon Dabaw = = =

	Aksyon Dabaw is a regional newscast of TV5 in Davao City, which premiered on May 5, 2014. It is the second "Aksyon" regional edition opposite "Aksyon Bisaya", the flagship regional newscast of TV5 Cebu Channel-21. It airs every Monday to Friday at 3:45 pm over TV5 Davao Channel-2 and AksyonTV-29 Davao. It is anchored by Mikey Aportadera and Gem Avancena-Arenas. The newscast is simulcast on radio through Radyo 5 101.9 News FM Davao.
	On September 8, 2016, Aksyon Dabaw (after 2 years) as Aksyon Alerto Davao and Cebu's Aksyon Bisaya were cancelled due to cost-cutting measures by the network to sustain its day-by-day operations. Although the newscast was ended, the reporters and cameramen were remain employed and they will continue to give reports for Aksyon newscast seen nationally on TV5.

= = = Bill Purcell (footballer) = = =

	Bill Purcell (16 March 1905 – 11 July 1986) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Patsoi = = =

	Patsoi is a tehsil (sub-district) in the Imphal West District of Manipur. The census code of Patsoi block is 01880. There are about 25 villages in Patsoi block, including the Patsoi village.
	The polling stations in Patsoi legislative constituency include:
	The MLAs include:

= = = Les Brennan (Australian rules footballer) = = =

	Les Brennan (2 October 1910 – 29 July 1992) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = George Peters (footballer) = = =

	George Peters (16 June 1912 – 21 September 1988) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Harold Hooke = = =

	Harold Hooke (9 May 1911 – 23 December 1978) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Dave Holliday = = =

	Dave Holliday (11 February 1904 – 15 December 1995) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = 2016 Orlando City SC season = = =

	The 2016 Orlando City SC season was the club's sixth season of existence in Orlando, and second season in Major League Soccer, the top-flight league in the United States soccer league system.
	On July 15, 2015, Orlando City opened an additional 4,000 seats for sale to potential season ticket holders, bringing the total available season tickets to 18,000. The extra allotment sold out on August 18, 2015. Season tickets are again sold out for the 2016 season.
	On October 15, 2015, Orlando City announced that they would field an owned-and-operated team in the United Soccer League, Orlando City B. The team will begin play in the 2016 season at Eastern Florida State College's Melbourne campus.
	On January 13, 2016, Orlando City announced that they would play the entire 2016 season at Camping World Stadium. They had hoped to move into their new soccer-specific stadium in September, but construction delays made that impossible. The team will instead move in 2017. [Attendance figures due to the squad playing in Camping World Stadium, which seats 65,000 (40,000 in the lower bowl). The Seattle Sounders share CenturyLink Field with the NFL's Seahawks.]
	Orlando City SC first team squad 
	CS*: Clean Sheets (no goals allowed)
<nowiki>#</nowiki> denotes players who were retained from the USL Pro side.
<nowiki>†</nowiki> denotes player who made appearances but left the club before the end of the season.
	Draft picks are not automatically signed to the team roster. The 2016 draft was held on January 14, 2016. Orlando had four selections.
	It was announced on December 22, 2015, that, just like the 2015 season, Orlando City would open the campaign at home, this year against Real Salt Lake. The remainder of the schedule was released on January 7, 2016.
	On May 21, 2016, Orlando City was drawn to face the winner of the third round match between Jacksonville Armada FC, and the winner of the second round match between The Villages SC and Charleston Battery. Although The Villages SC won the match on penalty shootout, they were subsequently disqualified for fielding an ineligible player. Jacksonville Armada ultimately won the third round matchup, setting up a match in Jacksonville against Orlando City, a rematch of their preseason match.
	On April 26, 2016, Florida Citrus Sports announced that they had sold naming rights for the stadium to Camping World. Camping World would also be the presenting sponsor of the stadium's college football kickoff series for at least its first four years, through 2019.
	Adrian Heath was sacked by Orlando City on July 7, 2016, following a 4–0 defeat against FC Dallas. Bobby Murphy was the interim head coach until the hiring of former NYCFC manager Jason Kreis on July 19.
	On October 2, the Lions were mathematically eliminated from the playoffs with a 1–0 loss at Montreal.
	The season ended on October 23, in the final game at Camping World Stadium, with a 4–2 win against D.C. United.
	Any matches that are not featured in the MLS national television package on either ESPN2, Fox Sports 1 or UniMás will air locally on WRDQ 27. Jeff Radcliffe will call play-by-play, with Lewis Neal providing color commentary. They will also air pregame and postgame shows for each match, and a weekly highlight show. They are working on affiliate agreements to air matches out-of-market.
	On the radio, matches will air on WTKS-FM "Real Radio 104.1" in English, with Tom Traxler and Adam Schick providing the call. When City is on a nationally televised match, Jeff Radcliffe will call the match on WTKS with Tom Traxler. Matches will also air on WONQ "La Grande 1030" in Spanish. The Spanish play-by-play announcer is Israel Herredia, with color commentary by Sergio Ruiz. The Spanish radio feed will be used as the SAP Spanish feed on Fox Sports Florida and Sun Sports.
	Orlando City will black out matches not on the MLS national television package on MLS Live this season. Local fans will be unable to watch locally televised matches via live stream during the matches, though they will become available immediately upon completion.

= = = Les Jones (footballer, born 1907) = = =

	Les Jones (17 February 1907 – 20 November 1982) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

= = = Wasserverband Westdeutsche Kanäle = = =

	The Wasserverband Westdeutsche Kanäle (WWK) is a German statutory body for the adjustment of the Lippe water level and service water supply from the West German shipping canals and artificial watercourses in connection with the rivers Rhine, Lippe and Ruhr.
	Responsibilities and tasks of the WWK (= water board West German canals) are defined in the related statutes, enacted December 3, 1969, based on a treaty between the German Federal Ministry for Transport and the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and an executive order of the Environment Ministry of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany).
	The WWK is a public German water board (“Wasserverband”) located in Essen (North Rhine-Westphalia/Germany) and responsible for the adjustment of the river Lippe water level and service water supply from the West German shipping canals and artificial watercourses in connection with the rivers Rhine, Lippe and Ruhr. The responsibilities are solely covering the water supply sector and not the operation of the shipping canals that are under direction of the Federal Waterways Authority (Bundeswasserstraßenverwaltung). The catchment area of the WWK comprises the Rhine-Herne Canal, the Wesel-Datteln Canal, the Datteln-Hamm Canal and the Dortmund-Ems Canal.
	The main tasks are
	Though being a statutory body the WWK has no sovereign power but depends on permissions of governmental institutions. For the amount of water tapped by local clients individual permissions from the responsible municipal or District Council departments are obligatory. Regulating authorities are the District Council of Düsseldorf and the Environment Ministry of North Rhine-Westphalia.
	Moreover, the distributed volume of water depends on pump capacities and demands of the shipway trafficability. As the canals are designed for navigation all other interests are second-rank.
	Members of the WWK decide about the guidelines of the association, the business plan and fees, elect the chairman (“Verbandsvorsteher”) and chief operating officer (“Geschäftsführer”). The number of votes depends on the quantity to be received
	The control and supervision is carried out from a centralized telecontrol station in Datteln
	The West German shipping canals serve the mass transportation in the Ruhr region between the rivers Rhine and Ems direction North Sea and via the Mittelland Canal to the Weser, Elbe, Oder and Vistula.
	This canal network shows the highest traffic density in Europe. The canals are state-owned by the Federal Waterways Authority (Bundeswasserstraßenverwaltung”).
	The construction of artificial shipping canals was necessary in the industrialisation period of the Ruhr due to lacking transportation routes via capable, navigable rivers. The oldest part, the Dortmund-Ems Canal, is connecting the eastern Ruhr since 1898 with the North Sea. In 1914 the connection to the Rhine followed via the Rhine-Herne Canal and the Datteln-Hamm Canal was opened, too. In 1930 the Wesel-Datteln Canal was finished. All these connected waterways need to bridge altitude differences between the starting point, the connected harbours and the arrival point. For these purposes there are today e.g at the Rhine-Herne Canal 5 sluices and at the Wesel-Datteln Canal 6 sluices; at the Henrichenburg boat lift two ancient and two actually utilized sluices facilitate the bypassing of the altitude difference within the Dortmund-Ems-Kanal to Dortmund harbour. 
	To feed the planned canal system with water already in 1905 before the construction of the Datteln-Hamm Canal the decision was passed by the Prussian State to use 10 m³/second water from the river Lippe – the only relevant river in the area – for the compensation of evaporation, infiltration and loss of water from the sluices). That was leading from 1914 on to severe water management problems in the river Lippe where in dry summers only 4 m³/second water was left downstream. From 1926 on the newly established water board Lippeverband negotiated with the competent authorities and finally the governmental waterway administration (“Reichswasserstraßenverwaltung”) confirmed to reduce the water abstraction to 7,5 m³/second from 1938 on. 
	The industrial development of the coal and steel industry and especially the coal-fired power stations after World War II meant a growing demand of service water (from the canals and the river Lippe) and a growing discharge of too warm and/or unsatisfactory treated waste water into the river Lippe. 
	Negotiations of the Lippeverband with the government of North Rhine Westphalia and with the Federal Waterways Authority (Bundeswasserstraßenverwaltung) were finally from 1968 on leading to new regulations: The ’’Wasserverband Westdeutsche Kanäle’’ WWK was established, consisting of representatives of the Lippeverband and the water users, accompanied by the Federal Waterways Authority and the Environment Ministry of North Rhine Westphalia
. Moreover, the permission for maximum discharge of the Lippe into the West German canal system was increased to 10 m³/second again but now with the additional limitation to guarantee a minimum discharge of 10 m³/second in the Lippe, too, otherwise the water abstraction for the canals had to be limited. This regulation was possible because of already constructed pumps at the sluices that started compensating partly the loss of water from locking.
	In the years 1973-1978 a series of new pumping stations was established that could serve the canals “upstream” from the rivers Rhine and Ruhr and discharge “downstream” in case the Lippe has enough water to supply with. Parallel pumping systems had been developed along the Rhine-Herne Canal and the Wesel-Datteln Canal/ Datteln-Hamm Canal, all controlled and supervised from a centralized telecontrol station.
	Today the Lippe and the West German canal system still play a decisive role regarding the supply of industry and businesses with service water, even though the water demand in total is declining. Circular economy, energy efficiency in all kind of businesses and the reduced water demand due to the changing energy policy (reduction of thermal power stations) unburden the river. Moreover, the discharge of warmed water back to the river has been regulated by public law. Improved municipal waste water treatment and the decline of coal mining have had positive impact on the water management, too.
	The water demand for shipping nevertheless is important in the West German canal system. To compensate the loss of water from evaporation, infiltration and locking in the sluices annually 500 Mio. m³ of water have to be injected. To reduce especially in dry weather periods the demand of water that gets lost from the sluices it is locally pumped up again. The total water demand from the canal system of up to 800 Mio. m³/year is mainly covered by supply from the Lippe and Ruhr.
	The permission to withdraw up to 25 m³/second from the Lippe still today is limited to a remaining discharge in the Lippe of 10 m³/second. If the water level in the river falls below that flow rate the Lippe receives up to 4,5 m³/second out of the canal system for low water replenishment. For example in the 12 months period from November 2014 to October 2015 the Lippe discharged on 257 days water into the Datteln-Hamm Canal and on 102 days canal water was pumped into the Lippe.
	The Stever is a tributary of the Lippe which is fed by water out of the Dortmund-Ems Canal and has a huge meaning for drinking water supply for the northern Ruhr region. To balance the whole system the Stever – after being fed out of the canal in Senden – is backed-up in two water reservoirs (Talsperre Hullern and Halterner Stausee) of 32 Mio. m³ capacity. Two-thirds of the Stever flow is discharged downstream; one-third is used by the drinking water supplier Gelsenwasser AG for drinking water processing via soil infiltration from groundwater wells (of all together approximately 129 Mio. m³/year). Additionally the municipal utilities Stadtwerke Münster use water from the Dortmund-Ems Canal to supply the groundwater wells for drinking water processing. In total, via several water works annually 250 Mio. m³ of water are transported in pipework from the Ruhr to the area at the canals. 
	The regionally diversified origin and processing of drinking water – pumped water from Rhine and Ruhr, various groundwater wells, replenishment with infiltrated canal water – guarantees constantly the regional supply with water of highest quality in Ruhr and Münsterland region. Hereby it is also possible in case of calamities (like exceeding threshold values at certain groundwater wells) to substitute the water supply from other sources (like the infiltration of canal water).
	Along the canals industry and businesses consume about 60 Mio. m³ annually for cooling, production, irrigation and the afore mentioned processing of ground water wells. Frequent measurements of state-approved inspection authorities show results and values close to drinking water quality in the canals.
	The network of the canals in the densely populated Ruhr region and the high water quality is (since 1989 the Internationale Bauausstellung Emscher Park took place) frequently topic in scientific, public and political debates about the utilisation of attractive urban water fronts, also in context with climate change aspects.
	Members of the WWK are according to the status 31.12.2014:
	Customers with lower water demand may draw insignificant amounts without becoming a formal member. In cases of water shortage they have to renounce the supply for the benefit of the regular members. The need of service water varies very much – for example annually for a public pool 500 m³/year up to 15 Mio. m³/year for a thermal power station. All together the withdrawal is on the average 60 Mio. m³/year (with downward drift). The technically possible maximum of 400 Mio. m³/year has never been used. The discharge of canal water via the Stever into Halterner Stausee and Talsperre Hullern depends on the annual rainfall, for example the discharge in 1976 was 11.5 Mio. m³ but in “wet years” nothing is discharged.
	The withdrawal of service water that is used and has to be treated separately and discharged as waste water is invoiced with 0,0353 €/m³ (waste water is invoiced separately by the operator of the wastewater treatment facility). For water that has been removed, warmed-up and discharged again into the canal the invoice value is 3.3% of that amount. The fees cover the costs that appear from operation and maintenance of the pumping stations and other costs related to the water services.

= = = Dogs (1976 film) = = =

	Dogs is a 1976 American natural horror film directed by Burt Brinckerhoff about a pack of dogs that go on a killing spree.
	Harlan Thompson (David McCallum) is the head of the biology department at Southwestern University, which seems to be a small school located in an isolated southern California town. Though he dresses casually and socializes with the students, he is frequently at odds with his fellow professors and the administrators, viewing them as shallow, elitist snobs who are more interested in status than education. However, he takes a semi-liking to a young and newly hired biology professor, Michael Fitzgerald (George Wyner), and tries to stop him from being sucked into the system. The only other SU employee who Harlan seems to have any use for is his ex-girlfriend Caroline Donaghue (Sandra McCabe). The two have recently broken up, but remain on good terms and have not closed the door on the possibility of reconciliation.
	Recently, several cows belonging to local rancher Larry Ludecky (Larry Gene Darnell) have been found dead. Harlan suspects that they have been killed by coyotes, but rules that out upon examining the cows. Larry says that he is going to wait with a rifle and shoot the animals who have been killing his cows if they return. Disregarding a warning from Harlan, Larry goes ahead with his plan, and is killed by a pack of dogs. Shortly afterward, dogs also kill a SU student and an elderly lady who walks outside to investigate the ruckus.
	Harlan and Michael discuss the evidence and conclude that the killings were committed by dogs, who have formed packs via Michael's theory that pheromones cause animals of a particular species to unite and act as one. It is possible that the pheromones are coming from a top secret government experiment being conducted at a linear accelerator near the school. Harlan and Michael share their conclusion with the SU president, Dr. Martin Koppelman (Sterling Swanson), and ask him to warn people to keep their dogs home at night. Koppelman, believing that Harlan and Michael are wrong, declines their request. Harlan says he will give them warning himself, and Koppelman threatens him with firing if he does.
	However, at the same time, a local kindergarten class is having a dog show, at which the dogs pack and attack the people. While no one is seriously injured, the town now becomes aware of the dog packs. Several men form a posse to hunt the dogs. Sheriff Jimmy Goodman (Eric Server) discourages them, but they insist, and he ends up joining them.
	Harlan and Michael attempt to perform a pheromone experiment on a dog inside a plastic encasement. If it works, they plan to have a stronger pheromone sprayed into the area to stop the packs. But as they are about to start the experiment, the dog breaks through the plastic amid a nearby pack. Meanwhile, the posse is attacked by a pack, killing everyone but Jimmy, who flees the scene. But before he gets to his car, he is attacked also, dropping his gun. After suffering severe injuries, he stops the attack by picking up his gun and shooting the dog, but collapses and dies upon reaching his car.
	Harlan and Michael arrive at the police station and find a man dead. They call Jimmy on the radio. Getting no response, they each grab a rifle and leave. As they pass Koppelman's house, they see him being attacked by a dog. Seeing Harlan and Michael, Koppelman asks them to shoot the dog. Michael shoots, but accidentally shoots and kills Koppelman. Harlan then shoots and kills the dog. Michael is traumatized upon realizing that he killed Koppelman, but Harlan calms Michael down. The two then find Mrs. Koppelman (Holly Harris) dead in the swimming pool.
	Michael says that he will warn the students and tells Harlan to check on Caroline, and that Harlan and Michael will later meet at the dorm. Harlan tells Michael to take Koppelman's car, which he does.
	Meanwhile, SU professor Dr. Charles Aintry (Dean Santoro), brings fellow professor Charlotte Ingle (Linda Gray) home from a date. He asks to go inside, but she declines, and he expresses suspicion that she does not want to see him anymore. She implies that she is not romantically interested in him and goes inside, while he leaves, feeling dejected. Then, while taking a shower, she is killed by a dog.
	Harlan arrives at Caroline's house and tells her that they need to evacuate. A few seconds later, as the howling of dogs is heard in the far distance, her dog begins trembling.
	Back at SU, Michael gathers the students in the lobby of the dorm. He tells them about the dog attacks, that he will walk them over to the library in five minutes, and that the campus will be evacuated in the morning. The students do not take Michael seriously, but grudgingly agree to his orders. One of the students named Cory tells Michael that Cory's roommate, the overweight Howard Kaplan (Barry Greenberg), was hungry and went to the cafeteria. There, Howard finds milk and rolls, but is quickly confronted by two barking dogs. Michael arrives and tells the panicked Howard to throw the food to the dogs, which he does. One of the dogs goes after the food and Michael attempts to shoot the other. He turns out to be out of bullets, but he disables the dog by striking it with the rifle. He and Howard leave and head for the dorm.
	Back at the dorm, the students, having concluded that Michael has forgotten about them, walk to the library themselves.
	Back at Caroline's house, as Caroline goes to get dressed, she screams. A dog walks into the living room, and is quickly shot and killed by Harlan. However, several more dogs enter within a few seconds. Harlan and Caroline, holding her dog, exit the house.
	Michael and Howard arrive back at the dorm, finding it abandoned. Meanwhile, the other students are attacked by a pack of dogs and barely escape into the library.
	In Caroline's garage, Harlan and Caroline board the door into the house. As they get into Caroline's car to leave, along with her dog, Caroline realizes that she left the keys in the house. Harlan tries to hotwire the car, but before he succeeds, the sound of the dogs stop. Harlan and Caroline go to the door from the garage to the house, but Harlan then decides that they should not go in. A few seconds later, a dog starts to enter through a doggy door. Harlan boards it, but then dogs try to enter through another doggy door. One of the dogs grabs Harlan by the leg and starts to pull on him, but he is rescued by Caroline and the two take refuge in the car. One of the dogs then tears through the wall and the pack enters.
	Back at SU, Michael and Howard are close to the library when they find two more dead people. Howard panics and runs toward the library. Michael warns him to watch out. Seeing a pack coming at him, Howard desperately begs the students to let him in. However, a large dog jumps on him, knocking him through the glass door, and allowing the pack to enter. They presumably kill all the students. After the dogs leave, Michael finds the dead students in and near the library and looks resigned.
	The next morning, amid silence, Harlan unboards the door into the house, believing that the dogs are gone. He tells Caroline to pack some things, but upon entering the house, she sees that the dogs are still there. Harlan and Caroline, holding her dog, run to Harlan's car, which is parked outside. Chased by the dogs, they barely get away in time. On their way out of town, they notice an abandoned police car off of the road and two dead people lying nearby in the grass, one of whom is Michael. As they drive away, apparently the only two survivors in the town, they listen to a news report on the radio about similar dog attacks in other communities. As the announcer says that dogs are the only animal known to be involved in the attacks, a cat watches them drive off from the side of the road and meows threateningly.
	Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film zero stars out of four, noting that every dog attack scene was "photographed the same way" and writing that "we are supposed to believe that our own little pets can become unhinged killers when they smell something. I didn't buy it." Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" called it "the latest exploitation picture in which beasts turn upon men. Along with the obligatory grisly special effects this efficiently made little film generates a fair amount of tension and is reasonably diverting. It's one of the better efforts in the genre."
	"Dogs" was released on VHS in 1988 under the alternate title "Slaughter". Probably because Linda Gray was then well known for her starring role on the TV series "Dallas", she is misleadingly given second billing on the box behind only David McCallum. Gray actually has only about five minutes of screen time in the film.
	In 2006, "Dogs" was released on DVD by Scorpion Releasing under its original title, with Gray this time receiving third billing on the box, behind McCallum and George Wyner. The DVD also includes a newly filmed 19-minute documentary on the film, including interviews with director Burt Brinckerhoff and actors George Wyner and Eric Server. Also included are the theatrical trailer and a TV spot.
	The film was released on Blu-ray in 2014 by the same company and with the same bonus materials as the 2006 DVD release.

= = = David M. Davis = = =

	David Montague Davis (c.1853 – 30 November 1932), was a British choirmaster and music teacher.
	David Montague Davis was born in London in c. 1853, and privately educated there.
	Davis started as choirmaster of the East London Synagogue in 1877, and the following year he was appointed musical director, choirmaster and organist of the New West End Synagogue, a year before it opened its doors in 1879, and remained its choirmaster for 51 years.
	He edited "The Voice of Prayer and Praise" (1899), together with Rabbi Francis L. Cohen, known as the "Blue Book", as that was the colour of its original cover.
	Davis founded the Hebrew Choral Association, and in 1900, was appointed director of the Gunnersbury School of Music, and in 1906 he became conductor of the Chiswick and Gunnersbury Philharmonic Society.

= = = Arnbackia = = =

	Arnbackia is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Arnbackia" include:

= = = Bathyoncus = = =

	Bathyoncus is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Bathyoncus" include:
	Species names currently considered to be synonyms:

= = = Jenn Vix = = =

	Jenn Vix is an American solo electronic-rock recording artist, songwriter, producer, and recording engineer, who has ventured into other genres including alternative rock, trip hop, darkwave, modern new wave and electro-industrial.
	Born in Providence, Rhode Island, she spent her teen years in New York City.
	In 1984, Vix performed in Disco Donut, a one-off band, singing back-up, along with singer/songwriter Nicole Willis from Nicole Willis & The Soul Investigators, Adam Horovitz of The Beastie Boys on bass, musician Phil Painson on drums and investigative journalist David Strahan on guitar.
	Vix's first solo release was "Jenn Vix", a self-titled album of 8 tracks on her own label, Umbrella, which was officially released in January 1995, through a New York–based distributor. Later it was sold on CDBaby, one of the first artists on that site. Rolling Stone gave the album 3.5 stars, saying "Vix sounds perpetually enraptured. And the Rhode Island multi-instrumentalist has reason to be. Her music--clear, simple melodies awash in echo--is all dreaminess and shuddering, and from inside its swirl, her voice wafts up lightly. Catchy but ."
	The February 1995 CMJ New Music Monthly included Vix's song "Devils Chasing Angels," saying: "Vix played virtually all the instruments on her self-titled debut album (Umbrella). 'Devils Chasing Angels' is an airy, dreamy pop song, with wisps of synthesizers coiled around tendrils of Vix's trademark watery bass sound."
	Vix's second release was "Hope Springs Nocturnal", officially released in October 1998 (rather than 2000 as listed on AllMusic). It is a longer release of 18 tracks.
	Vix's third release was titled "3" and it has 10 tracks including "Doll Heart" and "Broken Angels Singing." It was released on Nov 1, 2003.
	Vix's eleventh release was a five-track EP titled "Strange Buildings." It features two collaboration tracks, "The Woman with No Fear" and "Weirdo", with the original guitarist of The Psychedelic Furs, John Ashton. It was released on Bandcamp on November 16, 2015, and then officially released on November 17, 2015. Popdose said of "Strange Buildings": "Vix’s voice is a wonderful instrument on its own; warm and embracing...she’s onto something truly special."
	Vix's EP Unlocked, released in 2017 received a 5 Star rating on music-news.com. The 5 track album was celebrated for "serving up a brimming bowl of postmodern broth for your delectation." The song "unlocked" features John Ashton, original guitarist of The Psychedelic Furs. The album was co-produced by Danny Chavis of shoegaze pioneers The Veldt. The album also features the single "Complicated Man."
	In 2010, Vix released a single track titled "Vampires", first exclusively at CDBaby, then in wide release.
	On January 24, 2012, Vix released a fourth single track, titled "In the House of Dark Shadows". It is a collaboration with Reeves Gabrels, former guitarist for David Bowie and Tin Machine, and current guitarist of The Cure.
	In 2012, Vix released a single track titled “Sick” on March 14. A year later she released a sixth single titled "Speed Of Light", her second collaboration with Reeves Gabrels. The release date was April 22, 2013.
	Her seventh release was a single track collaboration with Andy Anderson, former drummer of The Cure, Iggy Pop and Hawkwind, and guitarist Mark Montalto. The track title is "Eyes Roll Back"; Popdose praised the song saying Vix's "voice is striking; warm, enveloping and emotional." The official release date was June 29, 2015, and it was pre-released on Bandcamp on March 13. It blends post-punk guitars and drums with light and sensual synthesizers.
	Her eighth release was a double single, titled "F*ck, Rinse, Repeat" and "Burn." Both tracks are a collaboration with Dirk Ivens, Belgian electro-industrial pioneer from the bands Absolute Body Control, Dive, and The Klinik. Vix‘s ninth release was a single track titled "I Don't Trust You". This is yet another collaboration with the former drummer of The Cure, Andy Anderson. Pre-released on Bandcamp on June 17, 2015, then officially released on June 29, 2015, "I Don't Trust You" opts for a dark synthpop meets trip-hop approach "which frame Vix's Annie Lennox style vocals very nicely. It is a much more complex, intriguing and engaging track that more appropriately shows off the depth of Vix's songwriting skills." The tenth release was a single track, titled "Hands On My Heart (Waiting)." It was released on August 29, 2015 on Bandcamp.
	Vix has also contributed vocals and music tracks for Bob Robertson's singing skeleton group, Sindy Skinless and the Decomposers, featured on YouTube.
	In January 2016, Jenn Vix performed the tracks "Strange Buildings", "Unlocked" and "The Woman With No Fear" live for WBRU's Home BRU'd; the radio station said "knows how to create an atmosphere," offering "beautiful lyrics" with "the Massive Attack influence...evident in the echoing drums." She was accompanied by Paul LF and John Ashton.
	She was on the cover of Boston, MA, Noise magazine, and was the feature story; feature 291, April 22, 2009.
	The video for "Vampires" was animated by cartoonist and writer, Scott Bateman.
	In September 2014, Vix collaborated on a single track with guitarist Marco Pirroni, formerly of Adam and the Ants, Rema Rema and The Models. The track is a cover version of Shirley Collins' "Turpin Hero" and it is featured on the digital download of the compilation album "Shirley Inspired", official UK releases date 8 June 2015.
	She has also contributed three tracks to the PBS (New England) series "Hit and Run History", featuring Andrew Giles Buckley.
	Vix also recorded vocals on tracks by Rodney Linderman, known as Rodney Anonymous, of the band The Dead Milkmen in 2014.
	Shy Child sampled Vix on their 2010 album, Liquid Love; The Guardian said the "Jenn Vix narrative ('I used to be in bands...') recalls how the Orb used a Rickie Lee Jones conversation in Little Fluffy Clouds."
	Albums
	Singles
	Collaboration

= = = Bathystyeloides = = =

	Bathystyeloides is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Bathystyeloides" include:
	Species names currently considered to be synonyms:

= = = Juho Tolppola = = =

	Juho Tolppola (born 5 October 1981) is a Finnish professional boxer who has challenged twice for the European super-lightweight title in 2008. As an amateur he is a three-time Finnish national champion and a bronze medallist at the 2000 European Championships. From 2015 to 2017, Tolppola served a two-year ban from boxing due to doping.
	In his amateur career, Tolppola scored 135 wins in 175 fights, including four consecutive medals at the Finnish national amateur championships: gold in 1998 (light-flyweight), 2000 (flyweight) and 2001 (bantamweight), and silver in 1999 (bantamweight). At the 2000 European Championships, he won a bronze medal in the flyweight division.
	Tolppola made his professional debut on 10 December 2001, winning a four-round points decision over Anton Vontszemu. His first opportunity at a regional championship came on 26 November 2004 against Michele Orlando for the vacant IBF International welterweight title. Fighting outside of Finland for the first time as a professional, Tolppola lost a narrow twelve-round split decision in Orlando's native Italy. Two months later, on 28 January 2005, Tolppola went on the road again, losing a ten-round points decision to David Barnes in Scotland.
	Between 2007 and 2009, Tolppola challenged for both the European and European Union super-lightweight titles twice each, but lost all of these bouts. In his fourth attempt, against Giuseppe Lauri on 30 May 2009, the fight ended in a highly controversial manner when Tolppola was first disqualified after ten rounds due to repeated fouls, after which his father stormed the ring and punched the referee.
	After taking a five-year break from the sport, Tolppola returned to the ring on 9 May 2014. He would score three consecutive wins by unanimous decision before challenging unbeaten Matias Laitinen for the vacant Finnish welterweight title on 23 May 2015. Tolppola won a wide ten-round unanimous decision, but in September the result was changed to a no contest after he failed a drugs test for the use of hydrochlorothiazide (a diuretic to aid weight loss). The Finnish Professional Boxing Association subsequently handed Tolppola a two-year ban from boxing, effective from the Laitinen fight.
	In April 2016, Tolppola announced his intention to appeal the decision, maintaining his innocence and calling into question the Association's testing procedures. This appeal was rejected by a court in June of that year, who determined that there were no sufficient grounds for lifting his ban. Boxing promoter Joona Jalkanen announced in October that Tolppola would return to the ring immediately after his ban was lifted, on 13 May 2017, and would be looking to challenge for a European title at some stage, but the fight did not take place.

= = = South African Practical Shooting Association = = =

	The South African Practical Shooting Association (SAPSA) is the South African association for practical shooting under the International Practical Shooting Confederation.

= = = Sieberstollen = = =

	The Sieberstollen is an adit (German: "Wasserlösungsstollen") for water drainage in Sankt Andreasberg, in the Harz mountains. It was created during mining in the Upper Harz and named after the river Sieber into which it discharges its water. The opening position is in the Sieber Valley.
	The first 11.7 km of the 13.1 km adit forms part of the Upper Harz Water Regale and has been declared UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2010.
	In the beginning of the 18th century the 25 mines in Sankt Andreasberg had their highest output and the deepest drainage adit Grünhirscher Stollen had reached its limit.
	In 1716 the construction of the Sieberstollen had begun at the base of the Sieberberg mountain. The adit was driven through from two ends with hammer and pick only supported by four lightholes. When the first phase of construction had finished the adit had an overall length of 3530 m.
	In the following years the adit was expanded and connected to other mines. In 1804 it was connected to the Wennsglückt pit.
	To raise the water from adits beneath the level of the Sieberstollen flatrot systems driven by water wheels up to 12 m were used. Two of them were in the Samson Pit beneath the Sieberstollen.
	In 1910 mining activities in Sankt Andreasberg were stopped. All constructions beneath the Sieberstollen were flooded.
	Two years later a hydroelectric power station was installed 190 m beneath ground in the Samson Pit. It is one of two underground power stations in that pit which generate electricity from the waters of the Oderteich. The Sieberstollen is discharging its water into the Sieber.
	Until now the Sieberstollen is the deepest draining adit in Sankt Andreasberg.

= = = Surajpole (Udaipur) = = =

	Surajpole is a locality in the Udaipur city of Rajasthan state. This is one of the largest and most populated market in the city.
	Udaipur was one time surrounded by the City Wall of Udaipur, called in Hindi "Parkota". "Surajpole Darvaja" or Surajpole is one entry gate among seven, the others being Hathipole, Udiapole, Chandpole, DelhiGate, and so on.
	It is situated in the heart of the city, just 0.5 km away from the Udaipur City Bus Depot and 1km from Udaipur City railway station. Surajpole junction is approached from Delhi Gate and connects with Udiapole Circle, which is around 530 m away. It is a center point for many adjoining markets, namely Bapu Bazar, Dhaan Mandi, Kalaji Goraji, Gulab Bagh,Ziniret ka Chowk etc. This area has a mixed land use, having elements of residential, commercial and institutional use. 
	Bapu Bazar is a popular market for shopping, with showrooms for things like clothing, crockery, gadgets, shoes school uniforms and khadi products, while also offering local vendor shops for Indian fast food, like kachori, samosa, pani-puri etc. Dhaan Mandi is popular for raw and processed Indian spices. Kalaji Goraji is considered a peaceful residential area.

= = = Show Folks = = =

	Show Folks is a 1928 American silent film directed by Paul L. Stein and starring Eddie Quillan, Lina Basquette and Carole Lombard.
	This film survives at Archives du Film du CNC (Bois d'Arcy, France), Library of Congress and UCLA Film & Television Archives.

= = = Elizabeth Varley = = =

	Elizabeth Varley (26 September 1909 – 6 May 2002), born Elizabeth Susan Douglas-Scott-Montagu, was the daughter of John Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu. She pursued careers in the entertainment industry, literature, and advertising.
	She was born at Beaulieu Abbey, Hampshire, on 26 September 1909, the second daughter of the 2nd Lord Montagu by his first wife Lady Cecil Kerr. She was a direct descendant of Charles II and Lucy Walter, via their son, the Duke of Monmouth. Her mother died in the 1918 flu pandemic. Varley attended St Margaret's School, Bushey, and attended a finishing school at Lausanne, but was not interested in society life and chose instead to train as an actress at the RADA from 1932.
	She began an acting career at the Newcastle Repertory Company and appeared in a number of stage productions in the West End and on BBC Radio dramas. She was personal assistant to Arturo Toscanini while he was in London to conduct at the BBC's London Music Festivals in 1937–38. She helped Walter Legge found the Philharmonia Orchestra. After the war, she worked on film scripts for film directors, such as Alexander Korda.
	In 1948 she met Graham Greene in Vienna. She showed him (and later Orson Welles) some of its less reputable night-clubs while he worked on the script for "The Third Man". She introduced Greene to Peter Smolka, the eastern European correspondent for "The Times". Smolka gave Greene stories about the black market in Vienna.
	She was a committee member of Benjamin Britten's English Opera Group and she wrote the libretti for Rolf Liebermann and Paul Burkhard.
	She travelled extensively throughout Europe in 1935–39, and also studied at a piano school in Switzerland. When asked about her racial background while applying for a visa at the German consulate in St. Gallen, she angrily swept items – including a portrait of Hitler – from the desktop onto the floor. Her passport was confiscated.
	She was sent to France at the start of the Second World War as an ambulance driver. After her unit retreated to Bordeaux, she refused to leave and hid at a friend's home for several months. On a train to Switzerland she noticed she was under surveillance, so she asked two hat salesmen for help at the next station. She escaped while hidden under the boxes in their car.
	While working at the Political Intelligence Department at the British Embassy in Berne, she translated material from within Germany, including information on what was happening at Treblinka extermination camp.
	In the 1960s she co-founded Francis-Montagu, a company that produced television advertising Its clients included Ryvita and Black Magic chocolates.
	Her times in theatrical digs had created strong socialist leanings. She became involved in the women's committee of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.
	Having been the lover of the classical pianist Renata Borgatti (1894–1964), she became the fourth wife on 29 August 1962 of Colonel Arthur Noel Claude Varley CBE (mil) (1902–1985), founder of the advertising agency Colman, Prentis and Varley. There were no children of the marriage.
	She wrote an autobiography, "Honourable Rebel: The Memoirs of Elizabeth Montagu (later Elizabeth Varley)" (Beaulieu: Montagu Ventures, 2003), . A film of her life, "Honourable Rebel", appeared in 2015.

= = = List of colonial Residents of Dutch Timor = = =

	This is a list of colonial Residents of Dutch Timor from the mid-seventeenth century to decolonization in 1949. Colonial rivalry on Timor between the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Portuguese began in 1613, conditioned by the desire to control the sandalwood trade in the region. The Dutch were permanently established on the island Solor, to the north of Timor, from 1646. In 1653 they founded a fortress in Kupang in West Timor, Fort Concordia, and made it their main regional base in 1657. The fortress was headed by a colonial Resident who, during the VOC era, carried the name "opperhoofd". The territory controlled by the VOC on Timor was originally restricted to the vicinity of Kupang, the so-called "sespalen gebied". After 1749 large parts of West Timor fell under Dutch suzerainty, although attempts to subjugate areas in East Timor were thwarted by 1761. The VOC was dissolved in 1799 and replaced by a new colonial organization under the Batavian Republic. Fort Concordia capitulated to the British in January 1812 and stood under British rule until 1816 when it was returned to the new Kingdom of the Netherlands. Agreements with the Portuguese in 1851 and 1859 established the borders between Dutch and Portuguese Timor. In the late colonial period the Residency of Timor and Dependencies ("Timor en Onderhoorigheden") consisted of West Timor, Roti, Savu, Sumbawa, Flores, the Solor Islands, and the Alor Islands. The Dutch administration was ousted through the Japanese attack in 1942. The Dutch, assisted by a force from Australia returned in the fall of 1945. During the Indonesian Revolution in 1945-49 there was widespread republican and anti-colonial agitation, but no physical fighting. The last Dutch Resident A. Verhoef handed over his powers to a new Indonesian administration in late 1949.

= = = Ronggui Subdistrict = = =

	Ronggui Sub-district () is a sub-district in Shunde, Foshan, Guangdong, China, which is at the southeast of Shunde and a part of Shunde City Zone. It was formed by the merging of Rongqi Town () and Guizhou Town (). It has a resident population of 460,000 with its total area of 80 square kilometers.
	It is one of the largest production bases of electric appliances in China. Several electric appliance manufacturers, such as Rongsheng (), Hisense Kelon (), Wanjiale (), Galanz () and Wanhe (), are headquartered in Ronggui.
	Ronggui was named after Rongqi Town and Guizhou Town. Long ago, Rongqi and Guizhou were two apart towns which were both administrated by Shunde district. After Feb. 2, 2000, Rongqi town and Guizhou town were rescinded and Ronggui subdistrict was established.
	There are 23 neighborhood committees and 3 village committees which are under the jurisdiction of Ronggui Subdistrict.
	Since the Chinese economic reform began in 1978, the people of Shunde were given full control over their geographical position and culture. This has allowed Ronggui, once a traditional agricultural county, to gradually develop into a modern industrial boomtown.
	Until 2012, the GDP of Ronggui had reached 38 billion and 660 million yuan. The industrial and commercial tax revenue of Ronggui had reached 5 billion and 186 million yuan and the balance of savings deposits of Ronggui's residents had reached 29 billion and 35 million yuan. Meanwhile, there were many famous industrial companies founded in Ronggui. Such as Rongsheng (), Hisense Kelon (), Wanjiale (), Galanz () and Wanhe ().
	Ronggui is also home to the Charming Innovation Center (CIC). CIC boasts a unique mix of modern business and leisure facilities based in the heart of the Xingfucun community.
	Shusheng Bridge located in the Rongli Committee of Ronggui which had the history of three hundred years. It was a special bridge made of the root of banyan beside the river. It was said the quondam bridge was broken frequently as a result the villagers drew the root of that banyan across the river and stuck the root in the land of the opposite bank. In the course of time, the root grew bigger and bigger. The villagers paved plank on the root and the bridge was built. This unusual Shusheng Bridge was so solid that it was still used nowadays. And it also became a feature spot which attracted a lot of people.
	The Guizhou Wenta () was built in AC 1794. The tower located in the south of Guizhou Lion Mountain and turned in the direction of east. It was as tall as 42 meter with 7 floors. The shape of the tower's body was hexagon. In the last 20 years, the tower stood alone in the wilderness. In 2007, the government of Ronggui Subdistrict started to repair the Guizhou Wenta again and put up many communal facilities around the tower, for example, the library, the swimming pool and the basketball count. Guizhou Wenta had become a new and nice place to go for the residents in Ronggui Subdistict.

= = = Hui mian = = =

	Hui mian () is one of ten most famous noodle-based food of China. It's typical food in Henan Province.
	Hui mian is said to have been created in Tang dynasty. A country woman made a bowl of noodles for Li Shimin to help him when he had a cold, so Li found that woman later after he became the emperor. So the royal cooks began to learn from this woman. In Qing Dynasty, the Eight Power Allied forced into Beijing, and the Empress Dowager Ci Xi who escaped to Shanxi, still remembered Hui mian can dispel cold. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, the royal cook Pang Enfu escaped from the palace and lived in seclusion in Henan. Hui mian began spreading in secular society.
	In May 1994 it was awarded the "all of the famous brand name of food". In December 1997 it won the "Chinese famous snacks". The predecessor of Heji is the old folks hotel.In 1953, Li Shaoqing and other 4 people were partnership management, so they changed the name "Heji restaurant".Since 1967 specializing in lamb noodle, they renamed "Heji (合记) Lamb Hui mian", commonly known as "Heji".
	Xiaoji Sanxian Hui mian's founder Xiao Honghe was a Yifu mian(伊府面) cook in Zhengzhou state-owned Changchun Hotel before. After retirement, he took two sons to open a Hui mian restaurant. He didn't follow traditional mutton Hui mian style, but from its own specialty of Yifu mian to find inspiration, put the sea cucumber and squid who taste delicious and have high value of nutrition into Hui mian, called Sanxian Hui mian.

= = = Berillia = = =

	Berillia is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Berillia" include:

= = = Brian Jones (activist) = = =

	Brian P. Jones is an American actor, educator and activist. Jones ran for Lieutenant Governor of New York in 2014 alongside Howie Hawkins on the Green Party of New York ticket. The ticket received 184,419 votes (4.86%), which was more than enough for the party to retain statewide recognition. He is known for his performance of the one man play "Marx in Soho".
	A teacher in the New York City Public Schools for 9 years, Jones has been a prominent critic of charter schools and other forms of school privatization. He co-narrated "The Inconvenient Truth Behind Waiting for Superman", which criticized the 2010 pro-charter documentary Waiting for "Superman". He also contributed to the book "Education and Capitalism: Struggles for Learning and Liberation".
	Jones, who is African-American, has written extensively on race, education and other social justice issues. Jones was a member of the International Socialist Organization, a Trotskyist group in the tradition of the British Socialist Workers Party that dissolved in early 2019.
	Jones has been published in "The New York Times", "Huffington Post", "Socialist Worker" and "Jacobin".
	Jones is enrolled in doctoral studies at the CUNY Graduate Center.

= = = Botryllocarpa = = =

	Botryllocarpa is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Botryllocarpa" include:

= = = Yakou Piao-se = = =

	Yakou Piao-se () is a traditional festival activity in the village Yakou, Nanlang, Zhongshan, in the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong Province, China. In 2008, the Chinese government added Yakou Piao-se to the official list of China's state-level, intangible, cultural heritage items.
	There are several versions of the origin of Yakou Piao-se. The first version is that at one time the village of Yakou suffered from frequent floods because of its coastal location and low altitude. To solve the problem, villagers began to carry a paper-made statue of Bodhisattva and walk around the village to pray for a good harvest. It was in the late Ming Dynasty that people began to use small children dressed up as bodhisattva to replace the paper-made effigy.
	Another version concerns a very moving story. It is said that a long time ago, probably in the Tang Dynasty, a serious plague hit Yakou village. A very kind-hearted couple, Mr. and Mrs. Tan, offered free soup and medicine to the villagers. The villagers were so grateful to them that they called Mr. and Mrs. Tan the "living Buddha". Unfortunately, the couple died of exhaustion from gathering herbs and making medicine. To honor the memory of their great sacrifices, people in Yakou village began parading the paper-made bodhisattva statue around the village on May 6 of the lunar calendar. The tradition gradually developed into the festival Piao-se.
	At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, many people from the Central Plains moved to the southern area to escape from war. Settling in Yakou village, the migrants combined the local art form of the Central Plains area with the local tradition of Piao-se and transformed the festival.
	The character "piao" (飘) means "floating" in Chinese and the character "se" (色) means "delicate disguises" in old Chinese.
	During Piao-se, people push a special decorated, wheeled cart around the village. The Piao-se performers (2 or 3 small children), wearing heavy makeup and special costumes, stand or sit on the iron shelving fixed on the cart. The artists sometimes perform gestures which help identify the figures they are representing.
	The cart is actually a special wheeled cabinet called a "Se cabinet" (色柜). On top of the Se cabinet, there is a vertical steel bar called "Se Geng", which is about 1 meter long. It was specifically designed to support 1 to 3 children while lending stability to the Se cabinet. The "Se Geng" also serves to protect the young performers from falling and getting hurt. Most sections of the "Se Geng" are covered by the costumes while the parts out of the costume are disguised as spears and swords for aesthetics.
	Yakou consists of eight smaller villages, and each village has one piao-se group. Every year on May 6 of the lunar calendar, different villages will send their groups and they will perform the piao-se parade together across the streets and the field. The colorfulness of the parade and the green of the rice fields mix to create a spectacular scene.
	In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic period, many villagers in Yakou went to Hong Kong or even Southeast Asia to make a living. When they returned home, they not only brought back money, but also many of the techniques and customs they learned from other areas. With their contribution, the content of the Piao-se was enriched.
	One of the unique forms which made the Yakou Piao-se special is the "Swinging Se,” which enables performers to swing during their routine. The innovation was brought by a villager named Tan Heyi, who had previously made his living in Southeast Asia. When he was watching the Piao-se performance while visiting his relatives in Yakou village, he thought of the popular activity "swinging" in the Southeast Asia. Tan Heyi improved the Piao-se forms by using the design of swinging and thanks to his creativity, the unique form "Swinging Se" was invented.
	In the early 20th century, the villagers who had worked as welding workers in Hong Kong also made great contributions to innovation in Piao-se techniques with their skills.
	Many famous figures that are performed in the Piao-se are from Chinese historical and mythological stories, including the Goddess Chang'e "Flying to the Moon", "Lady General Mu Takes Command", "The Goddess Guanyin Catching Nezha", "Prince Nezha's Triumph Against Dragon King", "Goddess Marriage", "Journey to the West", "Legend of the White Snake", ghost stories in "Liaozhai", as well as others.
	As well as the Piao-se performances, Yakou people also perform dragon dances, lion dances and Kylin dances in the Piao-se parade.
	The dragon used in Yakou is the wooden dragon. At a length of 50 meters, the wooden dragon is made of many boards. Despite its length and material, the dragon can move flexibly. For the Kylin dance, Yakou people used a Kylin which is two or three times bigger than people in other area of Guangdong use, and the performance is lively and natural.
	"Passing through the dragon" means children squeeze through the long section of the dragon. They dance and pray that they will grow up healthy.

= = = Chorizocarpa = = =

	Chorizocarpa is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Chorizocarpa" include:
	Species names currently considered to be synonyms:

= = = Middle Yandang Mountains = = =

	Middle Yandang Mountains or Zhong Yandang Shan (Chinese: 中雁荡山, Pinyin: Zhōng Yàndàng Shān, lit. "Middle Wild Goose Pond Mountain(s)") refers, in the broad sense, to a coastal mountain range in southeastern Zhejiang province in eastern China, which is close to Yandang Mountains, and both of them are parts of Yandang Ridge. It is said that people found that there was a lake in the top of the mountain, which was covered with reeds. And lots of wild goose lived there. Therefore, it is called "Yandang". It is historically called "the Best Mountain in Southeastern China". Comparing to Yandang Mountains, it seems like a religious interest rather than a geographic interest, which does not mean that Yandang Mountains are much better than Middle Yandang Mountains when it comes to natural landscape, but the latter is unique because of the religion. With cool climate and convenient traffic, as well as palatable sea food, it has been affirmed as one of the best ten summer resort in Zhejiang Province. It is said a Taoist priest, who believed Taoism came here and built a temple.
	The history of Yandang Mountains is quite long. The time when human first went here and built their house could be traced back to Southern and Northern Dynasties. However, when it comes to Middle Yandang Mountain, it was Song Dynasty when the chin-shih Li Shao-he(Chinese: 李少和) first came here and built a Taoism Temple. Then more and more people came here because of the fame of Li Shao-he and religious ethos.
	In modern China, to facilitate the growth of local economy, both local government and indigenous people want to build a scenic spot base on Middle Yandang Mountains. However, the condition of government finance was not good, which means if people want to construct the scenic spot, they need pay the fare of project. Finally, villagers raised money by themselves and built the scenic spot.
	The entrance tickets of scenery spot are free for local people. Usually lots of local schools organize a spring excursion here every year.
	In Ancient China, there is a traditional habit of lots of poets that when coming to a place with beautiful landscape, they would like to write or sing poetry. They depicts the landscape and express their aspirations and feelings by it. In Middle Yandang Mountains, lots of poets left their opus, like Xie Lingyun and .
	In 422 A.C, Xie was sent to Yongjia County as prefecture chief. One day, he came to the root of Middle Yandang Mountains and inspected the farms. At that time, he was attracted by the landscape and wrote, “The far embankment lies thousands of miles, the long spit of land like river flows millions of miles.”(Chinese: 千里带长堤，万里泻长汀。)Because of the fame of Xie, Middle Yandang Mountains became more and more well-known.
	Wang was one of the Zhuangyuan in Southern Song Dynasty(1127–1279), whose homeland was Yueqing, a city now lies at the root of Middle Yandang Mountains. He wrote, "The lakes and mountains like green lies here, and the two streams flows like the sound of Chinese Zither." (Chinese: 十里湖山翠黛横，两溪寒玉斗琮琤)
	Except Xie and Wang, there were still some poets writing poems for specific mountains or lakes. Poet lived in Tang Dynasty(618–907) called Zhang You-xin(Chinese: 张又新) sang a poetry for Yu-zhen Peak that "The Lake in front of the Yu-zhen Peak with spring is here, there is clean dust on the road aside."(Chinese: 白石岩前湖水春，湖边旧径有清尘) Another poet in Qing Dynasty called Lin Qi-heng(Chinese: 林启亨) wrote, "The peak rises steeply from the ground just like a post, the length of it seems to break through the sky"(Chinese: 拔地一峰真似柱，巉岩百丈欲撑天), which depicted the appearance of Bai-zhang Peak. At the East Waterside, there is a rock similar to a woman who is waiting for her husband called Mrs. Rock. A poet in Ming Dynasty(1368–1644) named Gao You-ji(Chinese: 高友玑) wrote, "Standing alone and gazing into the border of sky, there are only rocks near myself."(Chinese: 亭亭独立望天津，四畔无家石相邻)
	Indigo, a plant used to dye clothing, which could make the cloth blue. It has been regarded as an ingredient of dye for a long time. In "Encourage Learning", an article of Xunzi, indigo was mentioned as a metaphor that students will be better than teachers.(Chinese: 青出于蓝而胜于蓝) In 1940-1956, the output of indigo continued to increase. However, after that time, with the importation of foreign dye, the production of indigo has been decreased. Nowadays, there are only a few people planting indigo.
	Indigo also can be used as an ingredient of medicine, especially its root. In 2003, when SARS was spreading widely in China, the root of indigo has been made as a medicine called Isatis(Chinese: 板蓝根)
	There are seven scenery spots in Middle Yandang Mountains, including Yu-zhen Peak, Three Lakes, West Waterside, East Waterside, Phoenix Mountain, Yang-ba Hole and Liu-Gong Valley.
	Yu-zhen Peak is the main peak of the scenery spots and regarded as the totem of Middle Yandang Mountains. It seems that Yu-zhen Peak is quite high although the absolute elevation is just approximately 568 m. At the top of the mountain, there is a Taoism Temple there, which is built by chin-shih Li Shao-he. The main part of the mountain is rock and the Taoism Temple lies here, local people also call it "Taoist Priest Rock". Thanks to wide rock walls, artists and litterateurs created their work here so that there are lots of lithographs.
	Except the main temple, there is also a cave called Yu-hong Cave, which lies the middle of the peak, including a group of Taoism constructions. According to the book "Treasure Trove of Heaven in Song Dynasty", it was regarded as the Twenty-first cave of the country. In Ming Dynasty, a Buddhist monk came here and modified the Taoism Temple to a Buddhism Temple, which called Yu Ping Zen Temple. Therefore, both Taoism and Buddhism had been here. However, in March, 2014, the temples got fired and constructions built in Qing Dynasty was lost.
	Three Lakes consist of Bai-shi Lake, Zhong-qian Lake and Long-shan Lake, which are all man-made lakes and built in 1950s-1960s. Bai-shi Lake was built in 1958, which was mainly used to prevent flooding and irrigation, but also generate electricity and supply water. The reservoir has a storage capacity of about 11.97 million cubic meters. After the completion of Bai-shi Lake, Zhong-Dian Lake began to be built and its storage capacity is 23.5 million cubic meters. Lakes here provide visitors with services like fishing, sightseeing, as well as going boating. Therefore, it becomes a part of Middle yandang Mountains Scenery Spots. It is said that the Chinese television drama "Nirvana in Fire"(Chinese: 琅琊榜) found views here at the first episode.
	West Waterside is a valley with an approximately 200 meters' river and the bottom of river is flat and yellow, which is similar to the appearance of Chinese Dragon. Thus, it is called Dragon Street(Chinese: 龙街). In this area, Bai-zhang Peak(Chinese: 百丈峰), Jade Screen Peak(Chinese: 玉屏峰), Rock Door(Chinese: 石门) and Rock Door Waterfall(Chinese: 石门瀑) become the main elements of the scenery spot. Bai-zhang Peak is a peak like a post which highs about 200 meters, and next to it is Jade Screen Peak(Chinese: 玉屏峰), which is similar to the Chinese folding screen.
	East Waterside is also a valley which lasts 3.5 kilometers long. According to "County Annals of Yue Qing", it is said that at the southeast of Yu-zhen Peak, there is a place called East Waterside, including a river called East Dragon Street (Chinese: 东龙街), six ponds where Mei-yu Pond (Chinese: ), Hong-jing Pond (Chinese: 渹井潭) and Zhong Pond (Chinese: 钟潭) are the most famous, three peaks called Stele Peak (Chinese: 石碑峰), Rosy Clouds Peak (Chinese: 彩霞峰) and Mrs Rock Peak (Chinese: 石夫人峰), and a waterfall called Mei-yu Waterfall (Chinese: 梅雨瀑). A Chinese writer called Zhu Ziqing(Chinese: 朱自清) has traveled here and left an article named "Green" about Mei-yu Pond.
	Phoenix Mountain is a mountain with approximately 500 meters, which lies on the periphery of the Bai-shi town and faces to Yu-zhen Peak. People regard it as the reflection of Yu-zhen Peak. There are tens of peaks here, including Hawk-mouth Peak(Chinese: 鹰嘴岩), Chuan-bi Peak(Chinese: 穿鼻岩), Ban-zhang(Chinese: 板障岩) and so on.
	Yang-ba Hole(Chinese: 杨八洞) is a place built with Taoism style and was seen as the Nineteenth Cave of the country according to Taoism Book named "Yun Ji Qi Qian"(Chinese: 云笈七签). There are eight caves here, including Bao-guang(Chinese: 宝光), Guan-yin(Chinese: 观音), Tou-tian(Chinese: 透天), Tou-hai(Chinese: 透海), Long-gun(Chinese: 龙滚), Ba-xian(Chinese: 八仙), Hun-yuan(Chinese: 混元), Yu-chan(Chinese: 玉蟾). Guan-yin is a symbol of Buddhism while others are all important images of Taoism Culture.
	Liu-gong Valley also lies on the periphery of Middle Yandang Mountains. In 1132, the county magistrate of Yue Qing County organized workers to dig a canal and build the dykes and dams, which solved the flood and protect the benefits of citizens. To memorize him, people call the valley Liu-gong Vally. It is said that in Jin Dynasty(265–420), a literary celebrity named Ruan-fang(Chinese: 阮放) has lived in seclusion and Wang Xizhi(Chinese: 王羲之) came here to visited him. Therefore, lots of poets and calligraphers visited here and left their work.
	"Here are more photos about Middle Yandang Mountains."

= = = 2015–16 Liga Bolasepak Rakyat = = =

	The 2015–16 Liga Bolasepak Rakyat is the 1st season of the Liga Bolasepak Rakyat since its establishment in 2015. The league is currently the fourth level football league in Malaysia. There are 111 clubs participating in this season. Labuan club which geographically located near Sabah was a club under the jurisdiction of Federal Territory hence was allowed to play this season with other Kuala Lumpur base club in Middle Zone 2 and will be put to Borneo Zone 1 next season.
	Currently there are a total of 111 clubs out of more than 150 possible districts in the country participated in the "Liga Bolasepak Rakyat". The clubs were divided into 8 zones according to regional location. After just 2 games, Gombak, the club from Middle Zone 1 withdrew from the league for unspecified reason which in turns left total clubs in the league to be only 110. :-
	Below are the list of stadium for clubs in the league.
	Group KR1
	Each zone will provide two groups winners for national round where if the zone have more than two groups, each group winners will compete in playoff round and the top two will qualified for their zone.
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	Clubs that qualified from each group will compete with other groups within their zone and only two best clubs from each zone will proceed to next national round. Zone with only two group will not compete in play-off and both group winners will automatically qualified to the next round. After the playoff round is over, there will be only 16 clubs left from 8 zones total.
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= = = Chorizocormus = = =

	Chorizocormus is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Chorizocormus" include:
	Species names currently considered to be synonyms:

= = = Govindpur (community development block) = = =

	Govindpur (also spelled Gobindpur) is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Dhanbad Sadar subdivision of Dhanbad district, Jharkhand state, India.
	Dhanbad district forms a part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, but it is more of an upland than a plateau. The district has two broad physical divisions – the southern part is a coal mining area with mining and industrial towns, and the northern part has villages scattered around hills. The landscape of the southern part is undulating and monotonous, with some scars of subsidence caused by underground mining. One of the many spurs of Parashnath Hills (1,365.50 m), located in neighbouring Giridih district, passes through the Topchanchi and Tundi areas of the district. The spur attains a height of 457.29 m but there is no peak as such. The Dhangi Hills (highest peak 385.57 m) run from Pradhan Khunta to Gobindpur. While the main river Damodar flows along the southern boundary, its tributary, the Barakar, flows along the northern boundary. DVC has built two dams across the rivers. The Panchet Dam is across the Damodar and the Maithon Dam is across the Barakar.
	Jharkhand is one of the states affected by Maoist activities. , Dhanbad was one of the highly/moderately affected districts in the state., Dhanbad was not identified as a focus area by the state police to check Maoist activities. However, there were some isolated Maoist activities in the Dhanbad area.
	Govindpur is located at .
	Govindpur CD Block is bounded by Tundi and Purbi Tundi CD Blocks, on the north, Nirsa CD Block on the east, Baliapur and Dhanbad CD Blocks in the south and Baghmara CD Block on the west.
	Govindpur CD Block has a forest area of 2,360.99 hectares, covering 7.06% of the area of the CD Block.
	Govindpur CD Block has an area of 329.71 km. It has 40 gram panchayats and 225 villages.Govindpur and Barwaada police stations serve this block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Govindpur.
	It is located 12 km from Dhanbad, the district headquarters.
	As per the 2011 Census of India Gobindpur CD Block had a total population of 245,697, of which 220,184 were rural and 25,313 were urban. There were 127,285 (52%) males and 118,412 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 39,613. Scheduled Castes numbered 27,617 (11.24%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 34,026 (13.85%).
	Gobindpur CD Block has three census towns (2011 population figure in brackets): Gobindpur (11,318), Karmatanr (6,392) and Jangalpur (7,603).
	Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Govindpur CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Murgabani (4,174) and Parasi (4,186).
	census the total number of literates in Gobindpur CD Block was 141,233 (68.53% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 86,332 (80.96% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 54,901 (55.21% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 25.76%.
	See also – List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate
	Hindi is the official language in Jharkhand and Urdu has been declared as an additional official language. Jharkhand legislature had passed a bill according the status of a second official language to several languages in 2011 but the same was turned down by the Governor.
	In the 2011 census, Hindi was the mother-tongue (languages mentioned under Schedule 8 of the Constitution of India) of 62.5% of the population in Dhanbad district, followed by Bengali (19.3%) and Urdu (8.1%). The scheduled tribes constituted 8.4% of the total population of the district. Amongst the scheduled tribes those speaking Santali formed 77.2% of the ST population. Other tribes found in good numbers were: Munda, Mahli and Kora.
	In Govindpur CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 24,038 and formed 24.25%, agricultural labourers numbered 18,123 and formed 18.28%, household industry workers numbered 4,182 and formed 4.22% and other workers numbered 52,776 and formed 53.25%.
	There are 213 inhabited villages in Govindpur CD Block. In 2011, 201 villages had power supply. 19 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 208 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 205 villages had hand pumps, and 5 villages had no drinking water facility. 23 villages had post offices, 23 villages had sub post offices, 17 villages had telephones (land lines), 51 villages had public call offices and 118 villages had mobile phone coverage. 207 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 25 villages had bus service (public/ private), 6 villages had railway stations, 24 villages had autos/ modified autos, and 59 villages had tractors. 20 villages had bank branches, 9 villages had agricultural credit societies, 8 villages had cinema/ video halls, 11 villages had public library and public reading rooms. 171 villages had public distribution system, 25 villages had weekly haat (market) and 108 villages had assembly polling stations.
	Jharia coalfield is the richest treasure house of metallurgical coal in India. The Govindpur Area of BCCL is located in Govindpur CD Block.
	The following collieries function under the Govindpur Area of BCCL: Kharkhari, Maheshpur, Jogidih, Kooridih, Gobindpur, S/Govindpur, Teturiya and Akash Kinaree.
	The Govindpur Area was formed with thirty-one collieries taken over from the private sector.
	Kandra Industrial Area is located in this block. It produces hard coke, colour oxide and mining-based chemical products.
	Dhanbad district has infertile laterite soil, having a general tendency towards continuous deterioration. The soil can be classified in two broad categories – red sandy soil and red and yellow soil. There are patches of alluvium along the river banks. Limited water resources constitute a major constraint for cultivation. Paddy is the main crop. The soils for rice cultivation fall into three categories – "baad", "kanali" and "bahal". "Aghani", is the main winter crop, consisting primarily of winter rice. "Bhadai" is the autumn crop. Apart from paddy, less important grain crops such as marua and maize are grown. The "Rabi" crop includes such cold weather crops as wheat, barley, oats, gram and pulses.
	Dhanbad district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.
	NH 18 and State Highway 13 (Jharkhand) meet NH 19 (old numbering NH 2)/ Grand Trunk Road at Govindpur.
	In 2011, amongst the 213 inhabited villages in Govindpur CD Block, 51 villages had no primary school, 149 villages had one primary school and 13 villages had more than one primary school. 67 villages had at least one primary school and one middle school. 8 villages had at least one middle school and one secondary school.
	In 2013, Govindpur CD Block had 1 block primary health centre, 4 primary health centres and 3 private nursing homes with total 30 beds and 12 doctors (excluding private bodies). 1,852 patients were treated indoor and 51,786 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.
	In 2011, amongst the 213 inhabited villages in Govindpur CD Block, 2 villages had primary health centres, 15 villages had primary health sub-centres, 1 village had maternity and child welfare centre, no village had a TB Clinic, 2 village had an allopathic hospital, no village had an alternative medicine hospital, 5 village had a dispensary, 1 village had veterinary hospital, 4 villages had medicine shops and 184 villages had no medical facilities.

= = = Terry Swartzberg = = =

	Terry Swartzberg (born July 22, 1953 in Norwalk, Connecticut) is an American PA (public affairs) campaigner and journalist. He is based in Munich, Germany and contributed for 25 years to the International Herald Tribune and other international publications. He is especially known for his work for the holocaust memorial project Stolpersteine and for his "reality check" - since 2012 he has been wearing a kippah in public.
	Swartzberg grew up in New York City prior to moving with his family to Bihar, India, where his father, a cultural anthropologist, researched village life on a long-term basis. While in India, he attended a Jesuit boarding school. After studying at Brandeis University and in Paris for a semester in 1973, he transferred to the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he earned a B.A. in 1976 in Asian Urban Studies. In 1976, he became an investigative journalist in Hong Kong. In 1980, he arrived in Berlin, where he launched his long-term relationship with the International Herald Tribune. In 1985, he moved to Munich, where he has lived since.
	Since 1999, Swartzberg has been managing director of Swartzberg GmbH. This PA agency stages campaigns and provides content for a range of corporations and public sector institutions(including the United Nations and the European Union). The agency's clients include the Municipality of Munich and the Government of the State of Bavaria.
	Swartzberg's pro bono portfolio of activities comprise his work for Munich's Reformed Jewish congregation Beth Shalom. He headed the project striving to build a synagogue according to plans compiled by Daniel Libeskind. He now handled public relations for the project. He was voted in 2011 chairperson of Munich's chapter of the Stolpersteine movement. Since then, he has led the campaign to lift Munich's ban on these sidewalk-level plaques, which commemorate victims of the Nazis. Munich is one of the very few cities in Europe to prohibit this form of commemoration.
	Swartzberg's play "Tzaddhik" is based upon the Torah's principle of each generation's having 36 righteous. It examines humanity's self-inciting urge to commit violence. The play's tour in 2012 included performances in Augsburg, Stuttgart, Nuremberg, Munich and Hamburg. In the same year, Swartzberg and Jim Booras published the satirical self-help manual "How to enjoy bad relationships".
	On December 1, 2012, Swartzberg embarked upon his experiment of wearing a kippah outside of his home and of the Jewish community. His objectives are to counter antisemitism and to ascertain how Germany's society really feels about Jews. Disproving predictions to the contrary, all of his experiences have been positive. His "civil courage" led to one of his kippot being selected for inclusion in the collection of the Museum of the History of the Federal Republic of Germany in Bonn.

= = = Cnemidocarpa = = =

	Cnemidocarpa is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Cnemidocarpa" include:
	Species names currently considered to be synonyms:

= = = Chrysanthemum Festival (Xiaolan-Zhongshan) = = =

	The Chrysanthemum Festival, is a festival held in the town of Xiaolan in November. Zhongshan is sometimes called "Chrysanthemum city" because of its chrysanthemum culture. During the Ming Dynasty, people planted chrysanthemums and gathered together to appreciate them. While doing that, they also wrote poems, drew pictures and drank liquor. Later, these gatherings grew into chrysanthemum festivals, which were held every 10 years. In Qing Dynasty, people started holding the Grand Chrysanthemum Festival, which is held every 60 years. Now, chrysanthemum festivals are held every year, and draw visitors from around the world.
	Legend says that during the Song Dynasty, an imperial concubine ran away from the palace. She and several other people traveled to Xiaolan. Fascinated by the fertile land, mild climate, and beautiful chrysanthemums there, they decided to settle and plant chrysanthemum.
	At that time people were adept at chrysanthemum planting and like appreciating chrysanthemums very much. As chrysanthemum planting was prevailing, when chrysanthemums were in bloom, people liked gathering together enjoying both the beautiful flowers and liquors.
	People were more experienced in chrysanthemum planting, with complete techniques of shaping and maintaining chrysanthemums. Also, chrysanthemums were diverse in color and the shape of pedal as a result of the introduction of new breeds from Shanghai and other places. local rich and power people were obsessed with chrysanthemum appreciation, so the chrysanthemum planting industry started to boom.
	In 1736, people in Xiaolan started to hold "Chrysanthemum Planting Contest", in which people gathered the chrysanthemum together and saw whose was the best. The judges decided which one was the winner with the criteria of the shape of blossoms and the density of leaves. Five years later, instead of a contest, people started to hold "Chrysanthemum Gathering". During that, families and close friends gathered together with the chrysanthemum they planted. At the same time, people drew pictures of the blossoms, write and read poem about the blossom and drink liquor together. In 1782, the gatherings got larger, as more and more people hold them together. In these larger gatherings, people start decorating their houses with chrysanthemum, making the beautiful "Chrysanthemum Tower" and "Chrysanthemum Terrace".
	In 1814, in honor the former generations' achievement, people held the grandest gathering and called it "Chrysanthemum Festival". They also decided to hold the grandest festival like that every 60 years. In 1874, 1934, and 1994 the grandest festivals was held, and the whole city was decorated with chrysanthemum.
	To celebrate the 10th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China
, the first Chrysanthemum Festival in modern China. For the first time, chrysanthemums was used to make a giant pictures, the Peace Dove. With a lot of media report, Xiaolan was hailed as "Chrysanthemum City".
	What's special about the Chrysanthemum Festival of that year is that it attracted oversea Chinese. Many of them returned to China for the first time to see the beautiful chrysanthemum arranged in different shapes. From then on, more and more oversea Chinese returned to Zhongshan and made tremendous contributions to local developments.
	It was the year when the grandest chrysanthemum festival was held. Almost the whole town was covered with beautiful chrysanthemums as the chrysanthemum exhibition area took up an area of 10,000 square meters. Many streets were decorated with chrysanthemums, with a total length of 16 kilometers. The number of the pots of chrysanthemum reach 820,000, and many of them was arranged into a tall tower, The Great White Peony, which broke a Guinness Record.
	In 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011, Chrysanthemum Festivals with special themes were held in memory of respectively the 30th anniversary of The Reform and open policy, 60th anniversary of the forming of the People's Republic of China, the Asian Games held in Guangzhou, and the 100th anniversary of victory of anti-Fascist War.
	There are two major kinds of exhibitions in the Festival—Chrysanthemum-planting contest and Chrysanthemum modelling, in which chrysanthemums are piled up or arranged into patterns or objects.
	People in Xiaolan loves chrysanthemum, and pass down the technique of chrysanthemum planting from generation to generation. With innovation of the techniques, many world records have been broken there, especially in grand festivals held every ten years and the grandest festivals held every sixty years. Chrysanthemum culture has been a very important part of the local culture, and it facilitate cultural exchange with outside world and helps improve people's cultural cultivation.
	Xiaolan is well known for its nickname Chrysanthemum City in China. It first got this nickname in 1959, when the first Chrysanthemum Festival in modern China was held. For the first time people used chrysanthemum to make a beautiful 10 meters' long and 7 meters' tall picture—The Peace Dove. With the documentary "Chrysanthemum" made and a wide range nationwide media coverage, Xiaolan got famous for its chrysanthemum and was hailed as Chrysanthemum City.
	Since Xiaolan people have such a deep relationship with chrysanthemum, and love to eat, they have created the special Xiaolan chrysanthemum food. Although chrysanthemums are colorful, only a small number of them are edible, and we usually use the yellow edible chrysanthemums to make food. With the sweet smell and bright yellow color of chrysanthemums, the smell and look of food will be improved a lot.

= = = Dextrocarpa = = =

	Dextrocarpa is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Dextrocarpa" include:

= = = Diandrocarpa = = =

	Diandrocarpa is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Diandrocarpa" include:
	Species names currently considered to be synonyms:

= = = Dicarpa = = =

	Dicarpa is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Dicarpa" include:
	Species names currently considered to be synonyms:

= = = Nour TV = = =

	Nour TV () is the first Persian language Sunni Islamic television channel. The channel is operated from Dubai Media City in the United Arab Emirates. It offers mainly Sunni religious programs and documentaries in Persian language, but also telecasts Persian dubbed Sunni religious dramas such as Omar and Salah Al-Din.

= = = Distomus = = =

	Distomus is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Distomus" include:
	Species names currently considered to be synonyms:

= = = Bradnee Chambers = = =

	Bradnee Chambers (19 July 1966 - January 23, 2019) was an expert on international environmental governance, law and politics. In March 2013 he was appointed as the Executive Secretary of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), a main United Nations multilateral conservation treaty He was also the acting Executive Secretary of the Gorilla Agreement and the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans in the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS) both administered under the UN Environment Programme. These agreements form the global framework for conservation of wild animals migrating between countries. The agreements cover an immense scope of wildlife including whales, dolphins, sharks, elephants, big cats (e.g. Cheetahs, snow leopards), bats, monarch butterflies, saiga antelope, waterbirds (e.g. Ducks, geese, flamingoes), and migratory fish (e.g. Sturgeons, the European eel).
	Chambers was born in Haliburton, Ontario, Canada. Before joining CMS, he was the Senior Legal Officer and Chief of the Law and Governance Branch of UNEP. An important part of UNEP responsible for developing international environmental law, providing capacity building and technical guidance on governance and legal issues to developing countries. Chambers has been a frequent contributor to international environmental governance reform and processes either through his exploration of new concepts of law and governance through his many writings or through offering alternative options for developing international environmental reforms. In 2010 Chambers led the International Environmental Governance Strategic Team working directly for the then Executive Director Achim Steiner. The team led the secretariat for the Nairobi-Helsinki Ministerial Consultative Process International Environment Governance which made key recommendations on strengthening UNEP. In 2012 at Rio+20 Chambers continued to lead the team and engage governments resulting in a final outcome in The Future We Want that was a major step forward for upgrading and strengthening UNEP. This included transforming UNEP's Governing Council into a universal body called the United Nations Environmental Assembly, increasing its regular budget, and strengthening UNEP's institutional base in the United Nations.
	Chambers worked at the United Nations University where he started its programme on Sustainable Development Governance and on Environmental Diplomacy at its Institute of Advanced Studies (UNU/IAS). These were programmes that conducted training for Climate Change Negotiators and training trainers for the WTO Ministerial negotiations. The programmes also provided policy and expert advice on major United Nations Environmental Negotiations. He held several positions at the UN University from 1996-2008 including Senior Research Fellow, Legal Officer and Senior Programme Officer and acting Deputy of the UNU/IAS. Chambers also with A.H. Zakri launched at the UN University the first Post-doctoral programmes. Before joining the UNU Chambers worked at UNCTAD on investment rules and in the Transnational Corporation Division. Chambers has worked in numerous Scientific Assessments including as a Coordinating Lead Author in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment which won the Zayed Environmental Prize in 2005 and Global Environmental Outlook 4. Chambers has been a senior lecturer at Aoyama Gakuin University, Chiba University, Sophia University and was a Visiting Professor at the University of Tokyo in the Law Faculty.
	He has published, written and edited several books on environmental governance including Interlinkages and the Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, Reforming International Environmental Governance: co-edited Jessica F. Green. Institutional Interplay: Biosafety and Trade Paperback – April 10, 2008 co-edited with Oran R. Young Inter-linkages: The Kyoto Protocol and the International Trade and Investment Regimes, Trade the Environment and the Millennium with Gary P. Sampson., Developing Countries and the WTO: Policy Approaches co-edited with Gary P. Sampson. He has lectured and has written extensively on many environmental issues including on international wildlife and biodiversity.
	He has degrees from University of Edinburgh (PHD), University of Reading (MA), University of Nottingham (LLM), and University of Windsor.

= = = Daniel and Clarissa Baldwin House = = =

	The Daniel and Clarissa Baldwin House is a historic house located at 1018 Dugway Road in Spencertown, Columbia County, New York, United States.
	The house was built in about 1807, and is a two-story, five-bay wide, Federal style frame dwelling with a rear kitchen ell. It has a low pitched side gable roof and interior gable end chimneys. A front piazza supported by four Doric order columns was added about 1880. Also on the property are the contributing barn (c. 1835), ice house, stone dam, and garage.
	It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 27, 2012.

= = = Gynandrocarpa = = =

	Gynandrocarpa is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Gynandrocarpa" include:
	Species names currently considered to be synonyms:

= = = Nenu Sailaja = = =

	Nenu.. Sailaja... () is a 2016 Telugu romantic comedy film directed by Kishore Tirumala and produced by Sravanthi Ravi Kishore, starring Ram Pothineni and Keerthy Suresh. The film was produced by Sri Sravanthi Movies, which also produced Ram's previous film "Shivam". It was also released on 1 January 2016. It was also dubbed in Hindi as "The Super Khiladi 3".
	The film starts with Hari (Ram Pothineni) sitting by the beach, thinking of love and its consequences. Starting from his childhood, Hari used to propose to every girl that he came across but was turned down every time. He grows up and becomes a DJ. He lives with his father, mother and twin sister Swecha (Sreemukhi). He still tries to woo every girl he comes across but fails. 
	To overcome this depression, he sits with his best friend by the lighthouse in Vizag beach and they see a couple which infuriates him. He then starts drinking with his friend and shares memories of his 1st love in the village with a girl where Hari was staying before his father was transferred to Vizag. Hari, in an inebriated condition, is about to fall into the sea. But he is saved by Shailu (Keerthy Suresh). Hari asks her to drop him home as he has no money or vehicle to get home. Shailu offers lift, but drops him in the middle as she thinks he is trying to woo her and even doesn't tell him her name when asked by Hari. He then tells his friend that if God exists, he will never meet her again.
	Next day in the hospital Hari encounters a young mute girl Pooja and politely asks about her name and school to which she responds by expressions. Shailu, also present in the hospital, gets impressed by Hari's behaviour and notes down his phone number when Hari gives Pooja his number. In another incident when the roads are blocked by goons in order to inaugurate a statue by the minister, Hari beats them up and gives way to a passing ambulance which again impresses Shailu who was also present there. Meanwhile, it is revealed that Shailu was the girl with whom Hari first fell in love.
	Meanwhile, a local rowdy Maharishi (Pradeep Rawat) goes to Shailu's office and threatens Keerti (Dhanya Balakrishna) who is Shailu's friend and tells her to forget her boyfriend as he is marrying someone else. Shailu then calls Hari and asks for his help. They meet and there Hari reveals his name to Shailu and Keerti. Hari devises a plan and fools Maharishi by making a woman who claims that she is his childhood lover Suchitra and Keerti is her daughter talk to him. This results in Keerti's marriage with her lover.
	Hari, now fallen in love, and Shailu spend time with each other. One day he drops her from office to home when she reveals that she has to go to Goa the very next day for an ad shoot. Hari drops her at the airport by car where Shailu asks him to come to Goa along with him to which he agrees. During the ad shoot, Hari recognizes that Shailu is the girl that he had fallen in love in his childhood. They spend a good time together in Goa where Shailu tells him that the boy who lived near her house used to make her smile and today Hari is making her smile without knowing that it was Hari.
	After they come back to Hyderabad, Hari takes Shailu to her home and introduces her to his family members during which she comes to know that Hari was the boy who made her happy during her childhood by seeing the childhood photos of Hari in his home. She then gets a call from her mother to return to the village as soon as possible. Hari fails to contact Shailu for a few days. So he sits at the beach thinking about her which is the starting part of the story.
	Maharshi arrives there and asks him about Shailu. Shailu arrives and Hari tells her about his feelings to which she replies that "Hari, I love you but I am not in love with you" which has totally confused Hari. Meanwhile, goons come to kidnap Shailu as her father refused to sell a part of his land. Hari thrashes them and asks Shailu about her problem. She leaves.
	After a few days Hari joins a meditation centre to relieve the thoughts of Shailu. He then sees his sister Swecha with her boyfriend at a bar one night. At home when Hari complains about the relationship, it is revealed that her boyfriend is Ashok (Prince) who is Shailu's brother. It is also revealed that Shailu's aunt had asked her hand for her son Amar's (Chaitanya Krishna) marriage from her father Srinivas Rao (Sathyaraj). Hari, now understood the situation meets Ashok and tells him that he has to know his family first in order to get them married. To Shailu's surprise, he meets her family as Ashok's friend. Ashok comes to know from a phone call from Maharishi that Hari has actually come for Shailu. He gets well with the family members and then uses this opportunity to get the family members close to each other as they had no proper bonding in between due to some misunderstanding when Shailu was born. He makes Shailu's grandfather (Vijayakumar) reunited with his son Srinivas and realises Shailu of her mistake, which was that her father is not a good father. Things go as per plan until Maharishi arrives to attend the wedding thinking that Shailu and Hari are getting married. He is about to spoil everything when Hari saves everything in time. Shailu then asks Hari to leave the place as soon as possible as it would cause no benefit to him. Two days prior to the marriage, Shailu hugs Hari as she thinks she would lose him forever which is seen by the housemaid. She then tells Shailu's mother that she thinks Shailu is not happy with the marriage, upon asking Shailu to which she agrees. The next day while her mother shares this experience to the family, Srinivas Rao gets a call that Shailu has been kidnapped. He orders Hari to get her back to which he succeeds. Now Maharshi tells everything to the family members about their love story upon which Hari and Maharishi are thrown out of the house by Amar. Shailu then tells her father that she loved Hari and no one can understand her better than him and said that she cannot live without him. On the marriage day, Srinivas takes Shailu to the railway station where she meets Hari and tells him that she loves him. Hari reveals that he would not let the marriage happen at any cost, so he had waited. Meanwhile, Srinivas Rao gets a call from her sister that Amar is missing who is actually kidnapped by Maharishi. Thus Hari and Shailu are reunited.
	Shailu eventually marries Hari and they have a baby daughter. The film ends with Sailu visiting her father at her hometown.
	Music was composed by Devi Sri Prasad and released by Aditya Music.
	2017 Filmfare Awards South
	"Nenu.. Sailaja..." was released on 1 January 2016. The film collected ₹40.1 crore worldwide.

= = = Deportations from the German-occupied Channel Islands = = =

	Deportations from the German-occupied Channel Islands refers to a specific wave of deportations by Nazi Germany of British citizens who were residents of the Channel Islands. The stated reason was retaliation for internment of German citizens in Persia by the British Government.
	On direct instructions from Adolf Hitler, and in breach of both International Law and the terms of surrender signed in July 1940, Nazi German forces deported and interned 2,300 Channel Island civilian residents who had committed no crimes. 
	There were other deportations of British citizens from the Channel Islands, including deportations of Jews residing in those islands.
	The Channel islands, comprising the Bailiwick of Jersey and Bailiwick of Guernsey, which also comprised Alderney and Sark, fell under German control on 30 June 1940.
	Prior to this, the lightning Blitzkrieg resulting in the fall of France gave the British government and the island governments just enough time to evacuate those who were willing to leave the islands immediately. Approximately 25,000 left, while 66,000 remained. There were 41,101 left in Jersey, 24,429 in Guernsey and 470 in Sark, with just 18 in Alderney.
	The British Government had decided on 15 June to demilitarise and abandon the Channel Islands, so all military personnel, weapons and equipment had been taken to England.
	Through the second half of 1940 and into 1941, the islanders gradually settled into a "working relationship with the German occupiers". A small number of people, who had access to boats, decided to flee the islands, some dying in the attempt.
	In June 1941 Persia, current day Iran, was a neutral country with Germany as its largest trade partner. The Soviet Union was on its northern border. Britain had recently encamped in Iraq to the west, following an anti-British coup by Nazi sympathisers. On 22 June, Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of Soviet territory started.
	Worried about the large expat German community in Iran undertaking espionage and subversion activities, on 19 July a joint Soviet/British demand was made to Persia to expel all German citizens. It was rejected on 29 July and renewed on 16 August, this time in coordination with the Americans at a conference on 9–12 August 1941. Persia eventually agreed to the demand, but by 25 August, Anglo-Soviet forces invaded the country.
	In September, the German legation and women and children from the expat community were permitted to travel to Europe, as were the other Axis legations. German men of fighting age (18-45) were rounded up, most preferring British to Soviet control. A few went into Soviet hands and were shipped to Siberia. The British then separated out Jewish Germans who could remain in Persia. The remaining men were sent to India for internment, some ended up in camps in Australia.
	Hitler was furious, albeit hypocritical, to complain of an invasion of a neutral country and the internment of German men. His immediate reaction was to find out what reprisals were possible.
	The German Foreign Office response was that British people in the Channel Islands were effectively interned as they could not leave without permission. A rough estimate from Jersey indicated about 2,000 men in the Island had been born in the United Kingdom. This was short of the 8,000 that were needed if a ratio of 10:1 was to be applied. More accurate lists of men were demanded, including a list of Persian citizens. Surprisingly one, a 69 year old Persian man, was found. The demand for lists was expanded to include women and children. By 10 November, lists were submitted by the Island authorities:
	German officials tried several diplomatic routes to get the Germans in Persia released, trading them for British trapped in Sweden and threatening to intern British civilians, including those in the Channel Islands. Hitler decided to hold them in the Pripet Marshes, with a ratio of 10 British for each German interned. Britain's response was to inform the Germans that any action against civilians in the Channel Islands would be against the Hague convention. The German military (the Wehrmacht) was unhappy with the use of the Pripet Marshes, an operational area where they did not want Allied officials to visit. The Foreign Ministry worried that a proposal to confiscate property of internees could be repeated against German internees in Britain.
	As final figures of Iranian Germans became known, the desired punitive ratio of 10:1 meant that 5,000 deportees had to be found. However, there were fewer than 2,000 men in the age group of 18-45. By 11 November, following the census undertaken in the Islands in August 1941, the Germans knew there were 8,166 Channel Island citizens born in the United Kingdom and had identified the men, and possibly women, who could be deported with their property confiscated and redistributed. A camp near Cologne had been prepared and shipping readied to transport 6,000.
	This order to the Wehrmacht, which listed the people, was put aside when the Fuhrer's order of 20 October 1941 about fortifying the Island mentioned that a further order would give deportation instructions and no further order was received.
	A Swiss attempt to get an exchange of injured soldiers and civilians resulted in Hitler being reminded of the British civilians. Discovering that his orders had not been complied with, he reissued the order. In the Islands, everything moved very quickly. The order arrived in Jersey on 15 September, the same day a meeting was held with the Bailiff and Parish officials, and a notice appeared in the local paper. Because the island authorities refused to serve the notices, soldiers required parish officials to show them where to go, and served the deportation orders on the first batch of people that evening.
	People were told that luggage was limited to what they could carry. No time was allowed to arrange personal or business affairs. Valuables were deposited in banks and pets given away or killed. By special licence, several women married their local fiancés that day, thus escaping deportation. Others attempted suicide, and some were successful.
	Some bargaining took place to allow a few people to remain and others to take their places. Most church ministers were English, so a deal was agreed to allow enough of them to remain to continue their services. People who were useful to the German government for their work they were doing were also spared, as were some sick and aged.
	Hoping to ship out 1,200 people on 16 December, the Germans were disappointed when only 280 men women and children left Jersey on the first ship. The streets were lined with people, crying and waving. The Island gave them food to take with them. The German sailors put them into life jackets. Many ex-servicemen proudly wore their medals. As the ship sailed, patriotic songs were sung.
	Two days later, several ships in Jersey were ready and 600 more people were ordered to report. One ship was rejected by the Island authorities as it had just discharged a load of coal and was filthy, so only 346 people sailed. Those who were not shipped out returned to their houses to await the next ship, some finding that their houses had been stripped bare in their absence. The crowds attending to wave goodbye were larger than before and their patriotic singing angered the Germans, who responded with violence and arrests.
	Ships left Guernsey on 26 and 27 September with 825 deportees, including 9 from Sark. Guernsey borrowed two field kitchens from the Germans and cooked the “evacuees”, as the Germans referred to them, a meal. The ships departed after curfew. A third batch of 560 left Jersey on 29 September 1942. The Jersey sailing resulted in more crowds, singing and yet more violence and arrests.
	Rather than put the deportees in the ubiquitous "40 hommes et 8 chevaux" French boxcars, the Germans gave them second class train carriages to travel in. It took three days to reach the destination.
	On 21 January 1943 a question was asked of the Home Secretary in the House of Commons about deportations from Guernsey. No information was made public.
	A British commando raid on Sark in October 1942, Operation Basalt, motivated another batch of deportations in February 1943, with people taken from all three Islands. Of the 1,000 who were eligible under the criteria set out in orders, 201 were deported.
	Included in this group were three Jews from Guernsey and five from Jersey. Despite being sent to internment camps in Biberach and Laufen, and Buchenwald concentration camp, they all survived the war.
	A few weeks after the deportations, a few of those who were considered really sick were secretly returned to their island.
	Stalag VI-J is a POW camp located in Dorsten in the industrial Ruhr area. The barrage balloons around the camp gave clear indication it was in a bombing target area. The camp commandant became known as 'Rosy Joe' after using his own money to buy milk for the children. The Guernsey internees, and some from Jersey, spent six weeks in this transit camp until overcrowding in Biberach was solved. Single men were sent to Laufen, and Biberach and Wurzach received the families. Dorsten ceased to be used after 12 November 1942.
	Oflag V-B was located at Biberach an der Riß in countryside in southern Germany with a view of the Bavarian Alps. It was renamed "Ilag V-B" when it changed use to a civilian internment camp. The camp was also known by the name "Lager Lindele".
	The first two batches of people from Jersey arrived in what was formerly a Hitler Youth summer camp, but now consisted of 23 barrack huts surrounded by barbed wire and watchtowers. Each hut contained 84 people in rooms intended for 18. The men were kept separated from the women and children. There were two hospital huts, storerooms, canteen, cookhouse, washing facilities and shower block, police and prison camp. A school was set up in the hut that contained German officers. Sanitary conditions were improved in late 1942 after complaints were made. The camp was crowded, though not as much as in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where similar huts held 500 each.
	In October/November 1942, single men were sent to Laufen, and a number of families were shipped to Wurzach, releasing space for families from Dorsten. 1,011 internees remained; 429 men, 437 women and 145 children, all but 20 Channel Islanders. The number of internees would rise with the February deportation intake, then later some Jews, and finally a group of 200 Arabs. A number of these late arrivals died as a consequence of being poorly treated previously.
	Guernsey nurse Gladys Skillett, who was five months pregnant at the time of her deportation to Biberach, became the first Channel Islander to give birth while in captivity in Germany. Mothers were not amused to have birth certificates stamped with a swastika.
	Now called Bad Wurzach, ‘Ilag V-C’ was a branch camp of Ilag V-B. It was about 30 miles south of Biberach and had also previously been an Officers camp. In October 1942, 618 Channel Islanders were transferred there from Biberach. More arrived in November from Dorsten. They were accommodated in the Schloss, a 17th-century mansion that had been a Catholic training college. They were made to scrub the filthy buildings clean within a week. It contained a hospital, theatre, storerooms, cellars and accommodation for men and women in different communal rooms housing up to 30 with bunk beds. Some families with very small children had a private room. A school for the 130 children was set up but they had no qualified teacher.
	The Red Cross representatives who visited the camp from time to time were not happy with the accommodation, even though the Germans provided coal for fires when a visit was due. There was overcrowding, damp, rats, mice and fleas, but apart from an improvement in sanitation, few changes were made.
	In late 1944, 72 Dutch Jews arrived from Bergen-Belsen, most appeared to have English grandparents. The deportees now learned first hand about conditions elsewhere.
	Ilag VII in Laufen is located in Bavaria with views of the Alps on the border with Austria and was designated a camp for single men. Previously used as an officers' POW camp, its name changed from Oflag to Ilag ("Internierungslager") when the civilians arrived. It was a Schloss with multiple floors and staircases. Receiving single men aged over 16 from Dorsten and Biberach, the camp senior was initially Frank Stroobant, before Ambrose Sherwill took over in June 1943. A few American civilians were already in the camp. It was easier for men to adapt to camp life, however there was more trouble in this camp caused by hunger and boredom.
	Not receiving any Red Cross parcels before Christmas 1942, they were surprised when a nearby POW camp donated every person in Laufen with a tin of condensed milk and a packet of biscuits. Letters home mention how cold the weather and castle are.
	As with the other camps, a fire brigade, canteen, tailors and shoemakers were set up. The YMCA supplied 1,500 books for a library and having 27 teachers, classes were set up in five languages and 33 subjects. Sports and amusements had to be created. On one occasion an individual, using makeup and suitable clothing pretended to be Adolf Hitler, inspecting various camp facilities and awarding the camp doctor with an Iron Cross. It resulted in the discovery that there was a camp “stooge” when a letter addressed to the camp commandant was found informing him of the antics.
	John Lingshaw from Jersey decided to collaborate with the Germans and volunteered in August 1943 to go to Berlin and teach English to women working in the propaganda service. After the war, he was prosecuted and sentenced to 5 years in prison.
	A 93-page memorial book, titled "The bird-cage: Ilag vii Laufen, Oberbayern - Germany" was written in 1944 and published in 1945.
	Boredom was a major problem. Some internees were permitted to undertake paid work outside camp. The moral view of whether work should be done was strongly debated in the camp.
	A small number of Islanders spent time in other camps such as Liebenau on the Swiss border, Front Stalag 122 near Paris, Ilag XVIII Spittal. Ilag Westertimke and Stalag VIII-B at Teschen.
	All camps were run by the military, there were daily inspections and three roll calls daily. Biberach and Wurzach were taken over by the police in December 1942, who understood nursing mothers and children better than the soldiers.
	Each camp appointed a camp senior, a “Lagerführer”. Each hut had an elected leader. Everyone else in camp had daily duties, from cleaning to working in the hospital, camp barber, electrician etc. Biberach set up a camp police force to maintain discipline and help during air raids.
	They slept mainly in wooden bunk beds with straw palliasses a pillow and army blankets. There were lockers and communal showers. The internees were locked into huts overnight. In Biberach and Wurzach men, women and children could socialize throughout the day, returning to their own accommodation before lights out.
	Food was barely adequate; watery soup twice a day and a 1 kg loaf between 5 people each day. Red Cross parcels arriving in mid October 1942 allowed an improvement in nutrition, one parcel per person per week until December 1944 when German transport systems started to collapse. Some cases of food including, milk, fruit, jam, fish and soap were received from the Red Cross in addition to individual parcels. December parcels included a Christmas pudding and marzipan sweets. Books and games began to arrive. A few parcels from the UK and the Islands were received.
	Entertainment was provided with camp shows, musical events using instruments, sheet music and artists materials provided by the regular visitors of the YMCA and YWCA. Sports days, P.E., football, hockey and cricket matches. Church services on Sundays, and schools for the children were set up. Camp tokens in place of money and new ID cards issued. “Camp art” such as engraving tin mugs, sewing, creating Christmas toys and making sandals out of platted string were popular hobbies. Seeds to plant in gardens were supplied by the Red Cross.
	Long (up to 10 miles) and short walks outside of the Wurzach camp took place, with up to 150 people, under guard, including the odd visit to a hostelry. At Biberach, people allowed outside on walks would trade Red Cross goods for rabbits, chickens, eggs, cigars and schnapps as well as collecting free food from hedgerows. Laufen walks were more limited.
	A postcard system of communication to the UK (via the Red Cross) and the Channel Islands (via German “Feldpost” addressed to the “Kanal Inseln”) started in October 1942. Internees were allowed three lettersheets and four postcards a month. Lettersheets could contain as many words as could be fit on the page, very different to ordinary POW's. Each main camp had its censors, with Wurzach using Biberach censors. Laufen produced printed Christmas postcards with a drawing of the outside of the Schloss (1943) and in the vaulted canteen (1944). Trunks of clothing and goods, left in the Islands arrived in the camps, fairly intact. Individual parcels up to 5 kg in weight could be sent to camps post free, however tobacco in them tended to vanish. The Red Cross also supplied some clothing.
	Internees were given 10 marks a month to enable them to buy comforts. Men were allowed out to cut trees for firewood. Cold and damp was a severe problem when temperatures fell to -20C.
	Sickness, from the poor food, diphtheria, and scarlet fever caused deaths.
	Concealed radios in all three camps amongst the internees allowed them to gather news from the BBC overseas service. Other indications included the regular flights of bombers overflying the camps and occasional new arrivals who had seen cities “rather flattened” In Wurzach in August 1944 one man put up a map and indicated the progress of allied armies with red wool, which was regularly inspected by the camp commander. In Laufen in 1945, the German commander asked to be given the secret camp radio as the camp was about to be searched, Sherwill handed it over, the camp was searched and the radio returned to him.
	In September 1944, 125 elderly and infirm people were repatriated on the SS Drottningholm via Sweden to the UK. Following a three-day January trip by the Laufen senior, Ambrose Sherwill to Berlin to meet the Swiss delegation, 24 from Laufen were included in a further 212 being repatriated in April 1945. 
	Boredom and the monotony of the camps were major problems for everyone, the few special events became memorable. Laufen men got to visit a travelling circus and acquired their own cinema projector to show borrowed films. In January 1945, a travelling cinema arrived at Wurzach, many children seeing a moving picture for the first time. Occasional Red Cross letters were received from the Islands, despite their being cut off since August 1944.
	Once the Red Cross parcels began to arrive in bulk, 2,000-6,000 at Wurzach at a time, those in camps were probably better fed than most people left in the occupied Islands. Some in camps were sending Red Cross parcels on to the Channel Islands. 300 bars of soap and 500 tins of cocoa were sent from Biberach to the island children in March 1944. From August 1944 onwards the invasion of southern France cut the Red Cross parcel supply route which combined with the damage to the railway system reduced the parcel delivery to low numbers. By December 1944 food was in short supply resulting in internees breaking out to look for food at nearby farms.
	Biberach town was bombed on 12 April, killing German civilians, then on 22 April French tanks following up the German retreat passed by without stopping. Next day with German permission, a detainee was permitted to cycle to the French units commanded by General Leclerc and tell them the town was “open”. However, when the French arrived, they were fired on and there was a rush to hang out white flags on the barbed wire. The Germans retreated and the camp was liberated on St George's Day. Officers arrived to interview everyone and issue temporary ID cards. On 29 May 1945 1,822 were flown to England, including 160 children under 14.
	Wurzach was liberated on 28 April 1945 by a French Moroccan armoured unit who were unaware of the internees. Believing the Schloss was an HQ, bloodshed was avoided by the swift surrender of the local Volkssturm. The internees eventually left the camp in early June and were flown to the UK on 7 June.
	Laufen was the last to be liberated, on 4 May 1945, by Americans of 40th Armoured Division. Unaware of the camp, they spotted a Union Flag painted on a sheet and came to investigate. Many men spent the next month helping local hospitals look after concentration camp victims. The town of Laufen turned out to wave them goodbye when they drove off to the airfield to fly to England in June.
	Some children had been born in camp and walked out on liberation.
	It was several months before the authorities in England had issued everyone ration cards, ID cards and travel warrants, with some returning to Guernsey in August.
	Three had died in Dorsten, twelve in Wurzach. Twenty in Biberach, excluding Jews and others whose deaths were not recorded and ten in Laufen. Ten of the deaths were females and five were children. Up to 20 internees had been allowed to attend each of the funerals in the local churchyards.
	Dorsten
	Biberach...
	...Biberach
	Wurzach
	Laufen

= = = Kukenthalia = = =

	Kukenthalia is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Kukenthalia" include:

= = = Metandrocarpa = = =

	Metandrocarpa is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Metandrocarpa" include:
	Species names currently considered to be synonyms:

= = = Monandrocarpa = = =

	Monandrocarpa is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Monandrocarpa" include:

= = = Oculinaria = = =

	Oculinaria is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Oculinaria" include:

= = = Ninth Seimas of Lithuania = = =

	The Ninth Seimas of Lithuania was a parliament (Seimas) elected in Lithuania. Elections took place on 10 October 2004, with the run-off on 24 October. The Seimas commenced its work on 15 November 2004 and served a four-year term, with the last session on 16 November 2008.
	In the elections in 2004, 70 members of the parliament were elected on proportional party lists and 71 in single member constituencies. Elections took place on 10 October 2004. Run-off elections were held on 24 October in the single-seat constituencies where no candidate secured a seat in the first round.
	After the elections, Social Democrats led the coalition together with the New Union (Social Liberals), Labor and Peasants and New Democratic Party Union. Artūras Paulauskas was reelected as the Speaker of the Ninth Seimas, having served as the Speaker in the previous term.
	In April 2006 the parliament expressed no confidence in the Speaker and Paulauskas was forced to resign, taking New Union out of the coalition. He was replaced as the Speaker of the Seimas by Viktoras Muntianas of Labor Party, who soon left the party to form Civic Democratic Party.
	After another disagreement in May 2006, Labor Party joined the opposition. The decision was affected by the decision of the leader of the Party Viktor Uspaskich to resign as the Minister of the Economy after being accused of conflicts of interest. Opposition Liberal and Centre Union joined the minority government that ruled with some support of other opposition parties. At the beginning of 2008 New Union rejoined the coalition. Viktoras Muntianas resigned as the Speaker of the Seimas after a corruption scandal in April 2008 and Česlovas Juršėnas was elected in his stead.
	During the first session of the Seimas the following parliamentary groups were registered: Social Democratic Party of Lithuania (LSDPF), Labour Party (DPF), Liberal and Centre (LCSF), Liberal Democrats (LDF), New Union (NSF), Homeland Union (TSF), Peasant and New Democracy (VNDF, later VLF) and the Mixed Group of Members of the Seimas (MSNG).
	The term of the Seimas was noted for particularly significant shifts among political Groups. For example, only 20 Social Democrats were elected to the Seimas, but Social Democratic Party political group in the Seimas had 38 members at the end of the term. Political groups formed during the term included Liberals (LF), Order and Justice Liberal Democrats (TTLDF), Civic Democratic (PDF), as well as Peasant Popular and Civic Democratic (VLPDF) groups.
	By the end of the term of the Seimas, the following parliamentary groups were active.
	A total of 158 members served on the Ninth Seimas.

= = = List of accolades received by The Impossible = = =

	"The Impossible" () is a 2012 English-language Spanish disaster drama directed by Juan Antonio Bayona and written by Sergio G. Sánchez. It is based on the experience of María Belón and her family in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The cast includes Naomi Watts, Ewan McGregor, and Tom Holland.
	The film received positive reviews from critics for its direction and its acting, especially for Watts who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama, and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role.

= = = Oligocarpa = = =

	Oligocarpa is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
	Species within the genus "Oligocarpa" include:

= = = Kuzma Grebennik = = =

	Kuzma Yevdokimovich Grebennik (Russian: Кузьма Евдокимович Гребенник; 18 February 1900 – 22 September 1974) was a Red Army lieutenant general and Hero of the Soviet Union. Grebennik served in the Soviet Border Troops both before and after World War II. During World War II, he commanded the 15th and 37th Guards Rifle Divisions.
	Kuzma Grebennik was born on 18 February 1900 in the village of Bryansk in Slavyanoserbsk Uyezd in the Yekaterinoslav Governorate in a working-class family of Russian ethnicity. His father worked as a miner in the coal mines of the Donbass. Grebennik graduated from elementary school and became a sorter at the coal mine at the age of 10. In 1914, his family moved to the village of Kremen in Kharkov Governorate, where Grebennik graduated from a two-year college in 1915. In 1916, he became a worker at the Donets-Rubezhnyi Factory. Grebennik returned to the Donbass and became a worker at a coal mine in 1918.
	In May 1919, Grebennik was drafted into the Red Army and served with the 42nd Rifle Division. He caught typhus and after recovery in January 1920 became a clerk at the Ekaterinoslav Governorate recruiting office. Grebennik joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in September. In October, he transferred to the Cheka and served in the Krasny Kommunistychesky Battalion of the Cheka Donetsk Division's 1st Regiment. With the regiment, Grebennik fought against the White Army commanded by Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel.
	In April 1922, Grebennik became an instructor with the 455th Rogozhsko-Simonovsky Regiment of the 51st Rifle Division. He transferred to the border troops of the OGPU in October 1922 as a commissar of the Ochakovo Border battalion. Grebennik graduated from the Graduate School of the USSR Border Troops in 1924. In September, he became a platoon commander of the Odessa School of border troops regiment. He became the head of border troops at the Polish border and the motorized group of the Moldovan border detachment. In November 1929, he became the assistant chief of the drill for the 21st Yampolsky Border Detachment. Grebennik was appointed commander of the 5th Mechanized Regiment of the Order of Lenin Separate Mechanized Division of special purpose troops in December 1931. In July 1935, he graduated from the courses at the Military Academy of Mechanization and Motorization of the Red Army. Grebennik was promoted to colonel in April 1936.
	Grebennik became the commander of the 59th Border Detachment of the NKVD Border Troops in the Primorsky Krai near Posyet in November 1937. In August 1938, he led the border detachment in repelling the first Japanese attacks during the Battle of Lake Khasan. For his leadership in the battle, Grebennik was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
	Grebennik continued to command the border detachment until November 1942, when he was appointed deputy commander of the Far Eastern NKVD Rifle Division in the Urals Military District. In February 1943, the division was renamed the 102nd Rifle Division and was sent to the Central Front as part of the 70th Army. He served with the division during the Sevsk offensive in Operation Kutuzov. In August, Grebennik became the commander of the 15th Rifle Division. The division advanced during the Chernigov-Pripyat Offensive during August and September. During the fall, it fought in the Gomel-Rechitsa Offensive. In January 1944, the division fought in the Kalinkovichi-Mozyr Offensive. In June, Operation Bagration was launched and the division advanced through Belorussia.
	During the East Prussian Offensive in early 1945, the division fought as part of 65th Army's 18th Rifle Corps. Around this time, Grebennik's son Vladimir joined the division as a lieutenant in the medical battalion. On 30 March, Grebennik took over command of the 37th Guards Rifle Division from acting commander Colonel Nikolai Onoprienko after Major General Sobir Rakhimov was killed during the assault on Danzig. Grebennik led the division through the rest of the East Pomeranian Offensive. He organized the division's crossing of the Oder on 20 April and established a bridgehead over the river during the Berlin Offensive. The division captured Kołbaskowo, southwest of Szczecin. By 2 May, the division had advanced 150 kilometers and was on the Baltic Sea northeast of Rostock. Grebennik was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin on 29 May for his actions during the Berlin Offensive.
	On 1 December, the division became the 27th Mechanized Division. It was reduced to regimental strength a year later. In 1946, he served as a witness at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal. Grebennik continued to command the division throughout these changes but returned to the Border Troops in August 1947. He was appointed deputy head of the Border Troops in the Transcarpathian Border District. Grebennik was appointed head of the Border Troops of the Ukrainian Border District in December. While in that position, he participated in the fighting against the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. Between 1950 and 1954, he was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet. In November 1951, Grebennik was appointed head of the border troops of the Leningrad District. He became a senior advisor to the Albanian Ministry of Interior Affairs in October 1953. Grebennik became the head of the 1st Department of the Main Directorate of Border and Internal Troops of the USSR in October 1956. During the crushing of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 in Operation Whirlwind, Grebennik commanded the Soviet forces in the Budapest region and was wounded. From April 1957, he was the chief of staff and first deputy chief of the KGB Border Troops. In July, he was promoted to lieutenant general and became the head of the KGB Border Troops in the Southwestern Frontier District. From January 1960, Grebennik was the head of the operational group of the KGB Border Troops in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.
	In December 1961, Grebennik was discharged. He lived in Kiev and was a member of the Ukrainian People's Control Committee. He died on 22 September 1974. Grebennik is buried in the Baikove Cemetery. In 1978, his writings were posthumously published as ""Хасанский дневник"", or "Khasan Diary" in English.

= = = Thailand Practical Shooting Association = = =

	Thailand Practical Shooting Association (THPSA) (สมาคมกีฬายิงปืนรณยุทธแห่งประเทศไทย) is the Thai association for practical shooting under the International Practical Shooting Confederation.

= = = Barringer–Overbaugh–Lasher House = = =

	Barringer–Overbaugh–Lasher House is a historic home located at Germantown, Columbia County, New York. The original section was built about 1800, and expanded about 1865. It is a small 1 1/2-story, "L"-shaped vernacular frame dwelling with a lean-to addition. The front facade features a Late Victorian period porch.
	It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

= = = Crab Run (Mahanoy Creek tributary) = = =

	Crab Run is a tributary of Mahanoy Creek in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Barry Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . Despite being listed as impaired by abandoned mine drainage, the stream is not impacted by this; no mining has been done in its watershed. However, some stream reaches in its watershed do experience agricultural impacts. The stream is not far from the Western Middle Anthracite Field. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. As of 2001, the stream contains macroinvertebrates, but no fish.
	Crab Run begins in Barry Township, not far from the census-designated place of Beurys Lake. It flows west-northwest for several tenths of a mile and passes through a pond or small lake before turning north-northeast. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives an unnamed tributary from the left and turns northeast. Several tenths of a mile further downstream, it receives an unnamed tributary from the right and turns north-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, flowing alongside the base of a mountain. The stream then turns north-northeast for a short distance, passing through a pond or small lake before reaching its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.
	Crab Run joins Mahanoy Creek upstream of its mouth.
	Some stream reaches in the watershed of Crab Run are not designated as impaired waterbodies. One stream reach is listed as impaired by metals from abandoned mine drainage, but no mining has been done in the watershed. Another stream reach is impaired by siltation/organic enrichment/low dissolved oxygen from agriculture/grazing.
	In August 2001, the discharge of Crab Run was measured to be . The pH was 7.1 and the net alkalinity concentration was . The concentration of aluminum was and the manganese and iron concentrations were . The nitrate concentration was , the phosphorus concentration was , and the sulfate concentration was .
	The elevation of the mouth of Crab Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is above sea level. Crab Run is situated some distance to the south of the Western Middle Anthracite Field.
	The streambed of Crab Run predominantly features cobbles, but fine silt covers it as well. The Munsell color of the stream's dried sediment is dark yellowish brown.
	The watershed of Crab Run has an area of . The stream is entirely within the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Tremont. Its mouth is located within of the community of Taylorville.
	Crab Run was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1172575.
	A concrete tee beam bridge over Crab Run was built in Taylorville in 1940. It is long and carries Black Creek Road.
	The drainage basin of Crab Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. In 2001, no fish were observed in Crab Run. However, macroinvertebrates were observed.
	In 2001, a total of ten macroinvertebrate taxa were observed in Crab Run. "Chironomidae" was "very abundant", with more than 100 individuals being observed. "Simuliidae" and "Hydropsychidae" were "abundant", with 25 to 100 individuals being observed. "Ephemerellidae", "Crydalidae", "Tipulidae", "Cambaridae", and "Oligochaeta" were "present", with 3 to 9 individuals being observed. The taxa "Nemouridae" and "Heptageniidae" were "rare", with 1 to 2 individuals being observed. The family-level Hilsenhoff Biotic Index value of Crab Run in 2001 was 5.61.

= = = One Media iP = = =

	One Media iP Ltd (originally "One Media Holdings plc"), founded in 2005 by Michael Antony Infante, is an award winning digital content provider situated in Pinewood Studios, Buckinghamshire. The Group exploits mixed media intellectual property rights and specialises in obtaining and repackaging nostalgic music and TV programmes.
	The Group announced in September 2006 that their entire issued share capital of 69,133,334 had been admitted to trading on the PLUS Market.
	In August 2009, the Group established a 'synchronisation' deal with Sony ATV, making available to them the Group's catalogue of music rights.
	On 18 April 2013, the Group announced the admission of its shares to trading on the Alternative Investment Market, a sub-market of the London Stock Exchange.
	In April 2014, the Group was regarded as one of the top ten IPO's on Britain's Alternative Investment Market. According to Forbes, One Media is in the Top 10 of companies that "have managed to at least double investors' money".
	In 2018 One Media iP Group plc announced the appointment of Lord Michael Grade onto the board of directors together with his ex Pinewood Studios colleague Ivan Dunleavy, to bring scale to the next step in One Media’s strategy to embrace the growing digital market.
	Motorcity Records is a record label formed by producer Ian Levine in 1989 that was acquired by One Media with an exclusive digital license in June 2006. The acquisition included the Public Performing License (PPL) income associated with the MotorCity & High Energy/Northern Soul Catalogues. The deal allows One Media to collect the PPL income to over 3,000 music performances held within the catalogue. This license was originally granted for 10 years, however in 2010 this digital license was extended to 25 years.
	In 2012, One Media acquired an exclusive license to exploit all video content associated with the above catalogues on YouTube and other similar digital stores. In February 2013, One Media claimed all remaining licenses and rights.
	The Collecting Record's catalogue was One Media's first acquisition. It was made in November 2006 with an initial consideration of GBP341,200. The Catalogue encompasses 'nostalgic' content, featuring tracks by artists from the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s.
	In October 2007, One Media purchased exclusive rights to the George McCrae catalogue of music masters, which encompasses 111 tracks performed by George, and several by his wife Gwen McCrae. The hits include re-records of 'Rock Your Baby', 'I Can't Leave You Alone', and others. In addition, One Media acquired in perpetuity the exclusive rights to Edwin Starr's catalogue of re-recorded hits, which comprises 61 tracks and two DVD programmes.
	In November 2007 One Media acquired in perpetuity the publishing composition rights for the Brian Poole catalogue of music masters. The catalogue comprises 28 music masters recorded over the last three decades, including songs such as `Do You Love me', `Silence is Golden (song)' and `Twist and Shout'.
	In December 2007 One Media purchased the exclusive rights in perpetuity for music and music DVD catalogues for re-recorded hits by The Marmalade, Hazell Dean, and Katrina Leskanich.
	In February 2008 One Media acquired the rights to a catalogue comprising over 131 performances by Ike & Tina Turner with the payment of $17,500USD.
	The Songs For Children brand has provided children's music and stories since 1978. Exclusive rights to the catalogue were acquired by One Media iP in 2008, following the death of the brands founder Robin Markwell. One Media iP lead the brand to the digital market for the first time, making the content available on several digital retail stores, including Spotify, iTunes and Amazon.
	In May 2008 One Media signed an exclusive Pavarotti digital deal- which comprises over 124 Pavarotti classical tracks- for a recoupable advance of $25,000USD.
	On 3 July 2014, One Media iP acquired the Point Classics library – a leading digital classical music catalogue- from Jim Long of Telos Holdings, Inc. The deal comprised over 4,000 recordings and was signed for 1,600,000 US dollars.
	The acquisition of the Alan Peters Music Master Catalogue by One Media iP was made on 22 October 2015. The deal entailed the procurement of rights to hours of popular classical music including recordings by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.
	One Media announced the acquisition of the Locomotive Records music catalogue on 25th February 2019. The catalogue comprises circa 1,500 progressive, global rock recordings from various Spanish bands, notably including tracks from the highly acclaimed Spanish folk metal band, Mägo de Oz.
	On 11 December 2012, One Media iP acquired Men & Motors in its entirety, including approximately 1,600 hours of video content. The company continues to re-package the content for sale across a variety of digital platforms including YouTube and the iTunes Store. All original footage from the Men & Motors Library is available to watch on the Official Men & Motors YouTube channel 
	In 2015, One Media iP acquired "Downtime", a spin-off of the long-running science fiction television series "Doctor Who". Downtime was originally released in 1995 direct-to-video by Reeltime Pictures Ltd, and in November 2015 it was re-released by One Media iP as a 2-DVD boxset.
	On 26 November 2014, One Media iP Ltd was awarded second place for the European Small and Mid-Cap Awards in the category of 'Rising Star', issued by the FESE and EuropeanIssuers.

= = = Pelonaia = = =

	Pelonaia is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.

	Klever is a village in the municipality of Sande, Norway. Its population (SSB 2005) is 371 and has an area of 0.4 km ².
	The local sports club is Nordre Sande IL.

= = = She-Wolf of London (film) = = =

	She-Wolf of London (UK title: "Curse of the Allenbys") is a 1946 film noir crime horror film produced by Universal Studios, directed by Jean Yarbrough and starring June Lockhart and Don Porter. The title evokes the earlier "Werewolf of London" (1935), although, unlike its forebear, it is concerned more with mystery and suspense than supernatural horror. In the United States, the film was released as a double feature with "The Cat Creeps". It was also included on "The Wolf Man" legacy collection DVD set.
	In London at the beginning of the twentieth century, Phyllis Allenby is a young and beautiful woman who is soon to be married to barrister and boyfriend Barry Lanfield. Phyllis is living at the Allenby Mansion without the protection of a male, along with her aunt Martha and her cousin Carol and the servant Hannah.
	As the wedding date approaches, London is shocked by a series of murders at the local park, where the victims are discovered with throats ripped out. Many of the detectives at Scotland Yard begin murmuring about werewolves, while Inspector Pierce believes the opposite and suspects strange activity at the Allenby Mansion (which is near the park), where the "Wolf-Woman" is seen prowling at night and heading for the park.
	Phyllis becomes extremely terrified and anxious, since she is convinced that she is the "Wolf-Woman", deeply believing in the legend of the so-called "Curse of the Allenbys". Aunt Martha tries to convince Phyllis how ridiculous the legend sounds, while she (Aunt Martha) and Carol are suspicious in their own ways.
	Phyllis each day denies Barry visiting her, and when a suspicious detective is murdered soon after he visits the mansion in the same way the other victims perished, Barry begins believing that something else is going on beside the so-called "Werewolf murders", and makes his own investigations both of the park and the mansion. It turns out that Aunt Martha did the attacks to convince Phyllis she was insane, and belonged in an asylum rather than married to Barry, so Martha and her daughter could remain living in the mansion.

= = = Eikeberg = = =

	Eikeberg is a village in the municipality of Sande, Norway. Its population (SSB 2005) is 358.
	Is the place where Ranghild Jolsen the writer was born, and where Jens Bjorneboe roman "Dream and the wheel" take place.

= = = Rose (heraldry) = = =

	The rose is a common device in heraldry. It is often used both as a charge on a coat of arms and by itself as an heraldic badge. The heraldic rose has a stylized form consisting of five symmetrical lobes, five barbs, and a circular seed. The rose is one of the most common plant symbols in heraldry, together with the lily, which also has a stylistic representation in the fleur-de-lis.
	The rose was the symbol of the English Tudor dynasty, and the ten-petaled Tudor rose is associated with England. Roses also feature prominently in the arms of the princely House of Lippe and on the seal of Martin Luther.
	The normal appearance of the heraldic rose is a five-petaled rose, mimicking the look of a wild rose on a hedgerow. It is shown singly and full-faced. It most commonly has yellow seeds in the center and five green barbs as backing; such a rose is blazoned as "barbed and seeded proper". If the seeds and barbs are of a different colour, then the rose is barbed and seeded of that/those tinctures. The rose of Lippe shown above, for example, is blazoned "a Rose Gules, barbed and seeded Or."
	Some variations on the rose have been used. Roses may appear with a stem, in which case they are described as "slipped" or "stalked". A rose with a stalk and leaves may also be referred to as a "damask rose", stalked and leaved, as appearing on the Canting arms of the House of Rossetti. 
	Rose branches, slips, and leaves have occasionally appeared in arms alone, without the flower. A combination of two roses, one within the other, is termed a "double rose", famously used by the Tudors.
	A rose sometimes appears surrounded by rays, which makes it a "rose-en-soleil" (rose in the sun). A rose may be crowned. Roses may appear within a "chaplet", a garland of leaves with four flowers. In badges, it is not uncommon for a rose to be "conjoined" with another device. Catherine of Aragon's famous badge was a pomegranate conjoined with the double rose of her husband, Henry VIII.
	Heraldic roses feature prominently in English history. The two rival royal houses of the fifteenth century were supposedly known by their heraldic badges, the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of York, from which their long conflict was later called the Wars of the Roses. The White Rose of York was later used as the badge of Jacobitism in England and Scotland, and before World War I one of Britain's main Jacobite organizations was called the Order of the White Rose. Red and white roses appear in the civic heraldry of Lancashire and Yorkshire respectively.
	The House of Tudor that came to power at the end of the wars used a combination of their two roses: the ten-petaled Tudor double rose. The double Tudor rose is always depicted as white on red on a field of any other tincture and is always termed 'proper'. It is used as a floral emblem of England, just as the thistle is associated with Scotland. It appears in the compartment of the coats of arms of both the United Kingdom and Canada. A red rose appears on the collar of the Order of the Garter. 
	The Luther rose, a rose combined with a ring, heart, and Latin cross, was used by Martin Luther as a personal seal. The Luther rose is sometimes used as a charge in its own right, appearing on the arms of a number of German towns.
	In the English and Canadian systems of cadency, a small rose is the difference mark of a seventh son. In Portugal, a label with three roses was used to differentiate the arms of the Princes of Beira.
	Roses appear in the coat of arms of Finland and are part of the insignia of officers (up to colonel) in the Finnish Army.

= = = Sundbyfoss = = =

	Sundbyfoss is a village in the municipality of Hof, Norway. Its population is 534.

= = = Drakkar Entertainment = = =

	Drakkar Entertainment GmbH, also called Drakkar Records or Drakkar Publishing, is a German record label with its headquarters in Witten. It is a joint venture with Bertelsmann Music Group.
	Originally Kopec Music Publishing, Drakkar Entertainment was founded in 1986 by Bogdan Kopec. It initially only handled publishing, but in 1986, when Kopec changed the name to ""Drakkar Promotion"", he also expanded its services to include management, booking, and merchandising. The company later signed German metal bands such as Coroner, Raven, Running Wild, and Sodom.
	In 1992, the company joined forces with Bertelsmann Music Group to become "Drakkar Promotion Musikverlag GmbH". At the same time, another company, G.U.N. Records GmbH was created. This second company became so successful that Kopec, who felt overworked, decided to sell his shares to BMG. He then closed the merchandising, booking, and trading departments of Drakkar Promotion and founded "Drakkar Records". His original company became ""Drakkar Entertainment GmbH"".
	Drakkar Entertainment now has four divisions:

= = = Storevar = = =

	Storevar was a village in the municipality of Stokke, Norway, located by the Tønsberg Fjord. Its population (SSB 2005) was 367. Storevar was its own village until 2015, and became a part of neighboring Melsomvik village in 2016.

= = = Glomstein = = =

	Glomstein is a village in the municipality of Nøtterøy, Norway. Its population (SSB 2005) is 382.

= = = West Side Elevated Highway = = =

	The West Side Elevated Highway (West Side Highway or Miller Highway, named for Julius Miller, Manhattan borough president from 1922 to 1930) was an elevated section of New York State Route 9A (NY 9A) running along the Hudson River in the New York City borough of Manhattan to the tip of the island. It was an elevated highway, one of the first urban freeways in the world, and served as a prototype for urban freeways elsewhere, including Boston's Central Artery.
	Built between 1929 and 1951, the highway had narrow confines—which could not accommodate trucks—and sharp S exit ramps that made it obsolete almost immediately. Maintenance was minimal, and the use of corrosive salts to de-ice the highway in winter accelerated its decay. When chunks of its facade began to fall off due to lack of maintenance, and a truck and car fell through it at 14th Street in 1973, the highway was shut down, and a debate began whether to renovate it or dismantle it. Attitudes to urban planning had changed in the intervening decades, and the decision was made not to repair the decaying structure.
	The need to replace the deteriorating highway was recognized in the 1950s. Plans were drafted, but not executed. By 1971, a plan evolved for the elevated highway to be replaced by an underground interstate-quality highway, which came to be called Westway. It received approval from many levels of government, from the city to the federal, but was scuttled in 1985 owing to environmental issues. In the time between the closure of the elevated highway and the completion of its dismantling, while debate about Westway was proceeding, remaining sections of the old highway structure began to be unofficially utilized as an elevated urban park, for jogging and bicycling.
	By 1989, the old elevated highway structure was totally dismantled except for a small portion from 59th Street to 72nd Street, which, in effect, became the southern extension of the Henry Hudson Parkway. Eventually, a grade-level six lane "urban boulevard" was built, which is generally referred to as the West Side Highway, although the elements of it use the names of the surface streets which existed before the elevated highway was built: West Street, Eleventh Avenue and Twelfth Avenue. It connects to the remaining elevated structure via a ramp at 57th Street.
<section begin=early-planning/>
	Before the West Side Highway was built, the road along the Hudson River was a busy one, with significant cross traffic going to docks and ferries. At 22nd Street, most traffic continued north along Eleventh Avenue, along which the New York Central Railroad (NYCRR)'s West Side Line ran; it was known by many as "Death Avenue" for the many crashes caused by trains and automobiles colliding.
	The first official proposal for an elevated highway along Manhattan's west side was made by Police Commissioner Richard Edward Enright on January 12, 1924, in a letter to the New York City Board of Estimate. The highway was to be 100 feet (30 m) wide, running north from the Battery to 72nd Street at Riverside Drive, West End Avenue, or Amsterdam Avenue. According to Enright, "During business hours West Street [was] the most congested thoroughfare in the city. Vast quantities of the city's foodstuffs [were] handled in the territory adjacent to West Street." He cited traffic congestion as an extra cost of doing business and a blockage for fire engines.
	On February 2, 1925, it was announced that the railroad would build a combined double-decker elevated highway and freight railroad (with the highway above the railroad) for $24 million at no cost to the city. At the time, Eleventh Avenue was popularly known as "Death Avenue" owing to the dangers of the surface line. The elevated structure would eliminate 106 grade crossings over 84 blocks. The proposal came about after six months of negotiations between Manhattan Borough President Julius Miller and the NYCRR. The planned highway would no longer go to the Battery, instead ending at Canal Street, meeting the Holland Tunnel (which would open to traffic on November 13, 1927). The northern terminus was set at 72nd Street and Riverside Drive. Ramps were planned at Canal Street, 23rd Street, Riverside Drive, and at least two other locations.
	The Port of New York Authority opposed the plan, preferring a more forward-looking comprehensive freight distribution plan. They attacked Miller as trying to push the plan through without input from the Port Authority. The Port Authority wanted a system of inland terminals and belt-line railroads. According to Port Authority Chairman Julian Gregory, it was almost certain that NYCRR would not go along with the Port Authority plan. It was also believed that giving NYCRR elevated tracks on the west side would allow the railroad to monopolize freight and raise prices. The Port Authority believed it was primarily a freight problem, but NYCRR and New York City considered it to be a grade-crossing elimination project.
	Miller responded by arguing that something had to be done right away. He said that if the Port Authority could put forward a comprehensive plan within five years, he would put his full support behind it. He also pointed out that his plan was only one part of his "comprehensive plan for the relief of traffic congestion"; he had already widened many avenues and removed several Midtown elevated railroad spurs. He said the plan would not give the NYCRR any rights they did not already have; it was merely a relocation of existing tracks. The tracks had been on the surface for 55 years despite legal action taken against them, and Miller claimed they would be there for another 50 if nothing were done. Miller also received a letter from NYCRR Vice President Ira Place, stating that the railroad would reduce freight rates if the new elevated structure were built.
	On January 20, 1926, borough president Miller sent a plan for an $11 million elevated highway to be built completely on city property to the Board of Estimate. The elevated railroad was removed from the plan, since NYCRR had come up with a separate project for partially elevating and depressing their railroad (now known as the High Line). According to Miller, there were questions over who would own and maintain the dual structure. There were also objections to its height of 40 feet (12 m) and its placement at the east building line of the existing surface roads. The elevated highway was to connect to a planned parkway (now the Henry Hudson Parkway) at 72nd Street, forming a highway free from cross traffic stretching from Canal Street to 129th Street. The elevated road was to be 60 feet (18 m) wide, wide enough for six lanes of traffic; the existing surface road would carry local traffic beneath the highway. Ramps would be provided at Canal Street, Christopher Street, 14th Street, 23rd Street, 34th Street, 42nd Street, and 57th Street. Slow-moving traffic would use the left lanes, due to the left-hand ramps. This contrasts with the current method of using the left lane for passing and putting ramps on the right side, and to the method popular around the 1950s of putting ramps on whichever side was easier. The highway would "carry buses that will make both its conveniences and its beauties available to the general public", according to Miller. He suggested Hudson River Boulevard for the name of the highway.
	On April 24, 1925, Governor Al Smith signed a bill authorizing the construction of the highway. Funds for the $11 million highway were to be procured by property assessments along the route; this was considered reasonable due to advantages gained from the highway by those living along the route. The road was to be , five feet wider than Fifth Avenue, with a speed limit of at least , and would be off the ground. It would be built of steel, with a cement face. A three-foot (1 m) sidewalk would be built for pedestrians, although the highway was intended mainly for motor vehicles. Two-block-long ramps would be provided with easy grades for entering and exiting the highway. Trucks would be allowed on the highway.
	The Board of Estimate approved the highway, now costing $13.5 million on June 14, 1926. It was to be built so a second deck could be added at a later time for about $9 million if traffic warranted. Controller Charles W. Berry questioned the proposal until he realized the money would come from tax assessments, at which time he agreed with the project.
	On November 10, 1926, the Sinking Fund Commission voted to give the city title to the waterfront property along the proposed highway. The highway plan was linked to a plan by the city for more piers for ocean steamships; since the highway required land takings between 47th Street and 51st Street, it was easier to combine the projects and prevent additional expense.
	On February 17, 1927, the Board of Estimate adopted the final plans for the highway, setting a hearing date of March 24. It was split into two sections, Section one went from Canal Street to 59th Street. Section two was to carry the road over the NYCRR's 60th Street Yard from 59th Street to 72nd Street. Section two was approved by the Board of Estimate on August 16, 1928; section one was postponed until September 27 due to objections. On October 18, the Board of Estimate approved section one. The highway was advocated by most business interests, including the Downtown League, the Fifth Avenue Association, the West End Association, and eleven other organizations. They cited increasing traffic and the need of a bypass route to support the highway, which would cost little in comparison to its benefits. Miller spoke at a meeting of the Market and Business Men's Association of the Greenwich and Chelsea Districts on October 30, 1928, detailing plans for the highway. It was announced that between 90 and 100 meat and poultry dealers in the West Washington Market and the Gansevoort Market would be evicted to make way for the highway.
	Minor changes to the highway were approved on January 10, 1929, in response to several objections. The alignment in the Chelsea district was slightly modified to avoid proposed piers, and the path through the markets was realigned to pass over a corner of the property. In addition, the 14th Street ramps were moved to the area between 19th Street and 23rd Street, where they would spare many markets at 14th Street. In addition, the West Washington Market would no longer be demolished, and instead the highway would graze the roofs of some of the stores.
	An alternate plan was put forth by John Hencken, an engineer, and approved by Ernest P. Goodrich, consulting engineer to the Regional Plan of New York and its Environs. A linear corridor would be built from the Battery to Yonkers. A freight railroad would lie underground. On ground level would be roads alongside the corridor and an indoor enclosed sidewalk. The mezzanine, between the first and second floors, would be occupied by office space. The second floor would carry a "continuous noiseless moving platform system for passenger service", with adjacent belts moving at various speeds, for a maximum of 21 miles per hour (34 km/h) in the middle. This service would be free, and would be a substitute for new subways in the corridor. Above the second floor would be about ten stories of apartments, offices, businesses, and other uses appropriate for the neighborhoods; these would be the main source of revenue to pay for the project. A high-speed motor parkway, open to passenger cars only, would lie on top. Cars would reach the upper level via ramps at both ends and elevators at convenient intervals.
	Dr. Benjamin Battin, a professor at Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania, had a similar plan for an eight-story high boulevard. The street level and first floor would be connected to the Hudson River piers. The second and third stories would carry electric passenger trains, with the second floor carrying northbound traffic and southbound traffic using the third floor. A public garage would occupy the fourth and fifth floors, helping to pay off the bonds for the project. The sixth and seventh floors would carry one-way passenger car traffic, permitting speeds of up to . A reversible roadway, carrying cars in the direction of rush hour traffic, would occupy the eighth and ninth (top) levels. Ramps to the upper car levels would be provided every 15-20 blocks.
	The plan was criticized by Thomas Adams, Regional Plan Association director, at the 1927 meeting of the Municipal Art Society. He disapproved of its ugliness and noise, and suggested simply clearing obstructions to the existing surface road to speed traffic. Adams instead supported a comprehensive regional plan for development in the Hudson Valley. The Fine Arts Federation also opposed the highway, saying that elevated structures were unsightly, and that if the existing street were cleared a new highway might not be required.
	The City Club and New York City Mayor Jimmy Walker objected to the highway on the grounds that it would block waterfront-bound freight traffic. They believed that the plans should wait until the surface railroad tracks were removed in the area, at which point the elevated highway might not be necessary. Parallels were drawn with elevated passenger railroads, which were being torn down at the time; Henry Curran of the City Club called elevated structures "a misfit in New York". The City Club also objected to more passenger cars in downtown Manhattan.
	Concerns were raised by the Women's League for the Protection of Riverside Park, which opposed routing trucks through Riverside Park, which would contain a parkway extending from the north end of the planned elevated highway. The League emphasized that commercial traffic should be banned north of 72nd Street (as it currently is on the Henry Hudson Parkway).<section end=early-planning/>
	Primarily, the Miller Highway consisted of six lanes, supported above the street level on steel columns, which were located at regular intervals (~80 feet) at the outer edges and center of the roadway. Longitudinal strength girders ran between the support columns along the direction of the roadway. The longitudinal girders supported the industrial looking balustrades and the median. Lateral strength girders ran between the support columns across the roadway, and was the location of the expansion joints. Smaller longitudinal and transverse floorbeams formed a lattice structure between major girders to support the road deck. The road deck consisted of reinforced concrete, on top of which the paved surface would sit. Originally this was Belgian block, and was eventually substituted or paved over with asphalt as construction materials matured. Drainage was provided at the expansion joints (on the older sections) or grated channels along the edge of the road (newest sections), with rainwater and snowmelt being plumbed to the street through scuppers and downspouts located at the main support columns. It was not uncommon during the life of the highway that it would be supporting not only traffic, but 6 to 8 inches of standing water. The high impermeable balustrades, the undersized scuppers, and the lack of drain cleaning / maintenance were all ingredients which contributed to the structure's demise.
	Construction on the first 1.5-mile (2.5 km) section, from Canal Street to 22nd Street, was started on May 24, 1929, and the road was officially opened on November 13, 1930, with some inaugural vehicles using the highway as early as October 28. Traffic was not permitted on the structure until November 17 due to unanticipated delays in cosmetic work. A speed limit of 35 miles per hour (55 km/h) was set by Police Commissioner Edward Mulrooney, and trucks were temporarily banned. On the first Sunday the road was in operation, the northbound roadway was backed up for a mile approaching the north end at 23rd Street. The northbound offramp at 23rd Street, unlike the temporary southbound onramp, was built as a permanent single lane ramp, since in the future most traffic would continue along the not-yet-finished elevated highway. Suggested fixes included a new temporary ramp to 25th Street and conversion of the temporary southbound onramp to two-way traffic. The second Sunday the road was open, rain cut down on the traffic, but police had orders to open the permanent ramp eventually intended for a northbound onramp to exiting northbound traffic if traffic conditions warranted.
	A temporary wide elevated street was proposed by the city between 29th Street and 37th Street to bypass the New York Central Railroad's 30th Street Yard, to provide relief before the permanent highway was finished. It appears that this temporary viaduct was not built.
	The original southern terminal for the elevated highway was six lanes wide and was made of stone, complete with winged ornaments and art-deco statuettes.
	The section from 59th Street to 72nd Street was begun in September 1930, and opened to traffic on March 9, 1932. The original configuration fed directly into 72nd Street, with a 90-degree turn in the road. Once the northern extension as a parkway was built, northbound traffic would turn right directly to and from 72nd Street. A southbound left-hand entrance ramp was provided at 72nd Street, with a direct ramp from Riverside Drive (later closed), and a southbound right-hand exit ramp to 70th Street was started, but never completed. Today, the only movement remaining is a northbound entrance to the highway from 72nd Street.
	The highway from 59th to 72nd Streets is the only elevated section that remains today, although it conflicts with plans for the Riverside South development project and neighborhood. A covered, at-grade replacement road to facilitate a southward expansion of Riverside Park was approved by the Federal Highway Administration in 2001. In June 2006, the developer began construction of a tunnel between 61st and 65th streets for the relocated highway. However, the rest of the tunnel remains unfinished.
	Construction of the elevated highway between 22nd Street and 38th Street was begun on June 21, 1932. The road was opened on January 5, 1933, just before Eleventh Avenue was closed for reconstruction of the NYCRR's 30th Street Yard.
	Construction on the highway between 38th Street and 46th Street was begun in late 1933. This section eliminated a busy intersection at 42nd Street, where streetcars and automobiles crossed the corridor to reach the ferry to Weehawken, New Jersey. This link was opened to traffic on August 30, 1934.
	When the new city piers at 48th Street, 50th Street, and 52nd Street were being planned in late 1934, direct connections between the elevated highway and the second levels of the piers were proposed. Manhattan Borough President Samuel Levy quickly spoke against these connections, citing interference with southbound traffic on the highway. The plan, which had been proposed at the request of several cruise lines, was rejected.
	In 1935, the 34th Street–Midtown Association proposed a new ramp for the highway at 34th Street, having elected new directors for the purpose. This ramp would rise above the elevated railroad and highway, splitting into a northbound onramp and a southbound offramp, both on the right side of the highway. It was hoped that the ramp would help businesses in the area and provide better access to the proposed 38th Street Tunnel (now the Lincoln Tunnel) to New Jersey. The ramp was never built.
	Construction on the final section of the originally planned highway, from 46th Street to 59th Street, was begun on February 13, 1936. It was opened to traffic on February 9, 1937, thus completing the elevated highway from Canal Street to 72nd Street.
	On August 23, 1934, Governor Herbert Lehman signed a bill authorizing construction of a southern extension of the elevated highway from Canal Street to the Battery. However, this segment was opposed by the communities along the route since it might "result in a waste of tax funds". Construction on the first section of this, from Duane Street to Canal Street, was begun on January 24, 1938. Unlike previous sections of highway, which used granite blocks as a surface, concrete was used on the new section. The road was opened to traffic on February 4, 1939. A steel superstructure consisting of an arched bridge was built at Canal Street because the Holland Tunnel below ground restricted locations of bridge supports.
	After an extended break due to World War II, construction on the final section of the southern extension, from Carlisle Street to Barclay Street, was begun on April 21, 1947. This section was expanded to reach Duane Street in the north, and was opened on November 29, 1948.
	The southern end was connected to the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel on May 25, 1950. A four-lane tunnel under Battery Park, the Battery Park Underpass, taking traffic to the South Street Elevated Highway opened on April 10, 1951.
	On December 15, 1973, an section of the northbound lanes between Little West 12th Street and Gansevoort Street collapsed under the weight of a dump truck, which was thought to carry over of asphalt for ongoing repairs of the highway. The joints between transverse stringers holding up this section of roadway and the eastern main girder (holding the decorative friezes), failed. A four-door sedan followed the truck through the hole; neither driver was seriously injured. It took hours to back all the traffic off the span trapped behind the collapse. It was later learned that the truck was actually carrying of asphalt, and was overloaded. Blame was assigned to the trucking company, Edenwald Construction Corp. of Whitestone, Queens, but they were still awarded a no-bid contract to clean up the mess. The day after, both directions were closed indefinitely south of 18th Street. This not only closed off the oldest section (between Canal Street and 18th Street), but also the newest sections (south of Canal Street), because ramps south of the collapse only permitted northbound entrances and southbound exits. The southernmost northbound exit was at 23rd Street.
	The Northbound lanes were closed from the Battery to 48th Street. The Southbound lanes were closed south of 18th Street, with traffic between 42nd Street and 18th Street reduced to one lane. Eventually inspections revealed that the highway south of 46th Street was not structurally sound, and had to be closed to vehicular traffic. The ramps to/from 46th Street were configured as the temporary southern terminal for northbound traffic on the highway, and the ramps to/from 57th Street were configured as the temporary southern terminal for southbound traffic. The segment north of 57th Street carried traffic over the Penn Central Rail yards, and could not be closed as there were no surface streets on which to reroute traffic. This section of Miller Highway remained in use into the 1980s, and has been since rebuilt.
	After the cleanup of the collapsed section at Gansevoort Street, the highway remained standing (closed to traffic), while its fate was decided.
	The City performed a preliminary survey of the highway after the collapse, and confirmed extreme structural deterioration of connections between the longitudinal girders and transverse floorbeams. The City had not inspected this structure since its opening, and hired Hardesty and Hanover, Consulting Engineers, to perform a full inspection of the roadway in 1974. A four-volume report was delivered to the City, stating that:
	Restoration of the structure was feasible, but cost-prohibitive. The Chief Engineer of the New York Highway Department estimated a $58 million cost to partially rehabilitate the structure. Hardesty and Hanover estimated it would cost $66 million (1976 dollars) for a new road deck, median, lighting, painting, and steel repairs. A New York City Highway Department representative estimated that a complete rehabilitation, including modernization, was estimated to cost $88 million. The last option was Westway.
	The City chose not to pursue rehabilitation of the existing structure because of its level of deterioration, and instead hoped to build an interstate highway between the Battery Tunnel and the Lincoln Tunnel, taking advantage of funding and financing from the Federal Highway Trust Fund (10 cent interstate dollars). The City elected to leave the structure standing, as there was no money available to demolish the structure. Portions were demolished when they became a threat to people or property at ground level or non-city money became available. Federal Westway money was used for the demolition of the elevated structure from 42nd Street south to the Battery and to pave surface streets as a temporary roadway while the battle over Westway continued.
	The portion of the highway adjacent to the collapse (Jane Street north to 26th Street) came down first, in 1977, and the portion between 26th and 42nd Streets was demolished between November 1981 and the summer of 1982. The highway from Jane Street south to Spring Street was torn down between the spring and fall of 1981, and the highway from Spring Street south to the Battery was torn down between the summer of 1981 and the spring of 1982.
	The segment from 43rd to 59th Streets was left standing, since it was thought that it could be refurbished and integrated into an extension of Westway. The remaining highway would be funded separately, as interstate funds could not be used to connect an interstate highway to a limited-use facility (in this case, the Henry Hudson Parkway). Ramp and lane improvements were made in 1981, permanently closing the highway south of 59th Street. Previously, northbound traffic could enter the highway at 43rd Street and southbound traffic was directed off the highway at 59th Street. The city demolished the 43rd-59th Street portion by October 1989.
	Rehabilitation of the elevated structure between 59th Street and 72nd Street was completed in 1995. The only remaining section of the Miller Highway, with lampposts, is an abandoned southbound exit-ramp stub just north of 72nd Street.
	The West Side Elevated (Miller) Highway makes appearances in the following films and television shows:

= = = Jean Dessès = = =

	Jean Dessès (6 August 1904 – 2 August 1970), was a world leading fashion designer in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. His designs reflected the influences of his travels, specializing in creating draped evening gowns in chiffon and mousseline, based on early Greek and Egyptian robes.
	Born Jean Dimitre Verginie in Alexandria, Egypt, to Greek parents, Dessès originally set out to study law, but, in 1925, he abandoned his legal studies and began working for Maison Jane, a Parisian couture house where, in 1937, he opened his own couture salon. After World War II, he traveled extensively throughout the world. His work was influenced by his travels, creating draped evening gowns in chiffon, embroidered dresses, sheath dresses with tight jackets and flowing skirts. His fashion was very popular with European royalty and movie stars. Among his clientele were the Queen and royal princesses of Greece, the Duchess of Windsor, Madame Jean (Lilia) Ralli, the first Mrs. Aristotle Onassis, Athina Livanos, and society hostess Elsa Maxwell. In 1962, he designed the wedding gown worn by Princess Sophia of Greece (later Queen Sofia of Spain) for her marriage to the future King Juan Carlos I of Spain. Valentino worked with Desses for several years in the 1950s and gained much hands-on experience, as did Guy Laroche who in the 1950s was Desses' assistant.
	In 1963, at age 60, he retired to Greece because of poor health, where he ran a small boutique which he had opened eight years earlier. He died in Athens in 1970. In the 1990s, his fashion designs saw a revival with the interest in vintage dresses. Naomi Campbell wore a vintage boned bodice and ruched silk Desses gown in May 1999 at a Christie's party. Later, in 2001, Renée Zellweger wore a lemon yellow strapless 1950s Dessès gown to the Academy Awards. Similarly, Jennifer Lopez wore a vintage moss green Desses gown, made with 50 yards of chiffon, to the 2006 Academy Awards.
	The fashion designer Jean Dessès brought also out a perfume called "Kalispera".

= = = Verningen = = =

	Verningen is a village in the municipality of Larvik, Norway. Its population (SSB 2005) is 806.

= = = Woodland Park School District (New Jersey) = = =

	The Woodland Park School District is a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in kindergarten through eighth grade from the Borough of Woodland Park (formerly known as West Paterson), in Passaic County, New Jersey, United States.
	As of the 2014-15 school year, the district and its three schools had an enrollment of 1,595 students and 90.9 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 17.6:1.
	The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "DE", the fifth-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
	For ninth through twelfth grades, public school students attend Passaic Valley Regional High School, which also serves students from Little Falls and Totowa. The school facility is located in Little Falls Township. As of the 2014-15 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,355 students and 104.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.9:1.
	Schools in the district (with 2014-15 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
	Members of the district's administration are:

= = = Rånerudåsen = = =

	Rånerudåsen is a village in Re municipality, Norway. Its population is 206.

= = = Kovilj Monastery = = =

	The Kovilj Monastery () is a 13th-century Serb Orthodox monastery in the Bačka region, in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina. According to the legend, the monastery was founded by the first Serb archbishop, Saint Sava in the 13th century. The monastery, often cited as one of the most beautiful, has been nicknamed the "Jewel of Bačka". Considered "one of the most monumental cultural-historical objects in Bačka", it is protected by the state since 4 August 1949 as the cultural monument.
	The monastery is located near Kovilj, a suburban village of Novi Sad. It is situated just south of the village at the point where the Special Natural Reserve "Koviljsko-Petrovaradinski Rit" begins, a wetland in the valley of the Danube, stretched along its left bank. The Monastery Kovilj is in the western section of Šajkaška, a historical region of south Bačka.
	In 1217, Serbian ruler, Grand Župan Stefan the First-Crowned was crowned the King of Serbia by the papal legate. King Andrew II of Hungary, angered by the fact that the ruler of Serbia is now equal to him and considering Serbia its vassal, decided to attack Stefan. In 1220, Andrew II encamped at the location of modern Kovilj, which at the time was the territory of Hungary. Saint Sava, brother of Stefan, arrived and began diplomatic talks to prevent the war and managed to reconcile two kings.
	According to tradition, to commemorate the event, Saint Sava founded the monastery in 1220, and dedicated it to the Saint Archangels Gabriel and Michael. Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi, who visited the region in the 17th century, wrote that the monastery was founded by the "Serbian king, the owner of Belgrade", which would be King Stefan Dragutin, who was the only mediaeval Serbian king who ruled Belgrade, 1284-1316. Some theories claim that the monastery was built on the ruins of the Franciscan monastery from 1421. None of these theories can be confirmed in historical documents.
	Kovilj was mentioned for the first in the Munich Serbian Psalter from the 14th century. It was mentioned as having a "joint properties" with the Privina Glava Monastery, which indicates that Kovilj was originally a metochion of Privina Glava. Later sources mention the "old wooden church", which was painted with frescoes in 1651. During the wars between the Austria and Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 17th century, the Ottomans demolished the monastery and burned the church on four occasions from 1686 to 1697. After the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, the surviving monks restored the old church, with the help from the other monks and people which settled in the area from the other parts of Hungary, while the monastery was renovated in 1705-1707.
	The present, stone church, was built from 1741 to 1749 by the "neimars" (builders) Teodor Kosta and Nikola Krapić. It was built in the Morava architectural school style of Serbo-Byzantine architecture and patterned after Manasija and Ravanica. In 1758, Empress Maria Theresa issued a document which set the monastery's estate. By the imperial privilege, the land was strictly divided between the monastery and the nearby settlement of Koviljski Šanac. The establishment of the Šajkaš Battalion in 1763, Serbian settlements surrounding the monastery were repopulated and preserved, which also influenced the prosperity of the monastery. Forerunner of the modern Serbian historiography, Jovan Rajić, became a priest in Kovilj and was appointed the archimandrite of the monastery in 1772, where he died in 1801. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the rebels used the monastery as their base in 1849 which forced the monks to move across the Danube, into the Syrmia region. When they returned after the collapse of the rebellion, the monastery was looted and burned, and many historical treasures have been lost. The new church damaged inside while the old one was almost completely ruined, so it was demolished in 1850. Since 1850, the monks began to collect funds for the restoration. Some of it was secured by the Austrian state, some by the donations of the population and some was help from Russia. Young painter Aksentije Marodić has painted the new iconostas in the 1880s, including the scenes from the life of Christ and replicas of the most famous paintings from that period which Marodić copied from the galleries in Vienna, Munich, Paris, Rome, Venice, and Naples. The walls themselves are not painted. Woodworks and carvings are work of Jovan Kisner, while the gold plating and marble work were done by Ludvig Tauš. The work on the interior turned out to be quite lengthy, as it lasted until 1891/92.
	Marodić painted iconostasis contrary to the canons of the Orthodox faith. Trained in Italy, he was heavily influenced by the Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci's "The Last Supper" is not being painted in Orthodox churches but Marodić painted it in the prominent, central position. Other non-canonical deviations include lack of the visible halos around the saints' heads, there are no names of the saint on the icons, God was painted in human form and there are representations of the Holy Trinity and the Coronation of the Virgin. The frescoes on the walls and columns, on the other hand, followed the church canons.
	The monastery wasn't damaged during World War I. After the partial agrarian reform in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the estate of Kovilj was reduced, and in 1933 it became a female monastery. The Hungarian occupational forces looted the monastery in 1941, during World War II, and some artifacts are today still being exhibited in several museums in Budapest. They also expelled the nuns, which moved to the Fenek Monastery, but when Ustaše forced them out from Fenek, too, they settled in the Monastery of Saint Petka, near Paraćin, in central Serbia. After the war ended, the new Communist authorities confiscated almost the entire monastic estate.
	Part of the complex is a small chapel dedicated to Saint Petka. It leans on an oak, which is in 2010 estimated to be 600 years old.
	After the 1850 renovation, the monastery gathered a vast new artistic and historical collection. It includes rare and valuable books and manuscripts which are kept in large monastic library, the paintings of Uroš Predić and Rafailo Momčilović, the collection of musical literature (assembled by Damaskin Davidović, numerous icons from the 18th and 19th centuries, the monastic archive, etc. The monastery also has the spacious rooms and salons equipped with the antique furniture, chandeliers, stoves, etc., but also a modern dining rooms and an ophthalmology cabinet. There is also a tomb of Jovan Rajić and his original works can be found in his memorial museum.
	Kovilj is known for its honey and rakia. In the process of restitution, the state returned to the monastery previously nationalized of arable land and of forests. As of 2017, a brotherhood of 30 monks cultivates some . They keep 200 bee hives and produce a famed white basil honey (from "Stachys annua L."). The monastery produces a variety of brandies made of quince, plums, green nuts but also cognac and walnut liqueur. The monastery produces of brandy per year.
	Other activities include production of candles and crafting of icons, which, together with numerous herbal balms, can be bought in the monastic shop.
	The monastery gained media attention due to the airing of the "Bukvar pravoslavlja" (the "Primer of Orthodoxy"), from 1996 to 2007. The episodes were shot in Kovilj and they were hosted and edited by then hegumen of the monastery, Porfirije Perić. The monastery also has a choir, noted for its Byzantine chanting.
	From the first mentions of the monastery, there was a monastic school in it. In 2004, heguman Porfirije decided to change the purpose of the object and adapted it into the drug rehabilitation center for young drug addicts, within his project "Zemlja živih" ("Land of the living"). The project expanded beyond the monastery so in 2006 a community was formed on the salaš in Čenej, and then houses were opened in the villages of Vilovo and Brajkovac. A female community was formed in the monastery in Bačko Petrovo Selo. Within the scope of the program, which lasts from 12 to 36 months, there were 120 wards in 2017. They are supervised by the priests and former addicts and do numerous works, like cooking and cultivating the land, while those with artistic leanings make icons and woodcuts.

= = = Revetal = = =

	Revetal is the administrative centre of Re municipality, Norway. Together with the nearby housing estate Bergsåsen, it has a population (SSB 2005) of 1,902.
	Revetal is a regional centre of trade and service, as well as some industry.

= = = Cross moline = = =

	The cross moline (also cross anchory, French "croix ancrée" "anchor cross") is a Christian cross, constituting a kind of heraldic cross.
	The name derives from its shape, which resembles a millrind, the iron clamp of the upper millstone, "moline" being the Old French for a mill. It is very similar to one of the varieties of the "fer de moline" heraldic charge (literal French: "iron of a mill"), the forked tips of which, however, circle out slightly more, akin to the "cross recercelee". It is borne both inverted and rebated, and sometimes "saltirewise" (i.e. in the form of a saltire). 
	When used as a mark of cadency it signifies an eighth son.
	The cross moline is associated with St. Benedict of Nursia. As a result, it is widely used as an emblem by the monks and nuns of the Order of St. Benedict, which he founded.
	Crosses moline appear most notably in the arms of the following: 

= = = Bergsåsen = = =

	Bergsåsen is a village in the municipality of Re, Norway. Together with the nearby village Revetal it has a population (SSB 2005) of 1,902.

= = = Colorado Model Content Standards = = =

	The Colorado Model Content Standards were a set of curriculum standards for teaching civics, dance, economics, foreign language, geography, history, mathematics, music, physical education, reading and writing, science, theatre, and visual arts. 
	Of the 13 standards only three (mathematics, reading and writing, and science) were testing subjects included in the CSAP.
	The standards were replaced by the Colorado Academic Standards in 2011.

= = = LGBT rights in North Korea = = =

	Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in North Korea face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Homosexuality and being openly transgender are not "de jure" illegal in North Korea, but are illegal through decency and obscenity laws; according to the Australian government's Smart Traveller website, "Same-sex relations are legal, but authorities don't accept them."
	Homosexuality and transgender issues are not formally addressed in the penal code. Criminal sanctions are sometimes levied against homosexuality or non-conforming gender expression deemed to be, 
	"against the socialist lifestyle." While punishment was rare, it has been reported by "The Korea Times" that North Korea has executed gay couples under this law.
	2009 revisions of the national penal code may contain provisions that could potentially be used against LGBT people in a discriminatory manner, depending on interpretation.
	Article 193 outlaws the creation, distribution or possession of "decadent" culture, where as Article 194 outlaws sexually explicit media as well as engaging in "decadent" behavior.
	The Constitution of North Korea, last revised in 2012, 2013, 2016, and 2019, does not explicitly address discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.
	The Constitution does broadly guarantee its citizens many civil, cultural, economic and political rights, including "enjoy equal rights in all spheres of State and public activities".
	Since the 1990s, the North Korean government has been reported by Radio Free Asia to "look the other way" with regard to premarital sex and adultery, although they claim that this degree of social liberalism does not seem to apply to LGBT people.
	No positive depiction of LGBT people or endorsement of LGBT rights is permitted. Voice of America's Korean Service has stated that any public discussion about homosexuality is highly taboo, if not illegal.
	Military law mandates celibacy during the first 10 years of service for all enlistees. Reportedly, male soldiers regularly break this rule, by engaging in casual heterosexual and homosexual affairs; these homosexual relationships have been described as situational sexual behavior rather than a sexual orientation.
	North Korea opposed both the "joint statement on ending acts of violence and related human rights violations based on sexual orientation and gender identity" at the United Nations, condemning violence and discrimination against LGBT people. Its precise reasons for doing so remain unclear.
	North Korean propaganda, much like the state-controlled media, almost always depicts homosexuality as a characteristic of Western (and particularly American) morality. In the short story "Snowstorm in Pyongyang" (평양에서 눈보라, published 2000), captured crewmen of the USS "Pueblo" implore their North Korean captors to allow them to engage in gay sex.
	In 2014, after the United Nations Human Rights Council published a report on human rights in North Korea advising a referral to the International Criminal Court, the official Korean Central News Agency responded with an article that included homophobic insults against report author Michael Kirby, who is openly gay. The KCNA's article went on to state that gay marriage "can never be found in the DPRK boasting of the sound mentality and good morals, and homosexuality has become a target of public criticism even in Western countries, too. In fact, it is ridiculous for such gay to sponsor dealing with others' human rights issue."
	Defectors have testified that most North Koreans are unaware that any sexual orientation other than heterosexual exists. Most homosexuals only realized after they defected that the idea of homosexuality exists.

= = = Bjerkøya = = =

	Bjerkøya is a populated island in the municipality of Sande, Norway. It has a population (SSB 2005) of 265.

= = = W. W. Samuell High School = = =

	W. W. Samuell High School and Early College is a public secondary school located in the Pleasant Grove area of Dallas, Texas, US. Samuell High enrolls students in grades 9–12 and is a part of the Dallas Independent School District. The school serves portions of southeast Dallas and a portion of the city of Balch Springs.
	In 2015, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.
	Dallas ISD annexed Pleasant Grove ISD in 1954, and Pleasant Grove High School (now John Quincy Adams Elementary School) was replaced by the newly constructed Samuell High School in 1956-57. In the 1950s and early 1960s, a number of new housing developments in the Pleasant Grove area made Samuell one of Dallas' largest high schools; a new wing was opened in the mid-1960s to handle the increase in population. H. Grady Spruce and Skyline high schools, two historical rivals and closest schools to Samuell, were opened in 1963 and 1971 to help reduce attendance.
	Dr. William Worthington Samuell was a wealthy individual who before his death donated millions of dollars to the City of Dallas Parks and Recreation Department. There are now at least six institutions named after Dr. Samuell in the Dallas area, including the high school, a boulevard, a City of Dallas ranch, a city park and two streets in bordering cities. Dr. W. W. Samuell purchased the first ambulance for the City of Dallas in 1911.
	The school and the district became the focus of a prominent civil rights case in 1966 when three male students — Paul Jarvis, Phil Ferrell and Steve Webb — sued the district after they were ordered to cut their long hair in order to be admitted to school. The case was one of the first in which individuals sued a large urban school district to preserve their individual rights, and the cause was taken up by the American Civil Liberties Union as well as local retail pioneer Stanley Marcus. Marcus did not know the students, but saw their hairstyles as a fashion choice rather than a show of disregard for authority. The case was lost in the U.S. District Court, and despite a series of appeals leading to the U.S. Supreme Court, it was not overturned. The decision is still cited in court cases over constitutional rights.
	The alma mater is "Hail Samuell High, Hail Samuell High", written in 1955 by a music teacher at the school. The school yearbook is "The Torch" and the school newspaper is "The Sentinel". For many years, the seniors' annual memory book was "The Senior Pub", a publication of senior moments which covered all levels of the school, from the classroom funnies to athletics to activities.
	The W.W. Samuell Spartans compete in the following sports:
	Headed by coach and athletic coordinator Steve Pierce, the Spartans play their home games at Pleasant Grove Stadium.
	The Spartan football program has made the playoffs 18 times since 1990 and 25 times overall. The Spartans have won 11 city/bi-district championships ('59, '60, '62, '69, '88, '94, '99, '01, '07, '12, '16), reached the Area round of the state playoffs 6 times, the Regional round 3 times ('94, '01, '07), and the state Quarterfinals once (1962).
	As of 2017, the Spartans maintain an all-time record of 328 wins, 312 losses, and 13 ties dating back to the 1956 season.
	In 1965, with coach James 'Pete' Lawless at the helm, the Spartan baseball team beat the El Paso Austin Golden Panthers 2-0 and the Brownsville Hanna Golden Eagles (formerly known as Brownsville High) 14-0 to capture the 4A state championship. According to records maintained by the University Interscholastic League, this is the only baseball state championship won by any DISD high school to date.
	The 1964 Spartan track and field team, lead by All-state recipient and star athlete Johnny Johnson, set a national high school record in the 440 relay.
	The ethnic makeup of the school in the 2018-2019 fiscal year was 79% Hispanic, 19% Black, 1% White, and 1% Other.
	88.8% of the student population is categorized as being economically disadvantaged and 15.7% of the student population is listed as having special education.
	As of 2017, Young Men's Leadership Academy at Fred F. Florence and Piedmont Global Academy (formerly John B. Hood Junior High) Middle Schools feed into Samuell High School.

= = = Fando y Lis = = =

	Fando y Lis is a 1968 Mexican film directed by Alejandro Jodorowsky in his feature length directorial debut. It an adaptation of a play of the same name by Fernando Arrabal, who was working with Jodorowsky on performance art at the time. The film was shot in high-contrast black-and-white on the weekends with a small budget and was first shown at the Acapulco Film Festival in 1968.
	The film follows Fando (Sergio Klainer) and his paraplegic girlfriend Lis (Diana Mariscal) through a barren, postapocalyptic wasteland in search of the mythical city of Tar, a place where one will know the true nature of eternity, and reach enlightenment. On their journey they see many odd and profoundly disturbing characters and events.
	The narrative of the film leaves a lot to the audience's interpretation, as the avant-garde and surreal nature in which the events of the film are presented mimic the workings of the subconscious.
	When the film premièred at the 1968 Acapulco film festival, a full-scale riot broke out. The film was later banned in Mexico. Roman Polanski (who was there with his wife Sharon Tate to promote his film "Rosemary's Baby") defended the film, stating that he defends any auteur's right of expressing himself with complete liberty and that censorship in art and culture was just not acceptable (as had happened to him in his motherland).
	The film (cut by thirteen minutes) was released in New York to generally negative reviews, with many critics comparing it unfavorably to "Fellini Satyricon", which had recently opened.
	The film has received a 4K digital restoration and is set to be re-released in UK cinemas by Abkco Films for a limited time commencing on February 7, 2020. 

= = = The Anglican Planet = = =

	The Anglican Planet is a Canadian monthly newspaper serving the Anglican Church of Canada. It was started in 2005 by two parish priests, David A. Harris and C. Peter Molloy. Although primarily a news journal, it also seeks to serve the Anglican Church of Canada as a source of intellectual, biblical and spiritual renewal, featuring theological and devotional writings from Anglicans around the world.
	"The Anglican Planet" is not an official journal of any single organization or ecclesiastical body within the Anglican Communion and has an independent editorial policy.

= = = Jan De Cock = = =

	Jan De Cock (born 2 May 1976 in Etterbeek) is a contemporary Belgian visual artist. 
	From the start of his career, his art has revolved around production and the ways in which an artist relates to the broad culturally-injected concept of Modernism. 
	In 2003 Jan De Cock entered the competition "Prix de la Jeune Peinture Belge" (Prize for Young Belgian Painters). He is, after Luc Tuymans, only the second Belgian artist to have had a solo exposition at Tate Modern and the first living Belgian artist to have an exhibition at MoMA, which opened on 23 January 2008.
	Much of his work appears to draw visual and formal comparisons between early-20th century abstract art movements (such as Constructivism, Cubism, and Suprematism) and contemporary design and mass production. Additionally, de Cock commonly includes a performative element intended to act as social critique or to place his work demonstrably into a system of exchange.
	He is represented by Office Baroque in Brussels, Belgium, Fons Welters in Amsterdam, and Francesca Minini in Milan.
	Jan De Cock is founder of The Brussels Art_ Institute (BAI), a multidisciplinary artist workspace and cooperation between the artist and school of Sint-Lukas, Brussels. The institute is located in Anderlecht along the Zenne and Brussels-South station.
	Series of exhibitions, taking place in 2015 and 2016 at the gallery of Office Baroque in Brussels. The latter exhibition featured 18 new “Abstract Capitalist” sculptures as well as 9 “Memorial” drawings.
	In December 2016 Abstract Capitalism II opened at The Brussels Art_ Institute, a 'memorial exhibition' in the form of an old school salon, revealing how artists's houses and studios have become the object of public fascination and - at the same time - misunderstanding about art, creator and the aesthetic. It entails a series of 124 studies of homages to the idea of the arcade and the studio.
	This series of exhibitions tackles the concept of the free market. The first edition "Everything For You, Mexico City" opened in the spring of 2013 in Galería Hilario Galguera, in Mexico City. Jan De Cock grants the city a number of different sculptural Gifts, with which he rejects today's supply-and-demand economy by giving the inhabitants of the city a gift "pur sang", voluntarily and in places where no one has asked for them. 
	Before the Gifts are exhibited, they are first activated in the city by means of a photographic portrait. These photos are then printed in a Memorial Paper, accompanied by two essays and photographs of other cities, and spread over the city. Twenty cities are featured in this project, including Mexico City, Otegem, Strombeek, Havana, Kiev, Carrara, Belfast, Hong Kong, Herford, Liverpool, Casablanca, Antwerp, Godarville, New York, Tokyo, Paris and Brussels.
	"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" (or JKO) is the encompassing generic term for the exhibition project. The project took place between September 2011 and June 2012 and can be divided into two separate but interrelated parts.
	Part 1: A series of six Cahiers was published as a periodical picture story to mark the project. White-out Studio systematically exhibited the Cahiers as five different presentations that were spread over a period of five months (September 10, 2011- January 31, 2012).
	Part 2 : The Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden subsequently presented the exhibition Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (March 10, 2012 - June 24, 2012) and the catalogue 'Jan De Cock: Handbuch Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. Eine Romantische Austellung'.
	In this exhibition Jan De Cock unfolds a complex, interlocking system of fragments, changing the white rooms of the Kunsthalle and the glass pavilion of the Stadtmuseum into a landscape of splintered units that seemingly has no point of departure, nor one of arrival.
	The works shown in the exhibition were made using industrially produced materials. A series of sculptures entitled "Romantische Skulpturen" consists of grand steel profile frames measuring almost 3m x 3m, upon which precisely crafted layers of coated wood and other materials have been attached. The works bring to mind expansive objects from former series by Jan De Cock, that now seem to have been shoved against the wall. In other words, entire rooms have been transformed into layered reliefs. For De Cock, the layering and unkempt surfaces are again references to his studio process.
	This exhibition was sculptured and organized within its space as a sequence from a fictional film. Jan De Cock probed the very sources of film and played with movement, repetition, and reproduction, which are the main concepts for reading the exhibition. The montage took place from room to room, following a directed path, indicated by three Herculean archers by the sculptor Antoine Bourdelle. With "Repromotion", the artist examined the issue of representing movement in modern sculpture or "the development of the artist studio in space". Jan De Cock chose BOZAR because of his personal relationship to the institution.
	Jan De Cock's first US museum exhibition took place in 2008. A multipart installation features a complex display of framed images punctuated by boxlike plywood modules. Photographs and photomontages in austere black frames are clustered on the walls, some as high as the ceiling or as low as the floor. In some of these groupings, smaller photographs are arranged on white backgrounds. Others are partly obscured by white mats with peekaboo cutouts, or by sculptural interventions in the form of slotted plywood boxes.
	The photographic material was created in response to the specific location in which it will be screened, and shows different objects from the collection of the MoMA, in combination with images from art, architecture or film history.
	In 2006 Jan De Cock created a series of in-situ sculptures in Casa del Fascio that entered into dialogue with the existing architectural shapes of two different locations in the region of Lombardy in Northern Italy: the gallery Francesca Minini in Milan and Galleria Massimo Minini in Brescia.
	Daniel Buren was then invited to elaborate in-situ on the museum reference frame created by De Cock, and hence to complete the work. Buren's intervention consisted of putting his well-known motive of green vertical ( 8.7 cm ) wide stripes onto De Cock's sculptures and using mirrors to interact with the piece.
	With "Denkmal 53", Jan De Cock built his own museum by creating simple constructions that refer to the formal language of the building of Tate Modern, especially the window distribution and structure of the Central Hall. The installation uses vistas and blind walls to redirect the viewer's gaze and hide certain aspects of an existing edifice to reveal others.
	This exhibition was conceived as an orchestrated walking tour with pauses and hindrances: the sculptures in the middle of the rooms are spread over different exhibition spaces, thus reducing the available space and creating a trajectory past the old masters that sometimes leads to a dead-end. The lines, areas, and solid colours of the sculptures harmonize on an abstract level with the furnishings, the architecture, and the paintings, resulting in a "Gesamtkunstwerk".
	This installation was created for the group exhibition "Beeld in Park" in 2000 (June 30, 2000 - October 15, 2000) for which Jan De Cock created a new entrance, namely the carriage entry of a private residence that opened onto the public space of the Jean-Félix Hap Park. The pavilion was built as an extension of the new entrance, adjacent to an 18th-century gateway building in the classical style. An extension "module" measuring 85 square meters divided the park into two areas.

= = = Vynohrad = = =

	Vynohrad () is a name for several places in Ukraine:

= = = Cross Hall = = =

	The Cross Hall is a broad hallway on the first floor in the White House, the official residence of the President of the United States. It runs east to west connecting the State Dining Room with the East Room. The room is used for receiving lines following a State Arrival Ceremony on the South Lawn, or a procession of the President and a visiting head of state and their spouses.
	The space measures just under 18 by 80 feet (5.5 by 24 m). It allows access to the elevator vestibule, Entrance Hall, East Room, Blue Room, Green Room, Red Room, and State Dining Room. The Grand Staircase is visible from an opening directly across from the Green Room.
	The current architectural appearance dates to the 1952 Truman reconstruction, which recreated much of the 1902 renovation by the firm of McKim, Mead and White. The Truman reconstruction replaced the golden-hued Joliet stone floors, columns and pilasters with a cool gray marble. Plaster walls divided by a dado and painted cream and gold were also replaced with marble. McKim employed Roman doric columns based directly on the work of the sixteenth-century Italian architect Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola for the screen separating the cross hall and entrance hall. James Hoban's niches in the south wall were retained although their exterior trim was made less overt. Although Hoban had urn-shaped cast-iron stoves placed in them, the current niches contain busts of Presidents George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. During the Kennedy Administration restoration, interior decorator Stéphane Boudin arranged the furnishings to more closely resemble the cross hall at Malmaison. While a red carpet has traditionally been in the Cross Hall since the early 1960s, the carpet has, over time, become more detailed and the color has evolved. The current carpet, manufactured during the Clinton Administration, was designed to be more graphic, and to appear attractively in television broadcasts. The red was made more saturated, the shade slightly warmer, and a gold border of laurel leaves, medallions, and five-pointed stars, based directly on the carved stone border in the Grand Stairway, was woven into the carpet's border. The current appearance of the Cross Hall is the result of a renovation and refurbishing completed in 1997 by the Committee for the Preservation of the White House, the White House Office of the Curator, and funded by the White House Endowment Trust.
	A suite of upholstered gilded beech chairs and settées thought to have once belonged to James Monroe are arranged against the walls; two Empire pier tables are placed opposite the Madison suite of furniture and the gilded pier table from Monroe's original purchase for the Blue Room and restored by Jacqueline Kennedy is in the adjacent Entrance Hall.
	The tradition of hanging presidential portraits in this hall dates to President Ulysses S. Grant. The Buchanan administration first began the tradition of keeping paintings of presidents for the White House collection. The Grants added to this collection, and hung portraits of presidents from Washington to Lincoln in the Cross Hall behind a glass screen.
	At that time, visitors could come to the White House on weekdays, enter through the north doors, and walk down the Cross Hall past the paintings to the East Room. With a note from a congressman, visitors could view the other "State Floor" rooms, such as the Red Room, where they could see the large Grant family portrait.

= = = Training camp (National Football League) = = =

	In the National Football League, training camp refers to the time before the season commences. During this time, teams will sometimes congregate at an outside location, usually a university, to conduct training camp for at least the first few weeks. This is similar to baseball's spring training.
	Training camp is used in several different ways. New players and coaches use it to acclimate themselves to new teammates and systems. For younger players, it serves as a period of evaluation; for veterans, it is time to round back into form.
	Training camp is divided into several different components. The first is scrimmages. These are pseudo-games where teams run nearly full games' worth of plays. Sometimes, two practice sessions are held on the same day. This concept is referred to as "two-a-days". Other parts of training camp include drills, meetings with coaches and other players at one's position, weight training, and pre-season games.
	The latter half of training camp leads directly into the exhibition season.
	With NFL training camps starting in late-July, the biggest concern has been dehydration. In 2001, Minnesota Vikings player Korey Stringer died of a medical condition based from dehydration and heatstroke. The death of Stringer prompted the NFL to change their training policies. At each practice, every team must have the team doctor and trainers on the field; additionally, an ambulance must be present during practices.
	With NFL training camps beginning in late July, severe weather can affect practice and exhibition games. In 2002, a Cleveland Browns exhibition game ended due to lightning near Cleveland Browns Stadium, and severe storms have been known to disrupt training camps.
	Fans are often able to visit their favorite team's training camp to catch an early look at the players; admission to practices is often free or substantially less expensive than a game ticket, making training camp trips a popular option for fans who cannot attend many games due to financial or other reasons. NFL teams often sell souvenirs and concessions at camp sites along with offering activities and events to make training camp a more fan-friendly experience.
	Official NFL training camps should be distinguished from private training camps, often for certain tactics or positions.
	Recently the NFL has let teams have off-season training sessions, officially called "organized team activities" (OTAs). Many teams use the OTAs to help develop players and make them better. These training sessions are in late May and early June. The OTAs are the only practices between the end of the previous season and the start of training camp. Players new to the NFL attend seminars and lectures organized by the NFL from mid-June to mid-July. For veteran players, they use the off-time to sponsor football camps for children, golf outings for charity, or even some family time.
	Unlike Major League Baseball spring training, where teams congregate at locations in two states (Arizona and Florida), NFL teams train all over the United States. However, an increasing number of teams do so in the same facilities at which they practice all year long – 19 teams in 2014, and 20 in 2015, up from five in 2000. Most teams have abandoned remote locations to "come home" for training camp, largely for practicality reasons. Many clubs have recently constructed state-of-the-art headquarters and practice facilities, replete with amenities (multiple practice fields, indoor practice fields, weightlifting rooms, meeting rooms, lecture halls, film study rooms, offices, cafeteria, medical facilities, IT infrastructure, media/press conference room, etc.) that can not be provided or matched at other distant locations (colleges, parks, etc.). Most if not all of these newer team practice facilities were in fact designed with hosting training camp in mind, and they are able to accommodate the expanded training camp roster sizes. Some even feature permanent bleachers for spectators. In addition, the cost of temporarily relocating and accommodating the entire team organization to another location is substantial.
	The attitudes about how to run training camp have also evolved - leading more teams to stay home. Furthermore, restrictions dictated by the CBA (NFLPA) limit contact and prohibit such things two-a-days, which effectively reduces on-field activity during camp. With "Organized Team Activities" ("OTAs"), mini-camps, and conditioning during the off-season, players remain in top physical shape year-round. The focus of training camp is no longer getting players back in shape, but more of fostering camaraderie and delving immediately into game prep.
	For example, the Lions' camp was long held at Saginaw Valley State College, the Broncos trained at the University of Northern Colorado, the Patriots at Bryant University in Smithfield, Rhode Island, and the Redskins moved in from Dickinson College, the former site of Carlisle Indian School. Tampa Bay used to train at the University of Tampa, then at the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex before moving permanently back to their headquarters. Similarly, after many years on the road, the Jets (SUNY Cortland) and the Giants (Albany) both recently moved back to team headquarters.
	There are still a handful of teams that use somewhat distant locations at the fringes of their markets to promote their team. For instance, the Buffalo Bills moved their training camp from SUNY Fredonia to Saint John Fisher College in suburban Rochester; as a team representing one of the smallest cities in the NFL, the holding of training camp in the nearby city of Rochester allows the Bills to lay claim to a larger portion of upstate New York and thus take advantage of a market closer in size to other teams in the NFL (similar rationale was used for the Bills' games in Toronto, Ontario, Canada prior to 2014). The Dallas Cowboys have historically hosted their training camp in locales very distant from their home market, even before they were given the moniker "America's Team" in the late 1970s. The Cowboys have held their training camp at the River Ridge Playing Fields in Oxnard, California, a suburb of Los Angeles, off and on since 2004. Despite the Rams returning to southern California and the Cowboys constructing a considerable multi-purpose facility in Frisco, Texas whose main lure is being the team's practice facility, the Cowboys continue have held the early part of their training camp in Oxnard annually since 2012.
	Another difference between spring training and training camp is that true intra-squad games do not take place (anymore), though informal scrimmages are very common. Split-squad games never happen in the NFL. It is also fairly common to see two teams hold a short joint camp and scrimmage at a neutral site in addition to their main camp.

= = = Call for the Dead = = =

	Call for the Dead is John le Carré's first novel, published in 1961. It introduces George Smiley, the most famous of le Carré's recurring characters, in a story about East German spies inside Great Britain. It also introduces a fictional version of British Intelligence, called "the Circus" because of its location in Cambridge Circus, that is apparently based on MI6 and that recurs throughout le Carré's spy novels. "Call for the Dead" was filmed as "The Deadly Affair," released in 1966.
	Foreign Office civil servant Samuel Fennan apparently commits suicide after a routine security check by Circus agent George Smiley. Smiley had interviewed and cleared Fennan only days previously after an anonymous accusation; because of this, Circus head of service Maston sets up Smiley to be blamed for Fennan's death. 
	While interviewing Fennan's wife Elsa in her home, Smiley answers the telephone, expecting the call to be for him. It is a requested 8:30 AM call from the telephone exchange. Inspector Mendel, a police officer on the verge of retirement who is investigating the Fennan case, finds out that the call had been requested by Fennan the night before. When Elsa later tells Smiley that she requested the call from the exchange, Smiley becomes suspicious of her. However, Maston unequivocally orders Smiley to refrain from any further investigation into Fennan's death. Back in his office, Smiley receives a letter posted by Fennan the night before, requesting an urgent meeting that day. Believing that Fennan was murdered to prevent the meeting, Smiley resigns from the Circus and attaches his resignation to Fennan's letter, which he forwards to Maston.
	Arriving home, Smiley notices a movement in the drawing room. He rings his own door bell and is met by a tall, fair, handsome stranger. Smiley skilfully avoids entering and notes all the number plates of the seven cars parked in the road. Mendel traces one car to a car dealer, Adam Scarr. Scarr tells Mendel that he rents the car out twice a month to a stranger known as "Blondie", whose description matches Smiley's intruder. Smiley is subsequently attacked and nearly killed while trying to track the car to "Blondie", and Scarr is later murdered. Investigating further, Mendel learns that Elsa attends a local theatre twice a month with "Blondie", and that the two exchange music cases at each performance. "Blondie" is soon identified by fellow Circus agent Peter Guillam as Hans-Dieter Mundt, an East German agent under diplomatic cover working for Dieter Frey, a German spy of Smiley's during the Second World War who has since become an important East German agent. Smiley believes that Frey would use a courier like Mundt to service only one highly placed resident agent. Guillam reports that Mundt has fled England.
	When confronted with Smiley's evidence, Elsa confesses to Smiley that her husband was an East German spy, that she was his unwilling accomplice in passing secret documents in the music cases, and that Fennan was killed by Mundt after Frey saw him talking to Smiley. However, Guillam learns that during the last six months, Fennan had been taking home insignificant, unclassified documents. Smiley realises that Elsa herself is the East German spy and that Fennan had accused himself to meet someone with whom he could discuss his suspicions about his wife. Smiley sets a trap, using his knowledge of Frey's tradecraft from the war to inspire a rendezvous between Frey and Elsa. When Frey utilises the meeting to kill Elsa, he is trailed by Mendel and killed by Smiley while attempting to escape.
	Smiley turns down Maston's offer of reinstatement and promotion and instead flies to Zurich to see his estranged wife, Ann.
	"Call for the Dead" was filmed as "The Deadly Affair" (1966). It was directed by Sidney Lumet from a script by Paul Dehn, and starred James Mason as Charles Dobbs, (not George Smiley, as le Carré had sold the rights to use the name "George Smiley" with the rights to "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold"), Harry Andrews as Mendel, Simone Signoret as Elsa Fennan and Maximilian Schell as Dieter Frey. The major change in the script from the book is the addition of an affair between Ann Smiley and Dieter Frey, which presages the events of "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy".
	"Call for the Dead" was first adapted as a BBC Radio 4 drama in 1978. Subsequently, it was the first story to be broadcast in BBC Radio 4's major series to feature all the Smiley novels ("The Complete Smiley"), with Simon Russell Beale in the main role. Other characters and actors are as follows: Inspector Mendel—Kenneth Cranham; Elsa Fennan—Eleanor Bron; Ann Smiley—Anna Chancellor; Peter Guillam—Richard Dillane; Maston—James Laurenson; Dieter Frey—Henry Goodman; Adam Scarr/Mundt—Sam Dale; Ludo Oriel—Janice Acquah; Nursing Sister—Caroline Guthrie; With Benjamin Askew and Jonathan Tafler. The novel was adapted as a 90-minute drama by Robert Forrest, produced by Patrick Raynor, and was transmitted on 23 May 2009.

= = = In Custody (novel) = = =

	In Custody (1984) is a novel set in Delhi, India by Indian American writer Anita Desai. It was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1984.
	Deven earns a living by teaching Hindi literature to college students. As his true interest was in Urdu poetry, he jumps at the chance to meet the great Urdu poet, Nur. Under the advice of his friend Murad, an editor of a periodical devoted to Urdu literature, Deven procures a secondhand tape recorder so that he can help transcribe Urdu's early poetry, as well as conduct an interview or even write the memoirs of Nur. However, things do not happen as he expects them to.
	Devens' old friend Murad visits Deven unexpectedly with an offer for him to interview a great Urdu poet Nur Sahjahanabadi who lives in Chandni Chowk, Old Delhi for his magazine. Deven is fond of Urdu poetry. He accepts the offer. At first, He thinks that he is getting a chance to meet a great Urdu poet but after reaching his house he notices the unbearable condition of Nur's house. When he meets Nur, he refuses to give an interview by saying that Urdu is now at its last stage and soon this beautiful language will not exist. But he shows some trust in Deven. But Deven gets annoyed by the condition of Nur's house and drops the idea of interviewing Nur. Murad again convinces him to interview Nur with the help of tape recorder so that it can be further used for audio learning by Urdu scholars. Deven, who is a poor lecturer, asks for money from the college for a tape recorder. He goes to a shop to buy, where the shopkeeper, Jain, offers him a second hand tape recorder. At first Deven refuses to purchase it but later Jain convinces him that it is a machine with good quality and his own nephew Chiku will help them to operate it while recording the interview. Unwillingly, Deven agrees to purchase it. Nur's first wife promises Deven that she can arrange a room for Deven if he gives her some money. Deven arranged the money for the payment to her by the college authority with the help of his colleague-cum-friend Siddiqui. 
	He then goes to Delhi with Chiku for recording, but he fails to record the interview. Now, he not only has no recording but also has to bear the expenses like payment demanded by poet, his wife, nephews of Jain etc.
	The 1993 Merchant Ivory Productions film "In Custody" (based upon her 1984 novel of the same name) was directed by Ismail Merchant, with a screenplay by Shahrukh Husain. It stars the noted actors Shashi Kapoor, Shabana Azmi and Om Puri.

= = = A Murder of Quality = = =

	A Murder of Quality is the second novel by John le Carré. It features George Smiley, the most famous of le Carré's recurring characters, in his only book set outside the espionage community.
	Retired spy George Smiley is contacted by a wartime colleague, Miss Elsa Brimley, who now edits a small Christian magazine, 'Christian Voice'. She tells Smiley that she has received a letter from a reader, Stella Rhodes, claiming that her husband is plotting to kill her. The woman's husband is a teacher at a public school in the town of Carne. It so happens that Terence Fielding, brother of a classics professor who was one of Smiley's close associates in British intelligence during the war, is a house master at the school. However, before Smiley can intercede, Stella Rhodes is murdered. Since Stella's father and ancestors had been long time subscribers of the magazine, Brimley feels obligated and guilty over the woman's death, asks Smiley for help, with whom she had worked during the war as his secretory. Smiley travels to Carne to investigate.
	Smiley's estranged wife Ann had lived in Carne as a child, and upon his arrival, he becomes the subject of snide gossip. He also is a witness to an invidious class division between "town and gown" which is superimposed upon a religious division between adherents of the Church of England and Nonconformists. As the wife of a public school teacher, and as a nonconformist, Stella Rhodes occupied a low rank in the local social hierarchy, especially in the estimation of Carne's upper crust. 
	The town police focus on a homeless madwoman as the murderer, but both Smiley and the investigating officer believe her to be innocent. Ms. Brimley discovers the murderer's hidden blood-stained clothes, while in the meantime Tim Perkins, a boy in Fielding's house, becomes the second murder victim. Stanley Rhodes admits to Smiley that, behind her apparent piety and ostentatious good works, his murdered wife was a pathological liar and schemer who would emotionally abuse him and viciously beat her own dog. Digging deeper, Smiley learns that Stella habitually humiliated, blackmailed, and otherwise terrorized those around her, using both her mask of civility and a fear of reprisals to escape suspicion or retribution for her behavior.
	Smiley follows the clues to identify the real murderer, Terence Fielding, whom Stella had been blackmailing over his wartime conviction of homosexual conduct with a member of the Royal Air Force. The conviction was known to school authorities, who took advantage of the situation for their own ends with separate blackmail of Fielding into remaining in his position at a significantly lower salary than his peers. Perkins had inadvertently made a discovery that would derail Fielding's attempt to implicate the husband and would have put suspicion on Fielding himself. Instead, until the end Fielding maintained unawareness of the significance of what he had seen. 
	Fielding ultimately fails to frame the husband for the murders, despite his attempt to misdirect Smiley by saying he loved Perkins. Having admitted his guilt, Fielding is arrested.
	John le Carré himself adapted the novel for Thames Television. "A Murder of Quality" was shown on the ITV network in 1991. It stars Denholm Elliott as George Smiley, Glenda Jackson as Ailsa Brimley, Joss Ackland as Terence Fielding, Billie Whitelaw as Mad Janie, David Threlfall as Stanley Rode and a teenage Christian Bale as Tim Perkins.
	The novel was read on BBC Radio 4's "Story Time" in 1976, and dramatised on the same station in 1981. More recently, in 2009, BBC Radio 4 broadcast "A Murder of Quality" as the second in a series which featured all the Smiley novels ("The Complete Smiley"), with Simon Russell Beale in the main role.

= = = Bođani Monastery = = =

	The Bođani Monastery (, ) is a Serbian Orthodox monastery in the Bačka region, in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina. The monastery is near the village of Bođani, in the Bač municipality. Among the few Serbian Orthodox monasteries in the Bačka, Bođani is the oldest.
	The monastery was founded in 1478. According to myth, Bogdan, a merchant from Dalmatia, was travelling in the area when he got blind. In the vicinity of the Danube he stopped, washed his eyes at the nearby spring and his sight returned. As a gratitude, he built a monastery and dedicated it to the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In time, the monastery was named after him (Bogdan - Bođani).
	The church has been demolished and rebuilt several times. It was damaged in wars, burned in fires and flooded during the major floods of the Danube, like in the late 18th century or 1920s, when the church was flooded by water up to high. The existing church was built in 1722. After the last major reconstruction, a glass plate was installed in front of the altar, so that archaeological remains of the previous churches can be seen.
	For a short period in the first half of the 1990s, Bođani became a female monastery.
	The monastery complex consists of the Church of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, "konaks" which surround the church from three sides shaped like a Cyrillic letter "П", a garden and an estate with auxiliary objects.
	The church is built in the Baroque style. It is known for its frescoes, the work of Hristofor Žefarović, a translator of the Leonardo Da Vinci's A Treatise on Painting in the Greek language, who painted them in the 1730s. They cover over of space. Instead of working with the wet plaster, which is one of the main characteristics of the frescoes, Žefarović used the oil paint on dry plaster. The presentation of the Biblical themes is also unusual and differs from the usual ones. He gave his interpretation, which was opposite to the canonical versions, so some consider his work as the spark of the modern Serbian painting. The semicircular supporting pillars are painted with the Book of Genesis motives, while to roof frescoes depict battles between the saints and demons, which have strange, animal-like heads. Saint Margaret the Virgin, in Serbian called "Ognjena Marija" ("Fiery Mary"), is shown bludgeoning the animal-like, winged and tailed demon with a hammer.
	Iconostasis is a superb work of art of its own. It was made in the mid-18th century by an artisan from Kiev.
	Bođani Monastery was declared Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1990, and it is protected by Republic of Serbia.
	The monastery garden is popular among the local population and visitors. It has over 150 different plants from all parts of the world, like Egyptian cedar or numerous plants from the Americas. A project of planting the sequoia trees turned unsuccessful due to the climate.

= = = Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.) = = =

	Woodrow Wilson High School is a secondary school in Washington, D.C. It serves grades 9 through 12, as part of the District of Columbia Public Schools. The school is located in the Tenleytown neighborhood, at the intersection of Chesapeake Street and Nebraska Avenue NW. It primarily serves students in Washington's Ward 3, although nearly 30% of the student body live outside the school’s boundaries.
	The school building, built in 1935 and extensively renovated in 2010–2011, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. The school was named for Woodrow Wilson, the 28th president of the United States. The school's motto, "Haec olim meminisse juvabit," is a Latin phrase from Virgil's "Aeneid"; after a storm, Aeneas tells his men that "In days to come, it will please us to remember this."
	Woodrow Wilson High School was built on a patch of land acquired in 1930, known by the neighboring Tenleytowners as "French's Woods". In March 1934, the D.C. commissioners awarded the contract to build Wilson to the lowest bidder, McCloskey and Co of Philadelphia. It was built for a total cost of $1.25 million.
	Wilson opened its doors to students on Monday, September 23, 1935, as an all-white school, thus becoming the sixth DC Interhigh school. The school started with 640 sophomores and juniors. Many students transferred to Wilson from Central and Western. Western had been running double shifts (9 am – 5 pm) to accommodate the students from the Wilson neighborhoods. The first principal was Norman J. Nelson, who had previously been the assistant principal at Western.
	Woodrow Wilson High School graduated its first students in February 1937. Chester Moye was class president from the February graduation class. The new school held its first spring commencement exercises, on June 23, 1937, for 290 students. The class president was Robert Davidson.
	In the spring of 1970 about 400 students gathered in the school auditorium to protest inequalities in the school, and almost all of the students were black. Jay Childers, the author of "The Evolving Citizen: American Youth and the Changing Norms of Democratic Engagement" (2012), wrote that this was an indication of racial tension in the school.
	Dr. Stephen P. Tarason became the school's 11th principal in January 1999, when he succeeded Dr. Wilma Bonner. Dr. Bonner spent a brief time working at the DCPS office before moving on to a position at the Howard University School of Education.
	In mid-2006, Woodrow Wilson High School was proposed to be a charter school, but the superintendent asked the school to hold off in exchange for being granted control over certain areas of autonomy especially facilities.
	Upon Tarason's departure to become a middle school principal in Hagerstown, Maryland, Mrs. Jacqueline Williams became interim principal in 2007. In 2008, DCPS chancellor Michelle Rhee selected Peter Cahall, a former teacher and administrator with the MCPS system, as the new principal.
	The school building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.
	Woodrow Wilson was one of eleven schools nationwide selected by the College Board for inclusion in the EXCELerator "School Improvement Model" program beginning the 2006–2007 school year. The project was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
	The campus was renovated in 2011, in a series of school modernizations at D.C. public schools. The extensive renovations to the historic building included certification to the LEED Gold standard. For the 2010–2011 school year, the students of Wilson were placed in a temporary space at the University of the District of Columbia. The renovated school reopened in October 2011, and festivities included a 75th anniversary celebration.
	Childers wrote that the school had been "increasingly troubled" in a period before 2012.
	In June 2014 Principal Pete Cahall came out as homosexual to his students during the school's gay pride day. He stated that his students inspired him to come out. The Westboro Baptist Church had stated that it was going to protest against that pride day.
	Pete Cahall left his post as principal in December 2014, in the middle of the school year. Previously DCPS had announced that his contract would not be renewed. Cahall stated that his contract was not renewed due to low test scores. In 2015 Cahall became the principal of Thomas Edison High School of Technology.
	In spring 2015 a panel headed by teachers and other employees, parents, and members of the surrounding community examined candidates for the position of principal. Kimberly Martin, the former principal of Aspen High School, was selected. She had previously served as the principal of Lorain Admiral King High School in Lorain, Ohio, from 2003 to 2005, after teaching there for five years; as principal of Thomas W. Harvey High School in Painesville, Ohio from 2005 to 2012; and as principal of Aspen High School in Aspen, Colorado from 2012 to 2015. She began her term as principal of Wilson on June 29, 2015.
	In 2015 DCPS proposed a $15.6 million budget for Wilson, $300,000 fewer than the previous one, despite a projected enrollment of more students.
	Wilson was "a staunch supporter of segregation, setting back African Americans in their quest for civil rights. A conversation about whether Wilson is an appropriate name for a high school has been simmering in D.C. for years. It gained traction when Princeton University students protested in 2015 as their school debated removing Wilson's name from campus buildings. Organizers of the latest movement to change the school's name want the school to honor the neighborhood’s black community, not someone whose policies laid the groundwork for dismantling it." According to proponents of name change, "the community in Northwest Washington has to acknowledge that the federal government — after Wilson left office — uprooted established black communities to create the upper-income, largely white enclave it is today. Organizers of the latest movement to change the school's name want the school to honor the neighborhood's black community, not someone whose policies laid the groundwork for dismantling it."
	The school serves 1,829 students. Wilson is the largest comprehensive public high school in the District.
	"The Beacon", the school newspaper, described the school as "an integrated school, an unusual, precious, fragile organism, attacked from many sides" in December 1970.
	In 1955 99% of the students at Wilson were white, and by the late 1960s the school was still predominately white. A racial integration campaign occurred in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The school was 17% white by 1980. The current racial makeup of the student body is 34% white, 32% black, 22% Hispanic/Latino, 6% Asian, and 5% multiple races.
	By 2012 there had been a decline in students from wealthier families; by then many alternative options for schooling had appeared in the DCPS system.
	The campus includes an Olympic sized swimming pool, theater space, and a large atrium. There is a turf football field behind the school, surrounded by a running track, which is closer in length to 350 meters than the standard 400.
	Wilson primarily serves students in Ward 3. School boundaries encompass everything west of 16th Street, NW; all of southwest Washington north of the Anacostia River; and parts of Capitol Hill southeast. Neighborhoods include Adams Morgan, Georgetown, Glover Park, Chevy Chase, and Tenleytown.
	The following elementary schools feed into Wilson:
	The following middle schools feed into Wilson:
	However, nearly 30% of the student body live outside the school’s boundaries. Those students come from all parts of the District. In all, students come to Wilson from 40 different schools in the city.
	Many of the students live in poor neighborhoods near Wilson. The neighborhood surrounding Wilson has a median family income of over $80,000 as of 2012.
	The school's student body is ethnically mixed: 32% African American, 34% Caucasian, 22% Latin American, and 6% Asian American.
	Nearly 22% of the students receive free and reduced lunch benefits.
	Woodrow Wilson High School is the top performer in the non-magnet High School system in the District of Columbia Public Schools system and one of the top performers in DCPS overall. Students are required to complete 24 credits for graduation, including courses in Art, English, Health and Physical Education, Mathematics through Calculus, Music, Science, Social Studies, and World Languages.
	Many Wilson students enroll in advanced courses; as of 2015 Wilson has one of the largest numbers of Advanced Placement courses and electives in DCPS. In the 2012-2013 school year, Wilson had a 50% rate of scoring 3-5 in Advanced Placement courses
	Out-of-boundary students must maintain minimum GPAs in order to remain at the school: 2.5 for students in an academy and 2.0 for students not in an academy.
	Many Wilson students, about 55% of the student body in the 2013-2014 school year, are members of "academies" that seek to tailor a student's curriculum to his or her academic and/or professional interests. These include the Finance Academy, HAM (Humanities, Arts, and Media), WISP (Wilson International Studies Program), JROTC, Hospitality and Tourism, AAA (Academic Athletic Achievement), and SciMaTech (Science, Math, and Technology).
	About 89% of Wilson graduates continue their education beyond high school, with 77% attending two-year or four-year colleges or universities.
	During its first school year in 1935–36, Wilson was not eligible to play in the Inter-High School Athletic Association. The newly formed basketball and baseball teams played an exhibition-only schedule the first year, and there was no football team. The basketball and baseball teams began their official Inter-High Series competition in the 1936–'37 school year. The football team played an exhibition season in 1936-37 and then officially joined the Inter-High Series, a year later, in the fall of 1937.
	Coach Carl Heintel coached the Wilson baseball, basketball, and football teams.
	Wilson was frequently called "the Presidents" by newspaper sports writers in the early years.
	On April 20, 1937, the Wilson baseball team scored an 8–3 victory at Central Stadium in the school's first-ever major sport Inter-High win. Wilson pitching ace Kilmer Bortz, with his "befuddling drop" pitch, struck out sixteen Central High School batters. In the spring of 1937, two baseball players were honored as Wilson's first ever All High selections in a major sport: 1B Bill Hawksworth for batting .500 and "whose play around the base was a thing of beauty," and strikeout phenom Bortz. Bortz would later become a highly decorated World War II Navy aviator in the Pacific, including being awarded two Navy Cross medals for his actions during the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
	Wilson finished the 1959 season with a perfect record of 18–0 and won their first Inter-High baseball championship. Sherman Rees coached the team. In the final game of the season, the Tigers defeated Coolidge 8–1 at Griffith Stadium; lefty Sam Swindells (8–0) pitched, and SS Marty Gorewitz batted 4 for 4. Swindells would go on to be named the "Daily News" 1960 Baseball Player of the Year.
	The 1962 Tigers, now coached by Bill Richardson, played their way back to the Inter-High Championship game. Wilson curveball ace Kent Feddeman's extra inning 4-hit victory over Anacostia earned Wilson the right to play for another championship. Three days later, they defeated a strong Phelps team 1–0 in extra innings at Georgetown University. Feddeman pitched again, defeating Phelps pitcher Ed Cook despite Cook's 2-hitter. Key to the victory was the solid defense of Wilson SS Pete Swindells.
	By 2008, the Tigers had won sixteen consecutive DCIAA baseball championships. At the end of that school year, Coach and AD Eddie Saah retired from coaching with seventeen years at the helm of the Wilson baseball program. Former Assistant Coach Eddie Smith was named as the new baseball coach.
	Through their 2011 season, the Wilson baseball program won nineteen consecutive DCIAA championships. Even more remarkable, Wilson's last DCIAA loss was in 1999, in a game against Dunbar High School.
	Wilson's basketball teams played an exhibition-only schedule in Wilson's first year, 1935-36. Their first official Inter-High Series games took place in the 1936–37 school year. In the next year of competition – the 1937–38 season – Charles Findley was named Wilson's first All High for basketball. (This selection followed two Wilson baseball players in spring of 1937 and a football player in fall of 1937.)
	Wilson's first Inter-High Championship win was in basketball, in 1942. The squad was coached by Tony Kupka and led by Donald Hillock and Fred Vinson, both of whom were named to the All High team. In the semifinals, Wilson won 28–24 over the Roosevelt team under coach Red Auerbach. The "Green Tigers" then decisively won the Inter-High title by beating Central, 46–23.
	Wilson won back-to-back Inter-High championship titles in 1953 and 1954. In 1952-53, the top scorer was Lon Herzbrun. In one game against McKinley Tech, Herzbrun scored 41 points – breaking the Inter-High single game scoring record. Herzbrun also broke the Inter-High single season scoring record, and this win ended Tech's run of 30 consecutive victories. That same year, Tennessee bound Herzbrun was named to the first team All Met football team and the first team All Met basketball team, the only Wilson athlete ever to earn that double honor. In Wilson's 1953-54 basketball year, sophomore Lew Luce led the team in scoring; he broke Herzbrun's Inter-High single season scoring record on the final day of the 1954 regular season. Luce went on to be named three times to the All Met basketball team.
	Wilson's inaugural football team, coached by Carl Heintel, played its first (exhibition season) game on October 16, 1936, a 12–0 victory vs St. Albans in a driving rain storm. The team went 3–2 in a non-Inter-High exhibition season in 1936. The stars of the squad were RB Dave Tate (who scored Wilson's first-ever touchdown), RB Nick Cokinos, and E Johnny Stevens.
	Wilson football officially joined the Inter-High Series for the 1937 season. For his play on the gridiron in the fall of 1937, E Johnny Stevens was named as Wilson's first All High player for football. (Two baseball players had been named that spring for Wilson's first-ever entries into the All High selections.)
	The new Wilson Stadium opened during the football season of 1939. The "Presidents," as they were frequently called by the newspaper sports writers in the early years, played their first home football game in Wilson Stadium on October 6, 1939, against Landon. The official flag-raising dedication took place on October 27 in front of a capacity crowd of 2,000 prior to the kickoff of the 1939 Inter-High home opener vs Western.
	In the 1949 season, the Tigers football squad, under Coach Joe Carlo, outscored opponents by 206 to 77. They went on to win their first Inter-High Championship by beating McKinley Tech by a score of 21 to 20, made possible by three extra points from placekicker Dick Sebastian. The next weekend, the Tigers played in the Second Annual City Championship game against Catholic League champions Gonzaga in front of 7,949 fans in Griffith Stadium; the Tigers lost the game with a final score of 12–7. Stars of that team were B Lee Brinson, E Pete Haley, C Preston Kavanaugh, T Don Meaney, and B Leo Speros.
	Three seasons later, in 1952, Wilson went unbeaten under the direction of Coach Joe Carlo. The team won its second Inter-High Football Championship in front of 7,000 fans. Although the Western Red Raiders were considered the underdog, they scored a 13–0 lead before the Wilson offense took control and won the game, 41–16. RB Mike Sommer, who had won the Inter-High Track Sprint Champion and been named as All Met Running Back, ran for more than and scored five touchdowns. The Wilson team continued on to win its only City Championship in football: on December 5, 1952, Wilson beat Catholic League champion St. John's with a score of 24–6 before a crowd of 12,000 in Griffith Stadium. The Tigers' defense dominated the second half of the championship game, denying St. John's any first downs or even access past midfield. Stars of the Wilson performance in that game, and also All Met players, were T Max Carpenter, B Lon Herzbrun, B Mike Sommer, and G Chico Stone.
	Wilson players participated in the first integrated high school football game ever played in the District, after the historic "Brown v. Board of Education" decision came down in May, 1954. On December 4, 1954, five Wilson players – Don McMurray, John Webster, Bob Rogers, Mike Hixson, and Leland Phillips – played on a mixed black and white team before a crowd of 8,800 at Griffith Stadium. The integrated Inter-High All Stars beat St. John's, 12–7, to end the St. John's thirteen-game winning streak and capture the 1954 City Football Championship.
	The Woodrow Wilson cross-country team, coached by Alfred Collins, won their first Inter-High championship on November 6, 1963. The championship race was held at the Langston Golf Course. Seniors Charlie Hudson and Charlie Smith finished second and sixth respectively, while sophomore Doug Coffin finished eight. Over the course of the season, both Hudson and Smith set a number of records. Regardless, Eastern and Spingarn High School were the favorites in the championship. The depth of Wilson's team soundly defeated both. "The Washington Post" named Hudson and Smith to the first team all-met cross-country team, both of whom went on to be founding members of the Sports International Track Club with members from BCC, Gonzaga, St. Albans, Episcopal and the American University. The club attracted a number of world-class athletes who went on to represent the United States, Trinidad & Tobago, and Barbados at the Olympic Games.
	The Wilson boys' ultimate frisbee team is currently ranked 8th in the country and the girls' team 17th, according to Ultiworld magazine as of April 5, 2019.
	The Tigers athletic program maintains the only crew team among D.C. public high schools.
	In 2007, Wilson became the first public high school in Washington, D.C. to play varsity ice hockey with a team in the Maryland Scholastic Hockey League's Capitol Conference. The team plays its home games at Fort Dupont Ice Arena, the only public ice rink in the District of Columbia.
	The Wilson varsity softball won the DCIAA championship for the three consecutive years in 2007, 2008, and 2009. In 2009 the team, led by seniors Kathleen McLain and Rachel Bitting, played Georgetown Visitation in the Congressional Bank Softball Classic in which the softball champion of the DC public schools played the champion of the DC private schools. Wilson won the game, 3–2; McLain struck out eight batters without allowing any walks, and Bitting hit a walk-off double in the bottom of the last inning.
	The Wilson swim team returned for the 2006–2007 season and claimed the city championship in the same year.
	Wilson's wrestling program has been intermittent. In 2005, Wilson ended its wrestling program, becoming the last public school in Washington DC to have a wrestling team. However, in 2012, the program was restarted.
	The Wilson Cheerleading team won the 2014 DCIAA championship title.
	Wilson Stadium opened for duty in 1939. An artificial turf field was installed over the summer of 2007. A sound system, press box, and lights were also added to the stadium. The stadium is now used for several sports, including soccer, football and lacrosse.
	There has been an aquatic facility on the Wilson High School campus since the late 1970s. It first opened in 1978, but was condemned and demolished in 2007. A new Aquatic Center for Ward 3 was completed in 2009, with an indoor 50-meter swimming pool, a children's pool, and other facilities.
	Wilson's school newspaper is called "The Beacon". It began publication in 1935.
	In 2012 Jay Childers wrote that the quality of the publication and the publishing frequency of the "Beacon" declined as the school had increased difficulties. Historically the school administration did not, and still does not, review "Beacon" articles prior to publication, even though the U.S. Supreme Court in Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier stated that principals have the right to have control over newspaper content. In August 2015 Principal Kimberly Martin announced that the newspaper would be required to allow her and her staff to review all articles before publication. This led to protests from students, including a Change.org petition. The newspaper staff criticized and stated opposition to the proposal. By September Martin and the co-editors agreed to end the prior review plan. Martin had cancelled publication of a newspaper article at her previous school in Colorado.
	Students also publish an annual literary magazine called "L.A.V.A.".
	In April 2013, Wilson High School was named as a Green Ribbon School by the U.S. Department of Education in recognition for "being good stewards of the environment."
	Notable alumni of Woodrow Wilson High School include:

= = = Arsenic tribromide = = =

	Arsenic tribromide is the inorganic compound with the formula AsBr. This pyramidal molecule is the only known binary arsenic bromide. AsBr is noteworthy for its very high refractive index of approximately 2.3. It also has a very high diamagnetic susceptibility. The compound exists as colourless deliquescent crystals that fume in moist air.
	Arsenic tribromide can be prepared by the direct bromination of arsenic powder. Alternatively arsenic(III) oxide can be used as the precursor in the presence of elemental sulfur: 
	AsBr is not known, although the corresponding phosphorus compound PBr is well characterized. AsBr is the parent for a series of hypervalent anionic bromoarsenates including [AsBr], [AsBr], and [AsBr].
	Organoarsenic bromides, (CH)AsBr and (CH)AsBr are formed efficiently by the copper-catalyzed reaction of methyl bromide with hot arsenic metal. This synthesis is similar to the direct process used for the synthesis of methyl chlorosilanes.
	Arsenic tribromide is toxic, as are most all arsenic compounds.

= = = Hakkı Yeten = = =

	Hakkı Yeten, (3 December 1910 – 16 April 1989) was a Turkish football player and president of the İstanbul-based football club Beşiktaş J.K., which he also coached.
	Yeten was born in 1910 at Vodina, in the Salonica Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire (present-day Greece). His father, a major in the Ottoman Army moved his family of six children to İstanbul, settling in the Beşiktaş district when Yeten was a year old. In 1914, Yeten's father was killed in the Battle of the Dardanelles. Yeten went on to attend military high school, as his two elder brothers did before him.
	Yeten was attracted to football after his eldest brother, Muhtar, a multi-talented sportsman) introduced him to the sport. Yeten played in the school team, and was discovered soon by Beşiktaş J.K. club managers. He was one of the founders of Karagümrük and played for them between 1926 and 1931. In 1931, Yeten dropped out of school and joined Beşiktaş.
	He played for Beşiktaş for 17 years mostly in the second striker position, contributing to its numerous victories. Declared as permanent captain, he led Beşiktaş to 8 İstanbul League Champions, 3 İstanbul Cups, one İzmir International Fair Cup, 3 National League Champions, one Turkish Champion, 2 Prime Minister Cups and 4 Private Cups. Yeten was capped only three times for the Turkey national football team due to World War II. His fame became international, and eventually the English team Arsenal showed and interest in him. However, Yeten preferred to stay in Turkey. Yeten scored 382 goals in 439 games. He quit football as a player in 1948 after fans hooted him during a match.
	He was appointed coach in the 1948–1949 season, and served once again as manager in the 1950–1954 season.
	Yeten studied Law, graduating in 1937. He became a legal advisor for a state owned bank. After his retirement from the active sports, he served as Vice Chairman of the Turkish Football Federation, and acted as president of Beşiktaş J.K. for three terms in 1960–1963, 1964–1966 and 1967–1968. In 1984, he backed Süleyman Seba in the elections, who became club president.
	Called "Baba" ("Father") Hakkı, he was elected the first honorary president of his club before he died on April 17, 1989 in İstanbul. He was buried at the Zincirlikuyu Cemetery.

= = = Morella Muñoz = = =

	Morella Muñoz (July 29, 1935 – July 15, 1995), was a celebrated Venezuelan mezzo-soprano.

= = = Scientific echosounder = = =

	A scientific echosounder is a device which uses sonar technology for the measurement of underwater physical and biological components—this device is also known as "scientific sonar". Applications include bathymetry, substrate classification, studies of aquatic vegetation, fish, and plankton, and differentation of water masses.
	Scientific echosounder equipment is built to exacting standards and tested to be stable and reliable in the transmission and receiving of sound energy under the water. Recent advances have led to the development of the digital scientific echosounder, further enhancing the reliability and precision with which these systems operate. Modern scientific echosounders are reliable, portable, and relatively easy to use. 
	Collected acoustic data is "stamped" with geographic information for precise positional information (coordinates and time). This enables analysis and incorporation of the results into a Geographic Information System (GIS) for further analysis, correlation with other variables, mapping, and display.
	Currently, the only three manufacturers of scientific-quality digital echsounders commonly used for resource assessment are BioSonics, HTI (Hydroacoustic Technology, Inc.) and Simrad. Other specialty manufacturers of scientific quality echosounders exist.
	Features of modern digital scientific echosounder technology include:
	Specially written software is available for analysis of hydroacoustic data for assessment of underwater physical and biological characteristics. "Fish" here can apply to any "target" in the water column, e.g., fish, plankton, squid, mammal. All results can be imported into a GIS for additional analysis, correlation with other variables, mapping, and display.
	Data collected with a scientific echosounder can be analyzed for the presence, abundance, distribution and acoustic characteristics of such variables as: depth (bathymetry), bottom substrate class (e.g., sand, mud, rock), submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV), and water column scattering (fish and plankton). Resulting analysis can be used to generate GIS data layers for these variables.
	Scientific echosounders are commonly used by International, Federal, State and Local government and management agencies, as well as private-sector consultants working for these public agencies. Academic institutions have realized and are teaching the value of sampling non-invasively with sound to enhance both the spatial coverage and objectivity of fisheries sampling. Fisheries management agencies such as the membership of ICES and the United States National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) commonly use scientific sonar for stock assessment purposes, such as herring biomass assessment for resource management purposes.
	More recently, the acoustic data collected has been valuable in underwater habitat assessment and classification for the variables; seabed type (e.g. rock, mud, sand) and submersed aquatic vegetation and algae - with the appropriate software.
	Hardware
	Software

= = = International Committee of the Red Cross = = =

	The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland, and a three-time Nobel Prize Laureate. State parties (signatories) to the Geneva Convention of 1949 and its Additional Protocols of 1977 (Protocol I, Protocol II) and 2005 have given the ICRC a mandate to protect victims of international and internal armed conflicts. Such victims include war wounded, prisoners, refugees, civilians, and other non-combatants.
	The ICRC is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement along with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and 190 National Societies. It is the oldest and most honoured organization within the movement and one of the most widely recognized organizations in the world, having won three Nobel Peace Prizes in 1917, 1944, and 1963.
	Up until the middle of the 19th century, there were no organized and well-established army nursing systems for casualties and no safe and protected institutions to accommodate and treat those who were wounded on the battlefield. In June 1859, the Swiss businessman Henry Dunant travelled to Italy to meet French emperor Napoléon III with the intention of discussing difficulties in conducting business in Algeria, at that time occupied by France. When he arrived in the small Italian town of Solferino on the evening of 24 June, he witnessed the aftermath of the Battle of Solferino, an engagement in the Second Italian War of Independence. In a single day, about 40,000 soldiers on both sides died or were left wounded on the field. Henry Dunant was shocked by the terrible aftermath of the battle, the suffering of the wounded soldiers, and the near-total lack of medical attendance and basic care. He completely abandoned the original intent of his trip and for several days he devoted himself to helping with the treatment and care for the wounded. He succeeded in organizing an overwhelming level of relief assistance by motivating the local population to aid without discrimination. Back in his home in Geneva, he decided to write a book entitled "A Memory of Solferino" which he published with his own money in 1862. He sent copies of the book to leading political and military figures throughout Europe. In addition to penning a vivid description of his experiences in Solferino in 1859, he explicitly advocated the formation of national voluntary relief organizations to help nurse wounded soldiers in the case of war. In addition, he called for the development of international treaties to guarantee the neutrality and protection of those wounded on the battlefield as well as medics and field hospitals.
	On 9 February 1863 in Geneva, Henry Dunant founded the "Committee of the Five" (together with four other leading figures from well-known Geneva families) as an investigatory commission of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare. Their aim was to examine the feasibility of Dunant's ideas and to organize an international conference about their possible implementation. The members of this committee, aside from Dunant himself, were Gustave Moynier, lawyer and chairman of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare; physician Louis Appia, who had significant experience working as a field surgeon; Appia's friend and colleague Théodore Maunoir, from the Geneva Hygiene and Health Commission; and Guillaume-Henri Dufour, a Swiss Army general of great renown. Eight days later, the five men decided to rename the committee to the "International Committee for Relief to the Wounded". In October (26–29) 1863, the international conference organized by the committee was held in Geneva to develop possible measures to improve medical services on the battle field. The conference was attended by 36 individuals: eighteen official delegates from national governments, six delegates from other non-governmental organizations, seven non-official foreign delegates, and the five members of the International Committee. The states and kingdoms represented by official delegates were Grand Duchy of Baden, Kingdom of Bavaria, Second French Empire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Kingdom of Hanover, Grand Duchy of Hesse, Kingdom of Italy, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Austrian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia, Russian Empire, Kingdom of Saxony, United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, and Spanish Empire. Among the proposals written in the final resolutions of the conference, adopted on 29 October 1863, were:
	Only one year later, the Swiss government invited the governments of all European countries, as well as the United States, Brazil, and Mexico, to attend an official diplomatic conference. Sixteen countries sent a total of twenty-six delegates to Geneva. On 22 August 1864, the conference adopted the first Geneva Convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field". Representatives of 12 states and kingdoms signed the convention:
	The convention contained ten articles, establishing for the first time legally binding rules guaranteeing neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers, field medical personnel, and specific humanitarian institutions in an armed conflict. Furthermore, the convention defined two specific requirements for recognition of a national relief society by the International Committee:
	Directly following the establishment of the Geneva Convention, the first national societies were founded in Belgium, Denmark, France, Oldenburg, Prussia, Spain, and Württemberg. Also in 1864, Louis Appia and Charles van de Velde, a captain of the Dutch Army, became the first independent and neutral delegates to work under the symbol of the Red Cross in an armed conflict. Three years later in 1867, the first International Conference of National Aid Societies for the Nursing of the War Wounded was convened.
	Also in 1867, Henry Dunant was forced to declare bankruptcy due to business failures in Algeria, partly because he had neglected his business interests during his tireless activities for the International Committee. The controversy surrounding Dunant's business dealings and the resulting negative public opinion, combined with an ongoing conflict with Gustave Moynier, led to Dunant's expulsion from his position as a member and secretary. He was charged with fraudulent bankruptcy and a warrant for his arrest was issued. Thus, he was forced to leave Geneva and never returned to his home city. In the following years, national societies were founded in nearly every country in Europe. The project resonated well with patriotic sentiments that were on the rise in the late-nineteenth-century, and national societies were often encouraged as signifiers of national moral superiority. In 1876, the committee adopted the name "International Committee of the Red Cross" (ICRC), which is still its official designation today. Five years later, the American Red Cross was founded through the efforts of Clara Barton. More and more countries signed the Geneva Convention and began to respect it in practice during armed conflicts. In a rather short period of time, the Red Cross gained huge momentum as an internationally respected movement, and the national societies became increasingly popular as a venue for volunteer work.
	When the first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901, the Norwegian Nobel Committee opted to give it jointly to Henry Dunant and Frédéric Passy, a leading international pacifist. More significant than the honour of the prize itself, the official congratulation from the International Committee of the Red Cross marked the overdue rehabilitation of Henry Dunant and represented a tribute to his key role in the formation of the Red Cross. Dunant died nine years later in the small Swiss health resort of Heiden. Only two months earlier his long-standing adversary Gustave Moynier had also died, leaving a mark in the history of the Committee as its longest-serving President ever.
	In 1906, the 1864 Geneva Convention was revised for the first time. One year later, the Hague Convention X, adopted at the Second International Peace Conference in The Hague, extended the scope of the Geneva Convention to naval warfare. Shortly before the beginning of the First World War in 1914, 50 years after the foundation of the ICRC and the adoption of the first Geneva Convention, there were already 45 national relief societies throughout the world. The movement had extended itself beyond Europe and North America to Central and South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Mexico, Peru, El Salvador, Uruguay, Venezuela), Asia (the Republic of China, Japan, Korea, Siam), and Africa (South Africa).
	With the outbreak of World War I, the ICRC found itself confronted with enormous challenges which it could only handle by working closely with the national Red Cross societies. Red Cross nurses from around the world, including the United States and Japan, came to support the medical services of the armed forces of the European countries involved in the war. On 15 October 1914, immediately after the start of the war, the ICRC set up its International Prisoners-of-War (POW) Agency, which had about 1,200 mostly volunteer staff members by the end of 1914. By the end of the war, the Agency had transferred about 20 million letters and messages, 1.9 million parcels, and about 18 million Swiss francs in monetary donations to POWs of all affected countries. Furthermore, due to the intervention of the Agency, about 200,000 prisoners were exchanged between the warring parties, released from captivity and returned to their home country. The organizational card index of the Agency accumulated about 7 million records from 1914 to 1923, each card representing an individual prisoner or missing person. The card index led to the identification of about 2 million POWs and the ability to contact their families, as part of the Restoring Family Links effort of the organization. The complete index is on loan today from the ICRC to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum in Geneva. The right to access the index is still strictly restricted to the ICRC.
	During the entire war, the ICRC monitored warring parties' compliance with the Geneva Conventions of the 1907 revision and forwarded complaints about violations to the respective country. When chemical weapons were used in this war for the first time in history, the ICRC vigorously protested against this new type of warfare. Even without having a mandate from the Geneva Conventions, the ICRC tried to ameliorate the suffering of civil populations. In territories that were officially designated as "occupied territories," the ICRC could assist the civilian population on the basis of the Hague Convention's "Laws and Customs of War on Land" of 1907. This convention was also the legal basis for the ICRC's work for prisoners of war. In addition to the work of the International Prisoner-of-War Agency as described above this included inspection visits to POW camps. A total of 524 camps throughout Europe were visited by 41 delegates from the ICRC until the end of the war.
	Between 1916 and 1918, the ICRC published a number of postcards with scenes from the POW camps. The pictures showed the prisoners in day-to-day activities such as the distribution of letters from home. The intention of the ICRC was to provide the families of the prisoners with some hope and solace and to alleviate their uncertainties about the fate of their loved ones. After the end of the war, the ICRC organized the return of about 420,000 prisoners to their home countries. In 1920, the task of repatriation was handed over to the newly founded League of Nations, which appointed the Norwegian diplomat and scientist Fridtjof Nansen as its "High Commissioner for Repatriation of the War Prisoners". His legal mandate was later extended to support and care for war refugees and displaced persons when his office became that of the League of Nations "High Commissioner for Refugees". Nansen, who invented the "Nansen passport" for stateless refugees and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922, appointed two delegates from the ICRC as his deputies.
	A year before the end of the war, the ICRC received the 1917 Nobel Peace Prize for its outstanding wartime work. It was the only Nobel Peace Prize awarded in the period from 1914 to 1918. In 1923, the Committee adopted a change in its policy regarding the selection of new members. Until then, only citizens from the city of Geneva could serve in the Committee. This limitation was expanded to include Swiss citizens. As a direct consequence of World War I, an additional protocol to the Geneva Convention was adopted in 1925 which outlawed the use of suffocating or poisonous gases and biological agents as weapons. Four years later, the original Convention was revised and the second Geneva Convention "relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" was established. The events of World War I and the respective activities of the ICRC significantly increased the reputation and authority of the Committee among the international community and led to an extension of its competencies.
	As early as in 1934, a draft proposal for an additional convention for the protection of the civil population during an armed conflict was adopted by the International Red Cross Conference. Unfortunately, most governments had little interest in implementing this convention, and it was thus prevented from entering into force before the beginning of World War II.
	In the Interwar period, Bolivia and Paraguay were disputing possession of the Gran Chaco - a desert region between the two countries. The dispute escalated into a full-scale conflict in 1932. During the war the ICRC visited 18,000 Bolivian prisoners of war and 2,500 Paraguayan detainees. With the help of the ICRC both countries made improvements to the conditions of the detainees.
	The most reliable primary source on the role of the Red Cross during World War II are the three volumes of the "Report of the International Committee of the Red Cross on its activities during the second world war (September 1, 1939 – June 30, 1947)" written by the International Committee of the Red Cross itself. The report can be read online.
	The legal basis of the work of the ICRC during World War II was the Geneva Conventions in their 1929 revision. The activities of the Committee were similar to those during World War I: visiting and monitoring POW camps, organizing relief assistance for civilian populations, and administering the exchange of messages regarding prisoners and missing persons. By the end of the war, 179 delegates had conducted 12,750 visits to POW camps in 41 countries. The Central Information Agency on Prisoners-of-War ("Zentralauskunftsstelle für Kriegsgefangene") had a staff of 3,000, the card index tracking prisoners contained 45 million cards, and 120 million messages were exchanged by the Agency. One major obstacle was that the Nazi-controlled German Red Cross refused to cooperate with the Geneva statutes including blatant violations such as the deportation of Jews from Germany and the mass murders conducted in the concentration camps run by the German government. Moreover, two other main parties to the conflict, the Soviet Union and Japan, were not party to the 1929 Geneva Conventions and were not legally required to follow the rules of the conventions.
	During the war, the ICRC failed to obtain an agreement with Nazi Germany about the treatment of detainees in concentration camps, and it eventually abandoned applying pressure to avoid disrupting its work with POWs. The ICRC also failed to develop a response to reliable information about the extermination camps and the mass killing of European Jews. This is still considered the greatest failure of the ICRC in its history. After November 1943, the ICRC achieved permission to send parcels to concentration camp detainees with known names and locations. Because the notices of receipt for these parcels were often signed by other inmates, the ICRC managed to register the identities of about 105,000 detainees in the concentration camps and delivered about 1.1 million parcels, primarily to the camps Dachau, Buchenwald, Ravensbrück, and Sachsenhausen.
	Swiss historian Jean-Claude Favez, who conducted an 8-year review of the Red Cross records, says that even though the Red Cross knew by November 1942 about the Nazi's annihilation plans for the Jews – and even discussed it with U.S. officials – the group did nothing to inform the public, maintaining silence even in the face of pleas by Jewish groups.
	Because the Red Cross was based in Geneva and largely funded by the Swiss government, it was very sensitive to Swiss wartime attitudes and policies. On October 1942, the Swiss government and the Red Cross' board of members vetoed a proposal by several Red Cross board members to condemn the persecution of civilians by the Nazis. For the rest of the war, the Red Cross took its cues from Switzerland in avoiding acts of opposition or confrontation with the Nazis.
	On 12 March 1945, ICRC President Jacob Burckhardt received a message from SS General Ernst Kaltenbrunner accepting the ICRC's demand to allow delegates to visit the concentration camps. This agreement was bound by the condition that these delegates would have to stay in the camps until the end of the war. Ten delegates, among them Louis Haefliger (Mauthausen Camp), Paul Dunant (Theresienstadt Camp) and Victor Maurer (Dachau Camp), accepted the assignment and visited the camps. Louis Haefliger prevented the forceful eviction or blasting of Mauthausen-Gusen by alerting American troops, thereby saving the lives of about 60,000 inmates. His actions were condemned by the ICRC because they were deemed as acting unduly on his own authority and risking the ICRC's neutrality. Only in 1990 was his reputation finally rehabilitated by ICRC President Cornelio Sommaruga.
	In 1944, the ICRC received its second Nobel Peace Prize. As in World War I, it received the only Peace Prize awarded during the main period of war, 1939 to 1945. At the end of the war, the ICRC worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected. In 1948, the Committee published a report reviewing its war-era activities from 1 September 1939 to 30 June 1947. Since January 1996, the ICRC archive for this period has been open to academic and public research.
	On 12 August 1949, further revisions to the existing two Geneva Conventions were adopted. An additional convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea", now called the second Geneva Convention, was brought under the Geneva Convention umbrella as a successor to the 1907 Hague Convention X. The 1929 Geneva convention "relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" may have been the second Geneva Convention from a historical point of view (because it was actually formulated in Geneva), but after 1949 it came to be called the third Convention because it came later chronologically than the Hague Convention. Reacting to the experience of World War II, the Fourth Geneva Convention, a new Convention "relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War," was established. Also, the additional protocols of 8 June 1977 were intended to make the conventions apply to internal conflicts such as civil wars. Today, the four conventions and their added protocols contain more than 600 articles, a remarkable expansion when compared to the mere 10 articles in the first 1864 convention.
	In celebration of its centennial in 1963, the ICRC, together with the League of Red Cross Societies, received its third Nobel Peace Prize. Since 1993, non-Swiss individuals have been allowed to serve as Committee delegates abroad, a task which was previously restricted to Swiss citizens. Indeed, since then, the share of staff without Swiss citizenship has increased to about 35%.
	On 16 October 1990, the UN General Assembly decided to grant the ICRC observer status for its assembly sessions and sub-committee meetings, the first observer status given to a private organization. The resolution was jointly proposed by 138 member states and introduced by the Italian ambassador, Vieri Traxler, in memory of the organization's origins in the Battle of Solferino. An agreement with the Swiss government signed on 19 March 1993, affirmed the already long-standing policy of full independence of the Committee from any possible interference by Switzerland. The agreement protects the full sanctity of all ICRC property in Switzerland including its headquarters and archive, grants members and staff legal immunity, exempts the ICRC from all taxes and fees, guarantees the protected and duty-free transfer of goods, services, and money, provides the ICRC with secure communication privileges at the same level as foreign embassies, and simplifies Committee travel in and out of Switzerland.
	The ICRC continued its activities throughout the 1990s. It broke its customary media silence when it denounced the Rwandan genocide in 1994. It struggled to prevent the crimes that happened in and around Srebrenica in 1995 but admitted, "We must acknowledge that despite our efforts to help thousands of civilians forcibly expelled from the town and despite the dedication of our colleagues on the spot, the ICRC's impact on the unfolding of the tragedy was extremely limited." It went public once again in 2007 to decry "major human rights abuses" by Burma's military government including forced labour, starvation, and murder of men, women, and children.
	At the end of the Cold War, the ICRC's work actually became more dangerous. In the 1990s, more delegates lost their lives than at any point in its history, especially when working in local and internal armed conflicts. These incidents often demonstrated a lack of respect for the rules of the Geneva Conventions and their protection symbols. Among the slain delegates were:
	By taking part in the 1995 ceremony to commemorate the liberation of the Auschwitz concentration camp, the President of the ICRC, Cornelio Sommaruga, sought to show that the organization was fully aware of the gravity of The Holocaust and the need to keep the memory of it alive, so as to prevent any repetition of it. He paid tribute to all those who had suffered or lost their lives during the war and publicly regretted the past mistakes and shortcomings of the Red Cross with regard to the victims of the concentration camps.
	In 2002, an ICRC official outlined some of the lessons the organization has learned from the failure:
	In an official statement made on 27 January 2005, the 60th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz, the ICRC stated:
	Auschwitz also represents the greatest failure in the history of the ICRC, aggravated by its lack of decisiveness in taking steps to aid the victims of Nazi persecution. This failure will remain part of the ICRC's memory, as will the courageous acts of individual ICRC delegates at the time.
	The original motto of the International Committee of the Red Cross was "Inter Arma Caritas" ("Amidst War, Charity"). It has preserved this motto while other Red Cross organizations have adopted others. Due to Geneva's location in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, the ICRC is also known under its initial French name "Comité international de la Croix-Rouge" (CICR). However, the ICRC has three official languages (English, French and Spanish). The official symbol of the ICRC is the Red Cross on white background (the inverse of the Swiss flag) with the words "COMITE INTERNATIONAL GENEVE" circling the cross.
	Under the Geneva Convention, the red cross, red crescent and red crystal emblems provide protection for military medical services and relief workers in armed conflicts and is to be placed on humanitarian and medical vehicles and buildings. The original emblem that has a red cross on a white background is the exact reverse of the flag of neutral Switzerland. It was later supplemented by two others which are the Red Crescent, and the Red Crystal. The Red Crescent was adopted by the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish war and the Red Crystal by the governments in 2005, as an additional emblem devoid of any national, political or religious connotation.
	The official mission statement says that: "The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is an impartial, neutral, and independent organization whose independently humanitarian mission is to protect the lives and dignity of victims of war and internal violence and to provide them with assistance." It also conducts and coordinates international relief and works to promote and strengthen international humanitarian law and universal humanitarian principles. The core tasks of the Committee, which are derived from the Geneva Conventions and its own statutes are:
	The ICRC drew up seven fundamental principles in 1965 that were adopted by the entire Red Cross Movement. They are humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, volunteerism, unity, and universality.
	The ICRC is the only institution explicitly named in international humanitarian law as a controlling authority. The legal mandate of the ICRC stems from the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, as well as its own Statutes. The ICRC also undertakes tasks that are not specifically mandated by law, such as visiting political prisoners outside of conflict and providing relief in natural disasters.
	The ICRC is a private association registered in Switzerland that has enjoyed various degrees of special privileges and legal immunities within the territory of Switzerland for many years. On 19 March 1993, a legal foundation for this special treatment was created by a formal agreement between the Swiss government and the ICRC. This agreement protects the full sanctity of all ICRC property in Switzerland including its headquarters and archive, grants members and staff legal immunity, exempts the ICRC from all taxes and fees, guarantees protected and duty-free transfer of goods, services, and money, provides the ICRC with secure communication privileges at the same level as foreign embassies, and simplifies Committee travel in and out of Switzerland. On the other hand, Switzerland does not recognize ICRC-issued passports.
	Contrary to popular belief, the ICRC is not a sovereign entity like the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and also it is not an international organization, neither of non-governmental nor of governmental type. The ICRC limits its membership to Swiss nationals only, and also it does not have a policy of open and unrestricted membership for individuals as its new members are selected by the Committee itself (a process called cooptation). However, since the early 1990s, the ICRC employs persons from all over the world to serve in its field mission and at Headquarters. In 2007, almost half of ICRC staff was non-Swiss. The ICRC has special privileges and legal immunities in many countries, based on national law in these countries, based on agreements between the ICRC and the respective governments, or, in some cases, based on international jurisprudence (such as the right of ICRC delegates not to bear witness in front of international tribunals).
	The ICRC's operations are generally based on international humanitarian law, primarily comprising the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, their two Additional Protocols of 1977 and Additional Protocol III of 2005, the Statutes of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, and the resolutions of the International Conferences of the Red Cross and Red Crescent.
	International humanitarian law is founded upon the Geneva conventions, the first of which was signed in 1864 by 16 countries. The First Geneva Convention of 1949 covers the protection for the wounded and sick of armed conflict on land. The Second Geneva Convention asks for the protection and care for the wounded, sick and shipwrecked of armed conflict at sea. The Third Geneva Convention concerns the treatment of prisoners of war. The Fourth Geneva Convention concerns the protection of civilians in time of war. In addition, there are many more customary international laws that come into effect when necessary.
	The 2010 budget of the ICRC amounts to about 1156 million Swiss francs. All payments to the ICRC are voluntary and are received as donations based on two types of appeals issued by the Committee: an annual "Headquarters Appeal" to cover its internal costs and "Emergency Appeals" for its individual missions. The total budget for 2009 consists of about 996.9 million Swiss Francs (85% of the total) for field work and 168.6 million Swiss Francs (15%) for internal costs. In 2009, the budget for field work increased by 6.9% and the internal budget by 4.4% compared to 2008, primarily due to above-average increases in the number and scope of its missions in Africa.
	Most of the ICRC's funding comes from Switzerland and the United States, with other European states and the EU close behind. Together with Australia, Canada, Japan, and New Zealand, they contribute about 80–85% of the ICRC's budget. About 3% comes from private gifts, and the rest comes from national Red Cross societies.
	The ICRC is responsible for legally recognizing a relief society as an official national Red Cross or Red Crescent society and thus accepting it into the movement. The exact rules for recognition are defined in the statutes of the movement. After recognition by the ICRC, a national society is admitted as a member to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (the Federation, or IFRC). The ICRC and the Federation cooperate with the individual national societies in their international missions, especially with human, material, and financial resources and organizing on-site logistics. According to the 1997 Seville Agreement, the ICRC is the lead Red Cross agency in conflicts while other organizations within the movement take the lead in non-war situations. National societies will be given the lead especially when a conflict is happening within their own country.
	The ICRC is headquartered in the Swiss city of Geneva and has external offices called Delegations in about eighty countries. Each delegation is under the responsibility of a Head of delegation who is the official representative of the ICRC in the country. Of its 2,000 professional employees, roughly 800 work in its Geneva headquarters and 1,200 expatriates work in the field. About half of the field workers serve as delegates managing ICRC operations, while the other half are specialists such as doctors, agronomists, engineers, or interpreters. In the delegations, the international staff are assisted by some 13,000 national employees, bringing the total staff under the authority of the ICRC to roughly 15,000. Delegations also often work closely with the National Red Cross Societies of the countries where they are based, and thus can call on the volunteers of the National Red Cross to assist in some of the ICRC's operations.
	The organizational structure of the ICRC is not well understood by outsiders. This is partly because of organizational secrecy, but also because the structure itself has been prone to frequent change. The Assembly and Presidency are two long-standing institutions, but the Assembly Council and Directorate were created only in the latter part of the twentieth century. Decisions are often made in a collective way, so authority and power relationships are not set in stone. Today, the leading organs are the Directorate and the Assembly.
	The Directorate is the executive body of the ICRC. It attends to the daily management of the ICRC, whereas the Assembly sets policy. The Directorate consists of a Director-General and five directors in the areas of "Operations", "Human Resources", "Financial Resources and Logistics ", "Communication and Information Management", and "International Law and Cooperation within the Movement". The members of the Directorate are appointed by the Assembly to serve for four years. The Director-General has assumed more personal responsibility in recent years, much like a CEO, where he was formerly more of a first among equals at the Directorate.
	The Assembly (also called the Committee) convenes on a regular basis and is responsible for defining aims, guidelines, and strategies and for supervising the financial matters of the Committee. The Assembly has a membership of a maximum of twenty-five Swiss citizens. Members must speak the house language of French, but many also speak English and German as well. These Assembly members are co-opted for a period of four years, and there is no limit to the number of terms an individual member can serve. A three-quarters majority vote from all members is required for re-election after the third term, which acts as a motivation for members to remain active and productive.
	In the early years, every Committee member was Genevan, Protestant, white, and male. The first woman, Renée-Marguerite Cramer, was co-opted in 1918. Since then, several women have attained the Vice Presidency, and the female proportion after the Cold War has been about 15%. The first non-Genevans were admitted in 1923, and one Jew has served in the Assembly.
	While the rest of the Red Cross Movement may be multi-national, the Committee believes that its mono-national nature is an asset because the nationality in question is Swiss. Thanks to permanent Swiss neutrality, conflicting parties can be sure that no one from "the enemy" will be setting policy in Geneva. The Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 showed that even Red Cross actors (in this case National Societies) can be so bound by nationalism that they are unable to sustain neutral humanitarianism.
	Furthermore, the Assembly elects a five-member Assembly Council that constitutes an especially active core of the Assembly. The Council meets at least ten times per year and has the authority to decide on behalf of the full Assembly in some matters. The Council is also responsible for organizing the Assembly meetings and for facilitating communication between the Assembly and the Directorate. The Assembly Council normally includes the President, two Vice Presidents and two elected members. While one of the Vice Presidents is elected for a four-year term, the other is appointed permanently, his tenure ending by retirement from the vice presidency or from the Committee. Currently Olivier Vodoz and Christine Beerli are the Vice Presidents.
	The Assembly also selects, for a term of four years, one individual to act as President of the ICRC. The President is both a member of the Assembly and the leader of the ICRC, and has always been included on the Council since its formation. The President automatically becomes a member of both the Council and the Assembly, but does not necessarily come from within the ICRC. There is a strong faction within the Assembly that wants to reach outside the organization to select a President from Swiss government or professional circles (such as banking or medicine). In fact, the four most recent Presidents were all previously officials for the Swiss government. The President's influence and role are not well-defined, and change depending upon the times and each President's personal style.
	From 2000 to 2012, the President of the ICRC was Jakob Kellenberger, a reclusive man who rarely made diplomatic appearances, but was quite skilled in personal negotiation and comfortable with the dynamics of the Assembly. Since July 2012, the President has been Peter Maurer, a Swiss citizen who is a former Secretary for Foreign Affairs. He was appointed by the Assembly for a renewable four-year term.
	The Presidents of the ICRC have been:
	As the ICRC has grown and become more directly involved in conflicts, it has seen an increase in professional staff rather than volunteers over the years. The ICRC had only twelve employees in 1914 and 1,900 in the Second World War complemented its 1,800 volunteers. The number of paid staff dropped off after both wars, but has increased once again in the last few decades, averaging 500 field staff in the 1980s and over a thousand in the 1990s. Beginning in the 1970s, the ICRC became more systematic in training to develop a more professional staff. The ICRC offers attractive careers for university graduates, especially in Switzerland, but the workload as an ICRC employee is demanding. 15% of the staff leaves each year and 75% of employees stay less than three years. The ICRC staff is multi-national and averaged about 50% non-Swiss citizens in 2004. The ICRC's international staff are assisted in their work by some 13,000 national employees hired in the countries where the delegations are based.
	The ICRC operates in over 80 countries with a total number of 11,000 employed people worldwide. The extensive network of missions and delegations of the ICRC can relieve nations that are affected by armed conflicts and other sources of violence. In 2013 the ten largest operations worldwide are Pakistan, Mali/Niger, Afghanistan, Yemen, Iraq, Colombia, Israel, Somalia, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sudan.
	In 2011, with support from the Red Cross Society of the DRC, the ICRC returned to their families in the RDC 838 unaccompanied children including over 390 former child soldiers, 34 of whom had been in neighboring countries.
	By virtue of its age and its special position under international humanitarian law, the ICRC is the lead agency in the Red Cross Movement, but it has weathered some power struggles within the movement. The ICRC has come into conflict with the Federation and certain national societies at various times. The American Red Cross threatened to supplant the ICRC with its creation of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies as "a real international Red Cross" after the First World War. Elements of the Swedish Red Cross desired to supplant the Swiss authority of the ICRC after WWII. Over time the Swedish sentiments subsided, and the IFRC grew to work more harmoniously with the ICRC after years of organizational discord. Currently, the IFRC's Movement Cooperation division organizes interaction and cooperation with the ICRC.
	In 1997, the ICRC and the IFRC signed the Seville Agreement which further defined the responsibilities of both organizations within the movement. According to the agreement, the Federation is the lead agency of the movement in any emergency situation which does not take place as part of an armed conflict.
	From its inception in 1930 until 2006, the Magen David Adom organization, the Israeli equivalent to the Red Cross, was not accepted as part of the Federation, as it used the Star of David, which the ICRC refused to recognize as an acceptable symbol. This meant that although Arab ambulances would be protected by the ICRC, Israeli ambulances would not. In May 2000, Bernadine Healy, the President of the American Red Cross, wrote: "The international committee's feared proliferation of symbols is a pitiful fig leaf, used for decades as the reason for excluding the Magen David Adom – the Shield (or Star) of David." In protest over the ICRC's perceived anti-Israel discrimination, the ARC withdrew its financial support. In 2005, at a meeting of nations party to the Geneva convention, the ICRC adopted the new Red Crystal. Magen David Adom then centered the Star of David sign inside the newly accepted signage, and in 2006 was accepted as a full member. Yonatan Yagodovsky, director of MDA's fundraising department, said in an article published in October 2011 that "MDA will continue to use its emblem and logo, and no one ever asked us to take it off."
	The ICRC prefers to engage states directly and relies on low-key and confidential negotiations to lobby for access to prisoners of war and improvement in their treatment. Its findings are not available to the general public but are shared only with the relevant government. This is in contrast to related organizations like Doctors Without Borders and Amnesty International who are more willing to expose abuses and apply public pressure to governments. The ICRC reasons that this approach allows it greater access and cooperation from governments in the long run.
	When granted only partial access, the ICRC takes what it can get and keeps discreetly lobbying for greater access. In the era of apartheid South Africa, it was granted access to prisoners like Nelson Mandela serving sentences, but not to those under interrogation and awaiting trial. After his release, Mandela publicly praised the Red Cross.
	The presence of respectable aid organizations can make weak regimes appear more legitimate, according to Fiona Terry, who contends that "this is particularly true of [the] ICRC, whose mandate, reputation, and discretion imbue its presence with a particularly affirming quality." Recognizing this power, the ICRC can pressure weak governments to change their behavior by threatening to withdraw. As mentioned above, Nelson Mandela acknowledged that the ICRC compelled better treatment of prisoners and had leverage over his South African captors because "avoiding international condemnation was the authorities' main goal."
	In a controversial move, three officials from the Palestinian political movement Hamas, which many governments have designated as a terrorist organization, have been living at the International Red Cross office in Jerusalem. Israel believes that these three officials had a role in the 2006 kidnapping of Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit, and has issued deportation orders for them. Red Cross spokesperson Cecilia Goin, in speaking with CBN News, said that hosting the Hamas officials is in line with the organization's humanitarian mission. Israel arrested two of the Hamas members for conducting "Hamas activities inside Jerusalem," said the police.

= = = Hofwijck = = =

	Hofwijck (; or Vitaulium in Latin) is a mansion built for 17th-century politician Constantijn Huygens. It is located in Voorburg on the Vliet canal from Den Haag to Leiden. Formal address of the cultural heritage is 2 Westeinde, Voorburg, the Netherlands, but its location today is better known as the Voorburg railway station.
	After he became a widower, Huygens bought land on the Vliet in Voorburg with plans to build a summer home. At the time it was quite fashionable to have a summer home on a river or canal, and old maps of Voorburg show Hofwijck as one of many. The building itself and the gardens (originally on both sides of the Vliet) were designed by Huygens himself in cooperation with the architect Jacob van Campen. The estate was to be "a harmonious piece of paradise on earth, with a garden in God’s image and likeness." Huygens was very much inspired by the works of classical Roman architect Vitruvius. Pieter Post was in charge of the actual building activities.
	The building was erected in unplastered brick and is in the Classicist style. It stands in the centre of a square "swan" pond. Hofwijck was inaugurated in 1642 in the company of friends and relatives.
	A replica of Hofwijck was built in Gaoqiao (Chinese 高桥) a planned city and neighborhood of the large community Pudong, Shanghai, People's Republic of China at , next to another replica of the Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum.
	In the collection on display are various items from the Dutch Royal family that have to do with the work of either Constantijn or his son Christiaan. In the display room for Christiaan, various types of clockworks are shown, as well as some original clocks. Family paintings and furniture are on display throughout the building, and the library of Huygens (now a small office) contains many of his books, and offers the same strategic view out of the window at any boat that may appear (today one only sees highway traffic at eye level, and barge traffic at water level).
	When Constantijn died, his son, the scientist Christiaan Huygens, came to live there. In 1750 the last Huygens to live there sold it. Grossly neglected in later years, it was auctioned for demolition in 1849, which was avoided when it was acquired by politician Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer.
	The "Hofwijck Association" acquired it circa 1913, when demolition loomed again. It is now a museum, which opened its door for the first time on June 12, 1928.
	It closed its doors in 1995 for restoration of the gardens and building and reopened since May 31, 2005 in presence of Beatrix of the Netherlands. On November 4, 2002 Hofwijck became a registered Monument as number 508184.
	De groote webb is af; en ’t Hof genoegh beschreven:

= = = Jeremy Stangroom = = =

	Jeremy Stangroom is a British writer, editor, and website designer. He is an editor and co-founder, with Julian Baggini, of "The Philosophers’ Magazine", and has written and edited several philosophy books. He is also co-founder, with Ophelia Benson of the website 'Butterflies and Wheels'.
	Stangroom was awarded a B.Sc. in sociology in 1985 from Southampton University, an M.Sc in sociology in 1987 from the London School of Economics (LSE), and a Ph.D. in 1996, also from the LSE, for a thesis entitled "Political mobilisation and the question of subjectivity".

= = = Franz Ferdinand discography = = =

	The discography of Franz Ferdinand, a Scottish indie rock band, consists of five studio albums, one remix album, two live albums, one video album, six extended plays, 26 singles, four promotional singles and 28 music videos.
	The band first experienced major chart success with their second single, "Take Me Out", which peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart. The release of the single was followed by their debut album, "Franz Ferdinand", which debuted at number three on the UK Albums Chart. The band went on to win the 2004 Mercury Music Prize and two BRIT Awards in 2005 for Best British Group and Best British Rock Act. "NME" named "Franz Ferdinand" as their Album of the Year for 2004.
	Their fourth album "Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Action" was announced in July 2013 and released on 26 August 2013.

= = = Pricking = = =

	During the height of the witch trials of the 16th and 17th centuries, common belief held that a witch could be discovered through the process of pricking their skin with needles, pins and bodkins – daggerlike instruments for drawing ribbons through hems or punching holes in cloth.
	This practice derived from the belief that all witches and sorcerers bore a witch's mark that would not feel pain or bleed when pricked. The mark alone was not enough to convict a person, but did add to the evidence. Pricking was common practice throughout Europe, but was most prevalent in England and Scotland. Professional witch finders earned a good living from unmasking witches, travelling from town to town to perform their services. Hollow wooden handles and retractable points have been saved from these finders, which would give the appearance of an accused witch's flesh being penetrated to the hilt without mark, blood, or pain. Other specially designed needles have been found with a sharp end and a blunt end. Through sleight of hand, the sharp end could be used on "normal" flesh, drawing blood and causing pain, while the unseen dull end would be used on a supposed witch's mark.
	The protagonist of Robert Neil's historical novel "Witch Bane" suffers the humiliation of falling under suspicion by bigots and being stripped naked in the marketplace of Clitheroe and pricked by an odious witch finder from Scotland.

= = = Arsenic trichloride = = =

	Arsenic trichloride is an inorganic compound with the formula AsCl, also known as arsenous chloride or butter of arsenic. This poisonous oil is colourless, although impure samples may appear yellow. It is an intermediate in the manufacture of organoarsenic compounds.
	AsCl is a pyramidal molecule with C symmetry. The As-Cl bond is 2.161 Å and the angle Cl-As-Cl is 98° 25'±30. AsCl has four normal modes of vibration: ν1(A) 416, ν2(A) 192, ν3 393, and ν4(E) 152 cm.
	Arsenic trichloride contains predominantly covalent bonds, which explains its low melting point.
	This colourless liquid is prepared by treatment of arsenic(III) oxide with hydrogen chloride followed by distillation:
	It can also be prepared by chlorination of arsenic at 80–85 °C, but this method requires elemental arsenic.
	Arsenic trichloride can also be prepared by the reaction of arsenic oxide and sulfur monochloride. This method requires simple apparatus and proceeds efficiently:
	A convenient laboratory method is refluxing arsenic(III) oxide with thionyl chloride:
	Hydrolysis with water gives arsenous acid and hydrochloric acid:
	Although AsCl is less moisture sensitive than PCl, it still fumes in moist air.
	AsCl undergoes redistribution upon treatment with AsO to give the inorganic polymer AsOCl. With chloride sources, AsCl, forms salts containing the anion [AsCl]. Reaction with potassium bromide and potassium iodide give arsenic tribromide and arsenic triiodide, respectively.
	AsCl is useful in organoarsenic chemistry, for example triphenylarsine is derived from AsCl:
	Arsenic compounds are highly toxic, and AsCl especially so because of its volatility and solubility.
	It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.

= = = Steve Tuttle = = =

	Steve Walter Tuttle (born January 5, 1966) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward who played for parts of three seasons (1988–1991) for the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League, scoring a total of 28 goals in his career. He was traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning, spending time with their International Hockey League affiliate, the Peoria Rivermen. In 1993, without playing a single game for the Lightning, he was traded to the Quebec Nordiques, playing for their IHL affiliate, the Milwaukee Admirals. He retired after the 1997–98 season.
	Tuttle is most commonly remembered for being the player whose skate accidentally slashed the throat of Clint Malarchuk during a 1989 game against the Buffalo Sabres.
	He was also a standout player at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, being named All-American his senior season. He is now an auditor in Seattle, Washington.

= = = Sombor Monastery = = =

	The Sombor Monastery (Serbian: Манастир Сомбор / "Manastir Sombor") is a Serb Orthodox monastery situated in the Bačka region, in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina. It is in the Sombor municipality. It was founded in 1928-1933.

= = = Nicholas F. Seebeck = = =

	Nicholas Frederick Seebeck (1857 – June 23, 1899) was a stamp dealer and printer, best known for his stamp-printing contracts with several Latin American countries in the 1890s.
	Seebeck emigrated from Germany to the United States at the age of 9. He soon established himself as a stamp dealer and cataloguer (as a sideline to owning a stationery and printing shop) in New York City, and published the "Descriptive Price Catalogue of All Known Postage Stamps of the United States and Foreign Countries" in 1876. In 1879, he began printing stamps for the Dominican Republic and the Colombian State of Bolivar. These stamps were printed under a standard sort of printing contract, where he received a fee for printing a specified number of stamps. However, with the Bolivar issues, he began the soon to be infamous practice of year-dating otherwise identical stamp designs. Seebeck was successful enough to be able to sell his business in 1884 and purchase a significant interest in the Hamilton Bank Note Engraving and Printing Co., whose main contract was for printing tickets for the New York City transportation system.
	Seebeck sold his New York stamp business in 1884 and used the money to buy into the Hamilton Bank Note Engraving and Printing Co.
	In 1889, Seebeck developed a novel plan for Hamilton to print stamps for foreign countries. He offered to supply the stamps for free, provided that:
	Seebeck also apparently insisted on printing stamps with values not relevant to the postal rates of the countries using them. There are many long series of stamps where only a few values corresponded to common postal uses. The remaining values were intended for collectors. [This is open to debate for Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador. For Honduras and Nicaragua the following denomination paid these rates: 1c - local post card, 2c domestic post card, 5c domestic letter, 10c double domestic letter or foreign letter, 20c - double rate foreign letter or single foreign letter plus registration, 25c - single foreign letter plus registration plus Acknowledgement of Receipt, 30c - triple foreign letter rate, 40c - 4 times single foreign letter rate, 50c - 5 times foreign letter rate, 75c - 6 times foreign letter rate plus registration plus AR (at least one such cover is known to exist), 1 P - very heavy letters or packages. For El Salvador the following rates were paid: 1c - local card rate, 2c - domestic card rate, 3c - foreign card rate, 5c domestic letter rate, 10c single letter rate to Pacific rim countries, 11c - single foreign letter rate for letters transiting Panama, 12c, single letter rate to Pacific rim countries when the rate changed from 10c to 12c, 13c - single letter rate for via Panama when the rates went from 15c to 13c, 15c - single letter rate to transit Panama when the rates changed. 20c - double foreign letter rate for Pacific rim countries or single rate plus registration, 24c - double letter rate to Pacific rim countries, 25c - single foreign Pacific rim letter rate plus registration and AR, 26c double letter rate for via Panama when rate went from 15c to 13c, 30c - double foreign letter rate for transit by Panama when rates changed or single rate plus registration plus AP, 50c & 1 P - very heavy letter and packets. Except for Nicaragua where commercial letters bearing the 1P, 5P and 10P stamps are known, the 2P, 5P and 10P stamps were not used although a few compliance covers are known.]
	Seebeck took advantage of a unique connection he had to Central America in that his brother-in-law Ernest Schernikow was the New York consul for El Salvador and Honduras. In 1889, Seebeck left for a tour of Central America with letters of introduction from Schernikow to talk with government officials about an idea for a stamp printing arrangement that would benefit all concerned and signed contracts in 1889-1890 with several countries: Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala (only for fiscal stamps not postage ones), Honduras, and Nicaragua. The contracts were for ten years worth of stamp issues, and also included official, telegraph, revenue stamps and postal stationery.
	German philatelic experts who studied the Seebeck issues early in the 20th century claim that Seebeck, instead of reprinting after the stamps were demonetized had excess quantities printed before the stamps were delivered. Since these stamps were printed during the time they were valid for postage they are still considered original postage stamps, whether they were ever delivered to the respective countries' postal authorities or not.
	Condemnation of Seebeck among the collecting community was nearly unanimous. Seebeck failed to realize that most stamp collectors want to collect the stamps that are actually usable and available for postage, and not special creations designed to separate them from their money. They objected strongly to Seebeck's unlimited reprinting rights, the needless yearly creation of new issues, and the issuance of postally-irrelevant stamp values. Stamps with face values up to $10 were issued for the 1892 Columbus anniversary. Although the U.S. and Canada received similar abuse for their 1892 and 1897 stamp series (which included values up to $5), Seebeck's efforts were seen as particularly blatant. Many collectors refused to collect these issues.
	Several of the countries backed out of their contracts with Seebeck (Honduras in 1893, and Ecuador in 1896) due to the bad publicity and administrative nuisance of the frequently-changing issues.
	Nicholas Seebeck died June 23, 1899, at the age of 42, in the final year of his contract with El Salvador.
	The Hamilton Bank Note Company printed other stamps such as the 1902 issue of Dominican Republic and was still in existence in the 1940s when August Seebeck, Nicholas' grandson was president. However, millions of stamp reprints (and the plates from which they were produced) reached the market. Most of the Hamilton issues, pejoratively known as "Seebecks", are common and cheap to this day, at least in unused condition. However, many of the original post-1895 issues are scarce, or rare, in unused condition while the reprints abound. In part, this is because it is difficult to tell the stamps shipped for postal sale from the numerous reprints. Postally-used stamps are generally much less common, though the collector of this area needs to beware of forged cancellations.

= = = Boston University Housing System = = =

	The Boston University housing system is the 2nd-largest of any private university in the United States, with 76% of the undergraduate population living on campus. On-campus housing at BU is an unusually diverse melange, ranging from individual 19th-century brownstone town houses and apartment buildings acquired by the school to large-scale high-rises built in the 60s and 2000s.
	Though originally a commuter school, the University now guarantees the option of on-campus housing for four years for all undergraduate students. This is a challenge considering the size of BU's undergraduate population and its urban setting. BU has met this goal every year, often by using area hotels, though since fall 2009, with the completion of its new 960-bed 26-story dorm, the school says it has accommodated all students who wish to live on campus without using hotel space.
	Boston University operates residences collaboratively through Residence Life and Housing. While the two areas work collaboratively, each department reports to different areas of University leadership. Housing reports to the Vice President of Auxiliary Services and is centered on providing operational and occupancy management. Meanwhile, Residence Life is structured under the Associate Provost and Dean of Students and is centered on providing day-to-day student service, support, and programs based out of local Residence Life offices located near or within each residence.
	Boston University Housing is based at 25 Buick St, and employs a number of full and part-time staff, as well as students who manage the many components that support Housing at Boston University.
	Housing is responsible for the areas of Residential Safety, housing assignments, room changes, mail, keys (in coordination with local Residence Life offices), university-provided furnishings, appliances in university-owned residences, and the Terrier Card Office. Boston University Housing also works collaboratively with other departments across campus, such as Facilities Management & Planning, and within Auxiliary Services to coordinate laundry, vending, rentals, summer storage, dining services, vending services, and events & conferences.
	The Residence Life team delivers a broad range of programs and services to students, including specialty communities, Residence Hall Associations, the Faculty-in-Residence program, crisis intervention, conflict mediation, enforcement of residential rules and regulations, and information about campus resources.
	Residence Life is one of the few departments at the University with an on-call system that allows staff to be available to assist students, parents, and members of the University community 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and 365 days a year.
	Residence Life employs 27 live-in workers at the "administrator" and "senior staff" level in the following roles:
	Every spring, returning students who have submitted a housing guarantee payment for the ensuing academic year are entered into a lottery to determine their priority in selecting housing. Priority is assigned within classes, with seniors receiving the lowest (best) numbers, and second-semester freshmen the highest. This means the "worst" senior number is always better than the best junior number, et cetera. Entering freshmen and transfer students are allocated housing based on an online housing questionnaire.
	Boston University requires that all students living in dormitories be enrolled in a year-long meal plan. The plans offer differing ratios of meals and dining points, depending on which is chosen. Meals are used to gain access to one of the university's three residential dining service locations on an all-you-can-eat basis (at West Campus, Warren Towers, and Marciano Commons) and dining points can be used at designated eateries around campus on a cash basis. A Kosher plan exists which can be used at the Kosher dining hall at the Hillel House.
	Combined with housing costs, meal plans can cause room and board to be quite expensive. This has created a high demand for on-campus apartment housing, as the University does not require residents with access to a kitchen to purchase a plan (although they may if they so choose). However, the higher price of such housing often offsets any savings. In addition, the main dining halls offer large selections for breakfast, lunch, dinner, and "late night".
	"Main article: Myles Standish Hall"
	BU's first large dormitory was a former hotel. The Myles Standish Hotel in Kenmore Square was built in 1925 and was purchased by BU in 1949. Today Myles Standish Hall and the attached Myles Annex (a separate building purchased for housing in 1980 after the closure of Graham Junior College) together house over 730 students.
	Myles is configured as a semi-suite residence. The typical suite consists of 2 single rooms and 1 double occupancy room sharing a bathroom. Common areas include group study rooms, music practice rooms, a community kitchen and a games room.
	"Main article: Kilachand Hall"
	Kilachand Hall, previously named Shelton Hall, was built as a Sheraton Hotel in 1923 and bought by BU and converted to dorm space in 1954. Playwright Eugene O'Neill died in suite 401 on the 4th floor of Kilachand Hall. In his honor, the 4th floor was named a specialty housing area called the Writer's Corridor. It is said that this corridor is haunted by the playwright. The building houses 418 residents. The ninth floor consists of a study lounge that provides an impressive view of Cambridge and the Charles River. The Kilachand Hall dining hall was closed after the 2011–2012 year when a larger dining hall called Marciano Commons opened.
	The Towers is one of the three Boston University dormitories traditionally intended for freshmen and sophomores, the others being Warren Towers and West Campus. The building comprises two towers, each nine floors high and linked at ground level by a single story structure housing common facilities. It is located on the eastern end of campus, next to Wheelock College of Education and Human Development and behind the Questrom School of Business. It appeared in the movie "21" as the dormitory which housed MIT student Ben Campbell (Jim Sturgess).
	"Main article: Warren Towers"
	Warren Towers, the largest dorm on campus, about 600 students in each of its three towers. Access to the building is via escalator to the fourth floor, where the building's dining hall and other amenities are located. The floors 5–18 are residential floors. The first three floors and basement house a University parking garage and street-level retail establishments.
	Warren Towers is a mostly first-year student residence, though there is also significant retention of sophomores. The majority of rooms are identical double-occupancy floorplans, the exception being single rooms, the occasional quad, and the corner doubles. Corner doubles are almost twice the size of a standard double room and are coveted by those residents selecting housing in Warren.
	At the western edge of campus surrounding BU's Nickerson Field is West Campus, with three high-rises each housing well over 600 residents. They are named Claflin, Sleeper, and Rich Hall after BU's founders. Residents of West generally prefer it over other locations and cite its "campusy" feel and proximity to the Student Village complex and other athletic facilities. Student athletes are abundant here, for that reason. CGS, CFA, and SHA students also tend to prefer living at West Campus, as it is the closest dormitory style residence to those three schools.
	All the buildings provide students with a study room.
	Often forgotten, Danielsen Hall actually demarcates the BU campus’ easternmost limit, at its 512 Beacon Street address. Danielsen residents eat at Marciano Commons, or another dining location. However, the dorm does have a kitchen located in the basement. Danielsen, while a bit of a distance from central campus, has the advantage of being closer to the city. Newbury Street, for example is just a few blocks away. The Boston University Shuttle (BUS) picks up in front of Danielsen regularly, making the distance to campus much more tolerable.
	Once an up-and-coming neighborhood of affluent Boston Brahmins, the majority of Bay State Road is now owned by Boston University for housing and office use. Due to their small size, the brownstones on Bay State are inherently suited for use as specialty housing, and many are used in this fashion.
	When used as a dormitory, most of the Bay State Road residences are divided into double and triple rooms with some singles. Floors also consist of less than 10 students. Most houses have floors that share a bathroom, a room for the resident assistant on the ground floor, and laundry facilities in the basement. Some rooms have private bathrooms. While some of the houses are rather well-worn, BU has undertaken a project that each summer renovates selected residences to restore the Bay State Road houses to their 19th-century appearance and ambience.
	South Campus is a student residential area south of Commonwealth Avenue and separated from the main campus by the Massachusetts Turnpike. Some of the larger buildings in that area have been converted into dormitories, while the rest of the South campus buildings are apartments. All were originally constructed as commercial apartment buildings and later purchased by the University. Aside from the characteristic red plaques at their entrances, South Campus buildings are indistinguishable from the other private residences in the area. Since there are no central dining facilities in the South Campus area, students from these dormitories can dine at Warren Towers or other facilities on the main campus.
	Boston University's principle apartment-style housing area is officially called 10 Buick Street, a part of the John Hancock Student Village project which includes the adjacent Fitness and Recreation Center and the Agganis Arena. Students most commonly refer to this residence as the "Student Village", or "StuVi" (pronounced stoo-vee) for short. The apartments at 10 Buick Street are open to juniors and seniors only, and house more than 800 students in apartments. Each apartment has either two or four private bedrooms, one or two common bathrooms (one for doubles, two for quads), a common living room, and a common kitchen.
	The building has two towers that are connected up to the ninth floor and rise separately to 18 floors in West Tower and 15 floors in East tower. The West Tower has apartments on floors 1–17, the 18th floor is the Student Atrium with stunning views of Boston and the Charles River. The East Tower has residences on floors 2–15, with the 1st floor being a marketplace. The 10 Buick Street Market and Cafe, open from 7 a.m. to midnight daily, has a soup & salad bar, a small selection of household items, drinks and snacks, as well as sandwiches and bagels ready-to-order. The basement also provides amenities such as laundry, mailboxes, a study lounge, as well as numerous smaller study and music rooms.
	In 2003, the Director of the Student Village, Laura De Veau, began publishing a monthly newsletter for residents called "The Villager". In 2004, her successor, Brian Sirman, redesigned the publication to include recipes, a quiz, and "Ask Adrienne" (an advice column written by the Senior Resident Assistant, Adrienne Kisner). Since August 2004, The Villager has been printed bi-weekly. Ten Buick Street is the only on-campus residence at Boston University to feature a publication of this type.
	Boston University's newest residence, which opened in the fall of 2009, accommodates 960 residents in two towers. The 26-story tower houses juniors and seniors in an apartment-style setting. These apartments are two-bedroom apartments for two students, or four-bedroom apartments for four students. All apartments have one bathroom, one living room, and one kitchen. The 19-story tower houses sophomores, juniors and seniors residing in suite (dormitory-style) settings. The suites house eight students each; half of the residents reside in four single bedrooms, while the other half occupy two double bedrooms. Each suite has two bathrooms and one living room.
	Located across the street from West Campus, 1019 is suite-style housing without kitchens. Thus, residents eat at the West Campus dining hall. The suites have three double rooms which share a bathroom and common room. During the summer, Boston University sometimes uses 1019 as temporary lodging for conference attendees and other visitors.
	Boston University's Fenway Campus is located in the Riverway area near South Campus. The campus is composed of multiple undergraduate and graduate residences: Riverway House, Pilgrim House, and Campus Center & Student Residence. These residences include dorm-style and suite-style rooms with single, double, triple, and quadruple occupancy. They also offer study lounges, laundry rooms, vending machines, internet access, and a dining hall (located at Campus Center Student Residence).
	Aside from these main residential areas, smaller residential dormitories are scattered along Commonwealth Avenue between main school buildings, including 722-728 Commonwealth Avenue, located across from CVS on St. Mary's street.
	Due to housing capacity shortages, many incoming students are temporarily housed in hotels during the fall semester. These hotels include the Hyatt Regency Cambridge on the opposite bank of the Charles, and the Holiday Inn Brookline, both a manageable walk to main campus with free shuttle bus service provided to students in the Hyatt. 
	One of the hotels frequently used in this way was the former Howard Johnson's hotel at 575 Commonwealth Avenue, next to the Questrom School of Business' Rafik Hariri Building. In 2001, the University closed the hotel (which it owned) and converted the building into a full-time dormitory, now known as 575 Commonwealth Avenue. Rooms are commonly divided into triples, although there are a few doubles and singles. Every room comes with its own bathroom and air conditioning, a luxury not present in most rooms on campus. This 8-story building, not including the basement, includes the first floor lobby, 6 floors for bedroom dorms, and an eight floor study area. The first floor lobby also has two lounge areas, where students can choose to study or hang out by playing pool or watching TV. Students lovingly refer to it as either 575 or the HoJo.
	Boston University also provides specialty houses or specialty floors to students who have particular interests. The Common Ground House on Bay State Road is a house designed for those wanting to live in an emphatically multi-background setting. A special application is required prior to general housing decisions in order to be considered for specialty housing. Bay State Road also has brownstones for students in the College of General Studies, Management, Music, Sargent College, Education and Trustee Scholars. There are also specialty floors in large dormitories, such as Core Curricular program, Women in Science and Engineering, same-sex floors, etc. 
	All large dormitories have 24/7 security and require all students to swipe and show their school identification before entering. Bay State Road brownstones and many of the apartment-style residences on South Campus (such as those on Park Drive and Buswell Street) have locked front doors that require students to have cards or keys to the front door. Every dormitory has at least one resident advisor. Large dorms have at least one on each floor.
	The security system on campus (while safe and effective) was considered a nuisance by the student population prior to a major overhaul which took effect in Fall 2007. Students (and residents) of Boston University could not enter a dorm other than their own after 8 p.m. without being signed in, and were expected to leave the premises (unless allocated for a special study session, called a "study extension") by 2 a.m. Study extensions allowed students who live on campus to remain in a dormitory other than their own until 7 a.m., at which time they were required to sign out of the building.
	Starting in September 2007, a new guest policy relaxed most of the rules that have frustrated Boston University students. The new policy allows for overnight guests to be signed in until 2 a.m. of the first night of the stay with consent of a student's roommate. Previously the guest policy did not permit overnight guest approval to occur less than 24 hours prior to the beginning of the stay. In addition, there is now a difference in the guest policy for those students living in the mostly freshman/sophomore dorms versus those living in the Student Village (10 Buick Street and 33 Agganis Way), an exclusively upperclassman apartment complex. Residents of the Student Village will be allowed to have guests at any time of the day without any approval process, as long as the guest is accompanied by a Student Village resident. The new policy is likely to increase the percentage of students who want to live on campus, which is already a substantial majority of the undergraduate population.
	Between 2002 and 2008, The University has been criticized for overbooking its housing for the fall semester as a result of its large student population and its guarantee of on-campus housing for four years. As a result, many freshmen were shunted to nearby hotels to accommodate the overflow. BU's "Daily Free Press" often published articles relating to the university's inability to provide acceptable housing for its students. With the opening of StuVi-II in Fall 2009, the school's 960-bed 19 and 26 story towers, BU says it will be able to house the nearly 80 percent of its 16,000 undergraduates who want to live on campus without using hotels.
	In the past, the Boston University Office of Housing was criticized for reserving a certain percentage of each dormitory for underclasses. This caused complaints from upperclassmen who were relegated to living in substandard housing due to spots in prime housing being taken by freshmen and sophomores, squeezing the upperclassmen out of the already crowded, at the time, housing system. Additionally, some freshmen placed into predominantly upperclassmen dorms are unsatisfied with their assignments because of the difficulty of engaging with other underclassmen in these locations.

= = = Dorn Beattie = = =

	Dorn (Doran) Beattie is a Canadian rock and country singer, who was associated with the bands 49th Parallel, Painter and Hammersmith in the 1970s before retiring from music.
	Painter's hit record "West Coast Woman" on Elektra rose quickly on the world pop charts in 1973.
	Beattie subsequently reemerged in 1994 as a solo country artist with the album "Fear of Flying". "Country Music News" listed the album's title track as No. 46 on the year-end Canadian country singles chart for 1994.

= = = Peter Poreku Dery = = =

	Peter Poreku (10 May 1918 – 6 March 2008) – given the surname Der then Dery – was a Ghanaian Roman Catholic cardinal. He served as Archbishop of Tamale from 1974 to 1994 and was elevated to the cardinalate in 2006. Poreku had also served as the Bishop of Wa prior to his elevation as archbishop.
	The cause for his canonization commenced in mid-2013 and the late cardinal is now referred to as a Servant of God.
	Poreku Der was born in 1918 Zimuopare in the Ko Parish as the fourth of ten children to Theodore Poreku and Agnes Zoore in the house of his uncle Ngmankurinaa. He was born soon after the death of his immediate older brother. One other brother was Alipo Poreku.
	The belief and practice of the Dagaare speaking people of North-Western Ghana and Southern Burkina-Faso dictates that a male child born not long after the death of his immediate elder brother is believed to be the reincarnation of the deceased brother and was thus given the additional name "Der" to demonstrate that. In keeping with that belief and practice his pagan parents thus referred to him as such.
	He later converted to Roman Catholicism being baptized (alongside ten others) in Jirapa on 24 December 1932. He then altered his name "Der" with a "Y" at the end while taking the name "Peter" in honor of Saint Peter. In 1932 he was sent to Jirapa to become a catechist so he could return to his village to teach his people in the faith.
	Poreku studied for the priesthood in Navrongo from 1934 to 1939 prior to commencing his philosophical and theological studies at Saint Victor's school in Wiagha. He received his ordination to the priesthood in Nandom at Saint Theresa's Church from Bishop Gérard Bertrand in 1951 before furthering his studies. He earned a diploma in social studies from the Saint Francis Xavier college in Antigonish in Canada in 1958 and also obtained his doctorate from the International Catechetical Institute "Lumen vitae" in Brussels in Belgium. The former permitted him to enter after the Knights of Columbus granted him a scholarship in 1957. He returned to his homeland in 1959 serving as a parochial vicar in Nandom before serving as the vicar-general for the Tamale archdiocese until 1960.
	On 16 March 1960 he was appointed as the first Bishop of Wa after Pope John XXIII created the new diocese. He received his episcopal consecration two months later from John XXIII himself with Bishops Napoléon-Alexandre Labrie and Venerable Fulton Sheen serving as the co-consecrators in Saint Peter's Basilica. Poreku made his formal installation in his new see on the following 10 June and then requested permission from competent ecclesial authorities in Rome to translate the Mass into Dagaare and have it sung in local melodies with local musical instruments; permission was given and he composed the first Dagaare Mass. This proved to be a significant milestone in the "Africanization" of the Ghanaian Church.
	Poreku attended the Second Vatican Council and focused on the involvement of the faithful as well as both education and the promotion of vocations during his tenure. He was remembered in Wa for driving a Datsun saloon car with foodstuffs from Wa to Accra on terrible roads just so he could meet with the families of his old parishioners and to distribute food to people.
	He was later named as the Apostolic Administrator for the Tamale archdiocese and later became the fourth Bishop of Tamale on 18 November 1974. He was the first non-religious to hold the position since all his predecessors had belonged to the White Fathers. He was promoted to the rank of a metropolitan archbishop upon Tamale's elevation to an archdiocese in 1977. From 1982 to 1988 he served as the president of the Ghanaian Episcopal Conference.
	Poreku attended two sessions of episcopal gatherings that Pope John Paul II had convoked with the first being held from 24 November to 8 December 1985 and the second being held from 1–30 October 1987. It was at the former that he said Roman officials should allow for "enculturation" to allow for the Ghanaian Church to assume its own cultural sense of identification in "matters of life and worship". Poreku also served two terms on the Pontifical Council for the Laity during the pontificates of both Paul VI and John Paul II. He resigned from his position on 26 March 1994 after two decades of service and upon reaching the retirement age. The resignation letter was sent in 1993 but was not accepted after the pope responded "nunc pro tunc" meaning "not until we can replace" with a new archbishop. But the resignation was accepted not long after in 1994 after Poreku suffered a stroke.
	Pope Benedict XVI created Poreku as the Cardinal-Deacon of Sant'Elena fuori Porta Prenestina on 26 March 2006 in Saint Peter's Square; he was elevated as one of the prelates over age 80 meaning that he was not eligible to vote in future papal conclaves. Poreku was in a wheelchair and was lifted onto the dais to greet Benedict XVI who conferred the red hat and title upon him.
	Poreku died in his sleep at his Tamale residence on 6 March 2008 at 6:20 pm. His longtime aide Mark Attabeh and his doctor Augustine Kabir aided him in his final months. He had been bedridden for the last seven months of his life after slipping in 2007 causing hip difficulties. His remains were taken to the morgue before being taken to the archdiocesan cathedral to lie in state. On 31 March a vigil was held at Jubilee Park with Cardinal Peter Turkson presiding over the funeral on 1 April; the President John Kufuor and Vice-President Aliu Mahama were in attendance with Archbishop Peter Akwasi Sarpong delivering the sermon and Felix Owusu Adjepong delivering a tribute on the government's behalf.
	Poreku was granted several awards and recognitions during his life:
	In June 2013 at a memorial service Mass held in Tamale it was announced that the cause for beatification would be initiated with the formal request lodged to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints on 15 June 2013. The "nihil obstat" (no objections) was declared on 13 July 2013 which allowed for Poreku to be titled as a Servant of God. The diocesan process commenced on 9 May 2015 in Tamale and was tasked with assembling documentation on his life and works as well as collecting testimonies from those who knew the late cardinal. As of June 2016 a total of 45 people had been interviewed as part of the process. Testimonies were heard in Tamale and Damongo as well as in Yendi and Navrongo-Bolgatanga with successive sessions to be heard in Wa.
	The current postulator for this cause is Dr. Waldery Hilgeman.

= = = Vivian McGrath = = =

	Vivian Erzerum Bede "Viv" McGrath (17 February 1916 – 9 April 1978) was a tennis champion from Australia. Along with John Bromwich, he was one of the early great players to use a two-handed backhand. His name was pronounced "McGraw".
	He was born in Merrendee, near Mudgee, New South Wales, the fourth child of native Australian parents. His father was a hotelkeeper. He went to Sydney Boys High School, graduating in 1932, where he played tennis and cricket. He began playing tennis against a brick walk at his home.
	He won the Australian junior singles in 1932 and the French junior singles in 1933. He was a member of the Australian Davis Cup team from 1933 to 1937. He won the Australian Open doubles championship with his friend Jack Crawford in 1935. In 1937, he won the Australian Open singles title against John Bromwich. McGrath was ranked World No. 8 in 1935 by A. Wallis Myers of "The Daily Telegraph".
	World War II interrupted his career, and he served in the Air Force. He was granted leave to play exhibition games against American servicemen.
	After the war, he never regained his form and was plagued by injuries. He eventually became a coach in the southern highlands and pursued his interest in horse racing. He died in Burradoo, New South Wales of heart disease.

= = = Timeline of prime ministers of the United Kingdom = = =

	This is a graphical timeline of prime ministers of the United Kingdom from when the first prime minister in the modern sense, Robert Walpole, took office in 1721, until the present day.
	This timeline shows most of the early life, the political career and death of each Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1846. The first Prime Minister was Robert Walpole in the early 18th century .
	Unlike countries where the leader is elected directly to the highest political office of a separate executive, the Prime Minister must first establish a political career in the UK Parliament and typically serves many years in the House of Commons before becoming Prime Minister, and in some cases for many years afterwards.
	Since the Marquess of Salisbury in 1895, all time in parliamentary service before being Prime Minister has been in the House of Commons, apart from Sir Alec Douglas-Home's period as a member of the Government while in the House of Lords (1951–63; though he was previously the elected member for Lanark, 1931-1945). After becoming Prime Minister, Douglas-Home returned to the Commons by winning a by-election on the recess death of MP Gilmour Leburn.

= = = Stuart Laing (actor) = = =

	Stuart Laing is an actor who has played Rob Minter in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders".
	Laing's first acting role was a guest part in "Minder" in 1994. During 1995 and 1996 he appeared in "Strike Force", "Devil's Advocate", "3 Steps to Heaven" and "Blood and Peaches". He also made a guest appearance in "Heartbeat". He then appeared in his first movie, "Gaston's War", playing Harry as well as appearing in Cradle of Fear, in one of the main roles. He appeared in "Burn It", playing Mike, and later played the role of Jack Hewit, in the BBC miniseries "Cambridge Spies". He starred in "Butterfly Man" in 2002. In 2004–2005 he played Simon Parker in the BBC medical drama "Holby City". In September 2005 he played Jeff Clarke in the second live episode of "The Bill". From 23 October to 29 November 2008, Stuart played Nigel in the Leicester Square Theatre's production of Matthew Todd's Blowing Whistles, alongside Paul Keating and newcomer Daniel Finn. In 2012, he appeared as Alex Redmond in the BBC soap opera "Doctors". and acted in Vera ITV (Season 10 Episode 2) January 2019 Played Rob Bayliss

= = = Apollonian circles = = =

	Apollonian circles are two families of circles such that every circle in the first family intersects every circle in the second family orthogonally, and vice versa. These circles form the basis for bipolar coordinates. They were discovered by Apollonius of Perga, a renowned Greek geometer.
	The Apollonian circles are defined in two different ways by a line segment denoted "CD".
	Each circle in the first family (the blue circles in the figure) is associated with a positive real number "r", and is defined as the locus of points "X" such that the ratio of distances from "X" to "C" and to "D" equals "r",
	For values of "r" close to zero, the corresponding circle is close to "C", while for values of "r" close to ∞, the corresponding circle is close to "D"; for the intermediate value "r" = 1, the circle degenerates to a line, the perpendicular bisector of "CD". The equation defining these circles as a locus can be generalized to define the Fermat–Apollonius circles of larger sets of weighted points.
	Each circle in the second family (the red circles in the figure) is associated with an angle "θ", and is defined as the locus of points "X" such that the inscribed angle CXD equals "θ",
	Scanning "θ" from 0 to "π" generates the set of all circles passing through the two points "C" and "D".
	The two points where all the red circles cross are the limiting points of pairs of circles in the blue family.
	A given blue circle and a given red circle intersect in two points. In order to obtain bipolar coordinates, a method is required to specify which point is the right one. An isoptic arc is the locus of points "X" that sees points "C" and "D" under a given oriented angle of vectors i.e. 
	Such an arc is contained into a red circle and is bounded by points "C" and "D". The remaining part of the corresponding red circle is formula_4. When we really want the whole red circle, a description using oriented angles of straight lines has to be used
	Both of the families of Apollonian circles are called pencils of circles. More generally, there is a natural correspondence between circles in the plane and points in three-dimensional projective space; a line in this space corresponds to a one-dimensional continuous family of circles called a pencil.
	Specifically, the equation of a circle of radius "r" centered at a point ("p","q"),
	may be rewritten as
	where α = 1, β = "p", γ = "q", and δ = "p" + "q" − "r". 
	In this form, multiplying the quadruple (α,β,γ,δ) by a scalar produces a different quadruple that represents the same circle; thus, these quadruples may be considered to be homogeneous coordinates for the space of circles. Straight lines may also be represented with an equation of this type in which α = 0 and should be thought of as being a degenerate form of a circle. When α ≠ 0, we may solve for "p" = β/α, "q" = γ/α, and "r" =√("p" + "q" − δ/α); note, however, that the latter formula may give "r" = 0 (in which case the circle degenerates to a point) or "r" equal to an imaginary number (in which case the quadruple (α,β,γ,δ) is said to represent an "imaginary circle").
	The set of affine combinations of two circles (α,β,γ,δ), (α,β,γ,δ), that is, the set of circles represented by the quadruple
	for some value of the parameter "z",
	forms a pencil; the two circles are called "generators" of the pencil. There are three types of pencil:
	A family of concentric circles centered at a single focus "C" forms a special case of a hyperbolic pencil, in which the other focus is the point at infinity of the complex projective line. The corresponding elliptic pencil consists of the family of straight lines through "C"; these should be interpreted as circles that all pass through the point at infinity.
	Except for the two special cases of a pencil of concentric circles and a pencil of coincident lines,
	any two circles within a pencil have the same radical axis, and all circles in the pencil have collinear centers. Any three or more circles from the same family are called coaxal circles or coaxial circles.
	The elliptic pencil of circles passing through the two points "C" and "D" (the set of red circles, in the figure) has the line "CD" as its radical axis. The centers of the circles in this pencil lie on the perpendicular bisector of "CD".
	The hyperbolic pencil defined by points "C" and "D" (the blue circles) has its radical axis on the perpendicular bisector of line "CD", and all its circle centers on line "CD".
	The radical axis of any pencil of circles, interpreted as an infinite-radius circle, belongs to the pencil.
	Any three circles belong to a common pencil whenever all three pairs share the same radical axis and their centers are collinear.
	Circle inversion transforms the plane in a way that maps circles into circles, and pencils of circles into pencils of circles. The type of the pencil is preserved: the inversion of an elliptic pencil is another elliptic pencil, the inversion of a hyperbolic pencil is another hyperbolic pencil, and the inversion of a parabolic pencil is another parabolic pencil.
	It is relatively easy to show using inversion that, in the Apollonian circles, every blue circle intersects every red circle orthogonally, i.e., at a right angle. Inversion of the blue Apollonian circles with respect to a circle centered on point "C" results in a pencil of concentric circles centered at the image of point "D". The same inversion transforms the red circles into a set of straight lines that all contain the image of "D". Thus, this inversion transforms the bipolar coordinate system defined by the Apollonian circles into a polar coordinate system.
	Obviously, the transformed pencils meet at right angles. Since inversion is a conformal transformation, it preserves the angles between the curves it transforms, so the original Apollonian circles also meet at right angles.
	Alternatively, the orthogonal property of the two pencils follows from the defining property of the radical axis, that from any point "X" on the radical axis of a pencil "P" the lengths of the tangents from "X" to each circle in "P" are all equal. It follows from this that the circle centered at "X" with length equal to these tangents crosses all circles of "P" perpendicularly. The same construction can be applied for each "X" on the radical axis of "P", forming another pencil of circles perpendicular to "P".
	More generally, for every pencil of circles there exists a unique pencil consisting of the circles that are perpendicular to the first pencil. If one pencil is elliptic, its perpendicular pencil is hyperbolic, and vice versa; in this case the two pencils form a set of Apollonian circles. The pencil of circles perpendicular to a parabolic pencil is also parabolic; it consists of the circles that have the same common tangent point but with a perpendicular tangent line at that point.

= = = Ho-103 machine gun = = =

	The 12.7mm Type 1 (1941) was a Japanese aircraft machine gun widely used during World War II and also known as the Ho-103. It was based on the American .50-caliber M1921 aircraft Browning machine gun.
	The Ho-103 achieved a higher rate of fire by using a smaller, lower velocity Breda (Vickers) cartridge, intermediate in length between the WWII German 13 mm calibre MG 131's 64mm length cartridge, and the long 99mm cartridge of the veteran American M2 Browning .50 calibre gun. Because of this, the gun was frequently loaded with explosive or incendiary ammunition in an attempt to increase terminal effects on aircraft.
	The Type 1 was produced in two variants. The Ho-103 was used in fixed installations, while the Ho-104 was used in flexible installations.
	The 12.7x81SR allowed the Type 1 to fire at a rate of 900 RPM, but the poor suitability of the Browning action to synchronization reduced the rate of fire to 400 RPM in synchronized installations.

= = = Naji Majrashi = = =

	Naji Majrashi (born 2 February 1982) is a football striker from Saudi Arabia.
	He also played for the Saudi Arabia junior team at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship.

= = = Parsons Senior High School = = =

	Parsons Senior High School is a public secondary school in Parsons, Kansas, USA operated by Unified School District 503, and serves students of grades 9 to 12. It is the sole high school in the school district.
	The school colors are blue and gold and the school mascot is "Victor the Viking". It is a member of the Kansas State High School Activities Association and offers a variety of sports programs. Activities teams compete in the 4A division, except football which competes in the 3A division. Extracurricular activities are also offered in the form of performing arts, school publications, and clubs.
	In 1882, some of the first high school classes offered at Parsons were held at McKinley School. The first Parsons High School building was built in 1893 and cost $30,000. It was on southwest corner of Twenty-sixth and Main Streets. The building served the city in its original capacity for just over 30 years. When the new high school / junior college was built on Main Street in the late 1920s, the old high school become West Junior High School. By the 1950s, voters agree that a new secondary school should begin construction. In the late 50s, the current building Parsons High School building was completed. In 2009, a major renovation project was undertaken for Parsons High School and was completely finished before the start of the fall semester. It gave Parsons High School the modern look that can be observed today.
	Parsons Senior High School has a 93% graduation rate. In addition to this, 77% of graduates continue to post-secondary education. PHS offers outstanding general education classes as well as exceptional CTE programs such as Automotive Technology, Graphic Design, Health Science, Welding and more.
	Parsons High School is also well-noted for its excellence in debate and forensics, having won several individual and team state championships in both debate and forensics. Parsons was the first school to win the 4-speaker and 2-speaker state debate championships in the same year, doing so in 1993, the first year that the 2-speaker championships existed. In 1990, PHS became the only school ever to place two students (Ajit Pai and Michael Monninger) in the top four National Forensic League (NFL) point leaders in the same year. For several years, PHS also led the nation in most NFL All-Americans produced, and had more students amongst the all-time NFL point leaders than any other school from Kansas. Between 1985 and 2019 Parsons has been represented at the National Speech and Debate Tournament 31 out of those 34 years, and was recognized as a 30-year milestone school at the 2018 tournament. In 2012, Steven Wood, the former debate and forensics coach at Parsons High School was inducted into the National Forensic League Hall of Fame, which is the highest honor for a high school speech and debate coach.
	The Vikings compete in the Southeast Kansas League and are classified as a 4A school. Throughout its history, Parsons has won several state championships in various sports.
	Parsons Senior High School is well-noted for its excellence in a variety of sports, especially in boys' and girls' tennis. The boys' team has won four state championships in tennis, while the girls' teams has won five.
	Parsons Senior High School offers the following sports:

= = = Marlborough House School = = =

	Marlborough House School is a co-educational preparatory school situated in of countryside in Hawkhurst, Kent. The school currently has just over 300 pupils between the ages of 3 and 13 with a teaching staff of 60. Marlborough House is predominantly a day school, but operates a flexi-boarding policy for pupils over the age of 9. The school is a member of the Independent Association of Preparatory Schools (IAPS). The current Head is Vanessa Coatz.

= = = Japanese cruiser Isuzu = = =

	Following the production of the five s, an additional three 5,500-ton class light cruisers authorized under the 8-4 Fleet Program were ordered by the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1920. Due to minor changes in design, primarily due to advances in torpedo technology, these three vessels were initially designated as "modified Kuma-class", or "5500-ton class Type II", before being re-designated as a separate class named after the lead vessel, . A second set of three vessels was authorized in late 1920.
	The "Nagara"-class vessels were essentially identical to the previous "Kuma"-class cruisers, retaining the same hull design, engines and main weaponry, with the addition of the new 610 mm Type 93 Long Lance Torpedoes, which required a larger launcher. However, in silhouette, a major difference from the "Kuma" class was in the configuration of the bridge, which incorporated an aircraft hangar. Initially, a platform was mounted above the No.2 turret, extending over the forward superstructure below the bridge. This was later replaced by an aircraft catapult. Even so, the arrangement proved unwieldy, and the catapult was moved to the rear of each ship in the class, between the No.5 and No.6 turrets during retrofits in 1929-1934.
	"Isuzu" underwent a number of wartime modifications to increase her number of anti-aircraft guns, and to replace her twin torpedo launchers with a single quadruple aft mount. From May – September 1944, she was converted into a dedicated anti-aircraft cruiser, during which her entire main battery, torpedo launchers and aircraft catapults were removed, and replaced by three twin-mount 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval guns, and a Type 94 high angle fire control system and Type 13 and Type 22 radars were added.
	"Isuzu" was laid down on 10 August 1920, launched on 29 October 1921 and completed at the Uraga Dock Company on 15 August 1923. From August to December 1928, she was under the command of Captain Isoroku Yamamoto, and from November 1929 to December 1930 under the command of Captain Shirō Takasu.
	Shortly after completion, "Isuzu" was assigned to patrol duty on the Yangtze River. As the war situation with China continued to deteriorate, "Isuzu" was sent to patrol the coasts of central China, and to cover landings of Japanese troops in southern China. From December 1936 to December 1937, "Isuzu" was commanded by Captain Tamon Yamaguchi.
	At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, "Isuzu" was participating in the invasion of Hong Kong, as part of the 15th Escort Squadron in Vice Admiral Kiyoshi Hara's Second China Expeditionary Fleet. "Isuzu" remained based in Hong Kong after its capture by Japan from the end of December 1941 to April 1942, returning briefly to her home port of Mako, in the Pescadores to escort reinforcements for the Japanese 25th Army to Singora, Thailand and Camranh Bay, French Indochina 
	The 15th Escort Squadron was deactivated on 10 April 1942 and "Isuzu" was reassigned to Rear Admiral Kenzaburo Hara's CruDiv 16 under Vice Admiral Ibō Takahashi's 2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet. She was joined by the and and was assigned a patrol area in the Dutch East Indies extending from Makassar, Celebes to Balikpapan, Borneo and Surabaya, Java, becoming flagship of CruDiv 16 from 1 May 1942.
	On 28 June 1942, "Isuzu" returned to Yokosuka Naval Arsenal for repairs and overhaul, which was completed in time for "Isuzu" to participate in the Banda Sea Operation on 26 July 1942, where she supported landing operations of Japanese forces on the Tanimbar Islands.
	In August, 1942, "Isuzu" was reassigned to the Indian Ocean theatre, patrolling between Singapore, Mergui, Burma, Sabang Harbor, Sumatra and Penang, Malaya; however, on 24 August 1942, "Isuzu" was reassigned back to Makassar.
	On 16 September 1942, "Isuzu" and "Kinu" were assigned to escort the first wave of transports with Lieutenant General Masao Maruyama's 2nd Infantry Division from Batavia for the Solomon Islands (Rabaul, New Britain and Shortland Island and Bougainville). From Shortland, "Isuzu" was ordered on to Truk, in the Caroline Islands, where it replaced the damaged as flagship of Rear Admiral Raizo Tanaka's DesRon 2's DesDivs 15, 24 and 31 (9 destroyers).
	From 11–12 October 1942, it led DesDiv 31 against Guadalcanal, accompanied by the battleships and and aircraft carriers and , CruDiv 4's , and CruDiv 5's . "Isuzu" provided cover with DesDivs 15 and 31 and also fired on Marine batteries on Tulagi Island during the Bombardment of Henderson Field, Guadalcanal by the "Kongō" and "Haruna".
	On 24–25 October 1942, "Isuzu" participated in the Battle of Santa Cruz, but was not damaged. On 3–5 November 1942, she escorted transports with reinforcements for the 38th Infantry Division to Shortland.
	"Isuzu" also participated in the second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal on 13 November 1942. She sustained two near misses from Marine SBD Dauntless dive-bombers. Her No. 3 boiler room flooded and her speed was reduced to . She was assisted by the destroyer and returned to Shortland for emergency repairs, probably by the repair ship "Yamabiko Maru". Additional repairs were performed at Truk on 20 November 1942, but "Isuzu" was forced to retire to Yokosuka, arriving 14 December 1942.
	At the Mitsubishi Yokohama shipyard, "Isuzu" was repaired and modified with the installation of a Type 21 air-search radar. The No. 7 14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun was replaced by an unshielded twin 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gunmount. The No. 5 gun was removed. Two triple 25-mm mounts were added bringing the light AA suite to ten 25-mm AA mounts and one quadruple Type 93 13.2 mm machine gun in front of bridge.
	On 1 April 1943, with repairs and modification yet incomplete, "Isuzu" was assigned to Rear Admiral Kenzo Ito's new CruDiv 14 with "Naka". "Isuzu" was finally able to depart Yokosuka on 21 May 1943, returning to Truk with supplies and troop reinforcements on 21 June 1943. She was then assigned to ferry troops for the occupation of Nauru on 25 June 1943. "Isuzu" continued to be based out of Truk to 15 October 1943, when it was recalled to Tokushima and (together with "Naka") reassigned to ferry troops to Shanghai. On 23 October 1943 "Isuzu" was attacked in the East China Sea by the submarine , which fired ten torpedoes, but failed to hit either "Isuzu" or "Naka".
	"Isuzu" returned to Truk on 28 October 1943 and was assigned to escort a convoy of troops for Kavieng, New Ireland. The convoy was attacked north of Kavieng by USAAF 13th Air Force B-24 Liberator bombers, and "Isuzu" was damaged by a mine laid by the submarine , suffering hull damage forward disabling two gun mounts. "Isuzu" returned to Rabaul for repairs and was thus in Rabaul harbor during the 5 November 1943 American Carrier Raid on Rabaul. However, the planes from Task Force 38's aircraft carriers and did little more than strafe "Isuzu", which later returned to Truk for repairs.
	On 20 November 1943, the United States launched "Operation Galvanic" to retake the Gilbert Islands. "Isuzu" ferried troops from Ponape to Kwajalein and Mili (Mille). While at Roi, on 5 December 1943, "Isuzu" was attacked by Douglas SBD Dauntless dive-bombers and Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo-bombers from TG 50.1's aircraft carriers and . Repairs were conducted at Kwajalein and Truk, but "Isuzu" was forced to withdraw once again to Yokosuka on 17 January 1944.
	While back in Japan, "Isuzu" was converted to an anti-aircraft cruiser at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. All of her remaining 14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval guns were removed and two additional twin 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval guns were installed. The number of Type 96 25 mm AA guns was increased to 50 barrels. The catapult and seaplane equipment were removed. Type 13 air-search, Type 21 air-search and Type 22 surface-search radars were fitted or modified. Sonar and depth charge rails were added. On 20 August 1944, "Isuzu" became flagship of Rear Admiral Heitaro Edo's CruDiv 31 (antisubmarine), and "Isuzu" was declared combat ready again on 14 September 1944.
	On 20 October 1944, "Isuzu" participated in the Battle of Leyte Gulf as part of Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa's Northern Mobile ("Decoy") Force. In the Battle off Cape Engano on 25 October 1944 – 26 October 1944 Ozawa's force was attacked by TBM-1C aircraft of VT-21 from TG 38.4's aircraft carrier and VT-51 from . The aircraft carrier was hit heavily and "Isuzu" unsuccessfully attempted to take the ship in tow. After "Chitose" sank, "Isuzu" rescued 480 survivors. Later the same day, "Isuzu" attempted to protect the , which was damaged by a second strike by aircraft from "Lexington" and . However, a force of four US cruisers and nine destroyers appeared on scene and sank "Chiyoda" with all hands. While rescuing survivors, "Isuzu" itself came under fire from the American units and 13 crewmembers were killed.
	"Isuzu" returned to Okinawa on 27 October 1944, and from there to Kure, where she was assigned to make a troop transport run to Manila and Brunei. On 19 November 1944, west of Corregidor, "Isuzu" was attacked by and hit by one of six torpedoes fired, with severe damage to its stern and destroying her rudder. After at-sea emergency repairs, "Isuzu" limped into Singapore for temporary repairs.
	After temporary repairs, "Isuzu" was transferred to Surabaya for more complete repair work on 10 December 1944. When repairs were completed, on 4 April 1945, "Isuzu" was sent to transport an army detachment from Kupang to Sumbawa Island. She was spotted by a wolf pack with the submarines , and , which was joined by . On 6 April 1945, "Isuzu" was attacked north of Sumbawa by ten B-25 Mitchell bombers of No. 18 (Netherlands East Indies) Squadron RAAF, based at Batchelor Airfield south of Darwin, Australia. "Isuzu" was slightly damaged by near misses off her starboard bow by some of the 60 bombs dropped.
	Later on 6 April, she landed troops at Bima Bay, on the northeast coast of Sumbawa. Afterwards, while withdrawing near Flores, "Isuzu" was hit in the bow section by bombs from B-24 Liberator bombers, from No. 21 Squadron RAAF and No. 24 Squadron RAAF, based in the Northern Territory of Australia. Two B-24s were shot down by Imperial Japanese Army Air Force fighters.
	Between Sumbawa and Komodo Islands, USS "Besugo" fired nine torpedoes at the "Isuzu" group. "Isuzu" was undamaged, and one Japanese minesweeper was sunk. The following day, 7 April 1945, northwest of Bima, "Isuzu" was struck by one of five torpedoes fired by USS "Gabilan". The torpedo hit portside, below the bridge, causing flooding forward. "Isuzu"s speed fell below , she took on a list and settled by the bow. While her crew was performing emergency repairs, USS "Charr" fired four torpedoes, hitting "Isuzu" portside twice near the aft engine room. "Charr" fired two more torpedoes, one of which broke off "Isuzu"s bow. "Isuzu" sank at , witnessed by "Spark". Her captain and 450 crewmen were rescued; 190 crewmen went down with the ship. On the same day, just a few hours apart, the battleship and her escorts were sunk by US aircraft in an attempted suicide attack on Okinawa.
	"Isuzu" was officially removed from the navy list on 20 June 1945.

= = = Japanese cruiser Natori = = =

	"Natori" was completed at Mitsubishi's Nagasaki shipyard on 15 September 1922. Soon after commissioning, "Natori" was assigned to patrols off the China coast. From 1938, the cruiser was based in Taiwan, and helped cover the landings of Japanese troops in southern China.
	In 1940, a border dispute between Siam and French Indochina erupted into armed conflict. A Japanese-sponsored "Conference for the Cessation of Hostilities" was held at Saigon and preliminary documents for a cease-fire between the governments of General Philippe Pétain's Vichy France and the Kingdom of Siam were signed aboard "Natori" on January 31, 1941.
	On 26 November 1941, "Natori" became flagship of Rear Admiral Kenzaburo Hara's Destroyer Squadron 5 under Vice Admiral Ibo Takahashi's Third Fleet and was assigned to the No.1 Surprise Attack Unit of the Philippine Seizure Force. At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, "Natori" was escorting six transports carrying elements of the IJA's 48th Infantry Division from Mako, Pescadores to Aparri, northern Luzon. The landing force was attacked by three USAAF B-17 Flying Fortress bombers of the 14th Squadron on 10 December 1941, which slightly damaged "Natori" and the escorting destroyer with near misses. After minor repairs at Mako, "Natori" ferried 27 transports with the 47th Infantry Regiment of the 48th Infantry Division and the 4th Tank Regiment to Lingayen Gulf in late December.
	On 26 December 1941, "Natori" was reassigned to the No. 2 Escort Unit with the light cruiser , and tasked with escorting 43 transports of the Third Malaya Convoy to Singora.
	"Natori" was later assigned escort duties to cover the invasion force for the Dutch East Indies, and participated in the Battle of Sunda Strait on 28 February 1942.
	"Natori" with Destroyer Division 5's , Destroyer Division 11's , , Destroyer Division 12's and and Destroyer Division 27's with Cruiser Division 7's and deployed north and west of the landing areas. The heavy cruiser and the light cruiser sortied for Tjilatjap via the Sunda Strait and attacked Japanese troop transports screened only by , and . The destroyers made smoke to mask the transports. "Fubuki" charged "Houston" and "Perth" and launched torpedoes.
	At 2300, the Third Escort Force's "Natori" and her destroyers arrived with the Western Support Force's "Mogami", "Mikuma" and . "Shiratsuyu" opened fire on the Allies. "Natori", with "Hatsuyuki" and "Shirayuki", then opened fire and rapidly closed the range. At 2308, the Allied cruisers turned northeast and "Natori" and her destroyers headed southeast in three columns. Between 2310 and 2319 they launched 28 torpedoes at the Allies. "Perth"s gunfire damaged "Harukaze"s rudder and "Shirayuki"s bridge.
	At 2319, "Mikuma" and "Mogami" each fired six Type 93 "Long Lance" torpedoes at "Perth" from about and opened main battery fire from about , assisted by searchlights on their destroyers. At 2327, "Mogami" fired six Long Lances at "Houston". They missed, but hit the Army transports "Sakura Maru", "Horai Maru", "Tatsuno Maru" and the Commander-in-Chief of the invading Japanese 16th Army, Lieutenant General Hitoshi Imamura's transport "Ryujo Maru".
	At 2326, "Harukaze" and "Hatakaze" launched torpedoes. At 2330, "Shirakumo" and "Murakumo" also launched torpedoes. Altogether, the Japanese launched about 90 torpedoes in the engagement. "Perth", low on ammunition, was making when the first torpedo hit her forward engine room. Two more torpedoes hit her forward magazine and aft under "X" turret, and she sank east-northeast of St. Nicholas Point at after a fourth torpedo hit. At 0045, "Houston" sank at .
	On 10 March 1942, "Natori" was assigned to Cruiser Division 16 with the light cruiser . After the occupation of Java, "Natori" participated in the Battle of Christmas Island. At Christmas Island on 1 April 1942 the submarine fired three torpedoes at "Natori", but all missed. The cruiser which was hit starboard near her No. 1 boiler was not so lucky, and had to be towed back to Bantam Bay by "Natori".
	In April, "Natori" was assigned to patrols of the Java Sea, which continued into June. After a refit back at Maizuru, "Natori" returned to the Java Sea and Timor Sea until December, with occasional calls at Mergui in Burma, Penang, Singapore and Davao.
	On 21 December 1942, "Natori" embarked a Special Naval Landing Force, which it disembarked at Hollandia, New Guinea.
	On 9 January 1943, southeast of Ambon, "Natori" was sighted by the submarine at about . "Tautog" fired two torpedoes which hit "Natori" in the stern. It broke off and carried away her rudder. In the next few minutes, as "Natori" got underway at reduced speed, "Tautog" fired two more torpedoes, but they either missed or were duds and "Natori" managed to escape.
	On 21 January 1943, while at Ambon, "Natori" was damaged by a near-miss starboard side by a bomb dropped by a Consolidated Aircraft B-24 Liberator bomber of the 90th Bomb Group's 319th Bomb Squadron. The bomb opened plates and caused the No. 2 boiler room to flood. "Natori" departed Ambon that day for repairs at Makassar, but repair proved impossible, so "Natori" continued on to Seletar Naval Base, Singapore. Repairs were not completed until 24 May 1943, but by then a decision was made to send "Natori" back to Japan for further repairs and modernization
	At Maizuru Naval Arsenal, "Natori"s No. 5 and No.7 140 mm guns were removed as were her catapult and derrick. A twin Type 89 127 mm HA gun was fitted, as were two triple mount Type 96 25 mm AA guns. This brought "Natori"s 25 mm AA suite to fourteen barrels (2x3, 2x2, 4x1). A Type 21 air-search radar was fitted and hydrophones were installed at her bow. Repairs and modernization were completed on 1 April 1944, and "Natori" was assigned as the flagship of the Central Pacific Fleet's Destroyer Squadron 3.
	On 5 June 1944, "Natori" embarked an Imperial Japanese Army detachment from Kure to Davao, Mindanao where the cruiser disembarked the Army detachment and embarked other troops for Palau, arriving on 17 June 1944 (the day before the Battle of the Philippine Sea. "Natori" remained at Davao in late June through August as a guard ship.
	On 20 July 1944, the submarine patrolling off Davao spotted "Natori" making , but was unable to gain a favorable firing position. "Natori" arrived in Palau 21 July 1944 to help evacuate 800 Japanese and Korean "comfort women" to Davao.
	On 18 August 1944, east of Samar, "Natori" was accompanying the transport "T.3" to Palau when they were spotted by the submarine east of San Bernardino Strait. "Hardhead" identified the target as a battleship and closed for a surface attack. One torpedo of its first salvo of five Mark 23 torpedoes fired at hit "Natori" portside in a boiler room. She stopped dead in the water and was hit starboard amidships with one of a second salvo of four Mark 18 torpedoes.
	At 0704, "Natori" sank at , taking 330 crewmen including Captain Kubota with her. The destroyers and rescued 194 survivors, and the submarine recovered four more survivors in a rubber raft. On 12 September 1944, almost a month after her sinking, the destroyer captured a lifeboat with another 4 survivors from "Natori" aboard.
	"Natori" was removed from the Navy List on 10 October 1944.

= = = Mesić Monastery = = =

	The Mesić Monastery (Serbian: Манастир Месић / Manastir Mesić; Romanian: Manastirea Mesici) is a Serb Orthodox monastery situated in the Banat region, in the province of Vojvodina, Serbia. The monastery is situated near the village of Mesić, in the Vršac municipality. It was founded in the 15th century, although legend holds that it was built in 1225 by Arsenije Bogdanović of the Hilandar.
	Mesić Monastery was declared Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1990, and it is protected by Republic of Serbia.

= = = The Art(e) of Romance = = =

	The Art(e) of Romance is the fifth studio album of Argentine melodic hardcore band Fun People, issued by Ugly Records in April 1999.

= = = Inverse Faraday effect = = =

	The inverse Faraday effect is the effect opposite to the Faraday effect. A static magnetization formula_1 is induced by an external oscillating electrical field with the frequency formula_2, which can be achieved with a high intensity laser pulse for example. The induced magnetization is proportional to the vector product of formula_3 and formula_4:
	formula_5
	From this equation we see that the circularly polarized light with the frequency formula_2 should induce a magnetization along the wave vector formula_7. Because formula_3 is in the vector product, left- and right-handed polarization waves should induce magnetization of opposite signs. 
	The induced magnetization is comparable to the saturated magnetization of the media.

= = = Ho-5 cannon = = =

	The Ho-5 (Army Type 2) was a Japanese aircraft autocannon used during World War II. Developed from the Ho-103 machine gun, it was a version of the American Model 1921 Browning aircraft machine gun. It replaced the Ho-1 and Ho-3 (Army Type 97) in general service. The Ho-5 was belt-fed using typical Browning-style steel disintegrating links. The cartridge used was a shortened version of the Allied 20 x 110mm Hispano-Suiza HS.404.
	The Ho-5 was used mostly as wing mounts in late-war fighters, but saw limited use as cowl mounted in fighters and as flexible mounted (retrofit) in bombers.

= = = Japanese cruiser Kinu = = =

	Following the production of the five s, an additional three 5,500-ton class light cruisers authorized under the 8-4 Fleet Program were ordered by the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1920 as flagships for submarine squadrons. Due to minor changes in design, primarily due to advances in torpedo technology, these three vessels were initially designated as "modified Kuma-class", or "5500-ton class Type II", before being re-designated as a separate class named after the lead vessel, . A second set of three vessels was authorized in late 1920.
	The "Nagara"-class vessels were essentially identical to the previous "Kuma"-class cruisers, retaining the same hull design, engines and main weaponry, with the addition of the new 610 mm Type 93 Long Lance Torpedoes, which required a larger launcher. However, in silhouette, a major difference from the "Kuma" class was in the configuration of the bridge, which incorporated an aircraft hangar. Initially, a platform was mounted above the No.2 turret, extending over the forward superstructure below the bridge. This was later replaced by an aircraft catapult. Even so, the arrangement proved unwieldy, and the catapult was moved to the rear of each ship in the class, between the No.5 and No.6 turrets during retrofits in 1929-1934.
	"Abukuma" and "Kinu", were scheduled to receive the new Type 93 torpedoes in early 1941. However, shortages meant that only "Abukuma" was refitted quadruple mounts in place of the aft twin mounts.
	"Kinu" was completed on 10 November 1922 at the Kawasaki Shipyard in Kobe. She was briefly commanded by Captain Koshirō Oikawa from December 1923 to January 1924. One year after commissioning, she returned to dry dock for the replacement of all four of her turbine engines, which had failed. The repair work was completed in May 1924. From 1934 to 1935 she was largely used as a training vessel. She was under the command of Captain Shigeyoshi Miwa from November 1935 to December 1936. As the Second Sino-Japanese War began to escalate, she supported landings of Japanese troops in central and southern China, and patrolled the China coast from 1937 to 1938.
	On 20 November 1941, "Kinu" was flagship of Rear Admiral Setsuzo Yoshitomi's SubRon 4, based at Iwakuni, Yamaguchi, with SubDiv 18's , , and the , and SubDiv 19's "I-56", , and . She was based at Hainan and was engaged in covering landings of Japanese forces in the invasion of British Malaya at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor.
	On 9 December 1941, reported sighting Force Z (the Royal Navy battleship , battlecruiser and supporting destroyers). The report was received by "Kinu", and the 81st Naval Communications Unit in Saigon. The reception was poor and it took another 90 minutes to decode and relay the message to Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa aboard his flagship, . However, "I-65"s report was incorrect about the heading of Force Z, throwing the Japanese fleet into confusion. A Kawanishi E7K "Alf" from "Kinu" buzzed "I-65", its pilot mistaking her for an enemy submarine. The following day, Force Z was overwhelmed by torpedo bombers of the 22nd Air Flotilla from French Indochina.
	On 13 December 1941, "Kinu" departed Cam Ranh Bay, Indochina with "Chōkai", and and the destroyers and to provide cover for the invasion landing at Kuantan, Malaya, and from 17–24 December 1941, to cover landings in Brunei and Miri, Seria, Lutong and Kuching in Sarawak. The 2500 men of the "Kawaguchi Detachment" and the No. 2 Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force (SNLF) quickly captured Miri's airfield and oil fields. The operation was completed, and "Kinu" returned to its base at Cam Ranh Bay, Indochina by the end of the year.
	From January through March, 1942, "Kinu" continued to provide coverage for further Japanese landings in Malaya, Sarawak and Java. On 1 March 1942, "Kinu"s convoy was attacked in the Java Sea west of Surabaya by ten obsolete Vickers Vildebeest biplane bombers and 15 fighters of the Australian and New Zealand Air Forces. "Kinu" was slightly damaged by near-misses and three crewmen were killed by shrapnel. The following day, north of Surabaya, "Kinu" was attacked by the submarine , which launched four torpedoes, all of which missed.
	From 10 March 1942, "Kinu" was assigned to "Sentai"-16 and was based at Makassar, Celebes and then Ambon.
	From 29 March to 23 April 1942, "Kinu" was assigned to Rear Admiral Ruitaro Fujita's "N" Expeditionary Force for the invasion of Dutch New Guinea, which included the seaplane carrier , destroyers and , torpedo boats , , transports and a Naval Landing Force. Afterwards, for most of the month of May, "Kinu" returned to Kure Naval Arsenal for an overhaul. After returning to the southern front, "Kinu" was assigned to patrols of the Java Sea from June through September.
	On 13 September 1942, "Kinu" embarked the 2nd Infantry Division at Batavia with the light cruiser for the Solomon Islands. It disembarked the troops at Shortland Island and Bougainville on 22 September 1942 and remained on patrol in the Timor Sea and eastern Dutch East Indies through January 1943.
	On 21 January 1943, "Kinu" was ordered to proceed to Makassar to assist its sister ship, light cruiser which had been damaged by a single USAAF B-24 Liberator bomber at Amboina harbor on Ambon Island, and escorted the damaged cruiser back to Singapore. "Kinu" continued to patrol from Makassar through June, with an occasional troop and resupply run to New Guinea.
	On 23 June 1943, while at Makassar Roads. "Kinu" and were anchored at Juliana Quay alongside the cruisers and . The cruisers were attacked by 17 B-24 Liberator bombers of the 319th Squadron/90th Bomb Group (H) of the USAAF 5th Air Force. All four were straddled by near-misses, but suffered only slight damage. "Kinu" was ordered back to Japan for refit and modifications, arriving at Kure Naval Arsenal on 2 August 1943.
	While at Kure, "Kinu"’s No. 5 and No.7 140-mm guns were removed as were her aircraft catapult and derrick. A twin 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun was fitted as were two triple mount Type 96 25-mm AA guns. This brought "Kinu"’s 25-mm anti-aircraft gun total to ten barrels (2x3, 2x2). A Type 21 air search radar was also fitted and depth charge rails were added to her stern. Refit and modifications were completed 14 October 1943, and "Kinu" immediately departed back for Singapore with troops and supplies. "Kinu" remained in Singapore, or Malacca or Penang in Malaya or at Batavia in the Dutch East Indies through January 1944.
	On 23 January 1944, "Kinu" with accompanied by "Ōi" and "Kitakami", and escorted by the destroyer made a troop transport run from Singapore to Port Blair, Andaman Islands. On the return voyage to Singapore, "Kinu" towed "Kitakami", which had been damaged by a submarine attack. "Kinu" remained on patrol in the western Dutch East Indies through April.
	From April, "Kinu" starting escorting transport runs from Saipan via Palau to the Celebes and other locations in the Dutch East Indies.
	On 27 May 1944, the United States began "Operation Horlicks" to retake Biak. "Kinu", "Aoba", and destroyers "Shikinami", and departed Tarakan to reinforce Biak with 2,300 troops from Zamboanga on Mindanao; however, after being sighted by B-24 bombers and receiving word of the American invasion of Saipan, the operation was canceled and the troops were disembarked at Sorong instead.
	On 6 June 1944, while anchored off Weigo Island, Vogelkop, New Guinea, "Kinu" and "Aoba" were attacked unsuccessfully by B-24 bombers of the Fifth Air Force's 380th Group. "Kinu" remained on station for a week, and then returned to her patrol area in the western Dutch East Indies through the end of August.
	On 25 September 1944, during Japanese "Operation Sho-I-Go" to boost the defenses the Philippines, "Kinu", "Aoba" and the destroyer "Uranami" were assigned to Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita's First Raiding Force. On 11 October 1944 "Aoba" collided with "Kinu" in a training accident off Lingga. Both ships were slightly damaged.
	On 21 October 1944 Sentai-16 was detached from Vice Admiral Kurita's Force to assist the Southwest Area Fleet's transport of 2,500 soldiers of the IJA 41st Regiment from Cagayan, Mindanao to Ormoc, Leyte. The convoy was spotted by the submarine on 23 October 1944. "Bream" fired six torpedoes at "Aoba", one of which hit her No. 2 engine room. Rear Admiral Sakonjo transferred to "Kinu", which towed "Aoba" to the Cavite Navy Yard near Manila for emergency repairs. The following day, as "Kinu" and "Uranami" sortied from Cavite for Cagayan, they were attacked by aircraft from Task Group 38.3's aircraft carriers and . Near misses caused light structural damage, but strafing killed 47 crewmen aboard "Kinu" and 25 crewmen on "Uranami".
	On 25 October 1944, "Kinu" arrived at Cagayan. The naval transports "T.6", "T.9" and "T.10" each embarked 350 troops and the "T.101" and "T.102" each loaded 400 men, "Kinu" embarked 347 men and "Uranami" 150 men. On 26 October 1944 in the Visayan Sea "Kinu" and "Uranami" were attacked by 75-80 aircraft from two groups of Task Group 77.4's escort carriers. TBM Avenger torpedo-bombers from and 12 Avengers and FM-2 Wildcat fighters of VC-21 from made repeated bomb, rocket and strafing hits on "Kinu" and "Uranami". An Avenger from scored two direct bomb hits on "Kinu" and several rocket hits on "Uranami", which sank around noon. At 1130, two more waves of aircraft attacked. A third bomb hit the aft engine room and set "Kinu" on fire. The Japanese transports rescued most of "Kinu"s crew of 813 men, including Captain Harumi Kawasaki. Rear Admiral Sakonjo transferred his flag to the transport "T.10" and made Manila the next day. At 1730, "Kinu" sank by the stern in of water southwest of Masbate, Philippine Islands.
	"Kinu" was removed from the navy list on 20 December 1944.
	On 15 July 1945 divers from explored the sunken "Kinu", finding the wreck flat on the bottom with a 90 degree list to port, with her back broken in the well deck area behind the bridge, which was largely undamaged. Divers recovered classified documents and four coding machines.

= = = Allen Batsford = = =

	Allen Batsford (9 April 1932 – 28 December 2009) was an association football manager.
	He was appointed manager of Walton & Hersham in 1967 and led them to the Athenian League title in 1969 and the Amateur Cup in 1973. Batsford first tasted glory in the FA Cup when Walton held Brian Clough's Brighton to a draw before beating them 4-0 in the replay. Before the game, Clough had described the pairing as "donkeys against thoroughbreds", but the result from Batsford's team spoke for itself.
	In 1974, he left to join Wimbledon, then a semi-professional club in the Southern League. He led them to three consecutive league titles and ultimately election to the Football League in 1977.
	Most famously, he steered Wimbledon to the fourth round of the FA Cup in 1975, having beaten Burnley in the third round, at that time one of the strongest clubs in Britain. It was the first victory by a non-League club at the ground of a First Division team for 54 years. In the fourth round, they travelled to Elland Road and held the mighty Leeds United, then League Champions, to a heroic goal-less draw before narrowly losing the replay 0-1 due to a deflected own goal from Dave Bassett.
	Only six months after achieving Football League status, Batsford resigned from Wimbledon following disagreements with the club chairman, Ron Noades, and he was succeeded by Dario Gradi.
	Batsford then returned to managing in non-league football, first with a short stint at Hillingdon Borough FC before thriving once more with Wealdstone FC, whose squad included the future England international Stuart Pearce. In 1981-82, Batsford led Wealdstone to success in both the Southern League's championship, which secured promotion to the Alliance Premier League (the equivalent of the current Conference Premier) and its challenge cup, then to third place in their first season in the Alliance. In the 1984-85 season, the club, now under the management of Batsford's assistant and former Wimbledon coach Brian Hall, became the first in history to achieve the non-league double of being Alliance Premier League champions and FA Trophy winners.
	Batsford suffered heart trouble and decided to leave Wealdstone, but he recovered sufficiently to coach at Queen's Park Rangers, then serve as general manager of Dulwich Hamlet before running the Millwall youth team again and also acting as a talent scout for Dave Bassett during his former protégé's managerial stints with Watford, Sheffield United and Nottingham Forest. In 2004-05 he held the honorary position of President of his first club, Walton & Hersham.
	He died at the age of 77 having suffered a fatal heart attack on his way home from watching Chelsea play Fulham at Stamford Bridge.

= = = Institute of Management Technology, Dubai = = =

	The Institute of Management Technology Dubai (IMT Dubai) is an international business school. It is certified by the Ministry of Higher Education, UAE; the Institute is licensed by MOHESR and KHDA, and all its programs are accredited by the CAA.
	It offers accredited undergraduate and postgraduate programs to students from a multitude of nationalities and educational backgrounds. Established in 2006, the Institute was among the first International Business Schools to have set up a full-fledged campus in Dubai.
	At the undergraduate level IMT Dubai offers a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (full-time). At the graduate level it offers a full-time MBA for fresh graduates and an Executive MBA (on weekends) for working professionals. Students from various nationalities including the Middle East, India, Southeast Asia, and Europe study together and learn from both highly accomplished faculty members and diverse student groups.
	The Dubai campus is the third campus of IMT.
	The Institute of Management Technology Dubai is licensed by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MOHESR), UAE and all the programs offered by the university are accredited by MOHESR through the Commission for Academic Accreditation (CAA). This accreditation ensures that the degrees awarded by IMT Dubai are recognized throughout the United Arab Emirates and ensures a high-quality education.
	The CAA follows rigorous processes and systems to maintain a high quality education which is consistent with the best international practices at licensed institutions in the United Arab Emirates. Its focus is on continuous improvement in the quality of education offered to students learning in UAE. Students who wish to enroll with IMT Dubai must meet requirements from the UAE Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, and present a UAE accredited qualification (High School for Undergraduate and Bachelor for Postgraduate) for admission.
	IMT Dubai is also licensed by Knowledge and Human Development Authority (KHDA), Dubai Government. This ensures that the degrees awarded by IMT Dubai are recognized by all public and private entities in Dubai.
	In addition to local accreditation, the MBA program at IMT Dubai is accredited by the International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education (IACBE), a premier professional accrediting organization for business programs in student centered colleges and universities throughout the world. This American based accreditation is recognized by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA), the largest American accrediting body for accreditation in education.
	IMT Dubai is a member of various international organizations such as:

= = = NZ on Air = = =

	NZ on Air (NZoA; ), formally the Broadcasting Commission, is an independent New Zealand broadcast funding agency. It is an autonomous Crown entity separate from central Government and governed by a Board of six appointed by the Minister of Broadcasting. NZ on Air is responsible for the funding of public broadcasting content across television, radio and new media platforms.
	NZ on Air is a major investor in television production mostly made by independent producers for free-to-air television channels. The agency also fully funds public broadcaster Radio New Zealand, an intervention to protect the state broadcaster's independence from central Government, and several access and community radio stations.
	NZ on Air was the name taken by the Commission in an attempt to promote its activities and encourage payment of the broadcasting fee. The public broadcasting fee was abolished in 1999 and NZ on Air now receives its funds directly from the Ministry for Culture and Heritage.
	NZ on Air's activities can be broken up into several areas:
	NZOA funds New Zealand-focused radio, television, New Zealand music and digital media production for a range of public and private broadcasters and platforms. This includes drama, documentary, children's programmes, and programmes for special-interest groups.
	Programmes funded by New Zealand on Air often have the announcement. Initially the announcement went: "This programme was made with the help of your Broadcasting Fee – so you can see more of New Zealand on air" (later "This programme was made with funding from New Zealand on Air", once the Broadcasting Fee had been abolished). More commonly, at the end of a broadcast, a programme will state: "Thank you, New Zealand on Air, for helping us make (name of the show)."
	The agency funds Radio New Zealand, and the independently-owned Access Radio Network, Student Radio Network and Pacific Media Network.
	NZ on Air focuses on "local content" – New Zealand programmes that are expensive or risky to make which the broadcaster market cannot fully pay for. These programmes are primarily drama, documentary, children's programmes and special-interest programmes.
	Funding for audiovisual archiving is now administered directly by the Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Centralising such archiving funding was a key recommendation of the seminal Horrocks review led by NZ on Air and published in 2009. In 2008 NZOA funded the establishment of NZ on Screen to enable easy online access for past New Zealand screen production. NZOA has since funded a similar NZ music history site Audio Culture, which launched in 2013.
	Aimed at increasing the diversity of New Zealand music on diverse platforms including radio.
	The Broadcasting Commission was established under the Broadcasting Act of 1989, and initially was funded by a television licence fee, known in New Zealand as the public broadcasting fee of NZ$110, payable annually by each household with a television.
	A strong campaign developed in the late 1990s from a section of the public against the Broadcasting Fee. The reason behind the campaign was to prove "whether the broadcasting fee is a tax and the legality of applying GST to this tax". In the end the fee was scrapped in 1999, and the Commission has since been directly funded by the government. The fee was collected from those people who owned a television set although the fee was funding much more than television work, especially radio. Some campaigners believed this was unfair.
	NZ on Air produces and distributes the Kiwi Hit Disc to showcase new funded music. NZOA provides "Making Tracks" funding for recording songs and their associated music videos. Funded music is chosen by a monthly, rotating panel of broadcast and music professionals.
	NZ on Air has attracted criticism over claims of misuse of its funds. In mid-2010 it spent $75,000 on two events celebrate 21 years of activity and between 2006 and 2011 it gave $80,000 in funding to help produce recordings and music videos for Annabel Fay, daughter of one of New Zealand's richest men, Sir Michael Fay. The Fay controversy contributed to the scrapping of the NZ on Air Album funding scheme in December 2010. NZ on Air was also criticised in 2012 for helping fund the production of "The GC", a TV3 documentary series about young Māori New Zealanders living on Australia's Gold Coast and for granting $30,000 to assist recording by Titanium, the winner of a radio competition to create a boy band.
	In early 2012, Labour MPs accused NZ on Air of a potential conflict of interest when NZ on Air board member and Prime Minister John Key's electorate chairman Stephen McElrea questioned the timing of the NZ on Air-funded documentary "Inside Child Poverty", broadcast four days before the 2011 New Zealand general election. Two days after the broadcast, NZ on Air CEO Jane Wrightson had written to broadcaster TV3, expressing her disappointment with the show being broadcast days before the election. Complaints were laid with the Electoral Commission, which found the documentary did not come under its jurisdiction so it could not rule. The Broadcasting Standards Authority also received a complaint, but found the documentary did not break its rules on fairness, and law and order.

= = = Versailles wedding hall disaster = = =

	The Versailles wedding hall (), located in Talpiot, Jerusalem, Israel, was the site of the most lethal civil disaster in Israel's history. At 22:43 on May 24, 2001, during the wedding of Keren and Asaf Dror, a large portion of the third floor of the three-story building collapsed. As a result, 23 people fell to their deaths through two stories, including the groom's 80-year-old grandfather and his three-year-old second cousin, the youngest victim. Another 380 were injured, including the bride who suffered serious pelvic injuries that required surgery. Asaf, who escaped serious injury, carried her in his arms from the rubble.
	The disaster shocked the Israeli public not only because it was one of the worst building disasters in the country's history, but because the event was documented on a camcorder and broadcast on local and international television.
	Rescue efforts were carried out by the Home Front Command's Search & Rescue Unit and the Yachtza reserve unit. Rescue efforts commenced immediately after the collapse and continued until 4pm on Saturday May 26, 2001. Three people were pulled from the rubble alive, and 23 bodies were removed.
	An investigation of the event concluded that the event was not caused by a terrorist attack. This was based on the testimony provided by many of the wedding guests present in the building during the disaster. Witnesses reported seeing a dangerous sag in the floor moments before the collapse. An initial inquiry blamed the collapse on the Pal-Kal method of constructing light-weight coffered concrete floor systems which was banned shortly after the completion of the wedding hall since it was known and proven to be unsafe. Further review pointed to a combination of two alternative causes.
	Initially, the side of the building that failed was designed to be a two-story structure, while the other side was designed to be three stories. Late in the construction process, it was decided that both sides of the building should be equal heights, and a third story was added to the shorter side. However, the live load due to occupancy is typically much greater than the design load for a roof. As a result, the structure supporting the new third story was subjected to much greater loading than was originally anticipated. The effect of this error was somewhat mitigated by the construction of partitions on the floor below, which helped redistribute the excess load well such that no damage was incurred.
	A few weeks before the collapse, the wedding hall owners decided to remove the partitions. With the load path eliminated, the floor above began to sag several centimetres. The owners viewed the sagging floor primarily as a cosmetic problem, and attempted to level it with additional grout and fill. However, their approach not only failed to provide additional structural capacity, it also inadvertently introduced a new and significant dead load at the weakened area.
	During the wedding event in 2001, this significantly overstressed floor section failed, resulting in the catastrophe. The engineer Eli Ron, inventor of the Pal-Kal method of construction, was arrested and subsequently indicted in August 2002 on the charge of manslaughter. Ron had not engaged in any part of the design or construction, but had sold proprietary elements necessary for construction that were installed in a deficient manner.
	Following the disaster, the "Versailles Law" was passed by the Parliament of Israel. This law established a special committee responsible for treating the people injured in the disaster. Moreover, an official investigation committee was established by the then Prime Minister Ariel Sharon under the leadership of the former judge Vardimos Zeiler , who was in charge of the security of public places and buildings. The Zeiler Committee on Building Safety investigated both the Versailles wedding hall collapse as well as the Maccabiah bridge collapse which occurred four years earlier in 1997, and released its final report in December 2003.
	In October 2004, the three owners of Versailles wedding hall — Avraham Adi, Uri Nisim, and Efraim Adiv – were convicted of causing death by negligence and causing damage by negligence. Adi and Adiv were sentenced to 30 months' imprisonment while Nisim was sentenced to four months of community service.
	The wedding hall was subsequently demolished, and as of 2017 the site remained unoccupied and sealed. Across the street from the site is a memorial garden with names of victims inscribed on a wall.
	In May 2007, Eli Ron and three engineers involved in the building's construction were sentenced to prison by the Jerusalem District Court. Eli Ron received a four-year sentence, Shimon Kaufman and Dan Sheffer 22 months, and Uri Pessah six months. In December 2006, the court convicted all three men of causing death by negligence and sabotage by negligence.
	A memorial garden to the victims was built near the disaster site.

= = = Angels (album) = = =

	Angels is the eighth album by gothic rock band The 69 Eyes. It is the sequel to The 69 Eyes's previous album "Devils". The first single from the album is called "Perfect Skin", and a video was released in 2006. Also, another single, titled "Never Say Die", was released and a video was also created for it.
	The official release date was March 5, 2007. In Finland, though, it was released on February 28, 2007 as a limited edition CD+DVD -set.
	Perfect Skin
	Never Say Die
	Rocker
	Ghost

= = = Haddon Hall (opera) = = =

	Haddon Hall is an English light opera with music by Arthur Sullivan and a libretto by Sydney Grundy. The opera, set at the eponymous hall, dramatises the legend of Dorothy Vernon's elopement with John Manners, resetting the tale in the 17th century.
	It premiered at the Savoy Theatre on 24 September 1892 for a modestly successful run of 204 performances, closing on 15 April 1893. The piece was popular with amateur theatre groups, particularly in Britain, up to the 1920s, but it has been produced only sporadically since then. The National Gilbert & Sullivan Opera Company presented the opera in August 2018 in Buxton and Harrogate, England.
	When the Gilbert and Sullivan partnership disbanded after the production of "The Gondoliers" in 1889 the impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte tried to find a new collaborator with whom Sullivan could write comic operas for the Savoy Theatre. Grundy was familiar to Carte, having written "The Vicar of Bray" in 1882 with Carte's friend Edward Solomon, and also from his many English adaptations of French works. Although modestly successful, "Haddon Hall" was far less so than Sullivan's earlier Savoy Operas with W. S. Gilbert, and Sullivan did not write any further operas with Grundy.
	"Haddon Hall" is a dramatisation of a nineteenth century legend: Dorothy Vernon's elopement in 1563 with John Manners, son of Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland. For the opera, Grundy moved the story forward to about 1660, adding the conflict between the Royalists and the Roundheads as a backdrop to the plot.
	The 1892 opening night cast included such Savoy Theatre favourites as Courtice Pounds as John Manners, Charles Kenningham as Oswald, Rutland Barrington as Rupert Vernon, W. H. Denny as The McCrankie, and Rosina Brandram as Lady Vernon. Florence Easton originated the small role of Deborah and later played the role of Dorothy Vernon. John D'Auban choreographed the production.
	Although the story has its comic episodes, the work's tone is considerably more serious than Savoy audiences were accustomed to. Most of the comedy is derived from satiric swipes at the hypocritical Puritans who arrive with Rupert Vernon. Among them is a comic Scotsman, "The McCrankie." The original review in "The Times" observed:
	The piece followed Sullivan's only grand opera, "Ivanhoe" (1891). A recording was made in 2000. "Haddon Hall" was performed with some regularity by amateur operatic societies in Britain in the first three decades of the 20th century, but it has rarely been performed since then. Its last professional production for over a century was a British provincial tour by one of Carte's touring companies in 1899. The National Gilbert & Sullivan Opera Company presented the first professional staging in August 2018 in Buxton and Harrogate, England, in 2018 at the 25th International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival, starring Richard Suart and Donald Maxwell.
	Sir George Vernon was a prosperous and hospitable landowner in Derbyshire, and his family seat was at Haddon Hall. His second daughter, Dorothy (c. 1545 – 24 June 1584), fell in love with John Manners (c. 1534 – 4 June 1611), the second son of Thomas Manners, who had been created Earl of Rutland in 1525.
	According to legend (none of the following can be verified), Sir George disapproved of the union, possibly because the Manners were Protestants, and the Vernons were Catholics, or possibly because the second son of an earl had uncertain financial prospects. Sir George forbade John Manners from courting the famously beautiful and amiable Dorothy and forbade his daughter from seeing Manners. Torn by her love for her father and her love for John Manners, Dorothy fled Haddon Hall in 1563 to elope with Manners. Shielded by the crowd during a ball given by Sir George, Dorothy slipped away and fled through the gardens, down stone steps and over a footbridge where Manners was waiting for her, and they rode away to be married. If indeed this happened, the couple were soon reconciled with Sir George, as they inherited the estate on his death two years later. Haddon Hall remains in the Manners family to the present day.
	In the libretto Sydney Grundy wrote, "The clock of Time has been put forward a century, and other liberties have been taken with history." The actual Sir George Vernon had two daughters, Margaret and Dorothy. In the opera, the Vernons are supposed to have had an older son, who died in naval service, leaving Dorothy as his sole heir. The potential husband her father prefers, their cousin Rupert Vernon, is Grundy's invention. The changes to the opera's plot bear many similarities to another 1892 comic opera, "The Warlock", composed by Edgar E. Little, libretto by Alfred Smythe, produced in Dublin, Ireland.
	It is 1660, just before the Restoration of the Monarchy. Sir George Vernon, a Royalist, is in a property dispute with his cousin, Rupert Vernon, a Roundhead ("i.e.", a supporter of Parliament). Sir George fears that this dispute will be resolved in favour of his cousin, who has strong ties to the current government, and that his family would lose Haddon Hall. To secure the estate's long-term future, Sir George has arranged a marriage between Rupert and his only surviving child, Dorothy Vernon. But Dorothy is in love with John Manners, the impoverished second son of the Earl of Rutland. Manners, who is also a Royalist, is of no use to Sir George, and he has forbidden their union.
	Prologue
	The opera begins with an offstage chorus in praise of the "stately homes of England."
	Scene. — The Terrace.
	It is Dorothy Vernon's wedding day. The Vernons' maid, Dorcas, sings an allegory about "a dainty dormouse" (Dorothy) and "a stupid old snail" (Rupert), making clear that her sympathies lie with Dorothy, who is in love with "a gallant young squirrel" (John Manners). Sir George, Lady Vernon, and Dorothy enter. Sir George urges Dorothy to cheer up, so that she will make a good impression on her cousin, Rupert. Dorothy reminds her father that she loves John Manners. Sir George replies that Manners would be a suitable husband only if he will swear an oath in support of parliament. Dorothy knows that Manners will never do this, and Sir George orders her to marry her cousin. Dorothy asks for her mother's support, but Lady Vernon cannot help her.
	Oswald enters, disguised as a travelling seller of housewares. He is actually John Manners's servant, carrying a letter for Dorothy. He encounters Dorothy's handmaiden, Dorcas, and the two servants quickly become enamoured of one another. When Dorothy appears, Oswald gives her the letter. Manners has proposed that they elope, and Dorothy must finally decide where her loyalties lie. When Manners arrives, Dorothy tells him that her father will not allow them to be married unless he forswears his support for the king. Manners reiterates that he will not compromise his principles, and Dorothy assures him that her love is stronger than ever.
	Rupert Vernon arrives with his companions, a group of Puritans. He has joined them because their connections to the current government will help him claim the title to Haddon Hall. But he admits that he is otherwise unsympathetic to the Puritan ideals of celibacy and self-abnegation. Rupert introduces the Puritans to the Vernon household, who make it clear they are not welcome. Sir George offers his daughter's hand, but Lady Vernon and Dorothy once again urge him to relent. Dorothy says she must be true to her heart. A furious Sir George orders her to her chamber, and threatens to disown her. Rupert and the Puritans are shocked to learn that they have been refused.
	Scene 1. — Dorothy Vernon's Door.
	It is a stormy night. Rupert and the Puritans are camped outside the house, because their conscientious scruples will not allow them to join the party indoors. They are joined by The McCrankie, a particularly strict Puritan from the Isle of Rum, in Scotland, who sings a song accompanied on the bagpipes. However, he is not beyond the occasional snort from his whisky flask, and he offers the Puritans a "drappie."
	After the rest of the Puritans leave, Rupert and The McCrankie sing a duet about how they would rule the world, "if we but had our way." Dorcas enters to meet Oswald, but they intercept her. As no one else is looking, Rupert and The McCrankie want to steal a kiss, but Dorcas rebuffs them.
	Oswald arrives to tell Dorcas that the horses are saddled, and ready to go. She is fearful for Dorothy's safety, and Oswald promises that he will protect her. Manners enters, then Dorothy. She sings a farewell to her home, and they flee in a violent storm.
	Scene 2. — The Long Gallery.
	As the storm dies away, the scene changes to the Long Gallery. Sir George proposes a toast to "the grand old days of yore." Rupert and The McCrankie drag in Dorcas, with the news that Dorothy has eloped with Manners. The frantic Sir George orders horses and gathers up his men to chase after them, with Rupert and the Puritans following. Lady Vernon predicts that the chase will be unsuccessful.
	Scene. — The Ante-Chamber.
	The chorus have all become Puritans, under Rupert's tutelage. Rupert informs them that the lawsuit has been resolved in his favour, and he is now Lord of Haddon Hall. Although he has generously permitted Sir George and Lady Vernon to remain on the estate, they have no intention of staying. Lady Vernon likens the loss of their home to the death of a rose. Alone together, she begs and then receives her husband's forgiveness, admitting that it was she who urged her daughter to flee. They re-affirm their love.
	Oswald enters, now in uniform, with the news that the Commonwealth has fallen and the monarchy has been restored. King Charles II has claimed Haddon Hall as crown property. Rupert is in disbelief, and refuses to yield. Meanwhile, the Puritans decide to go on strike, practising their self-effacing principles only eight hours a day. The chorus fling down their books and decide to dedicate their lives "to Cupid." Rupert seeks The McCrankie's counsel, only to find that his friend has replaced his kilt with breeches. McCrankie explains that, after several snorts from his flask, he has finally decided to abandon Puritanism.
	A cannon sounds, and Manners enters with soldiers. He has a warrant from the king, reinstating Sir George as Lord of Haddon Hall. He introduces Dorothy as his wife. She explains that she had followed her heart's counsel, and her father forgives her.
	"Scene 1"
	"Scene 2"

= = = Cleveland High School (Seattle) = = =

	Cleveland High School, also known as Grover Cleveland High School, is a public secondary school located in Seattle, Washington. It is operated as part of the Seattle Public Schools system and serves the Beacon Hill and Georgetown neighborhoods. The school was established in 1927 and named for President Grover Cleveland, and its building is a designated city landmark.
	The then-independent city of Georgetown established a high school in 1903, with one class graduating from the facility at the Mueller School annex. Beginning in 1905, Georgetown and south Seattle students were moved to high schools across the city, including West Seattle, Queen Anne, Broadway and Franklin.
	The Seattle Public Schools board approved construction of a new high school in the south end of Seattle in 1925, after petitioning from residents. The new school, which was named for President Grover Cleveland in accordance with naming schools after famous Americans, opened on January 3, 1927, and graduated its first class in the spring. Cleveland High School also initially hosted a middle school, named Grover Cleveland Junior High School, that was moved to Asa Mercer Junior High School in 1957. The school was expanded with a new north wing in 1958, featuring a new metal shop classroom, and facilities for art, band and choir, paid for by a citywide bond issue approved in 1955. A new $1.25 million gymnasium and administrative offices were dedicated by Mayor Wes Uhlman and Lieutenant Governor John Cherberg in 1970.
	Cleveland, the smallest of the city's high schools with a capacity of 729 students, was slated for conversion into a middle school by the school board in 1979. Under the plan, high school students would be moved to the Asa Mercer Junior High School several blocks to the north, saving $4 million in potential renovation costs for the school district. Students and faculty were strongly opposed to the closure plan, and it was ultimately modified to keep Cleveland open as a high school.
	After the approval of a citywide levy for school improvements in 2001, Cleveland High School underwent a $68 million, two-year renovation in 2006. The project was completed in September 2007, after complications arising from asbestos found in ceilings and unexpected geological hazards below the school building. Earlier concepts for the renovation included sharing the building with a community college, as well as splitting the high school into four autonomous schools.
	Cleveland High School is still housed in its original 1927 building, designed in the 20th century Neo-Georgian style by Floyd Naramore, who would later become a founding member of NBBJ. The three-story school building has a brick facade with a terra cotta trim. The center of the building features a two-story bay with a balcony and Corinthian columns.
	The high school, located atop southwestern Beacon Hill, overlooks Georgetown, the Duwamish River valley, Boeing Field, and Interstate 5.
	The surrounding neighborhood on Beacon Hill is now primarily Asian, and most of the school's students are Asian.
	In 1993, Cleveland became the home to the Fish and Roses project. Fish and Roses integrated fish farming and hydroponics into the school's curriculum. Mark Weber, the project originator, and Ted Howard, Sr., the principal wanted to see the project used as the focus of a new math and science based school. A separate building was built with funding from Boeing and Costco to house the project but within a few years the building was razed to make room for the new gym and school remodel.
	In 2003, under a Gates Foundation grant, the district separated Cleveland into four small academies - the Infotech Academy, which had started up in a small way in 2000 before the grant; the Arts and Humanities Academy; the Health, Environment and Life Academy (HEAL); and the Global Studies Academy. By 2009 Cleveland retained the Global Studies and HEAL academies, but overall academic improvement remained elusive. 56.7% of students graduated in 2009, on time or otherwise.
	In 2008, Cleveland was one of two high schools included in the Southeast Initiative, a plan to increase expenditures for three years at schools that parents had fled under the school choice plan. The Seattle Times School Guide reported that Cleveland's 2008 on-time graduation rate had been 44%. Cleveland's enrollment remained low at 695 students in 2008-2009, 94% of them from minority ethnic groups. Few of Cleveland's students chose it as their first choice.
	Starting in fall 2010, Cleveland will become a citywide Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) high school, divided into a Life Sciences and Global Health academy and an Engineering and Computer Science academy. Only 21% of Cleveland's 10th graders passed the WASL math test in 2009 and 16% passed the science test, up from 12% and 6.9% in 2008. Cleveland's 2010-2011 11th and 12th graders will not be accepted into STEM, but will continue to attend Cleveland in a general studies program until the transition is complete. The school's 2009-2010 9th graders will be enrolled in STEM as 10th graders. A new incoming 9th grade class from throughout the city will be the model for all future STEM cohorts. Future high schoolers from Cleveland's own neighborhood, if they do not enroll in STEM, will be sent to nearby high schools. STEM enrollment at Cleveland is open to any student who will be in the 9th or 10th grade in fall 2010, with no prerequisites. Cleveland's school day will be half an hour longer than in other Seattle high schools.
	By the time school opened in September 2010, the name of the engineering academy became the School of Engineering and Design. Computer Science was not dropped but is an elective course open to students in 9-12. Juniors and seniors will be allowed to take freshman and sophomore STEM courses if they wish.

= = = Pacific Time (radio show) = = =

	Pacific Time was a weekly radio program that covered a wide range of Asian American, East Asian and Southeast Asian issues, including economics, language, politics, public policy, business, the arts and sports. With news bureaus in Bangkok, Beijing, and Tokyo, it was the only public radio program devoted to Asian-American issues.
	Produced by KQED in San Francisco, California, the show was syndicated by as many as 37 other public radio stations in markets around the United States. The show premiered in 2000 and was hosted by Nguyen Qui Duc until September, 2006, when Nguyen returned to Vietnam. After Nguyen's departure it was hosted by K. Oanh Ha. Citing financial difficulties, KQED cancelled the show and its last broadcast was October 11, 2007. At the time it was cancelled the program cost $500,000 per year to produce and had a weekly audience of 190,000.
	Stations carrying "Pacific Time":

= = = Iggie's House = = =

	Iggie's House is a 1970 young adult novel by Judy Blume. The story concerns Winnie, whose best friend Iggie has moved away. The new family moving into Iggie's house are the first black people in the neighborhood. While Winnie is quick to make friends with the new kids, she realizes that some people, possibly including her own parents, have trouble seeing past a person's color.
	Winnie Barringer is heartbroken over her close friend Iggie's move to Tokyo, Japan. However, she immediately takes an interest in the black family that has relocated in Iggie's old house, the Garbers, who have moved to her neighborhood (in an unspecified location) from Detroit, and prioritizes befriending the family's three children, Glenn, Herbie, and Tina, over all else. Her first meeting with the Garber children is awkward and nearly disastrous as she brings up racist subjects inadvertently, but she tries to overcome this by continuing to bond with them, despite several major bumps in the road along the way - most notably her snobby, prejudiced neighbor Mrs. Landon's callous attempts at running the Garbers out of town because of their race.
	After Mrs. Landon and her daughter Clarice leave a sign on the Garbers' lawn telling them they are unwanted and to leave town, Winnie fears that the Garbers will move again, and becomes extremely disappointed in her parents (especially her mother, who appears to demonstrate racism equal to Mrs. Landon's, albeit in more subtle ways) for not standing up for the Garbers. Eventually Mrs. Landon decides to sell her house and move away herself for no reason other than her prejudice, and attempts to pressure her neighbors into doing the same. Winnie fears that her parents will follow Mrs. Landon's lead, and decides to stow away on a ship to Japan to live with Iggie's family as she would be ashamed of having racist parents.
	In the end, Winnie's parents decide not to move but only, Winnie's mother tells her, because "moving is too much trouble," not because they wish to befriend the Garbers. Winnie is again disappointed by her parents' attitudes but realizes that she herself has a long way to go, and decides to work on becoming a real friend to the Garbers.
= = = Siberian chipmunk = = =

	The Siberian chipmunk or common chipmunk ("Eutamias sibiricus") appears across northern Asia from central Russia to China, Korea, and Hokkaidō in northern Japan. The Siberian chipmunk was imported from South Korea and introduced in Europe as a pet in the 1960s. It is the only chipmunk found outside North America, and this animal is classed either as the only living member of the genus "Eutamias", or as a member of a genus including all chipmunks.
	Although these animals can exhibit slight variations in coloration in different geographic regions, they possess several common characteristics. Typically the Siberian chipmunk has 4 white stripes and 5 dark stripes along the back. It is 18–25 cm long, a third of which is the tail. The weight of adults depends on the time of year and food availability. Even though the Siberian chipmunk normally grows to 50–150 grams, this species is relatively small compared to other Sciuridae, such as the red squirrel. The Siberian chipmunks are not known to exhibit sexual dimorphism, and size and body proportions are the only way to distinguish younger chipmunks from older ones. Their small size may contribute to their relatively short lives, which tend to range from 2 to 5 years in the wild. However, when placed in captivity, as seen in Europe in the 1960s, they have the potential to live anywhere from 6 to 10 years.
	Siberian chipmunks were found only in their native range of Eastern Asia until the 1960s, when this species was introduced to European countries. During the 1960s, South Korea began to export these animals to Europe as a part of the pet trade. Between 1960 and 1980, South Korea exported more than 200,000 individuals to Europe. Human introduction is a major risk for the spread of this species into other forests and areas.
	By the 1970s, the Siberian chipmunk inhabited suburban forests and urban parks in Belgium, France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Austria. This is mostly caused by owners releasing these animals because they no longer wanted them as pets, or the owners purposefully freed the chipmunks to live naturally in the wild. Other Siberian chipmunks escaped from captivity and inhabited the forested areas of Europe. The Dutch chipmunks for example are escapees from a former zoo in Tilburg. When the zoo was shut down and all animals were moved away, many chipmunks got forgotten due to their underground residence. While thousands of animals were introduced to new environments, their naturally slow spreading, 200 to 250 meters per year, prevented them from rapidly moving to areas far beyond where they escaped.
	The Siberian chipmunk can survive in a variety of habitats and conditions. They are usually found in coniferous forests, stony areas within forests and mountains, habitats filled with shrub, along waterways or roads, or other small patches of agricultural land. In Europe, the introduced populations usually live in deciduous forests, mixed deciduous and coniferous forests, or urban areas with greenery. Tamias sibiricus is able to survive in various environmental conditions, anywhere from 29°N to 69°N and −65 °C to 30 °C. However, this species has a low ability of dispersal, and since they are mainly introduced into woody forests or urban areas with greenery, they have less potential to be naturally dispersed to other regions. Also they have trouble overcoming man-made and naturally occurring obstacles, like roads or swamps.
	The Siberian chipmunk lives in loose colonies, where every individual has its own territory. The territory ranges from 700 to 4000 m and is larger for females than males and is also larger in autumn than spring. The Siberian chipmunk marks its territory with urine and oral glands inside of its cheeks. This method illustrates one way in which this species communicates with one another.
	Siberian chipmunks usually live solitary lives, but during the winter they create a burrow, which they often share with another chipmunk. Its burrow, which can be 2.5 m long and 1.5 m deep, consists of a nest chamber, several storage chambers and chambers for the waste. During this winter season, these chipmunks store 3–4 kg of food in order to survive underground until April or May. In addition to the pairing off during hibernation, they also use a complex voice communication system to interact. They have two vocal sounds, a fast, sharp sound for when they are frightened and a deep croak sound that is thought to be used for mating.
	While most chipmunks and squirrels are promiscuous in their mating routines, little is known about the mating habits of the Siberian chipmunk. It is known that they are iteroparous, viviparous, and their breeding season usually occurs after hibernation in mid April. They tend to breed only once or twice a year, and the number of offspring varies from 3 to 8. The young are born blind and naked, and they weigh between 3-5 grams. After the 28- to 35-day gestation period, the offspring open their eyes about 20 to 25 days after birth. The females are responsible for caring for the young, and they teach them how to forage around 6 weeks. Then the offspring complete the weaning stage around 7 weeks, and they reach the independent stage around 8 weeks. Adult body mass is reached at around 3 to 4 months, and by 9 months, both the male and the female reach sexual maturity.
	Siberian chipmunks are omnivores that store or cache food. Normally, they eat Siberian pine seeds, along with different deciduous and coniferous tree seeds. In addition to seeds, they eat herb roots, insects, mollusks, birds, reptiles, grains, fruit, and fungus.
	Siberian chipmunks are essential food sources for other animals, such as diurnal raptors, weasels, and small cats. Other known predators include hawks, owls, and foxes. They evade being preyed upon by these animals by being alert, hiding in their burrows, and using their camouflaged fur to blend in with surroundings. They distribute seeds and fungal spores, and other animals feed off their stored food. 
	Siberian chipmunks disperse seeds and fungal spores, which help forests grow and regenerate. They also aid species diversity by helping control pests in its environment. In addition to the beneficial aspects for the environment, some humans keep Siberian chipmunks as pets or sell them for their fur or other body parts.
	The increasing rate of urbanization provides humans with greater mobility, and this advancement provides easier opportunities for humans to introduce non-native species, many of which cause health or economic issues. For instance, Siberian chipmunks tend to eat crops and damage urban gardens. In Russia, they eat approximately 50 percent of the forest nuts, and in other locations they can produce economic setbacks in regards to grains and orchards because of large consumption of these products. These chipmunks are also known for preying upon low-nesting birds, and Siberian chipmunks often compete with other small native animals, such as the red squirrel, wood mouse, and bank vole. However the most concerning aspect of this species' influence revolves around its ability to carry diseases, like Lyme disease, that have the potential to create danger for humans and domestic animals.
	Lyme disease, also known as "Borrelia burgdorferi", is a vector-borne disease that can be transmitted through ticks. In comparison to bank voles and wood mice, the Siberian chipmunks contribute a much larger risk when it comes to Lyme disease. The chipmunk's ability to spread this disease poses a risk to humans because Lyme disease can cause neurological, joint, and skin problems. The Invasive Species Compendium states that the Siberian chipmunk can easily survive and spread diseases, like Lyme disease, to humans because the species has high genetic variability and high reproductive potential. Also, with the Siberian chipmunk's movement and introduction into new environments, ticks and other parasites possess a greater opportunity to attach to hosts. Lastly species invasion is difficult and costly to control, so these animals will continue to pose a threat to humans and other animals until they eventually became extinct or until humans actively take measures to reduce their impact on society.

= = = History of the Indian cricket team = = =

	The Indian cricket team made its Test cricket debut in 1931 and has since advanced to be among the top four test teams in the (ICC rankings) in each of 2005 to 2008. The team won the (ODI Cricket World Cup)p in 1983 and 2011. In other major International victories, Team India won the Twenty20 World Cup in 2007 and ICC Champions Trophy in 2013"."'
	A few Indians played as members of the English cricket team while India was under British rule, including Ranjitsinhji and KS Duleepsinhji, but India made its debut as a Test-cricket-playing-nation in England in 1932 led by CK Nayudu, well before Indian independence. The team performed well, with Mohammad Nissar taking 5-93 and 1-42 in the match against England. The match was given test status despite being only 3 days in length. England, batting first, scored 258 with Nissar cleaning up the openers and tailenders. However the Indian team failed to capitalize on their bowling performance, all out for 189 with CK Nayudu the top scorer with 40 runs. England went on to score 275 and set India a target of 346, which always seemed out of the visitor's grasp. India were all out for 187 and lost by 158 runs.
	The team's first series as an independent country was in 1948 against Australia at Brisbane. Australia were led by Sir Don Bradman while India was led by Lala Amarnath. The Australians returned home, winning the 5 Test series with the score 4-0.
	India's first ever Test victory came against England at Madras in 1952. India's first series victory was against Pakistan later the same year. In 1954, India drew a 5-Test series with Pakistan 0-0, the batting strength from India had come from Polly Umrigar and Vijay Manjrekar while the prime bowler was Subhash Gupte with 21 wickets in the series. India's first series against New Zealand in 1956 created a comprehensive series victory for India, winning the 5-Test series 2-0. MH Mankad was excellent in his batting, averaging 105.2 in the series while scoring 526 runs. Once again, S.M. Gupte held India's bowling together, with 34 wickets. The remainder of the 1950s did not show as good results as the start: India lost a 3-Test series to Australia (2-0), lost a 5-Test series against the West Indies (3-0),
	The team's performances again began to improve in the 1960s, starting with their first series win over England in 1961-62. During this time, India's strong record at home started to develop, in which the team won a series against New Zealand in 1965-66 and drew series against Pakistan, Australia and England. In 1967-68, India won their first series outside the subcontinent against New Zealand.
	Sunil Gavaskar made his debut for India in the West Indies in 1970-71 and immediately made an impact, scoring a total of 774 runs for the series and helping India to a 1-0 series win, their first ever win over the West Indies. Together with established players like Bishen Bedi, Srinivas Venkataraghavan, Erapalli Prasanna and Bhagwat Chandrasekhar, Gavaskar formed the nucleus of arguably India's strongest Test team up to that point in time. India's win over the West Indies was followed by home and away wins over England in 1971 and 1972-73.
	During the 1980s, other players like Mohammed Azharuddin, Ravi Shastri, Laxman Sivaramakrishnan, Sanjay Manjrekar, Krish Srikkanth and Maninder Singh emerged. India won the Cricket World Cup in 1983, defeating West Indies in an exciting final. In 1985, India won the World Championship of Cricket in Australia. The Test series victory in 1986 in England remained, for nearly 19 years, the last Test series win outside subcontinent. Sunil Gavaskar became the first batsman to accumulate 10,000 runs in Test cricket, and went on to register a record 34 centuries, surpassed only recently by Sachin Tendulkar. Kapil Dev, a genuine all-rounder, became the highest wicket taker in Test cricket, surpassing Richard Hadlee to take a total of 434 wickets, a record which has since been broken by Courtney Walsh, Shane Warne and Muttiah Muralitharan and has also been surpassed by fellow Indian Anil Kumble.
	The emergence of Sachin Tendulkar and Anil Kumble in 1989 and 1990 was to herald an era of Indian cricket that was dominated by stars and individual brilliance. Sachin Tendulkar became arguably the best batsman in the world, along with Brian Lara of the West Indies and in 1998, Sir Donald Bradman himself remarked that Tendulkar batting style was similar to his. Mohammed Azharuddin, who captained India for most of the 1990s, proved a captain whose main strength, if not his motivational skills, was an ability to stay cool under pressure. Azharuddin's artistic batting however declined during the later years of his captaincy, and his best innings during this time were mostly when playing at home. The Hyderabadi stylist's career ended after 99 Tests when he was banned for life after being implicated in the match-fixing scandal. Under his captaincy, the Indian team became virtually unbeatable at home, with big wins against teams such as England, Sri Lanka, South Africa and Australia. Their performances abroad, however, left a lot to be desired.
	Towards the end of 1999, the Indian team was in flux. Although they had performed well in the 1999 World Cup, the winter was marked by a disastrous tour to Australia which exposed the Indian team's weaknesses when playing abroad, marked with a loss of form of most of the batsmen, except Tendulkar and the newly emerged VVS Laxman. After Tendulkar quit captaincy and Azharuddin was banned for match-fixing, Sourav Ganguly took over as captain, and the New Zealander John Wright became coach.
	Sourav Ganguly's captaincy heralded a new era in Indian cricket. It began in the famous series against Australia in 2001, when Steve Waugh's strong team was defeated 2-1 in a Test series after having taken a 1-0 lead at Mumbai. The series is best known for a remarkable turnaround by the Indian team in the Kolkata Test, when VVS Laxman, Rahul Dravid and Harbhajan Singh's performance took India to victory after they had followed on. This series marked a turning point in the Indian team's fortunes, and provided the team with the boost they dearly needed. This was followed by stellar performances by the team when playing abroad, with Test victories coming in Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka, West Indies, England, Australia, and a famous series victory against arch-rivals Pakistan in 2004. The series in England in 2002 is billed as Rahul Dravid's series, as he became the top scorer for the Indians, with centuries coming at Trent Bridge in Nottingham, Headingley in Leeds and a famous 217 at the Oval in London. This was followed by a sensational win in Australia at Adelaide in 2003, where Dravid, VVS Laxman and Ajit Agarkar scripted a come-from-behind victory after the team had conceded 556 runs in the first innings. The series win in Pakistan that followed was marked by Virender Sehwag becoming the first Indian to score a triple century in Test cricket. Along with Sehwag, players like Yuvraj Singh and Mohammed Kaif emerged, making the Indian batting order one of the strongest in the world in both forms of the game*. Their performances helped reduced India's dependence on their top guns in one-day cricket, and a 7-batsman policy contributed to India's successes in the limited-overs game, culminating in their reaching the final of the 2003 Cricket World Cup. In the bowling department, India unearthed a plethora of fast-bowling talent, with Zaheer Khan, Ashish Nehra, and later Irfan Pathan and L Balaji leading the pack. The veteran Anil Kumble became the highest wicket-taker for India after surpassing Kapil Dev, and also passed the 500-mark in March 2006. His bowling performances abroad improved considerably, and he played a major part in India's overseas performances in England, Australia and Pakistan. Harbhajan Singh also provided him great company in the spin department, and at home the two bowling in tandem became a familiar sight.
	In 2005, Indian cricket was again shrouded in controversy. After a somewhat slow season marked by a dip in team performance following the famous Pakistan series ended, the coaching job passed from John Wright to the Australian Greg Chappell. Saurav Ganguly, whose batting form had taken a beating in that year, was involved in a spat with Chappell over whether he should be continuing as captain to reduce pressure on him. This was followed by Ganguly being dropped from the team and Rahul Dravid taking over as captain. While Tendulkar, Sehwag and Dravid formed the mainstay of the Indian batting, the coming of age of players like Yuvraj Singh and Mohammad Kaif led to the emergence of younger stars like Suresh Raina and MS Dhoni. India, however have always struggled in the pace department with the only prominent pace bowler ever coming was Zaheer Khan
	Dravid's captaincy was cut short in the ill-fated 2007 World Cup, where India were out of the league stage following an embarrassing loss to Bangladesh. This was followed by Mahendra Singh Dhoni taking over the reins. Under MS Dhoni, India won the inaugural T20 World cup. It also began an era of India's dominance in world cricket in both tests and ODIs, culminating in a victory in the 2011 Cricket World Cup and a 4-0 whitewash of Australia in a home test series. It also saw Indian batsmen scoring the only 200s ever, first Sachin Tendulkar then Virender Sehwag and then Rohit Sharma on three occasions. Dhoni has been widely acknowledged as the most successful Indian captain ever. However, following a drubbing in a test series down under in late 2014, he retired from tests.
	Since advancing to full Test Status and the creation of more and more international cricket tournaments, India has slowly become involved in a number of Cricketing tournament's including the Cricket World Cup, ICC Champions Trophy and Asia Cup. India's first two Cricket World Cups were largely failures, and the team failed to progress beyond the first round. But India upset the West Indies in the final of the 1983 Cricket World Cup to claim the Prudential Cricket World Cup for the first time, captained by Kapil Dev. India and the West Indies had cruised through the preliminary rounds in Group B, while England and Pakistan emerged the victors from Group A. Most considered India to be the underdogs in the group stages, and their win against West Indies was categorized as similar to Zimbabwe's win over Australia in the same World Cup. They were, in fact, quoted as having odds of 66 to 1 before the beginning of the tournament.
	India's performance in the remaining world cups has been considerably consistent. In the 1987 Cricket World Cup, the team advanced to the semi-finals as favourites, they did the same in 1996, both times they suffered upset defeats in the semi-finals. India was less strong in the 1999 Cricket World Cup, and did not make it past the Super Six section. However they impressed all in the 2003 Cup, only losing two games (both against reigning champions Australia) and advancing to the finals before taking a loss.
	In the year after their World Cup victory, (1984) India continued its new-found dominance over One Day Cricket with a comprehensive win over arch-rivals Pakistan in the final. They went on to secure more victories over their Asian rivals, winning the 1984 Asia Cup with a victory over Sri Lanka in the finals. It won its third consecutive Asia Cup with a victory over Sri Lanka in 1990. It continued its strong streak in 1995, again beating Sri Lanka in the final. However, in 1997, a confident Sri Lanka riding on their first-ever World Cup victory swept past a weaker Indian side, breaking the 4-tournament winning streak.
	India's traditional strengths have always been its line-up of spin bowlers and batsmen. Currently, it has a very strong batting lineup with Rahul Dravid, Sachin Tendulkar and Virender Sehwag all being selected to play for the ICC World XI in the 2005 "SuperTest" against Australia. In previous times, India was unique in that it was the only country to regularly field three spinners in one team, whereas one is the norm, and of the fifteen players to have taken more than 100 wickets, only four were pace bowlers from the last 20 years. However, in recent years, Indian pace bowling has improved, with the emerging talents of Irfan Pathan, Munaf Patel and Sreesanth and many more playing in the national team.
	Historically, the Indian team has not performed as well overseas as it has in India. Since the year 2000, the Indian team underwent major improvements under the guidance of coach John Wright and captain Saurav Ganguly. The team drew a Test series with Australia in Australia, which is usually considered a tough tour. It was followed by a historic Test and ODI series win against arch-rivals Pakistan while playing in Pakistan.
	India has had a very good record against Australia and, before the 2004/05 tour, never being defeated by Australia in a Test Series in India since 1969. This was the reason for Australian captain Steve Waugh labelling India as the "Final Frontier". The famous 2001 Australian tour of India saw Harbhajan Singh become the first Indian to take a Test hat-trick and started a good run for the team, as India beat Australia 2-1. India also came runners up to Australia in the final of the 2003 Cricket World Cup.
	Since 2004, India had not been doing as well in One-day Internationals. The players who took India to great heights over the past ten years such as Sachin Tendulkar, Sourav Ganguly and Anil Kumble grew older and did not maintain their form and fitness. Following the series loss to Australia, India collapsed on the final day in the Third Test in Bangalore in early 2005 against Pakistan to squander a series victory, and then lost four consecutive ODIs against Pakistan. This was exacerbated by the suspension handed to captain Ganguly for slow over-rates. Greg Chappell took over from John Wright as the new coach of the Indian cricket team following the series, and replaced Kumble and V. V. S. Laxman from the ODI team with younger players. India's unconvincing ODI form continued, scraping past a West Indian team depleted by industrial action in the 2005 Indian Oil Cup and a similarly depleted Zimbabwean team only to be defeated twice in the finals by New Zealand, continuing a poor ODI finals record.
	The tension resulted in a fallout between Chappell and Ganguly lead to a confidential email sent by Chappell to the BCCI being leaked, in which he condemned the leadership and performance of Ganguly. After a series of high-profile board meetings and public jousting including some players, Rahul Dravid was installed as the captain, triggering a revival in the team's fortunes. The Indians subsequently defeated Sri Lanka 6-1 in a home series. An important part about this series was the discovery of the young talent of the team, including Mahendra Singh Dhoni, Suresh Raina, Gautam Gambhir and Irfan Pathan. The team also beat the Sri Lankans in the Test series 2-0 to displace England from its position in second place in the ICC Test rankings, but India slipped back by losing the high-profile series to Pakistan. Indian team continued its good form in ODIs, beating Pakistan 4-1 in Pakistan. India achieved the world-record of winning 17 successive matches chasing the total. India convincingly won England's tour of India winning the series 5-1. After leveling the DLF Cup series 1-1 in Abu Dhabi, India travelled to West Indies where they lost the ODI series 1-4 to a weak West Indies team which was ranked 8th in the ICC ODI Ranking. The series loss again questioned the Indian team's ability to play away from the Sub-continent and the chances of the Indian team to win the 2007 Cricket World Cup. The Indian team later clinched the Test series against West Indies 1-0, the first Indian series win in the Caribbean since 1989. For the statistics of Indian cricket team after 2011 world cup, watch Indian cricket from 2011. Recently the Indian Cricket team has beaten the Australian cricket team with an impressive 2-1 victory in the 2017 Border-Gavaskar trophy, also it beat Bangladesh in the one-off test which was also Bangladesh's maiden tour of India. Before, India beat England by 4-0 in the 2016-17 Antony De Mello Trophy in the 5 match test series.
	In June 2017, India toured England for the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy where the Virat Kohli led mighty team lost to Pakistan in the final by 180 runs. Later India toured the Windies where the team won the ODI series by 3-1 but lost the T20I series. By defeating Sri Lanka by 9-0 in all three formats, India became the first team to cleansweep Sri Lanka in ODI series in their home soil.
	In January 2018, Virat Kohli led Indian team toured South Africa where they lost the Test series by 1-2. But the Team showed some extravagant skills and defeated the mighty South African team and clinched the ODI series by 5-1 and T20I series by 2-1. By the series win, India became the second Asian country to defeat South Africa in ODI and T20I series on their home soil after Pakistan.

= = = Dédié à toi = = =

	Dédié à toi is a French studio album released by Dalida in 1979.
	In this album, Dalida sings once more Jacques Brel's "Quand on n'a que l'amour". She also memorializes her late lover Luigi Tenco through a cover of one of his masterpieces, "Vedrai vedrai". It includes her hit "Monday, Tuesday... Laissez-moi danser", and a patriotic homage to her birth country Egypt, "Helwa ya balady".
	The album proved to be one of Dalida's most successful albums of the seventies, selling millions of copies.

= = = Bateria = = =

	The term bateria means “drum kit” in Portuguese and Spanish. In Brazil, the word is also used for a form of Brazilian samba band, the percussion band or rhythm section of a Samba School. It might also mean "battery".
	"Baterias" are also used to accompany the Brazilian martial art, "capoeira".

= = = Brownside = = =

	Brownside is a Chicano hip-hop group founded in 1993 by the late Eazy-E. The group originally consisted of rappers Toker (Gilbert Izquierdo), Wicked (Pierre Lamas), and Danger (Carlos Martinez), who was killed in a drive-by shooting in 1996. Originally, Eazy-E' signed Brownside to Ruthless Records to create a Chicano version of the critically acclaimed rap group N.W.A. Toker later on died in 2018.
	Brownside is a Mexican American gangster rap group founded in 1994 by the late Eazy-E. Eazy signed the group to his Ruthless records label seeking to create a Chicano version of the critically acclaimed rap group N.W.A. Brownside consisted of rappers Toker (Gilbert Izquierdo), Danger (Carlos Martinez) and Wicked (Pierre Lamas). Hit singles "Gang related" and "Eastside drama" garnered Brownside mainstream success. 
	Their debut album, "Eastside Drama", released early 1997.
	In 1999, they released "Payback" which contains unreleased tracks and some remixes of their tracks from "Eastside Drama".
	In 2006, they released "The Takeover" which introduced a new member to Brownside, Trouble, whom Toker met while incarcerated.
	In May 27, 2016 Brownside released 'Bangin' Story'z'.

= = = Gigi in Paradisco = = =

	Gigi in Paradisco is a bilingual French and English-language album released in 1980 by French singer Dalida. Two singles were released, both of which received gold certifications.
	This album was launched after a highly successful American-style series of shows that Dalida performed at the Palais des Sports theatre in France. She was the first female singer to perform this kind of show at the venue with twelve costume changes and eleven dancers. All the show's 18 nights were sell-outs.
	The album, like the show, was highly successful and it was a critical and commercial success. It also helped Dalida to create more of a sexy and Diva like image. Learning dance routines for over three months with John Travolta's Saturday Night Fever choreographer Lester Wilson, Dalida (aged 47 at the time) reinvented herself through this show and once more attracted a new generation of fans.
	This single was released in 1979, before the album was out. "Il faut danser Reggae" was a reggae song which broke out of the disco trend of the time. TV performances of this track saw Dalida dancing in leopard-print dresses in tropical style while surrounded by topless male dancers. "Comme disait Mistinguett" talks about Dalida's music career with a bit of humour. For TV promotion of the song, Dalida wore a long pink cape with a sexy outfit underneath. It won her a gold disc.
	It was during this disco period that Dalida started to gain following in the gay community, which is still maintained today.
	"Gigi in Paradisco", the title track of the album, was released as a single in 1980. The song is the continuation of Dalida's biggest worldwide hit "Gigi l'amoroso". The 13-minute song follows the tragic events of Gigi that dies and goes up to disco heaven. Dalida created this song essentially to use during her shows but eventually it was released as a single, with the track being edited to four minutes. It was Dalida's last disco hit, and it also earned gold certification.

= = = David Schultz = = =

	David Schultz or Dave Schultz may refer to:

= = = Mafeking Cadet Corps = = =

	The Mafeking Cadet Corps was a group of boy cadets formed by Lord Edward Cecil shortly before the 217 day Siege of Mafeking in South Africa during the Second Boer War in 1899-1900. Cecil, the son of the British prime minister, was the staff officer and second-in-command of the garrison. The cadets consisted of volunteer white boys below fighting age and were used to support the troops, carry messages, and help in the hospital. This freed up men for military duties, and kept the boys occupied.
	The cadets were given khaki uniforms, a wide-brimmed hat which they wore with one side turned up and a Glengarry cap. The towns people often commented on their smartness. 13-year-old Sergeant-Major Warner Goodyear was their leader.
	The Mafeking Cadets are claimed to be one of the inspirations for the Boy Scouts.
	One of the cadets' duties was to carry messages around the town and to outlying forts, sometimes as much as a mile away across open ground. At first they used donkeys, but as the siege ran on, food became scarce and the donkeys were killed and eaten. From then on, the cadets used bicycles instead.
	Another important duty was to act as lookouts, mainly to warn the townspeople when the Boer siege guns were aimed and fired at different parts of the town.
	The town produced its own postage stamps, known as "Mafeking Blues", for postage during the siege. One set depicted the cadet leader Warner Goodyear seated on a bicycle . The Mafeking stamps were unusual among the stamps of the British Empire at that time, because they did not depict the monarch.
	Frankie Brown, a 9-year-old boy, was killed by a shell during the siege, and is sometimes claimed as a cadet casualty, although it is unlikely that he was a cadet. The youngest cadets on the nominal roll were aged 11.
	At the end of the siege, 24 cadets were awarded the Defence of Mafeking bar to the Queen's South Africa Medal.
	Robert Baden-Powell was the British commander during the siege of Mafeking. He was impressed by the cadets and wrote of them in the opening pages of his 1908 book, "Scouting for Boys". Baden-Powell related the following conversation with one of the cadets:
	"I said to one of these boys on one occasion, when he came in through rather a heavy fire: 'You will get hit one of these days riding about like that when shells are flying'. And he replied 'I pedal so quick, Sir, they'd never catch me'."

= = = Journal of Psychohistory = = =

	The Journal of Psychohistory (,) is a journal in 1973 in the field of psychohistory, edited by Lloyd deMause and published by the Institute for Psychohistory(IP) . The journal has been originally published as History of Childhood Quarterly and since 1976 as The Journal of Psychohistory.
	The journal aims to provide "a new psychological view of world events — past and present". The journal is published quarterly and contains subjects such as childhood and the family (especially child abuse), psychobiography with extensive childhood material, political psychology and psychological studies of anthropology.
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= = = Kalofer = = =

	Kalòfer () is a town in central Bulgaria, located on the banks of the Tundzha between the Balkan Mountains to the north and the Sredna Gora to the south. Kalofer is part of Plovdiv Province and the Karlovo municipality. It is best known as the birthplace of Bulgarian poet and revolutionary Hristo Botev.
	The modern settlement of Kalofer emerged in the 16th century, managing to preserve its Bulgarian character in the Ottoman Empire and to develop as a centre of craftsmanship, primarily cord production. The Kalofer monastery has been in operation since 1640 and the convent since 1700. During the Bulgarian National Revival the town became a centre of revolutionary activity, being the birthplace of figures such as Hristo Botev, Exarch Joseph, Dimitar Panichkov, Nikola Ivanov.
	Kalofer is located in the southern outskirts of Stara Planina. It is only 17 kilometers away from Karlovo, 22 km away from Sopot, 56 km away from Plovdiv, 222 km away from Burgas, 300 km away from Varna and 164 km from the capital of Bulgaria Sofia.
	Kalofer was founded in the 16th century (1533). From the very beginning it enjoyed privileges as a city, which allowed it to preserve its typical Bulgarian character. In the time when traditional customs were booming about 1200 devices for producing traditional colored Bulgarian wollen threads (gaitan) were operating in the town. Traditional Bulgarian holidays have always been observed in Kalofer. The town has been burnt down at least three times. Due to forestation the marks from the damage has been covered, but they can still be found here and there. With the passage of time, residents of Kalofer have created their own methods of survival and have cultivated a strength of character, which has remained their typical personality trait until today. Each time when the town was burnt, the people of Kalofer built it all over again, carrying stones from their own farming land, working through the night. Usually reconstruction activities started with re-building the church or the monastery.
	Kalofer has a number of churches and monasteries, many with church bells. On a small street is a convent for girls, inheriting four metochions, in which Anastasia Dimitrova, the first Bulgarian female teacher, was educated. The monastery for men has been open since 1640, and the convent for nuns since 1700. Today, both of them, despite the numerous burnings, are open for visitors.
	In Kalofer typical Bulgarian customs and traditions have been well preserved over the centuries. A part of the attractions in the region is visiting ateliers producing the internationally famous Kalofer lace or the traditional rugs or woolen covers (kitenitsi). The making of souvenirs, works of copper, barrels for wine, incrustrated knives, as well as the typical Bulgarian dishes will always be remembered in this region.
	There is no bank in Kalofer, but two bank branches are available. In the city center there are two automated teller machines. 
	The post office in Kalofer is open Monday to Friday, and there are shops and convenience stores in the area. Several shops are located in the center of the town, and there is a market on Thursdays.
	Kalofer Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Kalofer.

= = = 30th Armoured Brigade = = =

	The 30th Armoured Brigade was a World War II British Army unit that served in the campaign in Western Europe as part of the 79th Armoured Division.
	The 30th Armoured Brigade was created on 27 December 1940 as part of Northern Command. It was initially formed from the 2nd Battalion, The Queen's Westminsters, a motorized infantry unit, which was joined by a cavalry unit, the 23rd Hussars, three days later, on 30 December. Just over a week later, on 8 January 1941, the 23rd Hussars were replaced by the 22nd Dragoons, and on 28 January the brigade was transferred to Western Command.
	On 8 March the brigade was augmented with the addition of another cavalry unit, the 2nd County of London Yeomanry (Westminster Dragoons), and the following day another armoured regiment, the 1st Lothians and Border Yeomanry was added, and the brigade also became part of the 11th Armoured Division, alongside the 29th Brigade, for training, under the command of Major-General Percy Hobart, and operating the Valentine tank. Soon after, on 22 March, the 2nd Queen's Westminsters were renamed the 12th Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps.
	On 20 April 1942 the brigade was briefly transferred to the 3rd Armoured Group, and on 13 May it was transferred again to the 42nd Armoured Division. The brigade lost the 12th KRRC on 15 October 1943, and two days later, on 17 October was transferred for the last time, joining the 79th Armoured Division, and finding itself once again under the overall command of Percy Hobart.
	It now consisted of three Armoured units - the 22nd Dragoons, 1st Lothian and Border Yeomanry, and the Westminster Dragoons - that would remain the backbone of the brigade. After a succession of officers, command was assumed by Brigadier Nigel W. Duncan on 6 December 1943. Duncan would command the brigade during its active service from D-Day until after the end of the war in Europe.
	By the time of the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 all three units of the 30th Armoured Brigade were operating the Sherman Crab flail tank, designed to clear paths through minefields and other obstructions. However in common with other 79th Division units they rarely found themselves operating together. On D-Day itself, 'A' Squadron of the 22nd Dragoons, and two troops of 'C' Squadron, landed on Sword Beach with the first wave, while the 22nd's 'B' Squadron landed on Juno Beach, with the remainder of 'C' Squadron, landing there later in the day. The Westminster Dragoons 'B' and 'C' Squadrons landed alongside the 50th Infantry Division on 'Jig' and 'King' sectors of Gold Beach in the first wave, with 'A' Squadron landing later in the day on 'Queen' sector of Sword Beach. The 1st Lothian and Border Yeomanry did not arrive in France until 12 July, but soon found itself in action around Caen.
	30th Brigade continued in action for the rest of the war, taking part in several operations, including the assault on Le Havre in September 1944, the invasion of Walcheren ("Operation Infatuate II") in November 1944, and the crossing of the Rhine in March 1945.
	It also had various additional units attached to it temporarily. The 141st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps was part of the brigade from July to September 1944, and the 11th Royal Tank Regiment was added from December 1944 to January 1945. 11th RTR returned with 4th Royal Tank Regiment at the end of March 1945 until the end of April.
	Finally, the 22nd Dragoons, the 1st Lothians and Border Yeomanry and the Westminster Dragoons were all transferred from the brigade on 31 August 1945, bringing its existence to an end.

= = = Georges Jacob = = =

	Georges Jacob (6 July 1739 – 5 July 1814) was one of the two most prominent Parisian master "menuisiers". He produced carved, painted and gilded beds and seat furniture and upholstery work for the French royal châteaux, in the Neoclassical style that is associated with Louis XVI furniture.
	Jacob was born in Cheny, Burgundy. He arrived in Paris in 1754 and was apprenticed to the chairmaker Jean-Baptiste Lerouge where he met Louis Delanois, whose advanced neoclassical taste was to have a great influence on Jacob. He was received master 4 September 1765, presenting for his masterpiece a small chair of gilded wood, which survives.
	Without marrying either the daughter or the widow of an established "menuisier", Jacob set up his own premises. He employed in his workshop numerous specialist carvers and gilders. In 1785, Jacob produced the first mahogany chairs "à l'anglaise", for the comte de Provence. After Delanois' early death in 1792, Jacob's only serious rival in his field was Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené.
	He retired in 1796, leaving his workshop in the hands of his sons, one of whom was François-Honoré-Georges Jacob-Desmalter. When his other son died, Jacob returned from retirement to oversee the constant supply of furnishings for Napoleon's residences.
	His descendant Hector Lefuel, son of the architect Hector Lefuel, wrote the monograph, "Georges Jacob" (Paris, 1923). Two models in beeswax attributed to Jacob, one for a fauteuil and one for a bed 'à la turque', have remained in the family's possession.

= = = Palais des Sports 80 = = =

	Palais des Sports 80 is a live double album by Dalida, recorded live at the Palais des Sports in Paris in January 1980.

= = = Juqu Wuhui = = =

	Juqu Wuhui (; died 444) is viewed by some historians as a prince of the Xiongnu state Northern Liang, as after the state's territory was largely seized by Northern Wei in 439, and his older brother Juqu Mujian (Prince Ai) was captured by Northern Wei, Juqu Wuhui tried to hold out against Northern Wei, initially on Northern Liang's old territory, and later, after that attempt failed, at Gaochang. He continued to use the title of Prince of Hexi, a title used by his brother and previously by his father Juqu Mengxun (Prince Wuxuan). Chinese historians dispute over whether Juqu Wuhui and his successor and brother Juqu Anzhou should be considered Northern Liang rulers or not, and most consider Juqu Mujian the final prince of Northern Liang.
	It is not known when Juqu Wuhui was born. The first historical reference to him was in 437, by which time Juqu Mujian had made him the governor of Jiuquan Commandery (酒泉, roughly modern Jiuquan, Gansu). After the Northern Liang capital Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu) was captured by Northern Wei forces, and Juqu Mujian was seized by Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei, in 439, Northern Wei forces attacked remaining cities held by Juqu clan holdouts, and Juqu Wuhui, after he was joined in Jiuquan by his brother Juqu Yide (沮渠宜得), abandoned Jiuquan and fled initially to Jinchang (晉昌, in modern Jiuquan as well) and then to Dunhuang (敦煌, in modern Dunhuang, Gansu).
	In spring 440, Juqu Wuhui tried to recapture Jiuquan. Yuan Jie (元絜), the Northern Wei general in charge of Jiuquan, viewed Juqu Wuhui lightly, and engaged him outside the city. Juqu Wuhui captured him and then put Jiuquan under siege, soon capturing it. He then attacked Zhangye, but could not capture it. Northern Wei's Emperor Taiwu issued an edict ordering him to surrender, and in fall 440, after another general resisting Northern Wei, Tufa Baozhou (禿髮保周), the son of Southern Liang's last prince Tufa Rutan, committed suicide, Juqu Wuhui sent his general Liang Wei (梁偉) to show submission to Northern Wei's general Tuoba Jian (拓拔健) the Prince of Yongchang and Emperor Taiwu's brother, offering to return Jiuquan to Northern Wei control and returning Yuan Jie. In response, in spring 441, Emperor Taiwu created Juqu Wuhui the Prince of Jiuquan.
	In summer 441, Juqu Wuhui's cousin Juqu Tang'er (沮渠唐兒), who was defending Dunhuang, rebelled. Juqu Wuhui left another cousin, Juqu Tianzhou (沮渠天周), in charge at Jiuquan, while personally attacking Juqu Tang'er, and Juqu Tang'er was killed in battle. However, as he did so, Northern Wei, still viewing him with suspicion, sent its general Daxi Juan (達奚眷) to besiege Jiuquan. With food supplies running out quickly, by winter 441, Jiuquan fell to Northern Wei forces, and Juqu Tianzhou was killed. Juqu Wuhui himself lacked food at Dunhuang, and he feared Northern Wei's next attack, and he therefore considered reestablishing his state in Xiyu. He first sent his brother Juqu Anzhou against Shanshan, but initially Juqu Anzhou was repelled. However, in 442, Juqu Wuhui abandoned Dunhuang and joined Juqu Anzhou, and the King of Shanshan, in fear, fled, and Juqu Wuhui, half of whose soldiers died of thirst on the way between Dunhuang and Shanshan, took Shanshan.
	Meanwhile, however, the former Western Liang general Tang Qi (唐契) was attacking another former Northern Liang general, Hei Shuang (闞爽), at Gaochang. Hei sought help from Juqu Wuhui, but as Juqu Wuhui arrived with aid, Hei had already killed Tang in battle and refused to grant Juqu Wuhui admission. In fall 442, Juqu Wuhui made a surprise attack on Gaochang, capturing it, and Hei fled to Rouran. Juqu Wuhui moved his headquarters to Gaochang, and sent messengers to Liu Song's capital Jiankang, submitting as a vassal and seeking an alliance. Emperor Wen of Liu Song created him the Prince of Hexi.
	In 444, Juqu Wuhui died, and Juqu Anzhou succeeded him.

= = = Olympia 81 = = =

	Olympia 81 is a French-language album released in 1981 by French singer Dalida. The album was highly successful and received a gold certification.
	Olympia 81 is named after the last series of concerts that Dalida held at the Olympia theatre to celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of her singing career, which was met by phenomenal success. The album includes various style of songs, some of which are personal and are inspired from Dalida's life like "À ma manière" and "Partir ou Mourir". Other songs from the album are dance songs like "La feria" and "Chanteur des années 80". Among notable songs of the album, "Il pleut sur Bruxelles" is a tribute to late Belgian singer Jacques Brel.
	Dalida released seven singles from the album while all the other songs of the album benefited from television promotion.
	Upon release of the album, Dalida was awarded a "Diamond Disk Award" from the European music industry for her career spanning over 25 years of continuous success and 85 million records sold during a special ceremony held in her honour. Dalida was the first artist to have ever received such an award and distinction in the history of the Music Hall.
	"Chanteur des années 80"/"À ma manière" was the first single from the album, released in 1980, prior to the release of the album, and was extensively promoted on television and radio.
	Among notable TV performances for these two titles, Dalida sang both songs live in the French prime time TV show "Stars".
	"Fini, la comédie"/"Marjolaine" was released as a double-sided singles in France and Europe in 1981, as part of the promotion campaign following the release of the album.
	The songs were performed on international awards shows where Dalida was granted high-profile awards such as the Golden Europa Award in Germany where Dalida received the award for most popular female artist.
	"Il pleut sur Bruxelles"/"Et la vie continuera" was released during the Olympia 81 series of concerts in Paris.
	Most of the television performances of "Il pleut sur Bruxelles" were sung live by Dalida with a live orchestra.
	"Americana" was not available on the album and was a summer single recorded and released by Dalida in 1981.
	Dalida filmed a video clip for this song to promote it. The B-side, Une femme à quarante ans, is an album song written and composed by Didier Barbelivien that talks about women over 40 and their maturity in life.

= = = Type locality (geology) = = =

	Type locality, also called type area, or type section, is the where a particular rock type, stratigraphic unit or mineral species is first identified. If the stratigraphic unit in a locality is layered, it is called a stratotype, whereas the standard of reference for unlayered rocks is the type locality. 
	The term is similar to the term type site in archaeology or the term type specimen in biology.

= = = Special Dalida = = =

	Special Dalida is a French studio album released by Dalida at the start of 1982.
	After recording five new songs for a TV special Dalida headlined on New Year's Eve surrounded by other fellow French stars, Orlando Productions decided to release a full album containing the recorded songs from the TV show plus other songs that would eventually be released as singles.
	The album contains a French-language version of Dalida's big Arab hit "Helwa ya balady". The French version is dedicated to the late Egyptian President Anwar Sadat who was assassinated in 1981. Dalida went on to record a Spanish version of that same song called "Io T'amero (Tres Palabras)", with different lyrics.
	Among other songs, the album contains a disco dance version of Dalida's 1959 hit "Le jour où la pluie viendra" composed by Gilbert Bécaud.
	The album was successful in France and other French speaking countries and Dalida promoted the album through television specials and radio shows throughout Europe.
	"Quand je n'aime plus je m'en vais" / "Nostalgie" was released as a single in 1981, prior to the album.
	"Quand je n'aime plus je m'en vais" became a minor hit due to extensive promotion on French and German television as was "Nostalgie" which is a cover of Marty Balin's hit song "Hearts" that Dalida was very fond of.
	Danza was released in Europe as a single in 1982. Dalida filmed a video clip for the song featuring ballroom dance choreography.
	Very few performances of the song exist, the most known one is from the Belgian TV show "Chansons à la carte".
	"Jouez Bouzouki" is the biggest hit from this album as it was hugely successful in the Middle East and fared particularly well in Lebanon where it was a big hit due to extensive radio airplay.
	Playing on the Greek theme once again and featuring bouzouki instrumentation, the song is a festive mix of Greek folk and pop music.
	Dalida performed the song live during many television appearances in France, Belgium and Switzerland.

= = = Santosh Trophy = = =

	The Santosh Trophy is an association football knock-out competition contested by the regional state associations and government institutions under the All India Football Federation (AIFF), the sport's governing body in India. Before the start of the first national club league, the National Football League, in 1996, the Santosh Trophy was considered the top domestic championship in India. Many players who have represented India internationally played and gained accolades while playing in the Santosh Trophy. The tournament is held every year with 31 teams who are divided into groups and who must qualify for the tournament proper through the preliminary round. The current champions are Services, who won their 6th title during the 2018–19 edition.
	The tournament was started in 1941 and is named after the president of the Indian Football Association (West Bengal's football association) at the time, Sir Manmatha Nath Roy Chowdhary of Santosh. The IFA were the ones who donated the Santosh Trophy. The runner-up trophy was also donated by an ex-IFA president, S.K. Gupta. The trophy is known as the Kamla Gupta Trophy. The third-place trophy, the Sampangi Cup, was donated by the Karnataka State Football Association (then the Mysore Football Association).
	The Santosh Trophy was started in 1941 after the then president of the Indian Football Association, West Bengal's football association, Sir Manmatha Nath Roy Chowdhary of Santosh and Sir Satish Chandra Chowdhury donated the trophy. At the time of the first tournament, India lacked a proper main championship for football teams. The other two main competitions at the time were the Durand Cup, Rovers Cup, and the IFA Shield and they were played by club sides. In 1990, in an attempt to bring through more younger players, the All India Football Federation made the Santosh Trophy into an under-23 competition. This move only lasted for three seasons before the tournament was reverted to a senior competition.
	During his time as the head coach of India, Bob Houghton called for the tournament to be discontinued and that it was a waste of time and talent. He was more aggressive against the tournament after India striker Sunil Chhetri injured himself in the 2009 Santosh Trophy and had to miss the Nehru Cup. As a result, national team players were not allowed to participate in the tournament. This was also eventually reverted. In 2013 it was revealed that the AIFF decided that I-League players would not be allowed to participate in the Santosh Trophy.
	The following teams participated in the tournament during the 2017–18 qualifiers.
	The following is the list of winners and runners-up from every edition of the Santosh Trophy

= = = Mondialement vôtre = = =

	Mondialement vôtre is a multi-language album released by Dalida in 1982.
	This album contains new French single material, plus other language versions of Dalida previous hits and a new Arabic Medley called "Aghani Aghani" that is the biggest hit of the album.
	This Medley became a huge hit in the Arab World and shot to number 1 on radio Airplay charts of all Arab countries from Lebanon to Egypt, Jordan, Maghreb, Tunis, Syria and Gulf countries. The Medley is still played heavily in Arab Night Clubs (notably in Lebanon), in weddings, school plays and on Arab Radio stations.
	Dalida did a world tour after the release of this album and was on demand in all Arab countries that she toured during this period.
	Am tag als de regen kam is the biggest hit of Dalida in Germany back in 1959 and since then the song became a classical Oldies song. Dalida recorded 2 new versions of the song, a disco dance version and a new ballad version. Both versions were released in East Germany and heavily promoted on German RDA TV.
	This double sided single was released in France and the rest of French speaking territories to moderate success. Dalida sang "Confidences sur la fréquence" with a little boy called "Antoine" who was a Radio presenter at the time. The song was performed on many TV shows, mostly live.

= = = Jegun = = =

	Jegun is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.
	The village lies from Auch.
	The village was founded in the 11th century and fortified around 1180 by Bernard IV, count of Armagnac. It is a bastide, the original layout is still preserved today.
	In 1577, Henri de Navarre, also known as Henry IV, hid in one of the streets ("La Grande Rue", the central street of the village) to escape enemy troops commanded by Villars, the Governor of Guyenna.
	None. But there are plenty of barking dogs...

= = = Sunset Rubdown (EP) = = =

	Sunset Rubdown is an EP by Sunset Rubdown. It was released in January 2006 on the Global Symphonic label. Following the release of Krug's solo album "Snake's Got a Leg", Sunset Rubdown acquired three new band members. Before their first collaborative release, "Shut Up I Am Dreaming", Krug released "Sunset Rubdown" which consisted of his more solo material.
	All songs written and recorded by Spencer Krug.

= = = Xiaolingwei = = =

	Xiaolingwei (孝陵卫) is a city located in Jiangsu, China, and is near Nanjing. It is south of Nanjing's Zhongshan Gate and southeast of the Ming Dynasty imperial tombs of Nanjing. The city has a population of 66,031, making it the 35th largest city in Jiangsu. It operates on the CDT time zone, the same as Nanjing. It is situated 14 meters above sea level.
	Xiaolingwei is 227 kilometers away from Shanghai and 888 kilometers away from Beijing.

= = = Les p'tits mots = = =

'Les p'tits mots' is a French language album released by Dalida in 1983.
	The album was well received by critics and achieved fair commercial success in France, Canada, Lebanon and Belgium.
	The album contained less upbeat dance songs and more biographical and love songs. "Lucas" touches the theme of Dalida's being childless, "Mourir sur scène" expresses her wish to die while still at the height of fame, and "Bravo" about the misfortunes of fame.
	Dalida began promotion for the album in Canada during the month of April 1983. Being the guest of honour in the Tele-Quebec Telethon television special in which she performed five songs from the album.
	To promote the album in France, Dalida recorded a one-hour TV special called "Formule Un" with then number one French television programme "Les Carpentiers". She performed seven songs from the new album on "Les Carpentiers", with the most notable performance being the haunting "Mourir sur scène" rendition.
	Dalida only released the following double sided singles of this album Les p'tits mots / Mourir sur scène before releasing an updated version of the album that included two new recordings, namely "Femme", a cover of a Charlie Chaplin movie theme called "Smile", and the song "Ton prénom dans mon coeur", a cover of the love theme from "Jeux Interdits", which had previously been sung with other lyrics by French singer Mireille Mathieu.
	Dalida released from the second album the double sided singles Femme / Le restaurant Italien and performed the song "Femme" on various French TV shows.
	Back in 1983, the song "Mourir sur scène" was considered one of the most beautiful songs Dalida had ever recorded and both singles enjoyed a fair amount of success in the French charts with the record going Gold by the end of its run.
	After Dalida's death, the song "Mourir sur scène" took a huge meaning and became one of her most legendary songs.
	The song's music and powerful lyrics say that the only desire of the singer is to die on stage where she was born and the singer talks with death during the verses symbolically asking death not to strike when the singer is sleeping alone in the shadows.
	Dalida's live performances of this song during her concerts were so powerful and sincere that it was always followed by a standing ovation.
	The song became immensely popular and is now considered a classical French pop ballad of the 1980s and one of Dalida's trademarks and signature tracks.
	A remix of the song was released in 1995 and got a lot of radio airplay but the original version of the song is the most widely played on radio stations in all French speaking countries to this day.
	Dalida recorded the song in French, English, Spanish and Italian, whilst Shirley Bassey included the English version of the song in her repertoire and performed it during her live concerts in the early nineties.
	"Femme" is a Charlie Chaplin movie theme that have been recorded by Dalida in 1983 after receiving the blessings from Charlie Chaplin family and rights owners.
	Dalida widely performed "Femme" on French television and there are no less than 18 performances of the song on French television.
	Dalida performed this song with four male dancers around her as part of the song's choreography.
	Dalida chose from this album the songs "Le restaurant italien" and "Les p'tits mots" to record in German and release them as singles in Germany.
	Dalida promoted this release through various German TV appearances in prime time shows most notably the Roberto Blanco Show.

= = = Arlington County, Virginia, street-naming system = = =

	This article details the street-naming system of Arlington County, Virginia in the United States.
	Although the streets of Arlington County are not laid out on a grid plan, its local streets follow sequential numbered or alphabetic patterns that are both rational and provide address numbering information.
	A numbered and alphabetical street-naming scheme suggests that Arlington is or once was laid out on a continuous rectilinear grid plan, which in many parts of the County it is not (although very few parts of the County are laid out using the cul-de-sac type development which is more common in the outer Washington, DC suburbs). Originally, the various communities in the county had independent street-naming conventions. However, when county officials asked the United States Postal Service to place the entire county in a single "Arlington, Virginia" postal area, the USPS refused to do so until the county had a unified addressing system, which the county developed in 1932. For that reason, and also because Arlington contains a number of locations that interrupt the road grid network (including military facilities, parks, golf courses, and limited-access highways), it is common for streets to terminate and continue later on in another location. Arlington now has a policy of adding to the street grid when feasible as part of new development—for example, connections for Quinn Street and Troy Street were recently added to the Master Transportation Plan between Wilson and Clarendon Boulevards.
	Arlington Boulevard (U.S. Route 50) bisects Arlington County into northern and southern sections, except for a few streets between Fort Myer Military Reservation and Arlington Boulevard, which are designated north even though they are south of Arlington Boulevard.
	East–west streets are designated by an ordinal number followed by a designation as either a street, road, place, or avenue, and a north or south designation. The numbers begin on either side of Arlington Boulevard and increase moving away from it. Therefore, 1st Street North is immediately north of Arlington Boulevard and 1st Street South is immediately south of it.
	North-south streets are named and alphabetized (through first letter only) starting at the Potomac River in the east. Progressing westward, the alphabetizing sequence is:
	Arlington's local numbered and named streets are not through streets, except for a few streets in North Arlington, and thus each number or name can appear multiple times at multiple locations in the county but always according to the grid. For example, there are several 12th Streets South or North Kensington Streets in various areas of the county. In cases where more names are needed to avoid confusion in areas of denser street construction, numbered (east–west) streets are first designated "street", then "road," then "place," and in one instance, "avenue". For example, 37th Street North, 37th Road North, and 37th Place North are all in the same general area. Named (north–south) local streets follow rules regarding initial letter and syllable number but there can be multiple street names with the same initial letter number of syllables, almost all ending with "street". For example, North Kenilworth Street, North Kensington Street, and North Kentucky Street are all in the same area.
	Major arteries or historical roads are exempt from the naming and numbering system. Named streets with the designation "road," "pike," or "highway" instead of "street" usually predate the system and follow early winding routes. "Boulevards" and "drives" are generally major thoroughfares with historic names. Boulevards usually run east–west and drives, which were constructed on former trolley lines, run north–south but are designated as north and south only when they appear on both sides of Arlington Boulevard.
	Notable exceptions include:
	Address numbers can be determined from the numbers or names of intersecting streets. Addresses on north–south routes, including exceptions from the numbering and naming system, follow the numbers of intersecting (or implied intersections of) numbered streets. For example, 2005 South Glebe Road would lie just beyond the intersection of South Glebe Road and 20th Street South. Addresses on east–west, including exceptions from the numbering and naming system, are based on the intersecting (or implied intersections of) named streets with each letter/syllable combination representing 100 address numbers. The chart below shows the block numbers on east–west streets. Full-Lot houses often skip 4 numbers in between houses, and town homes generally skip two; while the opposite side of the street is offset by one number, so that one side can be even, and one odd. 
	Addresses on the south and west (left) sides of the streets are even-numbered. Below is a complete list of named (north–south) streets within the system.
	This list includes only those streets which appear as part of the naming system, excluding historical exceptions, and major boulevards or drives.

= = = Pasir Ris–Punggol Group Representation Constituency = = =

	Pasir Ris–Punggol Group Representation Constituency (Traditional Chinese: 白沙–榜鵝集選區;Simplified Chinese: 白沙–榜鹅集选区) is a six-member Group Representation Constituency (GRC) in the north-eastern region of Singapore. The constituency consists of Pasir Ris, Punggol and Compassvale in central Sengkang and small sections of Tampines and Paya Lebar. Formed during the 2001 general election as a five-member GRC, it has been held by the People's Action Party. With the growth in population of Punggol New Town and Sengkang New Town, the GRC grew from a five-member GRC to a six-member GRC prior to the 2006 elections. In 2011, Punggol East was carved out as a SMC while the Punggol West division was formed, and in 2015, parts of Buangkok and Hougang (of the Punggol South division) were split off into Ang Mo Kio GRC, while the northern portions of Punggol were formed to create the division of Punggol Coast, retaining its six seats.
	Its first contest happened in 2006 with the opponent being Singapore Democratic Alliance. For the 2011 general election, the incumbent People's Action Party has announced that their team would be led by Teo Chee Hean, and include then-Senior Parliamentary Secretary Teo Ser Luck, Penny Low, as well as new candidates Janil Puthucheary, Gan Thiam Poh and Zainal Sapari.
	Pasir Ris–Punggol GRC is both led by Senior Minister and Co-ordinating Minister for National Security Teo Chee Hean and the Secretary-General of NTUC and Minister in Prime Minister Office Ng Chee Meng.

= = = Koenigswarter = = =

	Koenigswarter is a surname, derived from the Bohemian town of Königswart. Members of the ennobled Königswarter family include:

= = = Dali (Dalida album) = = =

	Dali is a French-language album released in 1984 by French singer Dalida.
	This album sees new collaborations with French song writers like Didier Barbelivien, Claude Barzotti, and François Valéry among others. The album also includes a lot of covers of international hits like I Just Called to Say I Love You (Pour te dire je t'aime), Against All Odds (Toutes ces heures loin de toi), Baby, Come to Me (C'etait mon ami) and Kalimba de Luna. 
	Dalida promoted three main singles from the album, appearing frequently on French television during 1984. She also enjoyed many TV appearances on German TV and went back to Italy for a few TV shows after a 4-year break from Italian television. Dalida also launched her last big tour in France performing every night in front of sell-out crowds throughout France. 
	To promote the album, a television special later released on VHS called Dalida Idéale was filmed in 1984, and directed by Jean-Christophe Averty. Although highly campy, this television special includes Dalida singing in 7 languages and dancing her way through a huge number of her earlier hits. 
	It was "Soleil" that gained favorable reviews and popularity especially in the French-speaking world where it became an all time favorite summer hit.
	"L'Innamorata" was not included in the album though it was performed on many TV shows in France.
	Dalida recorded "Soleil" in Italian and went on to promote the single in Italy performing it in 2 TV shows.
	This marks the last TV appearance of Dalida on Italian television.
	"Kalimba de Luna" was released in the last quarter of 1984. Like "Femme", Dalida had a dancing routine for this song and was usually surrounded by 4 dancers for her TV performances of this song.
	This marks the last "dance" single released by Dalida and the last time Dalida performs a dance routine for a new release.
	The song like the other single releases of this year failed to get huge sales although it was a radio hit and widely publicized with Dalida promoting it on various TV appearances in France, Belgium and Canada.
	Her end of year release of the cover "Pour te dire je t'aime" became her last big hit and was number one on NRJ radio FM.
	The song got a lot of TV promotion from the end of 1984 through 1985, getting Dalida yet another gold record.
	Dalida recorded during 1984 another German version of her famous "Paroles Paroles" with Harald Juhnke for a TV special.
	She released subsequently the song with a new German single called "Nein zärtlich bist du nich" and did one German TV appearance to promote both singles.
	During 1985, Dalida didn't release a new album, but she did release a summer single, another cover of a huge hit: "Last Christmas" became "Reviens moi". The song was a minor hit and Dalida only promoted it for a couple of months in France and Belgium. The B-side was an album song by Didier Barbelivien called "La pensiona Bianca". Promotional singles of this song were published and TV promotion of the song was done on many TV shows by Dalida. 
	One of the best songs on the album, "Pour en arriver là" was not picked up as a single during 1984 but was released as a farewell single after Dalida's death in 1987. The song is autobiographical, telling how she lost her private life in order to maintain her fame.

= = = Juqu Anzhou = = =

	Juqu Anzhou (; died 460) is viewed by some historians as a ruler of the Xiongnu states Northern Liang, as after the state's territory was largely seized by Northern Wei in 439, and his older brother Juqu Mujian (Prince Ai) was captured by Northern Wei, Juqu Anzhou's brother Juqu Wuhui tried to hold out against Northern Wei, initially on Northern Liang's old territory, and later, after that attempt failed, at Gaochang. Juqu Anzhou succeeded Juqu Wuhui after Juqu Wuhui's death in 444, and he continued to use the title of Prince of Hexi, a title used by his brothers and previously by his father Juqu Mengxun (Prince Wuxuan). Chinese historians dispute over whether Juqu Wuhui and Juqu Anzhou should be considered Northern Liang rulers or not, and most consider Juqu Mujian the final prince of Northern Liang.
	It is not known when Juqu Anzhou was born. The first historical reference to him was in 431, when Juqu Mengxun sent him to visit the Northern Wei capital Pingcheng (平城, in modern Datong, Shanxi). The next reference to him was in 439, when the Northern Liang capital Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu) was captured by Northern Wei forces, and Juqu Mujian was seized by Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei, and Northern Wei forces attacked remaining cities held by Juqu clan holdouts. Juqu Anzhou was the governor of Ledu Commandery (樂都, in modern Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai) at this point, and he abandoned Ledu and fled to Tuyuhun. By winter 441, however, he had joined Juqu Wuhui at Dunhuang, and Juqu Wuhui, who had recently lost Jiuquan to Northern Wei, wanted to try to reestablish his rule in the Western Regions ("Xiyu", modern Xinjiang and former Soviet Central Asia). He sent Juqu Anzhou to attack Shanshan, but Juqu Anzhou could not capture it initially. In 442, however, Juqu Wuhui arrived to join him, and the king of Shanshan, in fear, fled, and Juqu Wuhui took over Shanshan. Later that year, they would relocate to Gaochang. In 444, Juqu Wuhui died, and Juqu Anzhou succeeded him.
	Late in 444, Emperor Wen of Liu Song officially created Juqu Anzhou the Prince of Hexi. Very little is known about his reign at Gaochang, other than that he continued to use Juqu Wuhui's era name of "Chengping", and that after he seized the forces under the command of Juqu Wuhui's son Juqu Ganshou (沮渠乾壽), Juqu Ganshou surrendered to Northern Wei. It appeared that Juqu Anzhou tried to maintain a good relationship with Rouran. However, in 460, for reasons unknown, Rouran attacked Gaochang and killed Juqu Anzhou, and then his clan. Rouran forces made Kan Bozhou (闞伯周) the King of Gaochang instead.

= = = Frank De Stefano = = =

	Frank De Stefano (born 1948) was mayor and councillor of Geelong, Victoria from 1983 to 1993. In 1988 De Stefano was awarded the Order of Australia medal for his services to migrant communities. De Stefano resigned from the Order on 2 October 2008. In 2003 he was imprisoned for ten years on twelve theft charges totalling A$8,606,101.47.
	De Stefano operated an accountancy business in Geelong from 1978 until 19 April 2000, when he was asked to report to the Geelong police station. He cooperated with police and detailed his theft of approximately $8 million from clients.
	De Stefano was bailed, and on 13 March 2003, later appeared in the Supreme Court of Victoria for sentencing where he was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment with a minimum period of seven years. Some of those he stole from included Tomislav Papic, a quadriplegic who was awarded a record A$6 million settlement in a successful lawsuit against the Geelong Hospital. Justice Kellam referred to the thefts of Papic's compensation payout as "heartless", saying at De Stefano's sentencing hearing,
	The theft of $4.98 million from Nexus (Geelong) Pty Ltd is particularly callous and cruel. It was a gross breach of the trust reposed in you. You met with Tomislav Papic on numerous occasions. There can be no doubt that you, at all times, were fully aware of the nature of the grievous injuries from which he suffered and the fact that he required the funds achieved by him as compensation for his horrendous accident to achieve any degree of independence and dignity. The theft by you of his funds took away his independence. Clearly, that must have been known by you. Your conduct in relation to this count was in my view heartless. Tomislav Papic died in October 2001. The victim impact statement filed by his father sets out clearly the trauma that he and his family suffered by reason of your theft. I have no difficulty in accepting the statement of his father that the period of time between April 2000 and the time of his death was a "nightmare" for both Tomislav Papic and his parents.
	De Stefano gambled approximately A$6.6 million during many visits to Crown Casino in Melbourne and spending the remainder (approx. A$1.5 million) on personal expenses, including travel, renovations on his Eastern Beach (Geelong) home and donations to the Liberal Party.
	De Stefano was charged with twelve charges of theft. He admitted to all counts, totalling over $8 million from clients as follows:
	Geelong Football Club President, Frank Costa described De Stefano as a hero to Geelong's Italian community, saying
	"He was a fellow who did an awful lot of very, very good community work in Geelong, that's why it was such as shock to everybody. He was heavily involved in many forms of community support. He was on the council for many years, he was Mayor, he did an awful lot for migrants coming into Geelong."
	De Stefano gave evidence on four occasions as a witness in the committal and trials of law clerk Julian Michael Clarke in the murder of Keith William Allan. The first occasion was the committal of Clarke at the Melbourne Magistrates Court before Magistrate Barbara Cottrell on 3 July 2003. The other occasions were during Clarke's three trials in the Supreme Court of Victoria. These were at the first trial before Justice Philip Cummins on 1 March 2004, the second trial before Justice David Byrne on 15 May 2006, and the third trial before Justice John Coldrey on 2 April 2007.
	Clarke was one of three persons convicted for murdering Allan at the first and third trials. The verdict at the first trial was annulled by the Victorian Court of Appeal owing to a legal technicality. The second trial was aborted due to a hung jury. Clarke and the other accused were again found guilty at the third trial. Appeals subsequent to this were all unsuccessful. Allan was murdered in May 2000 and his body has never been found.
	De Stefano told the jury during cross-examination at each trial that he was borrowing large sums of money from Clarke to feed his own gambling addiction, and had met Clarke when frequenting the Crown Casino high rollers room. He said all loans from Clarke were repaid within 24 hours. David Pearson, forensic accountant with the Victoria Police Major Fraud Group, told the jury that De Stefano was laundering money via Clarke using a series of round robin financial transactions channelled through Allan's trust account totalling $3,75 million. These funds were eventually converted into cheques payable to Crown Casino Much of the money laundered had been replaced, but $140,000 lent to De Stefano was still outstanding.
	As of March 2007, there is still a street named after him in North Geelong. This is a rare honour for a living convicted criminal.
	It was reported in the "Geelong Advertiser" on 23 June 2009 that De Stefano would serve out the remainder of his sentence in home detention.
	De Stefano will be released from prison and tagged electronically on 13 July, six months earlier than the minimum term of seven years he was sentenced to.
	The Adult Parole Board deemed De Stefano to be a 'suitable candidate' in a hearing held during the third week of June 2009.
	The Parole Board disclosed that De Stefano, who was bankrupted whilst in jail, would not serve his home detention in Geelong.

= = = Le visage de l'amour = = =

	Le visage de l'amour is the last album Dalida released a year before her death. It was also her first album to be made as a CD format. The name "Le visage de l'amour" is usually used by Dalida to describe her public and her fans, it was picked up by the big French artist Charles Trenet who decided to write a song for Dalida bearing this name. It eventually became the name of her last album.
	Dalida didn't promote the album like she used to do for her former releases, appearing only for a week of promotion on French TV.
	Subsequently the album failed to chart upon its release but did chart right after Dalida's death in 1987 entering the top 20 for 2 weeks.
	The album is a collection of rather moody to sad songs while containing a dance number called "Mama Caraibo" and that was later disregarded by Dalida herself who didn't like the song quality.
	Two singles of the album were already released and heavily promoted in 1985 but failed to chart.
	Another 2 songs were released and poorly promoted upon the outing of the album but the whole project was a little neglected due to Dalida filming and releasing the most important movie of her career, a picture by Egyptian director Youssef Chahine called Le sixième jour. This movie earned huge positive reviews from movie critics all over the world praising Dalida's performance but the movie was not a commercial success. Nevertheless, this movie remains a strong proof of Dalida's acting talent and a great addition to her legacy.
	This double sided single was released in 1985 to secure Dalida's presence on French Television. 
	Dalida promoted the singles through all her TV appearances in the second half of the year 1985.
	Poorly promoted, this double sided single didn't gain much commercial success and this was also the reason why the album failed to chart upon its release.
	Upon release of the movie of the same name, Dalida went on to promote her movie and performed the song on various TV shows during that period.
	Dalida's last TV appearance in February 1987 was to perform a live rendition of this title.
	The song charted only after Dalida's death in May 1987 adding up to its initial sales and winning a Gold certification.
	"Les hommes de ma vie" like "Pour en arriver là" was released as a postmortem single due to its biographical natural.
	The beautiful song sums up the tragic love life of Dalida and describes that she ended up alone with the public as her only source of love.
	France album charts : #20 (2 weeks, 1987)

= = = 1st Gibraltar Brigade = = =

	The 1st Gibraltar Brigade was a British Army unit created in 1941 as a fortress brigade on Gibraltar. It remained as such throughout the Second World War. The brigade was a part of The Gibraltar Defence Force, established as a result of no local military force presence on the rock prior to the war. The Gibraltar Defence Force was a small anti aircraft unit that expanded as the war went on. As a part of the Gibraltar Defence Force, it was crucial to the war effort. Gibraltar's significance cannot be underplayed as it is known by many as the key to the strait. Even Gibraltar's coat of arms is a shield with a three towered castle with a golden key underneath. This shows the significance of the rock as the key to the strait. The first bombing of Gibraltar in 1940 did little to break morale and actually stiffened resolve among Gibraltarians. Some of which then decided to join the fight, as a part of the Gibraltar Defence Force. The rock was the choke point of Mediterranean Maritime activity and was crucial to the war effort for Britain and her allies. The rock had long been one of the most sought after location's for many empires. It was even considered "The Greatest Thoroughfare of Trade and Commerce in the World". The 1st Gibraltar Brigade and The Gibraltar Defence Force would be one of the most significant for the success of Britain and her allies. 
	The strait was one of the most significant points of interest for many years prior to the war and during a wartime effort, it is obvious that this fact would not change. Of course then, the unit or units stationed to defend this key point of interest would be extremely crucial to the success of the war effort for those that controlled it. This was exactly the case for Britain and her allies. The Gibraltar Defence Force was created, on March 13th, 1941, to defend the rock and maintain British presence at one of the most crucial points of the Mediterranean Sea. The mouth of the Mediterranean was a choke point for all maritime activity in the sea and Gibraltar acted as the key to that point. Gibraltar was also the key to the strait as well and was the way into Spain from the Mediterranean. As part of the Gibraltar Defence Force, The 1st Gibraltar Brigade's significance is equal to that of the rock itself. Those that fought bravely to ensure Gibraltar remained in allied control were massive players in the scope of the war whether they knew it themselves or not. 

= = = Jules Bass = = =

	Jules Bass (born September 16, 1935) is an American director, producer, composer, lyricist, and author. Until 1960, he worked at a New York advertising agency, and then co-founded a film production company in New York. He joined ASCAP in 1963 and collaborated musically with Edward Thomas and James Polack.
	Bass was born in Philadelphia. Educated at New York University, he first worked at an advertising agency in New York until the early 1960s, when he founded the film production company Videocraft International (now called Rankin/Bass) with his partner Arthur Rankin, Jr. He is known for his collaborations with Arthur Rankin, Jr., co-directing and producing a wide array of stop motion animated features and cartoons, notably the hit cartoon Thundercats (1985-1989). He composed the score for some of these films, collaborating with Maury Laws. Bass also served as lyricist for several songs. He has also solo directed some Rankin/Bass features, such as "Mad Monster Party" (1967) and "The Daydreamer" (1966).
	Bass also wrote for some of the company's specials under the pseudonym "Julian P. Gardner," some of which include "The First Christmas: The Story of the First Christmas Snow", "The Life & Adventures of Santa Claus", and the Emmy Award nominated "The Little Drummer Boy, Book II".
	Bass stopped directing and producing films on March 4, 1987, but most recently he has written a series of children's books, based around the character of "Herb, the Vegetarian Dragon".

= = = Dicky Wells = = =

	William Wells (June 10, 1907 – November 12, 1985), known as Dicky Wells (sometimes Dickie Wells), was an American jazz trombonist.
	Dickie Wells is believed to have been born on June 10, 1907 in Centerville, Tennessee, United States. His brother was trombonist Henry Wells. He moved to New York City in 1926, and became a member of the Lloyd Scott band.
	He played with Count Basie between 1938–1945 and 1947–1950. He also played with Cecil Scott, Spike Hughes, Fletcher Henderson, Benny Carter, Teddy Hill, Jimmy Rushing, Buck Clayton and Ray Charles. In the middle years of the 1960s, Wells toured and performed extensively, and the onset of alcoholism caused him personal problems which led to his semi-retirement. Publication of his autobiography in 1973 helped to steer Wells back to his profession.
	In his later years, Wells suffered a severe beating during a mugging that affected his memory, but he recovered and continued to perform. He played frequently at the West End jazz club at 116th and Broadway, most often with a band called The Countsmen, led by alto saxophonist Earle Warren, his colleague from Count Basie days. A trademark was Wells's "pepper pot" mute which he made himself.
	He died on November 12, 1985, in New York City. Shortly after his death, Wells's family donated his trombone to Rutgers University.
	With Count Basie
	With Dizzy Gillespie
	With Jay McShann
	With Jimmy Rushing 
	With Rex Stewart

= = = Snake's Got a Leg = = =

	Snake's Got a Leg is the debut album of Sunset Rubdown. It was released in July 2005 on the Global Symphonic label.<BR>
	Most of the material on this album was recorded by Spencer Krug using a cheap microphone connected to a standard PC in his bedroom. The songs were compiled from five different EPs, each in a different genre. 
	All songs written and recorded by Spencer Krug (except tracks 3, 5, and 11 were recorded by Arlen Thompson)

= = = Interior Design (album) = = =

	Interior Design is the fifteenth studio album by the American rock band Sparks, released in August 1988 by Fine Art Records.
	"Interior Design" did little in the way to reverse the commercial fortunes of the group, and did not appear on the album charts in the US or the UK. The singles "So Important" and "Just Got Back From Heaven" did better, both of which reached the top ten of the "Billboard" Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart at No. 8 and No. 7 respectively. "Just Got Back From Heaven" also appeared on the Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales chart at No. 24.
	CD versions of the album included a number of bonus tracks including three versions of the LPs final track "Madonna", a remix of "So Important" and the short instrumental "The Big Brass Ring". In 2008, Sparks' own record label Lil' Beethoven Records reissued the album in a digipak sleeve retaining the bonus tracks.
	For unknown reasons, "Interior Design" has been re-released multiple times in various European territories as a budget CD. The most common retitled version is "Just Got Back From Heaven". However, many other versions have been released often utilising images of the mid-seventies Island-era iteration of the band. Other releases market the album as if it were a greatest hits album.
	The alternate titles of "Interior Design" are as follows: "Just Got Back from Heaven" (Soundwings, Success, Hallmark Music & Entertainment), "The World of the Sparks / Madonna" (Trace Trading), "So Important" (Trend, LaserLight Digital), "Gold" (Gold), "The Magic Collection" (ABC Records).

= = = 2006 Liverpool City Council election = = =

	Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on 4 May 2006. One third of the council was up for election and the Liberal Democrat party kept overall control of the council. Overall turnout was 25%.
	After the election, the composition of the council was

= = = Pearson's green tree frog = = =

	The Pearson's green tree frog ("Ranoidea pearsoniana"), also known as the Cascade tree frog, is a species of tree frog inhabiting rainforest creeks from north of Lismore, New South Wales, to Kenilworth, Queensland, with a disjunct population at Kroombit Tops Queensland, Australia.
	The mountain stream tree frog may be conspecific to the Pearson's green tree frog. Morphological differences have not been fully studied yet, but visible physical differences between frogs from Barrington Tops and Dorrigo, New South Wales, in comparison to frogs from south-eastern Queensland and northern New South Wales are discussed in a key on the leaf green tree frog page. These are representative of frogs described as "R. barringtonensis" and "R. pearsoniana".
	The Pearson's tree frog is a small tree frog growing up to 45 mm in length. Its dorsal surface can range from completely light green, to a mixture of green and brown, or mostly brown in color. Usually, black dots are scattered over the dorsal surface, but in some specimens, these dots may not occur. The belly is white or off white. A light brown/yellow stripe starts at the tip of the snout, across the nostril, eye, and tympanum, and then widens and dissipates over the shoulder. This line is underlined with a thicker dark brown line. The tympanum of this species is brown or mostly brown, not green. The tadpoles of the "R. phyllochroa" complex ("R. phyllochroa", southern leaf green tree frog, "R. barringtonensis" and "R. pearsoniana") are very similar in appearance and are difficult to tell apart; range is the best method for distinguishing tadpoles.
	This species inhabits flowing creeks in rainforests and wet sclerophyll forests in highland and coastal areas. Males call from creek-side vegetation during spring and summer. The call is an "eh-eh-eh-eh-eh-eh-ehk", with the sounds getting faster towards the end of the call, almost forming a trill.
	The taxonomy of this species and the mountain stream tree frog is currently under review.
	It is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List, but under Queensland's Nature Conservation Act 1992, it is considered Endangered.

= = = Barnsley and District Tramway = = =

	The Barnsley and District Electric Traction Co was an electric tramway network serving the town of Barnsley, South Yorkshire.
	The tramway was a subsidiary of the British Electric Traction and services begun on 31 October 1902. In early 1898, three companies had applied for local tramway systems, the Barnsley Corporation applied in 1900 for a larger network than it finally built. In 1913, the company began to run motor buses to Hoyland and other points, Electric was dropped form the company name in 1919. the Barnsley company changed its name to Yorkshire Traction Co. in 1928 and abandoned tramway operation in 1930.
	Ignoring Oxford and Bristol, YTC is the largest bus operator to have originated from a tramway company in England.
	The Barnsley electric tramway was a standard gauge line, running from Smithies (near Monk Bretton Colliery) to the south of Barnsley, 2 miles south of the town centre to two termini, at Worsbrough Bridge and Worsbough Dale with a junction at the crossroads of Upper Sheffield Road and Kingwell Road at the Cutting End by the present day Cutting Edge public house. The line ran from the level crossing on Old Mill Lane, down the Barnsley town centre to Sheffield Road and split in two termini down Park Road (Worsbrough) and High Street. At the road junction south of Market Place, the left fork was occupied by the Dearne & District. Both networks were virtually next to each other at this point but never connected.
	The Barnsley tramway was to be larger than it actually were but the Great Central Railway company refused the passing of tramway tracks of its own network, and prevented authorised lines to be built. One of these lines was to push the tramway "away" from Barnsley towards Carlton Road to the North. Other extensions were to extend the tramway into a loop on Park Road (Barnsley) in Locke Park and south from Worsborough Bridge down Park Road (Worsbrough) to Hoyland Common, this extension was also blocked by the GCR.
	The shed stood next to the 1920s bus garage of the same company to the south of Barnsley town centre. The shed had four running tracks and an extensive yard. Overhaul workshops were situated to the back of the shed.
	At the end of tramway operations the depot became a bus depot exclusively, passing to Stagecoach Yorkshire and finally closing for housing development on 20 October 2008. Demolition work started in April 2009.
	Very little of the system survives today apart from a few sawn off overhead wire poles in the cutting of Upper Sheffield Road and the occasional piece of track unearthed during roadworks.
	The Barnsley & District used two types of vehicle:

= = = It Takes Two (Australian TV series) = = =

	It Takes Two was a short-lived Australian music talent show, which ran for three seasons from May 2006 to April 2008. It was based on the original UK programme "Just the Two of Us".
	The show pairs celebrities with professional singers who each week compete against each other in a sing-off to impress a panel of judges and ultimately the viewing public in order to survive potential elimination.
	Through both telephone and SMS voting, viewers vote for the duo they think should remain in the competition. Judges' scores are also taken into account and are combined with the viewer votes when determining which duos stay and go each week.
	The show was originally referred to in the media as "Singing with the Stars", partly because of the similarity in concept to "Dancing with the Stars".
	Grant Denyer hosted "It Takes Two" between 2006 and 2008 with a various of female co-hosts such as Terasa Livingstone, Kate Ritchie and the most recent host from the 2008 season Erika Heynatz.
	The season finale ended with all contestants, judges and hosts singing the show's theme song "It Takes Two", originally performed by Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston. By the end of 2008, Seven Network announced that they had no plans for a fourth season.
	The first season premiered on Sunday 28 May 2006 and concluded on Sunday 6 August 2006. It featured the following celebrities:
	EP = Episode
	S = Swing, P = Pop, R = Rock, M = Movies/Musicals, R&R = Rock & Roll, N1 = Number Ones, B = Ballad, D = Disco, C = Country, PR = Professional Hit, R&B = R&B, FA = Fast, SL = Slow, J = Journey.
	Erika Heynatz and her partner David Hobson were eventually declared the winners, defeating Sarah Ryan and her partner, Guy Sebastian.
	This chart is based on the celebrities averages and not their place in the competition.
	The second season premiered on Tuesday, 8 May 2007 and concluded on Tuesday, 10 July 2007. It featured the following celebrities:
	Week 6 featured a guest judge (Daryl Braithwaite), and scores were out of 50.
	Contestants in weeks 8 & 9 performed two songs, resulting with two scores out of 40, and added to out of 80.
	Contestants in the grand finale performed three songs, with three scores out of 40, and added out of 120.
	This chart is based on the celebrities averages and not their place in the competition.
	The third and final season of "It Takes Two" commenced on Tuesday, 12 February 2008 and concluded on Tuesday, 22 April 2008. Erika Heynatz, winner of the show's first season was the new co-host alongside Grant Denyer. Here's all the celebrities featured in the final season:
	Week 5 featured a guest judge (Dannii Minogue), and scores were still out of 40. She replaced Ross Wilson for the week, as he was unable to attend.
	Contestants in weeks 8 & 9 performed two songs, resulting with "two" scores out of 40, and added to out of 80.
	Contestants in the grand finale will perform three songs, with "three" scores out of 40, and added out of 120.
	This chart is based on the celebrities averages and not their place in the competition.
	Season 1 was a hit for the Seven Network, providing them with solid numbers post , where on a Sunday; Seven had little success up against the Nine Network's "60 Minutes", and "Big Brother" and "Australian Idol" on Network Ten.
	Season 2 moved to a new night and time in 2007: 7:30 pm Tuesdays, airing in the slot usually occupied by the highly successful "Dancing with the Stars". The premiere ranked third for the night, averaging 1.5 million viewers, behind Seven's news programming and ahead of a special extended edition of Nine's "20 to 1" episode "Great Movie One-Liners". The show managed to stay in the top 3 of the rating, and proved to be very successful for the Seven Network.
	In Season 3, with only one season of "Dancing with the Stars" to air later in 2008, "It Takes Two" was moved to February, however retained the highly successful timeslot of 7:30 pm on Tuesdays.

= = = Great Hall of the University of Sydney = = =

	The Great Hall of the University of Sydney, is one of the principal structures of The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, with a public interior used for formal ceremonies, conferences, recitals and dinners. The Hall, located in the Main Quadrangle on the campus, is a symbol of the university's stately history and an excellent example of Victorian Academic Gothic revival architecture. Completed in July 1859, the Great Hall soon became a tourist attraction; the writer Anthony Trollope wrote home in 1874 that the Hall was "the finest chamber in the colonies", and that no college of Oxford or Cambridge possessed a hall "of which the proportions are so good".
	The Great Hall, Main Quadrangle and the East Range of the University of Sydney were listed on the City of Sydney local government heritage list in 1999; where the collection of buildings are described as ""... probably the most significant group of Gothic Revival Buildings in Australia.""
	Designed by Sir Edmund Thomas Blacket (1817–1883), the Great Hall lies at the most northeastern point of the university Quadrangle - dominating the sweeping lawns of University Place, as well as University Avenue, which overlooks Victoria Park. Blacket was appointed Colonial Architect of New South Wales from 1849–1854. He resigned from this position in 1855 to pursue the design of new buildings for the University - supervising both their development, and construction, until their completion in 1862. Blacket's other notable achievements include the design of St. Paul's College and the alteration of the original construction of St. Andrew's Cathedral in Sydney, from architect James Hume's original design.
	The Great Hall was completed in July 1859, and represents one of Blacket's finest accomplishments. On 18 July 1859, degrees were first conferred upon graduates by the University in a formal ceremony in the Hall. 
	During 1881–1882, a Forster & Andrews pipe organ was installed, later to be replaced in 1972 by the present organ, manufactured by Rudolf von Beckerath of Hamburg, Germany; and installed with the assistance of Ronald Sharp.
	The organ has three manuals and pedals, a mechanical key and electric stop action, 54 stops, 79 ranks and 4005 pipes. The cedar case was constructed in the University’s Joinery Shop, and blends with the architecture of the Great Hall. Looking towards the organ, the three manual and pedal console can be seen on the left. Above it are large principal pipes from the Great division (middle keyboard), with the rest of the Great pipes situated immediately behind these display pipes. Above the Great is the Swell division (top keyboard), which is the expressive section of the instrument enclosed in a large wooden box with front shutters operated by the Swell pedal at the console. In the centre of the gallery, jutting out into the hall, is the Ruckpositiv division (bottom keyboard), and on the right side, the Pedal division.
	The Great Hall is recognised as one of the finest examples of the Victorian Gothic revival style of architecture in Australia, in a design that reflects, and harmoniously complements the University Quadrangle of which it forms part. A feature of the Great Hall is the sloped roof, built in hammerbeam style to resemble that of Westminster Hall in London. The arched design of the roof is supported by six collar cedar beams, and is architecturally reminiscent of such British interiors as those of Stirling Castle, Hampton Court and Etham Castle, all equally typical of Gothic constructions.
	Twelve carved wooden figures of angels are located among the beams holding items that reference the arts and sciences ­– Grammar has a papyrus roll, Dialectic has Aristotle’s diagram of the three syllogistic figures, Poetry has a harp, Ethics has a St Mary’s lily, Metaphysics has a symbol of the Deity, Arithmetic has an abacus, Geometry has the 47th proposition of the first book of Euclid, Astronomy has a star, Music has a lyre, and Physics has an ancient air pump. An angel of knowledge originally sat atop the eastern gable, however was removed in 1874.
	The marble floor, elevated upon the western side of the hall, mirrors the dais found in Westminster Hall, upon which the throne of King Richard II stood. The armorial bearings upon the southern side of the Hall, as well as the frame of the Oriel window, have been carved of Caen stone. The walls are otherwise constructed of Sydney sandstone, with a floor of marble.

= = = Voces Thules = = =

	Voces Thules is an Icelandic music ensemble formed in 1992. The ensemble consists of five male singers (Eggert Pálsson, Einar Jóhannesson, Eiríkur Hreinn Helgason, Eyjólfur Eyjólfsson and Sigurður Halldórsson) who have studied in Reykjavík, London and Vienna, specialicing in Icelandic medieval and contemporary music. Apart from working with Voces Thules, the members have individual careers as instrumentalists and singers.
	Voces Thules have performed at various international festivals, such as the 20th anniversary of the Utrecht Early Music Festival in the Netherlands, and at the 50th anniversary of the Bergen International Arts Festival, where Voces Thules performed two concerts with medieval music from Icelandic manuscripts. The ensemble has recorded for radio and television and in 2006 released "Office of Saint Thorlak" ("Þorlákstíðir"), the only Icelandic saint, based on a manuscript from around 1400. They later performed from that album at the Reykjavik Cathedral in honour of the 800th anniversary of Thorlak's enshrinement. They were nominated for the Nordic Council Music Prize 2008.

= = = Francis Leigh Walsh = = =

	Francis Leigh Walsh (March 12, 1789 – October 14, 1884) was a political figure in Upper Canada.
	He was born in Harford County, Maryland in 1789, the son of Thomas Welch, a United Empire Loyalist. He came to Norfolk County with his family in 1793. In 1810, he became registrar for Norfolk County, succeeding his father. He served in the local militia during the War of 1812, becoming captain in 1824. He represented Norfolk in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada from 1820 to 1828 and from 1834 to 1836. In 1821, he was named justice of the peace in the London District and, in 1838, in the Talbot District.
	He died in Simcoe in 1884.
	His son, Aquila Walsh, served in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and the House of Commons of Canada.

= = = Potong Pasir Single Member Constituency = = =

	Potong Pasir Single Member Constituency (; ; ) is a Single Member Constituency (SMC) in the central region of Singapore. Established in 1968, this constituency encompasses the town of Potong Pasir, Blocks 210 to 224 of Lorong 8 Toa Payoh, the Sennett and Tannery private estates, as well as the Alkaff Neighborhood of the upcoming Bidadari estate. The People's Action Party (PAP)'s Sitoh Yih Pin has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Potong Pasir SMC since 2011. It was carved out of Aljunied in 1968.
	The constituency's most famous MP is Mr Chiam See Tong, who currently leads the Singapore People's Party. Back when he was with the Singapore Democratic Party, he defeated the People's Action Party's candidate, Mah Bow Tan (who would later become a Cabinet Minister and MP for Tampines GRC) in the 1984 general election, as well as other candidates such as Sitoh Yih Pin and Andy Gan Lai Chiang.
	Between 2001 and 2011, this seat was one of only two opposition seats in the Parliament of Singapore (the other being Hougang SMC, held by the Workers' Party's Low Thia Khiang). Since Chiam entered Parliament in 1984, this makes him the longest-serving opposition MP in Singapore's history.
	The seat has always been a hotly contested seat in the general elections. In the 2001 general election, Chiam won the seat by 751 votes to Sitoh, clinching 52.4% of the votes. Chiam subsequently improved his winning margin to 55.8% in the 2006 general election.
	In 2011, Chiam, as well as Low, experimented with leading a team to contest a nearby GRC (in Chiam's case, the Bishan-Toa Payoh GRC). Unlike Low and his party (who won both the GRC they contested as well as his original seat), Chiam and his party were defeated by the PAP in both constituencies. Not only were Chiam and his team defeated in Bishan-Toa Payoh, they also lost Potong Pasir to the PAP's Sitoh, who defeated Chiam's successor (and wife), Lina Loh Woon Lee on a marginal percentage of 0.72%. After that election, Mrs Lina Chiam became a Non-constituency MP (NCMP), having been the best performing loser at the polls.
	In 2015, Sitoh retained his seat, this time with 66.41% of the votes, again defeating Mrs Lina Chiam. With Chiam illegible for a seat as an NCMP since she was not one of the best performing losers at that year's polls, this concluded a 31-year long streak of the Chiam family's presence in Parliament.
	The next General Elections will have to be called by January 2021.
	Since early 2018, the Singapore People's Party's Jose Raymond has been actively canvassing on the ground in Potong Pasir.

= = = Boban Babunski = = =

	Boban Babunski (; born 5 May 1968) is a Macedonian retired footballer who played as a central defender, and a coach.
	Babunski was born in Skopje, Macedonia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On the club level he started playing with hometown's FK Vardar, then spent two seasons in Bulgaria with PFC CSKA Sofia to become of the first Macedonians to compete in the A Football Group. After two solid years in the Spanish second division with UE Lleida he played the same time in Japan, at Gamba Osaka.
	Babunski retired professionally in 2001 at the age of 33, after stints with AEK Athens FC, CD Logroñés, K. Sint-Truidense V.V. and Chemnitzer FC – he left Germany in December 2000, signing with native FK Rabotnichki – the second and the last teams two also in the respective countries' second level.
	Babunski was capped two times for Yugoslavia in 1991. Subsequently, during seven years, he played 23 matches and scored once for the newly formed Macedonia.
	Babunski began his coaching career as assistant in the Macedonian national side, under Slobodan Santrač. When the latter resigned on 23 August 2005 he was appointed interim manager but, on 17 February of the following year, Srečko Katanec took over the job on a permanent basis.
	On 23 July 2009, Babunski was signed as head coach of Macedonian First Football League champions Rabotnichki, also from Skopje, winning the domestic cup in his sole season. Four years later he returned to the national team.
	Babunski's sons, David and Dorian, are also footballers. The former played youth football with FC Barcelona, whilst the latter did the same at Real Madrid.

= = = Motel California = = =

	Motel California is the third album by the American rock band Ugly Kid Joe. The CD was released on October 22, 1996. "Motel California" is the last full-length studio album until 2015. They disbanded in January 1997 and reformed in January 2010. It received lukewarm reviews and was a commercial failure.
	The title is a parody of the Eagles' album, "Hotel California". The song "Rage Against the Answering Machine" is a pun on the name of the Los Angeles rock band Rage Against the Machine.

= = = Lionel W. McKenzie = = =

	Lionel Wilfred McKenzie (January 26, 1919 – October 12, 2010) was an American economist. He was the Wilson Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Rochester. He was born in Montezuma, Georgia. He completed undergraduate studies at Duke University in 1939 and subsequently moved to Oxford that year as a Rhodes Scholar. McKenzie worked with the Cowles Commission while it was in Chicago and served as an assistant professor at Duke from 1948–1957. Having received his Ph.D at Princeton University in 1956, McKenzie moved to Rochester where he was responsible for the establishment of the graduate program in economics.
	McKenzie has been the recipient of numerous professional awards, including the Guggenheim Fellowship in 1973, election to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1978, the Order of the Rising Sun in 1995 and honorary doctorates from Keio University in 1998 and Kyoto University in 2004. The latter three reflect the success of his many Japanese students. McKenzie has been referred to as "the father of the mathematical economists in Japan".
	His research focused on general equilibrium and capital theory. Although most widely known as a co-creator of the Arrow–Debreu–McKenzie model, he also published a book and numerous research papers, including:
	The 1954 paper provided the first proof of the existence of a general equilibrium, using Kakutani's fixed point theorem. Another proof, by Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu, was published in the next issue of the same journal.
	The 1957 paper appears to include the first derivation of Shephard's lemma in the context of consumer theory.
	In 2014, Till Düppe and E. Roy Weintraub published a book arguing that McKenzie was unfairly excluded from the Nobel Prizes which both Arrow and Debreu won for work on general equilibrium theory.

= = = Gratuitous Sax &amp; Senseless Violins = = =

	Gratuitous Sax & Senseless Violins is the 16th album by American rock band Sparks. It was released in 1994, after an absence from the music industry of 6 years.
	Sparks' last album was released in 1988, and while it scored a couple of club hits in the US, had not been commercially successful. Critically the group had been receiving mixed reviews since their 1984 album "Pulling Rabbits Out of a Hat". While promoting "Interior Design", Sparks banded together with the French duo Les Rita Mitsouko and released the single "Singing in the Shower" which was a moderate hit in France. Sparks then went on a temporary hiatus while the brothers spent the late 1980s and early 1990s concentrating on film-making, particularly an attempt to make a Japanese comic strip, "Mai, The Psychic Girl", into a movie. They had hoped to have Tsui Hark direct with the actress-musician Christi Haydon voicing the lead character. Russell Mael had initially met Haydon when he admired her look while she was working on the cosmetics counter of a department store . Haydon's only experience at the time had been as a long running extra of the TV show "". Despite interest from Tim Burton and six years' work on the project, it came to nothing. 
	In 1993 Sparks returned to the studio and released the stand-alone single "National Crime Awareness Week", and wrote and produced the single "Katharine Hepburn" for Christi Haydon. "Gratuitous Sax & Senseless Violins" followed in November the next year. It was produced by the duo without an additional backing band. The album had a sound that returned towards the European-synthesizer orientated sound of "No. 1 In Heaven". However the songs retained an emphasis on pop song structure and a sound that was only slightly removed from that of Pet Shop Boys. The album was toured with Christi Haydon complementing the brothers on drums, as well as appearing in videos for the group. The a cappella title track "Gratuitous Sax" looked back to the equally brief opener of the band's 1974 album; "Propaganda". "When Do I Get to Sing 'My Way'" makes reference to the Frank Sinatra signature-tune "My Way".
	"Gratuitous Sax & Senseless Violins" became Sparks most successful album in Germany reaching #29 and scored three hits on the German Singles chart. While the album only reached #150 on the UK Albums Chart, the singles did well enough to return the group to the Top 40, the first time since "Beat the Clock" in 1979. The lead single "When Do I Get to Sing 'My Way'"; made #7 in Germany, #38 in the UK (it was re-released in May 1995 and peaked at #32). The second single "(When I Kiss You) I Hear Charlie Parker Playing"; retitled "When I Kiss You (I Hear Charlie Parker Playing)" #61 in Germany and #36 in the UK. The final single "Now That I Own The BBC" did less well making #81 in Germany and #60 in the UK.
	"When Do I Get to Sing 'My Way'" and "When I Kiss You (I Hear Charlie Parker Playing)" managed to chart across Europe, and recommenced Sparks' popularity on the US "Billboard" Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart where they reached No. 9 and #24.
	Japanese editions of the album included "When I Kiss You (I Hear Charlie Parker Playing) (Bernard Butler's Mix)" as a bonus track. The album was re-released as first in the series "Sparks – The Collection" in 2006 on the groups' own record label Lil' Beethoven Records. This re-release featured new artwork, additional sleeve-notes and was packaged in a digipak-sleeve.

= = = Ape Academy 2 = = =

	Ape Academy 2 (also known as Piposaru Academia 2: Aiai Sarugee Janken Battle! in Japan) is the sequel to the PlayStation Portable party game "Ape Escape Academy".
	Similar to its predecessor, "Ape Academy 2" is a collection of mini-games which can either be played in single player or multiplayer mode. Most of the mini-games borrow from elements of "Ape Escape 3".
	The game has been released in Japan, Europe and Australia but not in North America.
	The primary antagonist, Specter, introduces a new card game which becomes very popular among humans and pipo monkeys alike. Using this card game, he dominates the world through culture manipulation, concurrently introducing a card battle contest for monkeys to complete in. The prize for winning the contest is the rare "Platinum Specter" trading card and a year's supply of bananas.
	The singleplayer mode is radically different from previous games in the series, most resembling a trading card game. The player travels to various levels, in the form of islands, to compete against other monkeys in an assortment of minigames. After a set number of victories, the player can then compete against a boss character. This cycle is repeated for each island visited, in increasing difficulty. Occasionally, the player will encounter unexpected battles. These challenges cannot be declined. The object of the game is collect cards and coins, eventually to the point that the player can attempt to defeat the antagonist and win. There is also a multiplayer component which includes a "monkey-shield" that ensures the second player cannot see your cards. This mode requires a second PSP and game cartridge.
	Ape Academy 2 received mixed reviews. It currently holds a 66 out of a possible 100 on Metacritic. Game Master UK described it as "A real mixed bag, but if you really like monkeys and minigames, you might enjoy it."

= = = Roedean School (South Africa) = = =

	Roedean School is a private day and boarding school for girls located in Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.
	The school was founded in 1903 by Theresa Lawrence and her close friend, Katherine Margaret Earle: two young women in their early thirties, both educated at the University of Cambridge. They acted as joint Heads of School during the years 1903–1930. It is a sister school of Roedean School in Brighton, England which was founded by three older sisters of Theresa Lawrence, namely Penelope, Millicent, and Dorothy.
	The school began with 22 pupils, and was situated in a small house in Jeppestown, Johannesburg. In 1904, it relocated to its current site in Parktown, Johannesburg.
	Sir Herbert Baker, a prominent architect responsible for many of Johannesburg's most historical houses and monuments, designed the original school buildings. The oldest structures include St. Ursula's Building and Founder's Hall. Over the years, additions have been made, but the signature Herbert Baker features, with arches, colonnades, unwashed brickwork, and courtyards have been maintained.
	Roedean's leavers write the Independent Examinations Board exams.

= = = MetArt = = =

	MetArt is the flagship site of the MetArt Network, a group of erotic websites that explore nudity and explicit sex through artistic photography and video. It is an artistic nude photography website owned by HLP General Partners Incorporated of Santa Monica, California. The site features erotic photographs of partially or completely nude women, and has been online since 1998 (originally as MostEroticTeens.com).
	MetArt is one of several websites either owned or maintained by the MetArt Network. Its sister site SexArt features "Romantic Porn" made for women as well as men, focusing on eroticism, sensuality and artistry. The photographs and movies have big budgets and high-class styling. Movies are often shot in exotic locations and feature beautiful girls and intriguing storylines. Alex Haig and G.A. Wayne are co-owners of the MetArt Network.

= = = Akademos Rally = = =

	The Akademos Rally is an annual car rally held in Victoria, Australia, by the Melbourne University Car Club. The event had its origins in 1961. The name was coined by the then-head of Motorsport in Australia as an amalgam of academic (Akadem) and motorsport (mos).
	The event is a round of the Victorian Rally Championship. The Akademos Rally is a CAMS-permitted event. As of the 2005 event, held in Alexandra, the event allows competitors to use pacenotes. Prior to 2005, the event was run as a "blind" event, where competitors are not allowed to view the course in the preceding six weeks.

= = = Donald Coleman = = =

	Donald Richard Coleman, CBE, JP, DL (19 September 1925 – 14 January 1991) was the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom for Neath from 1964 until his death in 1991.
	Coleman was born in Barry, the son of a coalminer, Albert Archer Coleman, and his wife, Winifred Marguerite. For most of the inter-war years, his father was unemployed, and did not find permanent work until 1939. This instilled in his son a lifelong belief in the evils of unemployment.
	He was educated at Cadoxton Boys' School and Cardiff Technical College. He later attended University College of Wales Swansea as a mature student between 1950 and 1954. He held a number of technical positions at various laboratories at Cardiff and Swansea before securing an appointment in 1954 as metallurgist to the Research Department of the Steel Company of Wales, Abbey Works, Port Talbot, in which position he remained until his election to parliament in the General Election of October 1964. Coleman had joined the Labour Party in November 1948 and became a member of the Co—operative Party in 1955. He had also stood as a Labour candidate for Swansea Borough Council in 1960.
	Until the 1960s, Neath was regarded, as a predominantly coal—mining constituency, as a seat where the nominee of the National Union of Mineworkers would have a considerable advantage at the selection conference. Indeed, both of Coleman's long-serving predecessors had been NUM nominees. However, Coleman, against the expectations, was chosen at the fourth ballot and thus inherited one of the safest Labour seats in the whole of Britain.
	Coleman served as PPS to George Thomas, Secretary of State for Wales, and was thus in effect a junior minister. He was also an opposition whip, 1970–1974, Lord of the Treasury 1974–1978, Vice-Chamberlain of the Household 1978–1979, and opposition spokesman on Welsh affairs, 1981–1983. He also served as delegate to the Council of Europe.
	Coleman was regarded as being on the right wing of the Labour Party and in September 1983 he backed Peter Shore, rather than his Welsh colleague Neil Kinnock for party leader and Denzil Davies, the MP for Llanelli, for deputy leader. Following Kinnock's election as leader, Coleman did not hold another front bench position.
	Coleman announced in early 1990 that he intended to stand down from parliament at the next General Election.
	Coleman was especially prominent in the public life of Neath, Swansea and West Glamorgan, and his leisure interests included membership of the chorus of the Welsh National Opera.
	He married, in 1949, Phyllis Eileen Williams, who died in 1963. They had one son. In January 1966 he married Margaret Elizabeth Morgan and they had one daughter.
	Although he had announced his retirement the previous year, Coleman remained an MP when he died on 14 January 1991. He was cremated at Margam Crematorium. Peter Hain succeeded him as MP for Neath.

= = = All My Life (Linda Ronstadt song) = = =

	"All My Life" is a hit song written by Karla Bonoff and originally performed by Bonoff on her album "New World" (1988).
	The following year, Linda Ronstadt and Aaron Neville performed the song as a duet on Ronstadt's triple platinum-certified album "Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind" (1989); this was the second global hit from Ronstadt and Neville.
	The song was released as a single in early 1990 and hit number 1 on the "Billboard" Adult contemporary chart (where it held for three weeks) as well as number 11 on both the Cash Box Top 100 and the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. It was another international hit for the duo. It reached #10 in Canada and Ireland.
	"All My Life" won the award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 1991 Grammy Awards.

= = = Subdivisions of Helsinki = = =

	The city of Helsinki, the capital of Finland, can be divided into various sorts of subdivisions. Helsinki is divided into three major areas: Helsinki Downtown (, ), North Helsinki (, ) and East Helsinki (, ). The subdivisions include neighbourhoods, districts, major districts and postal code areas. The plethora of different official ways to divide the city is a source of some confusion to the inhabitants, as different kinds of subdivisions often share similar or identical names. 
	Helsinki consists of 60 neighbourhoods ("kaupunginosa" in Finnish; "stadsdel" in Swedish). The division into neighbourhoods is the official division created by the city council and used for city planning and other similar purposes. Most of the neighbourhoods have existed since the 19th century as numbered parts of the city, and official names were assigned to them in 1959. Five neighbourhoods (numbers 55 – 59) were annexed on 1 January 2009.
	Today, each neighbourhood is identified by both a two-digit number between 01 and 59 and an official name in both Finnish and Swedish (in some cases they may be identical). In addition, there is an unnumbered neighbourhood called Aluemeri that consists essentially only of outer coastal water that doesn't reach to the coast. Neighbourhoods are further divided into quarters ("osa-alue") and sectors ("pienalue"), numbered with three and four digits respectively. Sectors divide further into individual blocks and properties.
	Finnish names first and the Swedish names in brackets. This due to the bilinguality of Finland and Helsinki.
	In addition to the neighbourhood division, which exists for city planning purposes, the city is also divided into 34 districts ("peruspiiri", "distrikt") to facilitate the coordination of public services. The districts, which may comprise several neighbourhoods, are organised into seven major districts ("suurpiiri", "stordistrikt"). Different quarters of a neighbourhood may belong to different districts, but individual quarters are never divided between neighbourhoods.
	The district division was created by a decision of the city council on 13 December 1982, when the number of different subdivisions used by different municipal departments was seen as confusing and problematic. Before the reform, in 1980, there were 101 different divisions used by the departments, of which only 17 corresponded to the official neighbourhood division. The new districts came to use within all providers of public services by 1986.
	Helsinki is also often unofficially divided into four distinct geographic areas. These have no absolute definitions, but they are roughly as follows.
	The city is also divided into postal code areas numbered between 10 and 99. Postal codes for private residences in Helsinki have the form "00xx0", where the initial '00' shows that the postal code is located in Helsinki, the next two digits show the postal code area, and the final zero indicates that the code is for a private residence (post offices use the number one, and other numbers are set aside for large businesses that have their own postal codes). "(See also Postal codes in Finland.)"

= = = Peter McMullin = = =

	Peter McMullin (born 25 April 1952) is an Australian businessman lawyer and philanthropist. He was the Mayor of Geelong in 2006 and Deputy Lord Mayor of Melbourne between 1996 and 1999. McMullin also held the role of President of VECCI between 2010 - 2013, Chairman of the Melbourne International Comedy Festival between 2000–2008 and was the Deputy President of the Museums Board of Victoria between 2000–2010.
	McMullin is the eldest son of the late Ian McMullin, who founded Spotless, an ASX 200 company.
	Peter McMullin is currently the Chairman and Director of McMullin Group, an investment company that specialises in commercial property development. He is also Special Counsel to Cornwall Stodart Lawyers, Judge for the ICC International Commercial Mediation Competition in France and Vice-President for the Confederation of Asia-Pacific Chambers of Commerce and Industry (CACCI).
	In 2017, McMullin and his wife Ruth have made one of the most significant gifts in the history of Melbourne Law School to establish the world's only academic centre devoted to the issue of statelessness. The Peter McMullin Centre on Statelessness will work with governments, the not-for-profit sector and the UN on the growing problem of statelessness.
	McMullin held the position of Deputy President between 2003–2010 before taking the lead of Victoria's largest business group the Victorian Employers Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VECCI) as their President between 2010–2013. McMullin continued to serve as the Immediate Past President on the Board until December 2015.
	In 2015, McMullin was a member of the B20 Turkey 2015 Taskforce on Trade in Istanbul, Turkey. From 2014–2016 he was the Director of Australasian Dispute Resolution Centre, which facilitates international mediation and cross-border dispute resolution in the Asia Pacific region. From 2013–2015 McMullin held the position of Senior International Business Advisor for the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Timor-Leste.
	McMullin was a Board Member of the International Chamber of Commerce (Aust) (ICC Australia) between 2013–2015 and the Treasurer and Council Member of the Australian Institute of International Affairs Victoria between 2013–2014.
	McMullin was chairman of the Melbourne International Comedy Festival between 2000 and 2008. During this time he helped pioneer the careers of countless Australian comedians with the development of Raw Comedy, The Road Show and similar events.
	Between 2004–2012 McMullin was a Trust Member of the Geelong Performing Arts Centre and from 2005 - 2013 the President of Geelong Art Gallery. During this time the Gallery acquired the Eugene von Guerard's iconic work View of Geelong. Between 2011–2015 McMullin was also a Board Member of the National Portrait Gallery in Canberra, Australia.
	McMullin, as Deputy President of the Museums Board of Victoria between 2000–2010 which saw him chair the Immigration Museum Committee. Museum Victoria is governed by Museums Board of Victoria.
	McMullin was first elected to the City of Melbourne in 1996. He was later elected Melbourne's Deputy Lord Mayor which he served until 1999. During this time he chaired the Federation Square Committee as part of the City/State partnership that created Melbourne's Federation Square.
	McMullin was elected to the City of Geelong Council in 2004 and subsequently Mayor of Geelong in 2005. He held the role of Mayor of Geelong 2005–2006, and remained on the Council until 2008.
	McMullin, a long-standing member of the Labor Party, stood for pre-selection in the Federal Seat of Corangamite, winning local and central party support. He achieved a swing of 3.2%, however, the incumbent Stewart McArthur of the Liberal Party retained his seat. The Labor Party went on to win the Federal Seat of Corangamite in 2007.
	In October 2008, McMullin announced his candidacy for Lord Mayor of Melbourne following John So's decision to not contest for a third term in the November 2008 Elections. Robert Doyle was ultimately elected Lord Mayor in 2008.

= = = Foulquier's grizzled skipper = = =

	Foulquier's grizzled skipper ("Pyrgus bellieri", syn. "P. foulquieri") is a species of skipper (family Hesperiidae). It has a limited distribution in central and southern France and adjacent areas of Spain and Italy and also Corsica. Within this range it can be quite common.
	As with other "Pyrgus" species, this is very difficult to identify in the field. It is often paler than most of its congeners with a yellowish suffusion, especially in the female. The hindwings usually have pale markings forming a continuous band. The wingspan is 26–30 mm. The adults are on the wing in July and August.
	The larval food plant is "Potentilla".
	The species name honours Gedeon Foulquier.

= = = 2006 European Grand Prix = = =

	The 2006 European Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Nürburgring in Nürburg, Germany on 7 May 2006. 
	The 60-lap race was the fifth round of the 2006 Formula One season. It was won by Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher who took his second victory of the season. Polesitter Fernando Alonso finished in second position for the Renault team, whilst the second Ferrari of Felipe Massa achieved his first podium finish of the season with third place. 
	Franck Montagny made his Formula One début, becoming the first French F1 driver since Olivier Panis at the 2004 Japanese Grand Prix.
	The bottom 6 teams in the 2005 Constructors' Championship and Super Aguri were entitled to run a third car in free practice on Friday. These drivers drove on Friday but did not compete in qualifying or the race.
	Franck Montagny was originally scheduled to act as the third driver for Super Aguri, but was promoted to a race seat after team driver Yuji Ide had his FIA Super License revoked for erratic driving in prior races that season. Ide was set to act as Super Aguri's third driver for this race, according to the team, until the revocation came down. The license revocation meant Ide could not participate in Formula One.
	The qualifying session was affected by a red flag situation appearing on the timing monitors with 3½ minutes left. Unfortunately, this was due to a software glitch in the timing system, and the session was quickly restarted. Christian Klien felt that he lost out through it, having abandoned a lap thinking it would not count. Initially Jacques Villeneuve was outside the top 16, however the time for his lap (which he continued on during the red flag) was later recalled and placed him 7th in the session.

= = = Rüppell's parrot = = =

	Rüppell's parrot ("Poicephalus rueppellii") or Rueppell's parrot is a bird that is endemic to southwestern Africa from central Namibia to southwest Angola. It lives in savanna where there are trees or in dry woodland. It is more common near streams or rivers. The name commemorates the German naturalist and explorer Eduard Rüppell.
	Rüppell's parrot is 22–25 cm (9 in) long and weighs 121–156 g. It has an overall dark brown color and its head is dark greyish. Both adult male and female birds have some yellow feathers on the leading edge of the wings, and yellow feathers covering their upper legs; in immature birds, the yellow is dull or missing. They are sexually dimorphic; adult female birds have blue feathers on the lower back and the rump, whilst male birds lose this blue feather coloration as they become mature.
	The Rüppell's parrot nests in tree cavities. The eggs are white and there are usually three or four in a clutch. The female incubates the eggs for about 28 days and the chicks leave the nest about 68 days after hatching.
	It is a protected species, listed on CITES appendix II.

= = = Plagiarism (album) = = =

	Plagiarism is the 17th album by American rock band Sparks. It is a tribute album of sorts featuring new alternate versions of some of their best known songs.
	"Plagiarism" was not successful across Europe like its predecessor "Gratuitous Sax & Senseless Violins" (1994) had been, and did not chart significantly in any territory. The two singles performed well enough to register in the lower regions of the UK Singles Chart. The first single from the album, "The Number One Song in Heaven", included the vocals of Jimmy Somerville and reached #70 in October 1997. Remixes of the single reached the US "Billboard" Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart (and currently their final entry) in 1999 at #28. The second single; "This Town Ain't Big Enough for Both of Us" did better, and was buoyed by the presence of Faith No More, it peaked at #40 (and remains Sparks last UK top 40 entry) in December 1997.

= = = Sailosi Tagicakibau = = =

	Sailosi Tagicakibau (born in Auckland, New Zealand) is a rugby union footballer who has played at wing for London Irish and Wasps in the Aviva Premiership.
	He spent the majority of his career with English Premiership side London Irish, making in excess of 150 appearances. He played international rugby for , achieving 21 caps. By contrast, his brother, Scarlets player Michael, has played for Fiji.
	Tagicakibau has a Fijian father and Samoan mother. He was a talented all-rounder in his school years excelling at basketball, athletics and rugby union.
	He is the eldest of five children, his brother Michael also plays professional rugby.
	Prior to competing in professional rugby, he attended Papakura High School and Wesley College rugby schools in New Zealand. He played in Auckland Tailevu sevens team, coached by his father.
	After college, he joined the club and came under the guidance of the great All Black Kieran Crowley. He appeared in every National Provincial Championship match during his first season, scoring six tries and was subsequently invited to join the for whom he played in eight Super 12 games.
	In November 2005, Tagicakibau signed with English Premiership club London Irish and his debut match for the Exiles was on 28 January 2006 against Gloucester.
	After nine years at London Irish, Tagicakibau was loaned out to South African Super Rugby side the 2014 Super Rugby season. After he left London Irish, Sailosi signed for Premiership rivals Wasps from the 2014-15 season. In September 2016 Wasps announced that Tagicakibau had left the club, after they had released him from his contract, at his request, for family reasons.
	Sailosi made his debut for the Samoa Sevens national team in 2003, making several appearances and becoming a team staple. Later that year he was selected as part of the Samoa World Cup squad, where he scored tries against and . He has since represented Samoa at the 2007 World Cup held in France and at the 2011 World Cup hosted in his home country of New Zealand. In addition, he has played for Samoa in the Pacific Nations Cup against , and , as well as a number of friendlies.
	Other notable honours include his inclusion in the 2008 Pacific Islanders squad and the 2012 World Barbarians team.

= = = 730th Air Mobility Squadron = = =

	The 730th Air Mobility Squadron (730 AMS) is a unit of the 515th Air Mobility Operations Group, based at Yokota AB, Japan and the 515th Air Mobility Operations Wing, based at Hickam AFB, Hawaii.
	Prior to being activated as the 730 AMS, the squadron was designated as the 630th Air Mobility Support Squadron [AMSS]. The change in designation became effective on March 15, 2001, when the 630th AMSS was inactivated and the 730th AMS activated at Yokota AB. The change was enacted to better reflect the role of the unit as more operational than support oriented.
	For the six years previous to the unit's inactivation, the 630th AMSS provided fixed, deployed command and control, aerial port, and maintenance required for the United States' Global Reach in the western Pacific.
	The squadron is part of AMC's en route system to provide fixed and deployed maintenance, aerial port and command and control support to deployed AMC forces. The squadron's mission is to provide critical en route services to deployed forces worldwide.
	The 630th Air Mobility Support Squadron was one of Air Mobility Command's primary Pacific hubs for air traffic. It was AMC's senior activity at Yokota and it represented other AMC organizations in the Pacific including operating locations at Fukuoka Airport and Misawa Air Base, Japan. The 630th supported all strategic/commercial airlift throughout the Pacific. The air transportation function operated the primary U.S. aerial port in Japan, providing support to U. S. military passengers and cargo arriving or departing from Yokota.

= = = Plagiarism (disambiguation) = = =

	The term plagiarism may refer to:

= = = Marcus Tudgay = = =

	Marcus Tudgay (born 3 February 1983) is an English footballer who plays for South Normanton Athletic.
	Before joining Nottingham Forest in 2010, he made nearly 300 appearances in the Football League playing for Derby County and Sheffield Wednesday. He has since spent two loan spells with Barnsley.
	Born in Shoreham, Sussex, Tudgay came through the ranks at Derby County and made his senior debut in August 2002. His final Rams goal came against future club Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough in November 2005.
	Tudgay joined Sheffield Wednesday for an undisclosed fee in January 2006, penning a contract to keep him at Hillsborough until 2010. He had initially signed on loan with the club but manager Paul Sturrock decided to make his move permanent after he claimed a debut goal in a 3–0 win over Crewe Alexandra.
	The manager's faith in him was justified as Tudgay scored vital goals in Sheffield Wednesday's successful attempt to avoid relegation from the Championship, including a goal against his former employers on the last day of the season in a 2–0 win.
	Tudgay was ruled out for the start of the 2006–07 campaign due to a bizarre injury sustained at a family barbecue over the summer. The player cut his toe on glass, severing tendons and requiring surgery which ruled him out of competitive action for three months. But he bounced back on his return, forming a good partnership with Deon Burton, to score six goals in five games. He was moved out to the wing after injuries to Wade Small and Jermaine Johnson but still finished the season with 11 goals. The 2007–08 season saw Tudgay add eight goals to his career record, the most notable of these was a second half volley to lead his side to a 2–0 victory in the Steel City Derby at Hillsborough and another goal against Derby County in the FA Cup which helped to earn his side a replay. He missed the end of the season due to an injury.
	At the start of the 2008–09 season Tudgay scored twice in the opening game against Burnley, the first coming within 30 seconds of kick off. He played in almost every position during the season. He won the Fans player of the month awards for February and March 2009 and the PFA Fans Championship Player of the Year award, as well as the Sheffield Wednesday Player of the Year.
	On 15 July 2009 it was reported that "the Owls" had rejected an offer from newly promoted Premier League side Burnley, describing the bid as unwelcome. Later that month he signed a new four-year contract until the summer of 2013.
	On 25 August 2010 it was reported that newly promoted Premier League side Blackpool had tried to sign Tudgay the previous month and were about to make an improved offer for him. Sky Sports reported that Blackpool manager Ian Holloway had watched Tudgay in action the previous night. Two days later, the Yorkshire club rejected at £500,000 bid from Blackpool, calling the sum "derisory".
	On 25 November 2010, Tudgay moved to Nottingham Forest on loan, with a view to a permanent deal in January 2011. He scored on his Forest debut in a 3–0 win against Crystal Palace on 18 December 2010 at the City Ground. In his next appearance for Nottingham Forest, he scored a brace in Forest's 5–2 victory over their East Midlands rivals Derby County. On 5 January 2011, the loan deal was made permanent and he signed for Forest for an undisclosed fee. His next goal was the winner against Portsmouth in a 2–1 victory for Forest. Tudgay's next goal came on 5 February against Watford, and it again proved decisive. He then did not score until April, when he opened the scoring in a 3–2 win against Leicester City. His final goal of the 2010–11 season came on the final day of the regular season, in a 3–0 win over Crystal Palace.
	Tudgay's first league goal in the 2011–12 season came in a 2–0 win against Middlesbrough on 18 October 2011. His second league goal of the season was the only goal of the game against Reading on 1 November. His next goal came in the 3–2 win at home Ipswich Town on 19 November. His next goals came in the return fixture; Tudgay scored two as Forest beat Ipswich 3–1 on 2 January 2012. They would be Tudgay's last goals of the season.
	After making an appearance and scoring a goal for Forest's reserves on 13 November 2012, on the next day, Tudgay signed for Barnsley on loan until January with a view to a permanent deal. His first goal for Barnsley was the equaliser in a 1–1 draw with Burnley on 27 November 2012. His second goal for Barnsley came in a 4–1 away defeat at Watford on 1 December. His third goal for the club was the winner in a 2–1 win at Millwall.
	On 28 November 2013, Tudgay re-joined Barnsley for his second loan spell at the Yorkshire club.
	On 21 February 2014, Tudgay joined Charlton Athletic on loan for the remainder of the 2013–14 season. On 27 March 2014, the loan was cut short and he returned to Nottingham Forest.
	Tudgay joined Coventry City on a one-year deal on 29 July 2014. He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–0 win against Walsall on 3 January 2015. He helped ensure Coventry's survival in League One by scoring in a 2–1 win against Crawley on the final day of the 2014–15 season.
	After scoring 4 goals in 23 appearances in his first season to help the club avoid relegation he signed another one-year deal for the 2015–16 season.
	In his second season with the club he scored 5 goals in all competitions. He then signed a third one-year deal with the club for the 2016–17 season. He came on as a late substitute as Coventry won the 2017 EFL Trophy Final.
	Following Coventry's relegation in 2016–17, Tudgay was released by the club.

= = = Valentin Ceaușescu = = =

	Valentin Ceaușescu (born 17 February 1948) is a Romanian physicist. He is the eldest and only surviving child of former communist President Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife, Elena.
	Valentin Ceaușescu was born in Bucharest on 17 February 1948, less than two months after the establishment of the Romanian People's Republic. His father, future President Nicolae Ceaușescu, was an active member of the Romanian Workers' Party, earning himself various political and military positions; he was the country's Minister of Agriculture at the time Valentin was born. His mother was Elena Ceaușescu (née Petrescu).
	Unlike many other members of his family, including his younger brother, Nicu, Valentin was not involved in politics. Attending the University of Bucharest, he completed his undergraduate degree in physics. In 1967, he decided to pursue further education by enrolling at Imperial College London in the United Kingdom. He played football as a goalkeeper on a college team during his time at Imperial College.
	On 3 July 1970, Ceaușescu married Iordana (Dana) Borilă (d. 2017), the daughter of communist party leader Petre Borilă. Both fathers, then political rivals, strongly opposed their children's marriage. The resulting fight, which lasted years, eventually resulted in Dana and their child, Daniel, being exiled to Canada. Dana and Valentin were divorced in 1989. Daniel, like his father, studied to be a physicist.
	Ceaușescu remarried in 1995, and, with his new wife, has a daughter, Alexandra.
	In December 1989, during the Romanian Revolution, Ceaușescu was arrested, along with the other members of his family. Known worldwide for their extravagant lifestyle, they were accused of undermining the economy of Romania. Valentin, himself, is said to have had a position managing the Steaua București football club. He reported that he had watched the trial of his parents on television while he was under arrest.
	Ceaușescu was freed from prison nine months later, after no charges were brought against him. During that time, his collection of 50 paintings by Romanian masters, engravings by Francisco Goya, and hundreds of rare books were confiscated. When he asked for restitution, the Romanian authorities argued that there are no documents which prove that he is the owner, and that the art collection belonged to the Romanian state, which promptly donated them to the National Museum of Art. Ceaușescu sued the government for restitution. The courts found in favour of Ceaușescu in 2009, and ordered the museum to return forty pictures. Most of the works were collected by him and his former wife. He planned to give most of them to Dana.
	After completing his graduate work in 1970, Ceaușescu became a faculty member at the Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering. Working at the Institute of Atomic Physics (IFA) lab in Măgurele, he performs nuclear physics research. He still held this job as of 2016.
	It was reported that he lives modestly on his pension of about RON 2,000 (about EUR 450). He lives in a house owned by his current father-in-law Constantine Dună.

= = = Whitedamp = = =

	Whitedamp is a noxious mixture of gases formed by the combustion of coal, usually in an enclosed environment such as a coal mine. The most toxic constituents are carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. Coal frequently starts to burn slowly in mines when it is exposed to the atmosphere.
	Traditionally, whitedamp was detected by its effect on canaries, who succumb much more quickly than humans. 
	However, there are gas detectors available now which detect toxic gases at very low levels. The levels of gas detection depend on the methods used.

= = = Dieter Brummer = = =

	Dieter Kirk Brummer (born 5 May 1976 in Sydney) is an Australian actor of German descent, probably best known for his role as Shane Parrish, from 1992 until 1996 on the television soap opera "Home and Away".
	Brummer began his career, starring as Shane Parrish on the television soap opera "Home and Away". For the role of Shane Parrish, Brummer was nominated for the Gold Logie and Silver Logie Awards for "Most Popular Actor" in 1994, but failed to win. However, he went on to win the "Most Popular Actor" silver Logie Award in 1995 and 1996. In 1993 and 1994, the role saw Brummer voted as "The Prince of Soap" by Dolly magazine's readers. He was written out when the character died from blood poisoning.
	Brummer went on to appear in the hospital drama "Medivac", the pay-TV series "Shark Bay" and had a guest role in "The Man from Snowy River" in 1996. Brummer also appeared in the 1999 film "Tom's Funeral" and in "The Finder" (2001). He had a recurring role in the short-lived soap opera "Crash Palace" (2001) on FOX8 (Sky One in the UK).
	In 2005 he took part in the reality television series "Celebrity Circus". According to his mother in an April 2007 interview with the Sydney-based radio station 2Day FM he was working as a window-cleaner between acting roles. The station tried to get an interview with him for a "where are they now?" segment, but was unsuccessful.
	In 2009, Brummer joined the cast of the "Underbelly" series in "" in the minor role of Trevor Haken, a corrupt member of the New South Wales Police Force. However, in the third series, "", this role was increased to one of the principal cast. In 2011, Brummer joined the cast of "Neighbours" for seven weeks as Troy Miller. On 2 March 2012, it was announced that Brummer had reprised his role as Troy for another guest stint. In 2014 he joined the cast of "Winners and Losers" for 5 episodes as Jason Ross.
	Brummer later became involved in a much publicised media feud with "Home and Away" co-star Melissa George.
	For his portrayal of Shane Parrish on "Home and Away", Brummer won two Logie Awards for Most Popular Actor in 1995 and 1996. He received nominations for the Gold Logie in 1994 and 1996.

= = = Takanori Hoshino = = =


= = = Blackdamp = = =

	Blackdamp (also known as stythe or choke damp) is an asphyxiant, reducing the available oxygen content of air to a level incapable of sustaining human or animal life. It is not a single gas but a mixture of unbreathable gases left after oxygen is removed from the air and typically consists of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapour. The suffix "damp" is believed to derive from the German word for vapours (""Dampf""). The word "damp" is used in similar mining terms such as white damp, fire damp and stink damp.
	Blackdamp is encountered in enclosed environments such as mines, sewers, wells, tunnels and ships' holds. It occurs with particular frequency in abandoned or poorly ventilated coal mines. Coal, once exposed to the air of a mine, naturally begins absorbing oxygen and exuding carbon dioxide and water vapor. The amount of blackdamp exuded by a mine varies based on a number of factors, including the temperature (coal releases more carbon dioxide in the warmer months), the amount of exposed coal, and the type of coal, although all mines with exposed coal produce gas.
	Blackdamp is considered a particularly pernicious type of damp (especially in a historical context), due to its omnipresence where exposed coal is found, and slow onset of symptoms. It produces no obvious odor (unlike the hydrogen sulfide of stinkdamp), is constantly being reintroduced to the air (instead of being released in pockets from actively mined sections), and does not require combustion in order to be released (unlike whitedamp or afterdamp). Many of the initial symptoms of oxygen deprivation (dizziness, light-headedness, drowsiness and poor coordination) are relatively innocuous and can easily be mistaken for simple fatigue, given the physically strenuous job of coal mining. The time between the onset of initial symptoms and the start of frank asphyxiation (and rapid unconsciousness) can be as short as seconds. Thus, if the warning signs are missed, a large number of miners can be rapidly incapacitated in the same short period of time, leaving no one to summon help.
	In addition to the danger inside the mine, blackdamp can be "exhaled" in large quantities from mines (especially long-abandoned coal mines with few outlets for escaping gas) during sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, potentially causing asphyxiation on the surface.
	The gas mixture has been responsible for many deaths among underground workers, especially miners—for example, the Hartley Colliery disaster, when 204 men and boys were trapped when the beam of an engine suddenly broke and fell down the single shaft, damaging the ventilation system and blocking it with debris. Despite rescuers' efforts, they could not be reached before they suffocated in the blackdamp atmosphere.
	Historically, the domestic canary was used as an early warning against any asphyxiating gases.
	In active mining operations, the threat from blackdamp is addressed with proper mineshaft ventilation as well as various detection methods, typically using miner's safety lamps or hand-held electronic gas detectors. The safety lamp is merely a specially designed lantern with a flame that is designed to automatically extinguish itself at an oxygen concentration of approximately 18% (normal atmospheric concentration of oxygen is c. 21%). This low detection threshold gives miners an unmistakable warning and allows them to escape before any potentially incapacitating effects are felt.

= = = Balls (Sparks album) = = =

	Balls is the 18th album by the American rock band Sparks, released in 2000.
	"It's a Knockoff" was recorded for the movie "Knock Off", starring Jean-Claude Van Damme, directed by the acclaimed Hong Kong based producer/director Tsui Hark (who had appeared on his own tribute song by the band on the album "Gratuitous Sax & Senseless Violins"). It is featured over the closing credits.
	"Balls" was not a success in terms of chart performance and failed to match the performance of "Gratuitous Sax and Senseless Violins". It did not chart in Germany, UK or US. The album was packaged in a translucent jewel case that came in 4 colours (red, yellow, green, and blue) with a reflective die-cut silver slipcase.
	"More Than A Sex Machine", "The Calm Before The Storm" and "The Angels" were released as singles but did not pick up any significant sales or radio play.
	In 2008, Sparks' own record label Lil' Beethoven Records reissued the album in a digipak sleeve, featuring different sleeve-art and with two bonus tracks; "The Calm Before the Opera" and "The Calm Before the Storm (Full Length Instrumental)".

= = = Seychelles at the 1992 Summer Olympics = = =

	Seychelles competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.
	The nation returned to the Olympic Games after missing the 1988 Summer Olympics.
	Four athletes represented Seychelles in 1992.
	Two boxers represented Seychelles in 1992.
	One sailor represented Seychelles in 1992.
	Four swimmers represented Seychelles in 1992.
 

= = = Vujadin Stanojković = = =

	Vujadin Stanojković (Macedonian: Вујадин Станојковиќ; born 10 September 1963) is a Yugoslav and Macedonian former professional footballer and current manager.
	Born in Kumanovo, Stanojković made his Yugoslav First League debuts with Vardar in the 1985–86 season. He spent three more years at the club, before transferring to Partizan in the summer of 1989. He appeared in more than 100 official games over the next four seasons, winning one national championship and one national cup. In 1993, Stanojković moved abroad to Sweden and signed with Degerfors IF, staying there for three years. He also spent two seasons at Trelleborgs FF, before retiring from the game in 1998.
	Between 1988 and 1992, Stanojković was capped 21 times for Yugoslavia, scoring once. He took part at the 1990 FIFA World Cup, appearing in two games, as the team were eliminated in the quarter-finals by Argentina after penalties. He was later called to UEFA Euro 1992, but the nation would be suspended due to the Yugoslav Wars.
	Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, Stanojković represented his native Macedonia, collecting seven caps from 1994 to 1995.
	From 2004 to 2005, Stanojković was manager of Vardar. He subsequently served as an assistant to Macedonia manager Srečko Katanec between 2006 and 2009.

= = = Neal Hatley = = =

	Neal Hatley (born 23 December 1969) is a rugby union footballer who played at prop for London Irish and the University of Natal.
	On 16 May 2007 he was selected to captain the England Saxons squad for the forthcoming Churchill Cup tournament in England, which he captained to victory lifting the Churchill Cup.
	He is the most capped player of the Premiership ever. 
	After his playing career, he moved into coaching with the London Irish youth academy.
	Hatley joined Bath Rugby for the 2012/13 season where he was appointed forwards coach. Following the end of the 2015-16 season he left Bath to become the England team's scrum coach. 

= = = Pöhlde Abbey = = =

	Pöhlde Abbey was a Premonstratensian (previously Benedictine) monastery at Pöhlde, now a small village and part of the town of Herzberg am Harz, in Lower Saxony, Germany.
	The lands of Pöhlde were given in dower in c 927 to Queen Matilda by her husband, Henry I the Fowler (d. 936). This is the earliest written record of the place.
	Dedicated to Saint John the Baptist and Saint Servatius, the abbey was founded in 952 by Matilda and received generous endowments from her son, Emperor Otto I. It benefited greatly from its close connection to the imperial palace then also situated at Pöhlde, and for a time was one of the wealthiest monasteries in Germany.
	The foundation was originally for Canons regular, but it adopted the Rule of St. Benedict in 952. In 1131 it joined the Premonstratensian Order.
	In 1200 the old Romanesque church burnt down. Its Gothic successor was consecrated in 1240.
	In 1525 both church and monastery were destroyed by peasants from Eichsfeld in the Peasants' War. The monks moved to Duderstadt. In 1533 in the Reformation Duke Philip of Grubenhagen dissolved the abbey and took over its property. 
	In 1629 a brief attempt to revive the abbey ended in failure. Later in the Thirty Years' War what little remained on the site was completely destroyed. After the return of peace the present half-timbered village church was built on the foundations of the nave of the destroyed abbey church.
	There are no visible traces of the abbey left. Between 1971 and 1974 the remains of the abbey were uncovered during archaeological excavations, but for their better preservation were covered over again. The remains of the palace, to which the abbey buildings were physically connected, were also excavated at about the same time, but were also covered over again. 

= = = De &quot;Bambino&quot; à &quot;Il silenzio&quot; = = =

	De "Bambino" à "Il silenzio" was Dalida's first compilation album, released in France in 1967 by Barclay Records

= = = Bird Watching (album) = = =

	Bird Watching is a novelty jazz album by Don Elliott and Alexander "Sascha" Burland, recording as The Nutty Squirrels.
	Cannonball Adderley plays alto sax on the song "Yardbird Suite".

= = = Nee Soon East Single Member Constituency = = =

	Nee Soon East Single Member Constituency (Traditional Chinese: 義順東單選區; Simplified Chinese: 义顺东单选区) is a defunct Single Member Constituency in the northern area in Singapore. The ward consists of Yishun's Neighbourhoods 2, 3 and 4. The SMC was the largest in the nation with over 32,000 voters. Formed in 2001 after being carved out from Sembawang Group Representation Constituency, its Member of Parliament was People's Action Party's Ho Peng Kee. It disappeared in 2011 when Nee Soon Central, Nee Soon East, Nee Soon South, Chong Pang and Canberra merged into a newly formed Nee Soon GRC. This SMC and Née Soon Central SMC were formerly under the Sembawang-Née Soon Town Council, which comprises Sembawang GRC (which has six members with this SMC) and Née Soon Central SMC from 2001 until 2011.
	"Constituency Abolished (2011 – )" Note: Presently, it is a sub-constituency of Nee Soon GRC

= = = Lil' Beethoven = = =

	Lil' Beethoven is the 19th album by the American rock band Sparks, released in 2002.
	By 2002, Sparks had released eighteen albums, the last several of them in the new wave/synthpop vein. While this had been successful, breaking them in the US with 1983's "Cool Places" and in Germany with "When Do I Get To Sing 'My Way'?" in 1995, it had not secured them much critical acclaim or a consistent audience. 1997's "Plagiarism", which consisted entirely of new recordings of earlier material, had been intended to introduce the group's back catalog to their new German audience, while building on the success with high-profile collaborations for the UK and US audience. It had only been partially successful.
	The next album, "Balls", had not been at all successful and was generally perceived as Sparks treading water. The duo had already written an entire album's worth of material for a follow-up, but found that they were unenthusiastic with the results and so the album was scrapped, a decision which they admitted was difficult but ultimately crucial for them to continue challenging themselves and evolving their sound.
	Sparks then decided to change track, dropping the synthpop sound, reducing the musical palette and developing the music upon piano lines and lyrics of Ron Mael and the vocals of Russell Mael.
	In 2001, the Maels were commissioned by a German broadcasting company to produce a song for "Günther Koch Revisited (Voll In Den Mann)", an album that featured samples of sports commentator Günther Koch set to music. The band's contribution, "Wunderbar", placed Koch's highly-spirited exclamations over an orchestral backing. The duo acknowledged that making the track provided them a blueprint for the direction that they would take on "Lil' Beethoven". As has been the case with each Sparks album since 1994's "Gratuitous Sax & Senseless Violins", the album was self-produced by the duo and recorded in Russell Mael's home studio.
	Described by the band themselves as a "career-defining opus", "Lil' Beethoven" saw the duo move into a more classical-influenced sound, with a heavy reliance on repetitive lyrics and piano lines, synthesized orchestration and multi-tracked vocals in place of percussion. Opening track "The Rhythm Thief" is an overall introduction to the band's new direction by declaring "say goodbye to the beat". "My Baby's Taking Me Home" largely consists of the title repeated over 100 times with no other words being used, other than a spoken interlude. Similarly, "Your Call Is Very Important To Us" uses a corporation style call-hold message: "Your call is very important to us. Please hold" which is then sung with some additional words: "At first she said your call is very important to us, then she said please, please hold." The only other lyrics in the song are "Red light", "Green light", "I'm Getting Mixed Signals" and "Sorry, I'm Going To Have To Put You Back On Hold". These elements are layered with a simple piano line to create a highly textured effect.
	The majority of the sounds on "Lil' Beethoven" were produced with a Yamaha S80 keyboard.
	The album was critically applauded, which led to renewed interest in the band; "Record Collector" magazine named the album as one of its Best New Albums of 2002, describing it as "... possibly the most exciting and interesting release ever from such a long established act" and later in 2003 saying "... it really does feel like one of the best albums ever made."
	"Lil' Beethoven", while critically acclaimed, did not chart inside the top 100 in the UK, Germany or the US. It was released in a limited edition which had hard-cover book binding. The album was promoted by the single "Suburban Homeboy": it, too, did not chart. The single was backed two b-sides, an extended version of "Suburban Homeboy" ("Suburban Homeboy (Extended "Ron Speaks" Version)") and "Wunderbar (Concerto In Koch Minor)", which samples the voice of German sports commentator Günther Koch.
	In March 2004, Sparks re-issued "Lil' Beethoven" in a deluxe edition. This version had a black sleeve as opposed to the white original, and included three audio tracks (two of which were exclusive), a video of "The Rhythm Thief" (directed by long-time collaborators Kuntzel+Deygas), a short film by Ron Mael, and a screensaver. An LP version of the album (which did not include any bonus tracks) was also released at the same time.
	A DVD produced by Demon Vision was also released of a live performance of the album. The live performance was filmed in March 2004 at the Södra Teatern in Stockholm, Sweden. The DVD features the album performed in full and in order, followed by a set of twelve other Sparks songs.

= = = Faan Rautenbach = = =

	Stefanus Johannes "Faan" Rautenbach (born 22 February 1976) is a former rugby union footballer who played at prop for London Irish, and the .
	Rautenbach played 14 Tests for the Springboks including a try on debut against Wales in 2002, ending with his last Test against New Zealand in Christchurch in 2004. Rautenbach is known as a powerful scrummager.

= = = Environmental management system = = =

	An environmental management system (EMS) is "a system and database which integrates procedures and processes for training of personnel, monitoring, summarizing, and reporting of specialized environmental performance information to internal and external stakeholders of a firm".
	The most widely used standard on which an EMS is based is International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14001. Alternatives include the EMAS.
	An environmental management information system (EMIS) or Environmental Data Management System (EDMS) is an information technology solution for tracking environmental data for a company as part of their overall environmental management system.
	The goals of EMS are to increase compliance and reduce waste:
	To meet these goals, the selection of environmental management systems is typically subject to a certain set of criteria: a proven capability to handle high frequency data, high performance indicators, transparent handling and processing of data, powerful calculation engine, customised factor handling, multiple integration capabilities, automation of workflows and QA processes and in-depth, flexible reporting.
	An environmental management system (EMS):
	An EMS follows a Plan-Do-Check-Act, or PDCA, Cycle. The diagram shows the process of first developing an environmental policy, planning the EMS, and then implementing it. The process also includes checking the system and acting on it. The model is continuous because an EMS is a process of continual improvement in which an organization is constantly reviewing and revising the system.
	This is a model that can be used by a wide range of organizations — from manufacturing facilities to service industries to government agencies.
	Environmental Data Management Systems (EDMS) can be accredited under the UK Environment Agency's Monitoring Certification Scheme (MCERTS) for performance standards and test procedures.
	An EMS can also be classified as 

= = = Güira = = =

	The güira () is a percussion instrument from the Dominican Republic used as a percussion instrument in merengue and bachata , to a lesser extent, other genres such as cumbia. It is made of a metal sheet (commonly steel, and played with a stiff brush, thus being similar to the Cuban guayo (also a metal scraper) and the güiro (a gourd scraper). Güira, guayo and güiro all have a function akin to that of the indigenous native maracas or the trap-kit's hi-hat, namely providing a complementary beat. 
	Performers on the güira are referred to as "güireros" and in merengue típico ensembles they often co-lead percussion sections along with tambora-playing "tamboreros", due to the significance of their African-derived interlocking rhythms in providing a basic musical foundation for the dance.
	The güira is most often found in merengue típico where it serves as one of multiple percussion instruments, most usually interlocking with the rhythm of the tambora, a fairly small horizontally mounted rustic drum normally played with one stick and one bare hand. Mastering its usual 'correct' playing techniques has been dubbed very challenging. Güireros may use a variety of playing techniques to play various rhythms, however nearly all playing is done with one hand only holding the instrument from its large rounded (to reduce hand fatigue) handle, while it is scraped with the other (dominant) hand holding the brush, which may be made for this purpose, but in practice is typically a metal-tined afro pick hair styling comb, although some players may use a cane- or plastic-toothed scraper.
	Normally a güira consists of an open-ended tube with many sound-producing nodules protruding its outer (usual) playing surface. The body of the güira is generally some type of thin sheet steel. One commercial variant commonly called a torpedo is fully enclosed with tapered ends and is supplied with mineral or glass beads or metal shot inside to double as a shaker. Given its unwieldy shape and the additional weight of tapered ends and shaker fill, using a güira as a shaker may be impractical. Regardless of how it is used, its traditional main function is to propel the tempo, not only to add its uniquely swishy metallic timbre's sabor ("flavor").
	Another key aspect of the güira is how much the (external) playing surface is (mostly internally, although flexibly using the holding hand and/or stuffing some light filler like felt or foam/fiber/excelsior inside) "dampened" (muted). This aspect influences how staccato or "dry" its sound will be, and advanced players may modulate muting while playing for additional timbral variation.
	While the player holds the güira firmly with one hand while using the scraper with their dominant hand, the güira is usually brushed (lightly scraped transversely) steadily on the downbeat with a preceding "and-a" in its characteristic galloping figure; it is also sometimes played in more soloistic complex patterns that still generally mark the tempo. Modern cumbia also sometimes features a (metal-sided) güira instead of the traditional (gourd-bodied) guiro. Typical rhythmic patterns for cumbia include the "golpe" ("gallop").
	Dances featuring the güira range from the fast-paced merengue típico or cibaeño (typical/traditional 2/2 time with accordion lead), perico ripiao (deriv. unclear; lit. "ripped parrot" or quick, bird-like) or merengue derecho ("straight-ahead merengue") to the slower pambiche or merengue pambichao (translit. Engl. "Palm Beach-esque" merengue), with tempos of 88-180 bpm. While its use in the more-romantic bachata (lit. "pierced" implying festooned with flowers) styles is applied at various medium to very fast tempos, modern güira has been used in a wide variety of dance styles, as its versatility and ability to "cut through" a dense sonic mix and thereby maintain a consistent dance tempo is similar to that of how hi-hat or shakers like maracas are employed.
	According to Francisco Javier Durán García, New York City based instrument maker, the traditional art of güira making involves a tree stump, hammer, nail, metal tube, and wood block. The instrument is hand fashioned from sheet metal into a (roughly 13") long cylindrical tube along with repeatedly-dimpled (not fully perforated) tubular (exterior) surface.
	The Dominican güira is similar in usage to the Puerto Rican/Cuban güiro though of distinct timbre. Whereas the güiro is often a hollowed-out gourd, thus producing a more wooden tone, the metal construction of the güira gives it a characteristic metallic timbre.
	The güira as part of the merengue típico is emblematic of Dominican heritage. It is estimated to be the most widespread instrument in the country. When Rafael Trujillo came to power in 1930 he made the music the national emblem.
	The Dominican güira has also become the instrument of choice for non dominican styles of music in other countries. In Colombia for example, the güira has replaced the traditional wood “guacharaca” in modern vallenato music, specially during large live performances. Likewise, many “tropical” dance orchestras and bands in Colombia use the Dominican güira to play Cumbia and other local popular styles. Much like the Cuban Tumbadoras (Congas) which have become the general all purpose instrument for dance music in Colombia (being added to the vallenato ensemble or even replacing traditional local drums in some cases during live performances of Cumbia) the dominican güira has also become a general all purpose scraped instrument for dance bands in Colombia.

= = = Kieran Roche = = =

	Kieran Roche (born 3 May 1979) is a rugby union footballer who plays at lock/back row for London Irish. He was educated at Trinity School in Croydon where he started playing rugby at the age of 12.

= = = John Gill (trade unionist) = = =

	John F. Gill (27 December 1898 – 10 June 1971) was an Irish trade union official and Labour Party politician.
	He first stood for election at the June 1927 general election for the Laois–Offaly constituency, and joined William Davin as one of two Labour Teachta Dála (TDs) returned from Laois–Offaly to the 5th Dáil. This was the only occasion on which Laois–Offaly returned two Labour TDs.
	However, Gill's term as a TD was short: the 5th Dáil was the shortest Dáil ever, lasting only 98 days. He lost his seat at the September 1927 general election, and was defeated again in his third and final candidacy, at the 1932 general election.

= = = Ragnarock = = =

	Ragnarock is a record label run by Erik Blücher in Helsingborg, Sweden. They also sell records from other companies via mail order, for instance Combat 18's company ISD Records and white power magazines such as British Oi.
	The company was founded in 1993 by Lars Magnus Westrup, a former SS volunteer. After World War II he spent some time in Spain and was impressed by the use of media for propaganda purposes. When he returned to Sweden after Franco died he became head of propaganda for the Progress Party ("Framstegspartiet"). When he died May 16 1995 the company was taken over by Erik Blücher. Because of their good co-operation with Combat 18 they are in direct competition with Nordland.
	In October 1998 the Swedish police raided the office of Ragnarock to investigate hate speech charges and found, apart from master tapes and documentation also two fully loaded machine guns and a hand grenade.

= = = Bubendorf = = =

	Bubendorf is a municipality in the district of Liestal in the canton of Basel-Country in Switzerland.
	Bubendorf is first mentioned in 1152 as "Bouenonowe".
	Bubendorf has an area, , of . Of this area, or 38.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 46.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 14.9% is settled (buildings or roads), or 1.0% is either rivers or lakes and or 0.2% is unproductive land.
	Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 2.0% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 7.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.1%. Out of the forested land, 43.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.5% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 15.1% is used for growing crops and 21.0% is pastures, while 2.0% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.
	The municipality is located in the Liestal district, at the entrance to the Reigoldswiler valley. It consists of the linear village of Bubendorf.
	The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is "Per bend dentilly Sable and Argent."
	Bubendorf has a population () of . , 12.3% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 5.2%.
	Most of the population () speaks German (3,925 or 92.1%), with Italian language being second most common (77 or 1.8%) and Albanian being third (61 or 1.4%). There are 30 people who speak French and 2 people who speak Romansh.
, the gender distribution of the population was 50.7% male and 49.3% female. The population was made up of 3,807 Swiss citizens (86.3% of the population), and 603 non-Swiss residents (13.7%) Of the population in the municipality 1,081 or about 25.4% were born in Bubendorf and lived there in 2000. There were 1,300 or 30.5% who were born in the same canton, while 1,179 or 27.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 572 or 13.4% were born outside of Switzerland.
	In there were 35 live births to Swiss citizens and 3 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 21 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 14 while the foreign population increased by 3. There was 1 Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 9 non-Swiss men and 7 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 8 and the non-Swiss population increased by 4 people. This represents a population growth rate of -0.1%.
	The age distribution, , in Bubendorf is; 256 children or 5.8% of the population are between 0 and 6 years old and 807 teenagers or 18.3% are between 7 and 19. Of the adult population, 528 people or 12.0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 459 people or 10.4% are between 30 and 39, 803 people or 18.2% are between 40 and 49, and 944 people or 21.4% are between 50 and 64. The senior population distribution is 445 people or 10.1% of the population are between 65 and 79 years old and there are 168 people or 3.8% who are over 80.
, there were 1,819 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 2,161 married individuals, 140 widows or widowers and 142 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 1,563 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.7 persons per household. There were 349 households that consist of only one person and 163 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 1,592 households that answered this question, 21.9% were households made up of just one person and 11 were adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 451 married couples without children, 661 married couples with children There were 74 single parents with a child or children. There were 17 households that were made up unrelated people and 29 households that were made some sort of institution or another collective housing.
	The historical population is given in the following chart:
	Wildenstein Castle is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.
	In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 29.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (24.86%), the FDP (17.24%) and the Green Party (13.94%). In the federal election, a total of 1,557 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 52.5%.
, Bubendorf had an unemployment rate of 1.65%. , there were 59 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 21 businesses involved in this sector. 1,108 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 56 businesses in this sector. 710 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 121 businesses in this sector. There were 2,150 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.3% of the workforce.
, there were 1,424 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,590 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.1 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 9.3% of the workforce coming into Bubendorf are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.2% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 24.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 43.9% used a private car.
	From the , 844 or 19.8% were Roman Catholic, while 2,480 or 58.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 11 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.26% of the population), there were 6 individuals (or about 0.14% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 154 individuals (or about 3.61% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 141 (or about 3.31% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 10 individuals who were Buddhist, 26 individuals who were Hindu and 3 individuals who belonged to another church. 442 (or about 10.37% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 144 individuals (or about 3.38% of the population) did not answer the question.
	In Bubendorf about 1,632 or (38.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 586 or (13.7%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a "Fachhochschule"). Of the 586 who completed tertiary schooling, 65.9% were Swiss men, 22.5% were Swiss women, 7.7% were non-Swiss men and 3.9% were non-Swiss women.
, there were 12 students in Bubendorf who came from another municipality, while 355 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
	Bubendorf is served by the Waldenburg narrow gauge railway, which operates a half-hourly train service to the town of Liestal. At Liestal railway station, onward connection is made with the Swiss Federal Railway's services to Basel, Bern, Lucerne and Zürich.
	Bubendorf is also served by a half-hourly bus service on the line Liestal - Reigoldswil.

= = = Saša Ilić = = =

	Saša Ilić may refer to:

= = = Declan Danaher = = =

	Declan Danaher (born 11 January 1980) is a former rugby union footballer who played at back row for London Irish in the Aviva Premiership. He is currently Defence coach for the same team.
	Danaher joined London Irish in 1999, making his debut against Gloucester Rugby in May 2000.
	He started in the 2002 Powergen Cup Final at Twickenham, as London Irish defeated the Northampton Saints.
	Danaher was on the losing side in the Finals of the 2005-06 European Challenge Cup and 2008–09 Guinness Premiership.
	In July 2012, he was appointed the captain of London Irish for the 2012/13 Aviva Premiership Rugby Season.
	He has represented Ireland at U19 level and England at U21 level. Danaher also represented England A in 2002.
	He was selected by Clive Woodward for the England squad for the 2002 Six Nations Championship and the Senior tour of Argentina in 2002.
	On 20 March 2014, at the age of 34, Declan announced his retirement due to a triceps tear.

= = = Hello Young Lovers (Sparks album) = = =

	Hello Young Lovers is the 20th album by Sparks. It is a concept album which addresses aspects of modern love.
	"Hello Young Lovers" was commercially more popular than any Sparks album since the nineteen-seventies, and it reached #66 on the UK Album Chart. The album did not chart in the US. The album was released on CD and both white and pink vinyl. The CD was initially released on Gut records, and then later released on In The Red records.
	Two singles and an EP were released to promote the album. The first; "Perfume" was backed with an alternative version of "(Baby, Baby) Can I Invade Your Country" and a remix by Clor. It peaked at #80 on the UK Singles chart and #10 on the UK Independent Singles Chart.
	"Dick Around" was released as an EP in the US, and as a double a-side single with "Waterproof" in the UK. Both versions featured an edited version of "Dick Around" and the US version included live tracks recorded earlier that year in Los Angeles. The UK release of the song fell foul of a ban by the BBC, who took issue with the title citing it as obscene. Sparks issued a statement; "In a reaction [to the ban] the band says: "The BBC has officially killed off our new single Dick Around, ostensibly through rather childish objections to the title, an innocent reference to the idle life. That a piece of music can be condemned purely by its title without the 'decision makers' even having the decency to open the CD case is a travesty and an insult to both us as the creators of the music and to the listeners of the BBC." Eventually, In a statement BBC London said that the track is back in rotation. The single charted at the lowly position of #139 in the UK.
	Album

= = = Rugby union in New Zealand = = =

	Rugby union is the unofficial national sport of New Zealand. The national team, the All Blacks, is currently ranked the second best international rugby team in the world, after South Africa. The sport has been known in New Zealand since 1870. The top domestic competitions are the semi-professional ITM Cup and amateur Heartland Championship, and above them Super Rugby, in which New Zealand has five franchises. The country co-hosted and won the first ever Rugby World Cup in 1987, and hosted and won the 2011 Rugby World Cup. They have won three World Cups, tied with South Africa, the most of any other country. They are also the current World Champions in 7s rugby for men and women.
	Before Europeans arrived in New Zealand, the Māori were playing a ball game called ki-o-rahi which greatly resembled Australian Rules Football and rugby football. It has been suggested that this may have influenced New Zealand playing styles, especially amongst the indigenous population.
	Various codes of football were played in New Zealand in the years following white settlement. Christchurch Football Club, which is now the oldest rugby club in the country, was founded in 1863. It played by its own rules for many years. Rugby football was first introduced to New Zealand in 1870 by Charles John Monro, son of the then-Speaker of the House of Representatives, David Monro. He encountered the game while studying at Christ's College Finchley, in East Finchley, London, England, and on his return introduced the game to Nelson College, who played the first rugby union match against Nelson football club on 14 May. A visit to Wellington by Munro later that same year resulted in an organised match between Nelson and Wellington. By the following year, the game had been formalised in Wellington, and subsequently rugby was taken up in Wanganui and Auckland in 1873 and Hamilton in 1874. In 1875, the first representative team was formed, being a combined-clubs Auckland team which toured the South. It is thought that by the mid-1870s, the game had been taken up by the majority of the colony.
	The latter stages of the 1870s saw the emergence of a more formal structure, with Unions being formed in both Canterbury and Wellington during 1879. In 1882, the first international rugby side toured New Zealand, a New South Wales side that visited both islands during the latter part of the year. Two years later, a New Zealand team visited New South Wales, wearing blue jerseys with a golden fern. The team won all their games. In 1888, the first ever British Isles rugby team tour took place, visiting New Zealand and Australia. The visitors won all their New Zealand games except for one, losing to Auckland. During 1888-89, the New Zealand Native team became the first from a colony to visit Britain. In 1892 the New Zealand Rugby Football Union (NZRFU), now known as the New Zealand Rugby Union (NZRU), was established, to act as the national governing body of the sport. Following the establishment of the national governing body, the first NZRFU national sanctioned tour was undertaken in 1893, when a ten-game tour of Australia was played. The team was captained by Thomas Ellison.
	In 1902, the governor of New Zealand, the fifth Earl of Ranfurly presented a trophy shield to the Auckland side, who were undefeated in provincial competition that year. The shield became known as the Ranfurly Shield. Three years later, a 1905 New Zealand team, who became known as the "Originals", toured the British Isles and France winning all of their games apart from controversially losing the test against Wales. As the team swept through Britain, some of the players took note of how rugby (league) was being played in the North of England. One player, Aucklander George Smith met with Sydney entrepreneur James J. Giltinan on his way home, and discussed the opportunities of such a game. Meanwhile, New Zealander Albert Henry Baskervill had contacted the Northern Union to arrange a New Zealand tour, as he had just read about the game in the Wellington Post. The NZRFU discouraged any involvement from its players and officials, nonetheless, a team departed a travelled to Sydney first, and were there labelled the All Golds, a play on All Blacks in reference to the player payments. The team went on to tour England. They played an import role in rugby league.
	The 1930s saw a period of skill development for rugby in New Zealand. The 1940 All Black tour of South Africa was one of the first sporting events cancelled due to the Second World War. Rugby was however played in services sport, with games being played with South African allies during the North African desert campaign, also, most domestic competitions were suspended during this time. In 1976, the first ever season of the National Provincial Championship (succeeded in 2006 by the Air New Zealand Cup and Heartland Championship) went underway. In its inaugural format, Division One was made up of seven North Island teams and four South Island. The remaining provinces contested a split second division, though South and North teams did not meet each other, instead played their respective Island clubs. There was a separate relegation system in place for each the North and South, ensuring the number of teams from each island.
	The 1981 Springbok Tour, or "The Tour", went down as one of the most controversial rugby tours ever. From July to September, the Springboks toured New Zealand. Rugby fans filled the stadiums, yet equal numbers of fans protested the games outside the stadiums. Police were divided into Red and Blue riot squads for the tour, and in preparation for possible trouble, all spectators were told to assemble in sports grounds at least an hour before kickoff. At a game at Rugby Park in Hamilton, around 350 protesters pulled down a fence and invaded the pitch. Police, already very worried, pulled the match when they found out a light plane piloted by a protester was headed to fly around the stadium. A protest turned violent in Wellington the following week, escalating the situation. During the final test match at Eden Park, a low flying plane dropped flour bombs over the pitch. A subsequent 1985 All Black tour was prevented by the High Court, but an unofficial tour took place the following year.
	In 1987, the NZRFU wrote to the International Rugby Football Board, later known as the International Rugby Board (IRB) and now as World Rugby, requesting the possibility of hosting an inaugural Rugby World Cup. The 1987 World Cup was eventually given to both New Zealand and Australia. The All Blacks made it to the final, where they would meet France. The All Blacks won and were crowned the first ever World Champions. In the 1980s, New Zealand provincial sides participated in the South Pacific Championship, along with teams from Australia and Fiji. In 1992 this type of competition was relaunched as the Super Sixes, and was expanded to the Super 10 later. As rugby entered the professional era in the mid-1990s, along with South Africa and Australia, New Zealand formed SANZAR, which would see them start a provincial rugby competition, the Super 12. The 1996 Super 12 season saw the Auckland Blues finish in second place, whilst the Waikato Chiefs 6th, the Otago Highlanders 8th, the Wellington Hurricanes 9th, and the Canterbury Crusaders 12th. The SANZAR agreement also saw the formation of the Tri Nations Series, a contest between the respective national sides, the All Blacks, Springboks and Wallabies. The All Blacks won the first series. Beginning in 2012, the Argentina Pumas entered the competition, which was renamed The Rugby Championship. New Zealand was supposed to jointly host the 2003 World Cup with Australia, but a disagreement with the IRB saw the tournament given to Australia in its entirety. In 2006, New Zealand won the right to host the 2011 World Cup.
	In New Zealand there are 520 clubs, 141,726 registered players and 2309 referees. In colonial New Zealand, rugby football served to maintain loyalty to the Crown within the emigrant population, whilst introducing British culture to the Māori population. It was the New Zealand Natives' Rugby Tour of 1888/89 showed that New Zealand could compete with other nations. Similarly, the 1905-06 tour, in which the All Blacks went very close to a clean sweep tour (with just one loss against Wales), helped to create a sense of national pride around the All Blacks, as they appeared physically superior and pulled off an admirable performance on their British tour. It is also thought that this saw the emergence of the Kiwi as a national symbol. Rugby dominates New Zealand's sports media. Being the unofficial national winter sport of New Zealand, rugby attracts large sporting attendances and viewership. As many as 5000 people have turned out to watch All Black training sessions, while the final of 2011 Rugby World Cup was the single most watched television event in New Zealand history. There is a pay TV channel dedicated to rugby in New Zealand.
	The "haka" is a traditional Māori challenge that has become closely associated with New Zealand rugby at an international level. There are thousands of variations of haka that are performed by various tribes and cultural groups throughout New Zealand; one of the best known is called "Ka Mate". The All Blacks have performed a haka before matches since the late 19th century.
	Early forms of rugby had been played in New Zealand since the 1860s. While these were initially associated with the settler elite and the military, other colonists accustomed to hard physical labour also soon took part.
	In 1872, 'Wirihana' became the first recorded Māori rugby player when he turned out for Wanganui 'Country' in a 20-a-side fixture against their urban counterparts. While some all-Māori clubs were formed, such as Kiri Kiri near Thames, mixed teams were more common in areas like Poverty Bay which had substantial Māori populations.
	Māori living in areas that had supported the Crown during the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s seem to have been the first to take up the sport. Jack Taiaroa and Joseph Warbrick were key members of the first representative New Zealand team, which toured New South Wales in 1884.
	The New Zealand Rugby Union (NZRU) is responsible for rugby in the country. The NZRU was formed in 1892 as the New Zealand Rugby Football Union with the original representation of seven unions though there was the original significant absence of Canterbury, Otago and Southland. The NZRFU joined the IRFB in 1949. There are 26 member unions within New Zealand. Every province also has its own union. In late 2005, New Zealand won the right to host the 2011 World Cup.
	New Zealand, commonly referred to as the All Blacks, are the most successful team in international rugby. They have a positive winning record against all Test nations, and have a win record of over 74% The first All Blacks Test match was played against Australia at Sydney Cricket Ground on 15 August 1903. New Zealand won 22 - 3, with "The Sydney Morning Herald" saying, 'The present New Zealand team have shown form so far in advance of every fifteen opposed to them that it seems almost impossible for Australia to put a side into the field with any hope of victory...'.
	The major rugby playing nations of Scotland, Italy and Argentina have yet to defeat the All Blacks in a test match. The All Blacks were winners of the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987 and were runners-up in 1995. The All Blacks were the only team to have reached the semi-final stage at every World Cup until the 2007 World Cup where they were defeated 20-18 by France in the quarter-finals. New Zealand won its second Rugby World Cup on home soil in 2011. In 2015 New Zealand became the first country to win back to back Rugby World Cups beating Australia 34-17 in the final played at Twickenham on 31 October. New Zealand is the only country to have never lost a Rugby World Cup pool game.
	The Junior All Blacks are not an age grade side, but are the second national team behind the All Blacks. They were formerly known as New Zealand A, but the name was changed for marketing purposes. They competed in the Pacific Nations Cup competition alongside Australia A, Fiji, Japan, Samoa and Tonga. They won the inaugural IRB Pacific 5 Nations competition in 2006. In 2007 Australia A joined with the competition, changing its name to Pacific Nations Cup. The Junior All Blacks repeated their 2006 success in 2007 winning the competition with victories in all five of their matches including with a 50−0 thumping of their Australian counterparts at Carisbrook Dunedin. The New Zealand Māori played in the 2008 Pacific Nations Cup. No New Zealand team has played in Pacific Nations Cup since then.
	The Māori All Blacks, previously known as New Zealand Māori, is a representative side that play at home and on tour. The Maori All Blacks team is a selection of the best of New Zealand’s Maori rugby players. All contracted players are able to nominate themselves as eligible for the Maori All Blacks and, in the event a player is considered for selection, the team’s kaumatua (cultural advisor) will trace the player’s whakapapa (genealogy) to confirm his heritage and eligibility. The primary objective of this team is to provide an aspirational pathway for young Maori rugby players. The team was formerly established in 1910, and has played many of the world's top Test teams, beating teams such as England, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions.
	Previously known as the New Zealand Divisional XV, this team was revamped in 2006. Only players who have participated in the previous season's Heartland Championship are eligible for selection; this makes it effectively a Heartland all-star team. This team traditionally goes on second-level tours; their first tour under the Heartland name was a 2006 end-of-year tour to Argentina, where they played two provincial teams and the Argentina A side, splitting the provincial matches and losing to Argentina A.
	Their second tour, in November 2008, was a two-match trip to the USA. The first match, in San Francisco, saw them defeat a Pacific Coast XV 39–12. They then travelled to Salt Lake City to take on a USA Select XV in one of the first events held in the new Rio Tinto Stadium, and came from behind to notch a 19–14 win.
	Shortly after the tour, the NZRU announced that the Heartland XV would not be assembled in 2009, and would in the future tour every two years.
	The Black Ferns are the top national women's team in New Zealand. They are the current Women's Rugby World Cup champions, being 3 time winners after they won the 1998 tournament then again in 2002 in Barcelona and again in 2006 in Canada.
	Sevens is a form of rugby union which involves 7 players per team rather than 15 in the regular game. The games are 7 minutes per half (10 minutes in a competition final) rather than 40 minutes per half in the 15-man game. The New Zealand Sevens team compete in the World Rugby Sevens Series, the Sevens World Cup, and the Commonwealth Games Sevens. The New Zealand Sevens team were undefeated in the Sevens events in the Commonwealth Games until 2014, when South Africa defeated them in the final. Since the inception of the Sevens Series in 1999–2000, the New Zealand Sevens team have dominated the series, winning the first six seasons of the competition (2000–2005) and 12 times in all, most recently in 2014.
	The New Zealand Under 21s rugby union team is for players aged under 21. New Zealand Under 21 (formerly Colts) was first selected in 1955 and played annually until 2007. The Under 21s enjoyed great success on the world stage, winning world titles in 2000, 2001, 2003, and 2004.
	New Zealand formed an Under 20 side for the first time in 2008. The catalyst for the creation of this side was World Rugby's decision to scrap its under-19 and under-21 world championships in favour of a single under-20 tournament, originally known as the IRB Junior World Championship and now known as the World Rugby Under 20 Championship. The side won the first four editions of the competition (2008–2011), and again in 2015 and 2017.
	The New Zealand Under 19s rugby team is for players aged under 19. New Zealand Under 19 was selected for the first time in 1990, and played annually until 2007. They were strong contenders during their time, and won the IRB Under 19 World Championship in 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, and 2007
	The New Zealand Schoolboys rugby union team is for secondary school students to help them aim for and achieve higher honors. New Zealand Schoolboys team is a great team to start out in and it brings you into the international scene early on. Famous past schoolboy players include Aaron Mauger, Mils Muliaina, and Joe Rokocoko.
	Super Rugby is an international competition featuring teams from New Zealand, Australia and South Africa. The competition, governed by SANZAR, was formed in 1996 as Super 12 after the game turned professional. It became Super 14 in 2006 with the addition of one team each from Australia and South Africa, and Super Rugby in 2011 when a fifth Australian team joined. The current format includes five teams from each participating country.
	With the expansion to 15 teams, the competition format was dramatically changed. The league phase, originally a single round-robin, was replaced by a three-conference format, with each conference consisting of teams in one of the participating countries. Each team plays home-and-away against the other teams in its conference, plus single games against four teams in each other conference. The finals series was also changed. In the Super 12 and Super 14 eras, this was a knockout series involving the top four finishers. The knockout format was retained for Super Rugby, but now involves the three conference winners plus the top three non-winners without regard to conference. Currently, five New Zealand teams participate in the competition, these being Crusaders, Blues, Hurricanes, Chiefs and Highlanders.
	The competition was further reorganised in 2016 with a permanent sixth team from South Africa and new entries based in Argentina (Jaguares) and Japan (Sunwolves). At that time, the competition was split into Australasian and African groups (with the latter including the Argentine and Japanese teams), each in turn being divided into two conferences. All of the New Zealand teams formed one conference. The finals series expanded to eight teams, with the top team from each conference, plus the top three non-winners from the Australasian group and the top non-winner from the African group, qualifying.
	New Zealand teams have dominated Super Rugby for much of its history, winning 12 of the 18 titles decided to date. The Crusaders are the most successful club, having won 10 titles in 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2017, 2018 and 2019. The Blues, Highlanders & Chiefs are the other New Zealand teams to have captured the title, the Blues having won in 1996, 1997 and 2003, the Chiefs winning in 2012 and 2013 and the Highlanders winning in 2015. Australia's Brumbies (two titles), Reds (one) and NSW Waratahs (one) and South Africa's Bulls (three) are the only teams from outside New Zealand to have won a title.
	The Mitre 10 Cup, started in 2006 and known as the Air New Zealand Cup from its inception until a change in sponsorship for 2010, is the premier domestic competition in New Zealand rugby. A fully professional competition contested by 14 provincial teams, it is the successor to Division One of the country's former domestic competition, the National Provincial Championship (NPC).
	The Mitre 10 Cup features the following teams from the former NPC Division One:
	It also features three teams from the former NPC Division Two:
	plus one newly formed team, the merger of the former NPC Division Two teams of Marlborough and Nelson Bays:
	Beginning in 2011, the Mitre 10 Cup split into two divisions—the top-level Premiership and second-level Championship, each with seven teams. Promotion and relegation was reintroduced to the top level of provincial rugby; the winner of the Championship replaces the bottom team of the Premiership; the winner of the Meads Cup replaces the bottom team of the Championship.
	The Heartland Championship is an amateur competition contested among 12 teams from the former NPC Divisions Two and Three. It was also founded in 2006 as a result of the reorganisation of the NPC, and is directly run by the NZRU. Its teams compete for the Meads and Lochore Cups, named after famous All Blacks Colin Meads and Brian Lochore. The participating teams are:
	The Ranfurly Shield, also known as the Log o' Wood, has been competed for on a challenge basis by provincial teams since 1904. The current holders of the shield become "defenders" in every game played on their home ground, if the opposition or "challenger" defeats them, they become the new holder of the Shield. The Shield was first presented by the Governor of New Zealand, the Earl of Ranfurly. 
	The current holders are Otago since 13 October 2018.
	Each ITM Cup and Heartland Championship region conducts local intra-provincial club competitions. The club level is often followed by the local media and has local support. Clubs often rely on the Pub Charity in order to survive. In total, 520 clubs are affiliated to the NZRU.
	The Rugby World Cup is considered the ultimate rugby competition. The New Zealand All Blacks won the first World Cup in 1987, beating France in the final. Since then the All Blacks were favourites on several occasions, but did not win for another 24 years. New Zealand lost to Australia in the semi-final in 2003 and fell to the French team in the quarter-final of the 2007 Rugby World Cup. Intense lobbying by the NZRFU and the New Zealand Government helped New Zealand secure hosting rights to the 2011 Rugby World Cup. The All Blacks regained the World Cup on home soil in 2011. They went on to be the first country in history to win the Rugby World Cup two times consecutively, as they won the 2015 competition in England.
	The Women's Rugby World Cup is considered the top rugby competition for women. The New Zealand Black Ferns first won the world cup in 1998, beating the United States in the final. Since then the Black Ferns have won in 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2017. New Zealand lost to Ireland in Pool B in 2014. and didn't qualify in 1994.
	Intense lobbying by the New Zealand Government helped New Zealand secure hosting rights to the 2021 Women's Rugby World Cup by beating out neighbour Australia. It will be the first time the tournament will have been played in the southern hemisphere.
	The Tri Nations, now known as The Rugby Championship, is an annual competition involving the strongest rugby nations from the Southern Hemisphere. When the competition was established in 1996, it featured New Zealand, Australia and South Africa. Originally, this involved each country playing one home and one away game against both other countries. From 2006 the competition was expanded with each nation playing both the other nations three times (except in Rugby World Cup years, when it reverted to a home-and-away series). The All Blacks won the first series in 1996, as well as the subsequent 1997 series. They have been the most dominant team in the series; during the Tri Nations era (1996–2011), they won 10 titles to the Springboks' three and the Wallabies' two.
	In 2012, Argentina joined the competition, which became The Rugby Championship. With four nations now involved, the tournament returned to a straight home-and-away format except in World Cup years, when it is conducted in a single round-robin format. The All Blacks won the first three editions of the renamed competition (2012–2014), giving them a total of 13 Tri Nations and Rugby Championship titles.
	The Freedom Cup is contested between New Zealand and South Africa, first as part of the Tri Nations and now in The Rugby Championship.
	The Bledisloe Cup reflects the rivalry between Australia and New Zealand and has been contested since the early 1930s. The Bledisloe Cup was irregularly contested between 1931 and 1981, usually during tours by the two nations. During this period, New Zealand won it 19 times and Australia four times. In 1982 it became an annual contest, being contested either as a single game or in a three-test series. Between 1982 and 1995 New Zealand won the Cup 11 times and Australia three times. Since 1996 the Bledisloe Cup has been contested as part of the Tri Nations/Rugby Championship. .
	The Rugby World Cup Sevens is World Rugby's equivalent to the (15-man) Rugby World Cup. It is also held every four years, and was originally scheduled in the odd-numbered years in which the 15-man RWC was not held. The competition was first held in 1993. New Zealand won in 2001, were losing finalists to Fiji in 2005, and won the most recent edition in 2013 in Moscow. The 2013 edition was originally intended to be the last because of the impending establishment of an Olympic sevens tournament in 2016. World Rugby (then known as the IRB) later decided to retain the World Cup Sevens, and established a new four-year cycle in which the World Cup would be held in even-numbered non-Olympic years. As such, the next edition was held in 2018 in the San Francisco Bay Area.
	The World Rugby Sevens Series, held annually since 1999–2000, is a series of several international tournaments, expanding from nine to ten for the upcoming 2015–16 series, featuring full international sevens teams. New Zealand have been the dominant team throughout the series' history, winning the first six editions (2000–2005), and again in 2007, 2008, and 2010–2014. New Zealand hosts one leg, the New Zealand International Sevens, at Westpac Stadium in Wellington.

= = = Diarium Vadstenense = = =

	The Diarium Vadstenense (also "Diarium Vazstenense") or "Vadstena Diary" is the diary of the monks of the Vadstena Abbey (in Vadstena, Sweden), in which remarkable events in or out of the monastery were written down.
	The diary contains notes from the years 1336–1545. Among the events in the abbey itself, the larger part concerns itself with persons who have entered the abbey as monks or nuns and the people who were interred in the abbey church. The diary is written in medieval Latin. The last note from 1545 mentions that the burghers of the town had begun to demolish the walls of the abbey.
	The preserved diary is kept in the Uppsala University Library. The text has been published several times; the latest published version is the critical edition by Claes Gejrot from 1996, with a parallel translation in Swedish ("Vadstenadiariet: latinsk text med översättning och kommentar", Stockholm: Samfundet för utgivande av handskrifter rörande Skandinaviens historia, 1996). An electronic version (on CD-ROM) of Gejrot's edition, with facsimiles of the original manuscript, was produced in 2003 for the 700th anniversary of the birth of Saint Bridget, the founder of the abbey and the Bridgettine Order.

= = = Dyuni = = =

	Dyuni (Дюни, "Dunes"; also Duni or Dyunite) is a holiday town and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, 40 km south of the Bulgarian city of Burgas and 7 km from Sozopol. The construction of the resort began in 1987 by an Austrian company and after a Bulgarian project.
	The resort has a length of 4–5 km and a width of over 100 m, with a beach suitable for windsurfing and other water sports in a wide bay. Dyuni Royal Resort has ten tennis courts (3 hard with tartan surface and 7 with artificial grass with quartz sand) and a number of swimming pools.

= = = Holiday stamp = = =

	Holiday stamps are a type of postage stamp issued to commemorate a particular religious festival or holiday.
	Many nations in the world issue Christmas stamps intended for use on holiday mail.
	In 1997 a joint issue was issued by Mexico, who issued one stamp, and the United States, who issued both a 32-cent and a 33-cent denomination. Cinco de Mayo celebrates the defeat of the French Army by Mexican soldiers at the Battle of Puebla though some people believe it is the Mexican day of independence.
	Ukraine is among the countries that have issued a stamp commemorating Easter, a Christian holiday.
	The United States Postal Service issued a 34-cent stamp on the 1 September 2001 at the annual Islamic Society of North America's convention in Des Plaines, Illinois. It features gold Arabic calligraphy on a lapis background that commemorates two of the most important Muslim festivals: Eid ul-Fitr, marking the end of the month-long fast of Ramadan and Eid al-Adha, at the end of the pilgrimage to Mecca. During the festival, Muslims wish each other "Eid Mubarak," the phrase featured on the stamp. "Eid Mubarak" translates into English as "blessed festival," and can be paraphrased as "May your religious holiday be blessed." This phrase can be applied to both Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. This stamp was designed by the Islamic calligrapher Mohammed Zakariya.
	On 12 August 2011, a new version of the Eid stamp, a Forever stamp for first-class mail, was issued. With a red background, its calligraphy (i.e., text) is distinctly different from the 2001 stamp with a blue background. On the Forever stamp, the text in the upper left corner is "2011 USA", and text in the upper right, running vertically, reads "FOREVER." Text running across bottom reads "EID GREETINGS."
	Pakistan is among the other countries with an Eid stamp.
	The U.S. Postal Service issued a 32-cent stamp on October 22, 1996 as a joint issue with Israel. Hanukkah commemorates the revolt led by Judah Maccabee against the government of Antiochus IV in 165 BC. This initial printing produced 103.5 million stamps and in it was re-issued in 1999 in a 33-cent value.
	The Israeli stamp employs the same multi-colored menorah design, by American Hannah Smotrich, a graduate of the Yale School of Art. Israel also issued a first-day cover as well as a souvenir sheet, which shows both stamps (pictured on left). As a unique feature, this was this first self-adhesive stamp in Israel.
	In 2004, the U.S. issued another Hanukkah stamp depicting a photograph of a dreidel (a spinning toy with four sides), with the word 'Hanukkah' in the background. The dreidel shown was purchased in Jerusalem by an American couple. The stamp was first issued on October 15 in New York. The initial version of the stamp has been reissued; in 2006 it was 39 cents, in 2007, it was 41 cents stamp, and in 2008 it was a 42 cent stamp.
	In 2013 United States Postal Service issued a new version of Hanukkah stamp which depicted menorah again. The stamp was issued on November 19 in New York.
	Many countries issue stamps to celebrate their Independence Day or Republic Day.
	India celebrates its Independence on August 15, beginning with its first three stamps issued in 1947. Republic Day is celebrated on January 26, commencing with the four stamps issued in 1950.
	Pakistan celebrates its Independence (Yaum e Azadi) on August 14, beginning with its first recess printed stamps.
	Kwanzaa is a non-religious African-American festival which synthesizes and reinvents traditional African "first fruits" celebrations. The U.S. Postal Service issued the first 32 cent stamp designed by self-taught artist Synthia Saint James for Kwanzaa on October 22, 1997. This design was revalued three times to 33-cent, 34-cent and 37-cent in 1999, 2001 and 2002, respectively. A total of 133 million Kwanzaa stamps were produced in 1997. A second Kwanzaa stamp, a 37-cent self-adhesive value, was introduced on October 16, 2004 with a new design by Daniel Minter that was intended to convey "balanced formality with a celebratory, festive mood." This stamp has been reissued; the 2006 was 39 cents, the 2007 value was 41 cents, the 2008 was 42 cents.
	Israel has issued its "festival" series of stamps every year to commemorate the Jewish New Year, Rosh Hashanah. In 1948, Israel's first festival stamps were designed by Otte Wallish and depicted LMLK seals stamped onto jars from the time of King Hezekiah (circa 700 BCE). The Rosh Hashanah stamps often display secular and patriotic motifs, such as bread, wine, olives, soldiers, kibbutzniks, Israeli dancing and the national library (1992). Fittingly, many series feature religious motifs, such as curtains for synagogue arks (1999), Hebrew Bible stories (1994), ushpizin of Sukkot (1997), Jewish lifecycle events (1995), and the orders the Mishnah (2006), with Nezikin pictured here.
	Several countries have issued love stamps for Saint Valentine's Day, such as; Belgium, France, Sweden, Norway and Denmark. Collectors will often try to collect covers from romantically named towns. Perhaps the most well known, servicing more than 200,000 each year around Valentine's Day, is Loveland, USA.
	In 1985 An Post, the Irish Post Office, started issuing Love stamps for use on Saint Valentine's Day cards. The first pair of stamps issued depicted clouds and balloon (22p value) and hearts and flowers (26p value). An Post continues to issue new designs each year.
	Several nations issue postage stamps to mark the Chinese New Year (or Lunar New Year). Typically appearing in January and February, issuing countries have included China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, United States, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, and France.
	The stamps usually depict the animal sign of that year, consisting of the sequence: Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig. The designs may be part of a set, or individually designed; for instance, since 1992 the US has been issuing Chinese New Year stamps using a common design type based on colored paper cutouts of the animals. In succeeding years, the U.S. Postal Service issued additional stamps until all twelve animals associated with the Chinese lunar calendar were represented. The calligraphic characters on these stamps may be translated into English as "Happy New Year".
	Hong Kong was one of the first countries to issue a commemorative stamp for the lunar new year since the 1960s (1967), but other countries have followed:
	Most of these stamps consist of first-day covers, commemorative sheets, and multiple country brochures.

= = = Gareth McLean = = =

	Gareth McLean (born c.1975) is a Scottish journalist and screenwriter who has written for "The Guardian" newspaper and on soap operas for the "Radio Times" magazine. 
	McLean graduated with an MA (Hons) in English from the University of Aberdeen, working at "The Scotsman" newspaper as a Feature Writer from 1997 until he began writing as a TV critic for "The Guardian" in 1999. He writes the weekly soaps column in the "Radio Times", and has been "The Guardian"'s TV editor since 2003, reviewing television programmes and interviewing actors and actresses.
	He also writes about current affairs, popular culture, and fashion for "The Guardian", and is an infrequent contributor to "attitude", a London-based gay men's lifestyle magazine. He was shortlisted for the Young Journalist of the Year Award at the British Press Awards in 1997 and 1998. He is a regular contributor to various BBC and Independent radio programmes, including BBC Radio 4's "Woman's Hour" and "The Message", "The Media Show" on LBC, and "The Arts Show" on BBC Radio Scotland. He is also a regular contributor to MediaTalk on Guardian Unlimited.
	In 2017 he wrote a monologue, "Something Borrowed", part of a series of one-off dramas entitled "Queers". The series was curated by Mark Gatiss to mark 50 years since the passing of the Sexual Offences Act 1967, which decriminalised homosexual acts in England and Wales. The first production was directed by Mark Gatiss and performed by Mark Bonnar at The Old Vic on 28 July 2017. Alan Cumming starred in the BBC Four television production, which was broadcast on 3 August 2017.

= = = Erik Chitty = = =

	Erik Chitty (8 July 1907 in Dover, Kent – 22 July 1977 Brent, Middlesex), was an English stage, film and television actor.
	Chitty was the son of a flour miller, Frederick Walter Chitty and his wife Ethel Elsie Assistance née Franklin; they married in 1902. He attended Dover College and Jesus College, Cambridge where he was one of the founders of the Cambridge University Mummers, before training at RADA and becoming a professional actor. He then ran his own repertory company in Frinton-on-Sea.
	Chitty was an early player in the fledgling BBC television, which started in November 1936 until it was closed at the beginning of the War.
	His television credits included a major role as the aged "Mr. Smith" in "Please Sir!", and multiple appearances in "Dad's Army", "Raffles", "Doctor Who", "Danger Man", "Maigret", "Man About the House" and "The Goodies". He appeared in the TV musical "Pickwick" for the BBC in 1969.
	Chitty was married to the former actress Hester Bevan and had two daughters and one son. He was also a keen genealogist.

= = = David Paice = = =

	David Paice (born 24 November 1983) is an English qualified rugby union footballer who plays at hooker for London Irish and has International honours for England.
	Paice participated in the 2007 Churchill Cup.
	He was later called into the England Saxons side that defeated Ireland A on 1 February 2008.
	He made his Senior debut for England during their 2008 Summer Tour, in a defeat to New Zealand at Eden Park. In November 2012 was called up to the England squad and played in all 4 matches in the Autumn Internationals.
	Paice led Irish to promotion back to the Aviva Premiership during the 2016/17 Championship winning season, a pivotal role as a fleet footed Hooker. Paice made his 250th appearance for Irish that season and often captained the club on the field.

= = = Bubendorf (disambiguation) = = =

	Bubendorf may refer to:

= = = Blessed John Henry Newman Roman Catholic College = = =

	Blessed John Henry Newman RC College is a coeducational Roman Catholic secondary school located in Chadderton in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, Greater Manchester, England under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford.
	The school was formed in 2011 from the amalgamation of St Augustine of Canterbury RC High School in Werneth, Oldham and Our Lady's R.C. High School in Royton. The merged school was originally based over the two former school sites, but has now moved to a new building.
	In the Ofsted inspection of February 2013 the school was judged as inadequate. In the inspection of May 2015 it was rated as 'good'.

= = = Not Before Sundown = = =

	Not Before Sundown (orig. fin. "Ennen päivänlaskua ei voi", United States: "Troll - a love story") is a novel by Finnish writer Johanna Sinisalo in 2000. In the same year it won a Finlandia Prize for literature. Since then it has won several awards including The James Tiptree Jr. award in 2004 for works of science fiction or fantasy that expand or explore our understanding of gender.
	The story is about a homosexual photographer Mikael, who finds a young and injured troll from his home yard and takes it to his home. This troll is inspired by Finnish folklore and is an intelligent, almost human-like animal that in appearance resembles a cat and a monkey. In the world of the novel trolls are existing animals instead of mythical creatures, although quite rare.
	The book has multiple narrative levels, and each chapter is broken into short segments that alternate between viewpoints of different characters. Interspersed between the story are newspaper articles, old stories, novel segments, jokes and other slightly altered history that illustrates the long relationship between humans and trolls in the world of the novel. By concentrating on gay characters the story explores power structures in interpersonal relationships without the need to consider how gender roles affect them.
	The name of the book as well as the names of it chapters are taken from a Finnish song "Päivänsäde ja Menninkäinen" by Tapio Rautavaara and Reino Helismaa, which says "Kas, menninkäinen ennen päivänlaskua ei voi milloinkaan olla päällä maan" (translated "A troll cannot ever stay above the ground before sundown").
	The novel has been translated into the following languages:

= = = Bradley Foster = = =

	Bradley Foster was a fictional character in UK soap opera "Family Affairs", played by Harry Capehorn from 2004 to 2005.
	Bradley first appeared in Charnham in April 2004, as the former boyfriend of Melanie Costello. Bradley had taken a gap year in Australia the year previous, and returned to the UK to live with his mother, Sharon. Chrissy, Melanie's mother tried to get Bradley and Melanie back together, but ultimately failed as Melanie was engaged to Brendan Boulter. Bradley went on to date Lucy Day, one of Melanie's friends who lived locally and began working for Les Boulter at the corner cafe.
	Bradley settled into the Costello household as a lodger, frequently babysitting Chloe, Melanie's younger sister while her parents Gary and Chrissy went through a separation. Chloe began to look on Bradley as an older brother figure, as Melanie had recently married and moved in with Brendan. Everything seemed fine, until one day in October, Chloe revealed to Chrissy that Bradley had been touching her inappropriately. 
	Chrissy then told Gary that the allegations were a lie, which put further strain on their marriage. After Chloe was analysed by a child psychologist, the finger of blame began to point towards Gary. However, Gary was vindicated following Chloe revealing to the social worker that Bradley was the one sexually abusing her.
	Bradley, after being attacked by Gary outside of the cafe, decided to flee Charnham and tried to convince Lucy to come with him.
	One afternoon, Gary arrived late to pick Chloe up and Bradley saw his chance and abducted her. Lucy, who arranged to meet Bradley, in secret persuaded him to bring Chloe home and give himself up. Bradley was then arrested, but released due to lack of evidence against him and the fact that Chloe had lied previously.
	During a search on Sharon's boyfriend, Conrad Williams' house, where Bradley was staying, the police found child pornography on Bradley's computer. Bradley denied all knowledge and accused Gary of planting images on the hard drive. The images were later revealed as being paid for prior to Bradley moving in with the Costellos. The evidence was not sufficient to sustain a conviction.
	On November 5, 2004, Gary received information from Alex Williams, Conrad's son about Bradley's whereabouts. Bradley, after being thrown out by his stepfather, Martin, had returned to Charnham and had been staying with the Williams Family. Gary, upon leaving the pub, smashed his way into the house and confronted Bradley.
	Bradley began goading Gary about Chloe seeking attention and not leaving him alone, prompting Gary to punch him, causing Bradley to fall and hit his head.
	After Bradley had woken from his coma and had undergone a successful operation to reattach a loose retina, he was remanded in custody alongside Gary.
	During an emotional conversation with Chrissy, Sharon revealed that she did in fact believe that Bradley had molested Chloe as she had suspected her first husband, Bradley's father, had done to him.
	In April 2005, Gary stood trial for his assault on Bradley. Bradley was convinced Gary would be sent down for the assault and decided to paint a damning picture of him in court. Sharon, while on the stand revealed the information about Bradley's past abuse, in order to aid Gary but the testimony was stricken from the record. The jury retired to deliberate over a verdict. When the jury returned, they rendered a verdict of Not Guilty.
	Bradley then left Charnham, with his relationship with Sharon in tatters.

= = = 2006 in the United Kingdom = = =

	Events from the year 2006 in the United Kingdom.

= = = Morvern Callar (film) = = =

	Morvern Callar is a 2002 British drama film directed by Lynne Ramsay and starring Samantha Morton in the title role. It is based on Alan Warner's 1995 novel of the same name.
	Morvern Callar (Samantha Morton) is a young woman in a small port town in Scotland. She wakes on Christmas morning to discover that her boyfriend has killed himself, leaving a suicide note, mix tape, and the manuscript of his unpublished novel behind. His novel is dedicated to her and she decides to erase his name and puts her own name on the novel and sends it to the publisher recommended by her boyfriend. Instead of arranging a funeral with the money on his account, as requested by him, she cuts his body up and buries it in the mountains. With the money she then escapes her work stacking fruit in the groceries section of the local supermarket and goes to Almería, Costa del Sol, with her best friend Lanna (Kathleen McDermott). As they go out and party she feels she's in a different mood to Lanna and leaves her, so she can meet the publishers who have come to meet her in Spain. She plays the role of a writer and receives an advance on the novel for £100,000. Back in Scotland she tries to convince Lanna to come with her to the big world, but Lanna refuses and leaves (in Spain Lanna has met a guy from Leeds who plans to visit her in Scotland). Morvern collects her suitcase and goes to the railway station.
	"Morvern Callar" received positive reviews from critics. It holds a rating of 78/100 on Metacritic, and an 83% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7/10. The latter's critical consensus states, "Morton quietly makes this quirky, enigmatic mood piece a compelling watch." Morton won the 2002 British Independent Film Award for Best Actress for her role as Morvern. The movie also received the 2002 Scottish BAFTA Award for Best Actress (Kathleen McDermott), the 2002 C.I.C.A.E. Award and the Award Of The Youth at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival.

= = = Cherche-Midi prison = = =

	The Cherche-Midi prison was a French military prison located in Paris, France. It housed military prisoners between 1851 and 1947.
	Construction on the prison began in 1847, when the former convent of the Daughters of the Good Shepherd was demolished on Rue du Cherche-Midi in Paris. The prison was modeled after the Auburn prison in Auburn, New York, and consisted of 200 solitary confinement cells. The prison population consisted of military personnel convicted of crimes by military tribunal, draft dodgers, deserters and occasional political prisoners. Prisoners were not permitted to talk to each other during the day and were kept isolated in their cells at night.
	On June 12, 1940, immediately prior to the German occupation of Paris, the prison was evacuated and prisoners sent to an internment camp near Mauzac. From 1940 to 1944, the prison was used to house political prisoners by the German occupation army. After the liberation of Paris, the prison was used to hold German prisoners of war.
	In 1947, all prisoners were transferred to other facilities and the prison was used as a military courthouse until 1950. In 1950, the building was placed under the control of the Ministry of Justice and abandoned. The dilapidated prison was razed in 1966, and in 1968 the École des hautes études en sciences sociales opened on the site of the former prison.
	Famous detainees at the prison include Adolphe Feder, Kurt Gerstein, Henri Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves, Alfred Dreyfus and Agnès Humbert.

= = = Duni = = =

	Duni may refer to

= = = Nee Soon Central Single Member Constituency = = =

	Nee Soon Central Single Member Constituency (Traditional Chinese: 義順中單選區; Simplified Chinese: 义顺中单选区) is a defunct Single Member Constituency in the northern area in Singapore. The seat consists of Yishun Town Centre(Neighbourhood 9),Neighbourhood 6 and part of Neighbourhood 7. Its current Member of Parliament is Ong Ah Heng of the People's Action Party who has held the seat since 1997. The constituency was formed in 1988 and has been held by the ruling party from 1988 to 1991 when the People's Action Party lost the seat to Singapore Democratic Party's Cheo Chai Chen but Cheo lost to Ong in 1997 Singapore general election. It had disappeared in 2011 when Nee Soon Central, Nee Soon East, Nee Soon South, Chong Pang and Canberra had merged into a newly formed Nee Soon GRC.
	"Constituency Abolished (2011 – )" Note: Presently, it is a sub-constituency of Nee Soon GRC

= = = North Devon District Hospital = = =

	North Devon District Hospital is an NHS district general hospital in the town of Barnstaple, North Devon, England run by Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust.
	The hospital has its origins in the North Devon Infirmary established in Litchdon Street in 1824. Services were transferred to the present facility which occupies the site of the historic manor house of Raleigh, in the former parish of Pilton, seat of the locally influential Chichester family. The building of the hospital was promoted by Jeremy Thorpe when he was MP for Devon North and it opened at its present location in 1979.
	It has an accident & emergency department and offers services such as orthopaedics, key hole surgery, stroke care and cancer services.

= = = Royal de Luxe = = =

	Royal de Luxe is a French mechanical marionette street theatre company. They were founded in 1979 in Aix-en-Provence by Jean-Luc Courcoult. After some years based in Toulouse, the company moved to Nantes in 1989. The company has performed in France, Belgium, England, Germany, Iceland, Chile, Australia, Mexico, Canada, Switzerland, Netherlands and Ireland.

= = = William Davin = = =

	William Davin (1890 – 1 March 1956) was an Irish Labour Party politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for over thirty years. He was also a station-master.
	His first candidacy for public office was at the 1922 general election, when he stood as a Labour Party candidate in the Leix–Offaly constituency. He was returned to the 3rd Dáil, and was re-elected at each successive general election until his death in 1956.
	He was Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Local Government from 1954 to 1956.
	For most of this period, he was the only Labour deputy from Laois–Offaly, but after the June 1927 general election he was joined in the short-lived 5th Dáil by John Gill, who lost his seat at the September 1927 general election.
	Since Davin's death, Laois–Offaly has returned a Labour TD only twice: at the 1965 general election, when Henry Byrne was elected to the 18th Dáil, and at the 1992 general election, when Pat Gallagher was elected to the 27th Dáil.

= = = Mike Shaw (Family Affairs) = = =

	Michael (Mike) Shaw was a fictional character in UK soap opera "Family Affairs", played by Tony O'Callaghan from November 2003 until his death in June 2004 at the hands of Lucy Day. Mike subsequently made several posthumous appearances; once in one of Eileen Callan's nightmares, on a video recording he'd left for Eileen prior to his death, and in a whole week of episodes flashing back to his plot with Eileen to frame Pete Callan for arson.
	Mike first appeared in Charnham in November 2003, as a former flame of Eileen Day. Eileen had enlisted his help in her plan to take revenge on Pete Callan for sleeping with her daughter Lucy and later breaking Lucy's heart by rejecting her. Mike devised a plan for Eileen to get hold of Pete's assets by marrying him and then framing him for arson. Mike set fire to the local cybercafe owned by Roy Farmer, one of Pete's many enemies. The plan worked, but resulted in Roy's death. Eileen was left racked with guilt, but Mike persuaded her not hand herself in. Mike then began extorting money
	When barman Sam Taylor, Eileen's son who she had given up for adoption made a reappearance in her life, He began asking questions about his father. Eileen then later told Mike that Sam was his son who had been born shortly after Mike went to Prison.
	Mike and Sam later began spending time together. Mike asked Sam to move to Spain with him but it wasn't to be...
	On June 3, 2004, The day of Pete's trial. Mike urged Eileen to testify against her husband in court. After testimony from a surprise witness, Pete was acquitted. Back at the Black Swan, Mike, in extreme anger, began attacking Eileen and dragged her into the bathroom attempting to rape her. Dave Matthews and Lucy, heard Eileen's screams and broke down the bathroom door. Mike was knocked down momentarily by Dave, but began to rise. Lucy saw this and pushed Mike to the floor causing him to hit his head, killing him instantly.

= = = The Nutty Squirrels (album) = = =

	The Nutty Squirrels is a children's jazz album by Don Elliott and Alexander "Sascha" Burland recording as The Nutty Squirrels.
	Personnel: Al Caiola, Don Arnone on guitars, Ronnie Bedford on drums, Jack Six on bass.

= = = Systematic Training for Effective Parenting = = =

	Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP) is a parent education program published as a series of books.
	STEP was developed and published by the psychologists Don Dinkmeyer Sr., Gary D. McKay and Don Dinkmeyer Jr. The publication was supplemented by an extensive concept for training and proliferation. STEP has reached more than 4 million parents and has been translated into Spanish, French, German, and Japanese. Korean and Chinese adaptations are in progress.
	STEP is based on Alfred Adler's individual psychology and the work of the psychologists Rudolf Dreikurs and Thomas Gordon.
	An evaluation of the program found that parents who participated in STEP had more positive perceptions of their children and were less likely to abuse them.

= = = Republic of the Congo at the 1992 Summer Olympics = = =

	The Republic of the Congo competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.
	Men's 100m metres
	Men's 800m metres
	Women's 400m Hurdles
	Men's 50m Freestyle

= = = Waikino = = =

	Waikino is a small town at the southern end of a gorge in the North Island of New Zealand alongside the Ohinemuri River, between Waihi and the Karangahake Gorge. The Waikino district lies at the base of the ecologically sensitive Coromandel Peninsula with its subtropical rainforests, steep ravines and fast moving rivers and streams.
	The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "harmful waters" for .
	The population of Waikino was 213 people in 90 households in the 2013 New Zealand census.
	Gold mining around Waikino has a history dating back to early colonisation of New Zealand. Waikino was the focal point of gold mining in the Waikato-Bay of Plenty district with the 1897 construction of the Victoria Battery on the edge of what was a busy town supporting the extensive local mining industry. Waikino's Victoria Battery processed ore from the large Martha Mine in Waihi. The Victoria Battery was then New Zealand's largest industrial complex. Besides processing ore, it supported carpenters' shops, a sawmill and a foundry. With 200 stamps, the battery was the largest quartz crushing plant for gold extraction in Australasia, and was capable of crushing over 812 tonnes of ore each day to the consistency of sand. The loud thumping sounds of crushing rock could be heard 10 kilometres away.
	Up the scenic Waitekauri road 5 km behind Waikino, once existed the mining town of Waitekauri, near Golden Cross. Waitekauri is no longer there today, because the town was demolished at the end of that era's gold rush, consequently the village reverted to farmland. The local Waitekauri pub, the historic two storeyed "Golden Cross Hotel", was literally transported to Waihi where it stands proud today as a reminder of days gone by.
	On 19 October 1923, the Waikino school shooting occurred at Waikino School, claiming the lives of two students, Kelvin McLean, aged 13, and Charles Stewart, aged 9. This remains New Zealand's only school shooting. The gunman, John Christopher Higgins, was convicted of murder and sentenced to death. The death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Higgins later had his conviction quashed, on the grounds of insanity.
	When gold became uneconomic to mine after World War II, Waikino residents lost their economic base and the town reverted into a sleepy little village predominantly inhabited by retirees from the old era. However, the small retail business community in Waikino's main street endured till the late 1950s. When Tom and Nell Buchanan finally closed the doors to the local general store and haberdashery and retired up on the hill behind the village, this signalled the end of an era.
	The 1970s heralded an influx of new people to Waikino, drawn by cheap housing and magnificent scenery. The counterculture had arrived in town and set about transforming Waikino into a bustling centre for hippies and crafts people to gravitate towards. These counterculture folks purchased many of the old houses in the village which had been neglected over time, even converting some of them into small craft workshops and outlets from where they sold their wares locally and around the nation. Waikinos main highway retail shops were back in business.
	The main highway (State Highway 2) retail shops which traversed the beautiful Ohinemuri river before it plunged into the Karangahake Gorge had its old shops and Lodge Hall refurbished and reopened from this influx of young alternative lifestyle people moving in their droves away from the big city chaos. Social revolution was in the air, this was the roaring seventies, and for many young people the flow from big city living towards a more country-oriented sustainable lifestyle in rural New Zealand was the name of the game. Overnight, flourishing cottage industry crafts and health food outlets grew around Waikino, servicing the local village and Coromandel. Once again, the former ghost town, having been closed down for some time, became the focal meeting point of the community. The business strip reinvigorated, people returned to town to do business. Hundreds of tourists, drawn by the quirky hippie atmosphere, stopped at Waikino's main highway retail outlets every week to try out healthy homemade foods at the tea rooms, and to purchase locally made Arts and crafts from the various hippy shops. Some stopped to simply chill out taking in the scenic atmosphere, watching the Ohinemuri river flow into the breathtaking Karangahake Gorge.
	January 1977 saw the community supporting the Waikino music festival of rock, blues and culture, held on Bicknels farm up the Waitawheta Valley. This festival event was run by the Nambassa group who were originally based in the Waikino village, prior to their move to Waihi. Proceeds from this event purchased a winter's supply of fuel for the aged residents of the village and towards the construction of a new post office after the 1981 flood.
	The main highway shops came to a devastating end in the great Ohinemuri river floods of 1981. A huge torrent of water literally picked up the Waikino business district and many homes, and washed them downstream through the Karangahake Gorge. All that was salvageable was the Waikino Hotel and the local community hall, both of which remain operational today.
	A new Post Office was later built on higher ground with funds raised by the community. Initially the National Government deemed a new community Post Office uneconomical, and so decided not to replace one of the town's focal community services which was depended on by the large aged population to cash their weekly pension cheques. This unwelcome decision raised an uproar among the locals, many of whom became overnight activists. This heralded the establishment of the "Waikino Action committee", which lobbied Government and the wider community to have a new community Post Office constructed. After a bitter campaign the Government agreed to build a Post Office, conditional on the community footing much of the bill – which it did. After the postal services were privatised under Rogernomics in the 1990s this postal service was terminated permanently.
	Waikino also has its own primary school which caters for children from as far as Waihi with a daily bus service. The school provides for Year 1 to 6 students, and boasts one computer per two students.
	Tourism and cottage industries are Waikino's primary revenue sources today. Numerous organised tours and walks around the old mining facilities and old rail tunnels, and around beautiful native bush which surround waterfalls and scenic valleys, are available. There is also a community sponsored heritage railway from the Waikino station café to Waihi, the Goldfields Railway. This line used to be part of the East Coast Main Trunk Railway and opened in November 1905, but in 1978, a deviation to the south opened and made it redundant. The Goldfields Railway successfully saved the 6 km of track between Waihi and Waikino and is now a popular tourist attraction, running trains daily with preserved steam locomotives and diesel locomotives providing motive power.
	Waikino School is a co-educational state primary school, with a roll of as of 

= = = Nancy Cozean = = =

	Nancy J. Cozean was mayor of the city of Poughkeepsie, New York, USA from 2004 to 2008. During her tenure the city has experienced significant economic growth and its first sustained population growth in nearly 50 years (State of City reports 2003-2006). A Democrat, she made her first venture into politics in 1996, challenging the Republican incumbent NY State Assemblyman Tom Kirwan, and was narrowly defeated.
	Before being elected mayor, she was a television news reporter and anchor in places such as Washington, D.C., St. Louis, Missouri and Evansville, Indiana, and at WNYT in Albany, New York and WTZA TV, now WRNN, in Kingston. She has received numerous awards for her journalistic contributions (Associated Press, 1981).
	MCozean earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts from Stephens College, and a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Arts in journalism from the University of Missouri School of Journalism. She has also worked as an adjunct professor at Marist College, SUNY New Paltz and Dutchess County Community College.
	Cozean is married and has a daughter, Josephine, who works for U.S. Senator Chuck Schumer. Her husband, Donald, was a state legislator in North Dakota, where he also served as state chairman of the Young Republicans. He also worked as Senior Associate to the House Appropriations Committee, U.S. Congress.
	A native of Farmington, Missouri, Cozean is an officer in her family-owned business, Farmington Undertaking Company, which has been in her family for four generations. She is also president of Cozean Communications, a public relations consulting firm.

= = = Sophronius of Vratsa = = =

	Saint Sophronius of Vratsa (or Sofroniy Vrachanski; ) (1739–1813), born Stoyko Vladislavov (), was a Bulgarian cleric and one of the leading figures of the early Bulgarian National Revival. 
	Vladislavov was born in the town of Kotel in eastern Bulgaria in 1739 to the family of a cattle trader. His father, Vladislav died in 1750 in Istanbul of the plague. When Stoiko was 3 years old his mother, Maria, died and his father remarried. He attended a monastery school in his home town and studied Slavic and Greek books. He worked as a frieze weaver, but had an interest in religion and became a cleric in 1762. While working as a teacher and writer he met Paisius of Hilendar in Kotel in 1765. Paisius showed him his "Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya", the primary work of the Bulgarian Revival, of which Vladislavov made the first copy, known as Sophronius' Copy (Софрониев препис, "Sofroniev prepis"). Vladislavov travelled to Mount Athos between 1770 and 1775 and left Kotel in 1795. He served in the Karnobat parish and went to a monastery in Arbanasi in 1794, becoming Bishop of Vratsa under the name of "Sophronius" on 17 September. There he was engaged in social activity and initiated the sending of a political delegation of Vratsa residents to Moscow according to some sources. Sophronius had close ties with the Phanariote circles.
	After the dislocations caused by Osman Pazvantoğlu, the bishop's duties became more and more difficult for Vladislavov and he left Vratsa in 1797 to wander in northwestern Bulgaria. He spent three years in Vidin in a period that helped him determine his goals as a writer. He left for Bucharest in 1803 to serve the people as a high-standing clergyman, being released on his insistence from his bishop's post but continuing to sign under his bishop's name.
	Between 1806 and 1812 Sophronius of Vratsa was one of the most eminent representatives of the Bulgarian people in their communication with the Russian commanding of the Russo-Turkish War. He spent his last years in a monastery in Bucharest. His date of death is unknown, the last signed document being from 2 August 1813.
	Sophronius wrote his best and most popular works in his Bucharest period. These include "Nedelnik" („Неделник“)—his only printed work—a collection of precepts and sermons for every holiday of the year based on Greek and Slavic sources. The collection had historical importance in initiating
	book printing in modern Bulgarian and establishing the Bulgarian vernacular as the language of literature. This big book includes also several woodcuts and ornaments making it an impressive object. He also wrote another collection, "Sunday Evangelic Interpretation" in 1805, as well as a very popular autobiography, "Life and Sufferings of Sinful Sophronius" („Житие и страдания грешнаго Софрония“, "Zhitie i Stradaniya Greshnago Sofroniya") and an appeal to Bulgarian people, making him the most noted representative of the Bulgarian literature of the early 19th century.
	Sophronius of Vratsa was canonized as a saint by the Bulgarian Orthodox Church on 31 December 1964.
	St. Sofroniy Knoll on Snow Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Sophronius of Vratsa.
	Sophronius of Vratsa was married to Ganka. They had four children - Tsonko, Vladislav, Maria and Ganka. Through his son Tsonko Sophronius was ancestor of:

= = = HR 511 = = =

	HR 511 (also designated V987 Cassiopeiae and Gliese 75 among others) is an orange dwarf of spectral type K0V in the constellation Cassiopeia. With an apparent magnitude of 5.63, it is faintly visible to the naked eye. The star is relatively close, 32.8 light years from the Sun.
	This star is estimated to be about the same age as the Sun, with 83% of the mass of the Sun and 82% of the Sun's radius. It has not been identified as a member of any moving star groups. This star has displayed unusual emissions of Ca II and is much more x-ray luminous than the Sun. It is considered a relatively active star. Based on an iron abundance of [Fe/H] = -0.02, the metallicity of this star appears to be similar to that of the Sun.

= = = European Public Relations Education and Research Association = = =

	The European Public Relations Education and Research Association (EUPRERA) is an organization working to promote and combine research and practice within the field of public relations in Europe.
	It organizes and promotes various conferences, including an annual congress and a spring symposium, held in collaboration with selected universities across Europe, as well as the annual International Bled Symposium in Bled, Slovenia.

= = = Fiji at the 1992 Summer Olympics = = =

	Fiji competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.
	Men's 100m metres
	Men's 5.000 metres
	Men's 10.000 metres
	Men's 110m Hurdles
	Men's 400m Hurdles
	Men's Long Jump
	Men's Sailboard (Lechner A-390)
	Men's 50 m Freestyle
	Men's 100 m Freestyle
	Men's 200 m Freestyle
	Men's 100 m Backstroke
	Men's 200 m Backstroke
	Men's 100 m Breaststroke
	Men's 200 m Breaststroke
	Men's 100 m Butterfly
	Men's 200 m Individual Medley
<br>
	Women's 50 m Freestyle
	Women's 100 m Freestyle
	Women's 200 m Freestyle
	Women's 100 m Butterfly
	Women's 200 m Individual Medley

= = = William McCrae = = =

	William McCrae was a farmer and political figure in Upper Canada.
	He was the son of Thomas McCrae, who settled in Raleigh Township. McCrae also owned a farm in that township. He was named justice of the peace in the Western District in 1816. He represented Kent in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada from 1834 to 1841.

= = = Henry Byrne = = =

	Henry Byrne (6 March 1920 – 6 April 1976) was an Irish Labour Party politician who served one term as a Teachta Dála (TD).
	He first stood for election as an independent candidate at the 1944 general election for the Wicklow constituency, but was unsuccessful, receiving only 534 first-preference votes. He stood again as one of two Labour Party candidates at the 1961 general election for the Laois–Offaly constituency, but was unsuccessful.
	He was successful on his next attempt, as the only Labour candidate at the 1965 general election in Laois–Offaly, taking his seat in the 18th Dáil.
	Byrne did not contest the 1969 general election, and polled less than 1,000 first-preference votes when he stood again in the same constituency as one of two Labour candidates at the 1973 general election.

= = = Kali (demon) = = =

	According to Hindus, Kali (Devanāgari: , IAST: ', with both vowels short; from a root ', "suffer, hurt, startle, confuse") is the reigning lord of the Kali Yuga and archenemy of Kalki, the 10th and final avatar of the Hindu God Vishnu. In the Kalki Purana, he is portrayed as a male mortal demon and he is the source of all evil. In the Mahabharata, he was a gandharva. In the Mahabharat, he created the war between the Pandavas and the Kauravas in a game of Chaupar.
	According to the Mahabharata, the gandharva Kali became jealous when he was late to Princess Damayanti's marriage ceremony and discovered she had overlooked the deities Indra, Agni, Varuna, and Yama (and ultimately himself) to choose Nala as her husband. In anger, Kali spoke to his companion Dvapara, the personification of Dvapara Yuga:
	Kali traveled to Nala's kingdom of Nishadhas and waited twelve long years for the right moment to strike. Because Nala had rendered himself impure by not washing his feet before his prayers, Kali was able to bewitch his soul. Kali then appeared before Pushkara and invited him to play a game of dice with his brother, guaranteeing Nala's downfall. Dwapara took the form of the "Vrisha" die that would be used in the fixed game. Kali forced Nala to lose and, each time, he would raise the stakes higher despite the protest of his advisors and wife. Finally, Nala lost his kingdom to Pushkara. Both he and Damayanti were exiled to the forest.
	During their exile, Kali drove Nala to abandon Damayanti, who later enacted a curse against everyone that had caused the downfall of her husband. She eventually returned home after a short time as a hand-maiden to the Princess of Chedi. Nala, meanwhile, saved the Naga Karkotaka from fire (where he was cursed to suffer by sage Narada). Intending to exorcize the devil within him, the serpent bit Nala, injecting him with deadly poisons that forever tortured Kali. The venom also changed Nala into an ugly dwarf named Bahuka. He later became the charioteer of the Ayodhya King Rituparna, who was a master mathematician and dice player.
	Years later, King Rituparna revealed to Bahuka the supreme skill of controlling the dice in exchange for horsemanship lessons. This skill awakened Nala from Kali's control and allowed him (with the help of Damayanti's curse and Karkotaka's venom) to exorcise the demon; vomiting him in the form of poison from his mouth. Nala forced the Kali's trembling spirit into a Vibhitaka tree. He then counted the fruits of the tree and left in search of his wife and later regained his true form. Kali returned to his abode as well.
	Kali was later incarnated as king Duryodhana, eldest of the one hundred Kaurava brothers. His companion Dvapara became his uncle Shakuni. The day Duryodhana was born, he unleashed a donkey-like scream which the donkeys outside the home replied to. Despite the advice from Vidura to discard the evil baby, Duryodhana's father Dhritarashtra kept the child because demons had received a boon from Shiva that the future king would be invincible.
	At the onset of Kali Yuga, once king Parikshit went hunting in the forest. Just then in the middle of the way, Kali, appeared before him and asked permission to enter his kingdom, which the king denied. Upon insisting, Parikshit allowed him five places to reside: where there is gambling, alcohol consumption, prostitution, animal slaughter and gold. Kali smartly entered into Parikshit's golden crown and spoiled his thoughts. Parikshit entered the hut of a sage named Shamika as he was thirsty. He found the sage in deep meditation. He bowed to him several times but as there was no response. In anger, he took a dead snake and threw it around the sage's neck. Later when the sage's son, Shringin, heard of this incident he cursed the king to die of snake bite on the seventh day. On hearing this, the king forswore the throne for his son Janamejaya and spent his last seven days listening to the discourses of sage Shuka, compiled as the Bhagavata Purana under the banyan tree of Shukratal. As prophesied, the snake king Takshaka bit Parikshita, who left his mortal remains behind and attained Moksha.
	The Kalki Purana describes him as a huge being, the color of "soot," with a large tongue, and a terrible stench. From his birth, he carried an "Upaasthi" (worship) bone. The Kalki Purana says that this demon chose gambling, liquor, prostitution, slaughter and gold as his permanent abodes." The "Sanskrit-English Dictionary" states Kali is "of a class of mythic beings (related to the Gandharvas, and supposed by some to be fond of gambling)". The Bhagavata Purana describes him as a sudra wearing the garments of a king' portrays Kali as a brownish-skinned demon with a dog-like face, protruding fangs, pointed ears, long green bushy hair and wearing a red loin cloth and golden jewelry.
	The names of the four yugas of time—Satya, Treta, Dvapara and Kali—are named after "dice throws" from a game of dice popular during the Vedic period. Their order coincides with the favorability of each throw: Satya is the best throw, whereas Kali is considered the worst. During the Mahabharata, king Nala exorcises the disembodied spirit of Kali to a "vibhīdaka" tree ("Terminalia belerica"), whose fruits contain nuts which were used as the dice for the vedic dice game. Therefore, not only Kali's name, but his penchant for gambling and reputation as being evil comes from this dice game.
	According to a lesser known Madhva version of the legend, during the churning of the ocean of milk, a great poison known as halahala was produced, which Vayu, the god of wind, rubbed in his hands to reduce its potency. Then a small portion was given to god Shiva, turning his throat blue. The rest was collected in a golden vessel and digested by Vayu. (One source states he drank the "Kalakuta" poison of Vasuki nāga. Still others more commonly state that Shiva drank alone.) A little portion of poison that wasn't swallowed by Shiva became the body of Kali. From this poison also came, "cruel objects like snakes, wolves, and tigers."
	Later, when the asura Rahu was decapitated by Vishnu's Mohini Avatar, the demon's allies attacked her and all except Kali were killed. Having the power to possess the bodies of immortal and mortal beings, he entered the hearts of man and escaped . Because Kali was "invisible, unimaginable, and present in all" the only way to correct the chaos born from the miswritten texts was to completely renew the sacred scriptures entirely. Thus Vishnu descended to earth as Vedavyasa, the compiler of the sacred scriptures Vedas and the writer of the Puranas.
	According to Markandeya Purana, the Brahmin "Pravara" was given a magical ointment that allowed him to fly. But when he flew to the Himalayas, the ointment was washed away from the bottoms of his feet keeping him from returning home to his wife. During this time, the nymph "Varuthini" fell madly in love with him and begged the Brahmin to stay with her forever. But eventually, he rejected her. He prayed to Agni who returned him home safely.
	The gandharva Kali was in love with Varuthini and had been rejected by her in the past. He saw how she hungered for the Brahmin, so he took on the appearance of Pravara and came before the courtesan. He led her into the bedchamber and told her to close her eyes during their sex ["sambhoga"]. As they made love, Varuthini noticed that his body became flaming hot and believed it was because his Brahmin spirit was infused with the sacrificial fire. After climax, Kali, still-as-Pravara, left the apsara and returned to his abode. Varuthini soon became pregnant and nine months later gave birth to a human child that not only looked like the Brahmin but possessed his soul as well. The authors of the book "Science in Culture" comment this was an example of the Sanskrit phrase "from his semen and from her thinking," meaning the child was indeed Pravara's child because she believed it was his.
	In another version, Kali stipulates he will only marry the apsara if she keeps her eyes closed while they are in the forest (presumably making love). However, Kali leaves after their marriage and the birth of their son "Svarocisa". Svarocisa grows up to become a very learned scholar of the Vedas and learns to speak the languages of all creatures from one of his three wives. He later marries a goddess and fathers Svarocisa Manu, one of the progenitors of mankind. (See Progeny)
	The Bhagavata Purana states the very day and moment avatar Krishna left this earth, Kali, "who promotes all kinds of irreligious activities, came into this world."
	After setting off to wage war against the evils of the world with his armies, Emperor Parikshit, the grandson of Arjuna, came across a Sudra dressed as a king who was beating a cow and an ox with a club. Parikshit immediately lead his chariot over to the scene and angrily berated the sudra for abusing the sacred cow and her mate. However, this was no ordinary sudra and these were no ordinary bovine, for the sudra was Kali and the cow and ox were embodiments of the earth goddess and Dharma. The Emperor noticed the ox was standing on one of his legs because the other three had been broken by Kali. Dharma explained his four legs represented "austerity, cleanliness, mercy and truthfulness", but he had only the leg of "truth" to stand on since the other three had been broken by kali over the preceding yugas. Kali was intent on breaking all the legs that supported the reign of dharma so he could effect the expansion of his own dark reign on earth. The earth goddess cried for she had once been plentiful, but when Krishna ascended to heaven, she was forsaken and all of the prosperity left from the world. She feared evil kings like Kali would continue to lay waste to the earth.
	When Parikshit raised his sword to kill Kali, the sudra stripped himself of his royal garments and prostrated himself at the emperor's feet. The emperor knew Kali tainted the world with his evil and so had no place in it and raised his sword once more. But Kali interceded again and begged the emperor to spare his life and allow him a place to live within his empire. Parikshit decided that Kali would live in "gambling houses, in taverns, in women and men of unchaste lives, in slaughtering places and in gold". And as long as Parikshit ruled India, Kali stayed within the confines of these five places. This act allowed Dharma to regain his legs and the earth to be relieved of much burden. However, Parikshit was later cursed to die by snake bite after hunting in the forest and throwing a dead snake on an unresponsive sage practicing austerities. Upon the emperor's death, "Kali made his way to other places like wild fire and established his power throughout the length and breadth of the whole world."
	In another version of the tale, Kali enters into the Emperor's crown when Parikshit gives him permission to reside wherever there is gold. Upon returning home after offending the sage, Parikshit says to himself, "Kali-yug's abode is in gold; this was on my head; hence I had so evil a thought that, having taken a dead snake cast it on the sage’s neck. Therefore, I now understand that Kali-yug has taken his revenge on me. How shall I escape this grievous sin?"
	The beginning of the Kalki Purana describes Kali's lineage starting with the Brahma, his great-great-grandfather, and ending with the birth of his children's children. Instead of being born of poison from the churning of the ocean of milk, he is the product of a long line of incestuous monsters born from Brahma's back. (See Family Lineage below) Kali and his family were created by Brahma to hurry the dissolution of the cosmos after the pralaya period was over. When his family takes human form on earth, they further taint the hearts and minds of mankind to bring about the end of Dvapara Yuga and the beginning of Kali Yuga. During the first stage of Kali-Yuga, the "varnashrama" breaks down and God-worship is forsaken by man. All through the second, third, and fourth stages, man forgets the name of god and no longer offers Yajna (offerings) to the Devas. It is at this point when God Vishnu reincarnates as Kalki in the name of the Devas and all of mankind to rid the cosmos of Kali's dark influence.
	The remainder of the tale describes Kalki's childhood, military training under the immortal Parashurama and assisting, training and teaching Kalki on Dharma , Karma , Artha and knowledge of most ancient and necessary Wisdom with military and social perspective but also help, support and join him fight against evils as greater guidance, his marriage, his preparation for war against Kali demon, and the decisive war between the two. Kalki kicks off his campaign by performing the Ashvamedha sacrifice and leading his armies behind the horse as it runs freely from kingdom to kingdom. If any evil king tries to stop the horse, Kalki engages them in combat. After defeating them, he continues to follow the horse until all evil kingdoms are vanquished. When Kali finally faces Kalki's forces, his entire family blood line is wiped out by the avatar's generals and he presumably dies from wounds inflicted by Dharma and Satya Yuga personified. Kalki, meanwhile, battles and simultaneously kills the demon's most powerful generals, Koka and Vikoka, twin devils adept in the dark arts.
	Kali dies one-third of the way through the Kalki Purana. During the decisive battle between Kali and Kalki's armies, Kali tried to face both Dharma and Satya Yuga personified, but was overwhelmed and fled on his donkey because his chariot had been destroyed, leaving his owl-charged war flag to be trampled on the battlefield. Kali retreated to the citadel of his capital city of "Vishasha" where he discovered his body had been mortally stabbed and burned during his battle with the two devas. The stench of his blood billowed out and filled the atmosphere with a foul odor. When Dharma and Satya burst into the city, Kali tried to run away, but, knowing his family had been destroyed, coupled with his grievous wounds, he "entered his unmanifested years". This might lead some to believe he died, but one version of the Kalki Purana in the book "The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology" states Kali does not die but, instead, escapes through time and space to live in the Kali Yuga of the next Kalpa. The author comments, "Unlike most battles between gods and demons, however, this apparent victory is immediately undercut, for Kali escapes to reappear in 'another age'—in our age, or the next Kali Age." Since he had the power to manifest himself in human form on earth, he was able to forsake his dying corporal form to escape in spirit.
	Kali is the great-great-grandson of Lord Brahma. He is the son of "Krodha" (Anger) and his sister-turned-wife "Himsa" (Violence). He is the grandson of "Dambha" (Vanity) and his sister-turned-wife, Maya (Illusion). He is the great-grandson of Adharma (Impropriety) and his wife, "Mithya" (Falsehood). Adharma was originally created from Lord Brahma's back as a "Maleen Pataka" (a very dark and deadly sinful object).
	B. K. Chaturvedi, a modern translator of the Kalki Purana, states in a foot note that the growth of this dark sinful object into Adharma seems to, "convey the growth of Kali Yuga and its obnoxious offshoots."
	Kali's family lineage is told differently in the Vishnu Purana, which is a father purana to the Kalki Purana:
	The wife of "Adharma" (vice) was "Himsá" (violence), on whom he begot a son "Anrita" (falsehood), and a daughter "Nikriti" (immorality): they intermarried, and had two sons, "Bhaya" (fear) and "Naraka" (hell); and twins to them, two daughters, "Maya" (deceit) and Vedaná (grief), who became their wives. The son of Bhaya and Máyá was the destroyer of living creatures, or "Mrityu" (death); and "Dukha" (pain) was the offspring of Naraka and Vedaná. The children of Mrityu were "Vyádhi" (disease), "Jará" (decay), "Soka" (sorrow), "Trishńa" (greediness), and "Krodha" (wrath). These are all called the inflictors of misery, and are characterised as the progeny of Vice (Adharma). They are all without wives, without posterity, without the faculty to procreate; they are the terrible forms of Vishńu, and perpetually operate as causes of the destruction of this world. On the contrary, Daksha and the other Rishis, the elders of mankind, tend perpetually to influence its renovation: whilst the Manus and their sons, the heroes endowed with mighty power, and treading in the path of truth, as constantly contribute to its preservation.
	In this version, Himsa is Adharma's wife instead of his granddaughter.
	According to the Bhagavata Purana, Adharma is the husband of "Mrishá" (falsehood), and the father of "Dambha" (hypocrisy) and Máyá (deceit), who were adopted by "Nirritti" (Hindu god/dess of misery). The series of their descendants is also somewhat varied from our text; being in each descent, however, twins which intermarry, or Lobha (covetousness) and Nikriti, who produce Krodha (wrath) and Hinsá: their children are, Kali (wickedness) and Durukti (evil speech): their progeny are, Mrityu and Bhí (fear); whose offspring are, Niraya (hell) and Yátaná (torment).
	In this version, Mrisha is the wife of Adharma and not Himsa or Mithya.
	The Linga Purana enumerates Adharma among the Prajapatis (Lords of Creatures).
	Since Dharma is one of the major antagonists of Kali, it is important to note this personified deity has his own line of offspring that work against the demon and his family to bring balance to the world. The following comes from the Vishnu Purana:
	The progeny of Dharma by the daughters of Daksha were as follows: by "Sraddha" he had "Kama" (desire); by "Lakshmi", "Darpa" (pride); by "Dhriti", "Niyama" (precept); by "Tushti", "Santosha" (content); by "Pushti", "Lobha" (cupidity); by "Medhá", "Sruta" (sacred tradition); by "Kriya", "Danda", "Naya", and "Vinaya" (correction, polity, and prudence); by "Buddhi", "Bodha" (understanding); by "Lajj", "Vinaya" (good behaviour); by "Vapu", "Vyavasaya" (perseverance). "Santi" gave birth to "Kshema" (prosperity); "Siddhi" to "Sukha" (enjoyment); and "Kírtti" to "Yasas". These were the sons of Dharma; one of whom, "Kama", had "Hersha" (joy) by his wife "Nandi" (delight).
	Again, the Bhagavata Purana gives a different account of his children's names.
	It is described in Mahabharata as the eldest Pandava brother, Yudhishthira was the son of Dharma.
	Kali's sister-turned-wife, "Durukti" (Calumny), gave him two offspring: a son named "Bhayanak" (Fear) and a daughter named "Mrityu" (Death). His son and daughter gave him two grandchildren: a boy named "Naraka" (Hell) and a girl named "Yatana" (Torture). Again, there are some discrepancies here. The Vishnu Purana says Mrityu and Bhayanak are his brother and sister. Mrityu is even represented as male instead of female.
	Kali is the grandfather of Svarocisa Manu, one of the progenitors of mankind. As previously mentioned, Kali had a son named Svarocisa with the Apsara Varuthini. Svarocisa once traveld to Mt. Mandara and was met by "Manorama", a cursed-woman being chased by a demon. In the past, she had made fun of a sage practicing Tapasya austerities on Mt. Kailas and was cursed to be captured by a demon. When her friends "Vibhavari" and "Kalavati" berated the sage for enacting a curse for such a minor offence, he cursed one to be a leper and the other a carrier of diseases. Manorama had knowledge of a powerful spiritual weapon, but did not know how to wield it, so she taught it to Svarocisa. When the demon leaped out of the forest and grabbed a hold of the woman, Svarocis called forth the weapon. But the demon stayed his hand and explained he was actually Manorama's father, "Indivara". He had also been cursed to become a demon by the sage "Brahmamitra" because he tried to covertly obtain the secrets of Ayurveda medicine without the sage's knowledge. The sage told him that the curse would end when he was about to eat his own daughter. Once he regained his true form, Indivara taught Svarocisa the Ayurveda medication, which he used to cure Manorama's friends. He later married the three and had three sons with them. He learned the languages of all creatures from Vibhavari and the "Padmini vidya" from Kalavati.
	Despite his prosperity, Svarocis was unhappy in his life and could hear the ducks and deer talking about him behind his back. One day he went hunting and took aim at a boar, but a deer came through the clearing and asked to be shot in its place. When he enquired why, the deer told him that she was really the goddess of the forest and wished to marry Svarocisa. So he embraced the deer and she turned into a beautiful woman. Together, they had a son named "Dyutiman", who later became the Svarocisa Manu.
	One source states, "Kali's wife Alakshmi and her sons who supervise evil also came from Kshirasagara [the ocean of milk]." Alakshmi is the elder sister of the Goddess Lakshmi, the consort of Vishnu. Since the Kalki Purana states his wife "Durukti" is his sister, Alakshmi would be a second wife because she is not directly related to him.
	There are a number of connections and similarities between Kali and Alakshmi. First and foremost, Alakshmi's sister is the consort of Lord Vishnu, who sent his Kalki avatar to earth to defeat Kali. Second, legends say she was born either from the churning of the ocean of milk, the poison from Vasuki (who helped churn the ocean) or the back of Prajapati. As previously mentioned, Kali is said to have been born from the halahala poison created from churning the ocean or from a lineage created from Lord Brahma’s back. Third, Alakshmi takes the form of an owl. Kali's emblem on his war flag is of an owl. Fourth, whenever Alakshmi enters a house, families fight and turn on one another. The presence of Kali and his family on earth causes mankind to fight and turn on one another. Finally, Alakshmi is said to ride a donkey. Kali also rides a donkey in the Kalki Purana.
	Kali's image was used in several pamphlets circulated by various "Agorakshanasabh" ("cow protection leagues") and "wandering ascetics" as a protest against the Muslim practice of beef-eating during the British raj. These pamphlets were produced in a time when Hindu-Muslim riots over cow slaughter occurred in several areas of India; including Azamgarh district (1893), when a total of 100 people died in similar conflagrations throughout the empire; Ayodhya (1912–1913); and Shahabad (1917). One such pamphlet entitled "The Present State" showed a cow being slaughtered by a trio of "Muhammadan" butchers. Another portrayed Kali raising a sword above the head of a sacred cow, whose body was illustrated to be a microcosmic paradise in which all the Hindu gods resided. There were many different editions of this version. For instance, one showed a woman labeled "The Hindu" waiting with bowl-in-hand for the cow's calf to finish suckling before she could get milk. A form of Krishna labeled "Darmaraj" ("Ruler of Dharma") stood "behind" the cow and Kali was, again, harassing her with his sword. Still, a different one deleted the woman and calf and instead portrayed Dharmaraj "in front" of the cow pleading "mat maro gay sarv ka jivan hai" ("don't kill the cow, everyone is dependent on it"), while Kali rebuts "he manusyaho! Kaliyugi Mansahari jivom ko dekho" ("mankind, look at the meat-eating souls of the kaligyug").
	Some Hindus considered Kali's presence in the picture to be a representation of the Muslim community. When one of the versions of these pamphlets came into the possession of a state official in 1893, he commented that the image "contained a representation of a Musalman [Muslim] advancing to slay the cow ...". One book states, "The Magistrate [at Deoria<nowiki>]</nowiki> found Muhammadans excited because they heard a picture was in circulation representing a Muhammadan with a sword drawn sacrificing a cow, and this they considered an insult." In 1915, a color version of this picture ran by the "Ravi Varma Press" caught the attention of the colonial censors and was presumably censored in some way.
	"Nala Damayanti" (1921): This big-budget film depicts a famous episode from the Mahabharata, starting with Narada's ascent of Mount Meru. It shows Swarga, the Heaven of Indra, the Transformation in the Clouds of the Four Gods into impersonations of King Nala, Swan Messengers of Love, the Transformation of Kali into a Serpent, the Meeting of Kali and Dwarpa and the Four Gods amidst the Blue Air.

= = = The Eleventh Hour (children's book) = = =

	The Eleventh Hour: A Curious Mystery (1988) is an illustrated children's book by Graeme Base. In it, Horace the Elephant holds a party for his eleventh birthday, to which he invites his ten best friends (various animals) to play eleven games and share in a feast that he has prepared. However, at the time they are to eat—11:00—they are startled to find that someone has already eaten all the food. They accuse each other until, finally, they're left puzzled as to who could have eaten it all. It is left up to the reader to solve the mystery, through careful analysis of the pictures on each page and the words in the story.
	The book was a joint-winner of the "Picture Book of the Year" award from The Children's Book Council of Australia.
	Base was inspired to write the book by reading Agatha Christie novels. He travelled to Kenya and Tanzania in 1987 observing animals in game parks and collecting ideas for the book.
	Written in rhyme, the book includes large and lavish full-page illustrations of Horace's opulent house and the events of the party, packed with hidden details. The author invites the reader to deduce the identity of the thief by examining the illustrations and making deductions and observations. Also among the details in the illustrations are hidden messages, ciphers, and codes for amateur cryptographers (for example, one page's border consists of Morse code while another page set in the ballroom contains musical clues as to which guest is guilty). The biggest and most noticeable clue lies in a paragraph of ciphertext at the end of the book, which is to be decrypted, once the reader has discovered the identity of the thief, by means of a Caesar cipher mapping A to the first letter of the guilty animal's name. The solution to the cipher confirms the answer to the puzzle and offers an additional challenge to the reader.
	The final portion of the book contains the answers to almost all of the clues in the book (including the cipher), and how to solve them. These last pages are sealed together, as the reader is encouraged to try to solve the puzzles themselves first. This sealed section was absent from earlier prints of the book - but was available by mail.
	Readers are able to solve the mystery either by the coded messages, analysis of the illustrations, or through the text itself.

= = = Soda–lime glass = = =

	Soda–lime glass, also called soda–lime–silica glass, is the most prevalent type of glass, used for windowpanes and glass containers (bottles and jars) for beverages, food, and some commodity items. Some glass bakeware is made of soda-lime glass, as opposed to the more common borosilicate glass. Soda–lime glass accounts for about 90% of manufactured glass.
	Soda–lime glass is relatively inexpensive, chemically stable, reasonably hard, and extremely workable. Because it can be resoftened and remelted numerous times, it is ideal for glass recycling. It is used in preference to chemically-pure silica, which is silicon dioxide (SiO), otherwise known as fused quartz. Whereas pure silica has excellent resistance to thermal shock, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot, its high melting temperature (1723 °C) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Other substances are therefore added to simplify processing. One is the "soda", or sodium carbonate (NaCO), which lowers the glass-transition temperature. However, the soda makes the glass water-soluble, which is usually undesirable. To provide for better chemical durability, the "lime" is also added. This is calcium oxide (CaO), generally obtained from limestone. In addition, magnesium oxide (MgO) and alumina, which is aluminium oxide (AlO), contribute to the durability. The resulting glass contains about 70 to 74% silica by weight.
	The manufacturing process for soda–lime glass consists in melting the raw materials, which are the silica, soda, lime (in the form of (Ca(OH)), dolomite (CaMg(CO), which provides the magnesium oxide), and aluminium oxide; along with small quantities of fining agents (e.g., sodium sulfate (NaSO), sodium chloride (NaCl), etc.) in a glass furnace at temperatures locally up to 1675 °C. The temperature is only limited by the quality of the furnace structure material and by the glass composition. Relatively inexpensive minerals such as trona, sand, and feldspar are usually used instead of pure chemicals. Green and brown bottles are obtained from raw materials containing iron oxide. The mix of raw materials is termed batch.
	Soda–lime glass is divided technically into glass used for windows, called flat glass, and glass for containers, called container glass. The two types differ in the application, production method (float process for windows, blowing and pressing for containers), and chemical composition. Flat glass has a higher magnesium oxide and sodium oxide content than container glass, and a lower silica, calcium oxide, and aluminium oxide content. From the lower content of highly water-soluble ions (sodium and magnesium) in container glass comes its slightly higher chemical durability against water, which is required especially for storage of beverages and food.
	Soda–lime glass undergoes a steady increase in viscosity with decreasing temperature, permitting operations of steadily increasing precision. The glass is readily formable into objects when it has a viscosity of 10 poises, typically reached at a temperature around 900 °C. The glass is softened and undergoes steady deformation when viscosity is less than 10 poises, near 700 °C. Though apparently hardened, soda–lime glass can nonetheless be annealed to remove internal stresses with about 15 minutes at 10 poises, near 500 °C. The relationship between viscosity and temperature is largely logarithmic, with an Arrhenius equation strongly dependent on the composition of the glass, but the activation energy increases at higher temperatures.
	The following table lists some physical properties of soda–lime glasses. Unless otherwise stated, the glass compositions and many experimentally determined properties are taken from one large study. Those values marked in "italic" font have been interpolated from similar glass compositions (see calculation of glass properties) due to the lack of experimental data.

= = = Edgbaston Waterworks = = =

	Edgbaston Waterworks (Edgbaston Pumping Station) () lies to the east of Edgbaston Reservoir, two miles west of the centre of Birmingham, England.
	The buildings were designed by John Henry Chamberlain and William Martin around 1870. The engine house, boiler house, and chimney are Grade II listed buildings. The site is operated by Severn Trent Water. Despite the close proximity to Edgbaston Reservoir there is no current or historical connection of the water. This waterworks manages domestic water supply whereas the reservoir was built to feed the canal system.
	It has been suggested, but not proven, that the towers of Perrott's Folly and Edgbaston Waterworks may have influenced references to towers in the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, who lived nearby as a child.

= = = The Oliver Twist Manifesto = = =

	The Oliver Twist Manifesto is a 2001 album by Luke Haines. It is subtitled "(Or) What's Wrong With Popular Culture".

= = = Llewellyn Herbert = = =

	Llewellyn Herbert (born 21 July 1977 in Bethal) is a South African athlete competing over 400 metres hurdles. He won an Olympic bronze medal in 2000 and set five national records over the distance.

= = = Tommy Godfrey = = =

	Tommy Godfrey (20 June 1916 – 24 June 1984) was an English film and television actor, mostly playing working class Cockney characters.
	His television credits included "Love Thy Neighbour", "The Saint", "The Persuaders", "Mind Your Language", "The Avengers", "Bless This House", "Till Death Us Do Part", "Z-Cars", "Softly, Softly", "The Goodies" and "On the Buses".
	His film credits included "Passport to Pimlico" (1949), "Hide and Seek" (1964), "Work Is a Four-Letter Word" (1968), "If..." (1968), "Ring of Bright Water" (1969), "The Best House in London" (1969), "Simon, Simon" (1970), "A Severed Head" (1970), "Bless This House" (1972), "Straight On till Morning" (1972), "The Love Ban" (1973), "Love Thy Neighbour" (1973), "The Vault of Horror" (1973), "From Beyond the Grave" (1974), "The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes' Smarter Brother" (1975), "Come Play with Me" (1977) and "The Great Muppet Caper" (1981).

= = = In a Monastery Garden (film) = = =

	In a Monastery Garden is a 1932 British drama film directed by Maurice Elvey and starring John Stuart, Hugh Williams, Alan Napier, and Frank Pettingell. An Italian musician begins to steal his brother's compositions after he is jailed for shooting a prince.
	It was made at Twickenham Studios.
	The New York Times concluded "dullish is the word." 

= = = Bukit Panjang Single Member Constituency = = =

	Bukit Panjang Single Member Constituency (; ; ) is a Single Member Constituency located in the western area of Singapore. The seat consists the main portion of Bukit Panjang (Blks 101-129, 2xx and 4xx Fajar) and was reformed in the 2006 electoral boundary redraw. Bukit Panjang SMC existed from 1959 to 1991 when it was absorbed into the Sembawang Group Representation Constituency. In 2001, the seat was moved from Sembawang GRC to Holland-Bukit Panjang Group Representation Constituency. The 2006 redrawn boundaries carved out Bukit Panjang to form the current constituency and the GRC was renamed Holland-Bukit Timah Group Representation Constituency.
	Bukit Panjang had overgrown since 1984 and had started their life in 1976.
	By the time Bukit Panjang New Town grows, it had grown until it had exceeded number of voters in 1991 general election (and it compromises Woodlands New Town), it had split up in 1997 (into Marsiling constituency) and now it left only the Bukit Panjang, until it divides into Bukit Panjang, Cashew and Zhenghua constituencies in 2001.
	Note 2: MIC is allied with Singapore's UMNO and MCA chapters, similar to its Malaysian counterpart with the exception of not using the alliance symbol which was the reason for the elections department of Singapore to view T. T. K. Alexander as an independent candidate.

= = = Thomas McCrae (politician) = = =

	Thomas McCrae (died June 11, 1814) was a farmer, innkeeper and political figure in Upper Canada.
	He served as steward on a British ship on Lake Erie during the American Revolution. He was living in Detroit in 1779, but settled in Raleigh Township around 1789. He was named justice of the peace in the Western District in 1806. He also served as captain in the local militia during the War of 1812. He represented Kent in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada from 1800 to 1804.
	His son William was later also a member of the legislative assembly.

= = = Nicolaus Reimers = = =

	Nicolaus Reimers Baer (2 February 1551 – 16 October 1600), also "Reimarus Ursus", "Nicolaus Reimers Bär" or "Nicolaus Reymers Baer", was an astronomer and imperial mathematician to Emperor Rudolf II. Due to his family's background, he was also known as "Bär", Latinized to "Ursus" ("bear"). 
	Reimers was born in Hennstedt and received hardly any education in his youth, herding pigs until the age of 18. Yet, Heinrich Rantzau discovered his talents and employed him from 1574 to 1584 as geometer. Accordingly, Reimers in 1580 published a Latin Grammar and in 1583 his "Geodaesia Ranzoviana". Rantzau also arranged a meeting with Tycho Brahe.
	From 1585 to 1586 he was employed as a private tutor in Pomerania and from 1586 to 1587, Reimers stayed at the court of William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in Kassel, where he met Swiss instrument maker Jost Bürgi (1552–1632). Both were autodidacts and thus had a similar background. As Bürgi did not understand Latin, Reimers translated Copernicus' "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" into German for Bürgi. A copy of the translation survived in Graz, it is thus called "Grazer Handschrift".
	Reimers was a bitter rival of Tycho Brahe (his successor as imperial mathematician) after he tried to claim the Tychonic system as his own. Tycho complained that Ursus had plagiarized both his system of the world, as well as the publication of the mathematical model of prosthaphaeresis. History has sided with Ursus on the later issue, and he had stated that the technique was the invention of Paul Wittich and Jost Bürgi.
	In 1588 he claimed to have devised a model of the solar system where the planets revolved around the Sun, while the Earth only spun around on its axis. In this he differed from Copernicus, who had postulated also that the Earth orbited the Sun. Ursus objected to the Copernican model as it violated the Aristotelian principle of not allowing more than one natural movement by a body.
	Johannes Kepler committed a faux pas early in his career by sending a laudatory letter to Reimers while seeking the patronage of Tycho. Ursus published the letter in the preface to his work claiming priority for Tycho's cosmological ideas.
	But unlike Tycho's geoheliocentric system in which the Earth does not rotate and the Martian and Solar orbits intersect, in that of Ursus and his follower Roslin the Earth had a daily rotation and also the Martian and Solar orbits do not intersect, thus avoiding the Tychonic conclusion in respect of the Martian orbit that there are no solid celestial spheres on the ground that they cannot possibly interpenetrate. But on the other hand the orbits of Mercury and Venus would obviously intersect the Martian orbit in Reimers' illustration of his model, and indeed also intersect Jupiter's orbit.
	However Kepler discovered Tycho had posited intersecting Martian and Solar orbits because he had mistakenly concluded from his data that at opposition Mars was closer to the Earth than the Sun was. The source of the error was a research assistants' mistaken calculation of Mars's daily parallax from observations during its 1582-3 opposition as greater than that of the Sun's presumed 3' parallax. Kepler discovered Tycho’s observations revealed little or no Martian parallax, implying it was further than the Sun at opposition. This would have refuted Tycho's system in favour of Ursus's and Roslin's. It seems it has yet to be determined whether the dominant astronomical system of the 17th century was the geoheliocentric system of Tycho or that of Ursus and Roslin at least in respect of non-intersecting Solar and Martian orbits, and also in that of the Earth's rotation or not.
	Reimers died in Prague.
__notoc__

= = = Head-of-line blocking = = =

	Head-of-line blocking (HOL blocking) in computer networking is a performance-limiting phenomenon that occurs when a line of packets is held up by the first packet. Examples include input buffered network switches, out-of-order delivery and multiple requests in HTTP pipelining.
	A switch may be composed of buffered input ports, a switch fabric and buffered output ports. If first-in first-out (FIFO) input buffers are used, only the oldest packet is available for forwarding. More recent arrivals cannot be forwarded if the oldest packet cannot be forwarded because its destination output is busy.
	The output may be busy if there is output contention (see diagram) or when the output buffer is full due to congestion (for example the combined rate of multiple inputs exceeds the output rate).
	Without HOL blocking, the new arrivals could potentially be forwarded around the stuck oldest packet to their respective destinations. HOL blocking can have severe performance-degrading effects in input-buffered systems.
	This phenomenon limits the throughput of switches. For FIFO input buffers, a simple model of fixed-sized cells to uniformly distributed destinations, causes the throughput to be limited to 58.6% of the total as the number of links becomes large. 
	One way to overcome this limitation is by using virtual output queues.
	Only switches with input buffering can suffer HOL blocking. With sufficient internal bandwidth, input buffering is unnecessary; all buffering is handled at outputs and HOL blocking is avoided. This no-input-buffering architecture is common in small to medium-sized ethernet switches.
	Out-of-order delivery occurs when sequenced packets arrive out of order. This may happen due to different paths taken by the packets or from packets being dropped and resent. HOL blocking can significantly increase packet reordering.
	Reliably broadcasting messages across a lossy network among a large number of peers is a difficult problem.
	While atomic broadcast algorithms solve the single point of failure problem of centralized servers, those algorithms introduce a head-of-line blocking problem.
	The Bimodal Multicast algorithm, a randomized algorithm that uses a gossip protocol, avoids head-of-line blocking by allowing some messages to be received out-of-order.
	One form of HOL blocking in HTTP/1.1 is when the number of allowed parallel requests in the browser is used up, and subsequent requests need to wait for the former ones to complete.
	HTTP/2 addresses this issue through request multiplexing, which eliminates HOL blocking at the application layer, but HOL still exists at the transport (TCP) layer.

= = = 83rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Glasgow Volunteers) = = =

	The 83rd Regiment of Foot (also called the Royal Glasgow Volunteers) was a British infantry regiment that served in the American Revolutionary War. It was created in 1778 and disbanded in 1783, shortly after the war ended.
	In 1778, during the American Revolutionary War, Mr James Finlay, a Glasgow merchant, founder of James Finlay & Co., together with Mr Ingram the former Provost and Mr Gray of Carntyne, resolved to raise an infantry regiment in the service of King George III. Finlay's motives appear to have been a mixture of patriotism and commercial interests - the War was having a detrimental effect on Glasgow's trade with Virginia.
	Consequently, at noon on 26 January 1778, a procession of the city's civic dignitaries met at the Town Hall, and marched through the streets of Glasgow in search of recruits. At the head of the procession were the city's Halbardiers led by Mr Gray bearing an enormous sword and acting as Sergeant. The Provost, a Mr Donald, followed, with the Town Council, Deacon-Convener, the fourteen Deacons, assorted dignitaries, and the colours of the regiment, and a large following of gentlemen wearing cockades in their hats. Ingram brought up the rear. Two fifers and two drummers provided music with James Finlay in the centre of the party on the bagpipes.
	Initially there was little success - at the end of the first day Ingram observed that they had a piper and a sergeant, but otherwise he was the regiment. Over the next few days, however, the recruits started to come in and the regiment soon reached full strength of one thousand men, including a large number of Irishmen. The attraction of the Regiment was no doubt helped by the £30 bounty offered to recruits - the equivalent of about two and a half year's pay for a private. It was then common practice to draft experienced soldiers into newly raised regiments to give it 'backbone', and members of the 42nd (Black Watch) Highlanders were duly transferred to the 83rd. However, on discovering that they would no longer be allowed to wear the kilt, they mutinied. Once the regiment was raised, it received the name of 'Royal Glasgow Volunteers' and was numbered 83rd in the Line.
	Raised in early 1778, the regiment spent some time in training before being sent to the Channel Islands, where it established its headquarters at Fort Conway (now Fort Henry) in the east of Jersey, in the Parish of Grouville. Half the regiment were based here, the other half in the neighbouring Island of Guernsey, the total strength of the regiment at this date being 781. On 6 January 1781 Baron Philippe de Rullecourt landed with a force of French infantry in a bid to capture Jersey. Leaving a detachment of troops at the landing point of La Rocque, Jersey, he proceeded to advance on Saint Helier, where he was eventually defeated at the hands of the 95th Regiment of Foot and 78th (Highland) Regiment of Foot, together with elements of the Jersey Militia, under the command of Major Francis Peirson in an action known as the Battle of Jersey. Meanwhile, the Grenadier Company of the 83rd, led by Captain Campbell, stormed La Rocque Battery and recaptured it from the French. Seven grenadiers were killed during this action.
	Later that year the 83rd was transferred to New York, where it remained as part of the garrison of the city until the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783. It then returned to Glasgow, where it was disbanded.
	The regiment wore the standard 1768 uniform of close fitting, long tailed red coat, white waistcoat, white breeches and stockings with black gaiters, black shoes with buckles and a black cocked hat. The grenadier company wore tall black bearskin caps, whilst the Light infantry company would have worn some form of light cap and short spatterdashes rather than gaiters. It was common practice for Grenadiers in the field to abandon their bearskin caps in favour of the more practical cocked hat. Because the 83rd was a Royal Regiment it was entitled to have royal blue 'facings' (collars, cuffs and lapels) augmented by white lace on the button holes. Officers wore an identical uniform, except that the coat was made of a superior scarlet cloth and the lace was gold. However this was usually only worn on formal occasions, and for everyday wear it was usual practice to wear a cheaper cloth, unlaced coat. Two types are button are known to have been used. One was a circular, flat gilt metal button 22mm in diameter, with a simple scroll and dot design surrounding the number '83'. On the back was born the inscription 'S. FIRMIN - STRAND 1771-1780'. The other type was circular, pewter and 24mm in diameter. The inscriptions on the front and back were identical to the gilt version, except without the scroll and dot decoration.

= = = Ehud Yaari = = =

	Ehud Yaari (; born 1 March 1945) is an Israeli journalist, author, television personality and political commentator.
	Ehud Ya'ari was born in 1945 during the Mandate era. He holds a BA in Middle Eastern Studies from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and an MA in Middle Eastern Studies from Tel Aviv University.
	In 1968, he was an assistant to Shlomo Gazit, the Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories. From 1969 to 1975, he was the Arab affairs correspondent for the newspaper "Davar" and Israel Army Radio. From 1975 to 2000, he was a commentator on Middle Eastern affairs on Channel 1. In 1987, he became a fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, and in 1990, he became a columnist for "The Jerusalem Post". He became a commentator on Arab affairs on Channel 2 in 2000. In 2008, he joined the Adelson Institute for Strategic Studies of the Shalem Center.
	Yaari has reported from Egypt and Lebanon, and in 1997, reported from Washington. He interviewed many Arab statesmen and leaders, and also conducted an interview with US President Bill Clinton. 
	He was married to Hava Yaari, who worked as a foreign securities adviser at a bank, and they had two sons, Tzahi and Yehuda. In 1985 Hava and her friend, pharmacy owner Aviva Granot, embezzled funds from Mala Malavsky, a Jewish-American tourist and Holocaust survivor, and later murdered her by striking her over the head with a rolling pin and running her over with a car. Their trial was conducted amid heavy publicity and media attention, and was considered the most highly sensational murder case in Israel's history at the time. In 1987, they were convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, but their sentences were later reduced for good behavior, and they were released in 2000. Ehud Yaari divorced his wife following her conviction.
	Yehuda Yaari is a journalist and lecturer at Ariel University. Tzahi Yaari gained attention in the Israeli media for his conversion to Christianity. In 2005, he was investigated for harassing Israeli news anchor Miki Haimovich. The case was dropped after he was deemed unfit to stand trial. Ehud later married Dagmar Strauss, who now goes by the name of Dagmar Strauss Yaari.
	Ehud Yaari is an expert on Middle Eastern affairs. He is the author of eight books on the Arab-Israeli conflict, some in collaboration with Ze'ev Schiff. He has interviewed Yasser Arafat, King Hussein of Jordan and his son Abdullah, President Husni Mubarak of Egypt, almost all Israeli prime ministers since Menachem Begin (including Yitzhak Rabin), Bashar al-Assad, Bachir Gemayel, Muammar al-Gaddafi and others. Today, Ya'ari is a political commentator for Israel's Channel 2 news. Yaari is an associate editor of The Jerusalem Report and the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. He is also Senior Fellow at the Adelson Institute for Strategic Studies. Ya'ari has published articles in "The New York Times", "The Wall Street Journal", "The Washington Post", and "Atlantic Monthly".

= = = Ruapuke = = =

	Ruapuke is a small farming community (predominantly sheep and cattle farmers) in the Waikato region on the slopes of Karioi, between Raglan and Kawhia in New Zealand.
	The introduction to 'Ruapuke' says, "The greater part of the Ruapuke District is of a sandy loam, and at one time carried a large population of Maoris, as is evidenced by old pas, great heaps of shells, whare [house] sites and numerous kumara storage pits. When the first Europeans arrived the sandy country was covered with patches of light bush, with a big proportion of Karaka, Puriri, and Cabbage trees. The balance was covered with Tauhinu, Teatree, Flax and Fern. The clay portion of the district, (inland and on the slopes of Mt Karioi) was in heavy bush." The archaeological map shows over 40 sites in the area. The European settlers, George Charlton and his sons-in-law, Captains Swann and Liddell, arrived in the 1850s.[1]
	Ruapuke had a school from 1877 till 1954. The school was rebuilt in 1937. It has been replaced by a school bus.There was a store at Motakotako from the 1860s. From about 1875 to 1883 it was run by John William Ellis, who later founded Ellis & Burnand. Another store opened briefly in the 1890s.
	From 1873 until the 1900s there were up to three flaxmills running.
	The area north of Ruapuke Beach Rd is in meshblock 0853300 (N) and south of it in 0861800 (S). They had these census figures -
	Ruapuke is about from Te Mata. of Ruapuke Road was sealed and some bends removed in 2011. It is often used for rally car competitions.
	The north end of Ruapuke Beach is about from Raglan via Whaanga Road and Te Toto Gorge, which is gravel, winding, mountainous and described as 'iconic' in descriptions of Rally New Zealand.
	Until 1864 settlement was along the coast and relied on access by boat. Then a track was cut along what is now Waimaori Rd.
	Ruapuke Rd (originally known as Ruapuke Mountain Rd) was built as a shorter route from 1902 and was metalled in 1935.
	Until the 1990s the beach largely remained unknown, used by local residents and a few surfing and surfcasting fishing enthusiasts. International surfing competitions such as the Billabong (clothing) Pro and the Rip Curl Pro are now held at Ruapuke beach, providing conditions oblige.

= = = Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1989 = = =

	The 10th Boston Society of Film Critics Awards honored the best filmmaking of 1989. The awards were given in 1990.

= = = Penny sterling = = =

	The penny sterling (symbol: p; plural: "pence") is a subdivision of pound sterling, the currency for the United Kingdom. It is currently of a pound, but historically was of a pound (old penny sterling). Its name is carried by the present British penny.
	Stocks are often traded in pence rather than pounds. Stock exchanges often use GBX (or GBp) to indicate that this is the case for the given stock rather than the ISO 4217 currency symbol GBP for pound sterling.

= = = Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1988 = = =

	The 9th Boston Society of Film Critics Awards honored the best filmmaking of 1988. The awards were given in 1989.

= = = Newpark Comprehensive School = = =

	Newpark Comprehensive School () is a mixed, Church of Ireland, state comprehensive secondary school in Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland. It was established in 1972.
	Newpark had a Christian tradition, reflecting its origins within the Protestant tradition, and is under the patronage of the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin. The school was established in 1972, when the Department of Education purchased Avoca & Kingstown School, an amalgamation of two small private schools. Avoca School in Blackrock was founded in 1892 by A.A.[Albert Augustus] MacDonagh M.A. (1869-1934) who served for a long time as its headmaster, and Kingstown Grammar School in 1894 by the Rev. Matthew Edward Devlin (whose son John Edward Devlin also served as Kingstown's headmaster).
	The two founding schools catered primarily for Protestant children in the Blackrock/Dún Laoghaire area, but the schools also welcomed pupils from other religious faiths, and from none. In 1968 the original schools amalgamated as Avoca & Kingstown School at Newtownpark Avenue. Four years later it became Newpark, one of the four Comprehensive Schools established by the Government to:
	Newpark has a specific obligation to the Protestant community of south Dublin/north Wicklow, and this is reflected in its special recognition of the National Schools under Protestant management in the catchment area and by the priority given to those enrolling from the Protestant community. Newpark also considers itself a pluralist community; it embraces inclusion in terms of social, cultural, religious and ethnic diversity.
	The school offers a range of sports including field hockey, rugby and basketball. Its rugby senior team has held the McMullen Cup since 2007. Avoca Hockey Club is based on the campus.
	The Newpark campus covers 100,543m² (25 acres). The school was centred on a purpose-built prefab-style block, opened in 1974, but also used two large houses, "Melfield" and "Belfort" (Referred to as the Red-Brick by students), a purpose-built extension to Belfort (The D/F Building), a gate lodge and other ancillary rooms. . In 2015 a new school building was opened to students and many of the ancillary rooms were demolished leaving only Belfort and Melfield standing from the original plan.
	Founded in 1978 to provide much needed music school facilities in south Dublin, Newpark Music Centre now caters for over 1000 students and is one of the largest public music schools in Dublin. While the emphasis is on learning music for enjoyment, students and choirs from the Music Centre have been successful in competitions throughout the country. All exam syllabi are covered up to and including diploma level and several specialised courses not available in other music schools are offered.
	As a founder member of the International Association of Schools of Jazz (IASJ), Newpark Music Centre established its Jazz and Contemporary Music Department in 1986 and is now recognised as the primary centre for jazz and jazz related music education in the country. The staff is drawn from the greatest performers and teachers from Ireland and abroad, ensuring that students are kept up to date with the latest musical techniques, concepts and trends. 
	Newpark Sports Centre was built in 1973 with the sole purpose of providing a modern Physical Education facility for the school. Since then, the centre has developed into a multi-purpose facility providing a range of activities for the local community. Its sports facilities include:
	Newpark Adult Education Centre offers evening and night classes in a wide range of subjects for leisure and personal development.

= = = Salim ibn Abd-Allah = = =

	Salim ibn Abd-Allah was a well known narrator of hadith (sayings of Muhammad), many of which he related first hand from either his father, Abd-Allah ibn Umar (died 693), or his grandfather, the caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634-644). His paternal aunt was Hafsa bint Umar, one of Muhammad's wives.
	Salim is mentioned in Imam Malik's Muwatta regarding the Islamic practice of "rada'a", where a woman becomes unmarriageable kin ("mahram") by means of suckling: 
	"Yahya related to me from Malik from Nafi that Salim ibn Abdullah ibn Umar informed him that A'isha "umm al-muminin" sent him away while he was being nursed to her sister Umm Kulthum bint Abu Bakr and said, "Suckle him ten times so that he can come in to see me." Salim said, "Umm Kulthum nursed me three times and then fell ill, so that she only nursed me three times. I could not go in to see A'isha because Umm Kulthum did not finish for me the ten times." 
	He, in Sahih al-Bukhari alone, relates three Hadiths.

= = = Purkinje images = = =

	Purkinje images are reflections of objects from the structure of the eye. They are also known as Purkinje reflexes and as Purkinje–Sanson images. At least four Purkinje images are usually visible. The first Purkinje image (P1) is the reflection from the outer surface of the cornea. The second Purkinje image (P2) is the reflection from the inner surface of the cornea. The third Purkinje image (P3) is the reflection from the outer (anterior) surface of the lens. The fourth Purkinje image (P4) is the reflection from the inner (posterior) surface of the lens. Unlike the others, P4 is an inverted image.
	Purkinje–Sanson images are named after Czech anatomist Jan Evangelista Purkyně (1787–1869) and after French physician Louis Joseph Sanson (1790–1841).
	The third and fourth Purkinje images can be visible from within the eye itself. Light reflected away from the surfaces of the lens can in turn reflect back into the eye from the rear surface of the cornea. These images are, therefore, entoptic phenomena.
	The first and fourth Purkinje images are used by some eye trackers, devices to measure the position of an eye. The cornea reflection (P1 image) used in this measurement is generally known as glint.
	The brightness of the Purkinje images can be determined using Fresnel's equation:
	formula_1 
	where formula_2 and formula_3 are the refractive indices before and after the reflecting surface. Purkinje image P1 is the brightest of the four, then P3 and P4 (P3 and P4 have about the same brightness), then P2. The Purkinje images can be used to assess the curvatures and separations of the surfaces in the eye.

= = = The Heart's Awakening = = =

	The Heart's Awakening is a song by Albert Ketèlbey, composed in 1907. It was published the same year by Novello.
	"The Heart's Awakening" became the title of a collection of the composer's songs and piano music, recorded by tenor Peter Dempsey and pianist Guy Rowland.

= = = Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1987 = = =

	The 8th Boston Society of Film Critics Awards honored the best filmmaking of 1987. The awards were given on 10 January 1988.

= = = St Ervan = = =

	St Ervan is a rural civil parish and hamlet in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The hamlet is situated three miles (5 km) southwest of Padstow. St Ervan is named after St Erbyn, the original patron of the church, who is said to have been the father of St Selevan. Notable features in St Ervan are the Anglican church, the village hall and the Nonconformist cemetery. The parish population at the 2011 census was 521. In addition to the hamlet of St Ervan, also called Churchtown, the parish incorporates the hamlets of Penrose and Rumford.
	The parish church is dedicated to St Hermes and has a very unusual tower which was originally high and was built in the 14th/15th centuries. The upper part was brought down by explosives in the 1880s, but it was not properly capped until 1956 and now stands high. The church is in the Lann Pydar joint benefice with: St Eval Church, St Mawgan Church and St Columba's Church, St Columb Major. The church was supported by the Arundell family who lived at the manor of Trembleath as early as 1240.
	The English poet, Sir John Betjeman mentioned the church in his poem "Summoned by Bells" (1960), chapter VIII.
	There are several notable slate, wall monuments within the church
	There are also two late 17th-century monuments with columns and entablatures, one in the south transept to Ralph Keate who died in 1672.
	St Ervan Nonconformist Cemetery is located on the outskirts of the village on the road toward Penrose. It was opened in 1919 and is used to serve three Nonconformist chapels in the Parish. 
, found at the centre of the cemetery, is a wheel cross set on a tapering shaft with a tapering plinth. Black lettering is used to commemorate the Great War 1914-1919

= = = The Clock and the Dresden Figures = = =

	The Clock and the Dresden Figures is a piece of light classical music for piano with orchestra (or military band) by Albert Ketèlbey. It was composed, first performed and published in 1930.
	"The Clock and the Dresden Figures" was premiered on 8 February 1930, using manuscript parts. The first recording was made on 27 February, resulting in a simultaneous issue of the recording and the sheet music, which was published by Bosworth. A version for xylophone replacing the piano was published later.
	A synopsis by the composer mentions that two Dresden china figures, which stand right and lift of a clock come to life. They dance, with the ticking clock providing the beat. When the Clock goes wrong, its spring breaks, and the figures return to their first positions.
	In 1930, it was recorded, with the composer as the pianist, who took a fast tempo. It was reissued in 2002 in a collection of his light music.

= = = Roland MacLeod = = =

	Roland MacLeod (1935 – 3 April 2010) was an English actor of film and television. He was born in London.
	His television credits include "Coronation Street", "Softly, Softly", "Ripping Yarns", "The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin", "Sykes", "Please Sir!", "Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em", "Marty", "Broaden Your Mind" and "The Goodies". He also made some appearances in series three of "Grange Hill" as a slightly comical workman sporting a comb over, often seen in confrontation with staff and pupils. However, his character showed a kinder side when he cleaned Duane Orpington's new coat in episode two.
	He appeared as a vicar in John Cleese's film "A Fish Called Wanda" as well as in "Le Pétomane" and "The Last Remake of Beau Geste".

= = = Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1982 = = =

	The 3rd Boston Society of Film Critics Awards honored the best filmmaking of 1982. The awards were given on 6 February 1983.

= = = In the Mystic Land of Egypt = = =

	In the Mystic Land of Egypt is a piece of light classical music for orchestra and optional voices composed by Albert Ketèlbey in 1931. The piece was published by Bosworth the same year, also in versions with piano.
	Ketèlbey composed the piece after the successful model of "In a Persian Market" of 1920. Both work begin with march music followed by a romantic melody, and include singing. 
	"In the Mystic Land of Egypt" was published by Bosworth in 1931, in versions for orchestra and for piano.
	The piece in D minor and time is marked "Con moto (quasi marcia)". A synopsis of scenes by the composer mentions that first native soldiers pass through a village, followed by a soft song from a boat on the Nile. An Arab plays on a pipe, then the song is repeated by the orchestra, finally also by the returning soldiers.
	The composer scored the work for a tenor or high baritone to perform the song, a male choir (or quartet) of soldiers, and a "colourful" orchestra including saxophones, banjos, mandolins, and marimba. In performance, the voices are often replaced by instruments. 
	A motif of a descending chromatic scale is introduced in the beginning, repeated throughout the piece in both the melody as the harmony, in the end inverted. The unifying element has been called "an attractive musical device, though hardly Egyptian".
	A historic recording of the work, conducted by the composer, was reissued in 2002 in a collection of his light music. In 2008, it was included in a collection of "Golden Age of Light Music: Globetrotting", with several works by English and American composers of "exotic, mostly tropical settings the listener becomes the beneficiary of a riot of imagination".

= = = Chickasaw Bluff = = =

	The Chickasaw Bluff is the high ground rising about above the Mississippi River flood plain between Fulton in Lauderdale County, Tennessee and Memphis in Shelby County, Tennessee. 
	This elevation, shaped as four bluffs, is named for the Chickasaw people. Known in the 19th century as one of the Five Civilized Nations in the Southeast, they occupied much of this area in western Tennessee and Mississippi. By their control of the bluffs, they could impede French river traffic in the 18th century when the peoples were at war.
	The Chickasaw Bluffs were numbered by rivermen from one to four, starting from the north.
	The Chickasaw Bluffs are a relatively recent feature. They were formed from pleistocene loess (wind-blown) silt. This loess can be as thick as 70 feet and it generally tapers off as one moves eastward. The loess accumulated on top of fluvial deposits from the pliocene. These primarily consist of terrace gravels deposited from glacial runoff. Because of this, the bluffs are slide-prone, especially during seismic activity. The bluffs are characterized by very steep valleys and have higher gradient streams than areas to the east or west. Along the western edges facing the river or alluvial plains, the bluffs form nearly vertical cliffs. In Memphis, these edges have been smoothed out in the downtown area.
	Although the Chickasaw Bluffs refer to the four numbered formations in Tennessee, the geological feature stretches from Hickman, Kentucky to around Baton Rouge, Louisiana. They do not form a continuous band, as they are split by river valleys such as the Obion River, Forked Deer River, Hatchie River, Loosahatchie River, Wolf River, Coldwater River, and Tallahatchie River.
	It is theorized that Crowley's Ridge in Arkansas was part of the Chickasaw Bluff formation before the previous ice age when the prehistoric courses of the Ohio River and Mississippi River carved a path between the two. Crowley's Ridge has the same composition as the Chickasaw Bluffs and has similar topography.
	The fourth Chickasaw Bluff was the site of the French Fort Assumption, used as a base against the Chickasaw in the abortive Campaign of 1739. The Chickasaw Bluff secured Memphis from river floods, while a rare shelf of sandstone below provided a secure boat landing, making this the "only site for a commercial mart" between the Ohio River and Vicksburg, Mississippi. This location was also the meeting place of d'Artaguette, Chicagou and de Vincennes before their ill-fated 1736 attack against the Chickasaw.
	The French built their Fort Prudhomme, or Prud'homme, at one of the Chickasaw Bluffs in 1682. René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (1643–87) was a French explorer. In 1682, La Salle led a canoe expedition to explore the Mississippi River basin. The expedition landed to hunt, when one of their members went missing. The armorer Pierre Prudhomme was assumed captured by Chickasaw Indians. 
	La Salle decided to stay and search for the missing member. La Salle had a stockade built and named it Fort Prudhomme, after their lost man. This was the first structure built by the French in Tennessee. Days later, the missing man found his way back to La Salle. Prudhomme had lost his way while hunting. The expedition reached the mouth of the Mississippi River on April 6, 1682.
	The exact location of Fort Prudhomme is unknown. Researchers agree that it was located on the Chickasaw Bluffs but the site is disputed. Some historians claim that Fort Prudhomme was built on the first Chickasaw Bluff, in modern-day Lauderdale County. The "Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture" suggests that the fort was constructed on the second Chickasaw Bluff near modern-day Randolph. Other research mentions the third Chickasaw Bluff as the location of the fort, at the border of modern Tipton and Shelby counties. The fourth Chickasaw Bluff in modern Shelby County at Memphis is also supported as a site of Fort Prudhomme.

= = = Christie Malry's Own Double Entry OST = = =

	Christie Malry's Own Double Entry by Luke Haines is the soundtrack to the film of the same name, based on a novel by B. S. Johnson and directed by Paul Tickell. The album includes a cover of the Nick Lowe song "I Love the Sound of Breaking Glass" from Lowe's "Jesus of Cool" album.

= = = In a Chinese Temple Garden = = =

	In a Chinese Temple Garden is a piece of light classical music for orchestra by Albert Ketèlbey who composed it in 1923. Subtitled an "Oriental Phantasy", it illustrates a priestly incantation, two lovers, a wedding procession, a street brawl and the restoration of calm by the beating of the temple gong. The piece was published by Bosworth in 1923, also in versions with piano and violin.
	The piece in E minor and common time is marked Andante moderato. A synopsis of scenes by the composer mentions that after a short introduction, "The Incantation of the Priests in the Temple" is followed by "The Perfume of Incence Floats on the Air". Two lovers are illustrated by a melody for cello, viola and oboe accompanied by pizzicato, followed by a noisy Manchu wedding procession. An argument of coolies is based on a Chinese scale. The temple gong restores quietness, and the piece ends recalling many of the themes.
	"In a Chinese Temple Garden" was published by Bosworth in 1923, in versions for orchestra, piano, two pianos, and violin and piano. The critic Ronald Ever wrote in 1958 about Ketèlbey's use of "every exotic noisemaker known to man—chimes, orchestra bells, gongs (all sizes and nationalities), cymbals, woodblocks, xylophone, drums of every variety". He noted: "Oriental music is Ketèlbey music: the clashing cymbals; the little pinging bells; the minor modes; the amazingly graphic mincing step created by rapidly reiterated notes; the coy taps on the woodblock."
	A historic recording of the work, conducted by the composer, was reissued in 2002 in a collection of his light music. The piece was recorded in 1992 by the London Promenade Orchestra, conducted by Alexander Faris, together with other works by the composer including "In a Persian Market".

= = = James Gordon (Upper Canada politician) = = =

	James Gordon (August 26, 1786 – April 10, 1865) was a merchant and political figure in Upper Canada and Canada West.
	He was born in Inverness, Scotland in 1786 and studied at the Inverness Royal Academy. He came to Amherstburg in Upper Canada. He served in the local militia, becoming lieutenant in 1809 and lieutenant colonel in 1822. He represented Kent in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada from 1820 to 1828. In 1822, he was named justice of the peace in the Western District. He was appointed to the Legislative Council of Upper Canada in 1829 and to the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada in 1845.
	He died in Toronto in 1865.

= = = In a Persian Market = = =

	In a Persian Market is a piece of light classical music for orchestra with optional chorus by Albert Ketèlbey who composed it in 1920. Subtitled "Intermezzo Scene", it was published by Bosworth in 1921. It evokes exotic images of camel-drivers, jugglers, and snake-charmers. When it was first published in a version for piano, it was advertised as an "educational novelty".
	A synopsis of scenes by the composer mentions a caravan arriving, beggars, a princess carried by servants, jugglers, snake-charmers, and a caliph. After the princess and the caliph have left, a muezzin calls to prayer from a minaret. The caravan continues its journey, and the market becomes silent. The duration is around six minutes.
	An opening march shares "exotic" intervals, A – B-flat – E, with the composer's oriental intermezzo "Wonga", used for the play "Ye Gods" in 1916. A chorus of beggars sings: "Baksheesh, baksheesh Allah"; passers-by sing "Empshi" ("get away"). A romantic theme portrays the princess, similar to Stravinsky's "Firebird". Trumpets announce the caliph. The concluding section "Call to prayer" of 22 measures was added later.
	The music was first announced in "Musical Opinion" in January 1921 as a piano piece, in a section "Educational novelties”. Half a year later, Bosworth printed the orchestral version.
	"In a Persian Market" has been regarded as a work of orchestral impressionism. The work has been used as theatre music for comic oriental scenes, used in sketches by Morecambe and Wise, and by The Two Ronnies, and also in schools as theatrical repertory.
	"In a Persian Market" was recorded completely, with chorus, in 1999 by the New London Light Opera Chorus and the New London Orchestra, conducted by Ronald Corp. It is part of a 2002 recording of the same name, an anthology of historic recordings of works by Ketèlbey performed by different ensembles and conductors (including the composer) made between 1917 and 1939.
	Also music was used in "My Lady Heroine" by French singer Serge Gainsbourg.

= = = Skateboarding duck = = =

	Herbie the skateboarding duck (c.1976-83) was the subject of an item first broadcast on the "Midlands Today" insert to the BBC news magazine programme "Nationwide" on 24 May 1978.
	Herbie, an Aylesbury duck, was bought by Jacky and Paddy Randall of Croydon for their children Mikala and Colin. The film, presented by reporter Alan Towers, includes footage of Herbie waddling along the street, joining the family at breakfast and attacking the Randalls' terrier. Part of the film is a four-second shot of Herbie apparently skateboarding by himself on Colin's board. This image seemingly captured the public imagination, and the BBC received many requests for it to be shown again, which it frequently was.
	The clip also appeared on other TV stations around the world, many of which also produced their own variations on the theme. There was also renewed interest in the clip in 1983 after the death of Herbie was announced and it has been repeated many times since on other TV programmes.
	As a result of the item's popularity, the term "skateboarding duck" has come to signify a particular sort of quirky and essentially frivolous news story, often used to fill time at the end of a broadcast.
	The item came to define Nationwide in the public mind, and the programme's final item was a sung eulogy to the skateboarding duck, with a surprising twist.

= = = 1982 New York Film Critics Circle Awards = = =

	The 48th New York Film Critics Circle Awards honored the best filmmaking of 1982. The winners were announced on 20 December 1982 and the awards were given on 30 January 1983.

= = = Victoria Stadium (Gibraltar) = = =

	Victoria Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Gibraltar. It is currently used mostly for football matches, but also hosts the annual Gibraltar Music Festival. It is located close to Gibraltar Airport just off Winston Churchill Avenue. It was named after the wife of Gibraltarian philanthropist John Mackintosh.
	Despite initial plans to replace the stadium in the 2010s, the Gibraltar Football Association purchased the stadium from the Government of Gibraltar in April 2017 in order to improve and renovate it.
	Victoria Stadium was constructed at the foot of the Rock of Gibraltar and next to Gibraltar Airport in the North District. It was first opened in 1926 as a British military sports ground. In 1970, the stadium was rebuilt by the Royal Engineers as a sports ground for use by both the military forces and the civilian population of Gibraltar. In 1991, the Government of Gibraltar financed improvements of Victoria Stadium's pitch and athletics track.
	The construction of the stadium was controversial as it was built on the disputed isthmus between Gibraltar and Spain. When the Gibraltar Football Association applied for membership of UEFA in 2007, Spanish-led opposition caused FIFA officials to look at the wording of the Treaty of Utrecht which ceded Gibraltar to the United Kingdom in 1713. In it, they claimed that there was a loophole in the treaty which they claimed violated FIFA regulations in that the national stadium had to be built on undisputed land. As Victoria Stadium was built on the isthmus which was not mentioned in the Treaty of Utrecht but ceded later and this fact was pointed out to UEFA members, Gibraltar's application was voted by UEFA's member associations to be rejected. Only the Home Nations of England, Wales and Scotland voted in favour of them joining.
	Victoria Stadium is mostly used for association football matches. All clubs in the Gibraltar Football League play their matches at Victoria Stadium. As such it is also used to host the final of the Rock Cup. Prior to membership of FIFA, it has been used as the Gibraltar national football team's home ground for unofficial internationals.
	Following the Gibraltar Football Association's admittance as a full member of UEFA in May 2013, UEFA vetoed Gibraltar using Victoria Stadium as their home ground as it did not meet UEFA standards and as the Government of Gibraltar owned it. As a result of this lack of ownership, the Gibraltar Football Association did not have the power to improve it. This was owing to the fact that Victoria Stadium did not meet UEFA standards for international matches, which meant that the Gibraltar national football team was obliged to play their "home" matches in UEFA and FIFA qualifying tournaments at Estádio Algarve in Faro, Portugal however they were permitted to play friendly matches there. The Government of Gibraltar and the Chief Minister of Gibraltar, Fabian Picardo stated that they were not going to spend Gibraltarian taxpayer's money on renovating the stadium without the site having UEFA approval stating "It would have been the worst possible bargain for the people of Gibraltar to have pursued the GSD’s approach of putting taxpayer’s money into Victoria against the wishes of UEFA at the time".
	Victoria Stadium did meet the UEFA criteria as a Category 2 Stadium for UEFA intercontinental club matches such as UEFA Champions League games with an example of this being when Lincoln Red Imps used it to host their 2016–17 UEFA Champions League match against Scottish team Celtic. However, in 2017, UEFA stated that Victoria Stadium could not be used for all of Gibraltar's representatives in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League during the 2017–18 season. This was owing to an increase in the number of Gibraltarian representatives in the competitions and due to failing a UEFA pitch inspection.
	The Gibraltar Football Association proposed to build the Europa Point Stadium to replace the Victoria Stadium as Gibraltar's national stadium. Owing to opposition, the Europa Point Stadium plans were scrapped by the local government of Gibraltar. An alternative plan for replacement of Victoria Stadium was put forward for a new stadium to be built at Lathbury Barracks however the Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society opposed this citing that the Ministry of Defence would have to give up land that had been designated by the European Union Habitats Directive as a Special Area of Conservation for the proposed site. In April 2017, the Gibraltar Football Association announced its purchase of the stadium in order to redevelop it into a UEFA Category 4 stadium at a cost of £16.5 million given to the GFA by UEFA and FIFA. The proposed new stadium sites at Lathbury and Europa Point would be developed into multi-sports facilities by the Government of Gibraltar. The GFA announced it would invest £15 million into the stadium after purchasing it owing to grants from UEFA and FIFA. As a result of the GFA's purchase of Victoria Stadium, UEFA dropped their objections to the stadium providing works to expand the stadium to 8,000 capacity were complete by 2018 then they would be permitted to use the stadium for their home games in UEFA sanctioned international competition matches. In January 2018, it was announced that due to the Gibraltar Music Festival being held at the stadium that year, football games in August and September would be played at Lathbury Barracks.
	The ground has also hosted cricket matches since 1993. Victoria Stadium hosted its first cricket match when Marylebone Cricket Club visited Gibraltar in 1993 between Gibraltar and the MCC. It has also been used by the Gibraltar national rugby union team. Victoria Stadium has an Olympic standard 400 metre-six lane athletics track surrounding it and is used to host athletics meets. In 2019, following the redevelopments, Victoria Stadium will be used as the main stadium as Gibraltar host the 2019 Island Games.. Since 2013, the stadium has annually hosted the Gibraltar Darts Trophy as part of the PDC's European Tour.

= = = Souleuvre Viaduct = = =

	Viaduc de la Souleuvre is a partially demolished railway viaduct over the Souleuvre River in La Ferrière-Harang, Normandy, France, and is now used for bungee jumping.
	Built by French engineer Gustave Eiffel for the Caen to Saint-Lô and Vire line, the Viaduc de la Souleuvre opened November 12, 1893. The total length of the viaduct was 364.20 m (1,200 ft), had a maximum height of 62.50 m (210 ft) and was set on five stone pillars. The height of these pillars varies between 26 m and 60 m, their bases are 18 m by 8 m and their tops are 7 m by 4 m. They were built with granite blocks from the Vire region quarries, each of a weight of 350 kg, and with mortar sand from the Chausey Islands, totaling 14000 m³.
	Before World War II, about 15 trains a day crossed the viaduct. It was used by the Germans during the War. The Allied Forces tried to destroy the viaduct in 1944, but only managed to partially damage it. More than 500 bombs were dropped around it without hitting it. In August 1944, the viaduct was repaired by the Americans.
	When the rail line closed in 1960, the viaduct went into disrepair. Despite large local preservationist opinion campaigns, the railway platform was demolished in 1970. Only the five large stone pillars remain.
	In 1990, a permanent platform for bungee jumping was established by A. J. Hackett atop the highest pillar. A light gangway was established where the railway platform used to be, allowing access to the platform from the side of the bridge.

= = = Families Acting for Innocent Relatives = = =

	Families Acting for Innocent Relatives (FAIR) is a non-governmental organisation founded in 1998 in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. Based in Markethill, it describes itself as a "non-sectarian, non-political organisation" that works "in the interests of the innocent victims of terrorism in South Armagh."
	FAIR was founded, and led until his resignation in November 2012, by Willie Frazer, a South Armagh man who lost five members of his close family to Provisional IRA violence during the Troubles.
	Frazer claimed to represent those who feel marginalised by concessions granted to Irish republicans during the Northern Ireland peace process and by the inclusion of Sinn Féin in its government; a party regarded by many as the political wing of the Provisional IRA.
	FAIR opposed the early conditional release of republican militants following the 1998 Belfast Agreement and has called for full public inquiries into alleged collusion between Irish authorities and republicans in the deaths of Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) officers, loyalist paramilitaries and Northern Protestant civilians. Representatives of FAIR met with the Smithwick Tribunal for this reason.
	Frazer also stated that loyalist paramilitaries – who were also released – "should never have been locked up in the first place."
	In February 2006, FAIR (as part of the Love Ulster organisation) attempted to hold a protest march in Dublin, the capital city of the Republic of Ireland. Their expressed goal was to bring attention to their view of the plight of unionist victims of IRA violence. A riot by protesters against the march resulted in violence between them and the Gardaí, as well as damage to property, and the march did not take place. The Love Ulster supporters withdrew under police cover and were ferried by bus to meet with Irish Justice Minister Michael McDowell. Although Republican Sinn Féin and others were initially accused of orchestrating the riot, these allegations were later dismissed after investigation.
	In 2007, FAIR and Love Ulster announced their intention to hold another march in Dublin. These plans were subsequently cancelled after a meeting with Irish government officials was offered.
	Critics have noted that FAIR has named Robert McConnell, a member of the Ulster Defence Regiment, as a victim of IRA violence. McConnell was implicated in both the killing of the brothers of Eugene Reavey on 4 January 1976, and in the Dublin and Monaghan bombings of 1974.
	FAIR has also been criticised for supporting Ian Paisley's 1999 allegation that Eugene Reavey was involved in the killing of ten Protestant civilians in the Kingsmill massacre on 5 January 1976. FAIR rejected the dismissal of the allegation against Reavey by Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) Chief Constable Ronnie Flanagan.
	In 2007 Peter Robinson, then deputy leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), wrote to Frazer, telling him he "might find it much easier to get co-operation with political representatives if you were genuinely involved in Victim Support rather than opposition politics".
	In May 2010 FAIR's head researcher William Wilkinson was convicted of rape and attempted rape, and was later sentenced to serve seven years in prison. Wilkinson was also a local councillor in Ballymena for the Ulster Unionist Coalition Party. His appeal against conviction was rejected in July 2011.
	In February 2010 the Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister drew the attention of the body administering FAIR's funding from the Special EU Programmes Body (SEUPB) to the publication on FAIR's website of political material critical of the agreement between the DUP and Sinn Féin on the devolution of policing and justice.
	In September 2010 the SEUPB withdrew funding, totalling £880,000, from FAIR. The SEUPB said that this was due to "major failures in the organisation's ability to adhere to the conditions associated with its funding allocation" uncovered following a "thorough audit" of the tendering and administration procedures used by FAIR. It said: "The SEUPB is charged with ensuring the proper use of public money and as such has no option but to revoke all financial assistance, (amounting to approximately £880,000), that has been offered to the organisation... FAIR has been given every opportunity to respond to and address these issues. The decision to revoke and recover all financial assistance given to the project has not been taken lightly, however, given the seriousness of the issues no other recourse is available."
	The matter was referred to the PSNI Serious Organised Crime Branch, which a year later stated that the prosecution service had "directed that there was insufficient evidence to show a criminal offence, therefore there will be no prosecution".
	On 16 November 2012, after he had reviewed a copy of the SEUPB audit report which had given rise to a demand for the return of £350,000 of funding, Frazer announced that he was stepping down as director of FAIR.

= = = Product naming = = =

	Product naming is the discipline of deciding what a product will be called, and is very similar in concept and approach to the process of deciding on a name for a company or organization. Product naming is considered a critical part of the branding process, which includes all of the marketing activities that affect the brand image, such as positioning and the design of logo, packaging and the product itself.
	The process involved in product naming can take months or years to complete. Some key steps include specifying the objectives of the branding, developing the product name itself, evaluating names through target market testing and focus groups, choosing a final product name, and finally identifying it as a trademark for protection.
	A key ingredient in launching a successful company is the selection of its name.
	Product names that are considered generally sound have several qualities in common.
	Brand names typically fall into several different categories.
	AFLAC, IBM, M&M (for Forrest Mars and Bruce Murrie).
	Names created by taking parts of words and putting them together: Nabisco (National Biscuit Company).
	Fun to say, and particularly memorable: FAT BAT, YouTube, Piggly Wiggly.
	Use the idea for one thing and apply it to another: Caterpillar, Reebok.
	Descriptive names ascribe to the product a characteristic: Toys R Us, General Motors.
	Names don't have to be just a word or two: Seven for All Mankind, I Can't Believe It's Not Butter!, The Boring Company.
	Invoke a vivid image that alludes to a brand benefit: London Fog, Amazon.
	Use the name of a founder or founder family member: Barneys, Hewlett-Packard, and Wendy's.
	Chose a name associated with company/product location: eBay for Echo Bay (a fictional place as well as the shortened form of "Echo Bay Technology Group," the name of eBay founder Pierre Omidyar's consulting company, according to the List of company name etymologies), Fuji for the tallest mountain in Japan, Cisco for San Francisco.
	For a name with personality: Yahoo!, Cracker Jack.
	For example, Yahoo comes from "Gulliver's Travels" by Jonathan Swift, where "Yahoo" is a legendary being with the following characters: rude", unsophisticated, uncouth". Later the name "Yahoo" was popularized as an bacronym for "Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle".
	Base the name on ingredients: Clorox for chlorine plus sodium hydroxide, Pepsi for the digestive enzyme pepsin.
	When two companies merge into one, sometimes both names are kept: ExxonMobil, Cadbury Schweppes.
	Use alternative spellings for common sounds: 2(x)ist, Krispy Kreme.
	Use a founder's nickname: Adidas aka Adolf Dassler, Haribo Hans Riegel Bonn, Kinkos.
	A completely new made-up word: Kodak, Verizon, Mimex.
	Use a sound associated with a product function or other brand idea: Twitter, Meow Mix.
	Create a character or adopt an existing personage: Green Giant, Nike, Midas Mufflers.
	Name is a combination of two (or more) words or morphemes, and their definitions, into one new word: Travelocity, Pinterest.
	Linguistically, names are developed by combining morphemes, phonemes and syntax to create a desired representation of a product.
	Morphemes differ from words in that many morphemes may not be able to stand alone. The Sprint name is composed of a single word and a single morpheme. Conversely, a brand like Acuvue is composed of two morphemes, each with a distinct meaning. While "vue" may be able to stand as its own word, "acu" is seen as a prefix or a bound morpheme that must connect to a free morpheme like "vue."
	Phonemes are minimal units of sound. Depending on the speaker’s accent, the English language has about 44 phonemes. In product naming, names that are phonetically easy to pronounce and that are well balanced with vowels and consonants have an advantage over those that are not. Likewise, names that begin with or stress plosive consonant sounds B, hard C, D, G, K, P or T are often used because of their attention-getting quality. Some phoneme sounds in English, for example L, V, F and W are thought of as feminine, while others such as X, M and Z are viewed as masculine.
	Syntax, or word order, is key to consumers’ perceptions of a product name. Banana Republic would not carry the same meaning were it changed to "Republic Banana." Syntax also has significant implications for the naming of global products, because syntax has been argued to cross the barrier from one language to another. (See the pioneering work on Universal Grammar by Noam Chomsky)
	Some specific product naming techniques, including a combination of morphemes, phonemes and syntax are shown in the graph below.
	A consideration companies find important in developing a product name is its "trademarkability". Product name trademarks may be established in a number of ways:
	In addition, protecting a trademark is just as important as the initial process of registration. Trademark rights are maintained through actual use of the trademark, and will diminish over time if a trademark is not actively used.
	Companies need to consider whether they can own a name in the digital realm. Securing a domain name, particularly with the globally recognized dot-com extension, is critical for some companies. It has also become increasingly important for firms to interact with their audience through social media websites. Social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest and Instagram all have procedures for acquiring a name on their sites. In modern communication, the trademark is just the start of owning a name.
	Because English is widely viewed as a global language, with over 380 million native speakers, many international trademarks are created in English. Still, language differences present difficulties when using a trademark internationally.
	Many companies have stumbled across the importance of considering language differences in marketing new products.

= = = 2006 Bangkok local elections = = =

	Elections for local councils in Bangkok were held in 2006.
	The first batch of elections took place on 30 April 2006 for all seats on the district councils of 14 districts in the north and east of the city.
	In the second phase of voting held on 23 July 2006, the District Council seats for the remaining 36 districts, along with all 57 seats on the Bangkok Metropolitan Council, were up for election. Local elections follow a four-year cycle, and the 2006 elections are a follow-on from the 2002 elections.
	Elections for district council in Bang Kapi, Bang Khen, Bueng Kum, Chatuchak, Don Mueang, Khan Na Yao, Khlong Sam Wa, Lak Si, Lat Krabang, Lat Phrao, Min Buri, Sai Mai, Saphan Sung and Wang Thonglang were held on 30 April 2006.
	Turnout in the 14 districts was at 35.39 percent, with 482,688 voters exercising their right to vote. The Thai Rak Thai Party won 68 seats along with overall control of nine councils, while candidates from the Democrat Party won 27 seats, taking control of four councils. The Chart Thai Party got seven candidates elected and took control of one council.
	The second batch of elections took place on 23 July 2006. At stake were all 57 Bangkok Metropolitan Council seats as well as all district council seats in the 36 districts that did not hold polls in April.
	Out of a total of 3,996,881 eligible voters, 1,676,373 voters came to vote, resulting in a voter turnout rate of 41.94 percent. This figure was up from the previous elections held in 2002, when only 35.53 percent of eligible voters turned out to vote.
	The number of seats on the Bangkok Metropolitan Council was reduced from 61 to 57 for the 2006 election. In the last elections, held on 16 June 2002, the Democrats won 28 constituencies and Thai Rak Thai took 25, while the Prachakorn Thai Party, the Chart Thai Party and the Mod Ngarn Group each won two seats. The remaining seat went to an independent candidate.
	The Democrats made big gains in the 2006 poll, winning 35 seats, giving them an absolute majority on the council for the first time ever. Thai Rak Thai managed to pull in only 18 seats, while the remaining four seats went to independent candidates.
	Elections for 36 district councils were held concurrently with the elections for the BMA council.

= = = Chua Chu Kang Single Member Constituency = = =

	Chua Chu Kang Single Member Constituency (Traditional Chinese: 蔡厝港單選區;Simplified Chinese: 蔡厝港单选区) is a defunct Single Member Constituency (SMC) located in the western region of Singapore. The constituency encompasses Choa Chu Kang New Town. It is one of the oldest surviving constituencies in Singapore, and has existed since 1959 to 2011.
	Throughout its relatively long history, the ruling People's Action Party has won the constituency in every election, except the 1963 general election when it lost the seat to now defunct opposition party Barisan Sosialis. Chua Chu Kang SMC faced a four-cornered fight, including the ruling party itself in the 1997 general election and the PAP was challenged by Singapore Democratic Alliance's Steve Chia in the 2001 and 2006 general elections. In the 2011 general election, the SMC and Hong Kah Group Representation Constituency (GRC) were absorbed into Chua Chu Kang GRC. However, a new SMC, Hong Kah North SMC was crafted out of the new Chua Chu Kang GRC.
	It is the longest existing SMC that existed between 1959 and 2011, which is far behind than the former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew from 1955 to 2015 where other people retired earlier, the last is Ho Kah Leong which outlasted from 1966 to 1997. Some of the constituencies were shifted to Yew Tee and Keat Hong respectively when Choa Chu Kang was developed in the 1990s. A few of the constituencies has been interrupted due to the GRC system, and most were removed and replaced by the younger constituencies due to the development.

= = = Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1984 = = =

	The 5th Boston Society of Film Critics Awards honored the best filmmaking of 1984. The awards were given on 20 January 1985.

= = = Soundwave Festival = = =

	Soundwave Festival, held every year at the Scarborough Spa Ocean Room, Scarborough, UK, is a music and arts festival created by the DIY (Determined In€dependent Youths) Collective, a group of young people from around the Scarborough area. It was first held in 1999 on South Bay Beach, Scarborough and was moved to the Spa Complex because of funding issues. It has been held every year since at the same venue. Local musical talent is showcased, and art and craft workshops are held throughout the day of the event. The festival was headlined by the local band who had done the most to organise the festival. The headline act was then followed by a special guest. Previous special guests include Capdown, Dead Identities, The Dead Pets and AntiProduct. The 2007 festival was postponed until the first half term of the new British school year, instead of 13 August 2007, the day after the conclusion of the Beached Festival, which is now situated on the old Soundwave location on South Bay Beach. The 2007 event was cut short due to a fire alarm. After a ten-year hiatus the festival returns on August the 13th 2016 with a line up of returning Soundwave alumni and young local acts. 
	The main idea behind the festival is to showcase local talent, as well as provide free music for the young people of Scarborough. Henceforth, there is no entry fee. Most finance comes from fundraising events, and sponsorship grants. There is also a similar winter festival, slightly lower key, that goes by the name of 'Snow wave', which is used primarily as a fundraiser for Soundwave.
	UK

= = = La Torrecilla = = =

	La Torrecilla is a mountain with a height of 1,919 metres which lies south east of Ronda in the Sierra de las Nieves nature park in Andalucia, southern Spain.

= = = Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1983 = = =

	The 4th Boston Society of Film Critics Awards honored the best filmmaking of 1983. The awards were given on 29 January 1984.

= = = Pişmaniye = = =

	Pişmaniye (Bosnian: Ćetenija) is a Turkish and Bosnian sweet in fine strands made by blending flour roasted in butter into pulled sugar. It is sometimes garnished with ground pistachio nuts. Although it is sometimes compared to cotton candy, both the ingredients and method of preparation are significantly different.
	Until recently pişmaniye used to be made at home in most regions of Turkey, but this tradition is now rapidly disappearing. Today the manufacturing process is partially mechanised.
	There are many different Turkish names, used in different provinces, the most common being "tel helva, çekme helva, tel tel, tepme helva" and "keten helva".
	The earliest Turkish reference to pişmaniye is a recipe by Şirvani, a physician writing during the 1430s. The Persian form "pashmak", related to and , the origin of the Turkish name "pişmaniye", occurs in the poetry of the Iranian poet Ebu Ishak, also known as Bushak (d. 1423 or 1427). "Pashm" in Persian means wool, and "Pashmak" means wool-like.
	Another theory is that it may be of a Coptic origin from :'ⲡⲏⲥ: pis": which means :" to mix flour with fat" , and "ⲛⲏⲓⲛⲓ: nani or mani ": which means : "honey" , this candy found in Egypt, known as "halawa shaar حلاوة شعر" which means : "hair candy".

= = = University of North Bengal = = =

	The University of North Bengal is a public university in Raja Rammohanpur, Siliguri in Darjeeling district in the Indian state of West Bengal. A second campus is in Danguajhar, Jalpaiguri in Jalpaiguri district, also in West Bengal. The university was established in 1962 to fill growing manpower needs in the six North Bengal districts and the neighbouring state of Sikkim. North Bengal University offers degrees in undergraduate, post-graduate, M. Phil and doctorate programs.
	The University of North Bengal was established by Act of the Legislature of West Bengal in 1962. It was the first university in the region. It served predominantly rural areas in six districts: Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Cooch Behar, Maldah, Uttar Dinajpur and Dakshin Dinajpur.
	In 2008, the University of Gour Banga was established and almost all the 28 colleges in Maldah, Uttar Dinajpur and Dakshin Dinajpur (with the exception of Raiganj University College) were affiliated to it.
	In 2012-13, Cooch Behar Panchanan University was established with all the colleges of Cooch Behar district and Alipurduar subdivision of Jalpaiguri district affiliated with it. The University of North Bengal has jurisdiction over the districts of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri. It is accredited by NAAC with A grade.
	The main campus is spread over an area of and lies between Siliguri and Bagdogra Airport, in the Terai region. The second campus is in Danguajhar in Jalpaiguri.
	The university has an annual enrollment of more than 36,000 undergraduate and more than 1,500 postgraduate students and scholars. Students come from North Bengal mainly from hills and plain areas.
	North Bengal University also provide distance education in Ma English, philosophy, Bangla etc. .
	The University of North Bengal offers two-year M.Sc. programmes in various fields as well as a three-year M.C.A. programme, and various two-year Masters programmes in M.Com. and M.A..
	In 2016 the university has been awarded 'A' grade with CGPA value 3.05 by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council
	The university offers affiliation to research and academic centres on and off campus.
	The university has several affiliated colleges under its umbrella. These colleges spread over four districts Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar, Alipurduar and one sub division Islampur of North Dinajpur district of North Bengal. It offers graduate programmes in B.Sc., B.Com., B.A. honours and general both.
	The Akshaya Kumar Maitreya Heritage Museum incorporating the Raja Rajaram Museum Collection was established in the University of North Bengal in February 1965. The museum is now a repository for sculpture, coins, paintings, and manuscripts, among other things, related to the history of North Bengal. It is also a regional museum and is one of the few university museums in India. It collects, preserves and studies archaeological relics discovered regionally.

= = = Baader Meinhof (album) = = =

	Baader Meinhof is a 1996 album by Luke Haines, under the pseudonym Baader Meinhof. The name is taken from two of the main members of the Red Army Faction, Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof, and the album, composed of 10 tracks, tells the history of group, since the ideas that might have inspired the group (in the first track, there's a quote from the student movement leader Rudi Dutschke: "Rudi said 'we got to be wise and we got to get armed'"), their first actions ("Burn Warehouse Burn"), their travel to Jordan ("Meet Me at the Airport"), their capture, the hijacking of a Lufthansa airplane by the members of the "second generation" of the RAF, in 1977 (one of the events that marked the German Autumn) ("Mogadishu"). 
	In 2014, British independent record label 3 Loop Music re-released the album on heavyweight 180gsm vinyl and as an Expanded CD Edition which included four remixes from a previously unreleased EP.

= = = A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain = = =

	A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain is a 1992 collection of short stories by Robert Olen Butler. It received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1993.
	Each story in the collection is narrated by a different Vietnamese immigrant living in the US state of Louisiana. The stories are largely character-driven, with cultural differences between Vietnam and the United States as an important theme. Many of the stories were first published in journals. The collection was re-released in 2001 with two additional stories, "Salem" and "Missing".
	The opening story is set during the Vietnam War. The narrator, a translator for the Australian forces, recounts the story of a North Vietnamese communist named Thập who joins the Australian forces as a spy, after the communists massacre his family. When the Australian soldiers bring him to a screening of pornographic films, Thập seems overwhelmed and disgusted. The narrator speculates that, as a former Communist, he considers pornography immoral, and that it simultaneously reminds him of his longing for his dead wife. Thập later kills an Australian soldier and himself.
	"Mr Green" is narrated by a Catholic woman who was taught by her grandfather about ancestor worship. As a child, she was saddened when her grandfather told her that she could not tend to the worship of her family members because she is a woman. Mr Green is a talking parrot that belonged to her great grandfather; after his death, she cares for the parrot, bringing him to the United States with her. When Mr Green grows old and melancholy, plucking out his own feathers, the narrator kills him by wringing his neck as she had learned from her mother and grandmother. 
	This story is about gendered values. The narrator must come to terms with her grandfather's subtle misogyny and establish her own self-worth as a woman. This story focuses on the conflict between ancient, honourable but constricting values and the modern assertion of femininity. As the narrator leaves Vietnam she takes a reminder of this bonding Confucian values with her in the form of Mr. Green. The death of Mr Green is therefore symbolic.
	"The Trip Back" is about Kánh, who drives to the airport in order to pick up his wife's grandfather, Mr. Chinh. Kánh is shocked when he discovers that Mr. Chinh is chaperoned by his cousin Hương, and during his trip home realizes that Alzheimer's disease afflicts Mr. Chinh. Kánh is deeply disturbed by this and worries whether he could ever forget his wife, whom he deeply loves. The situation is compounded further when his wife realizes that her grandfather has no recollection of her.
	The story is about a Vietnamese prostitute nicknamed Miss Noi who was brought to the United States as the wife of an American GI. She divorces her husband and becomes a prostitute again, and seems happy with her station in life. She meets a Vietnam War veteran named Mr. Fontenot who proposes to her with an apple, and gives her a good life.
	"Crickets" is about a man named Ted (Thiệu) who tries to teach his Americanized son how to make crickets fight, which was a favorite game of Thiệu's as a boy in Vietnam. His son is uninterested and Thiệu eventually gives up.
	Thiệu and his new bride had escaped from Vietnam by boat and ended up in the state of Louisiana, where the land was very much like the Mekong Delta. They struggled to adapt to the new land and language, while their American-born son, Bill, adapted easily but had little knowledge of his Vietnamese cultural background. Despite barriers of age and language, Thiệu tries to educate his son to be more Vietnamese.
	"Letters from my Father" is the story of a Vietnamese teenager who has grown up without her American father. After the father arranges for his wife and daughter to come to the United States, he is unsure of how to react to his daughter, because all that he knows of her is from pictures and letters. His daughter learns more from her father by discovering some letters that he had written to the United States government in which he angrily and poetically demands his daughter's release, and she longs for him to love her in the way that he expressed his love in those letters.
	"Love" is about a former Vietnamese spy who has a beautiful wife, Bướm. As a spy in Vietnam, he was able to direct U.S. missiles onto the homes of men who aroused his jealousy by looking at or flirting with his wife. After moving to New Orleans, he suspects his wife of having an affair with a Vietnamese restaurant owner, and consults a voodoo practitioner.
	A woman readying her friend's corpse for burial combs and envies the beautiful hair she combed and envied when they were girls in Saigon.
	The stories "Mid-Autumn" and "In the Clearing" are similar, in that they deal heavily in Vietnamese mysticism. Both are dialogues between parent and child and make reference to supernatural beings. "Mid-Autumn" is about a mother's first love lost; "In the Clearing" is an apology from father to son for having to leave his family in Vietnam.
	In "A Ghost Story", a man tells a story, which he claims he knows to be true, about the spirit of a beautiful woman who saves men from disaster, then reappears to eat them.
	"Snow" is the story of a woman named Giàu who works as a waitress in a Chinese restaurant. A Jewish lawyer named Cohen, who shares with Giàu a fear of snow, talks to her as he waits for his takeaway meal on Christmas Eve. They realize that despite their different backgrounds they have several things in common, and arrange to go on a date.
	"The American Couple" is the longest story in the collection at 80 pages. It is narrated by a Vietnamese woman named Gabrielle on vacation in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. They meet an American couple, Frank and Eileen. Frank is a Vietnam veteran who is eager to talk about his experiences. Vinh and Frank begin a strange and secretive relationship in which hostilities are sometimes manifested concerning their respective roles in the Vietnam War. The story is told from the perspective of Vinh's wife, who has had little access to her husband's experiences as a soldier. It is an outsider's perspective of Vietnam veterans, which is why Frank and Vinh are observed at a distance.
	"A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain" is the final story. It involves a grandfather, slowly dying, and seeing the vision of Ho Chi Minh, with whom he worked and lived. The politics of the Vietnamese refugees continue after they have arrived in America, as their new home country looks to deal with the newly Communist united Vietnam.
	"Salem" is a story of a Vietnamese soldier that works alone in the jungles of Vietnam and assassinates American soldiers that stumble on his path. His job is to kill American soldiers and take the items they carry with them and hand the items over to the government so that they can identify the American soldiers. The Vietnamese soldier recovers a pack of Salem cigarettes from a dead American soldier he has just killed. In the pack of cigarettes is a photograph of the dead American soldier's wife.
	"Missing" is one of the two additional stories added in the later editions. This story is about an American soldier that stayed in Vietnam after the war and married a Vietnamese girl. The American soldier sees his face, photo, in a newspaper and it is titled Missing. People believe he has gone missing. Because of this, he begins to think he is missing, identity, in Vietnam.
	In later editions, there are two additional stories, "Salem" and "Missing".

= = = Iris Rainer Dart = = =

	Iris Rainer Dart (born 1944) is an American author and playwright for television and the stage. Her most notable novel is "Beaches", which was made into a 1988 film of the same name. She has also written several stage musicals as well as for television shows, such as "The Sonny and Cher Show". She also voiced Donna, Peter Cottontail's love interest, in the stop-motion Easter classic, Here Comes Peter Cottontail.
	Rainer Dart was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and was an actress as a youth with the Curtaineers, an inter-racial theater group at the Settlement house, at the Pittsburgh Playhouse and The White Barn Theatre. She also went to classes at the Pittsburgh Playhouse as a child. She graduated from Taylor Allderdice High School in 1962 and was inducted into their alumni hall of fame in 2009. She is also a graduate of Carnegie Mellon University with a degree in theater.
	In an interview (Summer 2007), when asked the question:"Has the Jewish cultural dynamic in your upbringing influenced what and how you write?", Dart replied "Unquestionably. I grew up in a household where both my parents were immigrants – my mother from Russia, father from Lithuania – and they spoke more Yiddish in my house than English, so it was just a [sic] completely a part of who I was."
	Dart has written nine novels, including "Beaches". She wrote for "The Sonny and Cher Show" variety show in the 1970s. She got the idea to write about a woman "loosely based on 'the no holds barred outrageous person' that she found in Cher. The character became "Cee Cee Bloom" in her ...novel "Beaches" later made into the iconic film of the same name starring Bette Midler."
	She wrote the book and lyrics for the 2009 stage musical, "Laughing Matters", for the Pasadena Playhouse, California. Her next work is the Roundabout Theatre Broadway production of her new musical, "The People in the Picture", opening on April 28, 2011 and closing on June 19, 2011, and starring Donna Murphy.
	She was married to rock concert promoter Steve Wolf until they divorced in 1977 (less than half a year before he was murdered when robbers broke into his house). She is currently married to Stephen Dart, a California businessman. She has two adult children, a son (by Wolf) and a daughter (by Dart), and two grandchildren.
	Source: Fiction Database

= = = Sniježnica = = =

	Sniježnica is a mountain located in the southernmost part of Croatia, north of the Konavle region. The eponymous highest peak is 1,234 m.a.s.l.

= = = Brasiléia = = =

	Brasiléia is a Brazilian municipality located in the northern state of Acre. Its population in 2007 was estimated at 20,238 inhabitants. Its area is 336,189 km². Located 237 km south of Rio Branco on the border with Bolivia, has its limits with the municipalities Epitaciolândia, Brazil Assisi, and Sena Madureira Xapuri.
	Although established as a free trade area, it is still not regulated. Currently, it depends on trade with the neighboring municipality of Cobija, contrary to what happened in decades past, when the reverse was the case.
	Brasiléia originated from a small strip of land from an old rubber plantation called Carmen, on July 3, 1910, using the name of Brasilia. In 1943 the town's name was changed since it had the same name as the new federal capital. The current name is derived from a portmanteau of Brazil and hiléia (forest). In 1992 the town divided its area, with the entire area and population located on the right bank of the Rio Acre originating the city of Epitaciolândia.
	The Xapuri and Acre rivers cross the municipality territory, with the Xapuri river marking the border with the Republic of Bolivia. In the early decades of the twentieth century the region experienced the boom of Brazilian nuts and rubber extraction, which were transported on the river Acre on cargo ships known as "chata". Today goods are transported on the fully paved highway BR-317 linking with the state capital, Rio Branco.
	The municipality contains part of the Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve, a sustainable use environmental unit created in 1990.
	The county ranks sixth in the Acre state population, with 20,237 inhabitants at the rate of 64.22% urban (12 243 inhabitants) and 35.78% rural (6,822 inhabitants). Among the rural population 1,060 are denominated ribeirinhos, characterized as communities living along the river Acre.
	The city's economy has suffered a great loss, due to the lack of supervision and low prices in Bolivia compared with those of Brazil. Not only consumers are turning to the Bolivian economy, but entrepreneurs as well due to free trade zone of Cobija (the capital of Pando Department and Nicolás Suárez Province). Every day, new shops and businesses are built by Brazilians living in the neighboring towns of Epitaciolândia and even those who reside in Rio Branco, are investing in counties within Bolivia. The unprotected border of both countries is also affected by trafficking of drugs, weapons, fuel and goods. 
	Economic activities are virtually paralyzed, agriculture is traditional, industry gives signs of slow recovery, with the installation of a milk processing facility, which will supply the markets of Epitaciolândia and Cobija (Bolivia). Some sawmills and furniture factories, in the service sector, are completely paralyzed. Cattle ranching has a considerable workforce, especially for beef cattle. There is great potential for ecotourism, but it lacks exposure and investment. 
	Currently the city of Brasileia does not have an infrastructure of hotels and restaurants able to cater to the influx of tourists who shop in the zone of Cobija, especially on weekends.

= = = Silas Weir Mitchell (actor) = = =

	Silas Weir Mitchell (born Silas Weir Mitchell Neilson; September 30, 1969) is an American character actor. He is known for starring as Charles "Haywire" Patoshik in the Fox television series "Prison Break" (2005–2007) and as Monroe in the NBC television series "Grimm" (2011–2017).
	Mitchell was born and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is named after an ancestor, the 19th century physician and author Silas Weir Mitchell.
	He attended The Montgomery Country Day School, formerly in Gladwyne PA for his elementary school years; is a graduate of St. Paul's School, a college-preparatory boarding school in Concord, New Hampshire, (1987); Brown University (1991) in Rhode Island, where he majored in Theatre and Religion; and the University of California San Diego, Master of Fine Arts program (1995). After graduating from Brown, he spent some time in New York City, acting in minor theatre productions.
	Mitchell has had recurring guest roles in such television series as "24" as Eli Stram; Numb3rs; "My Name Is Earl" as Earl's ex-con friend Donny Jones; and "Prison Break" as escapee Charles "Haywire" Patoshik. On the DVD commentary for "Prison Break", he mentions he had previously auditioned for the roles of Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell and Lincoln Burrows. Mitchell plays the role of an insane prison inmate in both "Prison Break" and "My Name Is Earl". He also appears in "Rat Race" (2001) as Lloyd (The Hardware Store Guy), and in "The Whole Ten Yards" as Yermo.
	One of his most notable roles is that of mentally unstable recurring character James Hogan on "Cold Case". Mitchell also made appearances on "", "", "", "Burn Notice" as charming but unstable arms dealer Seymour, "Dexter", "Monk", "Six Feet Under", "X-Files", "The Closer", and "Boomtown". He also appeared on the show "" in the Season 6 episode "Room Service".
	In 2008, Silas made an appearance in seventh and final season of the U.S. cop show "The Shield".
	In 2009, he appeared in "A Fork in the Road", alongside Jaime King, and in "Halloween 2". Mitchell also appeared in Fox's TV show, "Mental" with Chris Vance, also from "Prison Break".
	In October 2011, Mitchell was cast as Monroe in the NBC TV series "Grimm".

= = = Sino-Xenic pronunciations = = =

	Sino-Xenic or Sinoxenic pronunciations are regular systems for reading Chinese characters in Japan, Korea and Vietnam, originating in medieval times and the source of large-scale borrowings of Chinese words into the Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese languages, none of which are genetically related to Chinese. The resulting Sino-Japanese, Sino-Korean and Sino-Vietnamese vocabularies now make up a large part of the lexicons of these languages. The pronunciation systems are used alongside modern varieties of Chinese in historical Chinese phonology, particularly the reconstruction of the sounds of Middle Chinese. Some other languages, such as Hmong–Mien and Tai-Kadai languages, also contain large numbers of Chinese loanwords but without the systematic correspondences that characterize Sino-Xenic vocabularies.
	The term, from the Greek "xenos" "foreign", was coined in 1953 by the linguist Samuel Martin, who called these borrowings "Sino-Xenic dialects".
	There had been borrowings of Chinese vocabulary into Vietnamese and Korean from the Han period, but around the time of the Tang dynasty (618–907) Chinese writing, language and culture were imported entirely into Vietnam, Korea and Japan.
	Scholars in those countries wrote in Literary Chinese and were thoroughly familiar with the Chinese classics, which they read aloud in systematic local approximations of Middle Chinese. With those pronunciations, Chinese words entered Vietnamese, Korean and Japanese in huge numbers.
	The plains of northern Vietnam were under Chinese control for most of the period from 111 BC to AD 938 and, after independence, the country adopted Literary Chinese as the language of administration and scholarship. As a result, there are several layers of Chinese loanwords in Vietnamese. The oldest loans, roughly 400 words dating from the Eastern Han, have been fully assimilated and are treated as native Vietnamese words. Sino-Vietnamese proper dates to the early Tang dynasty, when the spread of Chinese rhyme dictionaries and other literature resulted in the wholesale importation of the Chinese lexicon.
	Isolated Chinese words also began to enter Korean from the 1st century BC, but the main influx occurred in the 7th and 8th centuries AD after the unification of the peninsula by Silla. The flow of Chinese words into Korean became overwhelming after the establishment of civil service examinations in 958.
	Japanese, in contrast, has two well-preserved layers and a third that is also significant:
	In comparison, vocabulary of Chinese origin in Thai, including most of the basic numbers (except 1 and 2), was borrowed over a range of periods from the Han (or earlier) to the Tang.
	Since the pioneering work of Bernhard Karlgren, these bodies of pronunciations have been used together with modern varieties of Chinese in attempts to reconstruct the sounds of Middle Chinese.
	They provide such broad and systematic coverage that the linguist Samuel Martin called them "Sino-Xenic dialects", treating them as parallel branches with the native Chinese dialects.
	The foreign pronunciations sometimes retain distinctions lost in all the modern Chinese varieties, as in the case of the "chongniu" distinction found in Middle Chinese rhyme dictionaries.
	Similarly, the distinction between grades III and IV made by the Late Middle Chinese rime tables has disappeared in most modern varieties, but in Kan-on, grade IV is represented by the Old Japanese vowels i and e while grade III is represented by i and e.
	Vietnamese, Korean and Japanese scholars also later each adapted the Chinese script to write their languages, using Chinese characters both for borrowed and native vocabulary. Thus, in the Japanese script, Chinese characters may have both Sino-Japanese readings ("on'yomi") and native readings ("kun'yomi"). Similarly, in the Chữ nôm script used for Vietnamese until the early 20th century, some Chinese characters could represent both a Sino-Vietnamese word and a native Vietnamese word with similar meaning or sound to the Chinese word, but in such cases, the native reading would be distinguished by a component. However, the Korean variant of Chinese characters, or hanja, typically have only a Sino-Korean reading, and native Korean words are rarely, if ever, written in hanja. The character-based Vietnamese and Korean scripts have since been replaced by the Vietnamese alphabet and hangul respectively.
	Foreign pronunciations of these words inevitably only approximated the original Chinese, and many distinctions were lost. In particular, Korean and Japanese had far fewer consonants and much simpler syllables than Chinese, and they lacked tones. Even Vietnamese merged some Chinese initial consonants (for example, several different consonants were merged into "t" and "th" while "ph" corresponds to both "p" and "f" in Mandarin). A further complication is that the various borrowings are based on different local pronunciations at different periods. Nevertheless, it is common to treat the pronunciations as developments from the categories of the Middle Chinese rhyme dictionaries.
	Middle Chinese is recorded as having eight series of initial consonants, though it is likely that no single dialect distinguished them all.
	Stops and affricates could also be voiced, voiceless or voiceless aspirated. Early Vietnamese had a similar three-way division, but the voicing contrast would later disappear in the tone split that affected several languages in the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area, including Vietnamese and most Chinese varieties.
	Old Japanese had only a two-way contrast based on voicing, while Middle Korean had only one obstruent at each point of articulation.
	The Middle Chinese final consonants were semivowels (or glides) /j/ and /w/, nasals /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/, and stops /p/, /t/ and /k/.
	Sino-Vietnamese and Sino-Korean preserve all the distinctions between final nasals and stops, like southern Chinese varieties such as Yue.
	Sino-Vietnamese has added allophonic distinctions to "-ng" and "-k", based on whether the preceding vowel is front ("-nh", "-ch") or back ("-ng", "-c").
	Although Old Korean had a /t/ coda, words with the Middle Chinese coda /t/ have /l/ in Sino-Korean, reflecting a northern variety of Late Middle Chinese in which final /t/ had weakened to /r/.
	In Go-on and Kan-on, the Middle Chinese coda "-ng" yielded a nasalized vowel, which in combination with the preceding vowel has become a long vowel in modern Japanese. For example, "Tōkyō" , is "Dōngjīng" in Mandarin Chinese. Also, as Japanese cannot end words with consonants (except for moraic "n"), borrowings of Middle Chinese words ending in a stop had a paragoge added so that, for example, Middle Chinese "kwok" () was borrowed as "koku". The later, less common Tōsō-on borrowings, however, reflect the reduction of final stops in Lower Yangtze Mandarin varieties to a glottal stop, reflected by Japanese /Q/.
	Middle Chinese had a three-way tonal contrast in syllables with vocalic or nasal endings. As Japanese lacks tones, Sino-Japanese borrowings preserve no trace of Chinese tones.
	Most Middle Chinese tones were preserved in the tones of Middle Korean, but they have since been lost in all but a few dialects.
	Sino-Vietnamese, in contrast, reflects the Chinese tones fairly faithfully, including the Late Middle Chinese split of each tone into two registers conditioned by voicing of the initial.
	The correspondence to the Chinese rising and departing tones is reversed from the earlier loans, so the Vietnamese "hỏi" and "ngã" tones reflect the Chinese upper and lower rising tone while the "sắc" and "nặng" tones reflect the upper and lower departing tone.
	Unlike northern Chinese varieties, Sino-Vietnamese places level-tone words with sonorant and glottal stop initials in the upper level ("ngang") category.
	Large numbers of Chinese words were borrowed into Vietnamese, Korean and Japanese and still form a large and important part of their lexicons.
	In the case of Japanese, the influx has led to changes in the phonological structure of the language. Old Japanese syllables had the form (C)V, with vowel sequences being avoided.
	To accommodate the Chinese loanwords, syllables were extended with glides as in "myō", vowel sequences as in "mei", geminate consonants and a final nasal, leading to the moraic structure of later Japanese.
	Voiced sounds ("b", "d", "z", "g" and "r") were now permitted in word-initial position, where they had previously been impossible.
	The influx of Chinese vocabulary contributed to the development of Middle Korean tones, which are still present in some dialects.
	Sino-Korean words have also disrupted the native structure in which "l" does not occur in word-initial position, and words show vowel harmony.
	Chinese morphemes have been used extensively in all these languages to coin compound words for new concepts in a similar way to the use of Latin and Ancient Greek roots in English.
	Many new compounds, or new meanings for old phrases, were created in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to name Western concepts and artifacts. The coinages, written in shared Chinese characters, have then been borrowed freely between languages. They have even been accepted into Chinese, a language usually resistant to loanwords because their foreign origin was hidden by their written form.
	Often, different compounds for the same concept were in circulation for some time before a winner emerged, and sometimes, the final choice differed between countries.
	The proportion of vocabulary of Chinese origin thus tends to be greater in technical, scientific, abstract or formal language or registers. For example, Sino-Japanese words account for about 35% of the words in entertainment magazines (where borrowings from English are common), over half the words in newspapers and 60% of the words in science magazines.

= = = Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1986 = = =

	The 7th Boston Society of Film Critics Awards honored the best filmmaking of 1986. The awards were given on 11 January 1987.

= = = Bhongir = = =

	Bhuvanagiri is a town and District Headquarter of Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district of the Indian state of Telangana. It comes under Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority, located on National Highway 163.
	Bhongir Fort is one of the isolated monolithic rocks carved by the Western Chalukya ruler Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya VI and was thus named after him as Tribhuvanagiri. This name gradually became Bhuvanagiri and subsequently Bhongir.
	Bhongir is located at . It has an average elevation of .
	The municipal area covers 9.63 km². As of 2011 India census, Bhongir had a population of 53,339. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Bhongir has an average literacy rate of 70%, less than the national average of 74.04%; with male literacy of 78% and female literacy of 61%. 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
	Bhongir as a Lok Sabha constituency came into existence in 2008 as per Delimitation Act of 2002. Pailla Shekar Reddy is the present MLA.
	Notable persons from the town are Raavi Narayana Reddy, Alimineti Madhava Reddy, Belli Lalitha, Pratyusha, Penta Ramulamma.
	There are certain notable landmarks in the town. Bhongir Fort is one such structure. Rock Climbing School at Bhongir Fort is the training center for rock climbing.

= = = Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1981 = = =

	The 2nd Boston Society of Film Critics Awards honored the best filmmaking of 1981. The awards were given on 29 January 1982.

= = = Zahari Zograf = = =

	Zahariy Hristovich Dimitrov () (1810–1853), better known as Zahari Zograf (or Zahariy Zograf; Захари(й) Зограф) is a famous Bulgarian painter of the Bulgarian National Revival, noted for his church mural paintings and icons and often regarded as the founder of secular art in Bulgaria due to the introduction of everyday life elements in his work.
	Zahari Zograf was born in the town of Samokov in 1810 and was taught by his brother Dimitar Zograf, with whom he later worked together, as his father died early. A spiritual student of Neophyte of Rila since 1827, he became an equal partner of his brother at the age of 21 in 1831, i.e. he was proclaimed a master.
	His best known icons are those of the SS Constantine and Helen Church in Plovdiv, the Church of the Theotokos in Koprivshtitsa, as well as a number of monasteries. Zahari Zograf's best known frescoes are those in the main church of the Rila Monastery, in the chapel and the St Nicholas church of the Bachkovo Monastery, the Troyan Monastery and the Monastery of the Transfiguration. He painted three mural portraits of himself in the latter three, a move that was regarded as controversial during the time.
	Zahari Zograf lived and worked on Mount Athos between 1851 and 1852, where he decorated the outer narthex of the Great Lavra. He also did several church donor portraits in his later years, also leaving a large number of unrealized sketches after his death from typhus on 14 June 1853.

= = = Samuel Simon Schmucker = = =

	Samuel Simon Schmucker (February 28, 1799 – July 26, 1873) was a German-American Lutheran pastor and theologian. He was integral to the founding of the Lutheran church body known as the General Synod, as well as the oldest continuously-operating Lutheran seminary (Gettysburg Seminary) and college in North America (Gettysburg College).
	Later in his career, Schmucker became a controversial figure because of his theological positions, in particular his approach to the Lutheran Confessions. Outside of the church, Schmucker was a noted abolitionist.
	Samuel Simon Schmucker was born in 1799 in Hagerstown, Maryland. His father, Johann Georg Schmucker, was a German immigrant and an ordained pastor in the Pennsylvania Ministerium. Samuel Schmucker showed a promising intellect at a young age, and entered the University of Pennsylvania at age 15.
	After teaching briefly at the York Academy, Schmucker went on a missionary journey to the western frontier of Kentucky and Ohio. On his return he studied at Princeton Theological Seminary, and was ordained a Lutheran minister (1820). In 1820 he helped to establish the General Synod of the Lutheran Church in America, one of the first organizations of the American Lutheran church. From 1826 to 1864 he served as professor of didactic theology and chairman of the faculty in Gettysburg Seminary, of which he was one of the founders. Schmucker Hall on the campus was named in his honor. During the Battle of Gettysburg, Schmucker's house was used as a field hospital for soldiers of both armies. He was never compensated for the damages incurred.
	His publication of 1838 prepared the way for the formation of the Evangelical Alliance, which was formed in Freemason's Hall, London, August 19–23, 1846. The American branch was organized in 1867. He was the leader of the low-church Lutheran party who were connected with the General Synod and was better known outside of his communion than any other Lutheran minister.
	Schmucker had fervent anti-war convictions. In 1846 he was one of the few Lutheran leaders in America to publicly oppose the war with Mexico.
	Schumcker's son Samuel Mosheim Schmucker (or Smucker) was a writer of popular biographies. His son Beale Melanchthon Schmucker was also a noted Lutheran clergyman. Schmucker is buried in Evergreen Cemetery (Gettysburg, Pennsylvania). Another son, Samuel D. Schmucker, enlisted in the 26th Pennsylvania Emergency Militia in the days prior to the Battle of Gettysburg, and was engaged in a brief skirmish against Confederates west of Gettysburg on June 26, 1863.
	Schumcker was an advocate of theistic evolution.
	Schmucker was a controversial theologian whom Confessional Lutherans viewed as a threat to American Lutheranism. They did not believe he was actually a Lutheran, but rather, a Reformed theologian working to form a union of American Lutheranism with non-Lutheran American Protestants. His plan to discard the Augsburg Confession as a declaration of Lutheran belief in favor of a confession compatible with Reformed theology alienated him from former allies. He published this altered confession anonymously, but it failed to pass even within his own church body.
	Because Schmucker denied the Real Presence in the Lord's Supper, he is categorically placed in the "Un-Lutheran" camp by Charles Porterfield Krauth. Schmucker wrote, "worthy communicants, in this ordinance, by faith spiritually feed on the body and blood of the Redeemer, thus holding communion or fellowship with Him." This demonstrates Schmucker held to the Calvinist spiritual explanation of the Lord's Supper rather than the Lutheran teaching of Sacramental Union. Wilhelm Sihler of the Missouri Synod criticized Samuel Simon Schmucker, terming him "apostate," and asserting that Schmucker and other like-minded leaders of the General Synod were "open counterfeiters, Calvinists, Methodists, and Unionists...traitors and destroyers of the Lutheran Church".
	The "Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge" states his theological position was a mix of "Puritanism, Pietism, and shallow Rationalism" rather than Lutheranism.
	His published works number more than one hundred. Among them are:
	He wrote a large number of discourses and addresses, and articles in the "Evangelical Review" and other periodicals.

= = = Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1980 = = =

	The 1st Boston Society of Film Critics Awards honored the best filmmaking of 1980. The awards were given on 22 March 1981.

= = = Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1985 = = =

	The 6th Boston Society of Film Critics Awards honored the best filmmaking of 1985. The awards were given on 26 January 1986.

= = = 2006 Preston City Council election = = =

	The City Council elections for the City of Preston, Lancashire were held on 4 May 2006 on the same day as other 2006 United Kingdom local elections. Nineteen electoral wards were fought. The only change was that Labour gained one seat from the Liberal Democrats, continuing to be the largest party, but the Council remained under no overall control
	The number of candidates fielded, by party, were:
	As of May 2006, Labour have 24 councillors, Conservative 17, LibDems 12, Respect 2 and there are two Independent councillors. Preston City Council remains under no overall control.
	Preston Council is elected in thirds, which means there is an all out election in one year followed by single-member elections in all three-member wards and selected two-member wards. All changes in percentage share of the vote are from the corresponding 2003 or 2004 elections in the respective wards. Any "gain" or "loss" compares this year's elections with the 2002 "all out" vote because the councilors in this election are defending that year's result.
	In the north east of the city, the predominantly low income housing of Brookfield is a three-member ward. Buttressed up against Ribbleton and the rural east, and wedge-shaped to the south of Fulwood, the ward has been troubled by increasing levels of crime in recent years. Parts of the ward were formerly within the Fulwood district council and maintain the look of the affluent northern quarters of the city.
	The central ward of Cadley is positioned between Fulwood and Preston, with the main Lytham Road and Cadley Causeway used as the boundary between it and the nearby College and Ashton wards. Cadley is almost entirely suburban housing with a heavy commuter population.
	Created in the last round of local boundary reviews, the two-member College ward centres on two Fulwood employers. Preston College has a catchment area far beyond the city itself, whilst the recently closed Sharoe Green hospital has had many of its services re-directed to the Royal Preston Hospital. There are a mix of commuter and student housing and an increasing Muslim population.
	The last election for a councillor in College ward was in 2003; the change of vote in this table is based on the 2003 figures.
	Fishwick is a ward in the southwest of the city, at the border with South Ribble, spreading north into Ribbleton. The ward has a sizable percentage of comfortable housing but has in recent years been more infamous for the troubled Callon housing estate. The ward has higher than average unemployment and continuing issues with crime and drugs. In the 2004 elections, for the first time since local government restructuring in the 1970s, Fishwick elected a Conservative candidate to Town Hall. This accounts for the large changes in vote in this results table.
	Councillor Harold Parker resigned due to health issues in August 2009 triggering a by-election on 1 October which was won by the Labour Party's Jennifer Mein.
	Centred on Fulwood Barracks, this is a three-member ward created by the last round of boundary reviews. It is set in a heavily small "c" conservative part of Preston with a number of schools and small employment centres. In April 2006 Marie Milne changed party from Conservative to Liberal Democrat.
	Its name coming from a large private estate within its boundaries, Greyfriars is one of the oldest names connected to Preston's history. It includes the Pius X Preparatory school and Fulwood's leisure centre. An increasing number of comfortable suburban houses has been built on the fringes of the ward, which also borders Ingol Golf Course.
	Ingol ward is in the north west of the city, bordered by Greyfriars and to the south of the M55 motorway. The ward contains two main population areas, Ingol and Tanterton. The latter has had problems with drugs and crime over recent years but this is beginning to improve. Parts of the ward are comfortable with some commuter areas and houses neighbouring the Lancaster canal. There are still pockets of troubled communities.
	Ingol is a three-member ward. Two councillors were elected in 2003 following the expulsion from Town Hall of a Liberal Democrat councillor.
	In the west of the city, around 30 minutes from the city centre, Larches is a box-shaped ward from the Riversway dual-carriageway into Blackpool to Haslam Park. It contains two post-war housing estates, Larches and Savick, and an area of suburban sprawl moved in from Ashton following boundary changes. The ward contains the whole of Ashton Park.
	The three member ward of Lea contains the small Fylde border town of Lea Town, the urban Lea community and the sprawling green-belt community of Cottam. The ward mirrors the parish council boundary of Lea and Cottam Parish Council. Cottam has grown from a small farming community to a large private housing development populated by young families and business people.
	Based on the Plungington community and bordering both the neat suburban terraces of southern Fulwood and the University of Central Lancashire campus, the Moor Park ward has a high number of student housing in converted Victorian housing and neater family houses. The Plungington area is split between this ward and neighbouring Tulketh. Moor Park itself is included in this ward, in the shadow of Deepdale football stadium.
	Over reaching across the city of Preston is the large Preston Rural North ward, which includes the M6 and M55 motorways and acres of market towns, farming communities and rural areas. The boroughs of Fylde and Wyre border this northern ward, which is a three-member ward.
	In 2003, there was no election in this ward as the sitting councillor was unopposed.
	Ribbleton, in the east of the city, grew massively in population as council housing was built around former mill worker terraces; now the ward is one of the largest in population and shows all the usual issues of high level crime and deprivation. Ribbleton, in common with the neighbouring Brookfield ward, is overwhelmingly white working class.
	The Riversway ward has three distinct elements. Broadgate, a comfortable estate of Victorian housing with a high percentage of student housing; new build housing on the former British Aerospace site; and the redeveloped marina. The former Preston Port, one of the largest in its time, has been redeveloped to feature shopping units and new build housing of some considerable expense. The Preston Docks and surrounding area has a sizable area of Development including new Supermarkets, Car dealers and trade outlets.
	A Hindu temple, Lancashire County Council's headquarters and Preston's railway station are in the Riversway ward.
	Lodged in the south-central area of Fulwood, the Sharoe Green ward is based on the former hospital and surrounding commuter belt environs.
	The St George's ward is a rectangle-shaped ward in between Deepdale and the city centre. The largest area of population are rows of old-style terraces with streets named after various saints - David, Barnabus, Anne, Martin, Michael and George to name a few. The ward has one of the largest percentage of Hindu and Muslim population in the city and has an increasing student population.
	A wedge-shaped ward in between the streets of Ribbleton and the city centre, this ward contains some deprived housing in the process of renewal, and in the recent months expensive new-build conversions.
	Formed by boundary changes prior to Preston being awarded city status, Town Centre is the largest non-rural ward in the borough. There are three distinct parts to this central seat, namely Avenham, Frenchwood and the city centre itself.
	The ward includes student developments and converted student homes in Avenham; expensive new build developments around the historic Winckley Square; and the Frenchwood area on the banks of the River Ribble. Avenham was notorious for high levels of crime and deprivation, but this is turning around with the establishment of community groups and private housing associations funding renewal. There is a sizable Muslim population in Avenham and Frenchwood.
	Tulketh ward is a central and entirely urban ward north of the University complex, and to the east of Ashton. Its main population areas are traditional terrace housing, which mixes families with small shops including the Lane Ends shopping village and student housing.
	Cllr Al-Serraj died in 2007. The resulting by-election was held the following year, resulting in a hold for the defending Labour Party.
	Shaped around the outskirts of the city centre, this butterfly-wing shaped ward was formed following the recent boundary changes. It took from the oversized Riversway ward electors from the St Pauls and Maudland areas as well as the University campus itself. It is a two-member ward.
	The last election for University ward was held in 2003. The changes in vote are from the election in this year.

= = = Nuffield Speech and Language Unit = = =

	Nuffield Speech and Language Unit was an internationally recognised centre of excellence for providing intensive therapy to children who suffered from severe speech and language disorders:
	It took in children as young as four years of age, who without expert therapy would not be able to ever go on to enter and survive in mainstream education.
	It was administered to by the Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust.
	In 1947 Edith Whetnall went to work for the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital where she became the first director of what would become the "Nuffield Hearing and Speech Centre". This was built at a cost of £100,000 which was promised after a presentation to Lord Nuffield by Whetnall.
	As hearing problems became to be diagnosed earlier through better and more sensitive screening methods the unit's speciality or expertise expanded to include disorders of speech and language. So as not to hold the children back educationally from their peers who could attend normal schools the unit then included an educational curriculum so as to ease the children's eventual transition into mainstream education.
	The unit then became part of the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital. The unit also went on to develop the "Nuffield Centre Dyspraxia Programme".
	Ealing PCT held a public consultation on the future of the Nuffield Speech and Language Unit, which closed in April 2011, and the matter was the subject of an Adjournment Debate in the House of Commons in 2006.

= = = Ōsaki, Miyagi = = =

Ōsaki is in north-central Miyagi Prefecture in the northern Sendai Plain.
	Mutsu has a maritime climate (Köppen climate classification "Cfa") characterized by mild summers and cold winters. The average annual temperature in Ōsaki is 11.5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1249 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.4 °C, and lowest in January, at around -0.6 °C.
	Per Japanese census data, the population of Ōsaki has increased over the past 40 years.
	The area of present-day Ōsaki was part of ancient Mutsu Province, and has been settled since at least the Jōmon period by the Emishi people. During the Nara period, gold was discovered in the area. During later portion of the Heian period, the area was ruled by the Northern Fujiwara. During the Sengoku period, the area was contested by various samurai clans before the area came under the control of the Date clan of Sendai Domain during the Edo period, under the Tokugawa shogunate.
	The town of Furukawa was established with the creation of the municipalities system on April 1, 1889. It was raised to city status on December 15, 1950.
	The modern city of Ōsaki was established on March 31, 2006, from the merger of the city of Furukawa absorbed the towns of Iwadeyama and Naruko (both from Tamatsukuri District), the towns of Kashimadai, Matsuyama and Sanbongi (all from Shida District), and the town of Tajiri (from Tōda District).
Ōsaki has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 30 members.
	The economy of Ōsaki is largely based on agriculture, primarily the cultivation of rice.

= = = Marc Huster = = =

	Marc Huster (born 1 July 1970 in Altdöbern) is a German weightlifter and sports commentator.
	World Champion in Istanbul 1994, European Champion in Rijeka 1997, Riesa 1998, and Deportivo La Coruña 1999. World records in clean and jerk 1993 (210 kg) and 1996 (213.5 kg), world record in Olympic weightlifting combined 1994 (382.5 kg), European record in clean and jerk 1999 (215 kg).
	He ranked 7th at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, won a silver medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta in the 83 kg class, and another silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney in the 85 kg class. Huster retired his weightlifting career in 2002.
	Since 1997 he comments on weightlifting events for Eurosport, in 2002 he started working for German broadcaster Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk.

= = = Seyran Ateş = = =

	Seyran Ateş (born 20 April 1963) is a German lawyer and Muslim feminist born in Istanbul, Turkey, of Kurdish-Turkish descent. Her family moved to Germany when she was six years old. She studied law at the Free University of Berlin, and has practiced law since 1997, specializing in criminal law and family law. Ateş, a civil-rights activist, is best known for demanding equal rights for Muslim women and girls.
	Her views, highly critical of an immigrant Muslim society that is often more conservative than its counterpart in Turkey, have put her at risk. Her German language book, "Islam needs a sexual revolution", was scheduled for publication in Germany in 2009. In an interview in January 2008 on National Public Radio, Ateş stated that she was in hiding, and would not be working on Muslim women's behalf publicly (including in court), due to the threats against her. In one particular incident, she and her client were attacked by a woman's husband in a German courthouse in front of onlookers who did nothing.
	Ateş opened the Ibn Ruschd-Goethe mosque in 2017, funded by a brothel and located in a church. It's the only liberal 'mosque' in Germany where men and women pray together, and women can take the role of imam leading a prayer. The Turkish religious authority and the Egyptian Fatwa Council at the Al-Azhar University have condemned her project, and she has received death threats. The fatwa encompassed all present and future liberal mosques.
	Since May 2018 she is official "ambassador" for the registered association intaktiv e.V. which is against circumcision of male children.
	In October 2019 Ates won the University of Oslo Human Rights award.
	According to Ateş, many liberal Muslims do not come forward due to threats and fear.

= = = Freshwater Senior Campus = = =

	The Freshwater Senior Campus (known locally as Freshie) of Northern Beaches Secondary College is a government-funded co-educational comprehensive senior secondary day school, located in Curl Curl, a suburb on the Northern Beaches of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 
	Established in 1983 as Manly Girls High School, and then became Freshwater High School, the school caters to approximately 550 students from Year 11 to Year 12.< The school is operated by the New South Wales Department of Education; the principal is Frank Pikardt.
	Freshwater Senior Campus is a part of the Northern Beaches Secondary College, a five-campus college across Sydney's Northern Beaches, formed in 2003. Although the campus is located within the suburb of Curl Curl, the school takes the name from the nearby suburb of Freshwater.
	The site began life as Manly Girls High School, as a single-sex sister school for girls only to Manly Boys High School, a single-sex school for boys only, now re-constituted as the co-educational selective Manly Selective Campus. In 1983 Freshwater High School was formed as a co-educational school catering for students from Year 7 to Year 12. During 2002 and 2003 Freshwater High School was re-constituted as the Freshwater Senior Campus of Northern Beaches Secondary College.
	The campus was first used in its current role in Term 2 of 2003, while still under construction. At that time students of the newly formed campus moved from the previous Beacon Hill High School site.
	Freshwater has an enrolment of approximately 550 students and has approximately 50 teaching staff. Students enroll at Freshwater for the final two years of high school. Typically, Freshwater takes its students from the Cromer Campus and other campuses of the Northern Beaches Secondary College.
	The school has implemented a number of programs designed to aid in the pastoral care of its students. All enrolled students meet regularly in small groups with an assigned teacher as a mentor. These small groups are approach and discuss issues of late adolescent development, study skills, transition from school to work or tertiary study and other issues of importance to students. Intellectually disabled and international students are supported by more individualised support from the staff.

= = = Salem Hanna Khamis = = =

	Salem Hanna Khamis () (November 22, 1919 – June 16, 2005) was a Palestinian economic statistician for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization who helped formalise the Geary-Khamis method of computing purchasing power parity of currencies.
	Son of Hanna and Jamileh a Christian Palestinian family, Salem Khamis was born on November 22, 1919, in Reineh village, Palestine. He finished high school in 1938 with distinction at the Arab College in Jerusalem. He received a British Mandate scholarship for studying at the American University of Beirut (AUB), where he received in 1941 a BA degree in Mathematics (major) and Physics (minor), and in 1942 an MA in Physics.
	From 1942-1943, Salem taught at the Akka High School in Acre and St Lucas High School in Haifa. In 1943 he was appointed a lecturer in the Mathematics Department at AUB. In 1945 he received a British Council scholarship for a PhD at University College London. He defended his thesis during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and Palestinian exodus ("Nakba"), and received the PhD title in 1950.
	Khamis became known for his political activities among student communities, especially his advocacy for dispossessed Palestinian people. In 1948 he was refused entrance to the new State of Israel, in whose territory Reineh now lay. Instead, he moved to Aleppo, Syria, where he lectured Applied Mathematics in the Engineering College of Syria University (now University of Damascus), and was appointed head of the Mathematics department.
	In 1949 he married Mary Guy and they had four children: Thea, Hanna, Christopher and Tareq. He soon accepted an invitation from the United Nations to work in its Statistical Office in Lake Success (1949-1950) then New York (1950-1953). In addition to his position in the United Nations, he became part-time visiting lecturer in the Mathematical Statistics Department at Columbia University.
	Salem finally visited his home in Israel in 1952. In 1953 he returned to AUB as Associate Professor of Economics. Between 1955 and 1958 he was appointed Professor and Chairman of Mathematics Department. Between 1958 and 1963 he became United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Regional Statistician for the Near East (duty stations: Cairo, United Arab Republic 1958-1960, and Rome, Italy 1960-1963).
	Between 1961 and 1970 Salem became Chief of the FAO Trade Prices Branch in Rome. Between 1970 and 1972 he was Director and UN Project Manager at the Institute of Statistics and Applied Economics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. In 1972 he returned to Rome to become Head of the FAO Methodology Group – Statistical Development Service until 1974, and Chief of the Service 1975-1981. Work consisted mainly in assisting developing countries in the improvement of their food and agricultural statistics through national, regional and international statistical projects.
	In parallel (1976-1978), he acted in Baghdad as UN Project Manager/Chief Advisor to the Arab Institute for Training and Research in Statistics.
	In 1981 Salem resigned from his position at FAO and moved to England where his children lived. However, he continued to work as an expert and as the head of several scientific missions by the UN, and provided consulted at many countries, such as:
	Salem Khamis died on June 16, 2005, at his residence in Hemel Hempstead, England
	Prof. Khamis contributed tens of scientific research papers in Statistics and Mathematics. Specifically, he contributed to Sampling theory and the tabulation of the Incomplete gamma function, where he wrote the book “Tables of the Incomplete Gamma Function Ratio”.
	He contributed in the field of Index Number Theory through a series of papers starting 1972. He developed what became known as, and “indelibly imprinted on all the recent work on international comparisons of prices, real incomes, output and productivity” (Rao, 2005), the Geary-Khamis Method of Computing Purchase Power Parity of Currencies and the Geary-Khamis dollar used to compare different economies.
	In addition to his professional work as an international statistician, Prof. Khamis helped many students from Arab countries and many other nationalities to receive scholarships, supporting many students in developing their careers.
	He was also known for his strong support for all the underprivileged in the world, and for his continuous support of the Palestinian refugee camps and the Palestinian cause.

= = = England Made Me (album) = = =

	England Made Me is the debut studio album by English indie rock band Black Box Recorder, whose members include Luke Haines, Sarah Nixey and John Moore, released in July 1998 via Chrysalis Records.
	The chorus of the song "Child Psychology" featured a highly controversial line: "Life is unfair, kill yourself or get over it". This led to the song being banned on UK radio and MTV. However, the sardonic nature of the song also gained praise from critics, with one calling it 'refreshingly blunt'. The single was released in the US shortly after the Columbine massacre, leading to the line "kill yourself" being censored on the US release.
	The cover features a photograph of wrestler Adrian Street with his miner father taken in 1973 by Dennis Hutchinson at Beynon's Colliery in Blaina, Wales.
	All songs written by Luke Haines and John Moore, except for where noted.

= = = The Facts of Life = = =

	The Facts of Life may refer to:

= = = Çoban salatası = = =

Çoban Salatası or Choban salad (), (Turkish for "Shepherd's Salad") is a salad originated from Turkish cuisine and Azerbaijani cuisine consisting of finely chopped tomatoes (preferably peeled), cucumbers, long green peppers, onion, and flat-leaf parsley. The dressing consists of lemon juice, olive oil, and salt.

= = = 2005 UEFA Intertoto Cup = = =

	The 2005 UEFA Intertoto Cup finals were won by Lens, Marseille, and Hamburg. All three teams advanced to the UEFA Cup.
	"Beitar Jerusalem won 6–4 on aggregate."
	"Gent won 3–2 on aggregate."
	"Pogoń Szczecin won 9–2 on aggregate."
	"Budućnost Podgorica won 7–2 on aggregate."
	"Lokeren won 2–1 on aggregate."
	"Göteborg won 5–2 on aggregate."
	"Varteks won 5–3 on aggregate."
	"Slaven Belupo won 2–0 on aggregate."
	"Neuchâtel Xamax won 9–1 on aggregate."
	"CFR Ecomax Cluj won 7–3 on aggregate."
	"Gloria Bistrița won 16–0 on aggregate."
	"Tampere United won 3–0 on aggregate."
	"ZTS Dubnica won 2–0 on aggregate."
	"Žalgiris won 2–0 on aggregate."
	"Lech Poznań won 4–1 on aggregate."
	"Sturm Graz won 6–1 on aggregate."
	"Dinaburg won 4–1 on aggregate."
	"Pobeda won 3–1 on aggregate."
	"Tescoma Zlín won 1–0 on aggregate."
	"Lombard-Pápa won 3–1 on aggregate."
	"Inter Turku won 4–0 on aggregate."
	"Sigma Olomouc won 1–0 on aggregate."
	"1–1 on aggregate, CFR Ecomax Cluj won in a penalty shootout."
	"Wolfsburg won 5–3 on aggregate."
	"Deportivo La Coruña won 4–2 on aggregate."
	"ZTS Dubnica won 4–1 on aggregate."
	"Slovan Liberec won 7–2 on aggregate."
	"Saint-Étienne won 3–2 on aggregate."
	"Gent won 1–0 on aggregate."
	"Hamburg won 8–2 on aggregate."
	"Slaven Belupo won 4–2 on aggregate."
	"Young Boys won 6–2 on aggregate."
	"Varteks won 6–5 on aggregate."
	"Tampere United won 1–0 on aggregate."
	"Göteborg won 4–2 on aggregate."
	"Žalgiris won 3–2 on aggregate."
	"Lens won 3–1 on aggregate."
	"Deportivo La Coruña won 4–0 on aggregate."
	"Žalgiris won 5–4 on aggregate."
	"1–1 on aggregate, Sigma Olomouc won on away goals rule."
	"Marseille won 5–3 on aggregate."
	"Lens won 5–2 on aggregate."
	"1–1 on aggregate, Roda won on away goals rule."
	"Hamburg won 3–0 on aggregate."
	"Valencia won 2–0 on aggregate."
	"Newcastle United won 5–1 on aggregate."
	"Lazio won 4–1 on aggregate."
	"Wolfsburg won 4–0 on aggregate."
	"3–3 on aggregate, CFR Ecomax Cluj won on away goals rule."
	"CFR Ecomax Cluj won 7–2 on aggregate."
	"Lens won 4–0 on aggregate."
	"Valencia won 4–0 on aggregate."
	"Hamburg won 4–0 on aggregate."
	"Deportivo La Coruña won 4–2 on aggregate."
	"Marseille won 4–1 on aggregate."
	"Lens won 4–2 on aggregate."
	"Marseille won 5–3 on aggregate."
	"Hamburg won 1–0 on aggregate."

= = = Henry Jacobs (disambiguation) = = =

	Henry Jacobs (1924–2015) was an American humorist.
	Henry Jacobs may also refer to:

= = = Dating violence = = =

	Dating abuse or dating violence is the perpetration or threat of an act of violence by at least one member of an unmarried couple on the other member in the context of dating or courtship. It also arises when one partner tries to maintain power and control over the other through abuse or violence, for example when a relationship has broken down. This abuse or violence can take a number of forms, such as sexual assault, sexual harassment, threats, physical violence, verbal, mental, or emotional abuse, social sabotage, and stalking. In extreme cases it may manifest in date rape. It can include psychological abuse, emotional blackmail, sexual abuse, physical abuse and psychological manipulation. Though most frequently the perpetrator of abuse is a male partner against a female partner, abuse by a female partner against a male also takes place.
	Dating violence crosses all racial, age, economic and social lines. The Center for Relationship Abuse Awareness describes dating abuse as a "pattern of abusive and coercive behaviors used to maintain power and control over a former or current intimate partner." 
	Individuals of all walks of life can find themselves in an abusive relationship. Abuse can occur regardless of the couple's age, race, income, or other demographic traits. There are, however, many traits that abusers and victims share in common. 
	The Centre for Promoting Alternatives to Violence describes abusers as being obsessively jealous and possessive, overly confident, having mood swings or a history of violence or temper, seeking to isolate their partner from family, friends and colleagues, and having a tendency to blame external stressors.
	Meanwhile, victims of relationship abuse share many traits as well, including: physical signs of injury, missing time at work or school, slipping performance at work or school, changes in mood or personality, increased use of drugs or alcohol, and increasing isolation from friends and family. Victims may blame themselves for any abuse that occurs or may minimize the severity of the crime. This often leads to victims choosing to stay in abusive relationships.
	Strauss (2005) argues that while men inflict the greater share of injuries in domestic violence, researchers and society at large must not overlook the substantial minority of injuries inflicted by women. Additionally, Strauss notes that even relatively minor acts of physical aggression by women are a serious concern:
	Similarly, Deborah Capaldi reports that a 13-year longitudinal study found that a woman's aggression towards a man was equally important as the man's tendency towards violence in predicting the likelihood of overall violence: "Since much IPV [Intimate Partner Violence] is mutual and women as well as men initiate IPV, prevention and treatment approaches should attempt to reduce women's violence as well as men's violence. Such an approach has a much higher chance of increasing women's safety." However, Capaldi's research only focused on at-risk youth, not women in general, and, therefore, may not apply to the entire population.

= = = Tampines Group Representation Constituency = = =

	Tampines Group Representation Constituency (; ; ) is a five-member Group Representation Constituency (GRC) in the eastern region of Singapore. The GRC encompasses Tampines with five sub-constituencies, namely Tampines East, Tampines West, Tampines Central, Tampines North and Tampines Changkat. The electoral boundaries were remained intact with the last change happened during the 2001 elections.
	Tampines GRC is led by the Deputy Prime and Finance Minister Heng Swee Keat and Environment and Water Resources Minister (and Minister in-charge of Muslim Affairs) Masagos Zulkifli. Previously, ex-Minister for National Development Mah Bow Tan was the anchor minister until he stepped down from the cabinet following the 2011 general elections and retired from politics in 2015.
	Tampines GRC has faced a contest in every general election except 1997, in which the National Solidarity Party was disqualified. In the 2001 and 2006 general elections, the PAP's opponent was the Singapore Democratic Alliance (due to a merger with National Solidarity Party until 2007).
	On May 2016, Finance Minister Heng Swee Keat was incapacitated due to a stroke that he suffered. His condition is currently reported to be stable but he remained in the hospital's intensive care unit until 25 June 2016. The four other Members of Parliament for Tampines GRC are taking care of his Tampines Central ward and former Tampines Central MP, Sin Boon Ann has returned to help.
	In the next EBRC redrawing exercise, the constituency will either be redrawn or become 6-member GRC, with the new constituency - "Tampines Gateway" to take its place for neighbourhood 6.

= = = 2003 Preston City Council election = = =

	This article details the results of Elections to Preston City Council held in May2003
	Preston Council is elected "in thirds", which means in 2002 the entire council was up for election and in subsequent years one councillor from the three-member wards and one councillor from selected two-member wards defend their seat. In these result tables, the share of the vote is blank as the 2002 elections cannot be fairly compared. Any gain or loss can be recorded as each year the councillors are defending their ward results.
	For more results see Preston local elections

= = = The Facts of Life (album) = = =

	The Facts of Life is the second studio album by English indie rock band Black Box Recorder, released on 1 May 2000.
	All songs written by Luke Haines and John Moore.

= = = Piyaz = = =

	Piyaz (, Persian:پیاز for "onion") is a kind of Turkish salad or meze that is made from any kind of dry beans with onion, parsley and sumac. In Antalya province of Turkey it is prepared differently from other regions with other ingredients like sesame oil. In Antalya, piyaz is not considered a salad but a main dish. In southern provinces like Adana, the word "piyaz" is used to refer to an onion and sumac salad. During the Ottoman period, piyaz was also made from artichoke, pea, chickpea, broad bean and potato, which were introduced to Turkey in the last quarter of the 19th century.

= = = Brienzwiler = = =

	Brienzwiler is a municipality in the Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Besides the village of Brienzwiler, the municipality also includes the settlement of Balmhof.
	Brienzwiler is first mentioned in 1347 as "Wiler am Brünig".
	During the Middle Ages Brienzwiler was held by the Ministerialis (unfree knights in the service of a feudal overlord) family of Rudenz. They held the city for the Lords of Ringgenberg. The Rudenz family held the village until 1361 when they sold it to a citizen of Bern. Over the following years it passed from owner to owner and was subdivided until the city of Bern acquired the entire village in 1522. When Bern adopted the Protestant Reformation in 1528, they secularized and annexed the lands of the nearby Interlaken Abbey, including some land near Brienzwiler. Bern assigned Brienzwiler to the newly created, secular bailiwick of Interlaken.
	Brienzwiler belongs to the large parish of Brienz. However, since the early 20th century they have their own filial church and cemetery.
	Traditionally, the village's economy was based on farming in the Aare river valley and seasonal alpine herding in the alpine valleys. They also received some income from travelers over the Brünig Pass. Beginning in the 19th century, there was a small tourist industry in the municipality and in 1888 a rail station of the Brünig railway line allowed more tourists to visit. Today the local economy is based on wood carving, government jobs, hotel and tourism related work and the Ballenberg Open Air Museum.
	Brienzwiler has an area of . Of this area, or 30.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 33.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 2.9% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.8% is either rivers or lakes and or 31.8% is unproductive land. 
	Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.9%. Out of the forested land, 30.4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 3.3% is pastures and 27.5% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas, 9.6% is unproductive vegetation and 21.6% is too rocky for vegetation.
	Brienzwiler is located on both sides of the Aare River. North of the Aare it includes the villages of Brienzwiler and Balmhof (train station) as well as several small settlements, including Wiler-Vorsass and Ramseren and the peak of the Wilerhorn . South of the Aare it includes the exclave Alp Oltscheren.
	On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Interlaken, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Interlaken-Oberhasli.
	The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is "Azure on a Bend Argent a Tower embattled Gules."
	Brienzwiler has a population () of . , 7.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000-2010) the population has changed at a rate of -10.5%. Migration accounted for -7.1%, while births and deaths accounted for -2.6%. 
	Most of the population () speaks German (543 or 93.6%) as their first language, Albanian is the second most common (23 or 4.0%) and English is the third (6 or 1.0%). There are 5 people who speak French, 1 person who speaks Italian.
, the population was 49.7% male and 50.3% female. The population was made up of 236 Swiss men (46.2% of the population) and 18 (3.5%) non-Swiss men. There were 235 Swiss women (46.0%) and 22 (4.3%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 232 or about 40.0% were born in Brienzwiler and lived there in 2000. There were 181 or 31.2% who were born in the same canton, while 102 or 17.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 62 or 10.7% were born outside of Switzerland. 
, children and teenagers (0-19 years old) make up 20.9% of the population, while adults (20-64 years old) make up 60.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.8%. 
, there were 248 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 272 married individuals, 32 widows or widowers and 28 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 77 households that consist of only one person and 26 households with five or more people. , a total of 225 apartments (66.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 69 apartments (20.5%) were seasonally occupied and 43 apartments (12.8%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 2 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 1.71%.
	The historical population is given in the following chart:
	The Swiss Open Air Museum, Ballenberg ("Schweizerisches Freilichtmuseum Ballenberg"), which is shared with Hofstetten, is listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire village of Brienzwiler is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.
	In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 48.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (13.9%), the Green Party (13.4%) and the Social Democratic Party (SP) (9.9%). In the federal election, a total of 180 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 45.8%.
, Brienzwiler had an unemployment rate of 1.28%. , there were a total of 97 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 18 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 5 businesses involved in this sector. 22 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 7 businesses in this sector. 57 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 15 businesses in this sector. There were 291 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.6% of the workforce. 
, there were 58 workers who commuted into the municipality and 181 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 3.1 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 11.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 58.4% used a private car.
	From the , 41 or 7.1% were Roman Catholic, while 442 or 76.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 41 individuals (or about 7.07% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 40 (or about 6.90% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 1 individual who belonged to another church. 28 (or about 4.83% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 7 individuals (or about 1.21% of the population) did not answer the question.
	In Brienzwiler about 230 or (39.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 40 or (6.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a "Fachhochschule"). Of the 40 who completed tertiary schooling, 75.0% were Swiss men, 15.0% were Swiss women.
	During the 2010-11 school year, there were no students attending school in Brienzwiler. , there were 69 students from Brienzwiler who attended schools outside the municipality.
	Brienzwiler railway station on the Brünig line is served by an hourly Regio train between Interlaken and Meiringen. However the station is located some to the south-west of the village centre. Brienzwiler village is also served by a twice-hourly post bus service from Brienz.

= = = Roach (surname) = = =

	Roach is an Irish surname of Norman origin, derived from the Old French "roche" (rock), and may refer to:

= = = Passionoia = = =

	Passionoia is the third and final album by British pop band Black Box Recorder, released in 2003.
	All songs written by Luke Haines and John Moore.

= = = Rick Kemp = = =

	Rick Kemp (born 15 November 1941 in Little Hanford, Dorset) is an English bass player, guitarist, songwriter, vocalist and record producer, best known for his work with the British folk rock band Steeleye Span.
	Kemp has been a member of Steeleye Span many 46 years, having first joined the band in 1972, heralding their most commercially successful spell during the mid-1970s. He left in 1986, rejoined in 2000, and finally left at the end of 2016.
	In the 1960s he shot to prominence through his work with singer-songwriter Michael Chapman, and had a reputation within the music industry as a very strong rock and blues session bassist, before his transition into British folk rock.
	In 1971 Kemp played with King Crimson, shortly before the band recorded their album "Islands". However, he turned down the opportunity to join them on a full-time basis, and reportedly departed the band after just two weeks.
	Kemp has played bass on a number of Maddy Prior recordings, and was a member of the Maddy Prior Band in the 1980s. The 1990 album "Happy Families" was officially credited to "Maddy Prior and Rick Kemp".
	He also played on solo albums by former Steeleye Span member Tim Hart in the 1970s and 1980s.
	In 1979 Kemp co-founded the record label Plant Life with Steeleye Span drummer Nigel Pegrum. The label was discontinued in 1984.
	He has released five solo albums: "Escape" (1996), "Spies" (1998), "Codes" (2004), "Fanfare" (2009) and "Perfect Blue" (2018). The line-up for his first two solo albums consisted primarily of a traditional Blues three-piece, with Kemp working alongside Spud Sinclair on guitar and Charlie Carruthers on drums. His more recent albums have seen Kemp himself playing most of the instruments, with various guest musicians.
	From 1997 to around 2009, Kemp was the producer for the ceilidh dance band, Whapweasel. He also occasionally played guitar (as opposed to bass) with them.
	Kemp is unafraid to step outside the folk rock genre to incorporate slap techniques and the use of a fretless bass in his work. Folk Roots magazine favourably compared his abilities as both a bassist and songwriter with Paul McCartney.
	Although Kemp usually plays a standard four-string instrument, his playing frequently utilises the uppermost range of the instrument, stylistically similar to players of extended range basses. For many years he has played instruments produced by Overwater and has owned 22 different Overwater basses.
	His musical arrangements often feature busy basslines, and 'big' riffs, often with the bass doubling the lead guitar line in places. Another hallmark is the use of irregular length phrases within a conventional time signature, resulting in strong downbeats in unexpected places for musical effect.
	Kemp is a keen hobbyist historian, and much of his songwriting for Steeleye Span is inspired by historical events. Examples include the song "Take My Heart" about the death of Robert the Bruce, and the song cycle about the Luddite movement that he contributed to the 2006 album "Bloody Men". In recent years his lyrics have also included strong Pagan influences.
	On his solo albums, his lyrics are often philosophical, dealing with the subtleties and frailties of human existence and humankind's search for meaning.
	Kemp lives in Carlisle, Cumbria and was a Music Tutor at Cumbria College of Art and Design in Carlisle in 1989.
	He was the husband of Steeleye Span lead vocalist Maddy Prior, but they have since divorced. He is also the father of the musician Rose Kemp and hip-hop artist 'Kemp' whose first name is Alex.
	He was a member of the Carlisle Pagan Society. More recently he has begun to embrace Buddhist philosophy.
	He was reported to be leaving Steeleye Span in 2004 and has hinted frequently that he may retire from regular touring in the near future. Despite this, he has featured strongly on all their recent albums, and has been in the band throughout all their recent tours, with the exception of the Spring 2009 tour where he was replaced by Pete Zorn due to ill-health. He returned for the winter tour that year, and despite suggesting during the tour that he would be retiring from music, he went on to play on several tours between 2011 and 2016 and contributed prominently to the 2016 album "Dodgy Bastards". 
	In October 2016, Kemp finally left Steeleye Span and was replaced on bass by Roger Carey.

= = = Al-Kafrun = = =

	Al-Kafrun (; also spelled "Kafroun") is a Syrian village in the Tartous Governorate. It is situated in the an-Nusayriyah Mountains range at above sea level, making it a summer resort for locals who want to escape the hot summer temperatures in the lowlands. It is about from the major city of Homs. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Kafrun had a population of 485 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Greek Orthodox Christians.
	It is well known in the area for the annual festival in celebration of the Assumption/Dormition of Mary on 15 August, held atop the Jabal al-Saideh mountain. Al-Kafrun is the birthplace of the famous Syrian singer George Wassouf.

= = = Mont Puget = = =

	Mont Puget is a mountain, part of Marseille-Cassis calanques, located south-east of Marseille. Like most Marseille mountains, it is formed from limestone.
	Often neglected by tourists, much interested by the Calanques themselves and by the sea, the Mont Puget can provide for some interesting hiking and climbing.
	A very good trail leads to the very top of the mountain (like on most of Marseille mountain ranges, so that firefighters can get everywhere should a fire start).
	However, one can also climb the mountain directly, which can provide many interesting experiences.
	One of them are "stone rivers", or collections of numerous small stones "flowing" from the mountain at angles reaching 45 degrees.
	The top of the mountain is covered with eroded limestone that sticks out in numerous needle-like spikes.
	A stylized representation of Mont Puget is displayed on the crest of Luminy Faculty of Sciences, part of the University of the Mediterranean Aix-Marseille II. The Luminy campus is located 1 km northwest of Mont Puget.
	An urban legend insist that the mountain is named after the sculptor Pierre Puget which is a curious misconception since the mountain's name predates the sculptor on maps by several millennia. The name Puget is a diminutive from the Provençal word "puech" that originates from the Latin "podium", hence an elevated place that designates a certain eminence.

= = = Ss Leonard &amp; Mary, Malton = = =

	Ss Leonard & Mary Roman Catholic Church is a medieval church situated in Malton, North Yorkshire, England. Now serving a parish in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough, the building was a gift from the Church of England to the Catholics of Malton.
	The Church was built by the Gilbertine order as a chapel of ease for Malton Priory. The church passed into the hands of the Church of England after the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII. In 1971 the Church was restored to Catholic hands when the Church of England gave it to the Catholics of Malton in an ecumenical gesture. As it dates from 1180, it is the oldest church currently in use by Catholics in England, a distinction formerly held by St Etheldreda's, London (built some time between 1250 and 1290).

= = = Pilaki = = =

	Pilaki is a style of Turkish meze and may refer to several dishes that are cooked in a sauce made out of onion, garlic, carrot, potato, tomato or tomato paste, sugar, and olive oil. Beans prepared in this style ("fasulye pilaki", with white beans, or "barbunya pilaki", with borlotti beans) are served cold, garnished with parsley and slices of lemon. Fish pilaki is also a popular recipe. In Greek cuisine, this style is known as "plaki". In Bulgarian cuisine the name is "plakiya".

= = = Julius Duboc = = =

	Julius Duboc (October 10, 1829 Hamburg - June 11, 1903) was a German author and philosopher.
	He studied at Giessen, Leipzig and Berlin, and became a disciple of Ludwig Feuerbach.
	Evolutionary monism, atheism and the doctrine that pleasure is the end of all human activity find expression in his works, which include:

= = = Brabantse Stedenrij = = =

	Brabantse Stedenrij (, ) is a polycentric city region in the province of North Brabant, Netherlands. Its population is about 2 million. The main cities are 's-Hertogenbosch, Breda, Eindhoven, Helmond and Tilburg. Other municipalities of the area are Bergen op Zoom, Oss and Roosendaal. The metropolitan region also includes other large towns such as Boxtel, Etten-Leur, Oosterhout, Uden, Veghel, Veldhoven and Waalwijk.
	The Brabantse Stedenrij is well known for its innovative science, technology & engineering industry (e.g. Philips, DAF, VDL, Ciber, Atos, NXP, FEI and Thales in Eindhoven, ASML and Navteq in Veldhoven, Vanderlande and Alliance Boots in Veghel, Merck & Co., Aspen and B. Braun Medical in Oss, Fujifilm and Tesla Motors in Tilburg, Bosch Rexroth in Boxtel, and Acer Inc. in 's-Hertogenbosch), as well as for its rich agriculture and food industry (e.g. Mars Inc., Agrifirm, Royal Canin and FrieslandCampina's in Veghel, Bavaria in Lieshout, Heineken in 's-Hertogenbosch, Coca-Cola in Dongen, Vion in Boxtel, and Unilever's Unox in Oss).

= = = Financial astrology = = =

	Financial astrology (also known as business astrology, economic astrology, and/or astro-economics) is a pseudoscientific practice of relating the movements of celestial bodies to events in financial markets. The use of astrology in financial markets is not consistent with standard economic or financial theory. 
	As with astrology in general, predictions are vague and hard dates are rarely given. Long term predictions are made based on patterns relative to astronomical events. Critics have pointed out that some astrological events that have been used in predictions occur so rarely that they may have never happened before within a human lifetime, thus having no precedent on which to predict results.
	Financial astrology has been used in various formats since 463BC.
	In 1992, 1994 and 2008, a magazine by the name of "Wall Street Forecaster" was named as one of the top forecasters on Wall Street, as the superstition was being leaned on for luck. It was also rated the second best performing forecaster in 2002. It was reported that some clients asked for their copies to be delivered in 'brown paper' to avoid mockery . As of 2001 the Astro fund trading company, which handled $3.5-5 million worth of investor assets, claimed 10-15% of fund managers were using their service or a similar company. The majority of the market demand for this service has come from the US and Japan respectively. In 2000, Bloomberg News was host to a weekly show dedicated to financial astrology. The 2000 financial crash led to a surge in companies and investment bankers using the services of financial astrologers.
	Large financial firms tend to ignore financial astrology. 
	The practice was used by Goldman Sachs in a paper released in 1999, focusing specifically on the correlation between eclipses and the state of the financial market at that time. Though floated as an idea by the company at the time, analysis showed that random data produced similar results. A 2007 study by The British Association for the Advancement of Science conducted an experiment wherein a financial astrologer, professional investor, and five-year-old child, were asked to invest £5,000 on the FTSE100. The child earned the most money, with the financial astrologer taking the heaviest losses.

= = = Pelni = = =

	Pelni ("Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia", Indonesian National Lines) is the national shipping company of Indonesia. Its services network spans across Indonesian archipelago. Mainly serving as connector between bigger cities to remote islands, Pelni plays important role in Indonesian transport system.
	Pelni is one of the few remaining economy-class long-distance passenger ship operators. Most of the world's well-known passenger ship companies have stopped their low-budget passenger services since 1960s due to shifting trends towards airplane transport. Pelni's ability to survive is mostly due to monopolies on certain routes and subsidized routes funded by Government of Indonesia.
	Under the Dutch colonial rule, Indonesian inter-islands transportation was dominated by Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij (KPM), founded in 1888. KPM headquarter was in Amsterdam, but daily operations were controlled from Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now jakarta).
	As a newly independent republic, in late 1940s Indonesian government decided to nationalize Dutch-owned companies. The Dutch refused to give away KPM, due to its strong position as connector of Indonesian archipelago. KPM also played important role in transporting Dutch logistics and military supplies during Indonesian National Revolution.
	In response to Dutch refusal, in September 5, 1950, Indonesia founded PEPUSKA ("Yayasan Penguasaan Pusat Kapal-kapal," Centrally-controlled Ships Foundation) that operates 8 ships with total size of 4.800 Deadweight tonnage. However, due to lack of experience and capital, PEPUSKA failed to takeover KPM's monopoly.
	In April 28, 1952, PEPUSKA was dissolved. Pelni (now as a company, not a foundation) was founded at the same day, with the same fleet. To bring more power, Indonesian Eximbank provided funding to buy 45 new coaster ships from Western Europe countries, and while waiting these new ships being produced, rented various ships from many countries. Pelni also used ships looted from Japan in World War 2. These strategies proved successful, as KPM suffered from declining market share and strike workers led by Sukarno's leftist doctrine. KPM discontinued its Indonesian operation in December 3, 1957.
	Pelni achieved its golden era during early 1980s to late 1990s. Under Suharto presidency with his Transmigration program, Pelni was the main transport to move people from Java and Sumatra to eastern region of Indonesia, because air transport facilities were still underdeveloped.
	Pelni started to suffer after 2000s, because airplane services were cheaper year by year. Some of its old ships even failed to sell to third parties, and maintaining these old ships also was not a cheap option. KM Kambuna (now "KRI Tanjung Nusanive 973") and KM Rinjani (now "KRI Tanjung Fatagar 974") was granted to Indonesian Navy in 2004. KM Kerinci was sold in 2014. KFC Jet Liner was rented to Sri Lanka Navy between 2009 and 2012. As per 2017, no party is interested to buy KM Ganda Dewata (Ro-ro ship) even as a scrap.
	Pelni started to reform its services and management since 2012 to this day, by focusing more on tourism and cargo market, alongside improving its current low-budget passenger services. Pelni began to book positive earnings since 2014.
	Pelni's passenger ships are also a major branding feature of Pelni: large yellow funnel with red-and-white strips and Pelni logo. Pelni painted its ships with white color on the upper side of ships and crimson on the lower side. It's reddish lifeboats are also easily recognised from distances.
	Most of these passenger ships (Excluding "KM Egon," "KM Ganda Dewata" "& KFC Jetliner") were built by Meyer Werft, a major German shipyard well-known as luxury passenger ships builder. Due to Wreft's luxury culture, some party considered Pelni's ships 'too good' by Indonesian standard, even after designed & built as economy-class passenger ships by default. Per August 12, 2017, no Werft-built Pelni ship is involved in sinking accident. However, these high-standard ships were not enjoyed by passengers, especially prior to 2014, because harsh treatment by passengers and the crew itself. Most problems usually came from illegal passengers.
	Since 2014 onwards, some improvement have been made, especially in ticket reservation system (now booking is available online, but still limited to payment via Bank Rakyat Indonesia's ATM and Indomaret store. Credit card payment is still not possible), toilet repair, and 2-pin electric plug (for mobile devices only). Passengers can enjoy GSM & GPRS network in Pelni ships provided by telkomsel. However, passenger management is still troublesome, mainly because most of Indonesian seaport's passenger terminal (operated by Indonesia Port Corporations) is not sterile from illegal visitors.
	Below is a list of Pelni's Passenger Ships. All of these ships (excluding KFC Jetliner) were named after mountains in Indonesia. KM Tatamailau, however, is named after Mt. Tatamailau in East Timor. 'KM' is abbreviation of 'Kapal Mesin', meaning "Motor Vessel" (MV) and 'KFC' is abbreviation of 'Kapal Ferry Cepat', meaning "Express Ferry Ship."
	KM "Kelud" (serving Jakarta-Batam-Tanjung Balai Karimun-Medan) is the ship with most complete facilities:
	KM "Kelud" also provides first- and 2nd-class service in addition to economy-class services, with double bedroom and four single-bedroom options, with television and better food menus.
	However, not all of those facilities are always available. Some passengers wrote that access to some of those, such as mini-cinema and gym were locked by the crew. Also, not all of these facilities are in good conditions, especially the toilets. The ships are also often overcrowded by illegal passengers, especially after embarking from small ports with less security enforcement.
	In addition to regular passenger routes, Pelni provides tourism packages to various islands. Pelni introduces live-on-board concept, where Pelni ships will pick up passenger in hub ports (such as Semarang or Sorong), sail to destined tourist attraction, stay there as 'floating hotel' while passengers enjoying the tourism packages in nearby islands, and then return to hub port. For 2017, the tourism packages are:
	in 23 June 2019, Pelni launched new tourism service with KLM ("Kapal Layar Mesin"/Motor Sail Ship) Pelita Arunika. Built by a traditional shipbuilder in Tanjung Bira, South Sulawesi and serving tourists in Labuan Bajo.
	These ships are owned/rented by Government of Indonesia and operated by Pelni:
	Tol Laut ('Sea Tollroad') is a maritime program by President Joko Widodo to improve Indonesian logistic system through providing routine and subsidized ship sailing across Indonesia. As of December 31, 2016, Pelni operated six ships for this purpose.
	Pelni operated one cattle ship, KM "Camara Nusantara I", to transport cattle produced by farmers in Lesser Sunda Islands to Java.
	Pioneer ships ("kapal perintis") are smaller ships provided and subsidized by government to service remote islands that are commercially not profitable and too shallow for larger ship to disembark. As of December 31, 2016, Pelni operated 46 pioneer ships.
	Pelni is fully serving Indonesian archipelago and currently doesn't provide regular route to nearby countries, although many of its destinations are located in Indonesian outermost islands such as Batam (near Singapore), Natuna Islands (between Peninsular & East Malaysia), Nunukan Island (Near Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia), Miangas Island (Near Philippines), Jayapura, Merauke (both are close to Papua New Guinea) and Kisar Island (near East Timor).
	During Indonesian occupation of East Timor, Pelni served regular services to Dili, which stopped after 1999. in 2000, Pelni also served Bitung-Davao (Philippines) route for a short period. Pelni is planned to serve ASEAN market by 2020.

= = = Hougang Single Member Constituency = = =

	Hougang Single Member Constituency (; ; ) is a Single Member Constituency Consisting of Hougang Aves 2,5,7 and Hougang Central (Blks 830-853) located in the north-eastern area of Singapore. It is surrounded by Aljunied Group Representation Constituency (GRC) in the south and east, and Ang Mo Kio GRC in the west. It is currently held by Mr Png Eng Huat, MP from the Workers' Party (WP).
	The constituency was formed in 1988 by carving out of Punggol and was barely held by the People's Action Party (PAP) for 3 years. During the 1991 General Elections, the ruling PAP lost the seat to the former secretary-general of the opposition WP, Low Thia Khiang. Hougang SMC has been managed by the WP since then.
	Hougang SMC is currently the second-longest-held opposition ward in Singapore (1991-). It had been one of just two opposition-held seats in Parliament in the dawn of the 21st century (the other was Potong Pasir SMC, held by the Singapore People's Party's Chiam See Tong) until the 2011 general elections (when the opposition's presence in Parliament was increased to 6 elected seats in total). Mr Low had served in Hougang for 20 years until he left it to fellow party member Yaw Shin Leong in 2011. The former, as well as Chiam, had decided to experiment with leading a team to contest a nearby GRC (in Low's case, the nearby Aljunied GRC). On election night, Yaw managed to retain the Hougang seat (defeating PAP candidate Desmond Choo). That same night, Mr Low managed to keep his seat in Parliament (this time as MP for Bedok Reservoir-Punggol) when he and his team unseated the PAP incumbents in the GRC, the first time an opposition party has ever unseated the PAP in a GRC.
	On 15 February 2012, Yaw was expelled from the Workers' Party, leaving a vacant seat in Hougang SMC. A by-election was held, with Nomination Day on 16 May 2012 and Polling on 26 May 2012. The Workers Party chose Png Eng Huat, who managed to retain the seat with 62.1% of the vote.
 

= = = Roache = = =

	Roache is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Russian Futurism = = =

	Russian Futurism was a movement of Russian poets and artists who adopted the principles of Filippo Marinetti's "Manifesto of Futurism," which espoused the rejection of the past, and a celebration of speed, machinery, violence, youth, industry, destruction of academies, museums, and urbanism; it also advocated the modernization and cultural rejuvenation. The Manifesto celebrated the “beauty of speed” and the machine as the new aesthetic. Marinetti explained the “beauty of speed” as “a roaring automobile is more beautiful than the Winged Victory” further asserting the movement towards the future. Artforms were greatly affected by the Russian Futurism movement within Russia, with its influences being seen in cinema, literature, typography, politics, and propaganda. The Russian Futuristic movement saw its demise in the early 1920s.
	Russian Futurism may be said to have been born in December 1912, when the Moscow-based literary group Hylaea ( [Gileya]) (initiated in 1910 by David Burlyuk and his brothers at their estate near Kherson, and quickly joined by Vasily Kamensky and Velimir Khlebnikov, with Aleksey Kruchenykh and Vladimir Mayakovsky joining in 1911) issued a manifesto entitled "A Slap in the Face of Public Taste (Russian:" Пощёчина общественному вкусу).The Russian Futurist Manifesto shared similar ideas to Marinetti’s Manifesto, such as the rejection of old literature for the new and unexpected. In addition to the forenamed authors, the group included artists Mikhail Larionov, Natalia Goncharova, Kazimir Malevich, and Olga Rozanova. Although Hylaea is generally considered to be the most influential group of Russian Futurism, other groups were formed in St. Petersburg (Igor Severyanin's Ego-Futurists), Moscow (Tsentrifuga, with Boris Pasternak among its members), Kiev, Kharkov, and Odessa. While many artforms and artists converged to create “Russian Futurism”, David Burlyuk (born 1882, Ukraine) is credited with publicizing the avant-garde movement and increasing its renown within Europe and the United States. Burlyuk was a Russian poet, critic, and publisher who centralized the Russian movement. While his contribution to the arts were lesser than his peers, he was the first to discover many of talented poets and artists associated with the movement . Burlyuk was the first to publish Velimir Khlebnikov and to celebrate the Futurist poetry of Vladimir Mayakovsky. Russian futurism also adopted ideas from “French Cubism” which coined the name “Cubo-Futurists” given by an art critic in 1913. Cubo-futurism adopted ideas from “Italian Futurism” and “French Cubism” to create its own blended style of visual art. It emphasized the breakdown of forms, the use of various viewpoints, the intersection of spatial planes, and the contrast of colour and texture. The focus was to show the intrinsic value of a painting, without it being dependent on a narrative.
	Like their Italian counterparts, the Russian Futurists were fascinated with the dynamism, speed, and restlessness of modern machines and urban life. They purposely sought to arouse controversy and to gain publicity by repudiating the static art of the past. The likes of Pushkin and Dostoevsky, according to "A Slap in the Face of Public taste", should be "heaved overboard from the steamship of modernity". They acknowledged no authorities whatsoever; even Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, when he arrived in Russia on a proselytizing visit in 1914, was obstructed by most Russian Futurists, who did not profess to owe him anything.
	Russian Futurist cinema refers to the futurist movement in Soviet cinema. Russian Futurist cinema was deeply influenced by the films of Italian futurism (1916-1919) most of which are lost today. Some of the film directors identified as part of this movement are Lev Kuleshov, Dziga Vertov, Sergei Eisenstein, Vsevolod Pudovkin and Aleksandr Dovzhenko. Sergei Eisensteins film "Strike" was seen as "the mordern Futurist art form par excellence." by Olga Bulgakowa. Bulgakowa theorized how the camera could change one's perceptions of reality and how it could make it seem like time was speeding up or slowing down during the film.
	In contrast to Marinetti's circle, Russian Futurism was primarily a literary rather than a plastic philosophy. Although many poets (Mayakovsky, Burlyuk) dabbled with painting, their interests were primarily literary. However, such well-established artists as Mikhail Larionov, Natalia Goncharova, and Kazimir Malevich found inspiration in the refreshing imagery of Futurist poems and experimented with versification themselves. The poets and painters collaborated on such innovative productions as the Futurist opera "Victory Over the Sun", with music by Mikhail Matyushin, texts by Kruchenykh and sets contributed by Malevich.
	Members of Hylaea elaborated the doctrine of Cubo-Futurism and assumed the name of "budetlyane" (from the Russian word "budet" 'will be'). They found significance in the shape of letters, in the arrangement of text around the page, in the details of typography. They considered that there is no substantial difference between words and material things, hence the poet should arrange words in his poems like the artist arranges colors and lines on his canvas. Grammar, syntax, and logic were often discarded; many neologisms and profane words were introduced; onomatopoeia was declared a universal texture of verse. Khlebnikov, in particular, developed "an incoherent and anarchic blend of words stripped of their meaning and used for their sound alone", known as zaum.
	With all this emphasis on formal experimentation, some Futurists were not indifferent to politics. In particular, Mayakovsky's poems, with their lyrical sensibility, appealed to a broad range of readers. He vehemently opposed the meaningless slaughter of World War I and hailed the Russian Revolution as the end of that traditional mode of life which he and other Futurists ridiculed so zealously. Although never a member of the Russian Communist Party (RKP(b)), he was active in early 1919 in the attempt to set up Komfut as an organisation promoting Futurism affiliated to the Viborg District Branch of the Party.
	War correspondent Arthur Ransome and five other foreigners were taken to see two of the Bolshevik propaganda trains in 1919 by their organiser, Burov. The organiser first showed them the "Lenin", which had been painted a year and a half ago 
	The "Red Cossack" was quite different. As Burov put it with deep satisfaction, "At first we were in the artists’ hands, and now the artists are in our hands". Initially the artists were so revolutionary that at one point Burov had delivered the Department of Proletarian Culture some Futurists "bound hand and foot", but now "the artists had been brought under proper control".
	The other three trains were the "Sverdlov", the "October Revolution", and the "Red East".
	After the Bolsheviks gained power, Mayakovsky's group—patronized by Anatoly Lunacharsky, Bolshevik Commissar for Education—aspired to dominate Soviet culture. Their influence was paramount during the first years after the revolution, until their program—or rather lack thereof—was subjected to scathing criticism by the authorities. By the time OBERIU attempted to revive some of the Futurist tenets during the late 1920s, the Futurist movement in Russia had already ended. The most militant Futurist poets either died (Khlebnikov, Mayakovsky) or preferred to adjust their very individual style to more conventional requirements and trends (Aseyev, Pasternak). The decline of futurism can also be seen in Russia when Kruchenykh attempted to publish "Fifteen Years of Russian Futurism 1912-1927" in 1928 and the Communist Party made it clear they did not want any futurist influence in Soviet literature. Marking an abrupt fall from grace for Kruchenykh's writing and futurism as a literary movement.

= = = Société Jersiaise = = =

	The Société Jersiaise is a learned society in Jersey which was founded in 1873, in the manner of similar county societies in the United Kingdom and in France for the purposes of:
	The Société continues to fulfill these objectives, with two important differences – because it can no longer be said that French is the official language, the encouragement of its use has been dropped and, secondly, an important addition to the aims is the study of all branches of the natural history of the island and publication of the results of fieldwork in these subjects. By 1878 a museum had been formed. In 1893 the Société moved to No. 9 Pier Rd, which continues to house the museum. The Société is a registered charity funded through subscriptions, donations and legacies.
	On 28 January 1873 a meeting of notables of the island took place to discuss the formation of a society for the preservation of the island's archaeological, historical and linguistic heritage, perceived to be threatened by the expansion of St Helier and coastal development. Those present were aware of the foundation of similar societies in mainland Normandy, such as (founded 1824) and similar county societies in the United Kingdom. In 1893 the Société was given a large townhouse in Saint Helier which became the base for its operations including its library and museum. In 1913 the various branches of activity were formalised into 'sections', amongst the first being Archaeology and History. The Section structure still exists and now comprise some 15 sections.
	From its inception the Société engaged in archaeological work at numerous sites around the island; most importantly beginning work at La Cotte de St Brelade in 1905, a Neanderthal site of international importance. In 1919 the Société purchased the important Neolithic site of La Hougue Bie, excavating it in 1924 revealing a Neolithic chambered passage grave c.4000BC. The site was then restored and opened as a museum. The Sociéte flourished throughout the 20th century, notwithstanding the difficult years of the German military occupation of the Channel Islands between 1940–1945. Despite the severe hardships and lack of resources suffered by the island, the museum at Pier Rd remained open throughout the Occupation, but despite protestations La Hougue Bie museum was requisitioned for military purposes by the Nazi occupiers.
	Post-war the Société continued to grow and add to its collections to the extent that during the 1970s a new headquarters was built adjoining the Pier Road Museum. In 1987 the Société entered into an agreement with the States of Jersey for its museums to be run by the Jersey Heritage Trust, whilst retaining ownership of its collections. This enabled the Société to concentrate on its core activities of research and publication. In 1990 the Société also entered into a working partnership with the National Trust for Jersey which its members had helped to found in 1937, to develop a country life museum at Hamptonne, St Lawrence, a late medieval farm with manorial pretensions, the National Trust purchasing the property, the Société financing the restoration. Presently, the Société has approximately 2,000 members.
	The Société library contains much unique and important material about Jersey and comparative academic literature in the form of published works and manuscript documents including maps. The Société employs a professional librarian.
	The Société Jersiaise Photographic Archive contains, as a result of the foresight of early members, by far the most important collection of historic photographic images of the island. A professional photographic archivist is employed by the Société to manage the collection of approximately 100,000 images dating from the mid-1840s to the present day.
	Now curated by Jersey Heritage the Société's extensive museum collections contain items on all aspects of Jersey life, in particular Jersey's archaeological heritage but also. This remains the only substantial collection of Jersey material and is continually expanded by purchase and donation of new pieces, most recently (as of August 2012) a complete Neolithic jadeite ring (anneau-disque) which had been discovered in Jersey in the late 1980s but sold by the finder to a private collector in the USA.
	Much of the work of the Société is published in its "Bulletin Annuel" commenced in 1875. In addition, the Société has published many works of its members and other scholars. In its early years the Société published many primary sources, such as the Cartulaire des Îles and Actes des États de Jersey to enable its members and others to carry out primary research. Latterly, it has published many secondary works produced by its members and other scholars, many of which remain in print.
	The "Bulletin" has been digitised and is available to view on their website.
	Notable members have included Dr Robert Ranulph Marett, the leading early evolutionary anthropologist, whose father Robert Pipon Marett was a founder member; Dr Arthur Mourant FRS a noted haematologist and George Reginald Balleine historian and clergyman. Geraint Jennings, writer and politician, is also a member.

= = = Glendinning–Allan Medal = = =

	The Glendinning–Allan Medal, formerly the Ross Glenndinning Medal, is awarded to the player judged best on ground in each Western Derby football match played between Fremantle Football Club and the West Coast Eagles.
	It is named after former Western Australian footballers Ross Glendinning, a Brownlow Medallist with North Melbourne and the inaugural captain of the West Coast Eagles, and Ben Allan, a former Hawthorn premiership player and the inaugural Fremantle captain. The medal, initially named the Ross Glendinning Medal, was first presented in 2001. In 2018 the name was changed to acknowledge both Fremantle's and West Coast's inaugural captains. Retrospective medals were also awarded to the best player from the initial 12 derbies between 1995 and 2000. The medal is voted by selection of media representatives and joint medals are presented in the event of more than one player finishing with the equal-highest number of votes.
	Fremantle's Paul Hasleby has currently won the medal 4 times, the most by any player.

= = = RahMoc Enterprises = = =

	Rahmoc Enterprises is a former NASCAR Winston Cup team that operated from 1978 to 1993. The team was owned by long-time engine builder Bob Rahilly and Butch Mock. Mock left Rahmoc in 1993 to form his own team. Rahmoc Enterprises is still operating today, with Dick and Bob Rahilly still turning the wrenches, as an engine builder and supplier for many NASCAR teams. They also build racecars and manage several smaller race teams.
	Rahmoc's debut in NASCAR came in 1978 competing in two events, at the NAPA National 500. Mock drove the No. 75 Chevrolet to a 26th-place finish. He also ran the Dixie 500at Atlanta, finishing 24th. Mock ran the 1979 Daytona 500 the next year, but finished 35th when he was involved in a wreck not of his making early in the race. After the Daytona wreck, Mock ceased driving and Rahmoc had several different drivers. Some were, Lennie Pond at Atlanta & Daytona, Bobby Brack at Charlotte, and Bill Elswick for numerous races, his best finish being 16th at Richmond. Harry Gant drove in 1980 for the team at Riverside International Raceway, finishing twelfth and Texas world Speedway, finishing tenth. Elswick returned over the next eleven races, and the team also picked up sponsorship from his Performer Boats Company. John Anderson, Chuck Bown, Joe Millikan, and Elswick finished out the year. Millikan came back in 1981, but was replaced after the Gabriel 400 by Tim Richmond. Richmond got his first top 10 finish in that event at Nashville Fairgrounds Speedway. Gary Balough drove for the rest of the 1981 season.
	Balough returned in 1982, posting a top-ten at the Coca-Cola 500, but was released after his legal issues just five races into the season. Joe Ruttman took over for the rest of the season, Except for the Riverside Event, posting four top-fives, and numerous top tens.Jimmy Insolo filled in for the team at Riverside.
	In 1983, Rahmoc signed a one-year driver/sponsor agreement for Neil Bonnett to drive their first time for the team, full-time sponsored Hodgdon Chevy. Bonnett picked up wins in the Busch Clash and the UNO 125 at Daytona, the World 600 at Charlotte and the Atlanta Journal 500. He finished sixth in points that year. For the 1984 season, and again without any sponsorship, long-time independent Dave Marcis was named driver, and had nine top-tens and a thirteenth place in points. Lake Speed took over in 1985, finishing second in The Daytona 500 in his first start with the team. This result brought full-time sponsor Nationwize Auto Parts to them and they finished 10th in the points. Speed had two tenth-place finishes in 1986, but was released after four races by the sponsor. Jody Ridley stepped in as an interim driver and had one top-ten before moving on after 10 races. Jim Sauter had four starts, before Morgan Shepherd took over for the balance of the season, posting two top-tens.
	In 1987, Bonnett returned with Valvoline as the sponsor of Rahmoc's Pontiacs. Bonnett had fifteen top-tens and was on his way to a top-ten points run, when he broke his hip in a crash at the Oakwood Homes 500. Morgan Shepard returned to the team to finish the season for the team, nearly winning the Rockingham Event.
	Bonnett returned in 1988, finished 4th in the Daytona 500 and won at Richmond and Rockingham and at a special race at Calder Park in Australia, all in the first four races of the season. But eventually, he began to have health issues, fell off the pace, missing several races. Due to Neil's health, sponsor Valvoline called for a new driver going into the 1989 season.
	Shepherd, who had filled in for Bonnett twice in 1988, was named as the full-time driver in 1989 with Valvoline again as the sponsor, the final of their 3-year agreement with Rahmoc. He garnered one pole and thirteen top-tens. Valvoline indicated they would return as a sponsor in 1990 if a younger driver could be had. So for 1990, Rick Wilson joined the team, which switched to Oldsmobile and with a late partial limited sponsorship from Food Lion/Dinner Bell Foods since Valvoline had ultimately decided instead to sit out the 1990 season. Wilson struggled heavily in his tenure, and mutually agreed to split with the team at season end. In 1991, Joe Ruttman, and with full sponsorship from Dinner Bell joined Rahmoc for the second time in his career. He finished third in The Daytona 500 and had four top-ten finishes and finished 20th in points.
	Without a sponsor for 1992, Dick Trickle drove the car for Rahmoc in the Daytona 500, finishing fifth. After that event, team co-owner Bob Rahilly elected to retire from Winston Cup Racing, and return to his roots as an engine builder/supplier. Mock went on to form his own new team, Butch Mock Motorsports.
	After the 1992 Daytona 500, Bob Rahilly and Butch Mock split. Bob & Dick Rahilly continue building engines and race cars under the name "RAHMOC Racing Engines". Bob Rahilly had no more involvement in Winston Cup Racing after 1992. Butch Mock was the sole owner of a new team he formed, Butch Mock Motorsports. Bob and Dick Rahilly still continue to build Championship Winning Race Engines and Race Cars at the original Rahmoc facility on Flowes Store Rd. in Concord, NC to this day. 2018
	RahMoc Enterprises

= = = Kubrat (town) = = =

	Kubrat (; ) is a town in Razgrad Province, Northeastern Bulgaria, part of the Ludogorie region. Named after the Bulgar ruler Kubrat, it is the administrative centre of the homonymous Kubrat Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 8,118 inhabitants.
	A notable native is famous singer Lili Ivanova. The population is ethnically mixed where the two main groups are the Bulgarians and the Turks.
	The first documented mention of the city is from 1624, while the legend says it was founded in the 15th century. During the Ottoman rule of Bulgaria, it was known as "Balbunar" ("Honey well") in Turkish, as the town was centred on the Copper Well that is now the town square. A primary school was founded in 1890 and the Cyril and Methodius community centre ("chitalishte") followed on 4 May 1891. The then village acquired its present name in 1934 and was proclaimed a town in 1949.
	An influx of investment has come from Bulgarians and other nationals since EU accession in 2007 leading to a boost to the local economy. The town is now serviced by over 5 builders merchants which is an indication of the expansion and renovation that is currently going on in the area.

= = = Ya ba = = =

	Ya ba (, , literally 'mad drug'), formerly known as "yama" (; literally 'horse drug'), are tablets containing a mixture of methamphetamine and caffeine. The illicit use of this drug combination has been widespread, particularly in South and Southeast Asian countries.
	From "ya khayan" ('hard-working pill') in its early days to "ya maa" ('horse medicine'), the drug was named "ya ba" ('crazy pill') in 1996. It was given to horses when pulling carts up steep hills and for other strenuous work in Shan State in Burma. The slang terms for "ya ba" in Burma are "kyethi" (literally, 'button'), "athi", and "palarkar".
	In Malaysia, "ya ba" is known in Malay as "pil kuda" (literally, 'horse pill'). It is commonly found in the state of Kelantan, on the border with Thailand. The name commonly used for it in the Philippines and Indonesia is "shabú". In north Thailand it is often referred to as "chocalee" due to the somewhat sweet taste "ya ba" leaves in the mouth and its strong chocolate smell. The name commonly used for it in China is "ma-goo" or "ma-guo". In Bangladesh, it's colloquially known as "baba", "guti", "laal", "khawon", "loppy", or "bichi". "Ya ba" is sometimes called "bhul bhuliya" in India.
	"Ya ba" is typically produced in a round pill form. There are many different versions of "ya ba", and the most common are red, orange, or lime green in color and carry logos such as "R" or "WY". They are small and round, roughly in diameter, which means they can be packed inside a plastic soda straw for easy transportation or in a reusable "mint" container.
	"Ya ba" tablets typically are consumed orally. Users also place the "ya ba" tablet on aluminum foil and heat it from below. As the tablet melts, vapors rise and are inhaled ("chasing the dragon"). The drug also may be administered by crushing the tablets into powder, which is then snorted or mixed with a solvent and injected. When swallowed in pill form the duration of the drug's effect is between 8–16 hours, as compared to 1–3 hours when smoked, while the intensity is considerably reduced. The peak of the drug's effect is followed by a comedown period lasting 6–10 hours, during which the user may have difficulty sleeping or eating. Many users report that it takes them up to 24 hours after consumption to be able to fall asleep.
	"Ya ba" is not commonly injected as many intravenous users prefer the pure product instead (methamphetamine, called "ice" in Southeast Asia). This illegal drug is especially popular in Thailand, where it is imported from Burma or Laos even though it is sometimes manufactured locally in Thailand.
	Typical "ya ba" users are working males, aged 16–40 years old, and its use is not uncommon among both female and male sex workers in Thailand and Cambodia.
	Burma (Myanmar) is the largest producer of methamphetamine in the world, with the majority of ya ba found in Thailand being produced in Burma, particularly in the Golden Triangle and northeastern Shan State, which borders Thailand, Laos, and China. In 2010, Burma trafficked 1 billion tablets to neighbouring Thailand. Ethnic militias and rebel groups (in particular the United Wa State Army) are responsible for much of this production; however, the Burmese military units are believed to be heavily involved in the trafficking of the drugs.
	"Ya ba" tablets were formerly sold at gas stations and were commonly used by long-haul drivers to stay awake. After many horrific long-distance bus accidents, they were outlawed by the Thai government in 1970. The deposed Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra's campaign from 2003 to eliminate drug-trafficking further helped to curtail widespread use. In particular, use of the drug by bus drivers and truckers is not as widespread as it was in the 1980s.
	As a result of the Thai government crackdown, restricted supply has had an effect on prices, further curtailing the popular use of "ya ba". In 1999–2000, when buying a straw-full (around 20 pills) in Chiang Rai Province, north Thailand, "ya ba" was sold for around 10 baht per pill and commonly used on the go-go circuit and by young "MTV" clubbers. Retail prices have risen from 100–150 baht (US$3–4) to 250–450 baht per pill as a result of the crackdown, though it remains a popular party drug.
	In 2000, "ya ba" was smuggled across the porous border with Myanmar and from the neighbouring Chiang Rai and Chiang Mai Provinces of Thailand. Illegal traffickers often marketed or promoted their product by claiming that the pills contained up to six percent heroin. Rumour suggested it was produced by corrupt personnel of Wa State Army in Burma.
	In 2014, it was reported that Thailand's northeast provinces have seen a 700 percent increase in the number of people arrested for meth since 2008, according to data from the Narcotics Suppression Bureau. In 2013, authorities counted more than 33,000 meth-related arrests in the northeast. The rapid growth of "ya ba" use in Isan mirrors that which is occurring across Asia, which now accounts for more than 50 percent of global amphetamine-type stimulant users.
	On 16 June 2016, the National Council for Peace and Order, the military junta ruling Thailand, stated that it was planning to decriminalise "ya ba".
	In 2006, "ya ba" consumption became fashionable for the well off. Although the extent of "ya ba" abuse in Bangladesh is not precisely known, seizures of the drug by authorities are frequent. It is also believed those who use it on a regular basis are frequently involved in the distribution of the drug, either directly or indirectly.
	Some Bengali refugees are hired by Burmese drug dealers to smuggle "ya ba" from Myanmar into Bangladesh. In 2016, 359 Bengalis were arrested on "ya ba"-smuggling charges, and up to US$29 million worth of "ya ba" was seized by the Bangladeshi authorities.
	In October 2018 Bangladesh government drafted a law which punishes a person up to capital punishment who carries a minimum 200 grams of "ya ba".
	In February 2010 it was reported that increasingly large quantities of "ya ba" were being smuggled into Israel by Thai migrant workers, leading to fears that its use would spread to the Israeli club scene, where ecstasy use is already common. In recent years, in the United States it is occasionally also used as a club drug replacing ecstasy.
	Everything You Need to Know About YABA. Culture Trip, May 30th 2017

= = = FAES = = =

	The FAES (Fundación para el Análisis y los Estudios Sociales or "Foundation for Analysis and Social Studies" in English) is a Spanish think tank. It is a non-profit liberal-conservative organisation with strong links to the Popular Party (PP); it is even known informally as the "People's Party think-tank". Its headquarters are in Madrid. Each year, the FAES publishes a Report on Activities, which can be downloaded from its website.
	The organisation was founded on November 11, 2002. Prior to the creation of the FAES, there were five separate foundations, all linked to the PP. These were: Fundación Cánovas del Castillo, Popular Iberoamericana, Popular Iberoamericana de Análisis y Estudios Sociales, Popular Iberoamericana de Estudios Europeos y el Instituto de Formación Política. These five foundations merged, becoming FAES.
	The FAES seeks to reinforce values such as Western freedom, democracy and humanism.
	Some of its founding principles include:
	It specifically advocates liberal and representative democracy because it allows the best “possible coordination between the nation's democratic exercise of power and the defense of individual rights.” FAES supports a market economy because it is most suited to allow “efficient allocation of resources, the boosting of reform, the strengthening of the middle class and the promotion of individual liberty.” The link between the US and Europe is essential to defend against threats such as terrorism and fundamentalism and will benefit the creation of a free trade area.
	FAES aims to create, promote and spread ideas based on political, intellectual and economic freedom. Many of these ideas provide political alternatives to socialism. The purpose is to transform these ideas into programs of political action to better the future of Spain.
	Instruments used to achieve these goals include discussion groups, seminars, lectures, summer conferences, and training courses. FAES’ ideas and political proposals are also disseminated through electronic publications such as a journal (known as "Cuadernos de pensamiento político"), reports (known as FAES Papers) and books.
	The president of the association is former prime minister José María Aznar. The vice president since 2106 is Manuel Pizarro. The Secretary-General is Javier Zarzalejos. A board of trustees also governs the organization. Their responsibilities include deciding on a plan of activities and a budget as well as outlining areas of interest.
	FAES is organized in several departments:
	FAES has four specialized units:
	In the ‘2012 Global Go To Think Tanks Report and Policy Advice’ FAES was the best ranked Spanish think tank out of the top 150 think tanks worldwide. It was ranked number 60 in this classification, ahead of other Spanish institutions such as CIDOB, FRIDE, Real Instituto Elcano and Institución Futuro. 
	In the report ‘Transparencia, el mejor eslogan 2012’ FAES was first in the political foundations transparency ranking. The report ranked the transparency of many foundations linked to political parties and emphasized that FAES is the only foundation out of the 26 analyzed that provides financial information on its website.
	FAES has published Spanish editions of books on global warming by Václav Klaus and Nigel Lawson, both politicians who deny climate science.
	May 2013 marked the launch of a new book series called “Biografías Políticas,” which contains the biographies of important figures in the liberal-conservative tradition of contemporary Spain.
	In October 2013, FAES presented a proposal for a new national energy strategy. It offers recommendations to increase efficiency and market competitiveness. 
	In July 2013, FAES presented a report for an ambitious tax reform entitled “Una reforma fiscal para el crecimiento y el empleo.” In English, this translates to “A fiscal reform for growth and employment.” This tax reform seeks to lower taxes in order to promote factors such as economic growth and job creation. At the launch of this the report, which took place on the 2013 FAES campus, Mr. Aznar (president of FAES) advocated such a reform, citing the success that other similarly ambitious tax reforms have had in the past. These include tax reforms undertaken by the Spanish government in 1999 and 2003.
	In March 2005, FAES presented a video that directly attacked the political left. The video claimed that the bomb attack of March 11, 2004 was a political ploy to influence the general election, which took place three days later. The video alleges that the PSOE leaders, especially Zapatero, skillfully used the attack to blame the PP party, divide the Spanish public opinion and politically coerce voters to support the left. Some leftist authors consider FAES a hotbed of historical revisionism.
	FAES works internationally with foundations in Latin America, the United States, and throughout Europe. For example, in 2009, FAES established a formal collaborative relationship with CHLI, the Congressional Hispanic Leadership Institute, which is a non-profit, non-partisan organization that advances the diversity of thought in the US Hispanic community. FAES also works closely with UPLA (an association of center-right parties in Latin America) to defend freedom and democracy in Latin America. FAES also works closely with UPLA (an association of center-right parties in Latin America) to defend freedom and democracy in Latin America. 
	A course at the 2013 Campus FAES event, titled “A New Atlantic Relationship”, was dedicated to international policy. It addressed the idea of the creation of a transatlantic free trade area. This conference is one of many FAES conferences that brought together prominent Spanish and foreign politicians, scholars and experts.

= = = Even Yisrael = = =

	Even Yisrael (, "Stone of Israel") may refer to:

= = = Boothferry Park = = =

	Boothferry Park was a football stadium in Hull, England, which was home to Hull City A.F.C. from 1946 until 2002, when they moved to the Kingston Communications Stadium.
	In later years, financial constraints forced Hull City to allow Kwik Save and Iceland supermarkets to embed themselves into the stadium's structure. Parts of the ground were demolished in early 2008, more than five years after the last game was played there, and the remainder in 2011.
	The ground was originally planned in 1929, and work began on the site from 1932 based near the Humber Estuary. Financial difficulties severely hampered this development, with the playing area and part of the terracing appearing over the following 12 months before work and progress ground to a halt. A proposal in 1939 for a sports stadium on the site was the catalyst for further development, as even though this threw up doubt for the original stadium plans, no suitable financial offer for the land was forthcoming, and instead the Hull City board enquired after, and were granted, a Football Association loan to the sum of £6,600. This meant the new ground would be ready for the opening of the 1941 season.
	The onset of the Second World War was to again frustrate the development of the football ground, as during the war, the ground was used by the Home Guard, and was, for a period, used to repair tanks. This, not unexpectedly, had an adverse effect on the playing area – following the end of the war, the pitch was in very poor shape and prone to waterlogging.
	Building materials were hard to come by in the post-war years for something as "frivolous" as a football stadium in the heavily bombed city, this and the state of the pitch meant that the ground was still not in a usable state by the 1945–46 season, so the club was forced to return to playing its matches at one of its former homes, the Boulevard, the then home of Hull rugby league club, one of the city's two rugby league clubs.
	The ground was opened in August 1946, 17 years after its initial proposal, but only had planning permission for one stand along the west side with an upper cost limit of £17,000. The ground was still not fully completed and it became a race against time to make the stadium ready for its opening match against visiting Lincoln City. Twenty-thousand people gathered to watch the opening ceremony performed by the city's lord mayor. The teams were led onto the pitch by Sergeant JT "Tommy" Brooke riding a white horse. Sergeant Brooke was a detective and mounted officer in the Hull Police and was a veteran of the First World War and the Battle of the Somme where he was a machine gunner with the Royal Horse Guards.
	By 1948 the attendance record had swelled to 40,179 as the stadium hosted visitors Middlesbrough in the FA Cup. The terracing embankments were raised and by February 1949 a ground and club record which still stands was hit – 55,019 turned out to watch Hull City play Manchester United. The locally famous Boothferry Halt opened in 1951. The ground now had its own railway station, its first use being a fixture against Everton when six trains ran the football service between Paragon Station, Hull's central railway station and Boothferry Park. At the same time, work proceeded on the covering of the North Stand.
	The East Terrace was the next to be covered, albeit with a temporary structure. This temporary structure was never replaced, and stood throughout the years of the ground. The popular East Terrace became known as the Kempton Stand after Kempton Road on the other side of the railway station. With the three stands completed, the ground was now suited to a floodlight installation. Two gantries housing 96 lamps were built, one on the west and one opposite on the east following a licence being granted. Although this lighting system was the envy of many clubs, advancements in stadium lighting came rapidly, and the system soon needed replacement. A six pylon system replaced the old gantries in 1963.
	The new lights were used for the first time in 1964, using four of the six available, in an evening match against Barnsley which ended in a 7–0 win for the Tigers.
	In 1965 a new South Stand was built over the Bunker's Hill Terrace. The new two-tiered structure included a propped cantilever roof, 2,500 seats in the upper tier and terracing for 4,000 more in the lower tier. The new stand was arguably the best stand at Boothferry Park, and a reminder of the golden days in the declining years to come.
	On 20 March 1967, Boothferry Park hosted an FA Cup 2nd replay between Leeds United and Sunderland. Over 40,000 fans attended and Leeds United won 2–1. It was standard procedure in the pre penalty shoot-out days for 2nd and subsequent replays to be held on neutral grounds.
	On 16 February 1972 Boothferry Park hosted a full international match between Northern Ireland and Spain. The result was drawn at 1–1.
	The final football match to be staged at Boothferry Park saw Hull City lose 0–1 to Darlington in December 2002. The goal was scored by Simon Betts; it would be his only goal in Darlington colours. Darlington goalkeeper Michael Ingham played in both the final match at Boothferry Park and the first match to be played at Hull City's new home (in Sunderland colours).
	Boothferry Park was also the scene of a rugby league international when it hosted the first Ashes series test of the 1982 Kangaroo tour between Great Britain and Australia on 30 October. The Aussies ran in eight tries to nil in a 40–4 thrashing watched by a vocal crowd of 26,771.
	Boothferry Park hosted nine top grade rugby league matches, including five internationals, from 1980–1985.
	Other than the five internationals, Boothferry Park also hosted a further five top grade rugby league games.
	Demolition of the ground eventually started on 10 January 2008, over five years after the final game was played there, and was completed during March. The North Stand and the terracing on the South and East Stands were eventually demolished in January 2010 after years of vandalism and arson attacks. Humberside Fire and Rescue Service had to be called out nearly 100 times during 2009 to deal with the situation.
	The six floodlights that had dominated the West Hull skyline were finally dismantled in early 2011.
	The highest attendance before the new stand was built was 40,179 in 1948 when Hull City played Middlesbrough in the FA Cup. In 1949 55,019 witnessed the visit of Manchester United when the height of the terracing was increased. The biggest Scoring Game came in a friendly Match in 1950. When Hull City played Nuneaton Borough the score ended 8-6 to Hull City with the score having been 0-1 to Nuneaton Borough at halftime.
	The stadium became affectionately known by supporters as "Fer Ark" in its later days, due to the lack of finances for maintenance which meant that only those letters were illuminated on the large "boothFERry pARK" signage. Before this it had been known as "Bothferry Park" when one of the illuminated "O"s fell off.
	It was also known simply as "BP".

= = = Otto (surname) = = =

	Otto is a German, Dutch, Hungarian, Danish, and Swedish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Vedanga Jyotisha = = =

, or Jyotiṣavedāṅga (Devanagari: ) (VJ), is one of earliest known Indian texts on astronomy ("Jyotisha"). The extant text's ideas are dated variedly between final centuries BCE and 14th century BCE (see below) but it may have borrowed from earlier Harappan tradition.
	The text is foundational to Jyotisha (astronomy), one of the six Vedanga disciplines. Its author is traditionally named as "Lagadha".
	The dating of the "Vedanga Jyotisha" is relevant for the dating of the Vedic texts. The "Vedanga Jyotisha" describes the winter solstice for the period of ca. 1400 BCE. This description has been used to date the "Vedanga Jyotisha". According to Michael Witzel, the question is "whether the description as given in the Jyotisha is also the date of the text in which it is transmitted. It is written in two recensions – Rigveda recensions and Yajurveda recensions. Rigveda recensions and Yajurveda recensions have same verses except for eight additional verses in the Yajurveda's one". T. K. S. Sastry and R. Kochhar suppose that the "Vedanga Jyotisha" was written in the period that it describes, and therefore propose an early date, between 1370 and 1150 BCE. David Pingree dates the described solstice as about 1180 BCE, but notes that the relevance of this computation to the date of the "Vedanga Jyotisha" is not evident. The estimation of 1400-1200 BCE has been followed by others, with Subbarayappa adding that the extant form can possibly be from 700-600 BCE.
	Other authors propose a later composition. Santanu Chakraverti writes that it has been composed after 700 BCE, while Michael Witzel dates it to the last centuries BCE, based on the style of composing. According to Chakraverti, its description of the winter solstice is correct for ca. 1400 BCE, but not for the time of its composition after 700 BCE. This may be due to the incorporation of late Harappan astronomical knowledge into the Vedic fold, an idea which is also proposed by Subbarayappa. Michael Witzel notes:
	Subhash Kak disputes the late chronology for the text and argues that it belongs to the second millennium BCE, which is consistent with its internal date. He argues that astronomy in India goes back to an earlier time than is taken by the votaries of the later date and, therefore, the internal date should not be set aside.

= = = Laryngeal cartilages = = =

	Laryngeal cartilages are cartilages which surround and protect larynx. They form during embryonic development from pharyngeal arches. Several laryngeal cartilages are recognized in humans:

= = = Cold water flat = = =

	A cold water flat is an apartment that has no running hot water.
	In most developed countries, current building codes make cold water flats illegal, but they used to be common in cities such as Detroit, Chicago and New York City until the mid-twentieth century.
	Typically, cold water flats did not have built-in showers installed; tenants who wished to bathe would heat pots of water by stove and add the heated water to a bathtub. They, also, typically had no central heating. Often some type of cooking stove, either wood or coal, was the only heat source and was kept going most of the time. Wood or coal embers could be banked in the small stoves overnight so a fire could be easily started early in the morning. A gas cooking surface was often just a grate with jets. Tenants would also keep warm by use of kerosene or electric space heaters, hot water bottles, or much later, electric blankets.

= = = Joo Chiat Single Member Constituency = = =

	Joo Chiat Single Member Constituency (Traditional Chinese: 如切單選區;Simplified Chinese: 如切单选区) is a defunct Single Member Constituency (SMC) located in the eastern region of Singapore. The SMC encompasses the areas of Joo Chiat, Katong, opera estate, Siglap and a portion of telok kurau. It had previously existed from 1959 until 1988, when it was merged with neighbouring constituencies to form Bedok Group Representation Constituency (Bedok GRC). It was reformed just before the 2001 general election after being carved out from East Coast Group Representation Constituency. The seat has been held by the People's Action Party since its reformation that year and was contested again in 2006. Its current Member of Parliament is Charles Chong.
	Bukit Panjang and Mountbatten currently share the roots where it has been interrupted due to Group Representation Constituency system, where it had been merged into the respective bigger constituencies at different times. No other constituencies has survived longer without the interruption after Chua Chu Kang had been merged into Chua Chu Kang GRC. A few constituency names remains the same from all the Group Representation Constituency.
	After the HDB flats demolished in Joo Chiat constituency, the constituency will be merged into Marine Parade GRC in 2015.

= = = Glanville Williams = = =

	Glanville Llewelyn Williams (15 February 1911 – 10 April 1997) was a Welsh legal scholar who was the Rouse Ball Professor of English Law at the University of Cambridge from 1968 to 1978 and the Quain Professor of Jurisprudence at University College, London, from 1945 to 1955. He has been described as Britain's foremost scholar of criminal law.
	Williams was born on 15 February 1911 in Bridgend, Wales. He obtained a First in law at University College of Wales. He was called to the Bar and became a member of Middle Temple in 1935. He was a Research Fellow from 1936 to 1942 and completed his Doctor of Philosophy degree in law at St John's College, University of Cambridge and was examined by the Vinerian Professor of English Law, University of Oxford, Sir William Searle Holdsworth, who was at the time, a Fellow of St John's College, Oxford. Holdsworth famously asked whether it had been submitted for an LLD as opposed to a PhD, as the quality and rigour of the thesis was so great.
	Throughout his lifetime he also served as an Honorary and Emeritus Fellow of Jesus College, University of Cambridge, and Honorary Bencher of Middle Temple; and served as the Professor of Public Law and Quain Professor of Jurisprudence at University College, London, from 1945 to 1955.
	Williams' "Textbook of Criminal Law" (London: Steven & Sons, 1983) is on a United States list of the most cited legal books. The "Textbook of Criminal Law", was arguably his best work, as he drew on 50 years of expertise in the area. Williams was well into his seventies when he wrote the 1983 volume. It is a magisterial book written in Socratic style. Williams published article after article in top refereed journals, even in his eighties. He was arguably the greatest legal thinker of the twentieth century. His groundbreaking "Criminal Law: The General Part" (Steven & Sons, London, 1961) is a classic still widely read and cited. Similarly, his "Textbook of Criminal Law", remains a standard textbook for judges, barristers, professors and students.
	Williams' influence in the highest courts was sustained and significant. One notable example is in "R v Shivpuri" [1986] A.C. 1, where the defendant imported harmless vegetable material akin to snuff believing he was importing drugs. The House of Lords held: "it was immaterial that the appellant was unsure of the exact nature of the substance in his possession in that in any event he believed that he was dealing with either heroin or cannabis the importation of which was prohibited." Lord Bridge of Harwich stated:
	John Spencer, summed up his massive contribution in 1997: "Nowadays Williams is best known as a writer on criminal law, where his fame rests on four books, the influence of which has been enormous. First among these stands his Criminal Law: the General Part (1953), a 900-page text concerned, as he explained in the preface, "to search out the general rules of the criminal law, i.e. those applying to more than one crime". The Proof of Guilt (1955) is a comparative account of the rules by which criminal cases are tried in England and Wales, penetrating in its analysis of the merits of our system as well as its defects.
	The Sanctity of Life and the Criminal Law (1958) examines the philosophical basis for laws against contraception, sterilisation, artificial insemination, abortion, suicide and euthanasia; when it appeared it was very controversial. The fourth book is his 1,000-page Textbook of Criminal Law (1978). This was a successful student textbook, and would be one still if he had ever managed to finish the third edition, on which he had been labouring for 14 years at the time of his death. In 2012, Dennis Baker edited a new third edition of this textbook, continuing the socratic style of the originals.
	In "The Sanctity of Life and the Criminal Law" (1957), Williams criticised Christian, especially Roman Catholic, opposition to contraception, artificial insemination, sterilisation, abortion, suicide and euthanasia.
	His influential law book "Learning the Law", now in its fifteenth edition, is a critically acclaimed and popular introductory text for legal undergraduates. Dubbed "Guide, Philosopher and Friend", the book is published by London: Sweet & Maxwell.
	In fact, his range as a writer went far beyond the criminal law. Before turning to the criminal law, Williams had already written what are still the definitive books on a range of other important legal subjects: Liability for Animals (1939), The Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Acts (1943) (1945), Crown Proceedings (1948), Joint Obligations (1949), and Joint Torts and Contributory Negligence (1950). In 1947 he had edited Salmond's Jurisprudence.
	Williams was a Reader in English Law then Professor of Public Law and Quain Professor of Jurisprudence at the University of London from 1945 to 1955. He then moved to the University of Cambridge and was a Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge, and a Reader in Law from 1957 to 1965, then Professor of English Law from 1966 to 1968. He then became the Rouse Ball Professor of English Law from 1968 to 1978. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1957.
	He covered an even wider range of topics in the huge number of articles which, astonishingly, he also found the time to write. It is difficult, indeed, to think of any important legal subject on which at some time he did not have something original and interesting to say. Nor is this all. For taking notes, he invented and patented a new form of shorthand (Speedhand Shorthand, 1952). And with Learning the Law (1945), now in its 11th edition, he wrote a little introductory book about law studies which was, and still remains, indispensable reading for any would-be law student.
	Williams's voluminous and sometimes complicated writings are inspired by two big and simple notions. The first is that the law should be clear, consistent and accessible. The second is that law should be humane. He was a convinced utilitarian, who held that punishment was an evil to be avoided unless there was a good reason for imposing it, and for whom "good reasons" meant the well-being of society, not the tenets of religious belief. Hence Leon Radzinowicz's celebrated bon mot about him: "Glanville Williams is the illegitimate child of Jeremy Bentham".
	These utilitarian beliefs also underlay Williams's efforts as a law reformer, an activity in which he managed to play two roles at once. The first was the "establishment man". He devoted many hours over several decades to serving on a range of official committees, in particular the Criminal Law Revision Committee, of which he was a member from 1959 to 1980. In this capacity he shares the credit for a number of reports which led, among other things, to the decriminalisation of suicide in 1961 and the radical reform and codification of the law of theft in 1968.
	His second role was that of "radical outsider". Working sometimes with others, sometimes on his own, he was adept at stirring up public opinion over matters where official interest in reform was lacking. He took a major part in the campaign to liberalise the law on abortion, which largely succeeded with the Abortion Act 1967. He was also very active in the campaign to legalise voluntary euthanasia, which has so far largely failed. He was both president of the Abortion Law Reform Association, and a vice-president of the Voluntary Euthanasia Society.
	In the 1950s he was among the first to draw public attention to the problems children face when giving evidence in sex cases – and was still campaigning on the subject in the 1980s. In 1960 he was the first person publicly to advocate the tape-recording of interviews with suspects in police stations; initially condemned as a silly and impractical idea, 25 years later this became almost universal practice. Perhaps his greatest triumph was in 1986, when a well-timed article persuaded the House of Lords to rule that a person can be guilty of attempt even where the crime in question was impossible of completion: so over-ruling their decision the other way the year before, and expressly over-ruling, for the first time ever, their previous decision in a criminal case.
	Glanville Williams was a respected and innovative teacher. He was also very supportive throughout their careers to a number of his junior colleagues. Although a kind man, however, he was rather shy, and not a great socialiser outside the circle of his family. He was brought up in a pious Congregationalist family in South Wales, and much of his background stayed with him. Notwithstanding his great eminence, he remained to the end of his days a quiet-spoken, modest, gentle, serious-minded Welshman. Although an agnostic for most of his life he knew his Bible, and the use of biblical phrases was instinctive to him. "He smote him hip and thigh", he once said, describing an article an American had written criticising Sigmund Freud.
	Academic honours were heaped upon him, culminating in 1995 in a Doctorate of Letters "honoris causa" from Cambridge. During his lifetime it was widely rumoured that he had never been offered a knighthood because he had been staunchly pacifist before the Second World War, and during it a conscientious objector. The truth, however, is that he was offered one and declined it; partly from modesty, and partly because he thought it incongruous that a man who had refused to wield a bayonet should theoretically bear a sword.
	The Jesus College, University of Cambridge Glanville Williams Society meets each year and is attended by over 600 leading English lawyers.
	In 1976, he was famously impersonated by Campbell McComas, an Australian comedian, at a hoax lecture at Monash University, Melbourne. Many people who knew Williams personally were reportedly fooled by the hoax. Hundreds and hundreds attended, and the lecture ended with the words: "thank you for having me, but you have been had."
	Books
	Notable articles (post-1978): 
	Notable articles (pre-1978):
	Published Lectures
	Notice

= = = The Worst of Black Box Recorder = = =

	The Worst of Black Box Recorder is a 2001 album by Black Box Recorder, whose members include Luke Haines, Sarah Nixey and John Moore. It is a compilation of B-sides from the singles of "England Made Me" and "The Facts Of Life".
	It also contains videos for 4 of their singles: "The Facts of Life", "Child Psychology", "The Art of Driving" and "England Made Me".

= = = Coverville = = =

	Coverville is a podcast featuring cover versions of pop, rock and country songs by new and established performers. The show is produced and hosted by Brian Ibbott out of his home in Arvada, Colorado.
	"Coverville" was also part of the programming of the experimental KYCY-AM "open source radio" station San Francisco during the mid-2000s.
	Ibbott, who wanted to be a disc jockey as a child, began his DJ career at weddings, though was bored with the music selection such venues permitted. A TechTV story he saw in August 2004 got him interested in podcasting. The first "Coverville" podcast was launched on September 28, 2004. "Coverville" passed episode #300 on March 4, 2007 and episode #500 on August 26, 2008, which was celebrated with a "gala" in Las Vegas where fans could meet with artists featured on the show.
	As one of the early music-based podcasts, "Coverville" contributed to the legal podcasting of copyrighted music in the US. One month after beginning the podcase, Ibbott contacted major performance rights organisations (initially ASCAP and BMI) to explain the technology and delivery methods behind podcasting and to license music for "Coverville". The licensing organizations adapted their non-interactive license to include podcast licensing shortly thereafter. Ibbott was active in publicizing this information among other podcasters.
	"Coverville" has been discussed in articles appearing in print and online publications such as "Rolling Stone" and BusinessWeek Online, and recommended by the BBC. In 2005, 2011, 2012, and 2013, "Coverville" won Podcast Connect's People's Choice Podcast Award in the "Podcast Safe Music" category.
	In 2005, Ibbott estimated 5000 subscribers for "Coverville", which grew by 2007 to an estimated 35,000 listeners.
	A typical episode of "Coverville" has about six cover songs, and they are generally released on a three-per-week schedule. Weekly features typically include a Sunday all-request show, trivia challenges (where Brian, with help from his wife, try to solve various name-that-tune type challenges), and the Uncovered Gem Of The Week, a track that isn't a cover, but that the host likes. It is common for an episode of "Coverville" to have a theme. Frequent themes include:
	At the end of the year, "Coverville" does a countdown of listeners' favorite cover versions. The following is a list of the top five from 2005–2011:

= = = Betty Jeffrey = = =

	Agnes Betty Jeffrey, OAM (14 May 1908 – 13 September 2000) was an Australian writer who wrote about her Second World War nursing experiences in the book "White Coolies".
	Jeffrey was a nurse in the 2/10th Australian General Hospital during World War II; she was taken captive by the Japanese Imperial Army and interned in the Dutch East Indies. She later wrote about her experiences in the book "White Coolies", which partially inspired the film "Paradise Road" and the 1955 Australian radio series "White Coolies"
. Margaret Dryburgh, Vivian Bullwinkel and Wilma Oram were fellow internees with Jeffrey.

= = = Virtual power plant = = =

	A virtual power plant (VPP) is a cloud-based distributed power plant that aggregates the capacities of heterogeneous distributed energy resources (DER) for the purposes of enhancing power generation, as well as trading or selling power on the electricity market. Examples of virtual power plants exist in the United States, Europe, and Australia.
	A virtual power plant is a system that integrates several types of power sources to give a reliable overall power supply. The sources often form a cluster of different types of dispatchable and non-dispatchable, controllable or flexible load (CL or FL) distributed generation (DG) systems that are controlled by a central authority and can include microCHPs, natural gas-fired reciprocating engines, small-scale wind power plants (WPP)s, photovoltaics (PVs), run-of-river hydroelectricity plants, small hydro, biomass, backup generators, and energy storage systems (ESS).
	This system has benefits such as the ability to deliver peak load electricity or load-following power generation on short notice. Such a VPP can replace a conventional power plant while providing higher efficiency and more flexibility. More flexibility allows the system to react better to fluctuations, but whose complexity requires complicated optimization, control, and secure communications. An interactive simulation on the website of the VPP operator Next Kraftwerke illustrates how the technology works.
	According to a 2012 report by Pike Research, VPP capacity would, from 2011 to 2017, increase by 65%, from 55.6 gigawatts (GW) to 91.7 GW worldwide, generating from $5.3 billion to $6.5 billion in worldwide revenue in 2017. In a more aggressive forecast scenario, the clean-tech market intelligence firm forecasts that global VPP revenues could reach as high as $12.7 billion during the same period.
	Virtual power plants represent an 'Internet of Energy, said senior analyst Peter Asmus of Pike Research. "These systems tap existing grid networks to tailor electricity supply and demand services for a customer. VPPs maximize value for both the end user and the distribution utility using a sophisticated set of software-based systems. They are dynamic, deliver value in real time, and can react quickly to changing customer load conditions.
	Virtual power plants can also be used to provide ancillary services to grid operators in order to help maintain grid stability. Ancillary services include frequency regulation, load following, and providing operating reserve. These services are primarily used to maintain the instantaneous balance of electrical supply and demand. Power plants providing ancillary services must respond to signals from grid operators to increase or decrease load on the order of seconds to minutes in response to varying levels of consumer demand. 
	Since ancillary services are typically provided by controllable fossil-fuel generators, future carbon-free electrical grids that contain high percentages of solar and wind must rely on other forms of controllable power generation or consumption. One of the most well-known examples of this is Vehicle to Grid technology. In this case, distributed electrical vehicles connected to the grid can be controlled together to act as a single virtual power plant. By selectively controlling the rate at which each individual vehicle charges, the grid sees a net injection or consumption of energy as if a large scale battery was providing this service. 
	Similarly, flexible demand in the form of heat pumps or air conditioners has also been explored to provide ancillary services to the grid. As long as indoor thermal comfort is maintained, an aggregation of distributed heat pumps can be selectively turned off and on in order to vary their aggregate power consumption and follow an ancillary service signal. Again, the effect on the grid is the same as if a large scale power plant was providing the service. 
	Since they operate in parallel, virtual power plants can have the advantage of higher ramp rates than thermal generators, which is especially important in grids that experience a duck curve and have high ramping requirements in the morning and evening. However, the distributed nature generates communication and latency issues, which could be problematic for providing fast services like frequency regulation.
	A virtual power plant is also a cloud-based central or distributed control center that takes advantage of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and Internet of things (IoT) devices to aggregate the capacities of heterogeneous Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) to form "a coalition of heterogeneous DERs" for the purpose of energy trading on the wholesale electricity markets or providing ancillary services for system operators on behalf of non-eligible individual DERs.
	A VPP acts as an intermediary between DERs and the wholesale electricity market and trades energy on behalf of DER owners who by themselves are unable to participate in that market. The VPP behaves as a conventional dispatchable power plant from the point of view of other market participants, although it is indeed a cluster of many diverse DERs. Also, in the competitive electricity markets, a virtual power plant acts as an arbitrageur between diverse energy trading floors (i.e., bilateral and PPA contracts, forward and futures markets, and the pool).
	So far, for risk management purposes, five different risk-hedging strategies (i.e., IGDT, RO, CVaR, FSD, and SSD) have been applied to the decision-making problems of VPPs in the research articles to measure the level of conservatism of VPPs' decisions in diverse energy trading floors (e.g., day-ahead electricity market, derivatives exchange market, and bilateral contracts):
	Energy markets are those commodity markets that deal specifically with the trade and supply of energy. In the United States, virtual power plants not only deal with the supply side, but also help manage demand, and ensure reliability of grid functions through demand response (DR) and other load-shifting approaches, in real time.
	An often-reported energy crisis in America has opened the door for government-subsidized companies to enter an arena that has only been available to utilities and multinational billion-dollar companies until now. With the deregulation of markets around the United States, the wholesale market pricing became the exclusive domain of large retail suppliers; however local and federal legislation along with large end-users are beginning to recognize the advantages of wholesale activities.
	California is the leader in green technology, with governmental bodies subsidizing and pushing an agenda that is not shared by much of the rest of the United States. In California there are two electrical markets: private retail and wholesale. California Senate Bill 2X—which passed the California legislature on March 30, 2011—mandates 33% renewables by 2020 without mandating any particular method to reach that goal.
	The Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technology of the University of Kassel in Germany pilot-tested a combined power plant that linked solar, wind, biogas, and pumped-storage hydroelectricity to provide load-following power around the clock, completely from renewable sources.
	Virtual power station operators are also commonly referred to as aggregators.
	To test the effects of micro combined heat and power on a smart grid, 45 natural gas SOFC units (each generating 1.5kW) from Republiq Power (Ceramic Fuel Cells) will be placed in 2013 on Ameland to function as a virtual power plant.
	An example of a real-world virtual power plant can be found on the Scottish Inner Hebrides island of Eigg.
	Next Kraftwerke from Cologne, Germany operates a virtual power plant in seven European countries providing peak-load operation, power trading and grid balancing services. The company aggregates distributed energy ressources from biogas, solar and wind as well as large-scale power consumers.
	In August 2016, AGL Energy announced a 5MW virtual-power-plant scheme for Adelaide, Australia. The company will supply battery and photovoltaic systems from Sunverge Energy, of San Francisco, to 1000 households and businesses. The systems will cost consumers AUD $3500 and are expected to recoup the expense in savings in 7years under current distribution network tariffs. The scheme is worth AUD $20million and is being billed as the largest in the world.

= = = Sad Songs for Dirty Lovers = = =

	Sad Songs for Dirty Lovers is the second studio album by indie rock band the National. It was released in 2003 on Brassland Records. This is the first album on which the band worked with Peter Katis, who would produce the band's next albums "Alligator" and "Boxer".
	The album is the first to feature guitarist and multi-instrumentalist Bryce Dessner as a full member. 
	The album received very positive reviews from music critics, earning a Metacritic aggregate score of 78 based on 13 reviews, indicating 'generally positive reviews'.
	As of 2010 the album has sold an approximate 27,000 copies in the US.
	The National
	Additional musicians
	Technical personnel

= = = East Coast Group Representation Constituency = = =

	East Coast Group Representation Constituency (; ; ) is a four-member Group Representation Constituency in the eastern area of Singapore. The areas of the Group Representation Constituency consists of East Coast, Bedok, Changi-Simei, Siglap, Tampines, Pasir Ris, Kampong Chai Chee, Changi Airport and the offshore islands of Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin and Pedra Branca. The GRC also covers a large portion of Singapore's eastern territorial waters.
	East Coast GRC is led by the former Minister for Manpower Lim Swee Say and co-led by Senior Minister of State and Mayor of South East CDC Maliki Osman.
	East Coast GRC was formed in 1997 as a six-member Group Representation Constituency. East Coast GRC was formed with a merger of Bedok Group Representation Constituency and Eunos Group Representation Constituency.
	Joo Chiat Single Member Constituency was formerly part of the GRC until 2001, and subsumed into Marine Parade GRC as of the 2015 elections. A large portion of the Kaki Bukit division and 60% of Kampong Chai Chee was transferred from East Coast GRC to Marine Parade GRC and saw the removal of Chew Heng Ching, Tan Soo Khoon and Lee Yock Suan due to the advanced age in 2006, followed by S Jayakumar and Abdullah Tarmugi in 2011. It was downsized from six members to five members following the redrawing of divisions into the Marine Parade GRC in 2006. The offshore island of Coney Island was transferred to Pasir Ris-Punggol GRC in 2015, while Fengshan SMC was carved out and East Coast GRC was left with four members.
	The People's Action Party won in a walkover in the 1997 and 2001 general elections. It saw its first contest in the 2006 general election from the Workers' Party. In 2011 and 2015, the PAP received numerous close fights with the Workers' Party but the former won in both elections in the end, though the results allowed WP candidates to enter parliament as Non-Constituency MPs both times.

= = = Channel S = = =

	Channel S (; Sylheti: ) is a UK-based, free-to-air television channel targeting the British Bangladeshi community. The channel was established on 16 December 2004, by Mahee Ferdous Jalill – a Bangladeshi businessman in London. On Sky it had a timesharing deal with ATN Global, and then in 2005 it started to broadcast for 24 hours, 7 days a week, and is currently available on Sky channel 814. As well as that, their shows such as 'Channel S News' tend to copy sounds from other companies such as the BBC. The channel claims to be the "Voice of British Bangladeshis across the world", and its slogan "Working for the community", broadcasting mainly in Bengali and occasionally in Sylheti, and programmes suiting the community needs.
	The television station is based at Prestige House in Walthamstow, North East London. It broadcasts programmes in Bengali, Sylheti and a few in English. It is the first Bangladeshi channel to broadcast content in the Sylheti dialect, it has built up a loyal following among the Bangladeshis in the United Kingdom who the majority come from Sylhet. Since the launch of the channel in 2004, there has been bitter rivalry between Channel S and Bangla TV, with Channel S gaining rights to broadcast the Baishakhi Mela. A survey in the UK found Channel S was the most viewed Bengali TV channel in the UK.
	On 16 December 2004, Channel S started to broadcast on Sky with a timesharing deal with ATN Global on channel 827. It was founded by a Bangladeshi businessmen based in London, Mahee Ferdous Jalil, who is also the owner of the car insurance company Prestige Auto Group.
	In March 2005, it moved to its own EPG channel 837 and started broadcasting 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and then moved to channel 814.
	From 15 January 2006, it aired its programmes in Bangladesh and other countries of South Asia, South East Asia and Middle East From August 2006, Channel S acquired the rights to broadcast two of Bangladesh's prominent satellite channels, NTV (Bangladesh) and ATN Bangla. These are also available on Sky channels 826 and 827 respectively (a few months later it had stopped broadcasting NTV, which became independent from Channel S).
	On October 2008, it acquired the rights to broadcast a popular Bangladeshi channel called, Channel i on channel 826. In May 2007, Channel S launch Islam4U – a channel dedicated to Islamic programmes (has stopped broadcasting since).
	Channel S provides viewers with a combination of cultural, political and religious programmes for the viewers, including shows which help the community with legal or community issues. News is broadcast daily, with news coverage of national news and international news, the main headline and political situation in Bangladesh and the latest news headlines in Britain. Local and community news are also broadcast from correspondents throughout the UK, including a news programme dedicated to news coverage from Sylhet, there is a live bulletin at 7:00pm and full news broadcast at 10:30pm and 1:00am, news coverage is of Bengali.
	Talk show programmes include, "Obhimoth" (English: "Opinion") – focusing on events of politics in Bangladesh, during the 2008 Bangladesh election it has broadcast the process by viewing the voters and the communities opinions on the elections, in the electoral constituencies of Sylhet, Habiganj, Maulvi Bazar and Sunamganj (Voter Matthe). "Let's Talk" – hosted by Ajmal Masroor is a programme debating about current and religious affairs.
	There are many Bengali entertainment programmes with Bengali music, drama and shows, including Sylheti drama which are produced in Sylhet and some from East London. Popular entertainment shows include iRonniee (a programme interviewing notable music-songwriters), and music shows of folk, poetry by leading artists in the UK or Bangladesh, these include Sure Sure Alap, Shudhu Binodan, Sur Jolsha and Matir Sur. A new game show launched in February 2008, called 'Win A Car', offers people to win a Mercedes C-class, which 'specifically targets the British Bangladeshi community', and has been described as the first entertainment programme in a 'Sylheti Bangla way'. Since 2005, it has gained the rights to broadcast the Baishakhi Mela annually. Previously the rights were held by Bangla TV, however its commitment to the community has attracted many local business and advertisement to Channel S. In 2009, it was the joint media partner with BBC Asian Network, alongside the Tower Hamlets council.
	Channel S is one of the first Bengali channels which are committed to broadcasting Islamic-oriented programmes. Islamic programmes are shown quite frequently. These include programmes such as "Islam Essentials" – a live religious talk show which provides viewers the opportunity to ask questions relating to Islam based on every day life which features Sheikh Abdur Rahman Madani and "Quraner Alo" (teaching on how to read the Qur'an). Nasheeds (religious songs) are shown daily. Channel S has planned to launch a channel called Islam4U, which is a 24-hour channel Islamic channel in Bengali, which however has not started broadcasting.
	There are many charity events for Islamic institutes on Channel S. In 2006 and 2007 during Ramadan, the British Bangladeshi community donated millions of pounds on live appeals. It then led to Channel S in 2007 creating a fundraising initiative called, the "Ramadan Family Commitment", which was the channels first concept based scheme. It raised £146,138 in 2007 and was distributed amongst 28 organisations, there were 30 charity appeals, one during each night of Ramadan, and "Qurbani Family Commitment", created to make the distribution of Qurbani during Eid more easier for the Muslim community in the UK, and for Bangladesh. Organisations which are affiliated with the organisations are Islamic Relief, Muslim Aid and Hefazothe Islam UK. During Ramadan, Channel S has also raised fundraising events for mosques and madrassas across the UK (e.g. East London Mosque), and created its first Ramadan Guide in 2008 which was distributed in the communities. As of 2008 Channel S has raised up to £7.5 million for 65 mosques, 17 madrassas and 35 other charity events. It is organised by the Channel S Charity Department, and presented by Rizwan Hussain.
	Channel S also launched a new charity programme with Muslim Aid, called "Shahjalal & Shahporan Village", which is dedicated to raising money to build villages for victims of Cylone Cidr in Bangladesh. Muslim Aid has hosted live appeals on Channel S, alongside with Islam Channel. With Muslim Aid, it has managed to raise up to over £200,000 from the community, in support of those who were affected by Cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh. A football tournament was part of the fundraising initiative called the SSV Charity Champions Cup 2008, consisting of 32 teams, aiming to bring Bangladeshi footballers together across different towns from London, Oldham and Birmingham. The event was held from 5 May to 6 July 2008, and was won by Bromley By Bow FC in the finals at Mile End Stadium, east London. The aim of the fundraising event is to build two villages which are called Shahjalal & Shahporan, with each receiving 360 built houses, including schools, medical centres and mosques, and aims to raise up to £720,000.
	There are also other various shows available for all other viewers. Programme "Bits n Bytes" is an IT show specifically targeting people who use computers for business or home use. It is the only IT weekly programme within the South Asian Broadcasting Industry in the UK, presented in English and Sylheti.
	Viewers also have the opportunity to view their village or town in Bangladesh, by calling and requesting on programmes such as Amar Gao, there are many recorded videos of villages across the region of Sylhet. There are also shows available for women and children, for example Mojar Ranna (a cooking show) and It's Our Day (entertainment for children).
	In June 2007, First Solution Money Transfer, a financial services company run by at least one the managing directors of Channel S went into liquidation owing the public hundreds of thousands of pounds. Mahee Ferdous Jalil, the chairman of Channel S, filed for an injunction against Bangla TV to prevent allegations of impropriety by Channel S or its chairman from being broadcast as well as defamations cases against a number of prominent businessmen who had made the allegations.
	As of April 2008, Channel S (including other Bengali channels) was under investigation by Ofcom for a breach of the Communications Act 2003, after airing election adverts for the Liberal Democrats during the 2008 London mayoral election. The channel accepted adverts from the local Liberal Democrats candidate, Jalal Rajonuddin. Ofcom found Channel S guilty of breaching the TV Advertising Code.
	On 4 August 2008, according to the City of London police, Mahee Ferdous Jalil (Mohammed Ferdhaus) founder of the channel (along with many others) was found guilty, at Croydon Crown Court, of car insurance fraud and sentenced to an 18 months prison term. The group were involved in a plot to make false car insurance claims and were ordered to pay compensation costs to the AXA insurance company. Since the arrest of Jalil, a media war broke out with Channel S and Bangla TV. It was noted that Bangla TV broadcast negative news coverage against Jalil and Channel S, leading to propaganda and different speculations of the event. It raised much concern among the community and politicians, which many thought was an attack against Channel S by Bangla TV. He was released after serving 7 months of his term, as he appeared at the Channel S Community Awards on 30 March 2009. It is now confirmed that Jalil has pleaded guilty for insurance scam and is awaiting sentence. This will be the 2nd time Jalil will be in Her Majesty's pleasure. He has already served 7 months of his 15 months sentence for insurance fraud.

= = = Gavin Mahon = = =

	Gavin Andrew Mahon (born 2 January 1977) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.
	Mahon started his career as a trainee at Wolverhampton Wanderers, although he did not make any first-team appearances for the club. In July 1996, he joined Hereford United on a free transfer, and went on to play two-and-a-half years of regular first-team football. Mahon signed for Brentford in November 1998, for a fee that rose to £130,000. He helped the club earn promotion from Division Three during the 1998–99 campaign, and went on to make over 150 appearances for the west London side. He joined Watford for £150,000 in March 2002, and would later captain the club to promotion into the Premier League.
	Mahon then signed for Queens Park Rangers ahead of the 2008–09 season, following a successful loan spell the previous season. Injuries hampered the latter stages of his QPR career, and he was briefly loaned out to Crystal Palace in March 2011, although he did not make any appearances for the club. Mahon signed for Notts County on a free transfer in August 2011. He was loaned to Stevenage in February 2013, for the remainder of the 2012–13 campaign. Mahon left Notts County at the end of the season, and briefly joined Portsmouth in October 2013 for a one-month spell. He signed for Tamworth in December 2013, playing for the club for the rest of the 2013–14 season in what was the final playing role of his football career.
	Mahon began his career with Wolverhampton Wanderers, progressing through the youth ranks with the club and playing regularly for the youth team. He was released by Wolves at the end of the 1995–96 campaign, having made no first-team appearances. In July 1996, he signed for Hereford United of Division Three on a free transfer, making his first professional appearance in the club's 1–0 victory over Doncaster Rovers on 24 August 1996.<ref name="Games played by Gavin Mahon in 1996/1997"></ref> Mahon scored the first goal of his career during the same season, in a 3–0 win against Rochdale. Despite featuring seven times during the early stages of the season, he did not make any further first-team appearances from November onwards, with Hereford suffering relegation to the Conference National at the end of the campaign. Mahon remained at Hereford for the 1997–98 season, playing in all 42 league matches as Hereford finished the season in sixth place.
	In November 1998, Mahon signed for Division Three side Brentford, joining for a nominal fee of £50,000, which eventually increased to £130,000 under the terms of the deal. Mahon made his Brentford debut in the club's 2–1 defeat to Leyton Orient at Brisbane Road on 21 November 1998, and instantly became a permanent fixture in the side's midfield.<ref name="Games played by Gavin Mahon in 1997/1998"></ref> He opened his goalscoring account for Brentford in the club's first match of 1999, scoring the third goal in a 3–1 win over Barnet at Griffin Park. His first season with the club proved to be a successful one, with Brentford earning promotion to Division Two as champions, winning the league by four points. Mahon made 32 appearances during the campaign, contributing with four goals. The 1999–00 season was Mahon's first full season with the west London club, making 44 appearances in all competitions and scoring three times,<ref name="Games played by Gavin Mahon in 1999/2000"></ref> as Brentford consolidated their place in Division Two with a mid-table finish.
	Mahon was almost ever-present during the 2000–01 season, making 51 appearances in league and cup competitions,<ref name="Games played by Gavin Mahon in 2000/2001"></ref> as Brentford once again finished in mid-table. He scored once that season, restoring parity in an away game against Bristol City in December 2000, a match that Brentford went on to win 2–1. He was also named in the starting line-up for the first competitive final of his career, as Brentford lost 2–1 to Port Vale in the Football League Trophy Final. The campaign also witnessed the first red card of Mahon's career, receiving the dismissal in the 83rd minute in a 1–0 home defeat to Swindon Town towards the latter stages of the season. His fourth straight season at Brentford started well, with the club going on an eight-match unbeaten start to the season.<ref name="Games played by Gavin Mahon in 2001/2002"></ref> He made 39 appearances during the season, and was named Brentford's Player of the Year for the campaign despite leaving the west London club three months before the end of the season. During his three-and-a-half years at Brentford, Mahon made 166 appearances in all competitions, scoring eight goals.
	In March 2002, Mahon signed for Division One side Watford for an initial fee of £150,000. The move came about as a result of Watford reserve team manager Ray Lewington, who had previously signed Mahon at Brentford, recommending the player to new manager Gianluca Vialli. Vialli subsequently went to watch him play, and opted to make Mahon his first signing for the club. On signing for Watford, Mahon stated — "As soon as I knew Watford were interested I was ready to jump at the chance". He made his Watford debut on 9 March 2002, playing the whole match in a 2–0 away win over Crystal Palace. Mahon went on to make a further five appearances for the club during the remainder of the 2001–02 season. Ahead of the 2002–03 season, under the management of Lewington once again following Vialli's sacking, Mahon was one of several players who took a voluntary pay cut as a result Watford's financial troubles. Shortly before the start of pre-season, it was announced that Mahon was going to miss the opening months of the new campaign after sustaining a knee injury in May 2002. He returned to first-team action in the club's 2–1 win over Burnley at Vicarage Road on 30 November 2002, and went on to make a total of 22 appearances during the campaign.<ref name="Games played by Gavin Mahon in 2002/2003"></ref> Five of those appearances were in Watford's FA Cup run, as they narrowly lost 2–1 in the semi-final to Southampton at Villa Park.
	Mahon played in the club's opening game of the 2003–04 season, a 1–0 home win over Bournemouth in the League Cup, and remained ever-present during the first two months of the campaign.<ref name="Games played by Gavin Mahon in 2003/2004"></ref> An injury in the club's 1–0 away victory against Crewe Alexandra on 4 October 2003 ultimately ruled Mahon out for two months. In January 2004, Mahon scored his first goal for Watford, scoring with a header to give the club a brief lead over Premier League side Chelsea in the Third Round of the FA Cup, in an eventual 2–2 draw. He added to his goal tally twice during the second half of the season, in home matches against Sunderland and Derby County respectively. The goals meant Mahon had scored three times during a season that produced another mid-table finish, making 36 appearances in all competitions. Shortly after the season had finished, he was voted as the club's Player of the Season. Two months into the 2004–05 season, in October 2004, it was announced that Mahon had signed a new three-year contract extension with the club, keeping him at Watford until 2007. On Mahon signing the new deal, Lewington stated — "I've known Gavin a long time and it doesn't surprise me that he's become a very important part of our squad". He made 51 appearances during the season,<ref name="Games played by Gavin Mahon in 2004/2005"></ref> although did not get on the scoresheet, in what was a difficult year for the club. Watford narrowly staved off relegation by two points under the new management of Aidy Boothroyd, after picking up seven points from their final three matches.
	Following the departure of previous captain Sean Dyche, Mahon was appointed club captain ahead of the 2005–06 season. Watford began the season in positive fashion, with Mahon scoring his first goal of the new campaign in a 3–1 home win over Burnley on 20 August 2005. He added to his tally in November that year when he scored Watford's first goal in a 2–1 away victory against Hull City, before also giving Watford an early lead in a comfortable 3–1 win against Southampton at St Mary's in March 2006. Watford exceeded all expectations during the season, with Mahon's leadership and combative nature playing a key role in guiding Watford's young squad to a third-place finish. Mahon played in all three play-off matches as Watford firstly disposed of Crystal Palace 3–0 on aggregate, before defeating Leeds United by a 3–0 scoreline in the final at the Millennium Stadium in May 2006. The victory meant Watford had earned promotion to the Premier League, in what was a memorable first season as captain for Mahon, making 43 appearances.<ref name="Games played by Gavin Mahon in 2005/2006"></ref> Shortly after gaining promotion, in July 2006, Mahon signed a two-year contract extension with the club. He subsequently started in the club's first game since their return to the top flight, playing the whole match as Watford lost 2–1 to Everton at Goodison Park. Mahon made 38 appearances during the season,<ref name="Games played by Gavin Mahon in 2006/2007"></ref> scoring once with a "fierce volley" in a 4–2 win against Portsmouth, a goal that was nominated for April's Goal of the Month award. Watford were relegated back to the Championship after finishing in 20th position. The club made the FA Cup semi-final that campaign, losing 4–1 to Manchester United at Villa Park, with Mahon playing in three of Watford's five FA Cup ties that campaign.
	With the club back in the Championship for the 2007–08 season, Mahon continued to feature regularly during the first half of the season, making 19 appearances.<ref name="Games played by Gavin Mahon in 2007/2008"></ref> However, in December 2007, manager Aidy Boothroyd told Mahon that he wanted to build a squad that was ready for the Premier League, and that Mahon did not feature in his future plans. Mahon stated — "I said to Aidy that I wanted to stay, at least until the end of the season. I wanted to get a second promotion in three years on my CV. Aidy explained his reasons why, and I have no grudges with him for that". Mahon left Watford when the club were in first place in the Championship, although they would ultimately finish in sixth position. Boothroyd later stated that he regretted letting Mahon leave "too early". During his five-and-a-half-year spell with Watford, Mahon made 215 appearances and scored seven goals.
	Mahon subsequently joined Championship rivals Queens Park Rangers on an 'emergency loan' basis on 31 December 2007, with a view to a permanent transfer at the end of the season. QPR beat "four or five other Championship sides" to his signature. Watford received an initial payment of £200,000 for Mahon, with an additional £50,000 due on further clauses. Although disappointed by his sudden exit at Watford, Mahon stated it was "a very exciting time to be joining" QPR, and that "the ambition and drive of the board and the new investors really impressed me and I'm delighted to be here". He made his debut a day after signing, coming on as a 67th-minute substitute in the club's 3–1 win over Leicester City at Loftus Road. Mahon went on to score his first goal for the club on 12 February 2008, netting the opening goal of the match as QPR squandered a two-goal lead to lose 4–2 at home to Burnley. He made 17 appearances during the second half of the season, with QPR finishing the season in 14th place. Mahon signed for the club on a permanent basis at the end of the season.
	Under the new management of Iain Dowie, Mahon and QPR began the 2008–09 campaign with five victories in their first six matches.<ref name="Games played by Gavin Mahon in 2008/2009"></ref> Mahon scored his first goal of the season in a 1–0 home victory over Cardiff City in November 2008, coming on as a 67th-minute substitute, before scoring a headed goal against a nine-man Cardiff side with just 10 minutes remaining. The goal was highlighted in the BBC documentary "The Four Year Plan", as joint-owner Flavio Briatore ordered sporting director Gianni Paladini into "going down to the touchline to order caretaker manager Gareth Ainsworth to bring Gavin Mahon off the bench. Mahon promptly scores a last gasp winner and Briatore, his football genius now proven, erupts in a mixture of self-righteous anger and joy in the directors' box". His second goal of the season came in April 2009, scoring with a diving header to equalise proceedings after QPR had trailed by two goals to Sheffield Wednesday — with Mahon atoning for his earlier own goal. QPR went on to win the match 3–2, all of their goals coming in the last half-hour of the match. He played under three different managers during the season, making 40 appearances as the club finished in mid-table.
	Mahon started in QPR's opening game of the 2009–10 season on 8 August 2009, playing the whole match as the club drew 1–1 at home to Blackpool. He played regularly in the opening months of the campaign, making nine appearances in all competitions, scoring once, with QPR winning seven of the games.<ref name="Games played by Gavin Mahon in 2009/2010"></ref> However, he suffered a knee injury in November 2009, which would ultimately rule him out for the remainder of the season. With Mahon's contract expiring at the end of the season, manager Neil Warnock stated — "He'll probably come back and do a pre-season with us and try and show me what he can do. I've always liked Gavin, we've just got to wait and see who's available". Despite being released at the 2009–10 campaign, he re-joined the club in October 2010 on a one-month deal, describing the move as being "like a trial". Although he did not make any further first-team appearances for QPR, the monthly deal was extended on four separate occasions.
	He joined Championship side Crystal Palace on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season on 24 March 2011. On the loan deal, Mahon stated — "I'm very much pleased to have joined. It's been stop-start for me this season and I need to be playing in and amongst the first team. If I can give some input off the pitch as well as on it that will be great". However, he did not make any appearances during the loan spell and returned to his parent club in May 2011. A month after his return, it was announced that Mahon was one of eight players to be released by QPR. During his time at the club, he scored four goals in 66 appearances.
	Ahead of the 2011–12 season, Mahon joined up with former club Watford for pre-season training in order to regain fitness ahead of the new campaign. Although no move materialised, he featured for Watford against Brentford in a friendly at the end of July 2011, and stated he "really appreciated the opportunity" Watford gave him to train with the club.
	Two weeks into the new season, on 25 August 2011, Mahon signed for League One side Notts County on an initial pay-as-you-play deal. He made his debut for the club two days later as Notts County lost 2–0 away to Preston North End. Mahon impressed during his first month with the club, and stated manager Martin Allen wished to secure a longer deal for the player — "The manager called me a few weeks ago and said he'd like to try to extend the deal to the end of the season". In October 2011, Mahon signed an 18-month contract, keeping him contracted to the club until the summer of 2013. He was described as a "pivotal" player in Notts County's season, and went on to make 34 appearances as County narrowly missed out on a play-off place on goal difference.<ref name="Games played by Gavin Mahon in 2011/2012"></ref> At the end of the season, Notts County announced that they wished to retain Mahon's services, and the player was offered a new one-year contract, which he signed in June 2012.
	Mahon began his second season at Notts County featuring predominantly as a substitute, making six starting appearances and a further nine as a substitute during the first half of the season. In November 2012, it was revealed that Mahon was the subject of loan bids from two League Two sides in the form of Bristol Rovers and Port Vale. He rejected the opportunity of going out on loan after County manager Keith Curle told him there was still of chance of him regaining his first-team place. However, two weeks later, Mahon stated he was prepared to leave Meadow Lane if he did not play more games — "You do think like that sometimes, when you travel halfway across the country to get splinters in your backside, but that's football, you have to wait for your chance to come. I told him the last thing I want to do is leave a club like Notts, but when you get to my age you have got to play, especially if you want to go on and play next season".
	In February 2013, Mahon joined fellow League One club Stevenage on a loan deal for the remainder of the 2012–13 season. He made his Stevenage debut in the club's 2–1 away defeat to Shrewsbury Town on 23 February, playing the whole match. Mahon went on to make nine appearances for the club during the two-month loan spell.<ref name="Games played by Gavin Mahon in 2012/2013"></ref> Mahon was released by Notts County at the end of the 2012–13 campaign.
	Mahon was without a club for the first two months of the 2013–14 campaign, eventually signing for League Two side Portsmouth on a one-month deal on 4 October 2013. He made his Portsmouth debut four days after signing, playing the whole match in a 2–1 Football League Trophy away win at Oxford United. Mahon was sent-off in a 2–1 loss to former club Stevenage in an FA Cup tie on 9 November 2013, receiving a straight red card for an elbow on Filipe Morais. He made three appearances in total during his brief spell at Portsmouth, leaving upon the expiry of his contract on 28 November 2013.<ref name="Games played by Gavin Mahon in 2013/2014"></ref>
	In December 2013, Mahon joined Conference Premier side Tamworth on a short-term deal until the end of the 2013–14 season. He made his debut for Tamworth in the club's 2–0 home win over Halifax Town on 4 January 2014, playing the whole match. Mahon featured regularly for Tamworth during the second half of the campaign, starting in all of the 23 games he played in. He left Tamworth upon the expiry of his contract in May 2014.
	Ahead of the 2014–15 season, Mahon was invited to spend time on trial at Barnet, and he featured in a pre-season friendly fixture against Peterborough United in July 2014. No move materialised and Mahon subsequently retired from playing, opting to work for a sports consultancy company.
	Mahon was predominantly deployed as a defensive midfielder throughout his career. He was described by his former teammate at Notts County, Alan Judge, as being a "pivotal point" in the centre of midfield due to his desire to play the ball on the floor, as well as being calm on the ball.
	Mahon has two children called Mia and Alfie. He supports Birmingham City.
	After his retirement from playing, Mahon joined the Stellar Group, a sports consultancy company. He undertakes the role of Football Intermediary, a position to help pass on his knowledge and understanding to younger players that have been signed by Stellar.
	Brentford
	Watford
	Individual

= = = Promise (Sade album) = = =

	Promise is the second studio album by English band Sade. It was first released in the United Kingdom on 4 November 1985 by Epic Records and in the United States on 15 November 1985 by Portrait Records. Recording for the album began in February and lasted until August 1985. The band co-produced the album with the same team of producers they worked with on their debut album, "Diamond Life", including Robin Millar, Mike Pela and Ben Rogan. The album's title comes from a letter from Adu's father where he refers to the "promise of hope" to recover from cancer.
	Upon release, "Promise" was met with acclaim from music critics. The album was a commercial success, peaking at number one on both the UK Albums Chart and the US "Billboard" 200, becoming the band's first album to top both charts. It also reached number one in Finland, the Netherlands and Switzerland, and the top five in numerous countries including Canada, Germany and New Zealand. The album spawned three singles, including "The Sweetest Taboo", which became a success worldwide.
	After studying fashion design, and later modeling briefly, Adu sang backup with British band Pride. During this time she formed a writing partnership with Pride's guitarist andsaxophonist Stuart Matthewman; together, backed by Pride's rhythm section, they began doing their own sets at Pride gigs. In 1983, Adu and Matthewman split from Pride along with keyboardist Andrew Hale, bassist Paul Denman, and drummer Paul Cooke and formed Sade; later that year they got a record deal. Afterwards, Sade released their debut album, "Diamond Life", in 1984, which became a success in the United Kingdom and later became a success in the United States following the release of its single "Smooth Operator". "Diamond Life" had international sales of over six million copies, becoming one of the top-selling debut recordings of the 1980s and the best-selling debut ever by a British female vocalist.
	Between February and August 1985, Sade enlisted the same team of producers they worked with on "Diamond Life". The band co-produced "Promise" with Robin Millar, Mike Pela, and Ben Rogan, the latter of which played a less central role in the production. Some of the album's sessions took place during a two-week sojourn in Provence, utilising an SSL E-series console housed at the barn-shaped, concrete-built Studio Miraval. However, the majority of the album was recorded at Power Plant Studios in London, where the project commenced in February 1985 and concluded seven months later, with the mix being done in the Gallery (Studio Three) located on the top floor, with its 44-channel Harrison MR3. Studio One is where the production team initially listened to several of the songs in demo form, although Pela was at the Royal Albert Hall when he first heard one of the new tracks. Like their debut album, "Promise" was recorded live, though it featured the use of technology, sampling drums by way of an AMS with a lock-in feature.
	The album's lead single was created in Power Plant's Studio One, where a 30 × 25 × 18-foot live area was complemented by a 36-channel Harrison Series 24 console, UREI 813B main monitors and a 24-track Studer A820 recorder running Ampex tape at 30ips. Pela explained the process saying, "We had Urei monitors in all of the rooms so that there was some continuity, and we also had Acoustic Research AR18Ss, which we discovered at that studio and which I've still got a pair of. They were like hi-fi speakers, they only cost about 80 quid, and once we'd started using them the company stopped making them. They were really nice and natural-sounding, not designed to carry super-low heavy frequencies, but absolutely fine."
	The album spawned three singles—"Is It a Crime?", "Never as Good as the First Time" and "The Sweetest Taboo", the latter of which was released as the album's lead single and spent six months on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. "The Sweetest Taboo" peaked at number five on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, number one on the US Adult Contemporary chart and number three on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.
	The third single "Never as Good as the First Time" was released in 1986, reaching number six on the Adult Contemporary chart, number 18 on the Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales chart, number eight on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number 20 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. 
	Sade was so popular that some radio stations reinstated the 1970s practice of playing album tracks, adding "Is It a Crime?" and "Tar Baby" to their playlists. Following radio play, "Is It a Crime?" peaked at number 55 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.
	In a contemporary review for "Rolling Stone", Anthony DeCurtis felt that "the careful elegance of the production and instrumental settings seems little more than a strategy to conceal the limitations of Sade's vocal range and skills as a song stylist". Ron Wynn of AllMusic was more positive in his retrospective review, describing the album as the "personification of cool, laid-back singing", accompanied by "seldom extending or embellishing lyrics, registering emotion, or projecting her voice." Robert Christgau commented, "Even when it's this sumptuous, there's a problem with aural wallpaper—once you start paying attention to it, it's not wallpaper anymore, it's pictures on the wall. And while as a wallpaper these pictures may be something, they can't compete with the ones you've hung up special. That's why I prefer my aural wallpaper either so richly patterned you can't see past the whole (Steve Reich's "Music for 18 Musicians") or so intricately worked you can gaze at the details forever (Eno's "Another Green World"). In between I'll take Julie London."
	"Promise" became the band's first album to reach number one on the US "Billboard" 200, spending two weeks at the peak position. By September 1988, "Promise" had sold one million copies in the United States, and on 23 July 1997, it was certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments in excess of four million copies. When Sade's sixth studio album, "Soldier of Love", topped the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in 2010, the group set the record for the longest gap between number-one albums on the chart ("Promise" and "Soldier of Love" were separated by 23 years, 10 months and 2 weeks). The album has sold 983,000 copies in the United States since the introduction of Nielsen SoundScan albums.
	Notes
	Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Promise".

= = = Canterbury Crusaders (speedway) = = =

	The Canterbury Crusaders were a motorcycle speedway team who operated from the Kingsmead Stadium, Kingsmead Road, Canterbury. For all of their 20-year existence, the Crusaders operated at the second level of British league speedway, in British League Division Two and the National League.
	The first meeting at Kingsmead, on May 18 1968, saw the Crusaders narrowly lose a British League Division Two fixture 38-39 to Belle Vue Colts. The Colts and the Crusaders had contested the first ever Division Two fixture ten days previously at Belle Vue on May 8, when the Colts won 55-23.
	The Crusaders' first league title was won in 1970, and a second championship was to follow in 1978.
	In 1977 the promoters Johnnie Hoskins and Wally Mawdsley had to go to court in order to keep the Kingsmead track open after complaints of noise from local residents. However, the team were forced to disband in 1987 when the Canterbury Council refused to renew the lease.
	The final Crusaders fixture took place at Kingsmead on October 31 1987 when Canterbury defeated Rye House Rockets 49-29 in the second leg of the Kent/Herts Trophy.
	Greyhound racing continued at Kingsmead until 1999 but the site is now a housing estate. 
	The longest serving rider was Barney Kennett who rode for the Crusaders from 1971 until 1984. Barney is the brother of riders Gordon and Dave and is uncle to Edward Kennett.

= = = Henry Eyster Jacobs = = =

	Henry Eyster Jacobs (November 10, 1844 – July 7, 1932) was an American religious educator, Biblical commentator and Lutheran theologian.
	Jacobs was born in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the son of professor Michael and Juliana M (Eyster) Jacobs. His sister Julia Jacobs Harpster became a missionary in India; his brother Michael William Jacobs became a judge. He graduated from Pennsylvania College in 1862 and from the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg in 1865. Between 1870 and 1883, he was professor at Pennsylvania College. He was then appointed professor of systematic theology in The Lutheran Theological Seminary in Mount Airy, where he also assumed the office of dean in 1894. In 1920, he became President of the Seminary when the office of dean was abolished.
	He served as president of his church's board of foreign missions (1902–07), of the General Council of Lutherans (1899, 1902, 1904), of the American Society of Church History (1907–08), and of the Pennsylvania German Society (1910–11). He also translated various German theological works and editing the "Lutheran Church Review" (1882–96), and "Lutheran Commentary" (1895-98). Henry Eyster Jacobs, working with John A.W. Haas, published "The Lutheran Cyclopedia" in 1899.
	Lutheran Archives Center in Philadelphia holds a large collections of materials relating to Lutheran clergy, theologians and church workers including personal papers of Henry Eyster Jacobs.

= = = 2006 Volta a Catalunya = = =

	The 86th edition of the Volta a Catalunya cycling race took place from May 15 to May 21, 2006, in Catalonia. It began in Salou with an individual time trial and ended in Barcelona. The race was won by David Cañada of Spain.
	The stage was an individual time trial.

= = = Ardrossan Academicals RFC = = =

	Ardrossan Academicals is a rugby union team from Ardrossan, North Ayrshire and play in the . The team's home ground is Memorial Field, across the road from Ardrossan Academy.
	In 2005, they won the BT Bowl by beating Greenock.
	The club run the Ardossan Sevens tournament.
	The following former Ardrossan Academicals players have represented Glasgow District at provincial level.

= = = Ashley Young = = =

	Ashley Simon Young (born 9 July 1985) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger or full-back for club Inter Milan and the England national team, for whom he has 39 senior caps and seven goals.
	Born and raised in Hertfordshire, Young started his career at Watford and made his first senior appearance in 2003 under manager Ray Lewington. He became a first team regular in 2004–05 and was one of Watford's key players in their promotion-winning 2005–06 season. In January 2007, he transferred to Aston Villa for an initial fee of £8 million where he won the PFA Young Player of the Year award in 2009. In June 2011, Young signed with Manchester United for a fee of around £17 million. He won five trophies at United, including the Premier League in 2013, the FA Cup in 2016 and the Europa League in 2017. In January 2020, Young signed for Inter Milan. 
	Young joined the Watford academy system at 10 years of age. He developed there until the summer of 2001, when he was informed by the club that he wouldn't receive a full scholarship and could look for another team. Despite being turned away, Young stayed on at the club on a part-time basis and endeavoured to improve himself as a player and prove he could make it to the first team. He started to train with the Under-18s, despite being 16, and was starting games by the end of the season. He progressed on to the Under-21s and was eventually offered a professional deal by the club. The 18-year-old was handed his first-team debut under Ray Lewington in September 2003, scoring as a substitute against Millwall. He achieved five substitute appearances that season, scoring three goals, and made his first start for the club in the League Cup. Young came to prominence in the 2004–05 season, playing a part in 34 of Watford's league matches as they struggled to survive in the Championship. Although he failed to find the net, his performance during this season earned him the club's Young Player of the Season award.
	Under Aidy Boothroyd in the 2005–06 season, Young was given a new lease of life as a striker and right winger. Young started 41 League matches, finding the net 15 times, including a playoff semi-final goal against Crystal Palace, as Watford qualified for the play-offs and eventually beat Leeds United 3–0 to gain promotion to the Premier League. During that season, Young scored a number of spectacular goals, including free-kicks against Plymouth Argyle and Leeds, a shot into the top corner from 30 yards out against Coventry City, and a curling shot against Queens Park Rangers. It was during this season, though, that Young was sent off for the first time in his career, in the local derby away at Luton Town.
	Young began Watford's 2006–07 Premier League season well, scoring three times in the league, including a last minute strike in a 3–3 draw with Fulham (he had also scored Watford's second goal in the match), and a goal against Middlesbrough, in Watford's first win of the season in October. He also scored a free-kick in a 2–1 home win over Hull City in the League Cup. In the January 2007 transfer window, three unnamed clubs made £5 million offers for the under-21 international. Watford rejected these approaches, as well as an offer of £7 million, again from an unnamed club. An improved offer of nearly £10 million from West Ham United was accepted. However, Young rejected the move, opting to wait for offers from clubs for whom relegation was not an issue.
	On 23 January 2007, Aston Villa completed the signing of Young for a fee of £8 million (rising to £9.65 million with add-ons). At the time, this was the highest fee Aston Villa had ever paid for a player. On 31 January 2007, he scored on his debut for Villa at St James' Park against Newcastle United, but Villa went on to lose 3–1. Young started the 2007–08 season well, receiving several Man of the Match awards, culminating in a call-up to the England squad.
	In the 2007–08 Premier League season, Young finished second to Cesc Fàbregas in assists with 17. Young was included in the Premier League Team of the Year, and apart from Portsmouth's David James, was the only other player who did not come from any of the 'Big Four' (Chelsea, Arsenal, Liverpool and Manchester United) to make it into the best XI of the season.
	On 20 April 2008, Young scored two goals and assisted two goals for Aston Villa against Birmingham City at Villa Park and Villa went on to win the match 5–1. He also scored the winner against Danish club Odense Boldklub in Villa's home leg of the UEFA Intertoto Cup third round. On 10 October 2008, Young won the Premier League Player of the Month award. This was due to his performances in the 2008–09 Premier League season. Having also won the award in April 2008, Young joins the list of players who have won the award more than once including Cristiano Ronaldo, Wayne Rooney and Steven Gerrard. On 7 December 2008, in the 3–2 win over Everton, Young scored two goals, one being an injury time winner after Everton's Joleon Lescott had equalised seconds earlier putting his tally for the season up to five. Manager Martin O'Neill later described the player as being 'world-class' in the post-match press conference. Young signed a new four-year contract until 2012 on 4 November 2008. On 10 January 2009, Young was again awarded the Premier League Player of the Month award for December, along with O'Neill, who won the Manager of the Month award. He became the first ever player to win three Premier League Player of the Month awards in the same year. During a match against Sunderland on 18 January 2009, Young was sent off for a two-footed foul on Sunderland's Dean Whitehead. On 26 April 2009, he won the PFA Young Player of the Year award.
	On 24 August 2009, Young scored a penalty as Aston Villa won 3–1 against Liverpool at Anfield. He did, however, miss a penalty three days later in a home tie in the UEFA Europa League against Rapid Wien. Young won two penalties in the first half of the match (one that he missed, the other that was converted by James Milner) as Aston Villa were eliminated from the tournament on the away goals rule.
	During the 2010–11 season, Young became vice-captain of the club and played in a new free role behind the striker, allowing him to move from wing to wing and through the centre. Young scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season with a direct free-kick in the Premier League match at home to Bolton Wanderers on 18 September 2010. He ended the season with nine goals and fourteen assists in 39 appearances for Villa in all competitions. With one year left to run on his current contract, Young stated that he would not make a decision on his future until the end of the season. On 20 June 2011, new Villa manager Alex McLeish admitted that he was resigned to losing Young, stating, "It's not confirmed yet but it does seem likely."
	On 23 June 2011, Young completed a move to Manchester United for an undisclosed fee, reportedly around £17 million, having passed a medical the day before, beating Liverpool to the signing. He signed a five-year deal with the club. He was handed the number 18 shirt previously worn by Paul Scholes. He made his debut for United in a 3–2 derby win over Manchester City in the 2011 FA Community Shield, playing the full 90 minutes and making an assist.
	He made his league debut for United against West Bromwich Albion on 14 August 2011, setting up the first goal for Wayne Rooney and forcing an own goal after a run down the left flank and cross, in a 2–1 away win. He scored his first two goals for United on 28 August in an 8–2 victory against Arsenal at Old Trafford. Both occurring after cutting inside from the left flank and bending two right foot shots into the far corner. Young made his debut in the UEFA Champions League on 27 September 2011, scoring a headed goal in the 90th minute to help Manchester United to a 3–3 draw against Basel. After a long term injury, Young returned on the field at Stamford Bridge in a 3–3 Premier League draw against Chelsea on 5 February 2012. On 16 February, he scored a goal for the lead in a Europa League 2–0 away win against Ajax at the Amsterdam Arena. On 4 March 2012, Young scored two goals and made an assist against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane in a 3–1 Premier League win. On 2 April, he scored in a 2–0 win against Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park.
	After playing the position in pre-season, Young started in Louis van Gaal's first competitive game on 16 August 2014 as a wing back in a 3–5–2 formation, which saw United lose 2–1 to Swansea City. He suffered a hamstring injury during a 1–1 draw against Stoke City on 1 January 2015. Young made his return on 3 February in a 3–0 win against Cambridge United, coming on in the 81st minute for Marcos Rojo. On 4 March, Young scored his first goal of the season in a 1–0 victory over Newcastle United. On 12 April, he was named Man of the Match after he scored the equalising goal and provided two assists in a 4–2 home win over Manchester City. He played an instrumental role in United's 2–1 win over Crystal Palace on 9 May, with him winning a penalty which Juan Mata converted and providing the assist for Marouane Fellaini's header, leading to him again being Man of the Match. In the following match on 17 May, Young again provided an assist, this time for Ander Herrera's volley against Arsenal, which finished in a 1–1 draw. Young spent the season playing both on the wing and at wing back under Van Gaal, the latter being a position which the manager felt was his best.
	On 7 August 2015, Young signed a new three-year contract with Manchester United, keeping him at the club until June 2018, with the option to extend a further year. Young's appearances at the beginning of the season were slim, with him making only one start in United's opening seven Premier League games, this being in the opening game on 8 August 2015, a 1–0 win against Tottenham Hotspur. On 12 September, Young played through debutante Anthony Martial to score his first goal for United in a 3–1 victory against rivals Liverpool. Young returned to the starting XI at left back on 4 October against Arsenal, ending in a 3–0 away defeat. He started at right back against West Brom on 7 November, which ended in a 2–0 win for United; this was a position he frequently played during November, December and January due to injury to Antonio Valencia. On 2 January 2016, Young assisted Anthony Martial with a cross into the box to open the scoring against Swansea City, with the game ending in a 2–1 win for United. Young suffered a 'severe groin injury' against Liverpool on 17 January which led to him being sidelined for several months. He made his return on 10 April against Tottenham Hotspur, replacing Marcus Rashford at half time, playing upfront in a 3–0 defeat. The decision to play Young as a striker saw Van Gaal face heavy criticism, however the Dutchman defended his actions by explaining he "wanted more running in behind." Young scored his only goal of the season on 17 May, the last day of the Premier League, in a 3–1 win against Bournemouth after coming on as a substitute for Anthony Martial. On 21 May, he won the FA Cup after defeating Crystal Palace 2–1 in the final after extra time, playing at both striker and left back after replacing Marcus Rashford in the 72nd minute – marking his third domestic trophy with the club.
	The appointment of José Mourinho as manager led to Young's game time being limited in the first half of the season. His first appearance was on 15 September 2016 in the Europa League against Feyenoord, coming on as a 63rd-minute substitute for Juan Mata in a 1–0 loss. His first start was against Northampton Town in the EFL Cup on 21 September, with Young playing on the wing in a 3–1 victory. Young featured in the next two games as a substitute, against Leicester City in a 4–1 league victory on 24 September and on 29 September against Zorya Luhansk in a 1–0 win in the Europa League. From October to January, Young managed to only make four appearances – all of which came as starts at wing back or at full back. Despite being limited for chances, one of these came against rivals Liverpool on 17 October, in a 0–0 draw at Anfield. His next start came against Blackburn Rovers in the FA Cup on 19 February 2017, playing the full 90 minutes in the 2–1 away win. After this game Young started to play far more regularly, featuring heavily in March and April. He was an unused substitute for the 2017 EFL Cup Final against Southampton on 26 February, which United won 3–2. Young made his first assist of the season on 19 March against Middlesbrough, crossing the ball to Marouane Fellaini, who headed in the opening goal of a 3–1 victory. On 16 April, Young captained Manchester United for the first time in a 2–0 win against Chelsea. His season ended after suffering an injury against Celta Vigo in the Europa League semi-final first leg on 4 May, after coming on for Henrikh Mkhitaryan in the 78th minute.
	Young's first start of the campaign came at right back on 12 September 2017 in a 3–0 win against Basel in the Champions League, assisting with the opening goal with a cross to Marouane Fellaini in the 35th minute, he was also captain for the match. His performance led him to start at left back in United's 4–0 victory over Everton on 17 September. On 28 November, Young scored a brace for the first time since March 2012 against his former club Watford, the opening two goals, one of them being a 30-yard freekick into the top left corner, in a 4–2 win at Vicarage Road.
	In February 2019, Young signed a new contract with Manchester United until 2020. He was appointed as United's club captain in August 2019.
	Young signed for Italian Serie A club Inter Milan on 17 January 2020 for the remainder of the 2020 season, with an option to extend for another season. The transfer fee was reportedly around €1.5 million (£1.28 million).
	As a result of his form for Watford during the 2005–06 season, in February 2006 Young earned a call-up to Peter Taylor's England Under-21 League squad to face an Italian Serie B squad alongside teammate Chris Eagles. Young started alongside Eagles in the 1–0 win, playing the first half. His continued form into the 2006–07 season earned him a first England under-21 call-up to face Switzerland in September 2006. Young played the last 15 minutes of the match as England scored a late goal to win 3–2, topping their group, and reaching a play-off for a place in the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. At the finals, Young played three times. He took part in the semi-final penalty shoot-out against hosts Netherlands, scoring twice in the shoot-out as England lost 13–12. From 2006 to 2007, he earned 10 caps for the under-21s.
	On 31 August 2007, Steve McClaren called Young up to the full England squad for the first time, to face Russia and Israel in the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifiers. He was again called up for the Euro 2008 qualifiers to face Estonia and Russia. On 16 November 2007, Young made his international debut, by coming on as a half-time substitute for England in a friendly against Austria. He has since appeared in the England friendly against Germany in November 2008, coming on as a second-half substitute. He was also part of the starting XI in Fabio Capello's England squad in the friendly against the Netherlands at the Amsterdam Arena on 12 August 2009. Young did not make the cut in Capello's 30-man squad for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa.
	On 12 October 2010, Young made his first start for England in a Euro 2012 qualifying match against Montenegro. He scored his first international goal in a friendly away to Denmark on 9 February 2011 in Copenhagen, which was the winning goal. Young also scored again against Switzerland on 4 June 2011, as he got the equaliser with a volley from the edge of the area, after coming off the bench for Frank Lampard at half-time. On 6 September 2011, Young scored the only goal for England in a Euro 2012 qualifying 1–0 win against Wales. On 7 October 2011, he scored England's first goal away against Montenegro, and set up Darren Bent for the second. England drew the match 2–2 to secure qualification for UEFA Euro 2012. On 29 February 2012, Young scored his fifth international goal in a 3–2 home loss to the Netherlands in a friendly match played at Wembley Stadium.
	On 26 May 2012, Young scored his sixth, as well as his fourth straight, international goal in a UEFA Euro 2012 warm-up match against Norway. He became the first English footballer since Wayne Rooney to score in four straight international appearances. In his next match for England against Belgium he provided the assist for England's first goal. Young played in all four of England's matches at Euro 2012, culminating with a quarter-final defeat to Italy on penalties; Young was one of two England players to miss his penalty as Italy won 4–2 to reach a semi-final against Germany.
	After not being called up to the national team for almost 4 years, he was recalled by Gareth Southgate for the upcoming friendly matches against Germany and Brazil on 2 November 2017. He featured in the latter game on 14 November, coming on for Ryan Bertrand in the 80th minute, seeing out a 0–0 draw.
	Young was named in Southgate's 23-man England national team squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Young was England's first-choice left-back in Russia, playing the entirety of their first two group matches against Tunisia and Panama. With qualification for the knockout stage secure after winning both matches, Young was rested for the final game against Belgium, before returning for the round of 16 tie against Group H winners Colombia. That match went to extra time, but Young was replaced by Danny Rose 12 minutes into the additional period and played no part in the penalty shoot-out after the match finished as a 1–1 draw. England won 4–3 on penalties and progressed to a quarter-final against Sweden, against whom Young again played the full 90 minutes as England won 2–0, with Young providing the assist for Harry Maguire's opening goal from a corner. In the semi-final against Croatia, Young again started the match, but was against replaced by Rose at the start of extra time, with the score at 1–1 after 90 minutes. England ultimately lost the match 2–1 after extra time, and Southgate chose to rest Young for the third-place play-off against Belgium. England lost again, but their fourth place finish was their best performance at a FIFA World Cup since 1990.
	Young has played in a variety of positions: though chiefly a winger, he has also experienced game-time as a forward–under Boothroyd at Watford and once under Van Gaal at Manchester United – as well as in a free role behind the striker for Aston Villa.
	During his later years at United, Young was re-invented as a defender, deployed as a left-sided full back or wing back. "WhoScored"'s Martin Laurence stated in 2018 that "Luke Shaw can't get a kick at Manchester United and that is down to the form of Ashley Young, who has adapted to another new role superbly. Young is now proving to be an aggressive and intelligent defender, all while still offering a threat going forwards with his delivery into the box. On current form the 32-year-old shouldn't just make the cut, but be considered as England's first choice." Other than being deployed as a left-back, Young had also being deployed as a right-back. On 12 September 2017 Young was being deployed as a right-back in a 3–0 win against Basel in the Champions League, assisting with the opening goal with a cross to Marouane Fellaini in the 35th minute, Young was also captain for the match.
	Ashley Young has courted controversy, having been accused of diving by the press and has been spoken to by former managers Sir Alex Ferguson and David Moyes about diving to gain an unfair advantage.
	Young was born in Stevenage, Hertfordshire. He has one older brother and two football-playing younger brothers, Lewis, who made his debut for Watford in 2008, and Kyle, who in April 2009 was training at the Arsenal Academy. Young attended The John Henry Newman School in Stevenage, and played school football alongside Formula One driver Lewis Hamilton, who was in the same year. Young's Jamaican-born father supports Tottenham Hotspur, while Young himself, like his older brother, favoured Arsenal. His hero and "role model on and off the pitch" was Ian Wright. Young has been married to Nicky Pike since June 2015. They had planned a wedding in 2011 but called it off two days before.
	Watford
	Aston Villa
	Manchester United
	Individual

= = = Florence LeMar = = =

	Florence "Flossie" LeMar was the stage name of "Florence Gardiner" (1890–1951), an athlete and entertainer who toured throughout New Zealand and Australia during the early years of the 1910s.
	Little is known of Florence's early life, except that she was born 1890 in Nelson. She spent her formative years in New Zealand and showed special prowess in athletics, becoming both a champion swimmer and skater during her teen years.
	By 1913 she had married Joe Gardiner, an expatriate German who worked as a professional wrestler. Joe is believed to have coached Florence in the skills of jujutsu, which he may have learned while in England. The two then developed a theatrical performance in which Florence delivered a lecture on the benefits of jujitsu as a means of self defence and physical culture, especially for women and children, followed by a series of skits in which she demonstrated a variety of jujitsu techniques against Joe, who played the role of the attacker. Described as being "a refined Vaudeville novelty for all the family", the act toured music halls and variety stages throughout Australasia.
	In 1913 LeMar wrote a book entitled "The Life and Adventures of Miss Florence LeMar, the World's Famous Ju-Jitsu Girl". Essentially similar to their stage act, the book consisted of a polemic essay on the benefits of jujitsu for women, an exposition of self-defence techniques and a series of tall tales about Florence's jujitsu victories against a selection of desperate characters in exotic locations including London and New York City
	Florence and Joe divorced by the early 1920s, after he abandoned Flo and their child, little Ronnie, "The World's Youngest Ju-Jitsu Exponent" . Florence appears to have continued to work in show-business for a time, and also served as a jujitsu instructor for the New Zealand police force. Much later in life, she sold confectionery in movie theatres.
	Florence LeMar was the subject of the popular play "The Hooligan and the Lady", which premiered during the 2011 New Zealand Fringe Festival.
	She is depicted as a member of a secret society of bodyguards protecting the leaders of the radical suffragettes in the graphic novel trilogy "" (2015).

= = = MacPherson Single Member Constituency = = =

	MacPherson Single Member Constituency (; ; ) is a Single Member Constituency located in central area of Singapore. It existed from 1968 to 1991 (after which it was merged into Marine Parade Group Representation Constituency), and from 1997 to 2011 (after which it returned to Marine Parade GRC for the second time). In 2015, the area was carved out again as a SMC for the 2015 general elections. It carved out of Aljunied.
	The ward consists of Circuit/Pipit Road , Geylang East Central, Aljunied Crescent/Avenue 2 ,Mattar/Merpati Road, Paya Lebar MRT/Square and several areas near MacPherson. The incumbent MP is Ms Tin Pei Ling.

= = = Rheinhöhenweg Trail = = =

	The Rheinhöhenweg Trail is a popular hiking trail on the mountains of the
	Rhine Valley. It leads from the Lower Rhine in Bonn passing the Loreley up to the Upper Rhine. There is a Rheinhöhenweg Trail on both sides of the Rhine River. On the left side it goes from Bonn to Alsheim, which is to the south of Mainz, with a total length of 240 km. On the right side it goes from Bonn-Beuel to Wiesbaden with a total length of 272 km. Both trails together have a combined length of over 500 km. The Rheinhöhenweg Trail is marked by a black R on a white background. The trails on the left and on the right side are frequently connected by hiking trails called "Rheinhöhen Connection Trails", marked by the sign "RV".
	The Rheinhöhenweg Trail passes a vast number of famous castles like the Godesburg, Lahneck Castle, Stolzenfels Castle, Castle Rheineck, Rheinstein Castle, Drachenburg Palace and many others.

= = = Definitely Maybe (novel) = = =

	Definitely Maybe (, literal translation: "A Billion Years Before the End of the World", sometimes called "Definitely Maybe: A Manuscript Discovered Under Unusual Circumstances") is a science fiction novel by Russian writers Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, first published 1974.
	The story takes place in Leningrad, USSR, apparently in the 1970s.
	The protagonist, Dmitry Alekseyevich Malyanov (Дмитрий Алексеевич Малянов) is an astrophysicist who, while officially on vacation, continues to work on his thesis, "The Interaction of Stars with Diffused Galactic Matter". Just as he begins to realize that he is on the verge of a revolutionary discovery worthy of a Nobel Prize, his life becomes plagued by strange events.
	First, Malyanov is visited unexpectedly by an attractive woman claiming to be his wife's classmate and food and wine arrive for them mysteriously and already paid for. Then his neighbor dies of an apparent suicide and Malyanov becomes the murder suspect.
	Approaching the problem with a scientific mindset, Malyanov suspects that his discovery is in the way of someone (or something) intent on preventing the completion of his work. The same idea occurs to his friends and acquaintances, who find themselves in a similar impasse—some powerful, mysterious, and very selective force impedes their work in fields ranging from biology to mathematical linguistics.
	An explanation is proposed by Malyanov's friend and neighbor, the mathematician Vecherovsky (Вечеровский). He posits that the mysterious force is the Universe's reaction to mankind's scientific pursuit, which threatens to destroy the very fabric of the universe in some distant future. His hypothesis is that of a Homeostatic Universe, meaning that the Universe tends to conserve both its total entropy (a measure of disorder) and the capacity of regeneration of reasoning performed into it. The equilibrium between the two measures determines the structure of the Universe at a given time. Thus, the Universe naturally resists attempts of rational beings of constructing supercivilizations. Vecherovsky proposes to treat this universal resistance to scientific progress as a natural phenomenon which can and should be investigated and even harnessed by Science.
	As the novel concludes, the other scientists, including Malyanov, have been forced to abandon their research, and Vecherovsky remains alone to battle the universe and continue their work.
	Aleksandr Sokurov's movie "The Days of the Eclipse" is loosely based on the novel.
	The Finnish film "Miljardi vuotta ennen maailmanloppua" ("One Billion Years Before the End of the World") was directed by Tapio Suominen in 1986 based on the novel.

= = = Isperih = = =

	Isperih (; ) is a town in northeastern Bulgaria, part of Razgrad Province, situated in the central part of the Ludogorie region. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Isperih Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 9,017 inhabitants.
	Isperih was called "Kemanllar" during the Ottoman rule of Bulgaria and was later renamed in honour of Bulgarian khan Asparuh, whose name in Slavic was "Isperih".
	The town has a mixed population of Bulgarians and Turks, with an Orthodox church and a mosque being present. Isperih emerged in 1545 at the place of a medieval settlement, with the earliest known traces of human presence in the area dating from the Bronze Age. The village was first mentioned as "Kemallar" in an Ottoman tax register from 1573 and was renamed "Isperih" in 1934, becoming a town on 31 January 1960.
	The Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is located nearby. Another landmark in the area is the 17th-century Bektashi Demir Baba Tekke, uniting Bektashi, Sunni, Christian and pagan traditions. The oldest active windmill in the country can also be found in Isperih municipality; it was built in the early 19th century.
	American murder victim Senicha Lessman was originally from Isperih.

= = = Wilbur Downs = = =

	Wilbur George Downs (7 August 1913, in Perth Amboy, New Jersey – 17 February 1991, in Branford, Connecticut), was a naturalist, virologist and clinical professor of epidemiology and public health at the Yale School of Medicine and the Yale School of Public Health.
	Downs graduated from Cornell Medical College in medicine in 1938 after studying tropical parasitology with Pedro Kouri at the University of Havana, Cuba. He went to Trinidad and Tobago, B.W.I. in 1941 and studied malaria there until 1943 when he was inducted into the U.S. Army as a 1st Lieutenant. His epidemiological survey of malaria in Trinidad and Tobago in 1941-1943 is one of the classic works in the field.
	Downs served as Malaria Control Officer in the New Hebrides, Russell Islands and New Georgia. In 1944 he went to Bougainville and in 1945 became Acting Chief of Preventive Medicine on Okinawa, as well as spending time in Guam. He was awarded the Bronze Star and Presidential and military citations for his work with malaria and communicable tropical diseases.
	His interests were extremely wide-ranging and his curiosity insatiable. By the end of World War II he was one of the world's most experienced researchers in a wide range of tropical diseases including malaria, venereal diseases, dengue fever, leprosy, filariasis, scrub typhus, leprosy, intestinal parasites, fungal infections, tuberculosis, and more.
	Downs retired from the army in 1946 and was sent to Mexico by the Rockefeller Foundation to direct a malaria-control program from 1946-1952. While there, he set up an extensive public health and malaria investigation program, and was one of the first people to question the use of DDT and similar insecticides in the control of the disease. In 1952 the Rockefeller Foundation sent him back to Trinidad where he established the Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory, now part of the Caribbean Epidemiology Center (Carec) in Port of Spain. This laboratory became a renowned centre of excellence attracting top researchers and providing excellent training for young Trinidadians in a wide range of skills. While he was in charge some 35 viruses were isolated, many of them new to science, and information on the etiology and transmission of numerous virus diseases, including a major epidemic of yellow fever, were meticulously studied and recorded.
	Downs kept close contact with William Beebe who, at the time, was the Director of the New York Zoological Society's Tropical Research Centre at Simla in Trinidad and helped coordinate the activities of both organisations and sharing resources. He had a real interest in and supported research in many fields including entomology, ornithology, mammalogy, archaeology, epidemiology, and ecology.
	In 1961 he became Associate Director of the Medical and Natural Sciences Division in charge of the Rockefeller Foundation's arbovirus programme. From 1963 to 1971 he became Director of the Yale Arbovirus Research Unit and Professor of Epidemiology. In 1969 he worked on isolating the Lassa fever virus with Jordi Casals-Ariet and Sonja Buckley. He resigned from the Rockefeller Foundation in 1971 but continued at Yale as a lecturer. In 1973 he was appointed Clinical Professor of Epidemiology. The Downs Fellowship at Yale continues his legacy by sponsoring student research in global health. Over 600 students have participated in its 50 year history.
	He was the author or co-author of over 150 scientific articles and published a landmark reference work with Max Theiler, "The Arthropod-Borne Viruses of Vertebrates" in 1973.
	Downs was an avid reader with a huge private library including works in Spanish, French, German and Russian. He had a large collection of tropical orchids and performed a number of hybridization experiments. A hybrid genus of orchids, "Downsara", was named after him. He was a keen fisherman and expert marksman (once a member of the National Rifle Team of Trinidad & Tobago), an accomplished photographer, stamp collector, guitarist and bookbinder. Downs was preceded in death by his first wife Helen Hartley Geer Downs, called "Babbie" by her friends, and by their youngest daughter Martha. He was survived by his second wife Dorothy Gardner Downs Downs and their two sons and four daughters. Downs' grandson Greg Downs is an author and historian.

= = = Polo at the Summer Olympics = = =

	Polo was introduced in the Summer Olympics at the 1900 Games. It was contested in another four Olympiads before being removed from the official programme after the 1936 Summer Olympics.
	Polo declined in relative popularity around the time of World War II due at least in part to the logistical and financial difficulties of competing in the sport. In 1996, the International Olympic Committee voted to classify polo as a recognized sport.
	Polo was accepted as a demonstration sport for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.

= = = Clarke Carlisle = = =

	Clarke James Carlisle (born 14 October 1979) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender and was chairman of the Professional Footballers' Association.
	Born in Preston, he began playing football at a young age, taking inspiration from his father who played semi-professionally. Carlisle represented his home county of Lancashire at youth level. The start of his professional career was his Football League debut for Blackpool in September 1997. He moved to Queens Park Rangers in May 2000. In the same year, Carlisle won three caps for the England under-21 national team. He missed a number of matches for Queens Park Rangers due to a posterior cruciate ligament injury which at one stage led doctors to believe that his career was over. He then missed one month of the 2003–04 season because of an alcohol-related problem, and left Queens Park Rangers at the end of that season. In the summer of 2004, he joined Leeds United on a free transfer.
	Carlisle spent just one season with Leeds United before signing for Championship club Watford in August 2005. In the 2005–06 season, his first with Watford, the team finished third in the division and achieved promotion to the Premier League via the play-offs. However, a thigh injury caused Carlisle to miss the majority of the team's season in the top flight. In March 2007 he had a one-month loan spell at Luton Town. In August 2007, Burnley manager Steve Cotterill bought Carlisle from Watford for a transfer fee of £200,000. In the 2008–09 season he played over 40 matches as Burnley reached the semi-finals of the League Cup and finished fifth in the league, earning a place in the play-offs. Carlisle was named man of the match for his performance in the play-off final as Burnley beat Sheffield United 1–0 to return to the top tier of English football for the first time in 33 years.
	An imposing figure in the centre of defence thanks to his stature, Carlisle also provided an attacking threat from set pieces.
	He is a practising Christian and regularly attends church. He attended Balshaw's Church of England High School where he attained 10 A-grades at GCSE and studied mathematics and politics at A-level, and in 2002 was awarded the title of "Britain's Brainiest Footballer" in a TV game show. He has been an ambassador for the Kick It Out campaign and is a former Chairman of the Management Committee of the Professional Footballers' Association. Carlisle has suffered from recurring problems with alcohol and depression.
	Carlisle was born in Preston, Lancashire. He grew up in the city with his parents, Mervin and Rose (née Edgar). As a teenager, he attended Balshaw's Church of England High School in Leyland and attained 10 A-grades at GCSE. He went on to study A-level mathematics and politics at Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College while he was unable to play football due to an injury. Carlisle has a degree in Professional Sports Writing and Broadcasting from Staffordshire University, and has expressed interest in taking up teaching work following his football career.
	Carlisle was inspired to become a footballer by his father, Mervin, who played semi-professionally for Morecambe and Southport. Carlisle started playing at a young age and represented Lancashire at under-15 level, before being signed by Blackpool where he became a trainee with the youth team. Carlisle signed a professional contract with the club on 13 August 1997 and moved into the first-team squad. On 2 September 1997, he made his debut for Blackpool in the team's 4–3 victory over Wrexham in the Second Division. He scored his first goal as a professional footballer with the 90th-minute winner in the following match, a 2–1 win against Carlisle United at Blackpool's home ground, Bloomfield Road. He was shown the first red card of his career in Blackpool's 1–0 victory against Wigan Athletic in the quarter-final of the Football League Trophy on 27 January 1998. He played 12 matches in his first season, scoring two goals.
	The following season, he played 43 matches as Blackpool achieved a 14th-placed finish in the Second Division. His single goal of the campaign came in a 3–1 victory over Stoke City at the Victoria Ground. In the 1999–2000 season, he played 51 times and scored five goals as Blackpool finished 22nd and were relegated to the Third Division. He scored on his 93rd and final league appearance for the club in a 1–1 draw with Oldham Athletic at Boundary Park. Despite the team's relegation, Carlisle's strong defensive performances during his three years at Blackpool attracted the attention of Iain Dowie, who at the time was a scout for Queens Park Rangers.
	Dowie recommended Carlisle to Queens Park Rangers manager Gerry Francis, who paid a transfer fee of £250,000 to sign him on 25 May 2000. He played his first match for the team on 12 August 2000 in the 0–0 draw with Birmingham City at Loftus Road. He made a further 31 appearances in the 2000–01 season and scored three times, earning himself a call-up to the England national under-21 team. However, his season was cut short on 31 January 2001, when he suffered his first major injury after a tackle by Rufus Brevett during the 2–0 defeat to Fulham. It was found that Carlisle had torn his posterior cruciate ligament, an injury which kept him sidelined for a year and caused doctors to believe that his career might be over. While he was out of action, Queens Park Rangers suffered relegation to the Second Division after finishing 23rd in the league. Soon after the injury he attempted suicide, and years later was diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Upon his return to football, Carlisle was injured again in a reserve-team match against Bristol City, sparking fears that he had aggravated his previous injury. The damage proved not to be particularly severe, although it delayed his return to training by a further month.
	After missing the entire 2001–02 campaign, Carlisle returned to competitive football on 7 September 2002 in Queens Park Rangers' 4–0 victory over Mansfield Town. He scored two goals in 41 matches in the 2002–03 season, helping the team to a fourth-placed finish and a spot in the Second Division play-offs. The club reached the 2003 Second Division play-off Final, but were defeated 1–0 by Cardiff City at the Millennium Stadium on 25 May 2003. During the following season, Carlisle developed personal problems, including an alcohol addiction, although he continued to play for a number of months. In September 2003, as the team were travelling to Colchester United for a league fixture, he was found drunk by manager Ian Holloway. He subsequently missed one month of the season after being admitted to Sporting Chance, a clinic run by former England international footballer Tony Adams, for 28 days for treatment for alcohol-related problems. He later had counselling for the problem before returning to action in October 2003. Upon his return to the team, Carlisle won the Second Division Player of the Month award for November 2003. He scored one goal in 39 matches in 2003–04 as Queens Park Rangers finished as runners-up in the league, achieving promotion to the Championship. Carlisle's contract with Queens Park Rangers ended at the conclusion of the 2003–04 campaign.
	In June 2004, Carlisle agreed to join recently relegated Championship club Leeds United on a free transfer. He was offered a new contract by Queens Park Rangers, but he was keen to return to northern England and cut short his summer holiday in Tenerife to sign for the West Yorkshire club on a two-year contract. His contract with Leeds began on 1 July 2004, and he made his debut for the club in the 1–1 draw with Nottingham Forest on 21 August. He scored his first goal for Leeds two matches later, netting the first goal in the team's 3–0 victory against Coventry City. He was a regular in the team during the first half of the season, playing in every match from the start of September until the end of November. However, he then experienced another major injury set-back, tearing his ankle ligaments during the 1–0 defeat to Rotherham United on 29 November 2004, an injury which left him out of action for a number of weeks.
	When fit again, Carlisle found it difficult to break into the first team as his place in the centre of defence had been taken by Matthew Kilgallon. His return came on 28 December 2004, when he was brought on as an 80th-minute substitute for Frazer Richardson in the 2–1 win against Plymouth Argyle. He started the next league match, against Coventry City, but was shown a red card late on in the 2–1 victory at Highfield Road. After his return from suspension, he was dropped from the team, making just a handful of substitute appearances in the following two months. Carlisle regained his place in the team towards the end of the season, starting in each of the final four matches of the campaign. He left Leeds in the summer of 2005, having spent one season at the club, playing 38 matches and scoring four times for the team as they reached the third round of the League Cup and attained a 14th-placed finish in the league. At the end of the 2004–05 campaign it was revealed that two clubs, Watford and Stoke City, were both competing to sign Carlisle. Leeds United accepted bids of £100,000 from both clubs but Carlisle chose to sign for Watford, and he agreed a three-year contract with the club on 5 August 2005. The deal taking him to Vicarage Road included a clause in his contract stipulating that he would not be played against Leeds in the following season.
	Watford manager Aidy Boothroyd, who had been a coach at Leeds during the previous season, was pleased with the signing, stating that Carlisle was "exactly the type of defender I wanted". Carlisle was placed straight into Watford's starting line-up and played his first match for his new club on 6 August 2005, but he could not prevent the team losing 2–1 to Preston North End at Vicarage Road. On 29 August 2005, Carlisle scored his first goal for the club, claiming the winning header in a 2–1 victory over Derby County at Pride Park. Soon after, Carlisle scored two goals in a competitive match for the first time in his career, grabbing both in Watford's 2–1 win against Wolverhampton Wanderers in the second round of the League Cup.
	On 4 November 2005, Wolverhampton Wanderers manager Glenn Hoddle accused Carlisle of stamping on goalkeeper Michael Oakes in the match the previous weekend, and threatened to report him to the Football Association. However, the referee did not show Carlisle a red or yellow card during the match, and no further action was taken against the player. During the 2005–06 campaign, Carlisle made 35 appearances and five three goals, helping Watford to achieve a place in the play-offs after finishing third in the Championship. However, towards the end of the season he suffered yet another injury, being forced off the pitch in Watford's penultimate league match away at Queens Park Rangers. The thigh problem caused him to be unavailable for the play-offs as Watford defeated Leeds 3–0 at the Millennium Stadium to win promotion to the FA Premier League.
	The injury forced Carlisle to miss the first eight months of the 2006–07 Premier League season, and he eventually returned to full training in February 2007. He played in two reserve team matches for Watford in order to regain some fitness, hoping to break into the first team and make his Premier League debut. On 2 March 2007, Carlisle joined local rivals Luton Town on a one-month emergency loan deal in an attempt to return to full match fitness. He made his debut for Luton the following day in the 3–2 away defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers in the Championship, coming on as a substitute for Matthew Spring, who had himself joined the club from Watford earlier in the season after failing to break into the first team. Carlisle went on to play five matches for Luton. He made his final appearance on 31 March 2007, in a 0–0 draw with Burnley at Turf Moor, before returning to Watford on 2 April 2007. He finally played his first Premier League match on 9 April 2007, starting in the 4–2 victory over Portsmouth. He was selected to play in the team's following match, an FA Cup semi-final against Manchester United, but despite being named man of the match for his performance, Watford were defeated 4–1 at Villa Park. Carlisle went on to play in Watford's following three league matches of the season as their relegation back to the Championship was confirmed after a 1–1 draw with Manchester City at Vicarage Road.
	On 14 August 2007, Steve Cotterill, manager of fellow Championship club Burnley, made an offer of £200,000 for Carlisle, who signed a three-year contract at Turf Moor two days later. Helped along by the club captain Steven Caldwell, Carlisle settled in well at Burnley. Two days after signing, he made his debut for his new club in the 2–0 defeat away to Scunthorpe United. Carlisle scored his first goal for Burnley on 22 September 2007, netting a stoppage time minute equaliser with an overhead kick in the 2–2 draw with Bristol City at Ashton Gate. On 28 September 2007, the day before a Championship match, he was involved in a serious car crash after spinning and crashing into a ditch causing his car to be written off. Steve Cotterill praised Carlisle's character for playing the next day in the 1–1 draw with Crystal Palace. He and Caldwell formed a solid defensive partnership and played most matches of the season together. Carlisle was named in the official Team of the Week for his performance in Burnley's 3–1 away win at Charlton Athletic. His partnership with Caldwell was broken towards the end of the campaign as Carlisle was given suspensions after being sent off twice in his last four matches of the season, first in the 1–2 loss to Preston and then in the last match of the season, a 0–5 defeat at Crystal Palace. Carlisle ended the 2007–08 season with two goals in 35 appearances.
	The 2008–09 campaign was Burnley's first full season with Owen Coyle as manager. Carlisle managed to keep his place in the team under the new regime and was a regular fixture in the team for the first six months of the season. However, he was dropped from the team for the match against Charlton on 31 January 2009 due to a lack of form. He remained out of the team for the whole of February 2009. He made his return to action on 3 March 2009, starting in the centre of defence in the 1–0 win over his old team, Blackpool, at Bloomfield Road. On his next league appearance he scored Burnley's first goal in a 4–2 victory against Crystal Palace at Turf Moor. He went on to score three further goals in the last two months of the season, getting his name on the scoresheet against Nottingham Forest, Southampton and his former team, Queens Park Rangers. His goals helped Burnley to a fifth-placed finish in the Championship, and a place in the play-offs. He played in both legs of the semi-final against Reading as the team won 3–0 on aggregate to secure a place in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium. Carlisle was handed the man of the match award for his performance as Burnley triumphed 1–0 against Sheffield United to earn promotion to the Premier League for the 2009–10 season.
	Prior to the start of the campaign, Carlisle stated his belief that Burnley could avoid relegation back to the Championship. He was selected in the team to play Burnley's first top-flight match in 33 years on 15 August 2009, when the team were defeated 2–0 by Stoke City at the Britannia Stadium. He also played in the following match as Burnley recorded their first ever Premier League victory, a 1–0 win over reigning champions Manchester United at Turf Moor. During the early part of the season, he formed a defensive pairing with new signing André Bikey. He was reunited with Caldwell in the centre of defence for the 2–1 victory over Birmingham on 3 October 2009. In the away loss to Wolverhampton Wanderers on 20 December 2009, Carlisle suffered a groin injury which kept him sidelined over the Christmas period. After over a month out of the Burnley team with the injury, he made his first start under new manager Brian Laws in the 1–0 defeat to Bolton Wanderers on 26 January 2010. Although the team was relegated from the Premier League at the end of the season, Carlisle was one of several players offered a new contract, and he signed a two-year extension in May 2010.
	In the first away match of the 2010–11 season, he scored an injury-time equaliser against Ipswich Town; the goal was Burnley's first from a corner kick for 15 months. After serving a three-match suspension in October 2010 following a red card in the 1–1 draw away at Millwall, Carlisle returned to the team for the League Cup tie against Aston Villa and scored an 89th-minute equaliser to take the match to extra time. He made 41 appearances during the campaign but was not deemed a first-choice player by new manager Eddie Howe, and in July 2011 he joined his hometown club Preston North End on loan for the duration of the 2011–12 season.
	Carlisle made his Preston debut in the opening match of the campaign, a 4–2 home defeat against Colchester on 6 August 2011. Three matches later, he scored his first goal for the club, netting the opening goal from a corner kick in the 2–0 away win over Chesterfield. He was a regular starter for Preston during the opening months of the season and also played in the cup competitions as the team reached the third round of the League Cup before being eliminated by Southampton and progressed to the same stage of the Football League Trophy with penalty shoot-out victories over Morecambe and Rochdale. He was handed a one-match ban after receiving his fifth yellow card of the campaign in the FA Cup first round defeat to Southend United on 22 November 2011. Preston manager Phil Brown brought in Jamie McCombe on loan as cover for Carlisle, and the Huddersfield Town loanee kept his place in the starting line-up throughout December 2011. Carlisle returned to the Preston team for the visit to Rochdale on 2 January 2012, when he was selected to play alongside Craig Morgan by caretaker managers Graham Alexander and David Unsworth. He played five times during that month, scoring on his 27th and final appearance for the club in the 1–2 loss to Yeovil Town. Following the appointment of Graham Westley as Preston manager, Carlisle struggled to fit the new training regime in with his commitments as chairman of the Professional Footballers' Association and his loan deal was cancelled by mutual consent on 31 January 2012.
	Later the same day, Carlisle signed for League Two club Northampton Town, managed by former Watford boss Aidy Boothroyd, on loan for the remainder of the season. He made his first start for Northampton in the 1–0 win over AFC Wimbledon at the Sixfields Stadium on 14 February 2012. Carlisle was appointed captain upon his arrival at the club and was a regular first team player, often playing alongside fellow centre-back Kelvin Langmead. He scored his first goal for the team in the 3–1 home defeat to Bradford City on 14 April 2012. Carlisle played 18 matches and scored one goal for Northampton during his three months with the club, making his final appearance in the final match of the campaign, a 1–1 draw away at Rotherham. He was released by Burnley in May 2012 after the expiry of his contract.
	Carlisle signed for newly promoted League Two club York City on 30 August 2012 on a contract lasting until January 2013, having previously turned down a contract offer from Northampton. He made his debut two days later in York's 3–1 victory at home to Oxford United. On 19 November 2012, Carlisle re-signed for Northampton on loan until January 2013, when he would sign permanently, having made 14 appearances for York. He made his second debut the following day in Northampton's 3–0 home win over Morecambe. After making five appearances on loan, Carlisle completed his permanent move to Northampton on a one-and-a-half year contract on 4 January 2013. He played for Northampton in their 3–0 defeat to Bradford in the 2013 League Two play-off Final at Wembley Stadium on 18 May 2013.
	On 23 May 2013, Carlisle announced his retirement from playing.
	While playing for Queens Park Rangers, Carlisle was selected to play for the England national under-21 team on three occasions. He was called up to the squad by Howard Wilkinson, and made his debut for his country on 31 August 2000, coming on as a substitute in England's 6–1 friendly victory over Georgia at the Riverside Stadium in Middlesbrough. His second appearance for England, also from the substitutes' bench, came in a 2002 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifying match on 6 October 2000 in the 1–1 draw with Germany at Pride Park. He played his third and final match for England four days later, again coming on as a substitute in the 2–2 draw with Finland at the Tehtaan kenttä stadium in Valkeakoski. Despite playing well in the second half of the match, he was not selected for the under-21 team again.
	Carlisle's predominant playing position is as a centre-back and he has been described as a "defensive lynchpin". He has stated that as a youngster, he modelled his style of play on defenders such as Steve Bruce and Gary Pallister. However, he says that their style was too "ruthless" for modern football, and he now attempts to read the opponents' attacking plays. He is not known for his pace, and this has caused him some disciplinary problems as he has received eight red cards during his career. Former Leeds United teammate Michael Duberry described Carlisle as a "strong" defender. Carlisle is recognised as being a highly intelligent footballer, and is often seen as an imposing figure in the centre of the defence thanks to his 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) stature. He also looks to use his size to cause an attacking threat from set pieces such as free kicks and corner kicks, and scored 39 goals in his career.
	Carlisle is an ambassador for the Kick It Out scheme, which campaigns for inclusion and equality in football. He is also currently on the Management Committee of the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA), and it was announced on 17 November 2010 that Carlisle would succeed Chris Powell as the chairman of the PFA. As part of his work with the PFA, he collects the views of his fellow professionals and reports back to the committee. He also visits local schools to give talks to the students. Carlisle was among those who criticised FIFA president Sepp Blatter following his comments in November 2011 that racism was no longer a problem in football. In February 2012, he was part of a PFA delegation that met with British Prime Minister David Cameron to discuss the issues of racism and homophobia in the sport.
	In October 2009, Carlisle made his first appearance on the BBC television football programme "Match of the Day 2". He has since appeared as a pundit for Sky Sports and ITV Sport during numerous televised football matches. Carlisle has made two appearances on the BBC panel debate show "Question Time", becoming the first footballer to appear on the programme. In July 2012, he presented a documentary on BBC Three titled "Is Football Racist?", in which he interviewed former footballers Stan Collymore, Chris Hughton and John Barnes about their experiences of racism during their careers, as well as investigating the history of racism in English football on the pitch and in the stands. He also presented a second documentary for BBC Three, "Football's Suicide Secret", on the issue of mental health in football on 9 July 2013. He published his autobiography, "You Don't Know Me, But... A Footballer's Life" in 2013.
	From an early age, Carlisle was encouraged to follow Christianity by his parents. He adopted those beliefs, and became a regular churchgoer during his time at Watford. Carlisle was married to Gemma, whom he met just prior to his admission to the Sporting Chance clinic. The couple married on the island of Antigua, where some of Carlisle's family also resides. The couple lived in Ripponden, West Yorkshire with their son, Marley, who was born in 2007, and daughter Honey, born 2010. Carlisle also has a daughter named Francesca, born in 1999, from a previous relationship. He is close friends with Adebayo Akinfenwa, his former teammate at Northampton.
	On 30 January 2002, Carlisle was awarded the accolade of "Britain's Brainiest Footballer" in a television quiz. Carlisle appeared as a contestant on the Channel 4 game show "Countdown" on 24 February 2010, winning his first match against the defending champion to stay on the show for the following programme. Carlisle then won his second contest, achieving a larger score than the previous day to stay on for another match. In his third match on 26 February 2010, he was defeated by three points. He was banned from driving for one year and eight months and fined £2,365 after pleading guilty of drink driving at Bury Magistrates Court on 11 October 2011.
	On the morning of 22 December 2014, Carlisle was hit by a lorry on the A64 near Bishopthorpe, North Yorkshire, and was airlifted to Leeds General Infirmary having suffered cuts, bruises, internal bleeding, a broken rib and a shattered left knee. He had surgery soon after and his wife reported that he was "very poorly" but "alive and stable". Burnley and Liverpool supporters performed a minute's applause in support of Carlisle starting in the fifth minute of their match on 26 December 2014, in reference to Carlisle wearing the number five shirt for Burnley. On 30 December 2014, it was announced that Carlisle was charged with a drink-driving offence on 20 December 2014. He appeared at Highbury Corner Magistrates' Court on 20 January 2015. In February 2015, after leaving hospital, Carlisle said that he had been trying to kill himself when he was hit by the lorry in December 2014.
	Carlisle and his wife Gemma separated in early 2015 over his depression and recent suicide attempt. On 14 May 2015, Clarke was banned from driving for three years, ordered to carry out 150 hours unpaid work and pay £145 in costs.
	On 15 September 2017, Carlisle was reported missing, having last been seen earlier that day in Manchester city centre. That evening, Preston police reported that he had been found safe in Liverpool. He later explained that he was intent on taking his own life that day and was deciding how to do so. Some nearby people intervened and kept him from hurting himself.
	Queens Park Rangers
	Burnley

= = = Mbhazima Shilowa = = =

	Mbhazima Samuel (Sam) Shilowa, correct Tsonga spelling "Xilowa" (born 30 April 1958) is a South African politician. A former Premier of Gauteng province while a member of the African National Congress, Shilowa left the party to help form the opposition Congress of the People, with whom he was briefly the Deputy President. In the 2009 general election, Shilowa was elected to parliament with COPE.
	Shilowa was born at Olifantshoek in what is now called the Limpopo Province and completed his secondary education at Akani High School in 1978. The following year he moved to Johannesburg to seek employment and started working at John Weinberg Hardware in Germiston. He then moved to Anglo Alpha Cement in Roodepoort and later joined PSG Services in Johannesburg.
	In 1981, Shilowa joined the trade union movement and became a shop steward fighting for better working conditions and defending the rights of his fellow workers. He was elected Vice-President and later President of the South African Transport and Allied Workers Union.
	Shilowa played a prominent role in the formation of the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) in 1985 and was elected Deputy Chairperson of COSATU’s Gauteng region. In 1991, he was elected Deputy General Secretary of COSATU and in 1993 became the General Secretary. Shilowa then played a huge role in the forming of the National Economic Development and Labour Council (NEDLAC) which established close co-operation between government, organized labour and business. He was part of the African National Congress' negotiating team at the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) negotiations in 1992 which led to the writing of South Africa’s democratic constitution.
	In 1997, Shilowa became a member of the African National Congress and on 15 June 1999 he was elected Premier of Gauteng Province and had to give up his post as General Secretary of COSATU.
	On 29 September 2008, soon after the South African President Thabo Mbeki was forced out of office, Mbhazima handed in his resignation as premier. He was succeeded by Paul Mashatile. Shilowa later resigned from the ANC and announced his support for Mosiuoa Lekota's movement for a national congress.
	On the 16 December, 2008, Shilowa was elected Deputy President of the Congress of the People by a landslide vote. His election as First Deputy President entails that he is Executive Deputy President, alongside former businesswomen Lynda Odendaal, who carries the title of Second Deputy President, which means that she is the more ceremonial deputy.
	On 22 April, 2009, the day of the 2009 general elections, Shilowa duly voted for his new party, declaring to friends on his "Facebook" page:
	I voted for the future I desire and for a party that I believe will take forward my aspirations. I voted for change, a party of HOPE for today and tomorrow. I voted for the government of the people. I voted COPE [...]
	Earlier he had written:
	Today I cast my vote for a party born out of our new democracy and constitution - Cope. I stood on the quee for an hour to vote. I used the time to talk to ordinary men and women about everything from Cope, the weather, religion etc. Go out and vote for hope and change. Do not forget to get your family, friends and neighbours to go and vote for Cope.
	Lekota expelled Shilowa from the party after an internal hearing found him guilty of mismanaging parliamentary funds. He was found guilty of wrongfully authorising the transfer of R5m from the parliamentary allowance accounts to Cope's party accounts, and authorising a payment of more than R2m for purposes that were not legitimate.
	Shilowa has denied the charges and is challenging his expulsion in court.
	He belongs to the Tsonga tribe and the appropriate spelling of his surname is "Xilowa". 
	He has two children.

= = = Mary Peach = = =

	Mary Peach (born 20 October 1934) is a South African-born British film and television actress, who was married to the screenwriter and director Jimmy Sangster until his death in 2011.
	Peach was born in Durban. After being nominated for a BAFTA Award as most promising newcomer for the 1959 film Room at the Top, she went on to appear on many British films and television series over the next 25 years. She starred opposite Rock Hudson in the film "A Gathering of Eagles" and in 1970 she appeared in the film "Scrooge", a musical version of Dickens' "A Christmas Carol" starring Albert Finney. 
	She appeared as a regular in the TV series "Couples", "Inside Story", the 1966 BBC adaptation of "The Three Musketeers", "Fox", the "Doctor Who" serial "The Enemy of the World" and in 1978 she starred opposite Ian McShane in "Disraeli". When Diana Rigg left "The Avengers" in 1968, she was one of the actresses considered for the role of Steed's new assistant.

= = = Hutchinson, Pennsylvania = = =

	Hutchinson is a village located in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, and is part of Sewickley Township, Pennsylvania. As of the 2000 census, Hutchinson had 99 single family homes, and a total population of 322. Although only about the size of a small subdivision, Hutchinson has its own post office and zip code: 15640. Hutchinson was built as a coal mining town in 1924, and is geographically located above the Hutchinson Mine.
	The community was named for S. P. Hutchinson, president of Westmoreland Coal Company at the time the town was built. Because it was built much later than nearby "coal patch" towns, Hutchinson was distinguished by an unusually spacious layout, in which houses had larger yards than one would find in older coal mining communities.
	In late 2017, crews broke ground on a multimillion-dollar project in order to bring sewage to the small village. construction of initial sewage piping concluded in the spring of 2018 but the sewage plant added at the end of Jackson Street did not cease until summer of 2018. The resident were given notice to tap in to the sewage lines at the beginning of October 2018 and had only 90 days to tap in. The sewage plant will be started at the beginning of January 2019 for the use of the public.

= = = 2006 Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council election = = =

	Elections to Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council were held on 4 May 2006. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party kept overall control of the council.
	After the election, the composition of the council was
	Three Labour councillors were uncontested.

= = = Mundu people = = =

	Mundu is an ethnic group in Western Equatoria in South Sudan. Its population in Sudan is about 50,000 to 60,000. They speak Mündü, a Ubangian language.

= = = Avoca Hockey Club = = =

	Avoca Hockey Club (Irish: "Cumann Haca Abhóca") is a field hockey club based at Newpark Comprehensive School in Blackrock, Dublin. The club was originally founded in 1895 and a women's team was added in 1973. Avoca enters various men's and women's teams in junior, senior and veterans leagues and cup competitions affiliated to the Leinster Hockey Association. Avoca have won both the Men's Irish Senior Cup and the Men's Irish Junior Cup. The club has also represented Ireland in European competitions, finishing third in the 1993 EuroHockey Club Trophy. 
	Avoca Hockey Club was originally formed in 1895 by past and current students at Avoca School. In 1897 the club won its first national trophy when the second team won the Irish Junior Cup. The modern club was re-formed in 1929. When Avoca School amalgamated with Kingstown Grammar School in 1973 to become Newpark Comprehensive School, the field hockey club retained the Avoca name. In 1996 Avoca celebrated its centenary season by winning the Irish Senior Cup for the first time.
	The club has played at the Avoca School/Newpark Comprehensive School site since 1936. The club also shares an astroturf pitch with Dominican College Sion Hill and rents a pitch at Loreto College, Foxrock.
	When Ireland won the silver medal at the 1908 Summer Olympics, the squad included two former Avoca players, Jack Peterson and his brother Walter Peterson. Jack and Walter's four brothers – Cecil, Herbert, Nicholas and William – also played for Avoca and Ireland.

= = = Lianne Sanderson = = =

	Lianne Joan Sanderson (born 3 February 1988) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward. She won 50 caps for the England national team.
	At international level, Sanderson made her debut for England in May 2006. She was part of the England squad at the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup and UEFA Women's Euro 2009. In August 2010, Sanderson complained of unfair treatment and declared she would not play for England again under then coach Hope Powell. After Mark Sampson took over as manager in December 2013, she was recalled to the squad and participated at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. She then made further complaints of unfair treatment and was not selected after 2015.
	At the age of six, Sanderson started playing for a boys' team in South London. Her father played for Crystal Palace. Sanderson says she begged her father to let her play on a team starting at the age of five years old. At nine years old, Sanderson signed for Arsenal.
	Sanderson joined Arsenal in 1997 as part of their youth programme. Her first full season with the first team came in the 2003–2004 season, and she continued to play in the first team from then on. In the 2006 FA Women's Cup final, Sanderson scored the fifth goal of a 5–0 win over Leeds United, and was voted Player of the Match.
	Sanderson finished the 2006–07 season as Arsenal's top–scorer, with 40 goals scored in 41 appearances across four competitions, all of which were won by Arsenal. In the 2007–08 season, she amassed 51 goals in 36 appearances, including the third in Arsenal's 4–1 FA Women's Cup final triumph over Leeds United.
	On 3 July 2008, Sanderson and Arsenal teammate Anita Asante joined Chelsea Ladies. Upon signing, Sanderson said: "I always said I would never play for anyone else other than Chelsea. I have been at Arsenal for 11 years and it is a big change for me to have to leave the team, but both Anita and I wanted a new challenge. Sometimes you have to try new things and challenge yourself personally and I know that is what I am looking forward to doing here. So now I am just looking forward to what's ahead. Hopefully Anita and I will come in and help Chelsea win things." Arsenal manager Vic Akers publicly criticised the players for the manner of their departure: "You think you've the respect of players, and then they do that. It's a sorry state of affairs."
	Sanderson was drafted in the WPS international draft, and joined Philadelphia Independence. She indicated that a delay in the creation of the FA WSL was behind her move to the United States. In two seasons in the WPS she scored eight goals.
	Following the end of the 2011 WPS season, Sanderson signed for Espanyol, in the Spanish league.
	In May 2012, she joined W-League side D.C. United Women along with Philadelphia Independence and Espanyol teammate, Joanna Lohman.
	In 2013, Lianne Sanderson signed with Boston Breakers to play in the new National Women's Soccer League. Sanderson and Lohman went on loan to Cypriot club Apollon Limassol after the American season had finished, to play in the UEFA Women's Champions League.
	In November 2014, Sanderson re-signed with her original club, Arsenal Ladies. Her second spell with the club ended on 10 July 2015 after eight months.
	In August 2015, it was announced that Sanderson would join Portland Thorns FC. She made her debut as a second-half substitute for compatriot Jodie Taylor in a 2–1 victory against the Chicago Red Stars on 9 August 2015. After starting two of five appearances for Portland that season, Sanderson headed out on another off-season loan to Apollon Limassol of Cyprus.
	The expansion Orlando Pride selected Sanderson with the 7th pick of the 2015 NWSL Expansion Draft, joining Alex Morgan and Kaylyn Kyle as fellow Orlando acquisitions from Portland. Sanderson was the first player to score a goal at home for the franchise, on a free kick in the 56th minute of the Pride's home opener on 23 April 2016. By the time she was traded away from the Pride before week 10 of the season in June 2016, Sanderson had two goals and an assist, tying Morgan on both counts despite playing half as many minutes and attempting 22 fewer shots.
	In June 2016, Sanderson was traded from the Orlando Pride to the Western New York Flash in exchange for an international spot through 2018. The Flash won the NWSL Championship in 2016. However, Sanderson's season ended when she tore the ACL and meniscus in her right knee on 17 September, while playing for the Flash in a friendly against Thailand.
	Since the team was relocated to North Carolina, she has not participated in any team practices or training camps, possible taking the time to continue to rehab her injury. She was not listed on any of the pre-season roster cuts for the North Carolina Courage 2017 season and social media accounts reflect that she is residing in Limassol, Cyprus and may be involved in coaching and training activities with her previous club, Apollon Limassol.
	In July 2018, Sanderson joined Juventus. After one season, in which she made two league appearances as Juventus won the Serie A title and the Coppa Italia, she left the club.
	Sanderson has played for England at the Under-15, 17, 19 and 21 levels. On 3 May 2006, she was called up for the England first team. She hit the crossbar with a shot from 25 yards, shortly after coming off the bench for her debut against Hungary. She was drafted into the squad for the World Cup qualifying play-off against France in September 2006 as a replacement for the injured Jo Potter.
	She scored her first senior goal in England's 4–0 Euro 2009 qualifier win against Northern Ireland on 13 May 2007. It was her fifth cap.
	On 16 August 2010, Sanderson announced that she no longer wanted to be considered for England duty while manager Hope Powell was in charge, due to perceived unfair treatment by both the England hierarchy and Powell.
	Sanderson was not included in the England squad for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup or the Great Britain squad for the 2012 London Olympics, which was also selected by Powell. Sanderson continued to publicly criticise Powell's administration: "I felt the [England set-up] wanted people like robots who would literally do everything they asked you to do."
	After England's unexpectedly poor performance at UEFA Women's Euro 2013, Powell was sacked by The Football Association (FA). A report in "The Guardian" newspaper suggested that "the wheels first began to come off" when Sanderson left the team. When Katie Chapman withdrew from selection in 2011 after a dispute with disciplinarian Powell, England had lost of two of their most talented players, both to off-field issues.
	Sanderson rejoined the England squad under Mark Sampson, scoring the winning goal as England won the 2015 Cyprus Cup and winning the penalty that achieved England third place at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. Shortly afterwards, she began complaining again about being expected to "conform" by the FA and about not getting enough acclaim for her 50th cap.
	Arsenal
	Juventus
	England
	Sanderson is openly gay. In 2014, she was engaged to then-teammate Joanna Lohman, but the two footballers later broke up. Sanderson embarked on a relationship with another teammate, Ashley Nick, when they were housed in shared accommodation provided by Apollon Limassol. "We just fell in love organically, with no drama involved," Sanderson claimed.

= = = John Rainey = = =

	John Rainey is the name of:

= = = Peter Elson = = =

	Peter Elson (13 January 1947 – March 1998) was an English science fiction illustrator whose work appeared on the covers of numerous science fiction paperback novels, as well as in the Terran Trade Authority series of illustrated books. Elson, whose illustrations often placed detailed, brightly liveried spacecraft against vividly coloured backgrounds, influenced an entire generation of science fiction illustrators and concept artists.
	The look of the PC game "Homeworld" was heavily influenced by Elson's illustrations of the '70s and '80s, according to artists who worked on the title (he is listed in the Special Thanks section of the game's manual and has a character, Captain Elson, named after him). Elson was originally slated to create the game's box art, but at the last moment was pre-empted by the publisher's decision to use a 3D rendered scene.
	Born in Ealing, west London, he died of a heart attack in Skegness while working on mural paintings for Butlins.
	Most of his original work is now owned by his sister.

= = = Taiwan Shoufu University = = =

	Taiwan Shoufu University (TSU; ) is a private founded university in Tainan, Taiwan/Formosa.
	TSU runs independently with 2 hotels in Kaohsiung.
	The university was originally established as Diwan College of Management () in 2000. In 2010, the college was accredited and upgraded to Taiwan Shoufu University.
	The current president is Kuang-Hua, Hsu(). The Chairman of university board is Ciu-Feng, Ying ().
	There are eighteen departments categorized as three colleges, which are:

= = = Streets and highways of Washington, D.C. = = =

	The streets and highways of Washington, D.C., form the core of the city's surface transportation infrastructure. Given that it is a planned city, streets in the capital of the United States follow a distinctive layout and addressing scheme. There are of public roads in the city, of which are owned and maintained by the district government.
	The District of Columbia was created to serve as the permanent national capital in 1790. Within the district, a new capital city was founded in 1791 to the east of a preexisting settlement at Georgetown. The original street layout in the new City of Washington was designed by Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant.
	As a planned city, Washington was modeled in the Baroque style and incorporated avenues radiating out from rectangles, providing room for open space and landscaping. At L'Enfant's request, Thomas Jefferson provided plans of cities such as Amsterdam, Paris, Frankfurt, Karlsruhe and Milan, which he had brought back from Europe in 1788. His design also envisioned a garden-lined "grand avenue" approximately in length and wide in the area that is now the National Mall. The City of Washington was bounded to the north by Boundary Street (now Florida Avenue) at the base of the escarpment of the Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line, to the southeast by the Anacostia River, to the southwest by the Potomac River and to the west by Rock Creek.
	President Washington dismissed L'Enfant in March 1792, due to his insistence on micromanaging the city's planning, which had resulted in conflicts with the three commissioners appointed by Washington to supervise the capital's construction. Andrew Ellicott, who had worked with L'Enfant surveying the city, was then commissioned to complete the plans. Though Ellicott made revisions to the original plans, including changes to some street patterns, L'Enfant is still credited with the overall design of the city.
	The district is divided into four quadrants of unequal area: Northwest (NW), Northeast (NE), Southeast (SE), and Southwest (SW). The axes bounding the quadrants radiate from the U.S. Capitol building. All road names include the quadrant abbreviation to indicate their location, and house numbers are assigned based on the approximate number of blocks away from the Capitol. In most of the city, the streets are set out in a grid pattern with east–west streets named with letters ("e.g.", C Street SW) and north–south streets with numbers ("e.g.", 4th Street NW). Two avenues, Constitution Avenue and Independence Avenue, line each side of the Mall. Many of the diagonal streets and avenues in Washington are named after states. Some of these streets are particularly noteworthy, such as Pennsylvania Avenue, which connects the White House with the U.S. Capitol and Massachusetts Avenue, a section of which is informally known as Embassy Row from the number of foreign embassies located along the street.
	It is important to note that there is no J Street in any quadrant. The reason for this is that, until the mid-19th century, the letters "I" and "J" were indistinguishable when written. Following that same idea, "I" Street is often written as "Eye" Street, to distinguish it from the letter "L" and the numeral "1", and "Q" Street is often written "Que", "Cue", or "Queue". Urban legend had said that J Street was omitted deliberately by L'Enfant due to a dispute with John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court; however, this was later proven to be a myth. Jay Street NE runs through the Deanwood neighborhood; it does not belong to the series of lettered streets. There are also no X, Y, or Z streets in any quadrant, and most or all of A and B streets are called by other names in the Mall area.
	During most of the 19th century, each municipality within the federal district maintained its own separate government and street system. With the passage of the Organic Act of 1871, Congress created a new government for the entire federal district. This act combined the City of Washington, Georgetown, and the unincorporated area then known as Washington County into a single municipality for the whole District of Columbia.
	Through much of the 19th century, developers of land outside of the center city tended to build streets wherever they liked. An 1887 report of the commissioners of the District of Columbia, the three-member panel that governed the district, said that many of these streets "go nowhere and connect with nothing." The Commissioners said that "If the configuration and architecture of a city has a moral influence upon its residents, the rectification of the irreclaimable obliquity of the... streets is manifestly desirable for more than physical reasons."
	In 1888, Congress passed a law requiring that future subdivisions built outside of the City of Washington and Georgetown must have streets that conform to the general plan of the City of Washington. However, the law allowed existing streets to remain, contrary to the wishes of the commissioners of the District of Columbia.
	In 1893, Congress passed a law mandating that existing streets must be changed or moved in order to be in conformity with the district's street plan. Some property owners were upset that their private property would need to be seized without compensation in order to move streets in conformance with the street plan. The Supreme Court agreed, striking down the law as unconstitutional. In 1893, Congress mandated a new system of highways within the district that conformed to the City of Washington's street plan but left existing streets in place. A separate act of Congress in 1895 required that the street names in Georgetown be changed to conform to the street naming system used in the City of Washington. However, the old street names were shown on maps as late as 1899.
	The commissioners of the District of Columbia mandated a new system of naming streets in 1901. Streets running north and south would continue to be numbered. North of Florida Avenue, streets running east and west would be named after famous Americans. The streets would be given one-syllable names in alphabetical order. When the one-syllable series ended, two-syllable names would be used, and then three-syllable names. Only in the Northwest Quadrant was a "fourth alphabet" necessary. This fourth alphabet uses botanical names without regard to the number of syllables: Aspen, Butternut, Cedar, etc. Verbena Street NW is the last in this series before the Maryland state line. South of the center city, a similar system would be used with streets named after famous Americans or prominent geographical locations. In 1905, the streets east of Rock Creek Park, north of Florida Avenue, and west of North Capitol Street were renamed in conformity with the single street-naming system. Eventually all street names in the District of Columbia were made to conform to a single street-naming system.
	The boundaries of the District of Columbia with the State of Maryland are marked by Western Avenue, Eastern Avenue, and Southern Avenue.
	The city's addressing system is best understood in terms of a Cartesian coordinate system with its origin at the Capitol. While the system may appear complex, once learned it allows one to pinpoint not only where one is but also where and how far one may need to travel. For example, if one needed to find 633 A Street SE, the address informs that the address is southeast of the Capitol, with A Street one block south of East Capitol Street, and that the location on that street is on the 600 block, which is between 6th Street and 7th Street SE.
	Another example is the White House, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW: it is located at 16th Street NW (Lafayette Square) and Pennsylvania Avenue NW. This works both ways; an address at 514 19th St NW would be on 19th St west of the Capitol, and since E is the fifth letter of the alphabet, the 514 address would be between E and F Streets NW. Because "J" is omitted from the scheme, it is not counted in numbering. Thus, the 900 block is in between I and K Streets, and the 1000 block is in between K and L Streets (even though K is the 11th letter of the alphabet).
	Address numbers also correspond with a particular side of the street, with odd numbers on the right as one faces in the direction of increasing numbers. This works out by quadrant as shown below:
	Interstate 495, also known as the "Capital Beltway", creates an artificial boundary for the inner suburbs of Washington and is the root of the phrase "inside the Beltway". Almost completely circling Washington, D.C., it crosses a tiny portion of the district at its southernmost point at the Woodrow Wilson Bridge. I-66 runs from the eastern edge of Georgetown, connects with the Beltway, and continues through Northern Virginia to I-81. I-295 comes up from the south starting at the eastern edge of the Woodrow Wilson Bridge on the Beltway and ending at the 11th Street Bridges, where it intersects with I-695 (the Southeast Freeway) to cross the Anacostia River into downtown. Just south of the U.S. Capitol Building, I-695 links up with I-395 (the Southwest Freeway), a major commuter route extending from New York Avenue to the Beltway and Interstate 95 in Springfield, Virginia. The Inner Loop was a proposed network of freeways in the city center; however, only portions of it were ever built. Today, the "inner loop" is most frequently used to describe the inside lanes of 495—that is, those that travel clockwise around Washington.
	A convergence indexing based road traffic monitoring system was installed on Washington's highways in 2008.
	The Anacostia Freeway (DC-295) continues in a northeasterly direction from the point where I-295 ends at its intersection with I-695 near the 11th Street Bridges on the south side of the Anacostia River and links with the Baltimore–Washington Parkway, which eventually becomes Maryland Route 295, via a short section of Maryland Route 201. The Suitland Parkway connects the city with the southeastern suburbs in Prince George's County, Maryland. The Whitehurst Freeway, an elevated freeway over K Street in Georgetown, allows US 29 traffic to bypass congested Georgetown between the Key Bridge and K Street downtown. The E Street Expressway connects I-66 with the city's Foggy Bottom area and the areas immediately to the west of the White House. The Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway provides access to downtown from the northern and western ends of the city.
	Among the major roads in the city are MacArthur Boulevard NW, 14th Street NW, 16th Street NW, 18th Street NW, 7th Street NW, Connecticut Avenue NW, K Street NW, H Street NW, Wisconsin Avenue, M Street NW, H Street NE, Pennsylvania Avenue, Constitution Avenue, Independence Avenue, Massachusetts Avenue, U Street NW, South Dakota Ave NE, North Capitol Street, South Capitol Street, East Capitol Street, Georgia Avenue, Minnesota Avenue, Benning Road, Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue, New York Avenue, and Rhode Island Avenue.
	While city streets generally do not have route numbers, U.S. Routes 1, 1 Alternate, 29, and 50 are routed predominantly or entirely over city surface streets.

= = = Annette DeFoe = = =

	Annette DeFoe (January 21, 1890 – August 2, 1960), also known as Annette De Foe, was an American silent screen actress, known for her work in early romantic comedies.

= = = Libertarian National Committee = = =

	The Libertarian National Committee (LNC) controls and manages the affairs, properties, and funds of the United States Libertarian Party. It is composed of the party officers, five at-large representatives elected every two years at the national convention, and a theoretical maximum of 10 regional representatives. The current chair, first elected in June 2014, is Nicholas Sarwark. The Executive Director is Dan Fishman.
	The LNC has lobbied or filed lawsuits against laws and regulations that restrict contributions to parties and candidates.
	The Libertarian National Committee is a separate entity from the "Libertarian National Congressional Committee", a Federal Elections Commission registered entity, now doing business as the "Libertarian National Campaign Committee."

= = = Rooming house = = =

	A rooming house, also called a "multi-tenant house", is a "dwelling with multiple rooms rented out individually", in which the tenants share bathroom and kitchen facilities. Rooming houses are often used as housing for low-income people, as rooming houses (along with Single Room Occupancy units in hotels) are the least expensive housing for single adults, with rents in the $300-$425 CAD range. Rooming houses are usually owned and operated by private landlords. Rooming houses are better described as a "living arrangement" rather than a specially "built form" of housing; rooming houses involve people who are not related living together, often in an existing house, and sharing a kitchen, bathroom, and in some cases a living room or dining room. While there are purpose-built rooming houses, these are rare.
	A study of rooming houses in Ottawa, Ontario in 2016 found that "many units are in very poor condition", with issues such as mould, cockroaches, bedbugs, and broken locks. An article about Montreal rooming houses stated that the units often contain bedbugs and "faulty plumbing".
	In one Ottawa study, more than 50% of the occupants in rooming houses were found to have mental health diagnoses.
	A 1998 study of Toronto rooming house residents found that they had poorer health than the general population and low incomes.
	A study of 295 residents from 171 rooming houses in Toronto found that "residents aged 35 years and older had significantly poorer health status than their counterparts in the Canadian general population" and the residents had a "high prevalence of ill health", with the worst-off residents (from a health perspective) living in the poorest-maintained and most substandard rooming houses.
	An article about rooming houses in Montreal stated that rooming houses are the "last stop before the street" for low-income people at risk of homelessness.
	Not all rooming houses are legal, inspected units, as landlords also rent out unlicensed rooms. In Winnipeg, four branches of city government regulate rooming houses: a licensing branch, a business branch, a "livability" living standards bylaw and the fire prevention branch. The livability standards bylaw requires at least one bathroom for 10 residents (some health researchers have called for one bathroom for every four tenants).
	Despite efforts by the city of Toronto to regulate rooming houses, there is an invisible, unregistered rooming house sector, which are advertised online or on bulletin boards, often in suburban basements which are subdivided into rooms. Increasing regulation of rooming houses can lead to a decline in the number of rooming houses that are available, as landlords may choose not to apply for and pay the fees for a city licence, and complete the needed safety requirements (sprinklers, fire escapes, etc.).
	In 2018, the city of Ottawa (Ontario) created rules to limit the number of bedrooms in newly-built houses, to prevent the creation of houses with five to eight bedrooms, which can become illegal rooming houses, colloquially known as "bunkhouses".
	In New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Manitoba, the provincial government have funding programs that provides financial assistance to owners and landlords of rooming houses that serve low-income people; the funding must be used to do repairs of a structural, electrical, plumbing, or fire safety nature.
	Prior to the 1920s, commercial rooming houses were often former boardinghouses. After the US Civil War, boarding houses became less common, declining from 40% of rental listings in 1875 (in San Francisco) to 10% in 1900, and less than 1% by 1910. One reason for this change was that in the decades after the 1880s, urban reformers began working on modernizing cities; their efforts to create "uniformity within areas, less mixture of social classes, maximum privacy for each family, much lower density for many activities, buildings set back from the street, and a permanently built order" all meant that housing for single people had to be cut back or eliminated. By the early 1930s, urban reformers were typically using codes and zoning to enforce "uniform and protected single-use residential district[s] of private houses", the reformers' preferred housing type. In 1936, the FHA Property Standards defined a dwelling as "any structure used principally for residential purposes", noting that "commercial rooming houses and tourist homes, sanitariums, tourist cabins, clubs, or fraternities would not be considered dwellings" as they did not have the "private kitchen and a private bath" that reformers viewed as essential in a "proper home". 
	The FHA rules called the existence of stores, offices or rental housing as "adverse influences" and "undesirable community conditions", which reduced the investment and repair support provided in any neighbourhood that deviated from the preferred single family home use. Land use reformers also passed zoning rules that indirectly reduced rooming houses: banning mixed residential and commercial use in neighbourhoods, an approach which meant that any remaining rooming house residents would find it hard to eat at a local cafe or walk to a nearby corner grocery to buy food. Non-residential uses such as religious institutions (churches) and professional offices (doctors, lawyers) were still permitted under these new zoning rules, but working class people (plumbers, mechanics) were not allowed to operate their businesses. 
	By 1910, commercial rooming houses began to resemble an "inexpensive hotel", with multi-story buildings, often 25 to 40 years old, with the owners using the house as an income property. The operators, typically former boarding house managers, were getting out of the business of providing meals. This enabled the owner to convert the shared dining room and parlour into additional rental rooms and stop paying for the preparation of meals. There were often sixteen to eighteen rooms, with either central heating or tiny in-room heating stoves. A single bathroom was usually provided, with hot water only available on certain days and limits to the number of baths allowed per week. Blacks were not allowed in most rooming houses, due to segregation, except in black rooming houses. Old run-down hotels were converted into rooming houses. Some entrepreneurs even converted empty warehouses into inexpensive rooming houses. Prior to 1900, elevators were rare, so rooming house residents had to climb stairs. The hasty conversion of old houses and warehouses into blocks of rooms typically meant that the walls were thin, so residents could hear each other.
	A study of San Francisco rooming houses in 1926 found rough living conditions:
	"There were dark rooms where it was impossible to find the washstand without first turning on electric light; dingy rooms where the carpets had a musty smell, and the furniture was shabby and faded; sleeping rooms with lumpy double beds and dirty lace curtains. . . . Most of the rooms had such dim lights that no one could read in the evening."
	Before the 1920s, the wages for women working as seamstresses or servers was often too low for them to afford their own room, so often women shared a room with another woman. Due to the sectors where rooming house residents lived, they often had to move, either due to seeking new jobs, because of seasonal work or due to layoffs, which meant that the tenants in a rooming house would change throughout a year. As such, rooming house residents tended to have only one or two bags or a single trunk of possessions. Another change between the 19th century and the turn of the 20th century was the separation of rooming houses according to religion (Catholic, Protestant), ethnic origin (Irish) or occupation (mechanics, cooks); while this was common in the 19th century, it became less common in the early 20th century. In rooming houses in the 20th century, homosexual couples of men or women could live together if they appeared to be friends sharing a room and unmarried heterosexual couples could share a room without disapproval. With the removal of the meal service of boarding houses, rooming houses needed to be near diners and other inexpensive food businesses. Rooming houses attracted criticism: in "1916, Walter Krumwilde, a Protestant minister, saw the rooming house or boardinghouse system [as] "spreading its web like a spider, stretching out its arms like an octopus to catch the unwary soul."
	In the 1930s and 1940s, "rooming or boarding houses had been taken for granted as respectable places for students, single workers, immigrants, and newlyweds to live when they left home or came to the city". In Toronto, rooming houses were common in the 1930s, during the Great Depression, because "wealthy homeowners" who had guest houses would rent out empty rooms to be able to keep their homes. After WWII, the city ensured that rooming house spaces were available for returning soldiers. In 1949, a sociologist called a Los Angeles rooming house neighbourhood a "universe of anonymous transients." Since traditional class roles were based around home and family, residents in rooming houses did not fit into working class, middle class or upper class patterns; instead, they were in a sort of "social and cultural limbo", with many hoping to rise.
	However, with the boom in housing in the 1950s, middle class newcomers could increasingly afford their own homes or apartments, which meant that rooming and boarding houses became used mainly by post-secondary "students, the working poor, or the unemployed". By the 1960s, rooming and boarding houses were deteriorating, as official city policies tended to ignore them. By the 1970s, investors started buying up city houses, turning them into temporary rooming houses to make rental income until the desired price in the housing market for selling off the properties was reached, a gentrification process called "blockbusting." From 1977 to 1987, Montreal lost about 40% of its rooming houses, which has created a shortage in affordable housing for low-income people.
	By 2014, rooming houses were disappearing from Winnipeg due to a complicated regulatory framework involving multiple government departments and "market pressure" in the housing market. A 2014 report about Toronto rooming houses noted the increase in suburban rooming houses, often in basements; this change challenges the perception that rooming houses are just an inner city phenomenon.

= = = Desiya Geetham = = =

	Desiya Geetham (English: National Anthem) is a 1998 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Cheran. The film co-produced by R. Chandru, Abuthahir, Sathish Kumar, G. V. Suresh Kumar. The film created controversy during release and received positive reviews. The film was one among 1998 Deepavali releases.
	The film is about a Chief minister and his family being kidnapped and taken to a remote village making them undergo the hardships of village life to learn about it. Murali played the role of a villager who was looking for revolutionary means to correct the political system in Tamil Nadu. The basic line of the story was that the leaders should understand and know the difficulties faced by his subjects.
	The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja and lyrics were written by Arivumathi, Pazhani Bharathi, Vaasan, and received positive reviews.

= = = Cordes-Tolosannes = = =

	Cordes-Tolosannes is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

= = = Jamie McClen = = =

	James David McClen (born 13 May 1979 in Cramlington, Northumberland) is an English retired footballer who played as a defender or midfielder.
	McClen attended St. Benet Biscop Catholic High School in Bedlington, Northumberland. He honed his footballing skills at the youth academy of Newcastle United at the age of 10 after being spotted whilst playing for Cramlington Juniors.
	McClen debuted for Newcastle in 1999 against Tottenham Hotspur under the management of Ruud Gullit. Gullit offered McClen a long term deal which was promptly signed. He drifted out of the first-team picture for a few years, only to get a break in the team when injuries took their toll on Newcastle. McClen took his chance, including a goal against Peterborough United in the FA Cup, going on to make 10 more appearances in the 2001–02 season, including against Arsenal in the FA Cup. McClen's performances that season, in which Newcastle finished 4th, earned him another long-term deal which was promptly signed. However, McClen struggled to retain his place in the first team before eventually being released in 2005 to Carlisle United.
	McClen's spell at Carlisle only lasted a few months before he was released. He then went to Blyth Spartans on a short-term basis. He returned to the Football League to join Shrewsbury Town, but he was released due to concerns over his fitness levels. In June 2006 he signed a 12-month contract with Kidderminster Harriers of the Football Conference. On 3 November 2006, McClen returned to the north-east to play for Bedlington Terriers on loan.
	McClen was released by Kidderminster in January 2007 and signed for Hamilton Academical until the end of the season. However, he was released in March 2007.
	On August 2007, McClen joined Northern Premier League outfit Gateshead ahead of the 2007–08 season. January 2008 saw McClen join Newcastle Blue Star on loan until the end of the season. The move became permanent at the start of the 2008–09 season.
	After Newcastle Blue Star dissolved, McClen joined Morpeth Town, before a trial with Thai Premier League side Pattaya United F.C. in January 2010. McClen opted to stay in the north-east as he had a young family.

= = = Ndogo people = = =

	The Ndogo are an ethnic group from the South Sudan, part of the Fertit. 
	They have an estimated population of 40,000, scattered around Wau, Raga and Deim Zubier.

= = = Horst Hrubesch = = =

	Horst Hrubesch (; born 17 April 1951) is a retired German football player who last managed the German women's national team. As a player Hrubesch won three West German championships with his club side, Hamburger SV, as well as the European Cup title in 1983. He was a key member of the West Germany team that made it to the final of the 1982 World Cup, losing to Italy. His nickname was "Das Kopfball-Ungeheuer" (the Header Beast) for his heading skills as a centre-forward.
	Hrubesch played in small clubs until the age of 24 when he was signed by Rot-Weiss Essen. There he played well enough that in 1978 Hamburger SV (HSV) bought him. At Hamburg he blossomed into one of the most productive forwards of the Bundesliga and was soon called up for the West German national team. Hrubesch formed an attacking partnership with fellow HSV player Manfred Kaltz, a right wingback whose crosses Hrubesch often headed in, or headed to teammates to provide them with scoring chances. Hrubesch won the West German championship three times with Hamburg, in 1979, 1982 and 1983; and his team finished second in the league standings twice, in 1980 and 1982. In all, he scored 96 goals in 159 matches for the club.
	Hrubesch won the European Cup in 1983, captaining the team to a 1–0 win against favourites Juventus in the final in Athens. Three years earlier he had been on the team, but was injured throughout most of the match, that lost the 1980 European Cup final against Nottingham Forest FC. Hamburg reached one other major European final while Hrubesch was on the team, losing the 1982 UEFA Cup final against IFK Göteborg.
	Hrubesch left Hamburg after the 1983 season to play for Belgian club Standard Liège. After two years he returned to the Bundesliga to play for Borussia Dortmund, appearing in about half the club’s games during his one season there. Over the course of his entire career he scored 136 goals in 224 games in the Bundesliga.
	West Germany's match-winning hero in the UEFA Euro 1980 Final in Rome against Belgium, Hrubesch scored two goals, the second a trademark bullet header, in the 89th minute. It was a day of redemption for the big Hamburger SV centre forward who a few weeks earlier had hobbled around the field with an ankle injury as his club lost the European Champion Clubs' Cup final to Nottingham Forest FC. A latecomer to the international scene, Hrubesch had only been called into the West Germany squad after Klaus Fischer broke his leg, and the game against Belgium was only his fifth international appearance. He would play for West Germany 21 times, scoring 6 goals, his last match being the losing 1982 FIFA World Cup final against Italy.
	Hrubesch is also famous for having scored the winning penalty which defeated France in the 1982 FIFA World Cup semi-final, after an epic game which was tied 3–3 after extra-time. Minutes earlier, in the second extra-time period with France leading 3-2, it was Hrubesch who headed a cross from the left wing to Klaus Fischer, enabling his spectacular overhead kick equalizer. Irish television commentator Jimmy Magee during the shoot-out coined the nickname that made Hrubesch best known in the English-speaking world: "The man they call 'The Monster'."
	Hrubesch started his coaching career with Rot-Weiss Essen He was there between 1 July 1986 and 14 September 1987. His first match was a 2–0 loss against Rot-Weiß Oberhausen on 25 July 1986. He had won two of nine league matches and a first round exit from the cup before leaving the club. His final match was a 3–1 loss to Rot-Weiß Oberhausen on 13 September 1987. He won 16 of his 47 league matches. Hrubesch then took over VfL Wolfsburg for the 1988–89 season. In the cup, he had a draw and a loss. This includes a 1–1 draw and a 6–1 loss against to Eintracht Frankfurt. Hrubesch then took over Swarovski Tirol from 1 January 1992 to 30 June 1992. His first match was a 2–0 win against Austria Salzburg. Hrubesch took over at Hansa Rostock between 4 January 1993 and 26 June 1993. His first match was a 3–0 loss to Waldhof Mannheim on 6 February 1993. Hrubesch took over as head coach of Dynamo Dresden on 22 November 1994 and was there until 1 March 1995. He failed to win any of his five matches. His first match was a 1–1 draw against Karlsruher SC on 26 November 1994. Dynamo Dresden also lost a 2–1 to Bayern Munich, 1–1 draw against Bayer Leverkusen, 1–0 loss to Werder Bremen, and a 2–0 loss to VfL Bochum. Hrubesch was head coach of Austria Wien for the 1995–96 season. His first match was a 4–0 win against Vorwärts Steyr on 2 August 1995. Hrubesch was head coach of Samsunspor for the 1997–98 season. Samsunspor finished second in Group 6 of the UEFA Intertoto Cup, three points behind Hamburger SV.<ref name="UI-Cup 1997/1998 » Group 6"></ref> Their record was three wins and a loss. In the league, they finished with a record of 14 wins, seven draws, and 13 losses in 34 matches.<ref name="Turkey » SüperLig 1997/1998 » 34. Round"></ref>
	Hrubesch was head coach of Germany's B team from 22 March 1999. He was appointed assistant coach of Germany's A team on 8 May 2000. The coaching staff was reconstructed on 26 March 2002 with Uli Stielike becoming the new head coach of Germany's B team.<ref name="Mit Duo Stielike/Hrubesch zur WM 2006"></ref> In 2008, Hrubesch won the European Championship with the Germany U–19 team. On 9 January 2009, Hrubesch was named interim coach of the Germany U–21 team. Rainer Adrion was unavailable to become the permanent head coach until the summer. In June 2009, he guided Germany to the final of the 2009 UEFA Under-21 Championships where they defeated England Under 21s by 4–0. On 11 November 2009, it was announced that he will begin to work as U-19 coach of the DFB. He returned to the Germany U–21 team after Rainer Adrion was sacked on 21 June 2013.
	At the 2016 Summer Olympics, he was the coach when Germany won the silver medal.
	On 13 March 2018, he was appointed as the head coach for the German women's national team.
	Hamburger SV
	West Germany 
	Individual
	Germany 

= = = Future City Competition = = =

	Future City Competition is a national competition in the United States that focuses on improving students' math, engineering, and science skills. The program is open to students in the 6th, 7th, and 8th grades who attend a public, private or home school.
	The Future City Competition is an example of problem-based learning with computer simulation, in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education. The program asks 6th, 7th and 8th grade students from around the nation to team with engineer-volunteer mentors to create – first on computer and then in three-dimensional models – their visions of the city of tomorrow. A program of the DiscoverE organization, it has been operating since 1992 and currently serves over 40,000 students.
	The aim of the Future City Competition is to provide an exciting educational engineering program for sixth, seventh and eighth grade students that combines a stimulating engineering challenge with an inquiry-based application to present their vision of a city of the future.
	The Future City Competition provides a platform for students to increase their:
	The Future City Competition components are strongly aligned with many national educational standards relating to STEM fields.
	State Academic Standards are based on the National Academic Standards. 
	Team members represent their ideas and proposals in several ways:
	Teams that win their Regional Competitions advance to the National Finals. Teams competing at the National Finals have the opportunity to win the following prizes:
	Theme: Fuel Cells
	Theme: Urban Disasters
	Theme: Water
	Theme: Tomorrow's Transit
	Theme: Feeding Future Cities
	Theme: Waste Not, Want Not
	This year was the 25th anniversary of the Future City competition with the year's theme being "The Power of Public Space"
	Theme: Age Friendly Cities
	Theme: Powering our Future

= = = Ronny Weller = = =

	Ronny Weller (born 22 July 1969 in Oelsnitz, Saxony) is a German weightlifter who competed for East Germany and later for Germany.
	During the 1990s, he was three times world champion, and broke world records 11 times. He participated in the Olympic Games five times, winning four medals. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens he had to retire from the contest due to an injury he suffered during the snatch competition.
	He is, jointly with fellow (East) German Ingo Steinhöfel, the second weightlifter to compete at five Olympics. The first was Hungarian Imre Földi from 1960-76.

= = = Olive skipper = = =

	The olive skipper ("Pyrgus serratulae") is a species of skipper (family Hesperiidae). It is a species of the mountainous areas of Europe but is absent from the British Isles and Scandinavia.
	This is a relatively distinctive species by the standards of the genus, the upperside tending to be plainer than most of its congeners with only tiny white marks on the forewings and almost unmarked on the hindwings. The underside is usually mostly olive-green with paler markings. The wingspan is 24–28 mm. The adults are on the wing in July and August.
	The larval foodplants are "Potentilla".

= = = Tony Pooley = = =

	Tony Charles (Mashesha) Pooley (1938–2004) was a South African naturalist, award-winning conservationist and one of the world's foremost authorities on the Nile crocodile.
	Born in Amanzimtoti, KwaZulu-Natal, Pooley was a keen ornithologist as a youth. He began his training as a game ranger for the (then) Natal Parks Board in Maputaland (now northern KwaZulu-Natal, also formerly known as Tongaland) in 1957, receiving much of his training as a naturalist from Zulu and Thonga game guards. The guards showed him a crocodile egg and asked him to identify which bird had laid it, to general amusement, which started his interest in crocodiles. His pioneering work on crocodile ecology and conservation is recorded, with his customary humour, in his first book, "Discoveries of a Crocodile Man" (Collins, 1982).
	Pooley published numerous papers and chapters in books on crocodile behaviour, made pioneering discoveries on crocodile maternal care, and croc-rearing techniques (see Further Reading, below). He assisted in drafting new regulations changing the status of Nile crocodiles from 'vermin' to 'protected', and was a founder member of the IUCN Crocodile Specialist Group.
	He travelled to Italy, Australia, America, Papua New Guinea, Zambia and Zimbabwe advising on crocodile conservation and farming. Several films were made about his work, including "The Ndumu Story", and the BBC's award-winning "Gently Smiling Jaws", narrated by Sir David Attenborough. Pooley set up two crocodile research facilities, one at Ndumo Game Reserve, and the St Lucia Crocodile Research Centre, where he also set about educating visitors about crocodiles and their place in the ecosystem. He earned his MSc degree, on the "Ecology of the Nile Crocodile in Zululand", from the University of Natal in 1982, despite never having completed high school.
	After leaving the Natal Parks Board, he set up southern Africa's largest private crocodile farm, Crocworld, near Scottburgh on the south coast of KwaZulu-Natal, which combined commercial farming with education. Thereafter he worked as a wildlife consultant and lectured at the Mangosuthu Technikon. As a consultant, Pooley worked with numerous film crews from the US, UK, France, Germany, South Africa and elsewhere, including the BBC Natural History Unit and the Discovery Channel. These programmes and films included special features on crocodiles, a film on the interaction of humans and vervet monkeys, and documentaries on conservation issues. His last film for the BBC was "Missing - Presumed Eaten", documenting his successful defence of the reputation of the Nile crocodile against a life-insurance scam. He also made and published records of wildlife sounds, and an album of Thonga music.
	Pooley is widely credited as being one of the leading defenders of the dunes at Lake St. Lucia, now part of the Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Park.He was chairman of the Campaign for St Lucia, which helped to defend the park against proposed open-cast dune mining and get it proclaimed as a heritage park, and later co-ordinated a campaign preventing the deproclamation of part of the Ndumo Game Reserve. This campaign is ongoing. Tony's efforts as a conservationist were recognised by awards from The Wildlife Society and Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (formerly the Natal Parks Board).
	Pooley's best-known publication is probably "Mashesha - The Making of a Game Ranger", first published by Southern Book Publishers in 1992. "Mashesha" can be basically translated from Zulu as "He who hurries and takes", a reference to Pooley's work in pursuing poachers.
	Pooley died in late 2004. He is survived by three sons and his wife, Elsa, an artist who illustrated Mashesha and has published definitive guides on South African plant life.
	In addition to numerous scientific papers, articles in popular magazines and newspapers, and the poster "The Tony Pooley Guide to the Nile Crocodile and other African Crocodiles" (with John Visser) Tony also wrote "Kwazulu/Natal Wildlife Destinations (A Guide to the Game Reserves, Resorts, Private Nature Reserves, Ranches and wildlife Areas of Kwazulu/Natal)" with an introduction by Ian Player, (Southern Book Publishers, 1995).

= = = Hakim Noury = = =

	Hakim Noury is a Moroccan television and film director.

= = = Backhouse's Bank = = =

	Backhouse's Bank of Darlington (James & Jonathan Backhouse and Co., from 1798 Jonathan Backhouse and Co.) was founded in 1774 by James Backhouse (1720-1798), a wealthy Quaker flax dresser and linen manufacturer, and his sons Jonathan (1747-1826) and James (1757-1804).
	Jonathan Backhouse succeeded his father as senior partner, and was in turn succeeded by his son, also named Jonathan (1779-1842), his grandson Edmund Backhouse, M.P. for Darlington, and his great-grandson Sir Jonathan Edmund Backhouse Bt.. Under Sir Jonathan's management Backhouse's Bank merged in 1896 with Gurney's Bank of Norwich and Barclays of London and others to form what is now Barclays Bank.
	Originally James Backhouse offered banking services as a sideline to the linen business, before he established a separate banking business. The bank was well placed to serve the increasing capital requirements of industrial development in the North of England. Though not related to the Southern Quaker banking families such as Barclay, Gurney and Bevan, their Quaker background still gave them a ready business alliance with Southern houses. In time these alliances were reinforced by marriage and Backhouse's became one of the strongest banks in the North of England.
	The 1790s and the first three decades of the nineteenth century saw a series of banking crises in England. Many banks saw runs on their banknotes and deposits, and many failed. The banknotes of the time were issued by private banks as a promise to redeem the note for coin on demand, but most banks relied on their notes being used as a "de facto" currency and issued more than they could redeem if everyone who held them demanded payment. At the same time, gold reserves in England were heavily depleted by government spending in the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars, so that even the Bank of England had to suspend redemption of its notes from 1797 to 1821. Backhouse's Bank used both their reserves and their relationships with London banks to honour their notes through these periods. However, their distance from London (the main market that could supply gold currency) caused difficulties. Supplies were obtained by partners travelling to London by post, but secrecy had to be preserved to maintain confidence in the bank's liquidity. In 1819, Lord Darlington, as part of a long-running dispute with the Backhouse family, began amassing their banknotes by requiring his tenants to pay their rent using them. He intended to present a large quantity of notes all at once, more than could be redeemed on the spot, and so break the bank. Jonathan Backhouse was warned of the plot and travelled quickly to London to obtain a large amount of gold. While returning to Darlington the wheel of his carriage broke, but rather than lose time, he stacked the gold so as to balance the carriage on its three wheels and continued on his way. Lord Darlington's notes were all redeemed for cash.
	Despite these challenges, Backhouse's was able to take advantage of the failures of other banks to expand into their former markets, for instance in Sunderland and Durham. By 1825, Backhouse's reliability through multiple crises made its notes the preferred currency for trade in County Durham, even over those of the Bank of England.
	The bank was heavily involved in the formation of the Stockton & Darlington Railway, the first railway in the world to use steam locomotives.
	In 1896, Backhouse's was the third largest (after Barclay of London and Gurney's of Norwich) of twelve houses that united to form the joint-stock bank Barclay & Co, which at its formation held around one quarter of deposits in English private banks. At the time, Backhouse's had 20 branches and managed £3.3 million in deposits, with £250,000 capital and reserves.

= = = Asen's Fortress = = =

	Asen's Fortress (, "Asenova krepost"), identified by some researchers as Petrich (Петрич), is a medieval fortress in the Bulgarian Rhodope Mountains, south of the town of Asenovgrad, on a high rocky ridge on the left bank of the Asenitsa River. Asen's Fortress is above sea level.
	The earliest archaeological findings date from the time of the Thracians, the area of the fortress being also inhabited during the Ancient Roman and Early Byzantine period. The fortress gained importance in the Middle Ages, first mentioned in the statute of the Bachkovo Monastery as "Petrich" in the 11th century. The fortress was conquered by the armies of the Third Crusade.
	It was considerably renovated in the 13th century (more precisely 1231) during the rule of Bulgarian tsar Ivan Asen II to serve as a border fortification against Latin raids, as evidenced by an eight-line wall inscription. The foundations of fortified walls—the outer ones being thick and preserved up to a height of , originally high—a feudal castle, 30 rooms and 3 water repositories have been excavated from this period.
	The best preserved and most notable feature of Asen's Fortress is the Church of the Holy Mother of God from the 12th-13th century. It is a two-storey cross-domed single-naved building with a wide narthex and a large rectangular tower, and features mural paintings from the 14th century. The conservation and partial restoration works on the church were finished in 1991 (the whole fortress was left to decay after the Ottoman conquest in the 14th century and only the church remained standing in its original appearance as it was used by the local Christians) and now it is in regular use as a Bulgarian Orthodox church.
	Taken by the Byzantines after Ivan Asen II's death, the fortress was once again in Bulgarian hands at the time of Ivan Alexander in 1344 only to be conquered and destroyed by the Ottomans during their rule of Bulgaria.
	The town of Asenovgrad takes its modern name from the fortress, formerly being named "Stanimaka".

= = = Ngulgule people = = =

	Ngulgule is an ethnic group of South Sudan living just north of the confluence of the Sopo and Boro rivers. They are one of seven distinct ethnicities comprising the Daju people. They speak Njalgulgule, a Nilo-Saharan language. Most of them are Muslims. The population of this group is 900.

= = = Alain Enthoven = = =

	Alain C. Enthoven (born September 10, 1930) is an American economist. He was a Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1965, and from 1965 to 1969, he was the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Systems Analysis. Currently, he is Marriner S. Eccles Professor of Public and Private Management, Emeritus, at Stanford Graduate School of Business.
	Enthoven received his B.A. from Stanford University in 1952, an M.Phil. from the University of Oxford in 1954, and a Ph.D. from MIT in 1956. He was a RAND Corporation economist between 1956 and 1960.
	Enthoven has argued that integrated delivery systems — networks of health care organizations under a parent holding company that provide a continuum of health care services — align incentives and resources better than most healthcare delivery systems, leading to improved medical care quality while controlling costs. 
	He is a member of the Institute of Medicine, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and is a former Rhodes scholar.
	He features in the Adam Curtis documentary "The Trap".

= = = Atlanto-axial joint = = =

	The atlantoaxial joint is a joint in the upper part of the neck between the first and second cervical vertebrae; the atlas and axis. It is a pivot joint.
	The atlantoaxial joint is of a complicated nature. It consists of no fewer than four distinct joints.
	There is a pivot articulation between the odontoid process of the axis and the ring formed by the anterior arch and the transverse ligament of the atlas.
	There are three atlantoaxial joints: one median and two lateral:
	The ligaments connecting these bones are:
	The atlantoaxial joint in common terminology is actually a composition of three: two lateral and one median atlantoaxial joints. Because of its proximity to the brain stem and importance in stabilization, fracture or injury at this level can be catastrophic. Common trauma and pathologies include (but are not limited to):
	The Dens: significant depression on the skull can push the dens into the brainstem, causing death. The dens itself is vulnerable to fracture due to trauma or ossification.
	Transverse ligament: Should the transverse ligament of the atlas fail due to trauma or disease, the dens is no longer anchored and can travel up the cervical spine, causing paralysis. If it reaches the medulla death can result. 
	Alar ligaments: stress or trauma can stretch the weaker alar ligaments, causing an increase in range of motion of approximately 30%.
	Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: genetic traits can sometimes result in ossification, turning the groove into a foramen.
	The atlantoaxial articular capsules are thick and loose, and connect the margins of the lateral masses of the atlas with those of the posterior articular surfaces of the axis.
	Each is strengthened at its posterior and medial part by an accessory ligament, which is attached below to the body of the axis near the base of the odontoid process, and above to the lateral mass of the atlas near the transverse ligament.
	A widening of the atlanto-axial joint, as measured between the posterior surface of the anterior arch of atlas and the front of the odontoid process, indicates an injury to the transverse atlantal ligament. Normally, this atlanto-dental distance is less than 2 mm, sometimes a maximum of 3 mm is accepted in men and 2.5 mm in women.

= = = Neimongosaurus = = =

	Neimongosaurus ("Nei Mongol lizard") is a genus of herbivorous therizinosaur theropod dinosaur known from the Upper Cretaceous of Nei Mongol, China. 
	"Neimongosaurus" is a therizinosauroid which is known from the holotype LH V0001, a partially preserved skull and skeleton, consisting of a partial braincase, the front of the right lower jaw, a nearly complete axial column, a furcula, the shoulder girdle, both humeri, a left radius, parts of the pelvis and parts of the hindlimbs. The specimen was in 1999 collected in the Sanhangobi in Inner Mongolia from the Iren Dabasu Formation dating from the Santonian stage about 85 million years ago. A second specimen, LH V0008, consisting of a sacrum with ilia, was assigned as the paratype.
	The type species, "Neimongosaurus yangi", was formally named and described by Zhang Xiaohong, Xu Xing, Paul Sereno, Kwang Xuewen and Tan Lin in 2001. The generic name is derived from Nei Mongol, the Chinese name for Inner Mongolia. The specific name honours Yang Zhongjian.
	"Neimongosaurus" was bipedal. The teeth in its deep lower jaw, coarsely serrated, indicate an herbivorous diet. It had elongated cervical vertebrae. Its scapula had a tapering end. "Neimongosaurus" is thought to have been about 2.3 meters in length.
	The original describers of the genus assigned "Neimongosaurus" to the Therizinosauroidea, in a basal position. Subsequent cladistic analyses have indicated a position in the more derived Therizinosauridae, but an analysis in 2010 by Lindsay Zanno confirmed the original placement.

= = = Wuyi = = =

	Wuyi () may refer to:

= = = Coupland Digital Music Synthesizer = = =

	The Coupland Digital Music Synthesizer is a 16-voice polyphonic real-time instrument with a full 88 key keyboard, developed in the 1970s but never released commercially. 
	The idea was first conceived and the basic concepts invented in 1973 by Rick Coupland and John Moore, old friends and systems programmers who were working at Ramada Inns Micor division (Phoenix, AZ) at the time. The project lasted from 1973 until 1979, included two product version, but never reached commercial success due to inadequate funding. 
	In 1975, Coupland left Micor to work full-time on creating the instrument, building the first, and 8-bit version. Micor subsequently funded the project and a team including a consulting professor of music and consulting physicist, along with the usual engineers. They designed and built a prototype of the 12-bit version.
	Due to funding constraints, the prototype was rushed to a showing at the conference where the fragile, wire-wrapped prototype failed to function, leading to significant embarrassment. However, the concept and design was solidly proven, and with continued funding would have been a commercial instrument representing a significant improvement in the state of the art.
	The performer used a frequency domain specification of the musical voice harmonics, and created an ADSR function to modify it. 
	The instrument used a waveform buffer, now a widespread practice, but independently conceived by Moore and Coupland. This was driven with high precision phase generator, of which only the high order bits addressed the buffer. A subtle logarithmic algorithm (log eighth root of two) was invented to apply audio level and ADSR amplitude modulation to the signal generated for each voice. This avoided the cost and heat dissipation of available commercial multiplier modules. 
	A Texas Instruments TI-990 minicomputer performed the non-real-time Fast Fourier transform processing necessary to convert from the frequency domain specification to the time domain waveform buffer format. It also handled user interaction such as specifying sound parameters. The second version used a TMS-9900 microprocessor for the same functions
	The first version used only 8 bit precision for its output digital-to-analog conversion (DAC). The instrument suffered from aliasing, which was not due to the typical cause of too low a sample rate or inadequate post-D/A filtering. Rather, it was an inherent effect of low precision calculations in the digital circuitry - round-off error produced digital non-linearity and extra harmonics resulting in digital mixing with the sample rate. The problem was solved by dithering, which did not noticeably affect the intended output, but through the natural characteristics of human hearing caused the narrow-band high frequency alias to become imperceptible. In general, in-depth study of psychoacoustics was used to solve such problems and provide some technical constraints.
	The 12 bit instrument was more advanced than the 8 bit prototype, and was enclosed in a stylishly modern plastic case with a futuristic touch-sensitive console above the keyboard. It was small and light enough to be a practical performance instrument. It is still in Coupland's possession.

= = = William L. Eagleton = = =

	William Lester Eagleton Jr. (August 17, 1926 – January 27, 2011) was a United States Foreign Service Officer and diplomat who served as Ambassador to several Middle Eastern and North African states.
	Born in Peoria, Illinois, Eagleton served in the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946, and graduated from Yale University in 1948. He joined the U.S. foreign service in 1949.
	Eagleton served as American consul in Tabriz, Iran between 1959 and 1961 and United States Ambassador to Yemen 1967, Tunisia 1977, Libya 1978–1979, Algeria 1979, Iraq 1980–1984 and Syria 1985–1988. He is also an author of "The Kurdish Republic of 1946" (1961) and, "Iraqi Kurdistan" in "The World Today" (1956).
	After his term as Ambassador to Syria ended in 1988, Eagleton worked with the United Nations as Deputy Commissioner-General for Palestinian Refugees (1988–94), Special Coordinator for Sarajevo (1994–1996), and Director of UN Operations in Western Sahara (1999–2001). He rejoined the State Department in 2003 as a special advisor for Northern Iraq.
	Eagleton's 1988 book "Introduction to Kurdish Rugs" drew from his experience collecting rugs in Baghdad and elsewhere in the middle east. It remains the standard book on Kurdish pile weavings, which remain relatively unknown even among textile collectors.

= = = Atlanto-occipital joint = = =

	The atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints. The atlanto-occipital joint is a synovial joint.
	The ligaments connecting the bones are:
	The movements permitted in this joint are:
	Flexion is produced mainly by the action of the longi capitis and recti capitis anteriores; extension by the recti capitis posteriores major and minor, the obliquus capitis superior, the semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, sternocleidomastoideus, and upper fibers of the trapezius.
	The recti laterales are concerned in the lateral movement, assisted by the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and the sternocleidomastoideus of the same side, all acting together.

= = = Waveform buffer = = =

	In computing, a waveform buffer is a technique for digital synthesis of repeating waveforms. It is common in PC sound cards.
	The waveform amplitude values are stored in a buffer memory, which is addressed from a phase generator, with the retrieved value then used as the basis of the synthesized signal. In the phase generator, a value proportional to the desired signal frequence is periodically added to an accumulator. The high order bits of the accumulator form the output address, while the typically larger number of bits in the accumulator and addition value results in an arbitrarily high frequency resolution.

= = = Goran Slavkovski = = =

	Goran Slavkovski (; born 8 April 1989) is a Macedonian–Swedish footballer who is currently playing for KSF Makedonija in the Swedish 6th division as a striker.
	He was nicknamed earlier in his career as "Ibrahimović II", because of his similar stature and style of play with Ibrahimović, and playing for FBK Balkan and Malmö FF.
	Slavkovski made his first team debut at the age of 17 years and one month on 7 May 2006 in a Serie A league match against Siena, taking the field at the 83rd minute, thus becoming the youngest footballer ever to play for Internazionale. This record has since been broken by Federico Bonazzoli. Previously, the record was owned by Giuseppe Bergomi.
	He made his Coppa Italia debut against F.C. Messina Peloro, on 29 November 2006.
	On 30 January 2008 Inter reached a loan agreement with Middlesbrough which fell through after he failed a medical and would be unlikely to challenge for a first team place. The next day Inter announced to have loaned Slavkovski to Sheffield United. On 18 March 2008, Sheffield United manager Kevin Blackwell claimed that he was still not ready to play in the first team stating that he would play in the reserve team where he could be assessed. Slavkovski returned to Italy at the end of the season without having made a first team appearance for the Blades. He did, however, make six appearances for the reserve team, scoring twice.
	On 27 June 2008, Slavkovski confirmed a 5-year deal with Hajduk Split. It was subsequently confirmed that he is in a very weak physical condition as a result of unsporting behavior and that it would have taken weeks for him to regain fitness. The announced transfer was later cancelled due to his condition, and Slavovski remained contracted with Inter. On October 2008, he started training with Malmö FF, confirming he was still an Inter player and announcing that he will stay on in Sweden for the remainder of the year. His contract with Inter expired on June 2009, and was not extended; since then, he allegedly rejected a number of offers from Serie B and Lega Pro Prima Divisione clubs. On 22 January 2010, it was announced that VfL Bochum II had signed Slavkovski. The Macedonian and former Inter Milan forward signed a six-month contract with the option to renew the contract. Slavkovski also had a trial with Barnet. He was however released by the end of the season, after failing to play a single game for the club's first team. Since then, his career has faded into obscurity and, in 2011, he returned to Sweden where he briefly joined third division amateurs IF Limhamn Bunkeflo.
	Recently the media reported a "war" going on between the Macedonian and Swedish football federations, in attempt to get him to join their national football teams. Slavkovski and his father have stated that it would be an honour to play for his country of origin, Macedonia.
	Slavkovski also met the Macedonian Prime Minister where they talked about his chances playing for the Macedonian national team. The Prime Minister handed him a football jersey with his name on the backside.
	On 11 June 2008 Slavkovski finally spoke out about his international career and decided to play for Macedonia.
	In August 2008 Slavkovski made his debut for the Macedonian under-21 team, in the qualification matches against Estonia and Norway. He has made three scoreless appearances hitherto.

= = = Live Search Academic = = =

	Live Search Academic was a Web search engine for scholarly literature that existed from April 2006 to May 2008; it was part of Microsoft's Live Search group of services. It was similar to Google Scholar, but rather than crawling the Internet for academic content, search results came directly from trusted sources, such as publishers of academic journals. Users were required to log in to access the service.
	Live Search Academic was known as Windows Live Academic Search when the beta version was officially launched on April 11, 2006. The name had changed to Live Search Academic by December 6, 2006, when Microsoft announced the addition of millions of new articles, mainly in biomedicine.
	On May 23, 2008, Microsoft announced the end of Live Search Academic and Live Search Books, both sites to be closed, with their results integrated into regular Search. The project scanned 750,000 books and indexed 80 million journal articles.
	Live Search Academic indexed journal articles, conference proceedings, books, theses and dissertations from the following fields: 
	In addition to the normal search capabilities, Live Search Academic also featured:

= = = Spinostropheus = = =

	Spinostropheus is a genus of small carnivorous ceratosaurian theropod dinosaur that lived in the Middle Jurassic period of Niger. The type and only species is S. gautieri.
	"Spinostropheus" was a relatively small theropod. In 2010, Gregory S. Paul estimated its length at 4 metres (13 feet), and its weight at 200 kg (441 lbs). In 2012 Thomas R. Holtz Jr gave a length of 6.2 meters (20.3 feet). In 2016 Molina-Pérez & Larramendi gave a higher estimation of 8.5 meters (28 feet) and 600 kg (1.323 lbs) for the MNHN specimen known from an ulna.
	In 1959, Albert-Félix de Lapparent excavated fossils near Oued Timmersöi, west of In Tedreft in the Agadez desert. Among the finds were the remains of a theropod. In 1960, de Lapparent, based on these, named a second species of the genus "Elaphrosaurus", "E. gautieri". The specific name honours François Gautier, the discoverer of the type locality.
	In 2004, Paul Sereno, John Wilson and John Conrad named a separate genus: "Spinostropheus". The generic name is derived from Latin "spina", "spine", and Greek στροφεύς, "stropheus", "vertebra", and refers to the epipophyseal processes of the cervical vertebrae, which are prominent and dorso-ventrally flattened.
	The holotype, MNHN 1961-28, was found in a layer of the Tiouraren Formation dating from the Bathonian-Oxfordian. De Lapparent had presumed that the strata dated from the Early Cretaceous. It consists of a cervical vertebra, seven pieces of the dorsals, three pieces of the sacrum, five tail vertebrae, a humerus, the lower end of a pubic bone, the lower end of a thighbone, a piece of a shinbone, a piece of a fibula, a metatarsal, four additional pieces of the metatarsus and a phalanx of a toe. The paratypes were an ulna, a metatarsal and a second partial skeleton consisting of vertebrae and limb elements. In 2004, Sereno e.a. referred a third skeleton, specimen MNN TIG6 consisting of a series of cervical and dorsal vertebrae together with some ribs.
	In 2002, a cladistic analysis by Sereno "et al" found "Spinostropheus" to be the sister taxon of the Abelisauria. In this study only the data from specimen MNN TIG6 were considered. Subsequent studies have confirmed the original interpretation as a basal ceratosaur, outside of Neoceratosauria, more closely in the evolutionary tree to "Elaphrosaurus".

= = = Order of Blue Sky and White Sun = = =

	The Order of Blue Sky and White Sun with Grand Cordon (Chinese:青天白日勳章or青天白日勛章) is the Republic of China's second highest military award. Created in 1929, it is awarded for "outstanding contributions to national security under foreign invasion" and is second only to the Order of National Glory. The name and the design come from the Blue Sky with a White Sun symbol of the Republic of China and the Kuomintang.
	Unlike many other ROC medals, Order of Blue Sky and White Sun comes only as a first-class medal, without varying degrees of commendation; since 1981, it has been presented with the Grand Cordon, a very large ribbon, in this case, a white ribbon with red and blue edges. Before that, it came with a plain ribbon that is the smaller version of the modern grand cordon.

= = = Neophytus VIII of Constantinople = = =

	Neophytus VIII (1832 – 18 July 1909) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1891 to 1894.

= = = Arikabe Station = = =

	Arikabe Station is served by the Tōhoku Main Line, and is located 437.8 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Tokyo Station. 
	Arikabe Station has two opposed side platforms connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station is unattended.
 
	Arikabe Station opened on October 16, 1924. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of the Japanese National Railways (JNR) on April 1, 1987. 

= = = Dionysius V of Constantinople = = =

	Dionysius V (22 March 1820 – 25 August 1891) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1887 to 1891.

= = = Francis Boott = = =

	Francis Boott (26 September 1792 – 25 December 1863) was an American physician and botanist who was resident in Great Britain from 1820.
	Boott was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the brother of Kirk Boott, one of the founders of Lowell, Massachusetts. Kirk Boott's father (born in Derby, England, 1750-1817), was also called Kirk Boott. He had emigrated to the United States from England in 1783, and worked in Boston as a wholesale merchant. He was a friend of Joseph Wright of Derby and his family.
	Boott entered Harvard College in 1806, and graduated in 1810 with honors. 
	At age 19, he moved to Derby in England apparently with the intention of becoming a merchant, where he spent three years, and became interested in botany.
	He returned to America, where in 1814 he studied botany.
	About 1820, he determined upon studying medicine, and placed himself under the tutelage of Dr. John Armstrong in London. 
	Thence he removed to Edinburgh, where he took his doctor's degree in 1824. 
	On his return to London in 1825 he commenced practice, and accepted the lectureship on botany in the Webb street school of medicine; this chair however, though admirably conducted, he did not long hold. 
	At the dying request of his friend Dr. Armstrong he edited his life. This book bears the following title: "Memorials of the Life and Medical Opinions of John Armstrong, M.D. To which is added an Enquir into the facts connected with those forms of devel' attributed to malaria or marsh eflluvium, by Francis Boott, M.D.," 1833-34, two volumes.
	For seven years Boott practised very successfully in London, being especially noted for his treatment of fevers, in which he followed the practice of giving abundance of air to the patient, a course which at that time was vehemently objected to by the profession at large. 
	In other respects, too, he was ajudicinus innovator, being one of the first to discard the black coat, white neckcloth, kneebreeches, and black silk stockings, for the ordinary costume of the day. 
	This was then a blue coat with brass buttons, and yellow waistcoat, which he continued to wear to the last ; and thus by outliving the fashion, as he had forestalled it, he came to be as well known in 1860 as he had been in 1830. Boott was elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1835.
	He retired from practice, and devoted himself for the last thirty-five years of his life to the cultivation of his literary, classical, and scientific tastes. He retained his interest in medicine, however, and wrote to The Lancet in 1846 when he heard from his friend Jacob Bigelow about the use of ether as an anaesthetic in America. The first use of ether as an anaesthetic in Britain (for a dental procedure) was in his house at 24 Gower Street on 19 December 1846. This is commemorated by a plaque on the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine which now stands on the site. A few days later a surgical operation under ether was carried out by Robert Liston at University College Hospital nearby.
	As far back as 1819 he had become a fellow of the Linnean Society, and his leisure now permitted him to accept the office of secretary, which he held from 1832 to 1839. He was appointed treasurer in November 1856, which place he resigned in May 1861, 
	His botanical labours were entirely continued to the study of the great genus "Carex". 
	The results of his labours have seen the light in a large folio work entitled "Illustrations of the Genus Carex," by F. Boott, M.D. In four parts London, 1858-67. 
	It was produced at his own expense, and distributed amongst botanists.
	His close attention to study tended to enfeeble his never very vigorous frame; but the immediate cause of his death was disease of the right lung, induced by pneumonia at 24 Gower Street, London, on 25 December 1863.
	In connection with literature a most characteristic act of his was to erect in All Saints' Church, Cambridge, a tablet to the memory of Henry Kirke White, of whom he knew nothing personally, but whose life and poems he ardently admired. In addition to the works already mentioned Boott also published 'Two Lectures on Materia Medica' in 1837, and he prepared a monograph of 158 species of "Carex", which was printed in Sir William Jackson Hooker's 'Flora Boreali-Americana'.
	His wife was a Miss Mary Hardcastle of Derby; they married in 1820.
	Her mother may have been an extramarital daughter of Erasmus Darwin.

= = = Joachim IV of Constantinople = = =

	Joachim IV (5 July 1837 – 15 February 1887) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1884 to 1886.

= = = Willis Jackson (saxophonist) = = =

	Willis "Gator" Jackson (April 25, 1932 – October 25, 1987) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist.
	Born in Miami, Florida, Jackson joined Duke Ellington alumnus Cootie Williams's band in 1949 as a teenager, after being discovered by Eddie Vinson. During the 1950s Jackson participated in R&B and jazz recordings, primarily as a session musician. He also toured as leader of the backing band of singer Ruth Brown whom he married . In the biography of Ruth Brown however is no mentioning of Willes Jackson. There it is mentioned that she was marries to trumpeter Jimmy Brown. Jackson joined Prestige Records in 1959, making a string of jazz albums that proved to an influence on the burgeoning soul jazz movement. During this era, Jack McDuff and Pat Martino became famous through association with Jackson. Jackson's main influences were Lester Young and Illinois Jacquet.
	Jamaican ska innovator Prince Buster has cited Jackson's song "Later for the Gator" as one of the first ska songs.
	Jackson died in New York City one week after heart surgery, in October 1987, at the age of 55.
	With Bo Diddley

= = = Bernhard Neumann = = =

	Bernhard Hermann Neumann AC FRS (15 October 1909 – 21 October 2002) was a German-born British-Australian mathematician who was a leader in the study of group theory.
	After gaining a D.Phil. from Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität in Berlin in 1932 he earned a Ph.D. at the University of Cambridge in 1935 and a Doctor of Science at the University of Manchester in 1954. His doctoral students included Gilbert Baumslag, László Kovács, Michael Newman, and James Wiegold. After war service with the British Army, he became a lecturer at University College, Hull, before moving in 1948 to the University of Manchester, where he spent the next 14 years. In 1954 he received a DSc from the University of Cambridge.
	In 1962 he migrated to Australia to take up Foundation Chair of the Department of Mathematics within the Institute of Advanced Studies of the Australian National University (ANU), where he served as head of the department until retiring in 1974. In addition he was a senior research fellow at the CSIRO Division of Mathematics and Statistics from 1975 to 1977 and then honorary research fellow from 1978 until his death in 2002.
	His wife, Hanna Neumann, and son, Peter M. Neumann, are also notable for their contributions to group theory.
	He was an invited speaker of the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1936 at Oslo and in 1970 at Nice. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1959. In 1994, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC).
	The Australian Mathematical Society awards a student prize named in his honour. The group-theoretic notion of HNN extension (where HNN stands for Higman–Neumann–Neumann) is named in (second) part after him.

= = = Rackets at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's singles = = =

	The men's singles competition was one of two rackets events held as part of the Rackets at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme.
	Leaf broke his hand in the doubles competition and was forced to withdraw from the final; Noel was awarded the gold medal.

= = = Day's Lock = = =

	Day's Lock is a lock on the River Thames near Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England on the Dorchester side of the river.
	The pound lock was built in 1789 by the Thames Navigation Commissioner. The lock is across the river from the small village of Little Wittenham and is overlooked from the south by the hills of Wittenham Clumps, with a particularly good view from Round Hill.
	The weir runs straight across the river from the other side of the lock island.
	Day's Lock is the main gauging station for the measurement of the water flow in the River Thames.
	The Thames Path crosses the river here.
	The "World Poohsticks Championships", on behalf of the RNLI, have taken place annually here since 1983.
	The name "Day's Lock" comes from the Day family, local Catholic yeomen since the 17th century. During the 16th century, there was a flash lock here. The pound lock was staked out in August 1788. It was judged best to build it on the Oxfordshire bank provided the existing weir owner would "remove his bucks"(eel traps). In 1865 it was reported to be in utter ruin and dangerous, but reconstruction did not take place until 1871. In 1882 a bell push to summon the keeper was installed, there being no lock keeper's house at that time. The lock house was not built until 1928 when it was erected on Lock House Island next to Little Wittenham Bridge.
	A short way downstream of the lock is Little Wittenham Bridge which spans the river in two sections with an island between. Using this, the lock is a short walk from Little Wittenham where is a car park near St Peter's Church. The lock is a little further to walk to from Dorchester.
	On the eastern bank to the north-east is the historic town of Dorchester with its ancient Abbey. The river follows a long bend round to Clifton Hampden. Here it goes under Clifton Hampden Bridge and past the historic Barley Mow public house, as mentioned in the book, "Three Men in a Boat". After the bridge and before Clifton lock, the river divides between the old river course, past Long Wittenham; with the navigation following the Clifton Cut. The river meander is now a weirstream and has almost no public footpath access.
	The Thames Path follows the western/southern bank to Clifton Hampden Bridge, where it crosses to the opposite northern bank to continue to Clifton Lock.
	There are navigation transit markers upstream of the lock to allow boats to check their speed. A powered boat should take more than one minute to pass between the markers.

= = = Popovo, Bulgaria = = =

	Popovo (, from , "pop", meaning "priest", and the placename suffix "-ovo", literally "the priest's village") is a town in northeastern Bulgaria, part of Targovishte Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Popovo Municipality. In December 2009, it had a population of 15,548 and an absolute Bulgarian majority.
	The town was first mentioned in an Ottoman tax register of 1555.
	Popovo Saddle in Imeon Range on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Popovo.
	The town is built along the length of the Popovska river (also called Popovski Lom or Kalakoch Dere) on top of two hills opposite from one another and in the valley as well. Not long ago, before the corrections to the Sofia-Varna railway line were completed, the tracks ran by the suburbs of the city. The land of the villages Gagovo, Zaraevo, Kardam, Medovina, and Palamartsa.
	There are three prehistoric mounds of the Eneolithic and Chalcolithic settlements in the Popovo area, one northwest of the city and those in Nevsky and Seyachi neighbourhoods, as well as nine Thracian tombstones from the Roman epoch. Tombstone mounds are divided into two mound necropolises, but most of them were already destroyed by illegal "treasure hunters".
	The nearby Roman fort at Kovachevsko kale is notable for its size and remaining walls.

= = = RDS Arena = = =

	RDS Arena is a multi-purpose sports stadium, owned by the Royal Dublin Society (RDS) and located in the Dublin suburb of Ballsbridge, Ireland.
	The arena was developed to host equestrian events, primarily the annual Dublin Horse Show, which was first held there in 1881. The site had been acquired in 1879 by the RDS. The primary tenants of the RDS Arena are Leinster Rugby who compete in the Pro14 and Champions Cup. The arena has also hosted soccer and wrestling events and concerts. It has a capacity of 18,500, 16,500 of which is seated.
	The demountable north and south stands are removed for equestrian events, with only the Grandstand and Angelsea Stand permanent. The Angelsea Stand was completed in 1927.
	The Grandstand was rebuilt in 2006 for the 2006–07 rugby season, to replace the old wooden stand when Leinster first became permanent tenants. A roof was added during 2008-09. There are plans to redevelop the Arena, replacing the Angelsea Stand with another new permanent stand, which would incorporate the only terraced area of the stadium.
	In July 2014, it was announced by the RDS and Leinster Rugby that a design competition was being held to develop the arena into a 25,000 capacity world class stadium, with work expected to commence on the redevelopment in April 2016. The selling of naming rights to the arena will be a key component in funding the project, with a budget of at least €20,000,000 being proposed. A consortium of architect firms, Dublin-based Newenham Mulligan Architects and London-based Grimshaw Architects, won the international design competition for the multimillion-euro redevelopment of the RDS Arena.
	The Stadium first hosted a football game (as in soccer) on 30 September 1990 when Shamrock Rovers used it as a home ground. For the next six seasons until April 1996 Rovers played their home games there. The Stadium held its first international match on 19 February 1992 when it played host to a home game between Ireland and Wales national football team. The stadium hosted some games of the 1994 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championships including the third-place playoff and the final. The final of the FAI Cup was held at the RDS in 2007 and 2008 during the construction of the Aviva Stadium. The 2009 final, however, was moved to Tallaght Stadium. The RDS hosted a game between St Patrick's Athletic and Hertha Berlin in the 2008–09 UEFA Cup First round. St Patrick's Athletic also played Steaua Bucureşti in the Arena on 27 August 2009 in the Europa League. The RDS Arena hosted the Ireland team when they played Paraguay and Algeria in May 2010.
	The Arena was originally constructed to host show-jumping events, the Dublin Horse Show has been held by the RDS annually since 1864. In 1881 the Show moved to ‘Ball's Bridge', a greenfield site. The first continuous ‘leaping' course was introduced at the Show. In the same year the first viewing stand was erected on the site of the present Grand Stand. It held 800 people.
	In 1925 Colonel Zeigler of the Swiss Army first suggested holding an international jumping event. The Aga Khan of the time heard of this proposal and offered a challenge trophy to the winner of the competition.
	In 1926 International Competitions were introduced to the show and was the first time the Nations' Cup for the Aga Khan Challenge trophy was held. Up until 1949 the Nations' Cup teams had to consist of military officers. Six countries competed in the first international teams competition for the Aga Khan Challenge trophy - Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Switzerland and Ireland. The Swiss team won the title on Irish bred horses.
	In 1976, after 50 years of international competition, the two grass banks in the Arena were removed so the Arena could be used for other events. The continental bank at the western end of the Main Arena was added later.
	The RDS also hosted the Show Jumping World Championships in 1982.
	The stadium first opened its doors to rugby union on Saturday 15 October 2005, hosting a game between Leinster Rugby and the Cardiff Blues, which Leinster won 34 – 15, the arena hosted 4 further games that season. The following season, the RDS was not used by Leinster due to redevelopment.
	The 2007–08 season saw the RDS become the official home of Leinster when the branch signed a 20-year lease on the ground, with all of the home games for the season to be hosted there. This change came about after it became apparent that the team's former home of Donnybrook Stadium no longer had a sufficient capacity. After renovation and expansion, the Grandstand and North and South Stands were expanded, boosting the capacity to 18,500 along with floodlights being installed and a new playing surface being laid, to withstand the demands of a full rugby season and show jumping events.
	The RDS had proven to be a very successful hunting ground for Leinster, as they won 11 of their 12 home games that season, culminating on Saturday 3 May 2008 in a 41 – 8 victory over Newport Gwent Dragons and lifting the Celtic League trophy that day. In all, Leinster had played 18 games in the RDS, losing only twice, to Bath and Scarlets.
	Between March 2008 and 2010, the final of the Leinster Schools Senior Cup was played in the RDS due to the redevelopment of Lansdowne Road, its traditional venue.
	The RDS hosted the autumn rugby international between Ireland and Fiji on 21 November 2009. Ireland were convincing winners on the day.
	The stadium also hosted the 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2014 Pro12 Grand Finals and the 2013 Challenge Cup Final between Leinster and Stade Français, which saw a sell-out crowd of 20,396 people.
	The Arena hosted a WWE event on 18 June 2005, part of the WWE Summerbash Tour, which featured Kurt Angle, Eddie Guerrero, Rey Mysterio, John Cena and Stone Cold Steve Austin.
	Prince played the venue on June 13, 1992 as part of his Diamonds and Pearls Tour
	Boyzone played at the arena in 1999 and once again in their reunion in 2008.
	Bruce Springsteen played 11 times at the arena. His first show was during the Tunnel of Love Express Tour in 1988, the second one in 1993 during the Bruce Springsteen 1992-1993 World Tour and then during the Reunion Tour and The Rising Tour in 1999 and 2003. He played three sold-out shows during the Magic Tour in 2008 in front of more than 115,000 people, and then in 2009 during the Working on a Dream Tour his two concerts at the arena sold more than 80,000 tickets. He played again in 2012 during his Wrecking Ball World Tour for 76,000 people.
	U2 played here on 27 and 28 August 1993 as conclusion to the Zooropa tour, the European stadium leg of the ZooTV tour which supported the album Achtung Baby. The second show was broadcast internationally on the radio, being 15–20 minutes delayed, reportedly due to the band's generosity to the playing time of their opening bands (Scary Eire and Stereo MC's). During the opening number Zoo Station on this night, Bono altered a lyric to say "Hey child, it's alright, sleeping in my own bed tonight."
	Guns N' Roses played at the venue on June 9, 2006, as part of their Chinese Democracy Tour.
	Michael Jackson also played his HIStory World Tour concert on 19 July 1997 in here.
	Bon Jovi have played the venue many times. They played over two nights in June 2011 to over 80,000 people.
	Thin Lizzy played RDS Area April 9 and 10th 1983 on Thunder and Lighting tour .
	Metallica, Alice In Chains and Avenged Sevenfold played at the venue on June 11, 2006.
	Radiohead played to 38,000 people, on 20 June 1997, which was their highest attended performance at the time.
	Paul McCartney played there on his "Up and Coming Tour" on 12 June 2010 and was host to him, due to a fireworks display that couldn't be done in an indoor arena, such as the O2 Arena, which hosted his "Good Evening Europe Tour" on 22 December 2009.
	Tina Turner played to 40,000 people here on her "Twenty Four Seven Tour" on 11 July 2000; on 27-29 October 1990; Break Every Rule World Tour on 30 May 1987.
	The Eagles played their Hell Freezes Over tour on July 6, 1996.
	Simple Minds played the RDS on their Street Fighting Years tour, 19 August 1989.
	Shania Twain performed there on 10 July 1999 as part of her Come On Over Tour.
	P!nk performed at the venue on 19 June 2010 during The Funhouse Summer Carnival and again on June 18th 2019 as part of her Beautiful Trauma World Tour.
	Iron Maiden performed at the RDS during their Early Days tour in 2005 to a crowd of over 35 thousand, supported by Turbonegro and Marilyn Manson, the first time the latter had been allowed to play in Ireland.
	The Arena was the principal venue for the 50th International Catholic Eucharistic Congress held 10–17 June 2012. Eucharistic Congresses are held generally every four years in various places around the world to promote an awareness of the central place of the Eucharist in the life and mission of the Catholic Church, to help improve the understanding and celebration of the liturgy and to draw attention to the social dimension of the Eucharist. Expected attendance was 10,000-20,000 persons each day, with up to 80,000 at the closing Mass in Croke Park on 17 June. A Congress was last held in Ireland in 1932.
 

= = = Joachim III of Constantinople = = =

	Joachim III the Magnificent (; 30 January 1834 – 26 November 1912) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1878 to 1884 and from 1901 to 1912.
	Joachim was born in Istanbul in 1834, with Aromanian origin from Kruševo. He was educated in Vienna. In 1858-1861 he was the deacon in the holy temple of St George. In 1864 he was elected bishop of Varna and in 1874 bishop of Thessalonica In the time of his first reign, he worked on the improvement of the financial state of the Patriarchate. In 1880 he founded the magazine "Truth" and did various other charitable acts. He is seen as one of the most prominent and important patriarchs of the twentieth century and modern times.
	Joachim repeatedly attempted to find a solution to the Bulgarian schism, to little avail. Patriarch Joachim was a Mason, a member of the «Πρόοδος» lodge. He was awarded Serbian Order of the Cross of Takovo.

= = = Pinkillu = = =

	A pinkillu, pinkuyllu or pinqullu (Quechua or Aymara, hispanicized spellings "pincollo, pincuyllo, pingullo, pinquillo", also "pinkillo, pinkiyo, pinkullo, pinkuyo") is a flute found throughout the Andes, used primarily in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru. It is usually played with one hand, leaving the other one free to accompany oneself on a drum like the "tinya". It is used in a variety of public festivals and other kinds of communal ceremonies.
	The "pinkillu" can measure in length up to 1 meter 20 cm, and has six finger holes. It is most commonly made out of cane, but can be made out of bamboo, bone, or tree branches as well. In Peru and Bolivia, sheep and llama nerves are used to tie the instrument together. Among the different kinds there are
	"ch'aka pinkillu" (bone flute), "qina qina pinkillu" (cane flute) and "tupa pinkillu" (made out of thicker "tuquru" cane).
	The "pinkillu" has great cultural significance. In the Andes the instrument is played during the early rainy season to celebrate cattle and farming. The "pinkillu" is often played in pairs or ensembles during the rainy season and at festivals. In Bolivia it is believed that the "pinkillu" made from cane attracts rainfall. The "pinkillu" is moistened with alcohol or water before playing, and are associated with fertility.

= = = An Aerial Joy Ride = = =

	An Aerial Joy Ride is a 1917 Fox silent comedy, starring Josef Swickard, Annette DeFoe and Raymond Griffith, written and directed by Charles Reed.

= = = Nyamusa people = = =

	Nyamusa is an ethnic group of Western Equatoria in South Sudan. They speak Nyamusa-Molo, a Nilo-Saharan language.

= = = Chyandour = = =

	Chyandour (, meaning "house of the water") is a small settlement within the town of Penzance in west Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is on the north-east edge of the town straddling the A30 trunk road. The Chyandour Brook rises near Carfury and flows into Mount's Bay at Chyandour. Before 1934 Chyandour was in the parish of Madron and was the site of a large tin smelting works.
	In around 1660 John Tremenheere, in anticipation of Penzance becoming a Stannary town, set up a smelting works, just outside the Borough of Penzance's boundary at Chyandour. In 1760 when Thomas Bolitho arrived in Penzance from Penryn, the smelting works at Chyandour was run by the Praed family. By the time tin production was at its maximum the business was run by the Bolitho family who lived in Coombe House, and in 1867 bought the estate at Trengwainton, Madron.
	Still in use, the Bolitho Estate Office was built in 1860, and at that time the first floor was a bank with the vault under the caretaker's ground floor accommodation. Wagon drivers would stop at the bank to collect their money before driving up Chyandour Coombe to the smelting works. In 1883 the smelting works was the largest of nine in Cornwall covering to . It consisted of a number of long, one storey, slated buildings with several chimneys belching smoke and flames. There were four furnaces which were built of brick thick and clamped with iron bands. Each lasted five to six weeks, when it required rebuilding. Fifteen men worked twelve hour shifts, with nights every other week, for 19 shillings a week. The tin ore was stored between large wooden barriers (known as hutches) with each compartment storing differing qualities. The ore came straight from the mines, or from ″valuable″ Australian stream ore (containing 75% tin), or low quality ore from the ″Red River″. The ore was heated and the tin flowed into cast iron crucibles where it was re-heated to remove impurities. It was then ladled into bars, blocks, ingots, etc., which weighed from one pound to a hundredweight or more. A small iron slab with Messrs Bolitho's trade mark was laid on the molton tin to leave an impression and the tin was shipped within this country or exported to Russia, America, etc.
	Anthracite was brought in by sea, the ships landing on the beach near the mouth of the Chyandour Brook, which was outside the boundary of Penzance and hence they did not have to pay harbour dues. The cargo was carried through the three tunnels under the railway line and hauled up the slipway to the smelting works. The works closed in 1912 and was demolished in 1930; some of the walls and crucibles can still be seen.
	The area between Marazion and Chyandour was mostly marsh and the Eastern Green was haunted by a white lady who would rise from the marsh, jump on the back of a traveller's horse and ride pillion-fashion as far as the Red River (Chyandour Brooke), just below the smelting works.

= = = Jürgen Heuser = = =

	Jürgen Heuser (born 23 March 1953 in Barth, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) is a German weightlifter.
	In 1978, participating for the German Democratic Republic, he won the World Championship in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. At the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow he won a silver medal in the +110 kg class.

= = = Nexus Automotive = = =

	Nexus Automotive (Pvt) Ltd was an importer and assembler of General Motors products in Pakistan. The company was founded by M.A. Razaq, an expatriate Pakistani who retired as Corporate Vice President of General Motors Corporation, 1999. Balubaid Establishment of Saudi Arabia, a diversified group involved in automotive, real estate, and other industrial businesses, was an investor in the assembly business of Nexus Automotive. The company was privately owned, with ownership distributed between Pakistani and Saudi families. Nexus used the idle capacity at the Ghandhara Nissan Limited plant at Port Qasim to assemble vehicles, under a contract assembly agreement.
	The project was estimated at 15 million US dollars and GM-Chevrolet provided support to ensure that the local components and the car assembly met GM quality standards. The company also planned to export its models to other countries in South Asia and Africa. The source of assembly kits and imported units is GM Daewoo, a GM subsidiary in South Korea that supplies Chevrolet, Opel, Suzuki, and Daewoo branded vehicles to markets including the United States, Latin America, Europe, the Middle East and Africa, Australia and Asia. GM Daewoo is also the "corporate center of excellence" for GM's global small car platform, code-named Gamma. Current products exported by GM Daewoo include Chevrolet Spark, Aveo, Optra, Captiva, and Epica.
	Previously, Nexus imported the Chevrolet Optra and Chevrolet Joy vehicles and marketed them nationally through their franchised dealer network. From December 2005, the manufacturing of Chevrolet Joy started in Pakistan. Other GM products sourced from the global GM network were also planned for introduction to the Pakistani local market.
	Pakistan's automotive sector has experienced significant growth. The small car segment remains partially monopolized by PakSuzuki and other brands. In past, Government policies have consistently favored Paksuzuki, Toyota, and Honda due to which further investment has been blocked in the country. But now new policies are inviting new producers to enter the market. When Nexus Automotive was operating Gandhara Nissan (Nissan), Deewan Mushtaq (Hyundai and Kia), and Adam Motors had assembling operations in Pakistan.
	The company struggled to make substantial sales in the market dominated by Paksuzuki and used car imports. Despite being a new entrant, no incentive was granted to Nexus by the government similar to Adam motors. Eventually the sales dropped to the point where assembly became nonviable and the company exclusively focused on CBU (Completely Built Unit) imports during its final months. Nexus ceased operations in 2006.
	It has been reported by the media that General Motors along with Volkswagen and Renault-Nissan may consider entering the Pakistani market again. The 2016-21 Automotive Industry Development Policy approved in March 2016 includes incentives for new entrants and non-operational units (such as Nexus, Gandhara Nissan, and Deewan Farooq). The new policy has increased the chances of these units resuming their operations in Pakistan. 

= = = Haigh, West Yorkshire = = =

	Haigh is a small village in South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire, England. Historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire, it lies half in the Wakefield district and half in the Barnsley district. It grew up as a pit village and had its own colliery until 1968. Thereafter, Woolley Colliery became the main source of employment until its closure in 1987. Haigh suffered from significant decline for several years afterwards. It is now a commuter village for the large towns and cities of Yorkshire.
	Infamous serial killer John George Haigh (1909–1949) is part of a family originally from this area.

= = = Grün = = =

	Grün (sometimes transliterated as gruen), is a German word and surname meaning "green". 

= = = Rackets at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles = = =

	The men's doubles competition was one of two rackets events held as part of the Rackets at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme.

= = = Sophronius III of Constantinople = = =

	Sophronius III (1798 – 3 September 1899) served as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1863 to 1866. He was elected Greek Patriarch of Alexandria on 30 May 1870. He served there as Sophronius IV until his death on September 3, 1899. He established the Holy Church of the Transfiguration of the Saviour in 1888 in the city of Port Said. His Alexandrian patriarchate was marked by unfair expulsion of Nectarios of Aegina, who was later elevated to sainthood.

= = = Albstadt = = =

	Albstadt () is the largest city in the district of Zollernalbkreis in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located on the Swabian " Alb" mountains, about halfway between Stuttgart and Lake of Constance.
	Albstadt is spread across a variety of hills and valleys, its elevation ranges between above sea level and . One valley is the river Schmiecha, a left-hand tributary of the Danube, a second valley is the river of upper Eyach, a tributary of the Neckar.
	To Albstadt belongs also the Raichberg hill in the north, on which there is the Raichberg Transmitter and an observation tower located. South of Albstadt is the Heuberg Military Training Area.
	Settlement in the region dates back to at least the Iron Age. A Hallstatt cemetery in Albstadt was excavated by amateur archaeologists in the late nineteenth century and revealed a wide range of pottery and metal artefacts. Known as the 'Degerfeld Barrow' cemetery, a substantial collection was built up by the local antiquary Hyronimus Edelmann that was eventually deposited in the British Museum.
	In former times iron ore was produced in Albstadt. Fidel Eppler was the name of the mine-inspector. The buttress wood was bought in Truchtelfingen and used from Lautlinger Knappen at the Hörnle area . From an old 3,5 km mine in a Doggererzflöz in Weilheim is wood in the Tuttlinger Fruchtkasten . 
	Steel was produced in Tuttlingen by the Schwäbische Hüttenwerke in Ludwigstal, today iron brakes.
	The districts Ebingen, Laufen, Lautlingen, Pfeffingen und Tailfingen were first mentioned in 793 in a document of the abbey St. Gallen. Ebingen received city rights around 1250 from the Hohenberg ducal family.
	Albstadt consists of the following urban districts, which had been independent towns and merged to form Albstadt in 1975:
	Most of the textiles industry (among them Hasana J. Hakenmüller) is gone today, leaving some monuments, like Villa Haux. However, one of the world's biggest makers of industrial needles, Groz-Beckert still resides there. Other prominent local companies include Mey (knitwear), Mettler Toledo (weighing systems) and a major part of Assa Abloy security systems (Eff-Eff Brand). Ebingen also hosts the technical and computer science faculties of Albstadt-Sigmaringen University with about 3,000 students (2014).

= = = Leon Best = = =

	Leon Julian Brendan Best (born 19 September 1986) is a professional footballer who plays as a striker. He is currently a free agent. He has played for the Republic of Ireland national football team. Best represented Ireland at under-21 level and won his first full international cap against Nigeria on 29 May 2009.
	Best had a youth career at Notts County. His first professional club was then Premier League club Southampton. He has also played for Coventry City and Newcastle United before his 2012 move to Blackburn Rovers.
	Best was born on 19 September 1986 in Nottingham, England. He opted to play football for his mother's country, Ireland, while in his teens.
	As a young player, Best started his career at Notts County before being signed as a trainee by then Premier League club Southampton. He made his professional debut against Newcastle United on his 18th birthday in 2004. A loan spell at Queens Park Rangers followed later in the 2004–05 season.
	He was a member of Southampton's youth team that reached the final of the , losing on aggregate to Ipswich Town.
	Best also had two loan spells at Sheffield Wednesday in the 2005–06 season, scoring his first professional goal and Wednesday's first of the season on 9 August 2005 at Hillsborough against Hull City. The first loan spell was cut short in the same match when Best broke his foot and returned to St. Mary's after only 5 days in Sheffield. After recovering with Southampton, Best then returned to Hillsborough at the end of the January transfer window (though there was also speculation he would go to Crystal Palace) where he remained until the end of the season, scoring Wednesday's last goal of the season at Derby County on 30 April 2006.
	On 3 August 2006 Best joined Football League One club Bournemouth on a month-long loan deal with an option to extend his stay. He returned to Southampton at the end of October at the end of the maximum 3-month loan spell, having made 15 league appearances, scoring 3 goals.
	On 23 November 2006, he joined his teammate Martin Cranie on loan to Yeovil Town until 22 February 2007.
	After his loan spells, Best returned to play a role in Southampton's qualification for the Championship play-offs, where they faced Derby County. He came on as a substitute in the first leg at St Marys, which Southampton lost 2–1. In the second leg Best started alongside on-loan striker Marek Saganowski. The game ended in a tie on aggregate, with Best scoring an own goal which levelled the score at 2–2 on the night. Southampton lost 4–3 in the ensuing penalty shootout, with Best missing the opening penalty.
	On 5 July 2007, he joined Coventry City for a fee of £650,000 decided by a tribunal, with the fee increasing were Coventry to gain promotion to the Premiership by 2010. Following a cheekbone fracture at the end of 2008, Best took his place in the team wearing a protective mask. His return led him scoring three goals in successive matches and consequently gaining a reputation for wearing a "Besty" mask, even after he had recovered from his injury and earning the nickname "Zorro". His distinctive mask became somewhat of a talisman for Coventry City fans, many of whom took to wearing similar masks in the stands as a tribute to Best. On 3 October 2009 he was named Championship Player of the Month for September.
	He signed for Newcastle United on 1 February 2010 for a fee of £1,500,000 on a three and a half year contract. Best made his debut against Cardiff City at St James' Park on 5 February 2010. Best failed to make an impact in his first season at Newcastle as he failed to find a goal and was put behind on form strike duo Andy Carroll and Peter Løvenkrands.
	Best netted his first goal for Newcastle in a pre-season friendly against Carlisle United on 17 July 2010, followed by his second goal for the club in the pre-season Sir Bobby Robson tribute match against PSV Eindhoven on 31 July 2010. However Best then received a cruciate injury during pre-season causing him to miss the first few months of the 2010–11 season.
	He was back in light training by the end of September and was on the bench for Newcastle's 1–1 draw with Chelsea on 28 November, but did not make an appearance. He made his comeback in Newcastle's 1–0 victory against Wigan Athletic on 2 January 2011, appearing as a late substitute for Shola Ameobi. Best made his first Premier League start for Newcastle in a home 5–0 win against West Ham United on 5 January 2011, scoring a hat-trick in the process, his first league goals for the club. He was injured prior to the Stoke away game on 19 March and was ruled out until the end of the season. However, Best had scored six goals in 10 starts.
	On 28 August 2011, he scored two goals against Fulham to give Newcastle a 2–1 victory followed by the equalizer in the 1–1 draw with Aston Villa, extending the Magpies unbeaten run to eight games in the English Premier League.
	Best then ended a run of 12 games without a goal by scoring the winner in Newcastle's 1–0 win over Queens Park Rangers.
	On 2 July 2012, Best signed for Blackburn Rovers on a four-year contract for a fee of more than £3 million. Less than a month after signing for Blackburn Rovers, he suffered an injury to his anterior cruciate ligaments, ruling him out for at least six months.
	Best scored his first league goal in the 89th minute, when he volleyed in a Chris Taylor cross for Blackburn when he came on as a first-half substitute for the injured Ruben Rochina in a 1–1 draw with Derby County at Pride Park on 4 August 2013.
	Best was released by Rovers on 8 July 2015 by mutual consent.
	On 14 February 2014, he was loaned out by Rovers to their SkyBet Championship rivals Sheffield Wednesday, this was to be his third spell with the Yorkshire club having previously been on loan at Hillsborough in 2005 and 2006. He scored his first goal in his third spell at the club in a 2–1 FA Cup defeat to Charlton Athletic on 24 February 2014. On 14 March 2014, Best extended his loan with the "Owls" until the end of the 2013–14 season. Best scored his first league goal of his third spell with the owls on 15 March 2014, helping with a 4–1 victory over Birmingham City.
	On 4 August 2014, Best was sent to Derby County on a season-long loan. He returned to Blackburn at the end of his loan spell with Derby before joining Brighton & Hove Albion on loan. He made thirteen appearances without scoring for Brighton before returning to Blackburn.
	Best joined Rotherham United on 16 November 2015 until the end of the season.
	On 12 March 2016, Best led an astonishing fight back against promotion chasing Derby County at New York Stadium. Coming on as a second-half substitute with his team losing 3–0, he saw his teammate Danny Ward score in the 82nd minute then scored two goals in the 88th and 90th minutes. On 3 June 2016, Best left the club, having failed to agree terms on a new contract.
	Best joined Ipswich Town on 30 August 2016 as a replacement for Daryl Murphy. He struggled to keep his place in the team, and following his performance on 17 January 2017 in an FA Cup tie against non-league Lincoln City, where Ipswich were beaten 1–0, Mick McCarthy stated that Best would never play for Ipswich Town again. "I told him after the Lincoln game that he is not part of my plans here. He's still with us and may have to have something done with his groin. We will see but he won't be playing for us." Best was one of seven players released by Ipswich Town at the end of the 2016–17 season.
	On 28 November 2017, Charlton Athletic announced the signing of Best on a two-month contract. He made 5 appearances for Charlton, with it being cut short due to a knee injury sustained on New Year's Day. He was released in January after his contract expired, though he remained at the club so he could recover from his injury. He's been without a club since.
	Best qualifies to play for the Republic of Ireland through his mother, who is from Bluebell, Dublin. He also lived in Dublin from the age of seven, playing for Lourdes Celtic before returning to Nottingham.
	Having already represented the Republic of Ireland firstly at under-17 level in 2002 and later at under-21 level in 2008, Best was called up to the Republic of Ireland senior squad for the first time for the games against Nigeria and then the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Bulgaria in May 2009. He made his debut on 29 May against Nigeria in a match that finished in a 1–1 draw.
	Best's sister had a baby with Jamaica international footballer, Wes Morgan.

= = = Nyimang people = = =

	The Nyimang are an ethnic sub-group of the Nuba peoples in the Nuba Mountains of South Kordofan in Sudan. Their population may exceed 100,000. Most are Muslims.
	They speak Nyima languages, also known as Ama language of the Nilo-Saharan language family. Their language is named after the tribe. There is no written language, but some are trying to create a written language using Latin letters for the sounds.
	There are about fifty names for men and about fifty names for women, the names have no special meaning but are made because they have a pleasant sound.
	Not many games are played, but one significant exception is kordang. It is a game that is played with a bat that looks much like a cricket bat.
	The way people greet each other depends on their generation. For example, people from the same generation greet each other by sliding the palm over the back of the other person's hand. Youths shake each other's hands vigorously, which is how they display their strength to one another. when an adult greet a child, they place their hand on the top of their head.
	As for their daily schedule, the first meal is eaten at five to six in the morning. Then, the men tend to the fields until noon, while the women go later because they are preparing food. They have their lunch at noon and then they take care of other daily work. Dinner is held at sunset, and then they wait till about nine before going to sleep. The evening hours are dedicated to quality time with friends and family.
	Braids are considered stylish for women and teenagers. Once a boy matures he does not wear braids.
	Weddings happen very often, especially since a man has a minimum of two wives. A man goes to a girl's family and asks for her hand. Then, all the men that want to marry the girl have a competition and they are rated on their warrior traits and bravery. The father and the girl's brothers decide on the man for her. Once they decide who it should be, then they get the dowry and the man has to "kidnap" the woman. It is sort of a game they have. If the man does not kidnap the woman, then they will not live in the same house or be officially married. If the groom fails to kidnap the bride, then she stays at her father's house until she becomes the mother of at least three to four children.
	The Nyimang tribe has many different forms of art. They have dances and ceremonies for various events. They celebrate births, weddings, harvests, and the life of someone when they die. They even have a special dance for when they are about to go to war with enemy tribes. They believe it gives them special energy and scares the enemy.
	They are also fond of pottery and woodcarvings; they have mud plates with authentic designs that they favor. Their woodcarvings are shown in the form of a pillar with carved designs on them.
	They also have great music. Their instruments are not that different from Western instruments; they have string instruments, woodwind, and drums. their favorite instrument is a string instrument that quit resembles the guitar; it is called conyang.
	The Nyimang tribe tells many stories to amuse both grown men and children. There is a certain story of how they believe they came from the sky and landed on the Nuba Mountains. They believe this because they saw footprints on the mountains and thought it was the footprints of their ancestors when they first descended from the sky.
	The Nyimang live in attached villages very close to mountains, for defence and security reasons, houses are very close, mostly round huts with clay or wooden walls, another one of their architectural achievements. The walls of the house are made of mud and the roofs are made of hay or twigs and leaves. The kitchen or storage room is very big and spacious, they keep some calves in there and meat and vegetables. It is wear they keep mostly everything, in their language it is called the "merdang", there is many huts in one family house 4 to 5, and some times more, surrounded with some plants hedging as a fence, the house is usually surrounded by a farm, besides animals small farm in the house for cows and goats
	As for their clothing they wear fancy clothing with great embroidery to festivals and special events. Sometimes they wear animal skin. They also wear jewellery such as beads and necklaces; these necklaces are sometimes made of pumpkin skin while others are made of certain nuts. The preferable necklaces are made of certain metals and marbles (the public wears white and black marbles while the married women wear blue marbles in the form of belts). They also wear very, to their personal liking, flashy and colorful clothes. Symbols are used to separate generations rather than used for letters.
	Nyimang have different views depending on the gender and the age of a person. The father/husband is supposed to lead the family. If the father has died or is away for some reason then the eldest son leads the family, but the women are never in charge. Adult men and women go to work on the farms early in the morning. When there is a wedding, the father and brother(s) of the girl chooses the husband. The bride has no say in who she wants to marry. Spouses are chosen according to the man's bravery, courage, and so on, because a brave man is at a high position.
	Women are supposed to cook and feed the family. They shall care for children who are still too young to work. They also care for small animals and tend to their small vegetable garden if they have one.
	Both boys and girls from the age of eight to twenty care for the cattle and other animals. When the rains come they all go to the high lands and camp with the cattle (and each other) for three months. A man can never marry a girl who he considers a friend. He can never touch the girl for fear of being disgraceful. If he does then he will need to be cleansed with a special ceremony led by the Kujur.
	Elders are the wise and the old of the village. Some choose to become priests.
	There are eight hills and each hill has a chief. The hills are called: Sallara, Tundia, Kallara, Kurmiti, Nitil, Kakara, Fus, and Hajar-Sultan ("the hill of the sultan", where the sultan lives and the most important hill of all). A chief of a certain hill is responsible for that hill's residence. He is the one who will solve the problems of that hill. Higher above them is a chief who is the chief of all the hills.
	In a family the women do not get much of a say in anything. It is always the men who make the decisions. The father/husband is in charge. If the father is away or is dead then his eldest son is in charge. He decides what is to happen when in crisis or when something is at hand.
	The Amma tribe's religion depends. About 90% are Muslim, 8% are Christian, and 2% are other African religions.
	Children's schooling is like normal government schooling. They wake up early morning and go to government school. They have no favorite subjects but learn all the same.
	The preferable job that the Nyimang tribes like is agriculture. They like farming and building crops that they find quite valuable. If a member of their tribe goes to the city they prefer to be soldiers or join the police force, to become butchers, to become waiters, and some become bakers. 
	The Nyimang like farming that's why they have numerous crops per person. They include cucumbers, nuts, corn, wheat, and sesame seeds. 
	The Nyimang tribe measures wealth not by money or land, but by cattle and land. Someone who has more cattle than other is considered wealthier. Cattle and land for the Nymang is like a currency. Their tribe also has a balanced trading system: they trade cattle for seeds with other tribes. The seeds and the cattle must be balanced out. If the Amma tribe is short on cattle then the number of seeds they get while rise; it works in vice versa as well.
	No one knows where their beliefs originated from or when they came to the Nuba Mountains but as stated before the people believe they came from the sky because they saw footprints on the mountains and think that that was where their ancestors first landed on Earth.
	Before 1917, during the war against the British, the current Sultan Agabna, led the Nymang against the colonial rulers. He lost the fight and was hanged in 1917. At that time the Nuba Mountains were ruled by Kujurs. All Kujurs were ruled by sultans but each hill had self-rule without too much interference from the sultan. In 1954, when Sudan prepared to gainindependence, Mekks (chiefs) were appointed for each hill. A Nazir was appointed as the ruler of the Mekks. The Sultan still kept his position, but was without power.
	Mohammed Ferri-Mekk of Kurmiti- who died recently.

= = = Postal codes in Finland = = =

	Finland has used five-digit numeric postal codes since 1971. The first and second digits designate the municipality or group of municipal small communities where it may be 5; codes ending in 1 are for post office boxes. A corporation receiving large amounts of mail may have its own postal code. The special postal code 99999 is for Korvatunturi, the place where Santa Claus (or Joulupukki in Finnish) is said to live.

= = = Kolling = = =

	Kolling, Kölling or Kølling is a surname:

= = = Alfred Grünfeld = = =

	Alfred Grünfeld (July 4, 1852 in Prague – January 4, 1924 in Vienna) was an Austrian pianist and composer.
	Alfred Grünfeld was born as the second of eight children to Jewish leather merchant Moritz Grünfeld (born 1817 Kolín nad Labem) and his wife Regina, nee Pick (born 1826 Osek), in Prague - New Town. Moritz Grünfeld was a leather merchant, and Grünfeld grew up in a middle-class, musical Jewish family. His siblings included: the cellist Heinrich Grünfeld; Ludwig Grünfeld, who worked for Deutsche Grammophon, and Siegmund Grünfeld, répétiteur at the Vienna Hofoper. The family lived at Zeltnergasse 38.
	Grünfeld displayed musical talent at just four years old, and began his musical education with Julius Theodor Hoeger. He gave his first public concert on 12 April 1865 in the Konviktsaal in Prague. Grünfeld then studied under Josef Krejčí and Bedřich Smetana at the Prague Conservatory, and later at Theodor Kullak's Neue Akademie der Tonkunst in Berlin.
	In the winter of 1871, Gustav Mahler was sent by his father to school in Prague, and boarded with the Grünfeld family. This proved to be an unpleasant experience for the eleven-year-old Mahler, and his wife Alma Mahler reported that his "clothes and shoes were taken from him and worn by others and he had to go barefoot and hungry also". She also wrote that he was an "involuntary witness, when he was sitting in a dark room, of a brutal love-scene between the servant and the son of the house, and he never forgot the shock of disgust it caused him. He jumped up to go to the girl's help, but she did not thank him for his pains. He was soundly abused by both of them and sworn to secrecy. This episode left a deep mark. Just as one can be angry all day long with people who have annoyed one in a dream, so Gustav never forgave the young pianist who had given him this shock." Erna Grünfeld, the daughter of Grünfeld's youngest brother, who taught the piano at the Prague Conservatory, said that "the Grünfeld children were real rascals, brimming over with good health: they could make nothing of Gustav, whose terrible shyness only exasperated them."
	Grünfeld moved to Vienna in 1873 where he lived, with his sister Emma, for the rest of his life, first at Praterstraße 49 and then at Getreidemarkt 10 from 1888 until his death. The house is now marked with a memorial plaque by the sculptor Florian Josephu-Drouot.
	Grünfeld became the most popular salon pianist in Vienna, performing frequently in the salons of Viennese high society as well as the Große Musikvereinssaal, the Große Konzerthaussaal and the Bösendorfersaal. In addition to his solo performance, he often appeared with the Arnold Rosé Quartet and the Hellmesberger Quartet as well as frequently performing and touring with his brother Heinrich Grünfeld. His concert tours took him around Austro-Hungary, to Paris, London, Germany, Scandinavia, Holland, Russia, Poland, Romania, Estonia, Constantinople, Belgrade and the USA. He received many honours and titles for his performances, including: k. k. Kammervirtuose in 1881; Order of Saint Stanislaus 3rd class in 1884; Knight's Cross 2nd class of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, court pianist to the German crown prince and Officer's Cross of the Romanian Order of the Crown in 1887; Order of the Red Eagle 4th class in 1896; Knight's Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph in 1897; Order of the Lion and the Sun 3rd class and Order of St. Sava 3rd class in 1900; Order of the Medjidie 3rd class in 1901; Officer's Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania in 1902; Prussian Order of the Crown 3rd class and Order of the Iron Crown in 1908; decoration for services to the Austrian Red Cross. He was appointed professor at the Vienna Conservatory in 1897.
	Grünfeld was valued not only for his performances but also for his sociable and witty personality, known for his anecdotes and jokes. He was close friends with Johann Strauss, who dedicated his Frühlingsstimmen Waltz to Grünfeld. He became famous for his transcriptions of Strauss waltzes, and particularly of the Frühlingsstimmen which he often played as an encore.
	Alfred Grünfeld died on 4 January 1924. He was granted an "Ehrengrab" in the Zentralfriedhof in Vienna, where he was buried on 7 January. The grave memorial was created by Josef Müllner and unveiled on 23 May 1928.
	Alfred Grünfeld was the first pianist of note to make commercial recordings. His earliest recording was made in 1889 on wax cylinder for the Edison Phonograph, brought to Europe by Theo Wangemann. On 18 November, Grünfeld recorded his own "Kleine Serenade", dances by Brahms and his "Ungarische Rhapsodie" with a new horn mounted on the underside of the piano. The "Ungarische Rhapsodie" was discovered in the archives of Thomas Edison and restored in 2012.
	Grünfeld recorded 94 discs of classical and romantic piano music - including works by Chopin, Grieg, Poldini, Schumann and Debussy, as well as 50 discs of his own compositions - between 1899 and 1915. He also recorded rolls for the Welte-Mignon reproducing piano and the Phonola player piano between 1905 and 1911.
	As well as performing, Alfred Grünfeld composed around 100 pieces for piano as well as songs and chamber music, which appeared in print between 1872 and 1926. His piano works are mostly in the salon music style, the most famous of which was his "Kleine Serenade" of 1888. He also composed and performed virtuosic piano pieces - transcriptions and paraphrases - which brought him great success but were mostly not published during his lifetime. Some of these survive only as recordings.
	Grünfeld also composed an operetta, "Der Lebemann", with a libretto by Ludwig Fischl and Alexander Landesberg, which premiered in 1903 in Vienna, and a comic opera "Die Schönen von Fogaras," with libretto by Victor Léon, which was performed in Dresden in 1907. Neither of these works were hugely successful, but some songs and excerpts went on to be well-known, including "An mein Wien" and the "Diner Waltz" from "Der Lebemann" and the "Ballett-Intermezzo" and "Entr'acte" from "Die Schönen von Fogaras".
	Of his works, the following are for the pianoforte:

= = = Fahrudin Omerović = = =

	Fahrudin Omerović (; born 26 August 1961) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian former football goalkeeper. He is assistant coach of Fenerbahçe. In Turkey he is known as Fahrettin Ömerli since he took Turkish citizenship while playing there.
	Born in Doboj, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, Omerović begin his career in FK Sloboda Tuzla, making his debut in the Yugoslav First League in the 1980–81 season. He spent four seasons playing in Tuzla, when in summer 1984 he was transferred to FK Partizan where he will become the main goalkeeper for the following 8 seasons. With Partizan he won two Yugoslav championships, two Yugoslav Cups, and one Supercup.
	After the dissolution of SFR Yugoslavia, he made a transfer to Kocaelispor in 1992. He played Kocaelispor for 4 years. After he moved to İstanbulspor and played there for 2 years. Finally he retired in 1998-99 season.
	He was capped eight times for Yugoslavia between 1989 and 1992, including a spot in Yugoslavia's 1990 World Cup roster. However, he did not see a single minute of action and spent the tournament as backup to Tomislav Ivković. Omerović was also called to UEFA Euro 1992, but the nation would be suspended due to the Yugoslav Wars.
	In 1996, he played 3 matches for the newly established Bosnian national team.
	After retiring, he stayed in Turkey where he has undertaken a coaching career. Initially he worked as assistant of Safet Sušić and Aykut Kocaman, before beginning his career as a main coach working in clubs such as İstanbulspor, Malatyaspor and Ankaraspor.

= = = Joachim II of Constantinople = = =

	Joachim II (1802 – 5 August 1878) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1860 to 1863 and from 1873 to 1878.

= = = Grünfeld = = =

	Grünfeld, Grunfeld, or Gruenfeld may refer to:

= = = Authorised deposit-taking institution = = =

	Financial institutions in Australia are only permitted to accept deposits from the public if they are authorised deposit-taking institutions (ADIs). The ADI’s authority is granted by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) under the "Banking Act 1959" (Cth). 
	The term was adopted to formalise the right of non-bank financial institutions — such as building societies, credit unions and friendly societies — to accept such deposits. All ADIs are subject to the same prudential standards as banks but for a corporation to use word 'bank', 'building society' and 'credit union' in its name, it must meet certain requirements.
	The concept of an ADI replaced that of "bank" following the recommendations of the Wallis Report in March 1997.
	The statutory requirements of an ADI are elucidated in case "Commissioners of the State Savings Bank of Victoria v Permewan, Wright & Co Ltd" (1914). The case was seminal in characterising essential elements of a bank as being the collection of money by receiving deposits upon loan, repayable when and as expressly or impliedly agreed upon, and the utilisation of the money by lending it again in such sums as are required. If this is the institution's real and substantial business, and not merely an ancillary or incidental branch of another business, they are deemed to be a bank.
	On 4 May 2018, APRA created a restricted ADI (RADI) framework to assist potential new entrants to the banking industry, particularly small firms with limited financial resources, to navigate the licensing process. Eligible entities can conduct a limited range of business activities for two years. On 7 May 2018, APRA issued the first RADI to Volt Bank.

= = = Greenfeld = = =

	Greenfeld (, ) is a surname, which may refer to:

= = = Slipstream (band) = = =

	The UK band Slipstream not to be confused with the American band "The Slipstream" were formed in 1994 after Mark Refoy left Spiritualized. The band consisted of Ian Anderson on guitar, Gary Lennon on bass, Steve Beswick on drums and occasional appearances from Jonny Mattock who had also stopped drumming for Spiritualized later that year. Over the following five years the band released two albums, "Slipstream" and "Be Groovy Or Leave", and a compilation CD, "Side Effects", all on Ché Trading. 
	In 1999 the band ceased recording after releasing a final single, 'Everything And Anything', on the Enraptured label. The track recently featured on the soundtrack to the BBC Three sitcom, "Ideal" starring Johnny Vegas. 
	In 2004 Slipstream, now down to a two-piece consisting of the former Spacemen 3 members, Mark Refoy and Jonny Mattock, decided to play live again, with the help of electronic augmentation. Both men reside in their home town of Northampton. 
	In January 2008 Slipstream released their new album "Mantra" as a download at www.northernstarrecords.co.uk. The twelve-track album was mixed by Pete Gleadall at his West London studio, Hoedown City. "Mantra" was released on CD on the Enraptured label on 27 October 2008. All songs were written by Mark Refoy and Jonny Mattock.
	The album "Stereo Brain Mono Heart" released in 2013 on the Mind Expansion label in the USA.
	He appeared alongside former Levitation and Dark Star guitarist Bic Hayes on the world tour for the Pet Shop Boys, including an appearance headlining the Live 8 concert, Moscow. 
	Refoy and Mattock have also played on the "Freelovebabies" album by former Spacemen 3/Spiritualized bassist Will Carruthers. 

= = = Cyril VII of Constantinople = = =

	Cyril VII (1775 – 1872) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1855 to 1860.

= = = Hanoi Taxi = = =

	Hanoi Taxi is a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter strategic airlift aircraft (serial number 66-0177) that was in service with the United States Air Force and became famous for bringing back the first returned prisoners of war in Operation Homecoming. This aircraft, which was delivered to the Air Force in 1967, was the last C-141 to be withdrawn from service after a career of almost 40 years, as the last of the fleet was retired in 2006 as sufficient C-17 Globemaster III aircraft became available in the regular Air Force to allow C-141s still serving with Air Force Reserve units to be replaced by the C-5 Galaxy aircraft being seconded from the regular Air Force. The "Hanoi Taxi" is currently housed at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, near Dayton, Ohio. 
	For much of the late 1960s and early 1970s, 66-0177 flew out of Norton Air Force Base, San Bernardino, California with the 63rd Military Airlift Wing (MAW).
	The "Hanoi Taxi" flew Bob Hope to USO shows in South Vietnam. The "Hanoi Taxi" was used in 1973, in the final days of the Vietnam War, to repatriate American POWs from North Vietnam. The "Hanoi Taxi"'s name comes from the writing on the flight engineer's panel by the POWs aboard the plane for the freedom flight. The commander of the first pick‐up jet—No. 60177—was Maj. James E. Marrott, originally of Provo, Utah. His navigator was Lieut. Col. James C. Warren, originally of Chicago. Both flew reconnaissance and electronic warfare planes over South Vietnam during the war. 
	Originally built as a standard C-141A, the aircraft was converted to a stretched C-141B in October 1981, along with most of the C-141 fleet. Subsequent avionics and structural upgrades saw the aircraft converted to the C-141C standard in 1999. Later in her career she was transferred to the 445th Airlift Wing at Wright Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB) Area A in Ohio. In 2002 the aircraft's history was discovered by her crew chief while she was undergoing maintenance, and shortly thereafter she was repainted she in the white-over-grey livery she wore in 1973 during her evacuation mission to Hanoi. Signatures of the freed prisoners were preserved on the panel over the years and became the centerpiece of what was essentially a "flying museum". Plaques, documents and photographs of the homecoming are part of the on-board exhibit researched and created by the 445th Airlift Wing. Etchings of the names of those who are missing in action were taken from engravings on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington and are mounted on the plane. Framed photographs, plaques, and other memorabilia adorn the interior. Following her restoration the aircraft was first exhibited to the public at the 2003 Dayton Air Show. She appeared at numerous other venues until her retirement in May 2006.
	In 2005, "Hanoi Taxi" was one of the aircraft marshalled by the Air Force to provide evacuation for those seeking refuge from Hurricane Katrina. This aircraft and others evacuated thousands of people, including the medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) of hundreds of ill and injured.
	With the scheduled 2006 retirement of the last 8 C-141s, the "Hanoi Taxi" embarked on a series of flights, giving veterans, some of whom flew out of captivity in this aircraft, the opportunity to experience one more flight before its retirement. At 9:30 AM on Saturday, 6 May 2006, the "Hanoi Taxi" touched down for the last time and was received in a formal retirement ceremony at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, located at Wright Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB) Area B in Riverside, Ohio near Dayton, Ohio. Area B is the "Wright Field" portion of the base with runways that are no longer in operational service except for inbound flights to the museum. "Hanoi Taxi" is now part of the permanent static display collection of the Museum.

= = = Tudong = = =

	Tudong (also spelled tudung) is a Malay word, literally meaning the noun "cover", which is commonly translated/referred to as veil or headscarf in English. 
	In Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, the tudong is worn in accordance to Islam's hijab. Usually, the tudong covers the hair, ears, neck while leaving only the face exposed. It is part of the standard dress code for offices, such as school uniforms and formal occasions.
	In Indonesia, a tudung is a form of hijab that has a sewn-in curved visor. In Indonesia the word more analogous to the Malaysian word tudong is "kerudung" or "jilbab".

= = = Nathaniel Gage = = =

	Nathaniel Lees Gage (August 1, 1917 – August 17, 2008) was an American educational psychologist who made significant contributions to a scientific understanding of teaching. He conceived and edited the first "Handbook of Research on Teaching" (Gage, 1963), led the Stanford Center for Research and Development of Teaching, and served as president of the American Educational Research Association. Gage was a professor at the Stanford Graduate School of Education, where he moved in 1962 after 14 years at the University of Illinois. Deborah Stipek, dean of the Stanford School of Education, called Gage a "giant among educational researchers."
	David C. Berliner, Regents' Professor of Education at Arizona State University, called Gage "the father of the field of research on teaching."
	Nathaniel Lees Gewirtz was born in Union City, New Jersey in 1917; his eventual name change is explained below. He attended the City College of New York and the University of Minnesota. At the University of
	Minnesota, he worked in the laboratory of B.F. Skinner, who later became famous for his contributions to the theory of behaviorism. Gewirtz's duties included making food pellets used to reinforce the behavior of Skinner's laboratory rats.
	Gewritz graduated magna cum laude in 1938 with a bachelor's degree in psychology, but was rejected by 10 graduate schools before being admitted to Purdue University. According to David Berliner, the many rejections were due to anti-Semitism. Gewirtz then changed his last name to Gage.
	During World War II, Gage spent two years in the Army, where he developed aptitude tests for choosing navigators and radar observers. Gage earned a Ph.D. in psychology from Purdue University in 1947.
	Gage taught at Purdue for a year, and at the University of Illinois for 14 years. In 1962, Gage became a professor at Stanford University, where he remained until his death. In 1965, Gage co-founded the Stanford Center for the Research and Development in Teaching (now known as the Center for Educational Research at Stanford), funded with a $4 million federal grant.
	Gage edited the "Handbook of Research on Teaching" (1963), and wrote "The Scientific Basis of the Art of Teaching" (1978) and "Hard Gains in the Soft Sciences" (1985).
	Upon his retirement from active teaching in 1987, Gage became a professor emeritus, and still worked at his office five days a week. From 1987 through 2008, he wrote at least three books and more than 20 articles. He completed his last book, "A Conception of Teaching", shortly before his death.
	His many honors include a Guggenheim fellowship (1976-1977), election to the National Academy of Education (1979),
	the E.L. Thorndike Award for Career Achievement in Educational Psychology (1986), and an honorary doctorate from the Université de Liège in Belgium (2001).
	He died of complications of a fall.
	Gage married Margaret "Maggie" Burrows Gage in 1942. They had four children: Tom, Elizabeth, Sarah, and Annie.

= = = Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822 = = =

	The Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822 (3 Geo. IV c. 71) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom with the long title "An Act to prevent the cruel and improper Treatment of Cattle"; it is sometimes known as Martin's Act, after the MP and animal rights campaigner Richard Martin. It was one of the first pieces of animal welfare legislation. The Act listed "ox, cow, heifer, steer, sheep, or other cattle". This was held not to include bulls. A further act (5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 59 s. 2) extended the wording of this Act to remedy the issue. This Act was repealed by the Cruelty to Animals Act 1849.

= = = The Fun Girls = = =

	The Fun Girls ("Daphne and Skippy") are fictional recurring characters on "The Andy Griffith Show", an American TV sitcom from the 1960s.
	"The Fun Girls" (sardonically nicknamed by Thelma Lou) were a pair of fun-loving women: the giggly Skippy (played by Joyce Jameson) and the gravel-voiced Daphne (played by Jean Carson). The two hailed from Mount Pilot, the "big city" near the small town of Mayberry. They were flirtatious, they loved dancing, and their appearance in town almost always meant trouble for Sheriff Andy Taylor and Deputy Barney Fife (both of whom had steady girlfriends). Skippy was characterized by her high-pitched, grating laugh and was generally attracted to Barney (whom she incessantly called "Bernie"). Daphne was known for her throaty greeting "Hello Doll" and was attracted to Andy.
	The first appearance of the Fun Girls resulted in Andy receiving a black-eye during a scuffle with Daphne's erstwhile boyfriend.
	On one occasion, Andy and Barney had to cancel their dates with their girlfriends Helen Crump and Thelma Lou respectively so they could work late at the courthouse, only to be interrupted by Skippy and Daphne. Andy and Barney innocently tried to escort the two back to Mt. Pilot so they could finish their work, but were spotted in the car with them by their girlfriends. To get back at them, Helen and Thelma Lou went out with cousins Gomer and Goober Pyle, and in turn, Andy and Barney went out with the Fun Girls. By the end of the day, it was apparent that Gomer and Goober were better matches for the Fun Girls as they genuinely seemed to enjoy each other's company.
	Their last appearance has them coming to Mayberry to have a fun time with Andy and Barney, much to their chagrin as they want nothing to do with the girls. They try to keep them occupied before leaving to go on dates with Helen and Thelma Lou, but Barney is forced to stay to make sure they don't wreck the courthouse. Thelma Lou and Helen discover the girls in the courthouse and the men in compromising positions, they leave in a huff. Fed up, Andy explodes at them, telling them to get out of town, which the Fun Girls do, much to Skippy's dismay. The men make up with their girlfriends and have a date night at Andy's house, only to discover the Fun Girls there, putting the men back at the bottom of the barrel with their girlfriends.
	The Fun Girls made three appearances on "The Andy Griffith Show" from 1962 to 1965:
	Jean Carson also appeared in the episode "Convicts at Large", playing a man-hating, escaped prisoner convicted of spousal abuse.

= = = Islam Shah Suri = = =

	Islam Shah Suri (reigned: 1545–1554) was the second ruler of the Suri dynasty which ruled the part of India in the mid-16th century. His original name was Jalal Khan and he was the second son of Sher Shah Suri.
	On his father's death, an emergency meeting of nobles chose Jalal Khan to be successor instead of his elder brother Adil Khan, since he had shown greater military ability. Jalal Khan was crowned on 26 May 1545 and took the title "Islam Shah". He was still worried that his brother would threaten his power and tried to have him captured. But Adil Khan evaded his grasp and raised an army. It marched on Islam Shah while he was at Agra. In the battle Islam Shah came out victorious and Adil Khan fled, never to be seen again.
	The support some of the nobles had given his brother made Islam Shah suspicious and he ruthlessly purged their ranks, strictly subordinating the nobility to the crown. He continued his father's policies of efficient administration and increased centralisation. He had little opportunity for military campaigning; the fugitive Mughal emperor Humayun, whom his father had overthrown, made one abortive attempt to attack him.
	Islam Shah died on 22 November 1554. He was succeeded by his son Firuz Shah Suri, who was only twelve. Within a few days the boy ruler had been murdered by Sher Shah's nephew Muhammad Mubariz Khan, who then ascended the throne as Muhammad Adil Shah. The incomplete tomb of Islam Shah lies about a kilometer to the North-West of Sher Shah's tomb.

= = = Georg Kajanus = = =

	Georg Johan Tjegodiev [or Tchegodaieff] Kajanus (born 9 February 1946) is a Norwegian composer and pop musician, best known as the lead singer and songwriter of the British pop group Sailor.
	Kajanus was born in Trondheim, Norway, to Prince Pavel [also Paulo] Tjegodiev of Russia and Johanna Kajanus, a French-Finnish sculptress, bronze medal winner for sculpture at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937), and granddaughter of Robert Kajanus, the Finnish composer, conductor, champion of Sibelius and founder of the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra. He is the brother of the late actress and film-maker Eva Norvind and the uncle to Mexican theater and television actress Nailea Norvind.
	Kajanus moved with his mother and sister to Paris at the age of twelve where he studied music and classical guitar, as well as attending the Cité Universitaire’s flying school. The family then relocated to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where Kajanus worked as a stained-glass window designer.
	Kajanus was a member of UK-based folk rock band Eclection, who released a self-titled album in 1968 and wrote Cliff Richard's single "Flying Machine" (1971).
	Kajanus and Phil Pickett, who had been acquainted for some time, collaborated on an album, "Hi Ho Silver!" (1972), as Kajanus/Pickett. Deciding to form a group, tentatively named KP Packet, Kajanus and Pickett enlisted drummer and percussionist Grant Serpell (Affinity), and keyboard player and guitarist Henry Marsh (Gringo). In 1973, the foursome made their first recordings in a small studio in North London. Most of this material was not released at the time, but three demos are featured in Sailor's "Buried Treasure" 2-CD box set (2006).
	Kajanus had developed a musical theater concept, "Red Light Review", based on his memories of being a young man in places like Pigalle in Paris's red-light district. Encouraged by Grant Serpell to rework this material as pop songs, Kajanus devised the concept for Sailor.
	Sailor signed to Epic Records-CBS Records and between 1974 and 1978 released five albums with Kajanus: "Sailor", "Trouble", "The Third Step", "Checkpoint" (without Pickett) and "Hideaway". Kajanus was the lead singer, guitarist and, for the first three albums, the sole songwriter for the band, penning its two major hits, "A Glass of Champagne" and "Girls, Girls, Girls". Kajanus then left Sailor, leaving Pickett as the creative force behind their next album, "Dressed for Drowning".
	After leaving Sailor in 1978, Kajanus began to experiment with electronic music, forming DATA with Frankie and Phil Boulter. The classical-oriented title track of DATA’s first album, "Opera Electronica", was the theme music to the short film, "Towers of Babel" (1981). DATA then followed with two more studio albums, "2-TiME" (1983) and "Elegant Machinery" (1985).
	Shortly after DATA disbanded, Kajanus formed And the Mamluks with Henry Marsh. They recorded only four songs, with two being released on a Razormaid! anthology on vinyl, "Razormaid: The Epilogue: Back to Basics" (1985). Kajanus and Marsh also collaborated on the soundtrack for the British TV series, "The Kid" (1986), starring actor/singer Steve Fairnie.
	He worked with the Japanese composer and musician Shigeru Umebayashi, co-writing and producing songs for his album, "Ume" (1988).
	In 1989, Kajanus reunited with Henry Marsh and Phil Pickett to write and record some new material. This was not released at the time, but three songs are featured in Sailor's "Buried Treasure" 2-CD box set (2006).
	Kajanus, Marsh, Pickett and Grant Serpell reformed Sailor in 1990. The group recorded two albums, "Sailor" (1991) and "Street Lamp" (1992), with Kajanus once again writing and arranging all the material. They achieved further chart success in continental Europe with singles such as "La Cumbia" and "The Secretary".
	In the late nineties, Kajanus formed the "poetic-techno" duo Noir with Tim Dry (previously of Tik and Tok). Noir’s single "Walking" was used extensively in the 1997 Channel 4 television series "Feast", an avant-garde culinary program directed by TV food maestro David Pritchard. "Feast" was hosted by Noir and also starred French TV chef Jean Christophe Novelli.
	Noir's album "Strange Desire", recorded in 1995, was eventually released on Angel Air Records in 2007.
	Kajanus composed the soundtracks for two documentaries directed by German filmmaker Monika Treut: "Didn't Do It for Love" (1997) and the award-winning "Gendernauts" (1999).
	In 2008, Kajanus began working with Roberto Trippini and Barbie Wilde on a new version of the "Sailor" musical - an update of his original "Red Light Review" concept - which he describes as "a bittersweet musical about two people searching for love in the ruins of post-War Marseille".
	Kajanus's other current musical project is "People Industry", which he describes as "an exuberant, musical exploration of the human journey."

= = = Zoran Vulić = = =

	Zoran Vulić (born 4 October 1961) is a Croatian former professional footballer who played as a central defender, and current manager. He is most notable for having managing Hajduk Split five separate times between 1998 and 2018, which is a record among all Hajduk managers.
	Vulić was born in Split, FPR Yugoslavia. He is the son of Ante Vulić who was a famous goalkeeper for Hajduk Split in the 1950s. Zoran Vulić joined Hajduk Split as a stopper with a powerful shot, and played for the club for nine seasons. He played a total of 167 league games and scored 25 goals. He successfully continued his career abroad, with stints at RCD Mallorca and FC Nantes in the following five years. He was instrumental in Mallorca's return to the La Liga during his debut season. He played 35 matches and scored five times.
	Vulić returned to Hajduk in 1993 and retired after two years with the club at the age of 34. In his first stint with the club, he conquered two Yugoslavian cups in 1984 and 1987, and his second stint two Croatian leagues (1994, 1995) and one cup (1995).
	Vulić won 25 caps for Yugoslavia, scoring once, and participated at the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy where he played four of the team's five matches four out of five matches. His national team debut was on April 30, 1986 when Yugoslavia lost 4–2 to Brazil in a friendly match.
	In 1998, Vulić continued his career as a manager, with his first four spells all at Hajduk. His biggest success as Hajduk manager was winning the 2000–01 Croatian First Football League and the 2002–03 Croatian Football Cup. In 2004, he was sacked three rounds before the end of the 2003–04 Croatian First Football League season even though the team was sitting at the top of the table, and it was the new manager, Petar Nadoveza, who ended up winning this championship with Hajduk.
	In January 2008, Vulić moved to Russian Premier League's FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok. He returned to Croatia in 2009, taking over NK Rijeka. In February 2010, he took charge of NK Istra 1961. Vulić also managed RNK Split on two occasions. His biggest success with this team was reaching the final of the 2014–15 Croatian Football Cup where they were beaten on penalties by Dinamo Zagreb.
	In 2015, he took over Sheriff Tiraspol and managed to win the 2015–16 Moldovan National Division. He left the club in June 2016. On 14 December 2016, Vulić was appointed as manager of FC Atyrau. On 11 April 2017, FC Atyrau announced a mutually agreed contract termination, as Vulić wanted to return to Croatia. He was then manager of Apollon Smyrni from September to December 2017 (he was sacked after a poor run of results). His final stint with Hajduk was from 9 September to 27 November 2018 (he was sacked after having won only 3 of the 9 league matches).
	Additionally, Vulić also served as the assistant to the Croatian National Team.
	Hajduk Split
	Hajduk Split
	Sheriff Tiraspol

= = = Lego Harry Potter = = =

	Lego "Harry Potter" is a Lego theme based on the films of the "Harry Potter" series. Lego models of important scenes, vehicles and characters were made for the first six films and all the books released. The first sets appeared in 2001, to coincide with the release of the first film, "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" ("Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" in the United States). Subsequent sets were released alongside the new films, until "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix". The line then went dormant for three years, with sets being released in 2010 and 2011. In 2018, it was announced that more sets based on the "Harry Potter" franchise would be released, including new sets based on "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them" and its sequel, "".
	In January 2004, Lego owner and CEO Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen announced a change in direction for the company, which at the time was facing a DKK 1.4 billion loss, and that the company would focus on core products and not "big, movie-related IPs such as Harry Potter". A week later, the company clarified that this did not mean any immediate "radical changes", and that the Harry Potter theme would continue. However, the theme was discontinued after 2007 for a time.
	In June 2009, it was officially announced by Lego that a video game, "", was in production and released in June 2010. "" was released in November 2011.
	Warner Bros. and Lego announced on February 12, 2010 that six sets including Hogwarts Castle, Hagrid's Hut, The Burrow, Hogwarts Express, Dobby's Release, and Quidditch Match would be released in October 2010. These sets have newly decorated mini-figures and animals including Luna Lovegood, Bellatrix Lestrange, new owls and new pigs. Also announced was a Lego Harry Potter board game that was made available in August. In 2013, The LEGO Group officially discontinued Lego Harry Potter sets. However, a Lego Dimensions add-on pack featuring Harry Potter and Voldemort was scheduled to be released on 27 September 2016.
	In 2018 it was announced that more sets based on the Harry Potter Universe would be released, starting with a set based on the Great Hall.
	The first film (titled "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" in the United States) saw the largest number of sets, with fourteen being made in total. Initially, only eleven were produced, however three more were released the next year.
	Ten sets were produced based on the second film in the series. Two of which were released the year after the second film. These sets were designed to be combined with the sets from the first film.
	The third film saw eleven sets released, including the first Lego Harry Potter mini set. In addition, the minifigures became fleshed toned, following Lego universal change for licensed characters.
	Only four sets based on the fourth film were released. The Harry Potter minifigure headpiece was redesigned in this series.
	Only one set was produced based on the fifth film foreshadowing the theme's assumed retirement. This was the last Harry Potter themed set until 2010.
	Lego revived the Harry Potter theme after a three-year gap from previous set released in 2007. These new sets were released October 1, 2010 within the UK. All sets are remakes of previous ones with the exception of one new set, The Burrow, which is based on a scene from Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.
	Lego released four main sets in 2011. Diagon Alley was released in January, while the other three sets were released on June 1, 2011, around the time of the cinema release of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2. However, the Trolley, The Lab and the Mini Hogwarts Express were all promotional sets that were released in different countries at different times, which were either being given away with newspaper offers, the purchase of Diagon Alley from the Lego Shop and also with the pre-order of the game, Lego Harry Potter: Years 5-7.
	Lego has produced a "Harry Potter"-themed "Lego Dimensions" "team pack" with a scheduled release date of 27 September 2016 in the United States. This add-on pack includes Harry Potter and Voldemort minifigs that are largely similar to the 2010/2011 versions. Key differences include a different hairpiece for Harry Potter and a brown wand instead of a white one for Voldemort. The add-on pack also includes small versions of the Weasleys' flying car and the Hogwarts Express engine. An additional "fun pack" featuring Hermione Granger is also currently planned for release at a later date. Add-on packs based on "Fantastic Beasts & Where to Find Them" are set for release alongside the film on 18 November 2016; these include a "story pack" containing Newt Scamander, a Niffler and a MACUSA model, and a "fun pack" containing Tina Goldstein and a Swooping Evil.
	Harry Potter sets were released on July 1, 2018, including a set based on the Great Hall in the first two movies. The theme also includes sets based on the "Fantastic Beasts" movies. It was also revealed that on September 1st, a 6000 piece microscale Hogwarts will be released for purchase by Lego V.I.P members.
	Harry Potter sets were released on June 1, 2019.
	In June 2009, it was officially announced by Lego that a video game, "", was in production and released in June 2010. "" was released in November 2011. The video games were released for the PlayStation 4 on October 21, 2016, as part of the "Lego Harry Potter Collection", and was also released for the Xbox One and Nintendo Switch on October 30, 2018.

= = = Firuz Shah Suri = = =

	Firuz Shah Suri (died 1554) was the third ruler of Sur dynasty. He was the son of Islam Shah Suri and succeeded him in 1554 when he was twelve years old. Firuz Shah Suri was assassinated within days of his coronation by Sher Shah Suri's nephew Muhammad Mubariz Khan who later ruled as Muhammad Shah Adil.

= = = Monster vertex algebra = = =

	The monster vertex algebra (or moonshine module) is a vertex algebra acted on by the monster group that was constructed by Igor Frenkel, James Lepowsky, and Arne Meurman. R. Borcherds used it to prove the monstrous moonshine conjectures, by applying the Goddard–Thorn theorem of string theory to construct the monster Lie algebra, an infinite-dimensional generalized Kac–Moody algebra acted on by the monster.
	The Griess algebra is the same as the degree 2 piece of the monster vertex algebra, and the Griess product is one of the vertex algebra products. It can be constructed as conformal field theory describing 24 free bosons compactified on the torus induced by the Leech lattice and orbifolded by the two-element reflection group.

= = = Ob–Yenisei Canal = = =

	The Ob–Yenisei Canal, also known as the Ket-Kas Canal is a disused waterway that connected the basins of the rivers Ob and Yenisei in Siberia.
	The waterway connected the Ket River, a tributary of the Ob with the Greater Kas River, a tributary of the Yenisei, making use of their tributaries and lakes. The divide between the two river systems (which is also the border between today's Tomsk Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Krai) is spanned by a 
	hand-dug canal 8 km long, 20 m wide at the bottom, and 2.1 m (7 feet) deep.
	The canal was built in a period between 1882 and 1891, but was too shallow and narrow to compete with the
	Trans-Siberian Railway.
	Plans to improve the canal were considered around 1911, but were abandoned due to the beginning of the First World War.
	The canal was severely damaged during the Civil War, and closed for navigation in 1921.
	The canal was used one more time in 1942, when three steamboats and a cutter managed to make their way from the
	Yenisei to the Ob, but the passage was extremely difficult.
	The canal is now fully abandoned. It is occasionally reached by tourists using canoes, cars, or bicycles, or on foot.

= = = Episcopal Diocese of Connecticut = = =

	The Episcopal Diocese of Connecticut (also known as The Episcopal Church in Connecticut) is a diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, encompassing the entire state of Connecticut. It is one of the nine original dioceses of the Episcopal Church and one of seven New England dioceses that make up Province 1.
	Its first bishop, Samuel Seabury, was the first Anglican bishop with a see outside the British Isles. Anglican services have been conducted in the diocese since 1702, but the first diocesan convention did not take place until after the diocese was organized, having been convened by Seabury in 1785.
	The cathedra of the bishop is at Christ Church Cathedral (45 Church Street) in the see city of Hartford. Diocesan offices are at 1335 Asylum Avenue, Hartford. There are 177 parishes in the diocese, with about 68,500 baptized members. One of Connecticut's well-known bishops was Walter H. Gray, who served as the first chairman of the Civil Rights Commission in Connecticut. Gray also played a leading role at two meetings of the Lambeth Conferences.
	Ian Douglas, elected 15th bishop of the diocese on October 24, 2009, was consecrated at the Koeppel Center of Trinity College on April 17, 2010, at a service at which the preacher was Desmond Tutu, Archbishop emeritus of Cape Town. He was seated at Christ Church Cathedral the following day. Douglas is the first priest ever to be elected from outside the diocese, and at the time of his election was Angus Dun Professor of Mission and World Christianity at Episcopal Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and associate priest at St. James’s Church, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
	Douglas is assisted by Laura J. Ahrens (since 2007). Ahrens was the first woman to be elected bishop in Connecticut and was consecrated on June 30, 2007 at Woolsey Hall, Yale University, New Haven.
	As of 2013 the diocese had a membership of 54,145, down from 68,000 in 2003.

= = = Natural Selection (disambiguation) = = =

	Natural selection is the process by which individual organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
	Natural Selection may also refer to:

= = = Episcopal Diocese of Maine = = =

	The Episcopal Diocese of Maine is a diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America and encompasses the entire State of Maine. It is part of the Province of New England — Province I of the ECUSA.
	The Diocese has 59 year-round congregations and 18 summer chapels. The see city is Portland. Its cathedral is the Cathedral Church of St. Luke. On February 9, 2019, a special diocesan convention elected The Rev. Thomas John Brown to succeed Bishop Stephen T. Lane. Bishop Brown was consecrated and assumed office on June 22, 2019. Brown is the first openly gay bishop to lead the diocese.
	The Diocese of Maine was created in 1820 from the Eastern Diocese (which included all of New England save Connecticut) and elected its first bishop, George Burgess in 1847.

= = = Tabriz National Library = = =

	The Tabriz Central Library (), formerly "Tabriz National Library", was founded in 1956 by Nakhjavani with help from the people of Tabriz, Iran. It contains several handwritten books. The library is called National because of its non-benefit and non-governmental structure. Initially the library started by the books which are gathered by people specially by Nakhjavani, the building also constructed without any government investment.
	The original building was in the vicinity of Ark. After the revolution the initial building was destroyed by clerical hardliners in 1978 and the books moved to other buildings near to the Golestan Park, when they were destroying the historic Tabriz City Theater building that was placed behind the library building to make a new mosque.
	Currently a new modern building is made for the library by the Iranian Ministry of Culture.

= = = Episcopal Diocese of Rhode Island = = =

	The Episcopal Diocese of Rhode Island is a diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, encompassing the state of Rhode Island. It is one of seven New England dioceses that make up Province 1.
	The former Episcopal seat of the diocese, the Cathedral of St. John is at 271 North Main Street in the see city of Providence. It has subsequently been closed. There are 51 parishes in the diocese, with more than 17,000 communicants. The bishop is the Right Reverend W. Nicholas Knisely, the thirteenth office holder. 
	The diocese was founded in 1790 by two clergy and five members of the laity, representatives of the four charter churches of the diocese, King's Church in Providence (1722), Trinity Church in Newport (1698), St. Paul's in North Kingstown (1707), and St. Michael's in Bristol (1720). Without sufficient resources to support a bishop of their own, they elected Samuel Seabury, who was bishop of Connecticut, to hold the office of bishop of Rhode Island as well. Under Rhode Island's third bishop, Alexander Viets Griswold, the Episcopal Church in Rhode Island expanded from 200 communicants in four parishes to almost 2,000 in seventeen parishes. This growth continued under the next two bishops, John P. K. Henshaw and Thomas M. Clark, and this trend was supported by the immigration of many English Anglicans. By the end of the 19th century, the diocese had grown to 35 parishes.
	In the first part of the 20th century, the Episcopal Church in Rhode Island focused on urban ministry with a focus on social concerns, led by Bishop William N. McVickar. The first deaconess was ordained in 1890, and from 1910 to 1914 the number of women serving in this position and ordained by Bishop James D. Perry had grown from one to seven. Under Perry and his successor, Gaylord G. Bennett, the number of parishes continued to grow.
	From 1955 to 1972, the diocese was led by John Seville Higgins, who started campus ministries and a number of other missions. Bishop Frederick H. Belden led the church through the transitions occasioned by the ordination of women to the priesthood, ordaining Jo-Ann J. Drake to the transitional diaconate in 1977 and to the priesthood in 1978, (Patrica A. Smith, ordained deacon by Bishop Belden in 1976, continued her studies for the priesthood and was ordained in 1980) and adoption of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer. Belden was succeeded by George Hunt, who served as bishop from 1980 to 1994. Hunt led a crusade for accountability by the state government on the issues of corruption, organized crime and gambling. He also insisted that the process for ordination in the diocese not discriminate against anyone on the basis of gender or sexual orientation. In 1996, Geralyn Wolf was consecrated, becoming one of the few women serving as a diocesan bishop.
	There are a few parishes with a sizable percentage of African-American parishioners, and some congregations that have become the spiritual homes for people who have fled the civil war in Liberia. There is an active Spanish speaking congregation in Central Falls and another in Cranston. Most congregations make a point of openly welcoming gay and lesbian members.
	These are the bishops who have served the Diocese of Rhode Island:

= = = Muhammad Adil Shah = = =

	Muhammad Adil Shah ("reigned:" 1554–1555) was the fourth ruler of the Sur dynasty, a late medieval Afghan dynasty of northern India.
	He was the son of Nizam Khan, the younger brother of the Sultan Sher Shah Suri. Adil's sister, Bibi Bai, was married to Islam Shah Suri. His real name was Muhammad Mubariz Khan. He was responsible for the assassination of Firuz Shah Suri, the twelve-year-old son of Islam Shah Suri, in 1554. Then he ascended the throne as the last sultan of the united empire. He appointed Hemu as his Wazir.
	In 1555, Adil's brother in law, Ibrahim Shah Suri of Agra, revolted. Adil Shah's army was defeated and he lost the throne of Delhi. Soon, the empire founded by Sher Shah was divided into four parts. As Delhi and Agra came under the rule of Ibrahim Shah Suri, only the territories from the vicinity of Agra to Bihar remained under Adil. Shamsuddin Muhammad Shah already declared independence of Bengal in 1554. But hostility did not end with the division of empire.
	Ibrahim Shah Suri was then defeated by Sikandar Shah Suri at Farah, 32 km from Agra, and thus lost the possession of Delhi and Agra. Then Ibrahim renewed his strife with Adil, but he was defeated by Hemu twice, once near Kalpi and again near Khanua. He took refuge in the Bayana fort, which was besieged by Hemu.
	Muhammad Shah of Bengal approached near Kalpi, Adil had to recall Hemu to Kalpi. Muhammad Shah was defeated and killed at Chhapparghatta near Kalpi. Adil captured Bengal and appointed Shahbaz Khan as the Governor. He made Chunar his capital.
	In 1557, Adil was defeated and killed in a battle with the Bengal Sultan Khizr Khan Suri, the son of Muhammad Shah.

= = = Episcopal Diocese of Vermont = = =

	The Episcopal Diocese of Vermont is the diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America in the state of Vermont. It was the first diocese in the Episcopal Church to elect a woman, Mary Adelia Rosamond McLeod, as diocesan bishop.
	The see city is Burlington, where the Cathedral Church of St. Paul is located.
	On May 18, 2019, the church elected Shannon MacVean-Brown to succeed Ely as the eleventh Bishop of Vermont. Macvean-Brown was consecrated on September 28th, 2019 in Ira Allen Chapel in Burlington.Macvean-Brown is the first African-American Bishop of Vermont.
	Present or former diocesan churches listed on the National Register of Historic Places include:

= = = Olu'bo people = = =

	Olubo is an ethnic group of Equatoria in South Sudan. They speak Olu'bo, a Nilo-Saharan language. The population of this group may exceed 10,000. Most persons in this minority are not Muslims, although some are.

= = = Joachim Kunz = = =

	Joachim Kunz (born 9 February 1959) is a German weightlifter who competed for East Germany in the 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1988 Summer Olympics. He was born in Stollberg.
	At the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow he won a silver medal in the class. He won gold at the 1981 and 1983 World Championships. At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul he won a gold medal in the class.
	As of 2008, Kunz is head of German instant soup manufacturer "Suppina".

= = = Baltemar Brito = = =

	Baltemar José de Oliveira Brito (born 9 January 1952) is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a central defender, and a current coach.
	Born in Recife, Pernambuco, Brito spent the vast majority of his professional career in Portugal, representing Vitória de Guimarães (no league games played), F.C. Paços de Ferreira (two spells), C.D. Feirense, Rio Ave FC (two stints), Vitória de Setúbal and Varzim SC.
	Over the course of eight seasons, he amassed Primeira Liga totals of 197 games and seven goals in representation of all the clubs except Paços, with which he competed solely in the second division. He retired at the end of 1987–88 at the age of 36, after suffering top flight relegation with Varzim.
	Brito was in charge of Varzim for two games in his last season as a player, managing two draws. Subsequently, he had two spells as head coach with lowly CA Macedo de Cavaleiros.
	In the 2001–02 campaign, at U.D. Leiria, Brito started a link with José Mourinho that would last eight years. The assistant was part of a quartet that also included fitness coach Rui Faria, goalkeeping coach Silvino Louro and chief scout André Villas-Boas that followed the young manager from FC Porto to Chelsea.
	Brito also specialised in audio-visual work to prepare the team for matches. As Mourinho left the Premier League side early into 2007–08, so did his entire staff. On 5 June 2010, he was appointed head coach at C.F. Os Belenenses in the Portuguese second level, but was sacked the following month before the season had even started.
	On 18 May 2013, after a series of poor results, Brito was fired by Grêmio Esportivo Osasco.
	On 8 January 2018, Brito became head coach at Union Titus Pétange, a club of the first Luxembourgish league.

= = = Sikandar Shah Suri = = =

	Sikandar Shah Suri (died 1559) was the sixth ruler of Sur dynasty, a late medieval Pashtun dynasty of northern India. He became the sultan of Delhi after overthrowing Ibrahim Shah Suri.
	Sikandar Shah Suri's actual name was Ahmad Khan Suri. He was the brother-in-law of sultan Muhammad Adil Shah. He was the governor of Lahore before declaring independence from Delhi in 1555.
	After becoming the independent sultan and bringing Punjab under control, he marched towards the territory controlled by sultan Ibrahim Shah Suri. Ibrahim was defeated in a battle at Farah, India near Agra and Sikandar took possession of both Delhi and Agra. While Sikandar was busy with his struggle against Ibrahim, Humayun captured Lahore in February 1555. Another detachment of his forces captured Dipalpur. Next, the Mughal army occupied Jalandhar and their advanced division proceeded towards Sirhind. Sikandar sent a force of 30,000 horses but they were defeated by the Mughal army in a battle at Machhiwara and Sirhind was occupied by the Mughals. Sikandar, then led an army of 80,000 horses himself and met the Army at Sirhind. On 22 June 1555 he was defeated by the Mughal army and was compelled to retreat to the Sivalik Hills in northern Punjab. The victorious Mughals marched to Delhi and occupied it.
	In late 1556, Sikandar became active again. He defeated Mughal general Khizr Khwaja Khan at Chamiari (presently in Amritsar district) and began to collect taxes with Kalanaur as his headquarters. Bairam Khan sent Khan Alam (Iskandar Khan) to assist Khizr Khwaja Khan and finally on 7 December 1556 Akbar along with Bairam Khan left Delhi to deal with him. Sikandar again retreated to the Sivaliks and took refuge in the fort of Mankot. Bairam Khan besieged the fort. After six months of resistance, Sikandar surrendered the fort on 25 July 1557. He received an assignment in Bihar but was expelled by Akbar within a short period. He died in Bengal in 1559.
<br>

= = = Ælnoth of Canterbury = = =

Ælnoth or Ailnoth was an Anglo-Saxon Benedictine monk from Canterbury who settled in Denmark, and is known as author of a legend of the Danish king Saint Canute (Canute IV), who had been killed in Odense in 1086 and was canonized by the Pope 1100 or 1101.
Ælnoth may have been prior in the Benedictine community founded in Odense as a daughter house of the Abbey at Evesham. According to the Danish historian Hans Olrik, who wrote the biography of Ælnoth in the first edition of the Danish biographical reference work "Dansk biografisk lexikon", Ælnoth came to Denmark and Odense about 1100; he there had compatriots called in earlier by King Eric for the new cathedral planned as the burial church for the slain King Canute, his older brother (in other words at some point after the death of Canute in 1086). However, it has also been suggested that he came as early as 1085, accompanying relics of Saint Alban.
	When he had been in Denmark 24 years (perhaps between 1109 and 1122, depending on the date he can be assumed to have arrived in Denmark), he wrote his Latin "Vita et Passio S. Canuti" (English: "Life and Passion of St Canute"). Olrik calls it "one of the most important sources for the history of Denmark in the Middle Ages". According to Olrik, Ælnoth is unusually frank as he, despite his awe of his hero, nevertheless hints at the faults of the violent king. He switches between prose and poetry in a way Olrik defines as typically Anglo-Saxon. The legend is dedicated to King Niels, and is more generally written with the political purpose of supporting the claims of the dynasty of the sons of Sweyn Estridson.
	Other than his origins in Canterbury, little is known about the life of Ælnoth, with even the dates of his arrival in Denmark and when he wrote the 'Life and Passion of St Canute' being uncertain. There are hints at persecution from which Ælnoth considered himself the object, possibly from a priest higher up in the hierarchy. According to Olrik, Ælnoth shows familiarity with Denmark and Danish customs, but little sympathy for the Danes, and appears to hate the Normans who had caused him to leave his own country.
	Early printed editions of Ælnoth's Life of Saint Canute include "Historia S. Canuti Regis et Martyris, Othoniæ sepulti", printed in Copenhagen 1602. A more recent edition is "Gesta Swenomagni regis et filiorum eius passio gloriasissimi Canuti regis et martyris", in Martin Clarentius Gertz, ed., "Vitae sanctorum Danorum" (Copenhagen 1908-12), p. 77-136. A recent Danish translation is "Ælnoths Krønike", translated by Erling Albrectsen (Odense: Odense Universitetsforlag, 1984.)

= = = Charles J. Hitch = = =

	Charles J. Hitch (January 9, 1910 – September 11, 1995) was an American economist and Assistant Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) from 1961 to 1965. He later served as vice chancellor (1965–1967) and president (1967–1975) of the University of California.
	Hitch was born in Boonville, Missouri to Arthur M. Hitch and Bertha Johnston. His brother was Thomas Kemper Hitch. He was educated at Kemper Military School before leaving for the University of Arizona, where he became a member of the Delta Chi fraternity and received a BA in economics in 1931. After pursuing graduate studies at Harvard University during the 1931-1932 academic year, he received a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford University, where he received a second bachelor's degree in 1935 and the Oxbridge MA in 1938. That year, he became the first Rhodes Scholar to join the University's faculty as a fellow of The Queen's College, Oxford.
	During World War II, Hitch served as a staff economist under W. Averell Harriman during his special envoyship to Europe before joining the War Production Board. He later served in the Office of Strategic Services as an officer of the United States Army and was discharged at the rank of first lieutenant in 1945.
	Between 1948 and 1961, he was head of Rand Corporation's Economics Division in Santa Monica, California. While at Rand, he co-authored with Roland McKean "The Economics of Defense in the Nuclear Age" (, Harvard University Press, 1960), described by the New York Times as the 'bible' for defense budgeting.
	As the DOD's comptroller, he was directed by Secretary Robert McNamara to produce a long-term, program-oriented Defense budget that became USDOD's Planning, Programming and Budgeting System (PPBS).
	He was posthumously elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences.

= = = Lake Connecticut = = =

	Glacial Lake Connecticut formed over what is now Long Island Sound and coastal Connecticut at the fore edge of the ice sheet of the Wisconsin glaciation, as the lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet began to retreat, some 18 to 20,000 years before present. It was dammed by the terminal moraine that now forms the spine of Long Island and Fishers Island. About 15,000 BP, the moraine dam that impounded Lake Connecticut failed; the outlet, known as The Race for its tidal rip currents, lies between the North Fork of Long Island and Fishers Island. For a time, much of the lake bed was exposed to wind-driven erosion: the cue is found in soundings that reveal regional unconformities in the sediment bed of Long Island Sound.
	The fore-edge lake formed by glacial meltwater expanded to be about the same size as present-day Long Island Sound; it may have been connected at times with similar freshwater lakes in Block Island Sound and Buzzards Bay, while sea level was low. The fairly shallow average depth of 78 feet (24 m) of today's Long Island Sound is the result of fine lake-bottom sediments deposited as glacial outwash slowed in Lake Connecticut. Suspended as rock flour, the fine sediments would have rendered Lake Connecticut a turquoise blue-green.
	The end of Lake Connecticut was marked by a series of intervals of salt water incursion after about 15,000 BP and subsequent refreshening, as rising sea levels and isostatic rebound of land depressed by the former weight of ice sheets adjusted to one another.

= = = Otoro Nuba people = = =

	The Otoro Nuba are an ethnic group in the Nuba Mountains of South Kordofan state, in southern Sudan. 
	They speak Otoro language, a Niger-Congo language. The population of this group is approximately 12,000.

= = = Proto-orthodox Christianity = = =

	The term proto-orthodox Christianity or proto-orthodoxy was coined by New Testament scholar Bart D. Ehrman and describes the Early Christian movement which was the precursor of Christian orthodoxy. Ehrman argues that this group from the moment it became prominent by the end of the third century, "stifled its opposition, it claimed that its views had always been the majority position and that its rivals were, and always had been, 'heretics', who willfully 'chose' to reject the 'true belief'." In contrast, Larry W. Hurtado argues that proto-orthodox Christianity is rooted in first century Christianity.
	According to Ehrman, "'Proto-orthodoxy' refers to the set of [Christian] beliefs that was going to become dominant in the 4th century, held by people "before" the 4th century."
	Ehrman expands on the thesis of German New Testament scholar Walter Bauer (1877–1960), laid out in his primary work "Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity" (1934). Bauer hypothesised that the Church Fathers, most notably Eusebius in his "Ecclesiastical History", "had not given an objective account of the relationship of early Christian groups." Instead, Eusebius would have "rewritten the history of early Christian conflicts, so as to validate the victory of the orthodox party that he himself represented." Eusebius claimed that orthodoxy derived directly from the teachings of Jesus and his earliest followers, and had always been the majority view; by contrast, all other Christian views were branded as "heresies", that is to say, willful corruptions of the truth, held by small numbers of minorities.
	However, in modern times, many non-orthodox early Christian writings were discovered by scholars, gradually challenging the traditional Eusebian narrative. Bauer was the first to suggest that what later became known as "orthodoxy" was originally just one out of many early Christian sects (such as the Ebionites, Gnostics and Marcionists), that however was able to eliminate all major opposition by the end of the 3rd century, and managed to establish itself as orthodoxy at the First Council of Nicaea (325) and subsequent ecumenical councils. According to Bauer, the early Egyptian churches were largely Gnostic, the 2nd-century churches in Asia Minor were largely Marcionist, and so on. But because the church in the city of Rome was "proto-orthodox" (in Ehrman's terms), Bauer contended they had strategic advantages over all other sects because of their proximity to the Roman Empire's centre of power. As the Roman political and cultural elite converted to the locally held form of Christianity, they started exercising their authority and resources to influence the theology of other communities throughout the Empire, sometimes by force. Bauer cites the First Epistle of Clement as an early example of the bishop of Rome interfering with the church of Corinth to impose its own proto-orthodox doctrine of apostolic succession, and to favour a certain group of local church leaders over another.
	According to Ehrman, proto-orthodox Christianity bequeathed to subsequent generations "four Gospels to tell us virtually everything we know about the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus" and "handed down to us the entire New Testament, twenty-seven books". Similar to later Chalcedonian views about Jesus, the proto-orthodox believed that Christ was both divine as well as a human being, not two halves joined together. Likewise they regarded God as three persons; the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit; but only one God.
	Martyrdom played a major role in proto-orthodox Christianity, as exemplified by Ignatius of Antioch in the beginning of the second century. Imperial authorities arrested him "evidently for Christian activities" and condemned him as fodder for wild beasts.
	He expressed eagerness to die, expecting thus to "attain to God". Following Ignatius, many proto-orthodox theorists saw it as a privilege to die for faith. In fact martyrdom became a way to tell the true believers from the heretics. If someone wasn't willing to die for what they believed, they were seen as not dedicated to the faith.
	Another facet of the faith was the structure of the church. It was common – as it is today – for a church to have a leader. Ignatius wrote several letters to several churches instructing them to let the leaders (usually the bishops) handle all the problems within the church. He exhorted Church members to listen to the bishops as they were the leaders: "Be subject to the Bishop as to the commandment…We are clearly obligated to look upon the bishop as the Lord himself ... You should do nothing apart from the bishop." The role of the bishop paved the way for hierarchies in churches that we often see today.
	Another important aspect about proto-orthodox Christianity involves its views on Jews and Jewish practices. An important book for them was the Epistle of Barnabas, which taught that the Jewish interpretation of the Old Testament was improperly literal, while the Epistle offered metaphorical interpretations as the truth, such as on laws concerning diet, fasting, and the Sabbath, moreover, that the Old Testament was specifically written to presage the coming of Jesus, and that not only did Christ's covenant supersede the Mosaic covenant, but that "the Jews had always adhered to a false religion".
	In order to form a New Testament canon of uniquely Christian works, proto-orthodox Christians went through a process that was complete in the West by the beginning of the 5th century. Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, Egypt, in his Easter letter of 367, listed the same twenty-seven New Testament books as found in the Canon of Trent. The first council that accepted the present canon of the New Testament may have been the Synod of Hippo Regius in North Africa (393); the acts of this council, however, are lost. A brief summary of the acts was read at and accepted by the Council of Carthage (397) and the Council of Carthage (419).
	To Ehrman, "Proto-orthodox Christians argued that Jesus Christ was both divine and human, that he was one being instead of two, and that he had taught his disciples the truth." This view that he is "a unity of both divine and human" (the Hypostatic union) is opposed to both Adoptionism (that Jesus was only human and "adopted" by God, as the Ebionites believed), and Docetism (that Christ was only divine and merely "seemed" to be human, as the Marcionists believed), as well as Separationism (that an aeon had entered Jesus' body, which "separated" again from him during his death on the cross, as most Gnostics believed).
	For Ehrman, in the canonical gospels, Jesus is characterized as a Jewish faith healer who ministered to the most despised people of the local culture. Reports of miracle working were not uncommon during an era "in the ancient world [where] most people believed in miracles, or at least in their possibility."
	The traditional Christian view is that orthodoxy emerged to codify and defend the traditions inherited from the Apostles themselves. Hurtado argues that Ehrman's "proto-orthodox" Christianity was rooted into first-century Christianity:
	...to a remarkable extent early-second-century protoorthodox devotion to Jesus represents a concern to preserve, respect, promote, and develop what were by then becoming traditional expressions of belief and reverence, and that had originated in earlier years of the Christian movement. That is, proto-orthodox faith tended to affirm and develop devotional and confessional tradition [...] Arland Hultgren has shown that the roots of this appreciation of traditions of faith actually go back deeply and widely into first-century Christianity.

= = = Dutch–Hanseatic War = = =

	The Dutch–Hanseatic War was a conflict between the Burgundian Netherlands and the Hanseatic League over the latter's control of Baltic shipping. It began in 1438 and ended with the 1441 Treaty of Copenhagen, which authorized unlimited Dutch access to the Baltic grain trade.
	On 7 April 1438, Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy allowed Dutch privateering against the six Wendish cities of the League—Hamburg, Lübeck, Lüneburg, Greifswald, Stettin (now Szczecin) and Anklam—and the Duchy of Holstein. On 23 April, the Hanseatic League informed its member cities of a possible war with Holland and advised shipping via Flanders, rather than Holland or Zeeland.

= = = Ibrahim Shah Suri = = =

	Ibrahim Shah Suri was the fifth ruler of Sur dynasty, a Pashtun (Afghan) dynasty of late medieval northern India.
	Ibrahim Khan Suri was son of Ghazi Khan. He was the brother-in-law of sultan Muhammad Adil Shah. He was the governor of Agra in 1555, when he revolted against the sultan. Adil Shah despatched his army to crush the revolt, but he defeated Adil's army and marched towards Delhi. After capturing Delhi, he assumed the regal title and became Ibrahim Shah Suri. But in the same year, Sikandar Shah Suri defeated him at Farah, 32 km from Agra in spite of the numerical superiority of Ibrahim's army. Sikandar took possession of both Delhi and Agra.
	After losing Delhi and Agra, Ibrahim began his strife with Adil Shah. But he was defeated by Adil's army led by his wazir Hemu twice, first near Kalpi and next near Khanua. He took refuge in the fort of Bayana, but it was besieged by Hemu's army. He got some respite when Hemu was recalled by Adil. Later, Ibrahim took refuge in Orissa, where he died in 1567-68. 

= = = Boots Mallory = = =

	Patricia "Boots" Mallory (October 22, 1913 – December 1, 1958) was an American film actress, dancer, and model.
	Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, Mallory grew up in Mobile, Alabama, attended Murphy High School, and was working in the Lyric Theater as an usherette when the Ziegfeld Follies came to Mobile. Ziegfeld offered her a spot in his show. She eventually travelled to New York City where she made a strong impression in the Broadway production of the "Ziegfeld Follies of 1931".
	Moving to Hollywood, she found employment with Fox Films and was cast in the film version of Dawn Powell's play "Walking Down Broadway". This was the first sound film by Erich von Stroheim. He shared both screenwriting and directing credits and regarded Mallory as his discovery. The play told the story of a young unmarried woman involved in a love triangle who becomes pregnant. The finished film, however, strongly suggested a lesbian relationship between Mallory's character and the character played by ZaSu Pitts. Other sexual themes involving the character played by James Dunn were considered too daring. Fox executives brought in director Alfred L. Werker to drastically cut Von Stroheim's version and to shoot additional scenes. The film was finally released under the new title "Hello, Sister!" (1933) with little promotion and was not a success. Von Stroheim's original version was neither copyrighted nor released, and is considered lost.
	In 1932 her second completed film, "Handle with Care", also co-starring James Dunn, was released and marked her debut. It was well received and Mallory was chosen as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars of 1932, but the extensive media publicity surrounding her WAMPAS recognition, was undermined by the poor reception given to "Hello, Sister!" when it was finally released.
	A tall blonde, Mallory was well regarded for her striking looks and was photographed by such photographers as George Hurrell. She also posed for risque lingerie photographs, and was painted nude by the pin-up artist Rolf Armstrong.
	She married James Cagney's lookalike brother William Cagney, an actor who later became a film producer for his brother.
	Over the next few years, Mallory played the lead in several "B" pictures, including the Rin Tin Tin feature "The Wolf Dog" (1933), and received top-billing in "Carnival Lady" (1934) and "The Big Race" (1934). On radio she worked with James Cagney in productions for "Lux Radio Theatre". She made her final film appearance in an uncredited role in the Laurel and Hardy film "Swiss Miss" (1938).
	Mallory was first married at the age of 16, and by 1932 had married her second husband, film producer William Cagney, brother of actor James Cagney. She and William Cagney had two children, fraternal twins Jill and Stephan. She was married to actor Herbert Marshall from 1947 until her death from chronic throat disease at age 45 in Santa Monica, California, in 1958.
	Though usually billed as Boots Mallory, she was sometimes billed as "Boots" Mallory, complete with quotation marks, and she used the quotation marks when signing autographs.

= = = Francisco Pacheco (singer) = = =

	Francisco Pacheco (born October 10, 1955 at Cata, Aragua State), is a Venezuelan folk singer and drummer who had a more than twenty-year career. He was a major parranda singer, and for much of his career he was a member of the group Un Solo Pueblo. His most popular songs with that group include "Botaste la Bola", "La Cultura Popular", "Quien ha visto negro como yo", "La matica, Viva Venezuela", "Margot, La Arigua". In 2001, he released the album "Francisco Pacheco y su pueblo". He was also a member of the group Quitandinha Serenader. In 2013, he released the album Diversidad.

= = = Roland &quot;Slim&quot; Simpson = = =

	Roland Simpson (1969 – 22 October 2004) was a BASE jumper with over 1,000 jumps. He was born in Australia in 1969. He was a qualified tandem master and a wingsuit instructor. He became the US national exit style champion in 1998, and the US national champion in 1999.
	Since 1993 he was well known as a BASE jumper. He won many awards and made many successful leaps, including a jump from Petronas Twin Towers in Malaysia, Troll Wall in Norway, and the Cave of the Swallows in Mexico. He even participated in making the world's record in jumping from fixed objects on 3 July 2004, when 30 jumpers leapt at the same time.
	On 25 April 2001 in Garie Beach (Australia), he had a tragic accident in which he was badly injured. His injuries were three broken vertebrae, two broken femurs, a broken collarbone, a punctured lung, and a smashed pelvis. A year after the accident, he returned to the sport. He was always active in BASE jumping.
	On 5 October 2004 during Chinese National Day Holiday, a multi-national group of BASE jumpers who were invited by the Shanghai Sports Bureau leapt from the top of the tower. The next day, Roland Simpson leapt from the Jin Mao Building, the tallest skyscraper in China at the time, in a wingsuit. After a good jump and flight, his parachute opened with multiple line twists making it difficult to steer and he crashed onto an adjacent building. He went into a coma. He was then returned to Australia, where he died from his injuries in Canberra Hospital at 2:30pm AEST on 22 October 2004. He is number 85, on the BASE Fatality List.

= = = Igor Frenkel = = =

	Igor Borisovich Frenkel (; born April 22, 1952) is a Russian-American mathematician at Yale University working in representation theory and mathematical physics.
	Frenkel emigrated to the United States in 1979. He received his PhD from Yale University in 1980 with a dissertation on the "Orbital Theory for Affine Lie Algebras". He held positions at the IAS and MSRI, and a tenured professorship at Rutgers University, before taking his current job of tenured professor at Yale University. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2018. He is also a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
	In collaboration with James Lepowsky and Arne Meurman, he constructed the monster vertex algebra, a vertex algebra which provides a representation of the monster group.
	Around 1990, as a member of the School of Mathematics at the Institute for Advanced Study, Frenkel worked on the mathematical theory of knots, hoping to develop a theory in which the knot would be seen as a physical object. He continued to develop the idea with his student Mikhail Khovanov, and their collaboration ultimately led to the discovery of Khovanov homology, a refinement of the Jones polynomial, in 2002.
	A detailed description of Igor Frenkel's research over the years can be found in 

= = = Corris Uchaf = = =

	Corris Uchaf (), locally known as Top Corris, is a village lying in the south of the Snowdonia National Park in Gwynedd, Wales. The extensive slate quarries that surround the village are its most prominent historical feature.
	The village lies in the valley of the Afon Deri, and is threaded by the A487 road, a trunk road between Dolgellau and Machynlleth. To the south the Deri runs into the Afon Dulas in the neighbouring village of Corris.
	Among the quarries that once thrived around the village are Abercwmeiddaw and Abercorris (also known as Cwmodyn) on the east bank of the river, and Gaewern and Braichgoch on the western slopes of the valley.
	The narrow-gauge horse-drawn Upper Corris Tramway carried slate in waggons from the quarries to Maespoeth Junction, where they joined the main line of the narrow gauge Corris Railway which took them onward to Machynlleth.

= = = James Lepowsky = = =

	James "Jim" Lepowsky (born July 5, 1944 in New York City) is a professor of mathematics at Rutgers University, New Jersey. Previously he taught at Yale University. He received his Ph.D from M.I.T. in 1970 where his advisors were Bertram Kostant and Sigurdur Helgason. Lepowsky graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1961, 16 years after Kostant. His current research is in the areas of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras and vertex algebras. He has written several books on vertex algebras and related topics. In 1988, in a joint work with Igor Frenkel and Arne Meurman, he constructed the monster vertex algebra (also known as the Moonshine module). His PhD students include Stefano Capparelli, Yi-Zhi Huang, Haisheng Li, Arne Meurman, and Antun Milas.
	In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

= = = Arne Meurman = = =

	Arne Meurman (born April 6, 1956) is a Swedish mathematician working on finite groups and vertex operator algebras. Currently he is a professor at Lund University.
	He is best known for constructing the monster vertex algebra together with Igor Frenkel and James Lepowsky.
	He is interested in chess.
	Here one can see more publications: http://www.matematik.lu.se/people/math-am0/publications/

= = = LL chondrite = = =

	The LL chondrites are a group of stony meteorites, the least abundant group of the ordinary chondrites, accounting for about 10–11% of observed ordinary-chondrite falls and 8–9% of all meteorite falls (see meteorite fall statistics). The ordinary chondrites are thought to have originated from three parent asteroids, with the fragments making up the H chondrite, L chondrite and LL chondrite groups respectively. The composition of the Chelyabinsk meteor is that of a LL chondrite meteorite. The material makeup of Itokawa, the asteroid visited by the Hayabusa spacecraft which landed on it and brought particles back to Earth also proved to be type LL chondrite.
	LL stands for Low (total) iron, Low metal.
	They contain 19–22% total iron and only 0.3–3% metallic iron. That means that most of the iron is present as iron oxide (FeO) in the silicates; olivine contains 26 to 32 mol% fayalite (Fa). The most abundant minerals are hypersthene (a pyroxene) and olivine. Other minerals include Fe–Ni, troilite (FeS), feldspar or feldspathic glass, chromite, and phosphates.
	LL chondrites contain the largest chondrules of the ordinary chondrite groups, averaging around diameter.
	The LL group includes many of the most primitive ordinary chondrites, including the well-studied Semarkona (type 3.0) chondrite. However, most LL chondrites have been thermally metamorphosed to petrologic types 5 and 6, meaning that their minerals are homogeneous in composition and chondrule borders are difficult to discern.
	This, together with the low content of metal, led the 19th century mineralogist Tschermak to determine that they formed a transitional stage between chondrites and achondrites and to name them "amphoterites". We know now that LL chondrites and achondrites are quite different, so this name is no longer in use.
	Many of the LL chondrites are breccias.

= = = AVN Adult Entertainment Expo = = =

	The AVN Adult Entertainment Expo (AEE) is an adult entertainment convention and trade show held each January in Las Vegas, Nevada and is sponsored by "AVN" magazine. AEE is the largest pornography industry trade show in the United States. The 2007 AVN Expo had over 30,000 attendees, which included 355 exhibiting companies.
	The AEE is a four-day show which mixes industry-only events with open hours for fans seeking autographs, photo opportunities, and memorabilia. The first two days are "Trade Only" (with access limited to people in the adult industry), and the remainder of the show includes open hours for fans. One of the major aspects of the AEE is that most of the major adult entertainment stars make appearances. The AVN Awards are presented on the show's closing night. The 2018 show was held January 24–27.
	Until 2012, the AEE was usually held at the Sands Expo and Convention Center concurrently with the Consumer Electronics Show (CES). In 2012, the AEE was held at the Las Vegas Hard Rock Hotel and Casino on January 18–21, one week after the 2012 CES to help exhibitors minimize travel expenses and maximize networking opportunities.
	In 2013, the 15th annual AEE was again held at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, and the 2014 AEE was held January 15–18 at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, as was the 2015 AEE.
	The 1998 AEE and Awards are the subject of David Foster Wallace's article "Neither Adult nor Entertainment", published in "Premiere", and later reprinted and extended as "Big Red Son", the first essay of his collection "Consider the Lobster".

= = = Kensaku Segoe = = =

	Segoe had Go Seigen, Utaro Hashimoto, and Cho Hunhyun as pupils. He also authored numerous books, such as his "Tesuji Dictionary" (with Go Seigen) and "Go proverbs Illustrated". An internal quarrel in the Nihon Ki-in led to his becoming an isolated, if very much respected, figure. His participation in competition post-1945 was quite low.
	He committed suicide on July 27, 1972, shortly after his pupil Cho Hun-hyun returned to South Korea for military service.

= = = Dansk Biografisk Leksikon = = =

	Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (usually abbreviated DBL; title of first edition written Dansk biografisk Lexikon) is a Danish biographical dictionary that has been published in three editions. The first edition, "Dansk biografisk Lexikon, tillige omfattende Norge for tidsrummet 1537-1814" (""...including Norway for the period 1537-1814"") was published in nineteen volumes 1887-1905 under the editorship of the historian Carl Frederik Bricka. The first edition, which is in the public domain is available online at Projekt Runeberg.
	Later editions were published 1933-1934 (27 volumes) and 1979-1984 (16 volumes). While some of the biographies from the previous editions have been updated in the third edition, many others – considered of less contemporary relevance – were left out and need to be consulted in its predecessors.
	Searchable online access to the articles, some of which have been updated, is available from Gyldendal's "Den Store Danske" website.

= = = Ana Belén = = =

	María del Pilar Cuesta Acosta (born 27 May 1951, Madrid) known professionally as Ana Belén is a Spanish actress and singer.
	Born in 1951, Ana Belén is the oldest of three children. Her father was a cook in Hotel Palace, and her mother worked on a farm. Ana Belén studied acting in Spain during her youth and began acting in theatrical and cinematic productions in the mid-1960.
	While working on the film "Morbo" by Gonzalo Suárez, she met Víctor Manuel, marrying him in 1972 in Gibraltar. At this time she also started her career as a singer, releasing several successful albums. She appeared in various films: "La petición" by Pilar Miró; "Emilia parada y fonda" by Angelino Fons; "El buscón" by Luciano Berriatúa; "La oscura historia de la prima Montse" by Jordi Cadena; "La criatura" by Eloy de la Iglesia, and "Sonámbulos" by Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón. 
	In 1986, Ana Belén, alongside songwriter Víctor Manuel, performed the song "La Puerta de Alcalá". The single remained at the top position in Spain for seven weeks in summer 1986. In 1991, she recorded "Como una novia", her first album that did not include any songs composed or adapted by Víctor Manuel. In 1997, she released a new album, "Mírame", of her own songs and duets and which went on to become the best-selling album of her solo career. In autumn of 1996, she – along with Joan Manuel Serrat, Miguel Ríos, and Víctor Manuel – set ticket sales records throughout Spain with their "El gusto es nuestro" tour. In 1998, Belen commemorated Federico García Lorca's centenary by releasing two albums under the title of "Lorquiana", a collection of poems and popular songs by Lorca. The following year another album was released "Ana Belén y Miguel Ríos cantan a Kurt Weill", and she had a role in the Tele 5 series, "Petra Delicado". 

= = = Maespoeth Junction = = =

	Maespoeth Junction is a railway location to the south of Corris in Gwynedd. It lies in the historic county of Merionethshire/Sir Feirionnydd, in the valley of the Afon Dulas. It is known principally as a railway junction on the historic Corris Railway, and is also the site of a small number of residential dwellings.
	Maespoeth was where the horse-hauled Upper Corris Tramway from the slate quarries around Corris Uchaf met the main line (opened in 1859) of the Corris Railway coming from Aberllefenni. The place name, which translates as "Hot Field", is shared with a nearby house.
	The site was merely the meeting place of the two lines until 1878. In that year the Corris Railway Company identified Maespoeth as the site for its new engine shed, planned as part of the introduction of steam engines, which commenced operating later that year.
	Constructed in the vee of the two lines, the new shed held the railway's three steam locomotives and was equipped to handle all but the heaviest repairs to the locomotives and rolling stock. Immediately to the north of the engine shed is a small stream. At an unknown date a section of the stream was lined with slate and a wood-framed dunny or latrine was built over it to provide toilet facilities with constant running water. Although this remains in situ it is no longer used by railway staff.
	In the early 1920s the arrival of a fourth locomotive exceeded the capacity of the engine shed, and a small wooden building was built against the south wall of the engine shed and initially used to store one of the railway's original three locomotives. This building was later used to store carriages under repair. It disappeared in the early 1930s.
	A smaller stone building was later constructed to the south of the engine shed, and used as a stable and store for the Signals & Telegraph (S&T) department. A wooden signal cabin with a stone chimney was built to protect the lever frame controlling the points and signals at the south end of the site.
	Much of the engineering machinery was removed after the line became part of the Great Western Railway in 1930, but the engine shed and associated structures survived the closure of the railway in 1948 and subsequently served as a winter working base for the Forestry Commission.
	From 1966 onwards a group of volunteers has been working on the preservation of the Corris Railway's infrastructure. In 1981 the Maespoeth Junction site was returned to railway ownership under the auspices of the Corris Railway Society and the engine shed now once again serves its original purpose as a home for the railway's locomotives, and as its engineering headquarters. The engine shed is a Grade II listed building, and successfully attracted a large Heritage Lottery Fund grant to fund re-roofing of both the engine shed and the associated S&T shed.
	The original S&T shed to the south of the engine shed also survives, now being used as a volunteer's mess and as a small museum. Originally this building was separate from the engine shed, but the space between the two has now been roofed to provide a toilet block.
	The original signal box did not survive, but a new signal box was built in the 1990s on the same site as the original. This now controls points and signals around the junction.
	In 2009 a large new carriage shed, largely built by volunteers from the Corris Railway Society, was opened on the east side of the site. This building is now the headquarters of the railway's passenger carriage construction programme, as well as being a base for the overhauling of freight and engineering vehicles.
	The original railway did not have a passenger station at Maespoeth, although most up-trains halted there to take water from a pipe overhanging the track, fed from a slate water tank inside the engine shed, supplied via a cast iron pipe from a mountain stream several hundred yards away. The heritage railway has built a platform at Maespoeth and this currently serves as the southern terminus of the partially restored line.
	The station is still referenced as Maespoeth Junction, even though the Upper Corris Tramway no longer exists. The actual junction track work has been relaid, and rails have been relaid for the first hundred yards of the tramway's route, rising sharply to meet the neighbouring roadway. This last spur of the old tramway is still occasionally used as a facility for transferring engines and rolling stock to flatbed lorries for road transportation.
	"A Return to Corris", Corris Railway Society 1988 

= = = Ray Manzarek &amp; Bal = = =

	Ray Manzarek & Bal is the collaboration of The Doors keyboardist Ray Manzarek and composer/trumpeter Bal. Their "Atonal Head" CD is an exploration in the realm Electronica. The two musicians have integrated jazz, rock, Ethnic, and classical music into their new, computer based creations. The musical performances are all by Ray Manzarek and Bal as are all the compositions except for Caravan and "Riders on the Storm" which features the voice of Jim Morrison.

= = = Adil Shah Suri = = =

	Adil Shah Suri was the seventh and final ruler of the Sur dynasty. He was the brother of Sikandar Shah Suri, who ruled over a region east of Delhi after Sikandar Shah Suri was defeated by Humayun in 1555. He and Sikandar Shah Suri were contenders for the Delhi throne against the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great.
	Early in Adil Shah's reign, he fought back a challenge from Muhammad Shah, ruler of Bengal. At the battle of Chhapparghatta in December 1555, Adil Shah and his Hindu general Hemu routed the Bengal forces and Muhammad Shah was killed. The following year, following the child-Emperor Akbar's absence from Delhi on a campaign, Hemu attacked and defeated the regent Tardi Beg Khan who fled the city. This was Hemu's 22nd successive victory in battle and rather than appoint Adil Shah as ruler he appointed himself ruler.
	Meanwhile, the Bengal throne had passed on to Ghiyasuddin Abul Muzaffar Bahadur Shah, son of the slain Muhammad Shah. After killing an ambitious uncle, Bahadur Shah marched against Adil Shah to avenge his father's murder. In the battle of Fathpur in Munghyr in April 1557 AD Adil Shah's army was routed and Adil himself was captured and killed.

= = = Gear stick = = =

	A gear stick (rarely spelled "gearstick"), gear lever (both, UK English), gearshift or shifter (US English) is a metal lever attached to the shift assembly in a manual transmission-equipped automobile and is used to change gears. In an automatic transmission-equipped vehicle, a similar device is known as a gear selector. A gear stick will normally be used to change gear whilst depressing the clutch pedal with the left foot to disengage the engine from the drivetrain and wheels. Automatic transmission vehicles, semi-automatic transmissions, and those with continuously variable transmission gearboxes do not require a clutch pedal.
	Gear sticks are most commonly found between the front seats of the vehicle, either on the center console (sometimes even quite far up on the dashboard), the transmission tunnel (erroneously called a console shifter when the floor shifter mechanism is bolted to the transmission tunnel with the center console to cover up the shifter assembly when used with a rear or front wheel drive vehicle), or directly on the floor. Some vehicles have a column shift where the lever is mounted on the steering column—this arrangement was almost standard practice in American vehicles from about 1939 until relatively recently. It had the added benefit of allowing for a full width bench-type front seat (though some models with bucket seating as an option include it). It has since fallen out of favor, although it can still be found widely on North American-market pick-up trucks, vans, emergency vehicles (both law enforcement and EMS - the column shifter is retained where a floor shifter is unfeasible due to mounting the mobile data terminal and 2-way radio), and "full-size" US sedans such as the Ford Crown Victoria. A dashboard mounted shift was common on certain French models such as the Citroën 2CV and Renault 4. Both the Bentley Mark VI and the Riley Pathfinder had their gear lever to the right of the right-hand drive driver's seat, alongside the driver's door, where it was not unknown for British cars to also have their handbrake. (Left-hand drive models received a column shift.)
	In some modern sports cars, the gear lever has been replaced entirely by "paddles", which are a pair of levers, usually operating electrical switches (rather than a mechanical connection to the gearbox), mounted on either side of the steering column, where one increments the gears up, and the other down. Formula 1 cars used to hide the gear stick behind the steering wheel within the nose bodywork before the modern practice of mounting the "paddles" on the (removable) steering wheel itself.
	A knob, variously called gear knob, shift knob, gear shift knob or stick shift knob, forms the handle for the gear stick. Typically the gear knob includes a diagram of the "shift pattern" of the gear selection system, i.e. the positions to which the gear stick should be moved when selecting a gear. In some older manual transmission vehicles, the knob may incorporate a switch to engage an overdrive; in some automatic transmission vehicles it may incorporate a switch to engage a special mode such as a sports mode or to disengage overdrive. Both of the above-mentioned switches may also be found on the console or on steering column stalks instead. Manual shifters on the steering column, if having only three forward speeds, are typically called a "three on the tree". The lowest of these gears, if set at a much lower ratio than a typical 1st-gear ratio, is often called a "granny gear".
	Starting the car in gear with the clutch engaged causes it to lurch forwards or backwards, since the starter motor by itself produces sufficient torque to move the whole vehicle; this can be highly dangerous, especially if the parking brake is not firmly applied and can be injurious to the starter and drivetrain. Therefore, novice drivers are taught to rock the knob of a manual gearbox from side to side before starting the engine to confirm that the gearbox is in neutral. For the same reason, modern cars require the clutch pedal to be depressed before the starter will engage. The latter practice is also useful in extremely cold conditions or with a weak battery, as it avoids the starter motor also having to turn over a gearbox full of cold and highly viscous oil.
	Many automatic transmission vehicles have extra controls on the gear stick, or very close by, which modify the choices made by the transmission system depending on engine and road speed, e.g. "sports" or "economy" modes which will broadly speaking allow, respectively, for higher and lower revolutions per minute, before shifting up.
	Some specialist vehicles have controls for other functions on the gear stick. The Land Rover Freelander introduced a button for that company's Hill Descent Control system feature, which uses the brakes to simulate the function of a low-ratio gearbox in steep descents.
	In some traditional four-wheel drive "off-road" vehicles there can be a second gear lever which engages a low-ratio gearbox, used on tough terrain. Further, similar-looking levers may switch between two- and four-wheel drive, or engage differential locks; these are not "gear levers," however.
	The shift pattern refers to the layout of the gears. In a typical manual transmission car, first gear is located to the left, and forwards. In many trucks and some sports cars it is instead in a "dog leg" position, to the left and rearwards. There is usually a spring-loading to return the stick to the central position. Reverse gear is commonly positioned in the best choice of location to avoid accidental engagement.
	A typical manual transmission vehicle, with (for example) five forward gears, will thus have seven possible positions: the five forwards gears, reverse gear, and a central "neutral" position. Some vehicles have a special button to prevent accidental engagement of reverse. Others require that the lever be lifted, pressed down, or moved with extra force to engage reverse. In transmissions with reverse directly below fifth, there may be a mechanical lock-out preventing selection of reverse other than from neutral, thus preventing a driver used to a six-speed transmission from engaging reverse while trying to select sixth. Some transmissions also have an electronically controlled error-prevention safeguard that blocks the first and sometimes the second gear from being selected if the vehicle is moving fast enough to exceed the engine's maximum RPM.
	Automatic transmissions traditionally have had a straight pattern, adopting the classic P-R-N-D gate, with "P" being to the front, topmost position (or "P" all the way to the left on a column mounted shifter); the corresponding shift positions being:
	P = Park - transmission is mechanically locked in position for parking.
	R = Reverse - reverse motion
	N = Neutral - no drive applied to the wheels with the engine running
	D = Drive - forward motion with full automatic operation in all gears.
	All automatics use some sort of manual override of the transmission, with numbered positions in descending order marked below (or to the right) of "Drive", which will prevent the transmission shifting to a gear higher than the selected, but maintaining automatic operation between all lesser numbered gears. Such gates will appear as "P-R-N-D-3-2-1" for example. On some vehicles (mainly Japanese makes such as Honda, Toyota and Lexus being good examples) these numbered positions are replaced by a single "L" (for "Low") position, which will hold the transmission in whatever lower ratio is required for climbing steep grades or for heavy acceleration. So, it is P-R-N-D-3-2-L 
	More modern automatic transmissions have employed a "J-gate" (pioneered by Jaguar) where some gears are on the left-hand "arm", some on the right, and there is a sideways movement at the rear of the pattern. The second generation Range Rover from 1995 used an "H-gate", with two parallel PRND gates on the opposing legs of the "H" for both high range and low range ratios, for normal and off-road driving, respectively.
	Some modern gearboxes, namely manumatics such as the Alfa Romeo Sportronic, have a traditional automatic shift pattern to the right, with a special position to the left in which movement of the stick forwards and backwards increments the gears up and down respectively. This can be useful in snow or dirt conditions, where it may be necessary to start from second gear.
	With the advent of drive by wire (or more properly, shift by wire) computer controlled transmissions (particularly in the case of automatics), the gear stick no longer needs to be mechanically connected to the transmission unit itself, and can therefore be made much smaller since there is no need to package either remote mechanisms or complex interlocking arrangements. This has allowed designers to replace the gear stick completely with either buttons, rotary knobs (current Jaguar, Land Rover and Ford models are good examples of this), or a miniaturized gear stick on the centre console. This can be seen in some Audis, BMWs and the Lincoln Continental. Japanese finger shift is another example. It is a revival of an approach used in the 1950s by the Chrysler push button PowerFlite and the .
	A "shift knob" also known as a "gear knob", "gear shift knob" and "stick shift knob" is the physical interface between the manual transmission stick shift and the drivers hand. Made of many materials from simple plastics through to platinum it comes in many shapes sizes and weights. Generally spherical in shape the OEM versions tend towards the conservative and the automotive aftermarket versions can be found to be of very original design.
	The shift knob's principal function is the ergonomical interface between driver and the manual transmission stick shift. The stick shift, as the name implies, is often just a machined or cast aluminium or steel rod with or without threading the shift knob is fitted on its end.
	In recent years, manufacturers have increased the variety of shifts knobs available to the consumer from inexpensive plastics to diamond studded white gold.
	A "weighted shift knob" is a performance driven aftermarket modification which entirely replaces the OEM shift knob and sits atop the aftermarket short shifter or OEM manual shift stick. Initially designed to be used in tandem with a short shifter, it is increasingly being purchased for stock stick shifts. The weight generally varies between 400 and 600 grams or more, depending on the material used. The principle of the weighted shift knob is to make the stick shifter top heavy, thus increasing the throw momentum in order to decrease time between shifts. Weighted gear knobs are offered for sale by a variety of North American-based manufacturers in many shapes and finishes, though they are significantly more expensive than the commonly available aftermarket shift knob.

= = = Lycée Léonin = = =

	The Lycée Léonin (Greek: "Λεόντειο Λύκειο") is a non-profit private school in Athens, Greece. It was founded in 1838 and belongs to the Catholic Church. Since 1907 it is run by the Community of the Marist Brothers ("Frères Maristes"), a group of Catholic monks dedicated to education. The school has campuses in Nea Smyrni and Patissia and is directed by a community of six Marist Brothers that reside in Athens.
	On July 25, 1838, approximately 14 months from the official opening of the Kapodistrian University of Athens, the Catholic priest Constantine Sargologos was granted, "on the order of the Ecclesiastic and Public Education of Royal Secretariat Territory", authorization for the founding of a primary school for boys. The new school was named after the patron saint of Athens, St. Dionysius the Areopagite, and functioned in Plaka.
	The St. Dionysius School had been working humbly until 1889, when the Catholic Bishop of Athens managed to expand its activities into both elementary and secondary education and the school was renamed "Lycée Léonin of St. Dionysius", in honor of Pope Leo XIII, who admired Greece and funded this project.
	In 1897, the school was transferred at 4 Sina Street in central Athens. Despite its accommodation in a fully equipped building, Lycée Léonin underwent a decline from 1897 until 1907. In order to save the school, the Catholic Bishop of Athens invited monks of the Marist Brothers to take over as they had successfully ran similar schools in Istanbul. After the Marist Brothers undertook the management of the school on September 15, 1907, the number of students was tripled.
	In 1916, Lycée Léonin expanded to Patras, and the "St. Andrew" School was founded, which functioned until the end of World War II in 1945. This had been the school of the President of the Hellenic Republic Costis Stephanopoulos.
	In October 1924 another campus opened in Patisia. It is known as "Lycée Léonin de Patisia".
	When Greece joined the allied forces in World War II, the two schools stopped functioning. During the occupation and until April 1945, the Marist Brothers organized soup kitchens and prepared 3000 portions of food daily.
	In the beginning of the 1960s, as Lycée Léonin at Sina Street had already 700 students in primary and high school, the building was deemed insufficient and the construction of a new campus in Nea Smyrni was decided and was completed in September 1962. The new campus was inaugurated by the President of the French Republic Charles De Gaulle.
	In 1986, as all schools in Greece, Lycée Léonin became co-educational.

= = = Osem (company) = = =

	Osem Investments Ltd. () is one of the largest food manufacturers and distributors in Israel.
	The group is owned (100%) by Nestlé S.A. of Switzerland.
	Before it was acquired by Nestlé, the company was publicly traded and listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. It was a constituent of the TA-25 Index.
	In 1942, Eugen Propper and his partner merged Hadagan with two other factories - Assisit and Itrit - to create Osem. The name is taken from an ancient Jewish prayer.
	In 1946, the company built its first factory in Bnei Brak, producing noodles. Seven years later, in 1953, upon a request by Israel's first prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, the company added its staple "rice-substitute" product ptitim. In 1964, Osem's snack factory was founded in Holon, and the company's main product was created - the peanut butter-flavoured Bamba. In 1970, the company started producing baked food in addition to introducing the Bissli snacks, which come in several flavours such as falafel, mesquite, BBQ, pizza, and onion. Osem also produces soup powders which now markets MSG-free versions of its soup mixes under a green label as opposed to the traditional red one.
	The company's main factory was built in 1976 in Petah Tikva, in which the company's administration offices, distribution centre, and the sauce factory are now found.
	Osem has acquired several smaller food companies and expanded their product lines, such as Froumine, Argal Bakery Shop, and Magdanot HaBait factory (where the cakes production line is found).
	Other products manufactured by Osem are Cheerios breakfast cereal and hummus.
	In 1995, Osem began to market Nestlé's products such as coffee, chocolate, and breakfast cereals. That year, Nestlé acquired 10% of Osem's shares, followed by an additional 41% in 1997.
	All Osem products produced in Israel are produced under the kosher supervision of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel, and many are certified by the Edah HaChareidis.
	The company holds a number of subsidiaries which make up the Osem Group. The company's subsidiaries include Sabra Salads, Tivall, Of Tov, Nestlé Ice Creams, Beit Hashita, Asamim, Nestlé-Purina, Materna Ltd. (51%), and Foodtec. In 2008, the company bought Tribe Mediterranean Foods Ltd., a Mediterranean food producer and distributor based in the United States. The group produces approximately 2,000 different products, divided into four main categories: room temperature food - snacks and pastries, room temperature food - other, chilled food, and frozen food.
	The group operates 10 different production facilities in Israel, and distributes its produce through its distribution centers. In 2007, the group completed the construction of a nationwide distribution and logistics center. In addition, the group exports its produce to Europe and the United States through its overseas subsidiaries: Osem U.K. Ltd. and Osem USA Inc.

= = = Steve Tambellini = = =

	Steven Anthony Tambellini (born May 14, 1958) is a Canadian former NHL player and was the general manager for the Edmonton Oilers, from July 2008 to April 2013. He is currently a scout for the Anaheim Ducks
	Steve Tambellini played his junior hockey for the Lethbridge Broncos of the WHL from the 1975–76 season until the 1977–78 season, where he scored 155 goals and notched 181 assists in 193 games. He would earn the Jim Piggott Memorial Trophy as the top rookie in the league for his effort in the 1975–76 season.
	In the 1978 NHL Entry Draft, Tambellini was chosen 15th overall by the New York Islanders. He would spend two years with New York, winning a Stanley Cup with them in the 1980 season. He was dealt at the trade deadline the next season along with Chico Resch to the Colorado Rockies in exchange for Mike McEwen. He stayed with Colorado for two seasons, including their first season as the New Jersey Devils as the franchise was relocated in 1982. While playing for the New Jersey Devils, Tambellini scored the new team's first ever hat trick on December 3, 1982 in a 5-4 victory over Hartford. After the 1982–83 season, Steve was traded to the Calgary Flames. He would remain there for two seasons before signing on as a free agent with the Vancouver Canucks, where he would round out his NHL career.
	He would go on to play a minor amount of time in both the Swiss Hockey League and the Austrian Hockey League.
	During his career, Steve Tambellini represented Canada on three separate occasions: In 1978 he played for Team Canada in the World Junior Hockey Championship, winning a bronze medal after scoring two goals and two assists. He played in the World Hockey Championship as well as the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, where he scored a goal and three assists.
	After his retirement from hockey, he was hired by the Canucks as the Director of Public and Media Relations and remained with the franchise until July 2008. In 1997, he would be promoted to Senior Vice President of Hockey Operations. In 1998 his position would change again, this time to the Vice President of Player Personnel. In this position he would oversee player development and professional player scouting, until eventually being named Assistant General Manager to Dave Nonis and to Mike Gillis after Nonis was fired by the Canucks on April 14, 2008.
	In 2002, he was the Director of Player Personnel for the gold medal winning Canadian Olympic Men's Ice Hockey Team at the 2002 Winter Olympics. He would be rewarded again, being named the Director of Player Personnel for both the 2003 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships as well as the 2004 World Cup of Hockey.
	In 2004, he was inducted into the British Columbia Hockey Hall of Fame.
	On July 31, 2008 he was named General Manager of the Edmonton Oilers after the Oilers promoted Kevin Lowe to President of Hockey Operations.
	On April 13, 2013 he was fired by the Edmonton Oilers, and was replaced by Craig MacTavish. The Anaheim Ducks hired Tambellini as a part-time scout on November 21, 2013.
	His father, Addie Tambellini, helped the Trail Smoke Eaters win the 1961 World Ice Hockey Championships, the last Canadian amateur team to do so. His oldest son, Jeff Tambellini, was drafted 27th overall by the Los Angeles Kings in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. Jeff is now following in his grandfathers foot steps becoming the Head Coach and General Manager of the Trail Smoke Eaters of the BCHL in 2018. His youngest son Adam Tambellini, was drafted by the New York Rangers 65th overall in the 2013 NHL Draft and currently plays for the AHL affiliate of the Ottawa Senators, the Belleville Senators.

= = = Sequenza XI = = =

	Sequenza XI for solo guitar (1987–1988) is one of a series of Sequenzas by Luciano Berio. Written for the American guitarist Eliot Fisk, it is an innovative investigation into the dramatic and virtuosic possibilities of musical performance.
	The composition is in four large sections, and sets out from the six pitches of the open strings of the guitar. The composer asserted that two intervals are important elements in the work: the perfect fourth (which is the interval found between most neighbouring pairs of the guitar's strings) and the tritone, which leads to a different harmony of Berio's devising .
	"Sequenza XI" is a standard work for guitarists who have chosen avant-garde modern classical music as a part of their repertoire, e.g., Denis Sung-Hô ("Sequenza"'s performance with members of the Ensemble InterContemporain), Stefan Östersjö, Todd Seelye, Mats Scheidegger, Geoffrey Morris, Pablo Gómez, Pablo Márquez, Alan Thomas, Jürgen Ruck, Nico Couck, etc.: it has been recorded numerous times (see below).
	"Chemins V" by Berio is a work by Berio based on "Sequenza XI", for guitar and ensemble.

= = = London City = = =

	London City may refer to:

= = = Miguel Zugastegui = = =

	Miguel Zugastegui y Verduzco, O.F.M. (or Zugasti), was a Criollo Franciscan friar and revolutionary, who took part in early stages of the independence movement of Mexico. He is honored in Mexico as a martyr of the struggle for independence from Spain.
	Zugastegui was born in the region of Otumba, the son of Juan Zugasti and Ana Verduzco, both born in Spain. Feeling called to become a priest, he went to Mexico City to study theology, where he decided to enter the Order of Friars Minor.
	After his ordination as a Catholic priest, Zugastegui was committed to serve the people in the confessional. On afternoons that he was free, he would go to a cafe which was popular with the unemployed men of the city who wished to discuss the current events of the day. On 11 August 1808 he was vocal and vehement in his support of Mexican independence from the Spanish Empire and in support of the call for a national convention to discuss the establishment of a local government due to the seizure of the Spanish Crown by Napoleon. This step was opposed by the Audiencia Real, the legislative authority of the colony. The Viceroy, José de Iturrigaray, on the other hand, was in favor of the congress and had the support of the Criollos (locally born children of Spanish colonists) segment of the population.
	When Zugastegui's words were reported to the "Alcalde" (Chief Justice) of the "Real Audiencia", he asked the Guardian of the Convent of San Francisco to have him confined while he prepared a report of the incident. The finalized report simply mentioned the imprudence on Zugastegui's part. With the growing crisis of the government in Spain, the friar was forgotten by the government, and he was soon allowed to the leave the friary again, with the goal of assisting the dying. After the military coup which deposed Iturrigaray, new comments made by Zugastegui criticizing the new viceroy, Pedro de Garibay, however, soon brought him back to the attention of the "Audiencia". His accuser claimed that the friar was involved in plans by French forces to overthrow the Spanish government in New Spain.
	Based on this, the "Alcalde" had Zugastegui arrested in the middle of the night, so as to avoid attention. Without any judicial process, due to the panic by government authorities out of the political crisis in Spain, on 27 March 1809 he was judged guilty of agitating for independence and ordered deported to Spain. The judgement was approved by Vicetory Garibay on 15 April. He was then transported to Veracruz, together with the Mercedarian friar, Melchor de Talamantes, the author of the tract for independence which had led to the military coup. When they arrived, they were imprisoned in Fort San Juan de Ulúa to await transport to Spain. He fell ill from yellow fever while there and died in the early hours of 3 May.
	Upon being advised of Zugastegui's death, the Guardian of the Franciscan friary in Veracruz requested the body. It was buried in the sepulcher of the house.

= = = Norman Mitchell = = =

	Norman Mitchell Driver (27 August 1918 – 19 March 2001), known professionally as Norman Mitchell, was an English television, stage and film actor.
	Born in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire, his father was a mining engineer and his mother a concert singer. He attended Carterknowle Grammar School and the University of Sheffield, before appearing in repertory theatre and with the Royal Shakespeare Company. During World War II he served with the Royal Army Medical Corps. He then made thousands of television appearances and appeared in over sixty films.
	Mitchell was married to actress Pauline Mitchell (Laura Deane - died 1992). He was the father of Jacqueline Mitchell and actor Christopher Mitchell, most notable for his role in the BBC sitcom "It Ain't Half Hot Mum". His son Christopher predeceased him by a month.

= = = Leicester Medical School = = =

	Leicester Medical School is a medical school, which is part of the University of Leicester. The school was founded in 1975, although between 2000 and 2007 it was part of the joint Leicester-Warwick Medical School. As of 2010, the medical school admits 175 British students per year includes 20 students from overseas. Leicester was ranked 23rd in the UK among 31 medical schools in the 2015 Guardian University Guide. Leicester Medical School is the first UK medical school to adopt a one-iPad-per-student programme at the undergraduate level, commencing in 2013. Leicester Medical School is one of the few UK medical schools offering full-body cadaveric dissection.
	Leicester medical school offers MBChB degree courses in medicine, either as an undergraduate five-year course, or Health Sciences-graduate four-year course. Some students also adopt to take an intercalated BSc Honours Degree.
	Leicester Medical school is the first medical school in the UK to teach e-consultations to students.
	The school was formed following the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Medical Education (1965–68) (which issued its report, popularly known as the "Todd Report" in 1968). The Commission estimated that by 1994 the UK would need to train more than 4500 doctors a year, and that this would need to be achieved by both increasing the numbers of medical students at existing medical schools, and by establishing a number of new medical schools. It recommended the creation of new medical schools at the Universities of Nottingham, Southampton and Leicester.
	In 2000, Leicester Medical School assisted the University of Warwick in the foundation of the Leicester-Warwick Medical School, combining Leicester's own school with a new institution based at the University of Warwick. The project was successful, and in 2007, the two institutions separated, creating Warwick Medical School, and recreating Leicester Medical School.
	In 2012, it was announced that Leicester Medical School was to be rebuilt. The £42 million new build began in 2013, and is expected to be completed in 2015. The building will be used by its first cohort of medical students in September 2016. Professor Stewart Petersen said that the reason for this rebuild was "We want to attract the best medical students. We’re also acutely aware that students want the best facilities and value for money when being charged £9,000 fees."

= = = David Berliner = = =

	David C. Berliner is an educational psychologist. He was professor and dean of the Mary Lou Fulton Institute and Graduate School of Education.
	After a B.A. in psychology from U.C.L.A. and an M.A. in psychology from California State University at Los Angeles, Berliner received a Ph.D. in Educational Psychology from the Stanford Graduate School of Education. He also was awarded Doctorates of Humane Letters, Honoris Causa, from the University of Massachusetts Amherst and from Manhattanville College. He is the father of BethAnn Berliner, a senior researcher at WestEd and also the father of Brett A. Berliner, a professor of History at Morgan State University and author of "Ambivalent Desire: The Exotic Black Other in Jazz Age France".
	Berliner has authored more than 200 articles, books and chapters in the fields of educational psychology, teacher education, and educational policy, including the best-seller "The Manufactured Crisis" (co-authored with B.J. Biddle) and six editions of the textbook "Educational Psychology" (co-authored with N.L. Gage). He also co-authored "Putting Research to Work in your School" with his wife, Ursula Casanova, "Collateral Damage: How High-stakes Testing Corrupts American Education" with S.L. Nichols, and edited the "Handbook of Educational Psychology" (with R.C. Calfee), "Perspectives on instructional Time" (with C. Fisher).
	Berliner is a past president of the American Educational Research Association, and of the Division of Educational Psychology of the American Psychological Association. Berliner is a Regents' Professor Emeritus of Education at Arizona State University. Among other honors he is an elected member of the National Academy of Education, the International Academy of Education, and a fellow (1988) of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He is the winner of the E.L. Thorndike award in educational psychology, the distinguished contributions award of the American Educational Research Association, the Friend of Education award of the NEA, and the Brock International Prize for Distinguished contributions to education.

= = = Gråkallen Line = = =

	The Gråkallen Line () is an suburban tram line located in Trondheim, Norway. As the only remaining part of the Trondheim Tramway, it runs from the city centre at St. Olav's Gate, via the suburban area Byåsen to Lian. It is designated Line 1, and is served by six Class 8 articulated trams. After the closure of the Arkhangelsk tramway in 2004, it became the world's northernmost tramway system.
	The line was opened as the only private tramway in Trondheim by A/S Graakalbanen in 1924. At first it was built to Munkvoll, but extended to Ugla in 1925, and to Lian in 1933. Operations were taken over by the municipal Trondheim Trafikkselskap in 1972, but it was closed along with the rest of the tramway in 1988. In 1990, the private initiative AS Gråkallbanen opened the line, later known as Boreal Bane. Located at Munkvoll is the tramway museum and depot.
	The operating company Boreal Bane owns seven Class 8 trams out of the eleven delivered in 1984-85 for the then longer route. The trams are designated with numbers 90 to 100. Of the eleven delivered, Trams 93, 94, 95, 96, 97 and 99 remain in service. 91, 92, 98 and 100 have been scrapped, while 90 is out of service but remains at the depot. Four trams are required for the daily operation on the line on a fixed 15 minute headway, reducing to two trams running on a 30-minute headway in the evenings and the full day on Sundays. Heritage trams are available for chartered tours.
	During the 1910s, Fjellseter close to the peak Gråkallen had been one of the main recreational areas for Trondheim. The necessary initiative was taken by Robert Millar, chief of marketing at Nordenfjeldske Dampskibsselskab. On 3 November, the first meeting was held, and Millar was chosen to lead an investigation committee. The company A/S Graakalbanen was founded on 6 September 1916, and Nils Christoffer Bøckman was elected chairman.
	There were two suggestions for the route. The first was made by engineer Ferdinand Bjerke, who worked for the Norwegian State Railways, on behalf of the company. The line would connect to the city tramway at Ilevolden after following the Ila Line for Torvet, and continue up Byåsenveien as a street tram until Bergsli gate. Here it would continue in its own right-of-way, as a single track line up Nyveibakken, past Gamle Åsvei to Bygrensen, Breidablikk, turning west at Hoem, Rognheim and to Munkvoll. From Munkvoll it would continue south of Kyvannet and north of Lianvannet and then again head north to Fjeldseter.
	The second suggestion was from the city planner, Trygve Thesen, in 1917. He proposed alternative routes. While the upper sections were identical or close to those of Bjerke, Thesen suggested making a large loop around Dyrborg, just west of Ila. This was expected to be the immediate growth area for the city, and would give an improved passenger base for the line. It would, however, increase the travel distance to the upper sections. The city planner presumed that the section within the city limit would be built by the municipal Trondhjems Elektricitetsværk og Sporvei, while the section in Strinda would be built by the new company. This would cost the city , while it would cost the company NOK 413,000.
	Graakalbanen was sceptical about the suggestion from Thesen, since they would have to rent instead of of track from the city; this would increase the leasing fees from NOK 7,000 to 12,000. The company was also afraid of passengers "leaking" off at Wullumsgården south of the Dyrborg Loop, and walking to Ila. The Dyrborg suggestion would also increase the travel time from Torvet to Fjellseter from 36 to 57 minutes. However, the city planner's suggestion was cheaper (NOK 1,300,000 vs. NOK 1,630,000). Bøchman recommended Bjerke's suggestion, and the board agreed. After the hotel at Fjellseter burnt down in 1917, the line was chosen to only terminate at Lian.
	At the same time the end terminal in the city centre was not yet determined. By terminating at Ilevolden, the company could choose any rolling stock, including the higher 1,200 V current used on the Ekeberg Line of Oslo. Should the trams continue they would need to use Trondheim Sporvei's 600 V, metre gauge and car width. However, Trondheim Sporvei had chosen to convert its system to wide cars at width. If the city chose to start the rebuilding of track from the current width, it would allow Graakalbanen to buy wide stock. Instead it was chosen to run the trams along the Ila Line to a new station at St. Olavs Gate. Here, the trams would have their recovery time, and return to the Ila Line along a loop through Dronningens gate. The loop was built by Trondheim Sporvei and cost the city NOK 54,000.
	The first conveying started in 1917, and the following January the city engineer started construction, but this soon ended. In June 1919, the engineering company Grøndahl & Kjørholt took over the work, planning to be finished to Lian by 1921. However, by June 1920, the rising prices resulted in the money being used up. At the same time it turned out that the rolling stock was too much more expensive than expected; ordering of rolling stock was therefore delayed. In 1921, no construction was done on the line. Not before Trondhjems og Stridens Sparebank issued a loan of NOK 1.6 million was it possible to continue construction. This was based on mortgaging all assets, as well as a NOK 500,000 guarantee from the city council. While work previously had been along the whole route, it was then only concentrated on the section Ila–Munkvoll, where the depot would be located.
	Tracks were delivered from the Norwegian State Railways, who were replacing their 25 kg/m track on the Meråker Line. The track length was . At the same time the company bought the truss bridge Funna Viaduct from the Meråker Line, for installation on the Gråkallen Line; it was about 20 metres too short, and a temporary wooden span was built to cover this. At Munkvoll a brick transformer station was built along with a wooden depot with three tracks and capable of nine trams and trailers.
	Four trams and two trailers were ordered from Hannoversche Waggonfabrik (HaWa), with motors from Siemens. The GB Class 1 trams cost NOK 360,000, including some work trailers. The stock had bogies, were long and weighed , and had 4x . The chassis were delivered on 20 July 1924, while the motors came on 5 July. They were assembled at the Dalsenget Depot. Because of the wider bodies, all transport from the track at Ila to Dalsenget had to be done at night, so the trams would not meet other trams in the opposite track. The first test run was on 5 July, but failed due to a short circuit. A successful attempt was made on 9 July.
	The tracks were completed in March, but not until the trams were delivered could service start. The tramway was opened on 18 July 1924 at 18:00. Ordinary service started the next day. The first weekend there were thousands of people who wanted to see the new trams, and demand exceeded capacity. Soon ridership dropped considerably.
	The initial service had departures once per hour. Trams left Munkvoll on the hour, and from St. Olavs gate on the half-hour. Weekend traffic was considerable, but ridership on weekdays was very limited. The management felt this was because Munkvoll was not close enough to the recreational areas of Bymarka, and proposed a quick expansion to Ugla. At the same time, the ticket price was set high compared to the city trams, at NOK 0.60 for adults. In 1924, there were 144.774 passengers.
	The first expansion would come the following year. Construction of the line to Ugla had started, and was opened on 30 May 1925. It had a tavern and duck pond to attract riders. A branch was also laid to Kyvannet, from which ice was transported to the city center to be sold. The company continued to lose money.
	Further expansions to Lian were also considered, but management was skeptical at having two destinations, since they would not create the necessary critical mass. Then the tavern and farm at Ugla burnt down in 1931, and the insurance company allowed the insurance money to be used for building at Lian. To finance the line extension, Graakalbanen decided to create a new company; A/S Ugla–Lian was organized in such a way that it would have no expenses, only income. A/S Ugla–Lian would build the line, and Graakalbanen would pay NOK 0.05 per passenger freighted on the line. Graakalbanen would cover all operating, maintenance and administrative expenses, even for the other company. Construction of the expansion was started in the autumn of 1932. The first test run was on 29 September 1933, and the line was taken into use on 28 October 1933. A number of recreational services grew up at Lian, including a ski jump and trotting in the winter, and bathing and rowing in the lake Lianvannet in the winter. Despite this, ridership grew slowly, but by 1937 it had passed the 1930-level.
	World War II would show the highest ridership on the line through history. With the rationing on petrol, soon only the electric trams operated. Cities without trams or trolleybuses were stuck without public transport. 1940 showed an increase to 884,000 passengers, and for the first time the company made a profit. Ridership continued to increase, with 1.2 million in 1941, and up to 2.16 million in 1945. Conductors had to be taken into use, and even women were employed. To save time on the route, the stations Ferstad, Kyvannet, Vestmarka and Herlofssonløypa were not served on the way up. In addition, an extra tram was operated from St. Olavs gate to Hoem.
	During the war it was difficult to get spare parts. Trams could operate with only three of four motors, and during night there could not be any lights on. Two working trailers were rebuilt as a single passenger trailer. In addition, the company chose to order a tram and trailer from Skabo Jernbanevognfabrikk in 1941. The GB Class 2 was put into service on 9 June 1943 and cost NOK 289,000. An additional two trailers were delivered in 1947, and in 1950 a motor arrived so the first trailer could be rebuilt to a tram.
	The high revenue during the war had given the company a large amount of cash, but also a worn down fleet. Each year, the profits were between NOK 143,000 and 430,000. During the war, the company A/S Ugla–Lian had been bought. With available cash, Graakalbanen started upgrading the infrastructure. Turning loops were built at St. Olavs gate and at Lian. In St. Olavs gate, a proper turning loop was not feasible, and in June 1946 a large loop that went down Dronningens gate for a block was opened. On 13 September 1947, the Lian loop was built, with a radius of only . At the same time, the small garage at Lian was expanded to house two instead of one wagons.
	On 18 July 1947, the first (and only) double track section of the dedicated right-of-way was built. Inspired by Oslo, where all the suburban lines had this, was rebuilt between Breidablikk and Nordre Hoem. This gave a lot better regularity, since the two trams could meet anywhere along the section, and thus both trams would not become delayed if one was. By 1949, all the track had been upgraded to 35 kg/m, and the speed could be increased from to .
	After the war, ridership stabilized at 1.7 million. At first the company operated with 30-minute headways, using trailers during the summer and in rush hour. Introducing 15-minute headways could not be done until six trams were available; so after the rebuilding of a trailer to a tram in 1950, the increased frequency was introduced. During the 1950s, the amount of recreational travel to Lian decreased, but this was compensated by increased traffic from new housing built along the line. By 1955, the commuter ridership exceeded the recreational ridership.
	With the delivery of the new trailers in 1947, the capacity of the depot exceeded the fleet, so one tram was always stored at Lian. A new depot was therefore built on the other side of the tracks at Munkvoll. Construction started in 1952, and finished the following year. It had five tracks; three had places for storage of six wagons, while two were for the workshop that could service two trams simultaneously.
	To supplement the aging stock, the GB Class 3 singe tram and trailer, from Hønefoss Karrosserifabrikk (Høka) was ordered in 1954. Delivered in September 1955, it was put into service in December. Because of the increased traffic, a new signaling system was introduced in 1957, and a double track was built from Bergsli gate to Ila. This section had been causing problems for cars, since the trams would operate on the wrong side of the road. To allow a future 10-minute headway, a new signaling system was installed in 1958 up to Ugla. Up until then, tokens had been used to regulate traffic.
	In 1960, the sale of cars was deregulated, and anyone could purchase a car. At the same time, Trondheim started a merger process with the neighbouring municipalities, and plans were made to build large suburbs far from the city centre, that would be depopulated, and connect the suburbs with motorways. A new four-lane highway along Byåsenveien was opened in 1966. Traffic numbers fell rapidly, and the company needed to replace its aging fleet. Traffic patterns were also changing, since Lian to a greater extent was becoming a winter rather than summer destination. In 1963, Trondheim Sporvei rebuilt one of their trams so it could operate from Lade directly to Lian on holidays. In 1966, Graakalbanen was bought by the city, and Odd Hovdenak became director of both tram operators.
	After being taken into public ownership, the company had more money to spend. A new turning loop was built at Munkvoll, and a 10-minute headway was introduced from St. Olavs gate to Munkvoll, and a 20-minute headway to Lian. Prices were reduced, and 1967 showed a 10% ridership increase. The signalling was improved with fixed blocks, and only Munkvoll–Lian still used tokens. The rolling stock was painted the same yellow and blue, but the coat of arms used by Trondheim Sporvei were not used on Graakalbanen.
	Instead of purchasing new rolling stock for the Gråkallen Line, the city trams were to start operating on the line. However, there was a lack of material in Trondheim Sporvei, and not until 7 November 1966 could a TS Class 7 city tram be taken into use. This was supplemented with a trailer on 6 February 1967. Also, there was operated a direct route from Lian to Lade during the morning rush hour. In 1968, the company acquired five additional trams. However, Trondheim Sporvei had problems delivering the trams. With this deal in place, the oldest trams could be retired. However, from 30 June to 19 August 1968, Trondheim Sporvei needed the trams again, and the old Class 1 was back in service. The final run of the Class 1 in regular service was on 29 November 1968. From 19 May 1969 the trams lost their conductors.
	Graakalbanen was on 1 January 1972 merged with Trondheim Sporvei to form Trondheim Trafikkselskap. This would allow the service to run through the city centre, and connect with other routes. From 28 January 1978, the line was numbered as 1/5 and went on the route Voldsminde–Ilevolden–Munkvoll–Lian, replacing former line 1. The terminus at St. Olavs gate was closed, and passengers were no longer offered a heated waiting room.
	After the 10-minute headway was introduced on 13 April 1975, the section Ugla–Lian developed into a bottle neck. Six trams were used to handle the route between Voldsminde and Lian. An accident that occurred on the bottle neck caused substantial damage, and a fixed block signaling system was installed on the whole line.
	During the 1960s, the Gråkallen Line experienced a large ridership increase from the Halset area. From 1956 to 1971, Halset was built out with large apartment blocks. These were the only apartment blocks along the line, as most of the route was along housing. By 1970 there were 10,500 people living along the line, and half of them were in the Munkvoll/Halset area. Graakalbanen suggested building a loop around Halset; from Munkvoll, it would follow Selsbakkveien, Allette Beyers vei, A. Andreassens vei and back into the Gråkallen Line at Rognheim. Total distance would be , and would cost NOK 1.5 million. Ridership was estimated to increase to 1.2 million.
	The Norwegian Armed Forces were sceptical, and wanted the route moved. Instead a feeder bus was put into service by Trondheim Sporvei, but passengers had to pay for both the bus and the tram, so it only attracted 278 passengers. Instead it was suggested that a walk way should be built along Waldemar Aunes vei to Rognheim, shortening the walking distance from to , but this was never built. In 1969, Trondheim Sporvei applied for a bus concession on the route. Graakalbanen had a concession from 1952 to operate from Ugla to Haukåsen and Smistad, but had never started operation, and it was given to Trondheim Bilruter. Due to disagreements regarding whose concessions were being tampered with given a new route to Halset, Trondheim Bilruter received an extension of their concession from Havstad. From 21 November 1971, the Halset bus was in operation, served by two buses from Trondheim Bilruter, and one from Trondheim Trafikkselskap.
	In 1979, a new suggestion was launched. As part of a four-line network connecting all the major suburbs, a new route was proposed branching off from Munkvoll and running through Kystad, Stavsted, Kolstad to Heimdal. The route was too expensive, and was not passed.
	During the 1980s there was a lot of political debate about the future of the tram in Trondheim, and in 1983 the city council decided to close down the Elgeseter Line, and keep only one line between Lian and Lade. At the same time 11 new trams were ordered and a new depot built at Munkvoll, costing over NOK 100 million. But in 1988 the city council changed their minds and closed the tramway in Trondheim. The tracks between St. Olav's Street and Lademoen were removed, but the tracks at Lade were kept, as were the tracks between St. Olav's Street and Lian. The latter was because enthusiasts had plans of operating veteran trams as a heritage railway.
	But fate had other plans for Gråkallbanen. The Trondheim tramway is one of only two in the world, along with the Cairo Tramway, to use the combination of metre gauge and 2.6 metre-wide cars. This made it practically impossible to sell the trams and finance the 20 new Scania buses that Trondheim Trafikkselskap needed to operate the bus route to Lian and Lade. In the end the 11 trams were not sold and instead a company owned by 1400 enthusiasts, AS Gråkallbanen, was created to operate the tram route on the only remaining line, that started in 1990. In 2004 Veolia Transport's division in Norway, Veolia Transport Norge, bought the company and have announced they will invest another NOK 10,7 million, after the purchase in improved infrastructure on Gråkallbanen. July 1, 2008 the company name changed from AS Gråkallbanen to Veolia Transport Bane AS. Since then the company was renamed Boreal Transport Bane AS in 2011, Boreal Transport Midt-Norge AS in 2012 and finally Boreal Bane AS in 2016.
	Gråkallbanen is working on a number of plans as of 2006. These include an extension of the line to the harbour area via Olav Trygvasons street and Trondheim Central Station. A short stretch from St. Olavs gate to nearby Prinsenkrysset, regarded as part of this plan, was given the green light in 2006, the building was supposed to start in 2009, when the Nordre Avlastningsvei (northern bypass) was due to open and supposedly relieve the city centre from car traffic.
	As of 2011 it has been decided to build the extension during the summer of 2012 when the city centre's main bus terminal is to be rebuilt (needs reference). At the same time the whole section of track within the city centre will be rebuilt to meet the requirements of increased traffic and to remedy years of neglect.
	It is stated by Gråkallbanen that they seek to modernize their fleet of six vehicles to low-floor, to allow wheelchair users to board the trams. However, as the current operation requires additional funding from the municipality, these plans are not currently financed. The municipality is to create a report on the funding of the line and its future projects.
	Furthermore, there have been several calls for an additional light rail scheme based upon the current railway lines running through the town. Lately, connecting this light rail project with Gråkallbanen to form a tram-train system have been suggested but the different track widths (Gråkallbanen uses and the NSB lines ) might be a problem. A connecting PRT system in town has also been suggested.

= = = Javi Venta = = =

	Javier 'Javi' Rodríguez Venta (born 13 December 1975) is a Spanish retired professional footballer who played as a right back.
	He amassed La Liga totals of 270 matches and two goals during 11 seasons, mainly with Villarreal (eight years). He also appeared in the competition with Tenerife and Levante, and had a brief abroad spell in England with Brentford. Apparently he didn't like the english weather and set up in spainish party island of magaluf with the Javi Venta Bar
	Venta was born in Pola de Siero, Asturias. After playing his early career with modest Spanish clubs he was bought in 1999 by Villarreal CF, but would spend the next three seasons with the farm team (CD Onda) and on loan stints.
	He made his La Liga debut in the latter predicament in the 2001–02 season, playing 29 league games for CD Tenerife who ranked second from bottom.
	In 2002–03 Venta returned to Villarreal and went on to become a steady first-choice throughout the season. In the 2004–05 campaign he appeared in 32 matches, as the Valencian side achieved a club-high third place; he was subsequently named by Spain manager Luis Aragonés in his provisional 27-man squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, but he did not make the final cut.
	In late April 2010, it was announced that both the 34-year-old Venta and Robert Pires would be leaving Villarreal. During three years he constantly fought for first-choice status with Ángel López, with both appearing in roughly the same number of games. In late August he signed for one year with Levante UD, returned to the top division after a two-year absence.
	Venta started in 25 of his 26 appearances in his second season, totalling 2,224 minutes of action as Levante finished sixth and qualified to the UEFA Europa League for the first time in its history. He did not have an offer to renew his expiring contract, however, and returned to Villarreal for a second stint.
	On 11 July 2013, aged 37, Venta moved abroad for the first time in his career, joining Football League One club Brentford on a one-year deal with an option to extend to a second season depending on appearances. He scored his only goal for the club in a 5–3 win against AFC Wimbledon for the season's Football League Trophy on 3 September, which also marked his fourth and final overall appearance; he had his contract terminated by mutual consent on the 30th, and returned to Spain for personal reasons.
	Villarreal

= = = Dagon (film) = = =

	Dagon (released in Spain as Dagon: La Secta del Mar) is a 2001 Spanish horror film directed by Stuart Gordon and written by Dennis Paoli. Despite the title, it is based on H. P. Lovecraft's novella "The Shadow Over Innsmouth" rather than his earlier short story "Dagon" (1919). The film takes place in "Imboca", a Spanish adaptation of "Innsmouth".
	Paul Marsh has a dream that he discovers a mermaid with razor-sharp teeth while scuba diving into a strange underwater building. Paul awakes on a boat off the shores of Spain, where he is vacationing with his girlfriend, Barbara, and their friends Vicki and Howard. A sudden storm blows their boat against some hidden rocks. Vicki is trapped below deck and Howard stays with her while Paul and Barbara take a lifeboat to the nearby fishing village of Imboca. During their absence, an unseen creature from the deep attacks the two in the boat.
	On the shore, Barbara and Paul find no one about and venture into town until they eventually reach the church, where they find a priest. Barbara convinces him to help them, and the priest speaks with two fishermen at the docks, who volunteer to take either Paul or Barbara to the wreck. Despite Paul's misgivings, Barbara stays to try to find a phone in order to call the police and a doctor while Paul goes to help their friends.
	Vicki and Howard are mysteriously missing, however, and Paul is taken back to Imboca, where he is sent to the hotel that Barbara was supposed to have gone to. But she is missing as well and Paul is left to wait for her in an old, filthy hotel room, where he dreams of the mermaid again. His fitful rest is disturbed by a large gathering of strange, fish-like people approaching the hotel and is forced to flee. He ends up in a macabre tannery full of human skins, where he discovers Howard's remains. He escapes the tannery by starting a fire and finds momentary safety with an old drunkard named Ezequiel, the last full-blooded human in Imboca.
	Ezequiel explains to Paul that, many years ago, the village fell on lean times and turned from Catholicism to the worship of Dagon, converting the church into his temple. This brought marvelous wealth to
	Imboca in the form of fish and gold, but also horror when Dagon demanded blood sacrifices and human women to breed with. These were, respectively, the fates of Ezequiel's father and mother. Paul begs Ezequiel to help him escape. Ezequiel relents and takes Paul to the Mayor's manor, so he can steal the town's only car. Ezequiel distracts some Imbocans long enough for Paul to slip inside, but he accidentally honks the horn while trying to hot-wire the engine. Forced to flee into the manor, Paul finds a beautiful woman named Uxia, the mermaid from his dreams. She saves him from discovery, but when he finds that she really is half-fish, he flees in horror, despite her pleas for him to stay.
	Paul narrowly escapes a horde of villagers in the car, but ends up crashing. He is caught and thrown into a barn, where he is reunited with Vicki, Ezequiel, and Barbara. The three plan to escape, but the attempt is foiled. Having been raped and impregnated by Dagon, the traumatized Vicki kills herself. Paul and Ezequiel are separated from Barbara and end up in a butchery, where they are chained and given a chance to join the worship of Dagon. When they both refuse, Ezequiel is flayed alive before Paul's eyes as they recite the 23rd Psalm together.
	Paul is saved by the appearance of Uxia, who informs him that he has no choice but to join them. He offers to stay with her in return for Barbara's release, but she insists that Barbara must stay and bear Dagon's child. When Paul seems to concede, Uxia tells the priest of Dagon to make arrangements for their marriage. After Uxia leaves, Paul escapes, killing the guards and the priest. He starts looking for Barbara, collecting a can of kerosene on the way. When he reaches the church, apparently intending to burn it down, he instead discovers a hidden passage that leads below ground to a ritual chamber. There a congregation of Imbocans watch Uxia prepare Barbara to be offered to Dagon; she is chained by her wrists and lowered nude into a deep pit leading to the sea. While the Imbocan congregation and Uxia call to Dagon, Paul attacks, dousing several villagers in kerosene and setting them on fire. He winches Barbara back out of the pit, but Dagon has already raped her and she pleads with him to kill her. Paul refuses and the monstrous Dagon himself grabs Barbara and tears her bodily from the winch, claiming her as his new consort and leaving her severed hands and wrists still in their chains.
	The uninjured Imbocans assault Paul, but are halted by Uxia and a monstrously deformed Imbocan who is revealed to be Uxia's and Paul's father. Uxia explains that Paul's human mother escaped from Imboca years ago, but now that Paul has returned, he will be her lover and they will dwell with Dagon forever. Trapped, Paul pours the last of the kerosene over his own body and sets himself on fire. Uxia grabs him and dives into the water, where Paul sprouts gills. With no choice left, he follows Uxia down into Dagon's undersea lair.
	"Dagon" was released theatrically in Spain on November 8, 2001; opening in 117 theaters, ranking #20 on the charts on its opening weekend where it grossed $101,273 averaging at $860. The film would later gross $43,773 bringing its total to $145,046, or €212,699 in Spanish currency.
	"Dagon" was released on DVD by Lionsgate on July 23, 2002 and later that same year by Metrodome on October 7. The film was last released on DVD by Prism on February 2, 2004. On April 8, 2018, it was announced that the film would be released for the first time on Blu-ray, as a part of a collector's series by Vestron Video. This version was later released on July 24th that same year.
	On Rotten Tomatoes, "Dagon" holds an approval rating of 64% based on , with a weighted average rating of 5.9/10. 
	Marjorie Baumgarten from "Austin Chronicle" gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, calling it "horror so extreme that it borders on camp", further stating that it was "hampered by some clunky scripting [...] and middling performances." AllMovie gave the film a slightly positive review, writing, "Though it's not perfect, Lovecraft fans will most likely be willing to forgive "Dagon"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s shortcomings in favor of a film that obviously shows great respect and appreciation for its source materials." 
	KJ Doughton of Film Threat rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, writing, "While not a perfect movie, "Dagon" crams its wild, over-the-top concepts down our throats with so much conviction that we can't help but get swept along for the ride." Scott Tobias from "The A.V. Club" gave the film a mostly positive review, commending the film's first half, which he felt "came alive" through its suggestive gothic ambiance. and "well-placed jolts of violence". However, Tobias criticized the film's third act, which he felt downplayed the film's "distinctive flavor to ritualized nudity and gore". Ain't It Cool News gave the film a positive review, praising the film's atmosphere, tone, setting, and darker themes when compared to other adaptions of the author's works. "HorrorNews.net" criticized the film's low-budget special effects, and occasionally "hammy" acting. However, the reviewer concluded by stating, ""Dagon" comes across with a low budget, but it has a big heart and kind of a big bite to go with it." Nick Hartel from DVD Talk praised the film, calling it director Gordon's all-time best work, and the best Lovecraft adaption.
	Reviewing the 2007 film "Cthulhu", another adaptation of Lovecraft's story, Nick Pinkerton of "LA Weekly" stated that "Dagon" remained the better adaption of the story.
	In their book "Lurker in the Lobby: The Guide to the Cinema of H. P. Lovecraft", Andrew Migliore and John Strysik write that "Gordon nicely creates the decayed humanity of Lovecraft's Innsmouth" but also that the film's "relentlessness" is "draining and numbing." They conclude: ""Dagon" is a dark story well told, but for some Lovecraft lovers, it may be a fish that should have gotten away." 

= = = Anaxyrus fowleri = = =

	Fowler's toad ("Anaxyrus fowleri", formerly "Bufo fowleri") is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. The species is native to North America, where it occurs in much of the eastern United States and parts of adjacent Canada. It was previously considered a subspecies of Woodhouse's toad ("Anaxyrus woodhousii", formerly "Bufo woodhousii" ).
	The specific name, "fowleri", is in honor of naturalist Samuel Page Fowler (1800–1888) from Massachusetts, who was a founder of the Essex County Natural History Society, which later became the Essex Institute.
	Fowler's toad is usually brown, grey, olive green and rust red in color with darkened warty spots. If the toad has a pale stripe on its back it is an adult. The belly is usually uniformly whitish except for one dark spot. The male may be darker in overall color than the female.
	The adult toad is typically in head-body length. The tadpole is oval with a long tail and upper and lower fins, and is long.
	Fowler's toad reproduces in warmer seasons of the year, especially in May and June. It breeds in open, shallow waters such as ponds, lakeshores, and marshes. The male produces a call which attracts not only females, but also other males. The calling male may attempt to mate with one of the other males, which will then produce a chirping "release call", informing him of his mistake. When he finds a female, the pair will initiate amplexus and up to 7,000 to 10,000 eggs are fertilized. They hatch in 2 to 7 days. Based on observations, Fowler's toads breed repeatedly through the spring. As many as 10 different age classes, separated by several days, have been observed over the course of a breeding season in one small pond. A new tadpole may reach sexual maturity in one season, but the process may take up to three years.
	Predators of Fowler's toad include snakes, birds, and small mammals. It uses defensive coloration to blend into its surroundings. It also secretes a noxious compound from the warts on its back. The secretion is distasteful to predators and can be lethal to small mammals. The toad is also known to play dead.
	Fowler's toad lives in open woodlands, sand prairies, meadows, and beaches. It burrows into the ground during hot, dry periods and during the winter.
	The adult Fowler's toad eats insects and other small terrestrial invertebrates, but avoids earthworms, unlike its close relative, the American toad ("Anaxyrus americanus"). The tadpole scrapes algae and bacterial mats from rocks and plants using the tooth-like structures in its mouth.
	An important conservation measure for Fowler's toad is the protection of its breeding sites. Off-road vehicles commonly used in beach and dune habitats are damaging to this species. Agricultural chemicals have caused declines in some areas. It is considered a species at risk in Ontario.

= = = Thatto Heath = = =

	Thatto Heath is an area of St Helens, in Merseyside, England. The population of the ward at the 2011 census was 12,280. Historically in Lancashire, it lies approximately north-northwest of Widnes and about east of Liverpool city centre. The area is bordered by Eccleston, Rainhill, Ravenhead, Sutton and Windle.
	Thatto Heath is a ward of the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens.
	The area is served by Thatto Heath railway station, on the City Line between Liverpool and Wigan.
	Thatto Heath is most noted for rugby league; the Thatto Heath Crusaders currently compete in the National Conference League Division 1.

= = = Episcopal Diocese of Western Massachusetts = = =

	The Episcopal Diocese of Western Massachusetts is the diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America in the five western counties of Massachusetts. Formed from a division of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, it was officially recognized at the organizing convention of November 10, 1901. At a special meeting on January 22, 1902, Alexander Hamilton Vinton, Rector of All Saints Church in Worcester, Massachusetts, was elected first diocesan bishop.
	The first two Anglican parishes in what would become the diocese were started in Great Barrington in 1762 and Lanesborough in 1767 on the Housatonic River, at first served by priests from the Episcopal Diocese of Connecticut.
	There are 67 congregations in the diocese. The Episcopal See is in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts. Since 1929, the cathedral has been Christ Church Cathedral, which was built in 1874.
	After the February, 2018 Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, on July 12, 2018 a resolution proposed by Western Massachusetts Episcopal Bishop Douglas John Fisher on a national plan to invest in firearms manufacturers and retailers as a form of shareholder advocacy was approved by the House of Bishops during the 79th meeting of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America in Austin, Texas. The Episcopal Diocese of Western Massachusetts purchased 200 shares, the minimum holding needed to qualify to formally submit shareholder resolutions, of Springfield, Massachusetts-based firearms manufacturer American Outdoor Brands Corporation (AOBC), the parent company of Smith & Wesson. The Diocese partnered with the Adrian Dominican Sisters on a shareholder resolution asking AOBC to report to investors regarding the steps they are taking to reduce gun violence. On February 8, 2019 AOBC released a 20-page report, which said, in summary, "AOBC’s reputation among firearm buyers and Second Amendment supporters is more critical to the success of the Company and the enhancement of shareholder value than its reputation among industry detractors and special interest groups with a political agenda."

= = = Shift pattern = = =


= = = Action selection = = =

	Action selection is a way of characterizing the most basic problem of intelligent systems: what to do next. In artificial intelligence and computational cognitive science, "the action selection problem" is typically associated with intelligent agents and animats—artificial systems that exhibit complex behaviour in an agent environment. The term is also sometimes used in ethology or animal behavior.
	One problem for understanding action selection is determining the level of abstraction used for specifying an "act". At the most basic level of abstraction, an atomic act could be anything from "contracting a muscle cell" to "provoking a war". Typically for any one action-selection mechanism, the set of possible actions is predefined and fixed.
	Most researchers working in this field place high demands on their agents: 
	For these reasons action selection is not trivial and attracts a good deal of research.
	The main problem for action selection is complexity. Since all computation takes both time and space (in memory), agents cannot possibly consider every option available to them at every instant in time. Consequently, they must be biased, and constrain their search in some way. For AI, the question of action selection is "what is the best way to constrain this search"? For biology and ethology, the question is "how do various types of animals constrain their search? Do all animals use the same approaches? Why do they use the ones they do?"
	One fundamental question about action selection is whether it is really a problem at all for an agent, or whether it is just a description of an emergent property of an intelligent agent's behavior. However, if we consider how we are going to build an intelligent agent, then it becomes apparent there must be "some" mechanism for action selection. This mechanism may be highly distributed (as in the case of distributed organisms such as social insect colonies or slime mold) or it may be a special-purpose module.
	The action selection mechanism (ASM) determines not only the agent's actions in terms of impact on the world, but also directs its perceptual attention, and updates its memory. These egocentric sorts of actions may in turn result in modifying the agent's basic behavioural capacities, particularly in that updating memory implies some form of machine learning is possible. Ideally, action selection itself should also be able to learn and adapt, but there are many problems of combinatorial complexity and computational tractability that may require restricting the search space for learning.
	In AI, an ASM is also sometimes either referred to as an agent architecture or thought of as a substantial part of one.
	Generally, artificial action selection mechanisms can be divided into several categories: symbol-based systems sometimes known as classical planning, distributed solutions, and reactive or dynamic planning. Some approaches do not fall neatly into any one of these categories. Others are really more about providing scientific models than practical AI control; these last are described further in the next section.
	Early in the history of artificial intelligence, it was assumed that the best way for an agent to choose what to do next would be to compute a probably optimal plan, and then execute that plan. This led to the physical symbol system hypothesis, that a physical agent that can manipulate symbols is necessary and sufficient for intelligence. Many software agents still use this approach for action selection. It normally requires describing all sensor readings, the world, all of ones actions and all of one's goals in some form of predicate logic. Critics of this approach complain that it is too slow for real-time planning and that, despite the proofs, it is still unlikely to produce optimal plans because reducing descriptions of reality to logic is a process prone to errors.
	Satisficing is a decision-making strategy which attempts to meet criteria for adequacy, rather than identify an optimal solution. A satisficing strategy may often, in fact, be (near) optimal if the costs of the decision-making process itself, such as the cost of obtaining complete information, are considered in the outcome calculus.
	Goal driven architectures – In these symbolic architectures, the agent's behaviour is typically described by a set of goals. Each goal can be achieved by a process or an activity, which is described by a prescripted plan. The agent must just decide which process to carry on to accomplish a given goal. The plan can expand to subgoals, which makes the process slightly recursive. Technically, more or less, the plans exploits condition-rules. These architectures are reactive or hybrid. Classical examples of goal driven architectures are implementable refinements of belief-desire-intention architecture like JAM or IVE.
	In contrast to the symbolic approach, distributed systems of action selection actually have no one "box" in the agent which decides the next action. At least in their idealized form, distributed systems have many modules running in parallel and determining the best action based on local expertise. In these idealized systems, overall coherence is expected to emerge somehow, possibly through careful design of the interacting components. This approach is often inspired by artificial neural networks research. In practice, there is almost always "some" centralised system determining which module is "the most active" or has the most salience. There is evidence real biological brains also have such executive decision systems which evaluate which of the competing systems deserves the most attention, or more properly, has its desired actions disinhibited.
	Because purely distributed systems are difficult to construct, many researchers have turned to using explicit hard-coded plans to determine the priorities of their system.
	Dynamic or reactive planning methods compute just one next action in every instant based on the current context and pre-scripted plans. In contrast to classical planning methods, reactive or dynamic approaches do not suffer combinatorial explosion. On the other hand, they are sometimes seen as too rigid to be considered strong AI, since the plans are coded in advance. At the same time, natural intelligence can be rigid in some contexts although it is fluid and able to adapt in others.
	Example dynamic planning mechanisms include:
	Sometimes to attempt to address the perceived inflexibility of dynamic planning, hybrid techniques are used. In these, a more conventional AI planning system searches for new plans when the agent has spare time, and updates the dynamic plan library when it finds good solutions. The important aspect of any such system is that when the agent needs to select an action, some solution exists that can be used immediately (see further anytime algorithm).
	Many dynamic models of artificial action selection were originally inspired by research in ethology. In particular, Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen provided the idea of an innate releasing mechanism to explain instinctive behaviors (fixed action patterns). Influenced by the ideas of William McDougall, Lorenz developed this into a "psychohydraulic" model of the motivation of behavior. In ethology, these ideas were influential in the 1960s, but they are now regarded as outdated because of their use of an energy flow metaphor; the nervous system and the control of behavior are now normally treated as involving information transmission rather than energy flow. Dynamic plans and neural networks are more similar to information transmission, while spreading activation is more similar to the diffuse control of emotional / hormonal systems.
	Stan Franklin has proposed that action selection is the right perspective to take in understanding the role and evolution of mind. See his page on the action selection paradigm.
	Some researchers create elaborate models of neural action selection. See for example:

= = = Mia Foni = = =

	Mia Foni is the debut album of Greek American singer Annet Artani. It features 19 tracks in both Greek and English, including "Why Angels Cry", the song that Annet performed in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in Athens representing Cyprus. The album was released in both Greece and Cyprus where it entered the top 10.

= = = Paul Van Riper (political scientist) = = =

	Paul P. Van Riper (July 29, 1916 – July 11, 2014) was an American political scientist and professor emeritus of political science at Texas A&M University's Department of Political Science and the George Bush School of Government and Public Service. The American Society for Public Administration honored Van Riper with the presentation of an annual award in his name for scholars who have made a significant contribution through his or her body of work to bridging the world of public administration scholarship and practice.
	Van Riper graduated from DePauw University in 1938 and earned a doctorate at the University of Chicago in 1946. His studies had been interrupted by his military service in World War II. Van Riper spent 22 years teaching at Cornell University, where he chaired the Cornell Social Science Center.
	Van Riper began teaching at Texas A&M University in 1970. He served as head of the Department of Political Science from 1970 to 1977. He retired in 1981, but returned to the university in 1984, teaching courses on a part-time basis.
	Van Riper has also held faculty positions at George Washington University, Northwestern University and University of Strathclyde.

= = = Gabriel Chevallier = = =

	Gabriel Chevallier (3 May 1895 – 6 April 1969) was a French novelist widely known as the author of the satire "Clochemerle".
	Born in Lyon in 1895, Gabriel Chevallier was educated in various schools before entering Lyon École des Beaux-Arts in 1911. He was called up at the start of World War I and wounded a year later, but returned to the front where he served as an infantryman until the war's end. He was awarded the Croix de Guerre and Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. Following the war, he undertook several jobs including art teacher, journalist and a commercial traveller before starting to write in 1925. His novel "La Peur" (Fear) published in 1930 drew upon his own experiences and formed a damning indictment of the war. It was not translated until 2011 (Serpent's Tail, ). He was married with one son and died in Cannes in 1969.
	"Clochemerle" was written in 1934 and has been translated into twenty-six languages and sold several million copies. It was dramatised first in a 1947 film by Pierre Chenal and in 1972 by the BBC. He wrote two sequels: "Clochemerle Babylon" ("Clochemerle-Babylone", 1951), and "Clochemerle-les-Bains" (1963). In the United States, the Clochemerle books were published under the English titles "The Scandals of Clochemerle" (for "Clochemerle" in 1937) and "The Wicked Village" ("Clochemerle-Babylone", 1956).
	Others translated into English include "Sainte Colline" (1937), "Cherry" ("Ma Petite Amie Pomme", 1940), "The Affairs of Flavie or The Euffe Inheritance" ("Les Héritiers Euffe", 1945) and "Mascarade" (1948).
	Other books in French include "Clarisse Vernon, Propre à Rien, Chemins de Solitude" and "Le Petit Général."

= = = The Ballad of the Fallen = = =

	The Ballad of the Fallen is a jazz album by bassist Charlie Haden, with arrangements by Carla Bley, that was recorded in 1982 and released in 1983. The album was voted jazz album of the year in "Down Beat" magazine's 1984 critic's poll. Haden and Carla Bley placed first in that 1984 poll's Acoustic Bass and Composer categories, respectively.
	The album is the second by Haden's Liberation Music Orchestra, the follow-up to their 1969 "Liberation Music Orchestra". Carla Bley, Don Cherry, Michael Mantler, Paul Motian, Dewey Redman, and Haden himself appeared in the LMO's new incarnation with six new members.
	LP side B:

= = = Beehive burner = = =

	A wood waste burner, known as a teepee burner or wigwam burner in the United States and a beehive burner in Canada, is a free-standing conical steel structure usually ranging from 30 to 60 feet in height. They are named for their resemblance to beehives, teepees or wigwams. A sawdust burner is cylindrical. They have an opening at the top that is covered with a steel grill or mesh to keep sparks and glowing embers from escaping. Sawdust and wood scraps are delivered to an opening near the top of the cone by means of a conveyor belt or Archimedes' screw, whereupon they fall onto the fire near the center of the structure.
	Teepee or beehive burners are used to dispose of waste wood in logging yards and sawdust from sawmills by incineration. As a result, they produce a large quantity of smoke and ash, which is vented directly into the atmosphere without any sort of filtering or cleaning, contributing to poor air conditions wherever they are used. The burners are considered to be a major source of air pollution and have been phased out in most areas. There are a few beehive burners still in use in Western Canada.
	Teepee burners went out of general use in the Northwestern United States in the early 1970s, and are prohibited from operation in Oregon, as well as southwestern Washington State. The wood waste is now used as a component in various forest products, such as pellet fuel, particle board and mulch.

= = = Bay House School = = =

	Bay House School is an academy school located in Gosport in Hampshire.
	The Bay House site was originally a co-educational Normal School known as Gosport County Grammar School, which was founded in 1902.
	Bay House School, as it is today known, was established in 1972 through the amalgamation of Gosport Grammar School and Privett Secondary School. Sited adjacent to Stokes Bay, part of its premises occupies Bay House, built in 1838 by Decimus Burton as a seaside villa for Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton. The gardens of the house stretched all the way down to the sea at Stokes Bay as there was little more than a track in the way, which later became Stokes Bay Road. 
	John Croker, a friend of Lord Ashburton, was so impressed by the grounds that in 1842 he purchased the land next to Bay House and built his home there- Alverbank House, which later came to become the Alverbank Hotel.Ashburton House, Gosport
	From 'The Illustrated London News', 12 April 1863
	The admiralty are about to take a lease of Lord Ashburton's mansion and grounds on the shore of Stokes Bay, which have recently been purchased by the War Department. It is the intention of the Admiralty, when they house and grounds are handed over to them, to fit the mansion up as a college for naval cadets.In 1870, a naval college was established at Bay House, which became known as Ashburton House. Prince Alfred Ernest, Duke of Edinburgh, who was Queen Victoria's second son, attended the academy. He stayed at Alverbank House while he was studying there.
	In 1892, Col. Francis Sloane-Stanley, a close friend of the Prince of Wales- who was later to become King Edward VII- took over the house.
	In a major fire in late 1984, the house, a grade II listed building, was badly damaged, but was subsequently restored to its current condition. The house re-opened to pupils in 1987.
	In 1943 the house was sold to Gosport Borough Council, and the 17 acres of parkland were donated to the people of the borough.
	Following World War II, the house became Gosport County Grammar School. The school was renamed Bay House School in 1972.
	The school has developed significantly since this time, including introducing a Sixth Form to the Gosport Area. 
	The school has roughly 250 teachers. Some of the teachers appeared on the BBC Two quiz show "Eggheads". In March 2010, the assistant head teacher, Jim Wood, told an education seminar in Portsmouth that school teachers should act like Dirty Harry. In 2010 former head of year James Braid was jailed for abusing boys throughout his 30-year career.
	Bay House’s GCSE results are typically higher than the national state average.
	In 2017, Bay House obtained 14% above national average A* to B grades at A-level. Placing Bay House’s Sixth Form as the top 1% of schools in the country for ‘value added’. Bay House is currently the best performing state A-level provider in the county of Hampshire, with a 100% pass rate.
	From the recent report in 2017, Bay House received a 'GOOD' rating and some key messages from the report were:

= = = Maitreya Project = = =

	The Maitreya Project is an international organisation, operating since 1990,<ref name='maitreyaproject.org/en/updates/2007-11'></ref>
	which intends to construct statues of Maitreya Buddha in India and perhaps elsewhere. Initial plans were for a 152-metre (500 ft) colossal statue, to be built in either Kushinagar or Bodhgaya. These plans have since changed, and the Maitreya Project now intends to construct relatively modest statues in both towns. The project was initiated by the Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition, an organisation within the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism.
	On Friday 13 December 2013 the State Government of Uttar Pradesh handed over approximately of land for the site of the Maitreya Project in Kushinagar. The land is immediately adjacent to the Parinirvana Temple denoting the place where Buddha Shakyamuni passed into Parinirvana, and the Rambhar Stupa which marks the holy site of Buddha’s cremation.
	On that same day, the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Akhilesh Yadav, presided over a foundation stone laying ceremony on this land. Maitreya Project's Spiritual Director, Lama Zopa Rinpoche and the Board of Trustees of the Maitreya Project Trust attended as state guests.
	The Project reports for 1990–2008 outgoings of more than US$20 million and investment of more than US$11 million.
	Nita Ing has taken over responsibility for the funding of the statue in Bodhgaya.
	There has been criticism in the press about some aspects of the Project,<ref name='csmonitor.com/2007/0910/p06s02-wosc'></ref><ref name='timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/33810155.cms'></ref><ref name='dharmalife.com/issue15/contemplating_navel'></ref><ref name='www.washingtontimes.com/article/20070920/FOREIGN/109200032/1003/foreign'></ref> including the compulsory acquisition, under "India's Land Acquisition Act", by the State Government of of private land, homes and small farms; which are intended to be leased to the Project, for construction of the statue and related infrastructure, including "landscaped park housing a cathedral, monastery, convent, guesthouse, library and food halls...".
	Peter Kedge, former Director and CEO of the Maitreya Project has posted a number of replies to these criticisms.<ref name='maitreyaproject.org/en/updates/2009-07.html'></ref>
	Following the 1,262nd day of "peaceful dharna", in August 2010, by the majority of local farmers against the compulsory acquisition of their farms, the Cabinet Secretary of Uttar Pradesh announced a reconsideration of support for the Project.
	Falcone, Jessica. 2011. “The Buddhist Lama and the Indian Farmer: Negotiating Modernity and Tradition in the Development Plans for Kushinagar, India.” In "Inequality in a Globalizing World: Perspectives, Processes, and Experiences," edited by Sangeeta Parashar Nandikotkur and Yong Wang, 107-117. Dubuque, IA: Kendall-Hunt Publishing.

= = = David H. Rosenbloom = = =

	David H. Rosenbloom (born 1943) is a well-known scholar in the field of Public Administration. He is the Distinguished Professor of Public Administration at the School of Public Affairs at American University in Washington, D.C., and is currently serving as chair professor of public management, City University of Hong Kong. A noted authority on issues related to administrative law and public sector personnel policies, Rosenbloom is widely known for his approach to the field which stresses understanding American public administration from three perspectives mirroring the constitutional separation of powers: law, politics and management. In pursuit of that view, he has become a leading advocate for establishing "constitutional competence" as a basic standard for public service professionals.
	Rosenbloom earned a BA in political science at Marietta College in 1964. He holds a Master of Arts (1966) and in PhD (1969) in political science, both at the University of Chicago. His master's thesis was titled “Individual Liberty versus National Security: A Critical Analysis of the Opinions of Judges E. Barrett Prettyman and Henry W. Edgerton on the Loyalty Program for Federal Civil Servants.” His Ph.D. dissertation, "The Relationship Between the Citizen and the State In Public Employment in America,” was the basis for his first book, "Federal Service and the Constitution: The Development of the Public Employment Relationship" (1971). He received an honorary doctorate of law in 1994, also from Marietta College.
	Rosenbloom has served as an assistant professor in political science at the University of Kansas from 1970 to 1971. From 1971 to 1973, he visited Tel Aviv University, where he guest-lectured in the field of political science. From 1973 to 1978, he was an associate professor of political science at the University of Vermont. From 1978 to 1990, he attended The Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University, where he held a number of titles. He was professor of public administration from 1979 to 1988. Additionally, he was appointed as professor of political science from 1987 to 1990. He was also an adjunct professor of law from 1985 to 1989. Lastly at the Maxwell School, he was distinguished professor of public administration from 1988 to 1990. Presently, in addition to being a distinguished professor at American University, he is the chair professor of public management in the Department of Public and Social Administration, at the City University of Hong Kong (visiting). In 2014, he served as book series editor for the American Society for Public Administration indicating that the disability fields do not constitute a categorical system of state agencies and services in the US.
	Rosenbloom is perhaps best known for coming up with three approaches that define the American foundation of Public Administration: the managerial, political, and legal.
	Rosenbloom's argument is that to understand public administration, it is not sufficient enough to use just one of the approaches, but to think of all three at the same time. Rosenbloom documents that in 1946, by making major reforms, Congress became the central authority in how public administration operated in the federal government, incorporating all three approaches. Rosenbloom argues that public administration at other levels should operate in the same way.
	Rosenbloom has been the recipient of many awards during his career. In 2009, he earned the Scholarship in Public Sector Human Resources, Section on Personnel Administration and Labor Relations, from the American Society for Public Administration.
	In 2008, he received the Mosher Award for Best Article by an Academician, which is in the Public Administration Review for "Reinventing Administrative Prescriptions: The Case for Democratic-Constitutional Impact Statements and Scorecards.”
	In 2007, he was visiting professor at the Department of Public and Social Administration at the City University of Hong Kong from June–July. Also during this year, he was listed in Who's Who in American Education, 7th Addition.
	In 2006, he received the Best Article Award, American Review of Public Administration for the journal "Outsourcing the Constitution and Administrative Law Norms. It was Co-authored with Suzanne Piotrowski.
	In 2005, he received a guest professorship which, according to Rosenbloom’s CV, “is a faculty status enabling one to teach courses for credit.” It was at Northwest University in Xi'an, PRC.*
	Additionally, he gave Outstanding Service to the University Community at the School of Public Affairs at American University in Washington, DC.
	In 2004, he received the Excellence in Teaching Award at the First Annual American University School of Public Affairs Ph.D. Students' for Outstanding Contributions to PhD Students.
	In 2003, he received a guest professorship at People's University of China, in Beijing, PRC. From 2002 to 2009, he was listed in Who's Who in America
	In 2001, he received the National Academy of Public Administration Louis Brownlow Award, which is the highest annual award issued for excellence in public administration literature, to Building A Legislative-Centered Public Administration: Congress and the Administrative State, 1946–1999.
	Also in 2001, he received the John Gaus Award for Exemplary Scholarship in the Joint Tradition of Political Science and Public Administration, from the American Political Science Association, as well as being named Scholar/Teacher of the Year at the School of Public Affairs.
	In the year 2000, he received an outstanding scholarship in research and other professional contributions from the School of Public Affairs.
	In 1999, he received the Dwight Waldo Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Literature and Leadership of Public Administration Through an Extended Career.
	Also in 1999, he received the Outstanding Service Award from the School of Public Affairs. 
	From 1998 to 1999, from 2006 to 2008, and from 2009 to 2010, he was listed in Who'sWho in American Law.
	In 1996, he was the recipient of the Thomas Dye Award for Outstanding Service from the Policy Studies Organization.
	In 1994, he received an Honorary Doctor of Laws at Marietta College.
	Additionally, in 1994, he was an outstanding scholar at the School of Public Affairs.
	In 1993, he received the Charles H. Levine Award for Excellence in Public Administration from the American Society for Public Administration/National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration.
	In 1992, he received the Distinguished Research Award from the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration/American Society for Public Administration.
	In 1988, he was appointed first distinguished professor in the history of the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University.
	In 1986, he received the Syracuse University Chancellor's Citation for Exceptional Academic Achievement.
	Rosenbloom has written extensively on the role of management practices, politics and political oversight, and administrative and constitutional law in public administration.
	Sixth Edition, 2005, 590 pp. Coauthor: Robert S. Kravchuk
	Fifth Edition, 2002. 622 pp. Coauthor: Robert S. Kravchuk; this and all previous editions with the assistance of Deborah Goldman (Rosenbloom).
	Fourth Edition, 1998, 596 pp. 
	Third Edition, 1993, 573 pp.
	Second Edition, 1989, 517 pp.
	First Edition, 1986, 511 pp.
	https://www.amazon.com/Public-Administration-Understanding-Management-Politics/dp/0071263810/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1259783019&sr=1-1
	Fifth Edition. NY: Marcel Dekker, 2001. 587 pp. Coauthors: Jay Shafritz, Katherine Naff, Norma M. Riccucci, Albert Hyde. 
	Fourth Edition, 1992, 553 pp. Coauthors, Shafritz, Hyde, and Norma M. Riccucci.
	Third Edition, 1986, 476 pp. Coauthors on this and earlier editions, Shafritz and Hyde.
	Second Edition, 1981, 436 pp.
	First Edition, 1978, 307 pp.
	https://www.amazon.com/Personnel-Management-Government-Politics-Administration/dp/0824705041/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1259783130&sr=1-1
	Translated into Chinese, Beijing: Renmin University Press, 2006.
	https://www.amazon.com/Constitutional-Competence-Public-Managers-Commentary/dp/0534270786/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1259783507&sr=1-2
	Translated into Chinese: Zhogshan University Press, Guangzhou, PRC (2007).
	First Edition, 1983. 236 pp. (Sole author.)

= = = Eric Carbonara = = =

	Eric Carbonara is an American guitarist, composer, audio engineer and producer whose career spans over a decade of collaborations and solo work.
	Carbonara is originally from State College, PA, where, as a teenager, he was a member of several bands including "Jason Likes Science", "The Cameras" and "The Molecules". He runs Nada Sound Studio, a private recording studio centered on the documentation of experimental and improvised musics.
	Recent years have revealed a departure from his psych/krautrock-influenced work to a kaleidoscopic realm of minimalism, electro-acoustic improvisation, free noise guitar thrashing, the folk music of North Africa and Andalusia and Hindustani classical music.
	While his work as an engineer has been noted on recordings including Jack Rose's "Raag Manifestos", Taurpis Tula's "Sparrows" and Arc and Sender's self-titled debut, Carbonara's own work has gone largely unnoticed. He has a track on a compilation for Philadelphia's Honeymoon Music record label and a piece on a West Philadelphia compilation under the pseudonym Otoño Brujo.

= = = Janmangal Namavali = = =

	The Janmangal Namavali is the name given in Hinduism to the 108 names of God as composed by the Swaminarayan Bhagwan's saint Shatanand Swami
	With the reference to vadtal gadi 
	Swaminarayan temple board
	Swaminarayan Bhagwan, asked one of his disciples, Shatanand Swami to compose some verses, on chanting, would calm one's mind and protect devotees from evil influences, fear, and obstacles. The result was the Janmangal Namavali, 108 verses consisting of different names of God. Each name refers to a different power or quality attributed to Swaminarayan Bhagwan.
	Below is the Janmangal Namavali in full, with the English translations beneath

= = = Eclection = = =

	Eclection were a British-based folk rock band, originally formed in 1967 in London by Norwegian-born Georg Kajanus (then known as Georg Hultgreen), Canadian Michael Rosen, Australians Trevor Lucas and Kerrilee Male, and Briton Gerry Conway. They released one album on Elektra Records before singer Kerrilee Male left to be replaced by Dorris Henderson, but the group broke up in December 1969.
	Rosen and Hultgreen met when Hultgreen - who had grown up in Canada - was playing songs in a Bayswater restaurant. They decided to form a group, and recruited Lucas, who had previously recorded in Australia, and in Britain as an accompanist to A. L. Lloyd, after seeing him perform at the 1967 Cambridge Folk Festival. Lucas in turn recommended Kerrilee Male, who had previously worked as a singer with Dave Guard, formerly of The Kingston Trio, on his Australian TV show "Dave's Place". The four rehearsed together and acquired the name Eclection - a back-formation to describe their "eclectic" style and origins - at the suggestion of Joni Mitchell, who was playing folk clubs in England at the time and who was a friend of Rosen's girlfriend. On a visit to New York City, the group approached Elektra Records owner Jac Holzman, who then heard them rehearse in London, and offered them a record deal. The quartet made their first public appearance at the Royal Festival Hall in late 1967, supporting Tom Paxton.
	The group then added drummer Gerry Conway, a member of Alexis Korner's backing group. Despite their backgrounds, the band regarded themselves as being a "progressive rock" group rather than playing "folk rock", a term which had not yet come into widespread use. They began recording at IBC Studios in London in December 1967, with Australian record producer Ossie Byrne and arranger Phil Dennys, who had both worked on The Bee Gees' first hit "New York Mining Disaster 1941". The songs were recorded as rehearsed, with vocal harmonies and ornate orchestral arrangements overdubbed later. The band released their first single, "Nevertheless", written by Rosen, in June 1968; it received some airplay in the UK but did not chart. They also appeared on Dutch TV, BBC radio, and the BBC TV show "Colour Me Pop".
	The band's self-titled album, "Eclection", was released in August 1968. Eight of the songs were written by Hultgreen, and the remaining three by Rosen. Hultgreen and Rosen also shared the lead vocals with Kerrilee Male, although most critics commented on the strength of Male's voice, Lillian Roxon stating that "Her voice cuts into the brain like a carving knife". The band's style drew comparisons with The Seekers, Jefferson Airplane, The Mamas and The Papas and We Five. Reviewer Richie Unterberger stated: "The combination of male-female harmonies, optimistic lyrics with shades of romantic psychedelia, folk-rock melodies, acoustic-electric six- and twelve-string guitar combinations, and stratospheric orchestration couldn't help but bring to mind similar Californian folk-pop-rock of the mid-to-late 1960s."
	Kajanus (Hultgreen) later said:"The musical direction of the group was probably closer to American folk-rock than anything else. I must confess, having spent my formative musical years haunting the folk clubs in Montreal, Canada and watching all the current folk and folk/rock programs on TV, I was strongly influenced by this music. The most influential artists for me at the time were people like Dylan, the Byrds, Fred Neil, Simon and Garfunkel, the Beach Boys, the Mamas and the Papas, and Gordon Lightfoot. Pre-Eclection, I was a purist fighting the acoustic battle versus the electric "demons" creeping into the scene. I remember being shocked when Dylan went electric. It is therefore ironic that I should end up a few years later playing an electric 12-string in Eclection."
	After the album was released, the band began to perform at festivals and in clubs around Britain. Their second single, a version of American band Kaleidoscope's song "Please (Mark II)", was released in October 1968. However, that month Kerrilee Male decided to leave the band, and returned to Australia. Gerry Conway said: "Once we started playing live, it was very soon apparent that Kerrilee didn't want to stay with it. I think she decided she didn't want to be in the music world." The band immediately replaced her with Dorris Henderson, an African-American singer who had moved to Britain, performed in folk clubs, and recorded a 1965 album with John Renbourn. The single was re-recorded with Henderson's vocal replacing Male.
	In December 1968, Eclection supported The Beach Boys on a 10-day tour, and afterwards they continued to tour clubs. Mike Rosen left the band in March 1969, and the band recruited guitarist Gary Boyle, previously a member of The Brian Auger Trinity, and vibraphone player John "Poli" Palmer of Blossom Toes. However, Boyle left again in June to rejoin Auger. The band continued as a five-piece and performed (along with Bob Dylan and The Who) at the Isle of Wight Festival in August 1969, but Hultgreen then decided to leave. Lucas, Conway, Palmer and Henderson continued to tour for several months, finally agreeing to split up in December 1969 when Palmer decided to join Family. Conway said: "We just decided, eventually, that we weren't really going anywhere. Not where we wanted to go, anyway."
	Jac Holzman stated:"I loved that group. They were a fascinating group, a wonderful band, and I thought the records were wonderful. I think our mistake was not bringing them to the States, because they really needed to get out of England. There was too much other stuff competing in England, and in the States, we might have had an easier time. I don't know why we didn't bring 'em. I think, had we got 'em the right venues and gotten them some help with their show, it would have worked."
	After Eclection split up, Lucas and Conway formed Fotheringay with Lucas' girlfriend (and later wife) Sandy Denny, formerly of Fairport Convention. Lucas and Denny later both rejoined Fairport Convention for a period; Sandy Denny died in 1978, and Trevor Lucas in 1989. Gerry Conway continued a prolific career as a drummer, with Cat Stevens, Steeleye Span, Fairport Convention, Jethro Tull and others.
	Georg Hultgreen was later known as Georg Kajanus, and had commercial success in the mid-1970s with the band Sailor, later forming DATA and Noir with Tim Dry (Tik from Tik and Tok), and writing musicals and soundtracks. Mike Rosen managed the progressive rock band Cressida, and was later a member of Mogul Thrash, before returning to live in Canada. Little is known publicly about Kerrilee Male after her return to Australia.
	Dorris Henderson headed a new band, Dorris Henderson's Eclection, in the 1970s, with her son Eric Johns. She died in 2005.
	The album "Eclection" was re-issued on CD by Collector's Choice Music in November 2001.
	The title of psychedelic folk artist Prydwyn's 2009 album with Quickthorn, 'Solitude Owes Me a Smile', is a paraphrase of a line from Eclection's opening track 'In Her Mind'.

= = = Society of Red Tape Cutters = = =

	The Society of Red Tape Cutters was a series of small articles published by newspapers during World War II to give recognition to military and political figures for keeping bureaucracy from hindering the war effort. Each announcement included a boilerplate "certificate" illustrated by Dr. Seuss and a synopsis of the inductee's actions.

= = = Toplica (river) = = =

	The Toplica (Serbian Cyrillic: Топлица, ) is a river in southern Serbia. The river is 130 km long and gives its name to the region it flows through, which constitutes most of the modern Toplica District of Serbia.
	The Toplica originates under the name of "Duboka" from the eastern slopes of the Kopaonik mountain, just south of the highest peak, Pančićev vrh. It flows to the southeast, on the western slopes of the Lepa Gora mountain, next to the villages of Merćez, Selova, Žuč, Miljeviće and Dankoviće. At the monastery of Mačkovac, it reaches the northern side of the Radan mountain and turns to the east. This is also where the Toplica receives from the right its major tributary, Kosanica. Near the mouth are located city of Kuršumlija and medieval ruins of "Marina kula" ("The tower of Mara"), and this is where Toplica region begins.
	The region is very fertile, especially for grains, fruits and grapes (famous "prokupačko vino", wine of Prokuplje). The central part of the region occupies "Toplička (or Prokupačka) kotlina" (Depression of Toplica/Prokuplje), between the mountains of Veliki Jastrebac from the north and Sokolovica, Vidojevica and Pasjača from the south, with many smaller settlements on the river: Donje Krmčare, Grabovnica, Bogojeva, Barlovo, Donje Točane, Donji Pločnik, Tulare, Donja Konjuša, Donja Toponica, and the center of the whole region, the city of Prokuplje. The river continues on the northern slopes of mountain Pasjača, next to the villages of Podina, Voljčince, Badnjevac and the smaller regional center Žitorađa. After the Toplica reaches municipal center of Doljevac, it enters the most densely populated part of the south Pomoravlje, turns north and flows into the Južna Morava at the village of Orljane, across the medieval ruins of Kurvin grad, as Južna Morava's longest left tributary.
	The Toplica belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin with its own drainage area of 2,217 km². The river is not navigable.
	The river valley is a major traffic route in southern Serbia as both road and railway (Transbalkanic rail) pass through here. It connects northern and eastern Serbia with Kosovo over the Prepolac ridge and Merdare.
	Above the Prokuplje, the Toplica curves around the huge rock, almost making it an island. The picturesque hill, the "Hisar" is the symbol of the city
	Despite being fertile, the Toplica region is one of the highest depopulating areas of Serbia (population of 129.542 in 1971, or 58 per km²; population of 102.075 in 2002, or 45 per km²; down 22%).
	The region was the site of a rebellion of the local Serbian population against Bulgarian occupational forces in 1917 during World War I. The Toplica rebellion (Serbian: Toplički ustanak/Топлички устанак) broke out because of the many atrocities of the Bulgarian army (mass slaughters, pillage and burning of the houses and forceful drafting of the Serbian population into the Bulgarian army). Initially, under the leadership of Kosta Vojinoviċ (1890-1917), rebels had some success, liberating many places in the area (at that time, "Niški okrug"). All three occupying forces in Serbia, Austro-Hungary, Germany and Bulgaria, joined forces and brought three artillery divisions into the area, crushing the rebellion (several thousand killed, mostly civilians).

= = = Dan Trueman = = =

	Dan Trueman is a composer, fiddle player, improviser, new instrument creator and software designer. He plays the violin and the Norwegian Hardanger fiddle. Trueman studied physics at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, composition and theory at the University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music in Cincinnati and composition at Princeton University. He taught composition at Columbia, Colgate, and since 2002, at Princeton. As a performer, Trueman has played at both contemporary and folk music festivals, among them Bang on a Can and Den Norske Folkemusikkveka. Trueman has written for his own ensembles, Interface (which also includes Curtis Bahn and Tomie Hahn) and the Princeton Laptop Orchestra (also known as PLOrk, which he co-founded with Perry Cook), as well as the Brentano, Daedalus, Cassatt and Amernet string quartets, Non Sequitur, So Percussion and others. He has received awards from the Guggenheim (2006) and MacArthur Foundations (2008 Digital Media and Learning Award).

= = = Stoke Gabriel = = =

	Stoke Gabriel is a village and parish in Devon, England, situated on a creek of the River Dart. The village is a popular tourist destination in the South Hams and is famous for its mill pond and crab fishing (known colloquially as "crabbing"). It is equidistant from Paignton, Dartmouth and Totnes, and has a population of approximately 1,200, reducing slightly to 1,107 at the 2011 census. The village is the major part of the electoral ward of East Dart. The ward population at the abovementioned census was 1,877.
	Fisherman probably first came to Stoke Gabriel to fish salmon and gain access to the River Dart. The village has an approximately 1,000-year-old yew tree in the churchyard of The Church of St Mary and St Gabriel, a church which has stood since Norman times. Legend has it that if you walk backwards seven times round the yew's main stem you will be granted a wish.
	Stoke Gabriel was the birthplace of the Great Western Railway's Chief Mechanical Engineer George Jackson Churchward, who lends his name to the local football club Stoke Gabriel A.F.C.'s ground.
	The village has two public houses; The Church House Inn and The Castle Inn. Until relatively recently there were three pubs. The other being The Victoria and Albert Inn. The Church House Inn was built to accommodate the masons who constructed the church and also served as the courthouse. The old stocks can be seen outside the inn today.
	Stoke Gabriel is the template for the fictional village of Thornford Regis in C. C. Benison's crime novels Twelve Drummers Drumming and Eleven Pipers Piping.

= = = Philip Selznick = = =

	Philip Selznick (January 8, 1919 – June 12, 2010) was professor of sociology and law at the University of California, Berkeley. A noted author in organizational theory, sociology of law and public administration, Selznick's work was groundbreaking in several fields in such books as "The Moral Commonwealth", "TVA and the Grass Roots", and "Leadership in Administration".
	Selznick received his PhD in Sociology in 1947 from Columbia University. He was on the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley, between 1952 and 1984, initially with the Department of Sociology and later with the School of Law as well.
	Selznick was a major proponent of the neo-classical organizational theory movement starting in the 1930s. One of his most influential papers, entitled "Foundations of the Theory of Organization" (1948), laid out his major contributions to organization theory.
	In simplified form, Selznick postulated that individuals within organizations can hold dichotomous goal-sets, which makes it difficult for organizations and employees to have the same implicit, rational objectives (as theorized in classical organization movement which was a precursor of Selznick's work).
	Selznick's principle of cooptation is an important precursor to the later developments of organizational ecology and contingency theory.
	Selznick has been a major contributor to the sociology of law, developing his ideas on legal institutions and their problems and possibilities of responsiveness to their constituencies, from his earlier work on the sociology of formal organizations.
	Selznick was first – anticipating Daniel Bell, Edward Shils, Talcott Parsons, William Kornhauser, and a host of American social scientists – to attack the then prevailing theory of mass society. His approach argued instead that there were two analytically distinct theoretical approaches to mass society:
	The first group of theorists is best represented by José Ortega y Gasset and Karl Mannheim. Each of these theorists located the cause of the advent of mass society in the decline of the social position of creative elites who were responsible for the development and the strength of cultural values. Mass society arose when society was no longer directed by an identifiable and stable structure of elites, when the vulgar appetites of the masses supplanted "the canons of refinement and sober restraint." The masses cannot simply take over the role served previously by elites; they can express desires but not values.
	The second group of mass society theorists, those who emphasized social disintegration and the quality of participation, was best represented by Emil Lederer, Erich Fromm, and Sigmund Neumann. Selznick argued that these theorists leave the role of elites largely unexamined. They defined mass society as the era of mass man, a type defined not in terms of any relationship to a formally superior or intrinsically more qualified elite, but as the expression of a wider social disintegration. The homogeneous, amorphous, and undifferentiated individuals in the mass resulted from radical social changes which rendered old norms obsolete and old roles meaningless. Psychological deterioration followed on social disorganization: 'as family, church, and traditional political ties weaken, a psychological atomization takes place.' This type of mass society theory pictures society as a crowd in which irrational, emotional acts predominate. "The readiness for manipulation by symbols, especially those permitting sado-masochistic releases, is characteristic of the mass as of the crowd."

= = = Joseph Tussman = = =

	Joseph Tussman (4 December 1914 – 21 October 2005) was an American educator. He was chair of the philosophy department at University of California, Berkeley, a prominent educational reformer, and a key figure in the campus controversy over the 1950s loyalty oath.
	Tussman was born in Chicago and grew up in Milwaukee. He studied under Alexander Meiklejohn at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Following his graduation from Wisconsin, he followed his mentor west to do graduate work at Berkeley.
	He served in an army-intelligence unit in southwest China during World War II. After his discharge, he returned to Berkeley. California began to require University employees to sign a loyalty oath in the 1950s, and Tussman was a key organizer of protests. Twenty percent of the Berkeley faculty refused to sign, and 31 professors were dismissed. Being untenured, however, Tussman eventually signed the oath for economic reasons. He said it was the saddest day in his life.
	Tussman moved to the philosophy department in 1952, leaving in 1955 when denied tenure for insufficient scholarly publication. Over the next few years he taught at Syracuse and Wesleyan and completed his first book, "Obligation and the Body Politic". He returned to Berkeley in 1963 and became chair of philosophy the following year. He was a key figure in the Free Speech Movement of 1964.
	In 1965, Tussman founded the Tussman Experimental College Program (modeled on a program that Meiklejohn had created at Madison), which was offered to 150 students through their freshman and sophomore years and focused on great works written during times of great upheaval. The experiment lasted four years. He then continued to teach in the philosophy department until his retirement in 1983.

= = = Canal Ring (New York) = = =

	The Canal Ring was a group of corrupt contractors and their political supporters in the 1860s and 1870s who defrauded the State of New York by overcharging for repairs and improvement of the state's canal system. It consisted largely of a group of loosely organized Democratic and Republican Assemblymen and State Senators, led by Jarvis Lord in the Assembly and William Johnson in the Senate. The firm Belden & Denison made the most money from the scam, though numerous contractors were involved. 
	They were chiefly organized along the route of the Erie Canal; in Syracuse, Rochester, Buffalo, Lockport, and Oswego. Frauds peaked in 1872, with "Appropriations for Extraordinary Repairs" rising to $4.1 million. 
	Then Governor of New York Samuel J. Tilden began targeting the ring in 1874. In March 1875, he released a report detailing frauds carried out. This served as a direct appeal to the people, and so aroused public opinion that the legislature was forced to authorize the governor to appoint a canal commission. The reports of this commission resulted in a marked diminution in the appropriation for canals and the indictment of several officials for defrauding the State. His handling of the Ring is credited with helping Tilden secure the Democratic nomination for president in 1876.
	The Erie Canal was first proposed in the 1780s, then re-proposed in 1807. A survey was authorized, funded, and executed in 1808. Proponents of the project gradually wore down opponents; its construction began in 1817, and opened on October 26, 1825. In a time when bulk goods were limited to pack animals (a maximum), and there were no railways, water was the most cost-effective way to ship bulk goods. It was the first transportation system between the Eastern Seaboard and the western interior of the United States that did not require portage. 
	It was faster than carts pulled by draft animals and cut transport costs by about 95%. The canal gave New York City's port a large advantage over all other U.S. port cities and ushered in the state's 19th century political and cultural ascendancy. The canal fostered a population surge in western New York and opened regions farther west to settlement. Though the Erie Canal and associated feeders were highly successful for several years after opening, overbuilding and the Panic of 1837 marked the end of highly profitable years. Increased competition from railroads and other canals further contributed to decline in profits. In 1851, contracts under the $9 Million Act were divided among Democratic and Whig contractors. In 1854, a board of three commissioners was established to award contracts for the maintenance and repair of the canal.
	More competition forced the canal to lower rates, resulting in a decline in revenue. The canal saw a boom in prosperity with the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, which continued throughout the war and for a brief time after. After the Atlantic Cable was completed in 1866, however, the canal began to lose tonnage again. By 1869, railroads finally surpassed the canals in terms of tonnage, and the routes financial troubles were compounded by the Long Depression beginning in 1873. It registered a net loss of $265,610.70 in 1875. 
	The Canal Ring made money by charging low prices for major works, but extremely high ones for minor things, in what was termed an "unbalanced bid". Under the system, contractors could also not complete all of the work they agreed to in a contract without punishment. In 1862, the enlargement of the canal was deemed finished in an effort to curb corruption, but new improvements were soon necessitated by the increased traffic due to the Civil War. 
	Many New Yorker's felt corruption was a major cause of the canal system's troubles. In 1867 at the state Constitutional Convention, Erastus Brooks alleged canal contracts of being awarded to the highest bidder. A commission was established, consisting of James Gibson, Henry C. Murphy, Charles Stanford, William Bristol, William S. Clark, George W. Millspaugh, and counsel Henry Smith. It concluded there were "gross and monstrous frauds", and the Canal Commissioner, Robert C. Dorn, was impeached.

= = = 1993 in Wales = = =

	This article is about the particular significance of the year 1993 to Wales and its people.

= = = Pasur (card game) = = =

	Pasur (; also spelled Pasoor) is a fishing card game of Persian origin. Played widely in Iran, it is played similarly to the Italian games of Cassino or Scopa and even more similarly to the Egyptian game of Bastra. Pasur is also known by the names "Chahâr Barg" (4 cards), "Haft Khâj" (seven clubs) or "Haft Va Chahâr, Yâzdah" (7+4=11, the significance being that players want to win 7 clubs in a game of 4-card hands where 11 is a winning number).
	The name "pasur" entered Persia from the Russian "Пacyp" during the 19th century along with the playing cards themselves.
	One standard pack of 52 cards and 2, 3 or 4 players who take turns being dealer. Object of the game is to get the most points based on winning certain cards.
	Four cards face-down to each player and four face-up to form the “pool” in the middle of the table. If one of the cards in the pool is a Jack, it gets cut back into the deck and is replaced with a new card, and if this is a Jack as well or if there are multiple Jacks in pool, dealer reshuffles and deals again.
	Beginning at dealer's left, players take turns playing cards to the table until there are no cards left in their hands. Dealer then deals four more cards to each player (but not to the pool) and play continues until the deck is exhausted. A play consists of playing one card in one of two ways: 
	A player may not add a card to the pool if that card is capable of picking up one or more cards in the pool. The player must pick up the cards or play a different card.
	In James City County, Toano became a major shipping point for the area's truck farming and an entire new development planned by a C&O land agent to attract farmers of Scandinavian descent from the colder regions of the American Mid-West emerged at Norge shortly after the start of the 20th century. Later in the first half of the 20th century, especially during the two world wars, massive military facilities were established on large reservations which today contain Langley Air Force Base, Fort Eustis, Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, and Camp Peary. To make way, all of Mulberry Island and entire communities including Lackey, Halstead's Point, Penniman, Bigler's Mill, and Magruder disappeared in the process. However, many of the displaced Virginians chose to relocate to Grove in James City County and other areas close by on the Peninsula.
	After the capital of Virginia moved to Richmond in 1780 for greater security during the American Revolutionary War, Williamsburg became much less busy. By the early 20th century, it was described as a "sleepy little hamlet", known best for the College of William and Mary and Eastern State Hospital, which was the successor to the country's first mental hospital, as well as its fading memories and deteriorating colonial sites. All that changed dramatically beginning in 1926. The restoration and recreation of Colonial Williamsburg, one of the largest historic restorations ever undertaken, was championed by the Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin and the patriarch of the Rockefeller family, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., along with the active participation of his wife, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, who wanted to celebrate the patriots and the early history of the United States. The restoration of the colonial capital, construction of the Colonial Parkway by the U.S. National Park Service, several major enhancements at Jamestown and Yorktown, and development of several theme parks such as Busch Gardens Williamsburg beginning in the 1970s, all combined to help make the Historic Triangle area of Colonial Virginia become one of the most popular tourist destinations in the United States by the end of the 20th century.
	In Colonial times, and even in the first 150 years of the United States, much like Virginia as a whole, the Virginia Peninsula was in an almost constant state of change in terms of local government, largely due to growth, as counties were divided and towns were formed as the population grew. Some towns grew to become cities. Under the state constitutional changes in 1871, extant and future cities in Virginia became independent cities of the counties they had formerly been located within.
	However, in the second half of the 20th century, an unprecedented wave of city-county-town local government consolidations took place in South Hampton Roads and on the Virginia Peninsula. Nowhere else in Virginia have rural areas and more dense cities been combined in such a manner as these two areas. The changes resulted in the two areas having Virginia's cities with the largest land areas and the most farming, even over 30 years after the consolidations in some instances.
	In 1960, the "Newport News–Hampton Metropolitan Statistical Area" was designated a metropolitan area by the U.S. Census Bureau. It comprised the cities of Newport News, Hampton and York County.
	In 1983, the MSA, comprising the cities of Newport News, Hampton, Poquoson and Williamsburg, and the counties of Gloucester, James City and York, was combined with the Norfolk–Virginia Beach–Portsmouth MSA and renamed the "Norfolk–Virginia Beach–Newport News MSA".
	The Virginia Peninsula subregion includes four independent cities (Hampton, Newport News, Poquoson and Williamsburg) and two counties (James City County and York County). There are currently no incorporated towns. There were also a number of political subdivisions which are now extinct, primarily due to both growth of communities and consolidation of local government (see section below).
	Many incorporated (formally constituted) localities have become legally void, though most have not been abandoned by their citizens, with the notable exception of Jamestown. Exclusive of towns which became cities and still have the same name, no less than 4 shires, 2 counties, 4 towns, and 1 city no longer exist in the Virginia Peninsula area under their earlier names.
	The following is a listing of these 11 extinct shire, counties, towns, and cities, with the approximate dates they existed:
	Generally surrounded by water, the Virginia Peninsula is linked to other areas across the surrounding water barriers of the James and York Rivers, and the harbor of Hampton Roads by 2 bridge-tunnels, 2 large drawbridges, and a state-operated ferry system. These are:
	The Virginia Peninsula is home to several military bases.
	Langley Air Force Base is located in Hampton. Fort Monroe had been the oldest installation in the region, but closed in September, 2011. The now-decommissioned Fort Wool, located on a man made island called Rip Raps across the mouth of Hampton Roads from Fort Monroe, is also in Hampton.
	Fort Eustis, home of the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) is in Newport News. A major military contractor, Newport News Shipbuilding, is also in the city.
	York County is home to the U.S. Navy's Yorktown Naval Weapons Station and a supply depot at nearby Cheatham Annex. Camp Peary and Coast Guard Training Center Yorkown are also located in York County.
	Although each is primarily located in other jurisdictions, portions of Fort Eustis, Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Cheatham Annex, and Camp Peary extend into James City County.

= = = Eretria = = =

	Eretria (; , "Eretria", literally "city of the rowers"' ) is a town in Euboea, Greece, facing the coast of Attica across the narrow South Euboean Gulf. It was an important Greek polis in the 6th/5th century BC, mentioned by many famous writers and actively involved in significant historical events.
	Excavations of the ancient city began in the 1890s and have been conducted since 1964 by the Greek Archaeological Service (11th Ephorate of Antiquities) and the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece.
	The first evidence for human activity in the area of Eretria are pottery shards and stone artifacts from the late Neolithic period (3500-3000 BC) found on the Acropolis as well as in the plain. No permanent structures have yet been found. It is therefore unclear whether a permanent settlement existed at that time.
	The first known settlement from the Early Helladic period (3000-2000 BC) was located on the plain. A granary and several other buildings, as well as a pottery kiln, have been found so far. This settlement was moved to the top of the Acropolis in the Middle Helladic period (2000-1600 BC) because the plain was flooded by the nearby lagoon. In the Late Helladic period (1600-1100 BC), the population dwindled and the remains found so far have been interpreted as an observation post. The site was abandoned during the Greek Dark Ages.
	The oldest archaeological finds date the foundation of the city to the 9th century BC. It was probably founded as the harbour of Lefkandi, which is located 15 km to the west. The name comes from the Greek ἐρέτης, "erétēs", rower, and the verb ἐρέσσειν/ἐρέττειν, "eréssein/eréttein", to row, which makes Eretria the "City of the Rowers". Eretria's population and importance increased at the same time as Lefkandi began to decline in importance from c. 825 BC onwards. The natural superiority of Eretria's harbour and the importance of trade to the Euboeans is one explanation for this gradual population migration from Lefkandi to Eretria. Eretria had a strong agriculture power, but it is unknown where they planted there crops and fed cattle. 
	The earliest surviving mention of Eretria was by Homer ("Iliad" 2.537), who listed Eretria as one of the Greek cities which sent ships to the Trojan War. In the 8th century BC, Eretria and her near neighbour and rival, Chalcis, were both powerful and prosperous trading cities. Eretria controlled the Aegean islands of Andros, Tenos and Ceos. They also held territory in Boeotia on the Greek mainland. Eretria was also involved in the Greek colonisation and founded the colonies of Pithekoussai and Cumae in Italy together with Chalcis.
	At the end of the 8th century BC, however, Eretria and Chalcis fought a prolonged war (known mainly from the account in Thucydides as the Lelantine War) for control of the fertile Lelantine plain. Little is known of the details of this war, but it is clear that Eretria was defeated. The city was destroyed and Eretria lost her lands in Boeotia and her Aegean dependencies. Neither Eretria nor Chalcis ever again counted for much in Greek politics. As a result of this defeat, Eretria turned to colonisation. She planted colonies in the northern Aegean, on the coast of Macedon, in Italy and Sicily.
	The Eretrians were Ionians and were thus natural allies of Athens. When the Ionian Greeks in Asia Minor rebelled against Persia in 499 BC, Eretria joined Athens in sending aid to the rebels, because Miletus supported Eretria in the Lelantine War. The rebels burned Sardis, but were defeated and the Eretrian general Eualcides was killed. Darius made a point of punishing Eretria during his invasion of Greece. In 490 BC the city was sacked and burned by the Persians under the admiral Datis. Attributed to the resistance during the siege, all the male citizens were killed, while women and children were deported to Arderikka in Susiana, Persia and forced into slavery barefoot. The temple of Apollo, built around 510 BC, was destroyed by the Persians. And Parts of a pediment were found in 1900, including the torso of an Athena statue.
	Eretria was rebuilt shortly afterwards and took part with 600 hoplites in the Battle of Plataea (479 BC). The ancient writer Plutarch mentions a woman of Eretria, "who was kept by Artabanus" at the Persian court of Artaxerxes, who facilitated the audience that Themistocles obtained with the Persian king. During the fifth century BC the whole of Euboea became part of the Delian League, which later became the Athenian Empire. Eretria and other cities of Euboea rebelled unsuccessfully against Athens in 446 BC. During the Peloponnesian War Eretria was an Athenian ally against her Dorian rivals Sparta and Corinth. But soon the Eretrians, along with the rest of the Empire, found Athenian domination oppressive. When the Spartans defeated the Athenians at the Battle of Eretria in 411 BC, the Euboean cities all rebelled.
	After her eventual defeat by Sparta in 404 BC, Athens soon recovered and re-established her hegemony over Euboea, which was an essential source of grain for the urban population. The Eretrians rebelled again in 349 BC and this time the Athenians could not recover control. In 343 BC supporters of Philip II of Macedon gained control of the city, but the Athenians under Demosthenes recaptured it in 341 BC.
	The Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC, in which Philip defeated the combined armies of the Greeks, marked the end of the Greek cities as independent states. However, under Macedonian rule Eretria experienced a new period of prosperity which lasted until the 3rd century as attested by many inscriptions, by extensions to the west and south sections of the walls and by many other private and public new buildings including the circus.
	From 318-312BC King Cassander lived at Eretria and commissioned the painter Philoxenus of Eretria to paint the battle of Issus, of which the famous Alexander Mosaic in the Naples museum is a copy and the wall paintings in Phillip's tomb at Vergina are connected.
	From 304BC Demetrius I granted the city partial autonomy. During this time the city was governed by who founded the Eretrian school of philosophy. After the Chremonidean War (267-262BC) a permanent Macedonian garrison was installed.
	In 198 BC in the Second Macedonian War Eretria was plundered by the Romans. The admiral Lucius Quinctius Flamininus was joined by the allied fleets of Attalus I of Pergamon and of Rhodes, and used them in besieging Eretria. He eventually took the town during a night-time assault during which the citizens surrendered. Flamininus came away with a large collection of art works as his share of the booty.
	Eretria became an object of contention between the Romans and Macedonians, but was given partial independence and experienced a new period of prosperity. Under the Romans, athletic contests for children and youths called the Romaia were held.
	In 87 BC it was finally destroyed in the First Mithridatic War and gradually declined further.
	Many remains of the ancient city can be seen today including:
	The temple of Apollo Daphnephoros is the most important and wider known monument of Eretria, featuring sparkling and sharp sculptures on the pediments, their postures well in advance of experiments in Athens of the time. Together with its enclosure it constituted the sacred temenos of Apollo, a religious centre and fundamental place of worship within the core of the ancient city, to the north of the Agora.
	According to the Homeric hymn to Apollo, when the god was seeking for a location to found its oracle, he arrived to the Lelantine plain. The first temple is dated to the Geometric period and was situated probably near the harbour, as the sea then reached the area of the Agora. The "hecatompedon" (hundred-footer) apsidal edifice is the earliest in its type among those mentioned by Homer, and slightly after the hecatompedon temple of Hera on the island of Samos. It was flanked to the south by another apsidal building which also came to light: the so-called "Daphniforio" or "space with laurels" (7.5 x 11.5m) is the most ancient edifice in Eretria, related to the early cult of Apollo in Delphi.
	At the centre of this edifice were preserved the clay bases supporting the laurel trunks that propped up the roof. In the early sixteenth century a second hecatompedon temple was erected through earth fills upon its Geometric predecessor, on a solid artificial terrace. This temple had wooden columns (six at the narrow sides and nineteen at the longer sides), and was subsequently covered with earth in order to build the later and most renowned of all temples in the city.
	Construction started at the late sixth century BC (520-490 BC) and the temple was perhaps still unfinished when the Persians razed the city in 490 BC. Poros stone and marble were the materials used for this Doric peristyle (surrounded by colonnades) temple (6 x 14 columns). It had a "prodomos" (anteroom) and an "opisthodomos "(back section) arranged with two columns in antis; the cella (in Greek "sekos" was divided into three naves by two interior colonnades. After the destruction of the city by the Persians, the temple was repaired and remained in use; yet in 198 BC it was destroyed again, this time by the Romans, a fact which initiated the gradual abandonment and dilapidation of the monument until the first century BC. Some important sculptures were found and are displayed in the Chalcis museum. One of the Amazons was salvaged in antiquity and carried off to Rome. Unfortunately, the majority of architectural parts from this temple and other sanctuaries of the city were re-used as construction material; only a few (column) drums together with fragmented capitals and triglyphs remain from the superstructure of the monument.
	Of the sumptuous sculptural decoration survive only parts of the west pediment featuring in relief the fight of the Amazons (or Amazonomachy, a usual motif for the iconography at the time). The centre was occupied by Athena and is partially preserved, depicting her trunk with the Gorgoneion on the thorax; a superb work of art is the complex of Theseus and Antiope marked by sensitivity and softness of the form, internal force and clarity, despite the ornamental tendency obvious in the coiffures and the folds of their clothes. These sculptures are impregnated by the rules of archaic plasticity; the analogies are rendered in an innovative manner, a precursor to the idealization and the force of the classical art. The entire composition supposedly featured chariots to Athena's right and left, one chariot presumably carrying Theseus and Antiope, while Hercules might ride the other, and the picture could be complemented by fighting Amazons and a dead warrior. The east pediment possibly narrated the Gigantomachy (fight of the Giants). The details of the faces and the clothes were coloured, thus rendering the depiction more vivid. Fragmented sculptures that may be part of the temple after the destruction by the Persians (warrior, Amazon and Athena's trunk) have been located in Rome. Today are visible only the foundations of the Post-Archaic temple, as well as remains of the Geometric temples uncovered in lower deposits.
	The temples in the temenos of Apollo Daphniforos were excavated between 1899 and 1910 by Κ. Kourouniotis. Further investigations were conducted by Mrs. I. Konstantinou and by the Swiss Archaeological School.
	The most impressive monument of ancient Eretria, one of the oldest known theatres, lies in the western section of town, between the western gate, the stadium and the upper gymnasium; the temple of Dionysos was found at its south-west end. As indicated by the architectural remains of the scene, the initial construction phase followed the invasion by the Persians and the reconstruction of the city in the fifth century BC, whereas the fourth century BC marked the site's peak.
	A striking fact is the construction of the "cavea" (gr.: koilo, auditorium) on an artificial hill surrounded by numerous retaining walls, instead of taking advantage of the citadel's slopes. During the first building phase, the scene looked like a palace, disposed of five adjacent rectangle rooms and found itself at the same level as the circular orchestra, leading to it via three entrances. At its peak (fourth century BC), the theatre suffered transformations and was shaped to a large extent in its present form. The cavea comprised eleven tiers divided by ten staircases. The circular orchestra was transferred for 8m to the north, and was lowered by 3m. The scene was amplified by two backstages connected through a portico with an Ionic façade, thus raising above the orchestra. This difference in heights was evened up by a vaulted underground gallery, leading through the scene to the centre of the orchestra; this was in all probability the "charonian stairway" (stairs of Hades) allowing actors impersonating chthonic deities and the dead to appear and perform at the orchestra.
	Local poros stone was used for the foundation and limestone for the parodoi (passageways), which sloped to the orchestra in order to diminish the difference in height with the cavea. The theatre seated 6,300 spectators and is reminiscent in form to the Theatre of Dionysos in Athens, after transformation of the latter in 330 BC. Following the destruction of Eretria by the Romans in 198 BC, it was rebuilt with lower quality materials and the rooms to the south of the "parodos" were then apparently decorated with colour mortars of the first Pompeian style.
	Unfortunately, most benches have been looted. There are still the impressive remains of the scene, especially the vaulted underground passage leading to the orchestra centre. Excavation of the monument was undertaken by the American Archaeological School, while the local Ephorate of Antiquities strived greatly for its restoration.
	Among the most interesting monuments of ancient Eretria is the Iseion, a temple sacred to the goddess Isis and other Egyptian deities. Situated to the south of the town, between the baths and the Lower Gymnasium or the palaistra (wrestling area), it extends behind the small harbour, a detail that correlates the temenos with merchants who had their interests in Eretria. According to excavation and inscription testimonies, the temple was probably built in the fourth century BC and was surrounded by other edifices and auxiliary spaces. The initiation to the cult of Isis and the Egyptian deities occurred during the Hellenistic period by Greek merchants who came to Greece from Egypt after the unification of the then known world by Alexander the Great. Their worship in Eretria has also been attested by inscriptions, of which the most important is set on a limestone block to the left of the prodomos (anteroom) before the cella.
	The temple of Isis was initially simple and oriented to the east, with a prodomos that was distyle (two-columned) in antis. The ceremonial clay statue of the goddess stood on a base within the cella. In front of the temple was the altar and nearby a small drain tank. The temple was reconstructed after the destruction of the city by the Romans in 198 BC: it then acquired a larger external prodomos on ameliorated foundations and was surrounded by porticoes on three sides (north, south and west). Only the south-west end of the portico was covered by a roof. The columns were later replaced by a parapet. At the centre of the east forecourt was a portal facing the entrance of the sanctuary. Fifteen more edifices and auxiliary spaces lied to the north, considered by the excavators as places of purification. Among them was a courtyard and an "andren" (dining hall for male residents), while one room of the complex had a superb mosaic floor featuring lozenges.
	Excavations at the "temenos" sacred to Isis and other Egyptian deities were conducted in 1917 by the then Ephor of Antiquities for the island of Evia (Euboea), Ι. Papadakis. In recent years, the Archaeological Service of the Ministry of Culture undertook further excavations in the wider area of the temple, which brought to light an additional complex of courtyards and rooms directly related to the sanctuary.
	This splendid house was built in ca. 370 B.C. and remained in use for about a century. It is distinguished by its floors, covered with elegant pebble mosaics representing mythological scenes: Nereids on the back of a seahorse, legendary battles between Arimaspians and griffins, sphinxes and panthers. The building is a representative specimen of the Classical and Hellenistic domestic architecture.
	In the first century BC a funerary monument with a massive rectangular "peribolos" was erected over the ruins of the house.
	The monument was excavated between 1975 and 1980.
	The so-called ""tomb of Erotes"" lies on a hill to the northwest of Eretria city and counts among the most significant monuments of Evia island. Based on the findings, it is dated to the fourth century BC, the time when these characteristic burial monuments of the Macedonian type make their appearance in southern Greece after the descent of the Macedons. More Macedonian tombs were found in the wider area around Eretria, namely in the settlements of Kotroni and Amarynthos.
	The tomb of Erotes consists of a single vaulted chamber and a "dromos" (entrance passageway) of stone and bricks. The burial chamber is reminiscent of a residential room; it is built of poros stone plastered with white mortar. During the excavation were found two replicas of painted stone thrones bearing relief decoration. At the rear corners of the burial chamber were two marble bed-shaped sarcophagi. The tomb had been pillaged. Among the findings today exhibited in the New York Metropolitan Museum, are bronze vases and clay statuettes of Erotes (Amors), which inspired the tomb's conventional name. Above the tomb was uncovered a stone-built construction, probably the basis of a sepulchre.
	The monument was excavated in 1897 and is well preserved to date.
	Excavations carried out by the Greek Archaeological Service have revealed the limestone foundations and crepis of a circular building. It was erected in the fifth century BC in the Agora of the city, and underwent several modifications in the fourth and the third centuries BC. A circular bothros has also survived at the centre of the monument.
	In 1917, archaeologists uncovered traces of a gymnasium dating to the 4th century BC. A sanctuary dedicated to Eileithyia, had been placed in the northwestern section of the building. Also, excavations in the area of the sanctuary found a well containing some 100 terracotta cups dating to the 3rd century BC. In 2018, new excavations in the area revealed more buildings.
	Modern Eretria was created in 1824 by refugees from Psara after the Destruction of Psara, who gave to their settlement the name "Nea Psara". The ancient name was revived during the first years of the independent Greek state. The new city plan was appointed by Stamatios Kleanthis and Eduard Schaubert.
	The modern town of Eretria is now a popular beachside resort. The historic and archaeological finds from Eretria and Lefkandi are displayed in the Eretria Museum, established by the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece.
	The town can be reached from Skala Oropou, Attica by ferry or via Halkida by road. It is an important station on the way to the south of the island. It has many taverns and a long beach promenade. The archaeological excavations are located on the northern edge of the modern town.
	The municipality Eretria was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following two former municipalities, that became municipal units:
	The municipality has an area of 168.557 km, the municipal unit 58.648 km.

= = = Lesser kestrel = = =

	The lesser kestrel ("Falco naumanni") is a small falcon. This species breeds from the Mediterranean across Afghanistan and Central Asia, to China and Mongolia. It is a summer migrant, wintering in Africa and Pakistan and sometimes even to India and Iraq. It is rare north of its breeding range, and declining in its European range. The genus name derives from Late Latin "falx", "falcis", a sickle, referencing the claws of the bird, and the species name commemorates the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Naumann.
	It is a small bird of prey, in length with a wingspan. It looks very much like the larger common kestrel but has proportionally shorter wings and tail. It shares a brown back and barred grey underparts with the larger species. The male has a grey head and tail like male common kestrels, but lacks the dark spotting on the back, the black malar stripe, and has grey patches in the wings.
	The female and young birds are slightly paler than their relative, but are so similar that call and structure are better guides than plumage. The call is a diagnostic harsh "chay-chay-chay", unlike the common kestrel's "kee-kee-kee". Neither sex has dark talons as is usual in falcons; those of this species are a peculiar whitish-horn color. This, however, is only conspicuous when birds are seen at very close range, e.g. in captivity.
	Despite its outward similarity, this species appears not to be closely related to the common kestrel. In fact, mtDNA cytochrome "b" sequence analysis places it at a basal position with regards to the other "true" kestrels (i.e., excluding the American kestrel and probably the grey African kestrels too). Its divergence is tentatively placed to around the Miocene-Pliocene boundary (Messinian to Zanclean, or about 7–3.5 mya). The morphological similarity with the common kestrel is most puzzling, but still it appears to betray the present species' actual relationships: the lack of a malar stripe seems ancestral for kestrels, and the grey wing colour unites the lesser kestrel with most other "Falco" species, but not the other true kestrels.
	The lesser kestrel is, as the name implies, a smaller and more delicate bird than the common kestrel, and it is entirely sympatric in its breeding range with it; they compete to a limited extent. Thus, the possibility that there is some form of adaptive advantage to the similar coloration deserves study. Considering that the lesser kestrel would in fact have an advantage if some would-be predators confused it with the larger species and consequently avoided it, it might be a case of Müllerian mimicry.
	The lesser kestrel eats insects, but also small birds, reptiles and rodents (especially mice), which are often taken on the ground. It nests colonially on buildings, cliffs, or in tree holes, laying up to 3–6 eggs. No nest structure is built, which is typical for falcons. On their wintering grounds in West Africa, lesser kestrels favor a "latitude belt" through Senegal where locusts and grasshoppers are plentiful. Surveys of lesser kestrels wintering in January 2007 by the revealed them roosting communally. A roost in Senegal discovered during one of the surveys held 28,600 birds, together with 16,000 scissor-tailed kites "Chelictinia riocourii".
	It is widespread and plentiful on a global scale, and the IUCN have classed it as Least Concern. Apart from possible habitat destruction, it appears that indiscriminate use of pesticides has a strong effect on this species due to its insectivorous habits.

= = = Encyclical = = =

	An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Roman Church. At that time, the word could be used for a letter sent out by any bishop. The word comes from Late Latin "encyclios" (from Latin "encyclius", a Latinization of Greek "enkyklios" meaning "circular", "in a circle", or "all-round", also part of the origin of the word encyclopedia).
	The term has been used by Catholics, Anglicans and the Eastern Orthodox.
	Although the term "encyclical" originally simply meant a circulating letter, it acquired a more specific meaning within the context of the Catholic Church. In 1740, Pope Benedict XIV wrote a letter titled "Ubi primum", which is generally regarded as the first "encyclical" in a modern sense. The term is now used almost exclusively for a kind of letter sent out by the Pope.
	For the modern Roman Catholic Church, a papal encyclical is a specific category of papal document, a kind of letter concerning Catholic doctrine, sent by the Pope and usually addressed especially to patriarchs, primates, archbishops and bishops who are in communion with the Holy See. The form of the address can vary widely, and may concern bishops in a particular area, or designate a wider audience. Papal encyclicals usually take the form of a papal brief due to their more personal nature as opposed to the formal papal bull. They are usually written in Latin and, like all papal documents, the title of the encyclical is usually taken from its first few words (its "incipit").
	Within Catholicism in recent times, an encyclical is generally used for significant issues and is second in importance only to the highest ranking document now issued by popes, an Apostolic Constitution. However, the designation "encyclical" does not always denote such a degree of significance. The archives at the Vatican website currently classify certain early encyclicals as Apostolic Exhortations, a term generally applied to a type of document with a broader audience than the bishops alone.
	Pope Pius XII held that papal encyclicals, even when they are not of "ordinary magisterium", can nonetheless be sufficiently authoritative to end theological debate on a particular question:
	Encyclicals indicate high papal priority for an issue at a given time. Pontiffs define when, and under which circumstances, encyclicals should be issued. They may choose to issue an apostolic constitution, bull, encyclical, apostolic letter or give a papal speech. Popes have differed on the use of encyclicals: on the issue of birth control and contraception, Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical "Casti connubii", while Pope Pius XII gave a speech to midwives and the medical profession, clarifying the position of the church on the issue. Pope Paul VI published an encyclical "Humanae vitae" on the same topic. On matters of war and peace, Pope Pius XII issued ten encyclicals, mostly after 1945, three of them protesting the Soviet invasion of Hungary in order to crack down on the Hungarian Revolution in 1956: "Datis nuperrime", "Sertum laetitiae" and "Luctuosissimi eventus". Pope Paul VI spoke about the war in Vietnam and Pope John Paul II, issued a protest against the war in Iraq using the medium of speeches. On social issues, Pope Leo XIII promulgated "Rerum novarum" (1891), which was followed by "Quadragesimo anno" (1931) of Pius XI and "Centesimus annus" (1991) of John Paul II. Pius XII spoke on the same topic to a consistory of cardinals, in his Christmas messages and to numerous academic and professional associations.
	Amongst Anglicans the term "encyclical" was revived in the late 19th century. It is applied to circular letters issued by the English primates.

= = = Chang Chau-hsiung = = =

	Chang Chau-hsiung (; born 3 February 1942) is a Taiwanese physician and politician. He has served as the vice-chairman of People First Party since 2000.
	Born in Takao Prefecture, Taiwan, Empire of Japan, Chang was a physician who graduated from National Taiwan University with an MD in 1967.
	In 1967, Chang finished his surgical training in the university hospital. He then served as a resident doctor and chief resident doctor until 1972. He then went to the United States for further training. He worked in Michael Reese Hospital, Texas Heart Institute and Mokral Hospital for medical research and surgical practice. He returned to Taiwan in 1976.
	Chang worked in the university hospital as a part-time attending physician from 1976 to 1977. He worked at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from 1976 to 1999, and was the president of Chang Gung University from 1997 to 1999. He is the author of sixteen and coauthor of 167 scientific citation index papers.
	Chang ran as an independent vice-presidential candidate (on the ticket of James Soong) in the 2000 elections. Along with Soong, he established the People First Party in 2000, after their defeat in the presidential election. In 2006, Chang announced his retirement from politics after Soong heavily lost in the Taipei mayoral election.
	He is married to Lee Fang-hui () with two sons.

= = = Delphi (software) = = =

	Delphi is an event-driven programming language based on Object Pascal and an associated integrated development environment (IDE) for rapid application development of desktop, mobile, web, and console software, currently developed and maintained by Embarcadero Technologies.
	Delphi's compilers generate native code for Microsoft Windows, macOS, iOS, Android and Linux (x64 only). Since 2016, there have been new releases of Delphi every six months, with new platforms being added approximately every second release.
	Delphi includes a code editor, a visual designer, an integrated debugger, a source code control component, and support for third-party plugins. The code editor features Code Insight (code completion), Error Insight (real-time error-checking), and refactoring. The visual forms designer has traditionally used Visual Component Library (VCL) for native Windows development, but the FireMonkey (FMX) platform was later added for cross-platform development. Database support in Delphi is very strong. A Delphi project of a million lines of code can compile in a few seconds – one benchmark compiled 170,000 lines per second.
	Delphi was originally developed by Borland as a rapid application development tool for Windows as the successor of Turbo Pascal. Delphi added full object-oriented programming to the existing language, and since then the language has grown to support generics and anonymous methods, and native Component Object Model (COM) support. In 2006, Borland’s developer tools section was transferred from Borland to a wholly owned subsidiary known as CodeGear, which was sold to Embarcadero Technologies in 2008. In 2015, Embarcadero was purchased by Idera Software, but the Embarcadero mark was retained for the developer tools division.
	Delphi and its C++ counterpart, C++Builder, are interoperable. They share many core components, notably the IDE, VCL, and much of the runtime library. In addition, they can be used jointly in a project. For example, C++Builder 6 and later can consume Delphi source code and C++ in one project, while packages compiled with C++Builder can be used from within Delphi. In 2007, the products were released jointly as RAD Studio, a shared host for Delphi and C++Builder, which can be purchased with either or both.
	Delphi supports rapid application development (RAD). Among the features supporting RAD are the application framework and the visual designer. Delphi uses the Pascal-based programming language called Object Pascal introduced by Borland. It supports native cross-compilation. Its visual designer has traditionally used Visual Component Library (VCL) for RAD.
	To better support development for Microsoft Windows and interoperate with code developed with other software development tools, Delphi supports independent interfaces of Component Object Model (COM) with reference counted class implementations, and support for many third-party components. Interface implementations can be delegated to fields or properties of classes. Message handlers are implemented by tagging a method of a class with the integer constant of the message to handle.
	Database connectivity is extensively supported through the many VCL database-aware and database access components.
	Later versions have included upgraded and enhanced runtime library routines provided by the community group FastCode, established in 2003.
	Delphi is a strongly typed high-level programming language, intended to be easy to use and originally based on the earlier Object Pascal language. Pascal was originally developed as a general-purpose language "suitable for expressing the fundamental constructs known at the time in a concise and logical way", and "its implementation was to be efficient and competitive with existing FORTRAN compilers" but without low-level programming facilities or access to hardware. Turbo Pascal and its descendants, including Delphi, support access to hardware and low-level programming, with the facility to incorporate code written in assembly language and other languages. Delphi's object orientation features only class- and interface-based polymorphism. Metaclasses are first class objects. Objects are actually references to the objects (as in Java), which Delphi implicitly de-references, so there is usually no need to manually allocate memory for pointers to objects or use similar techniques that some other languages need. There are dedicated reference-counted string types, and also null-terminated strings.
	Strings can be concatenated by using the '+' operator, rather than using functions. For dedicated string types Delphi handles memory management without programmer intervention. Since Borland Developer Studio 2006 there are functions to locate memory leaks.
	Delphi includes an integrated IDE. The Delphi products all ship with a Visual Component Library (VCL), including most of its source code. Third-party components (sometimes with full source code) and tools to enhance the IDE or for other Delphi related development tasks are available, some free of charge. The IDE includes a GUI for localization and translation of created programs that may be deployed to a translator; there are also third-party tools with more features for this purpose. The VCL framework maintains a high level of source compatibility between versions, which simplifies updating existing source code to a newer Delphi version. Third-party libraries may need updates from the vendor but, if source code is supplied, recompilation with the newer version may be sufficient. The VCL was an early adopter of dependency injection or inversion of control; it uses a-"re-usable" component model, extensible by the developer. With class helpers new functionality can be introduced to core RTL and VCL classes without changing the original source code of the RTL or VCL.
	The compiler is optimizing and single pass. It can optionally compile to a single executable which does not require DLLs. Delphi can also generate standard DLLs, ActiveX DLLs, COM automation servers and Windows services.
	The Delphi IDEs since Delphi 2005 increasingly support refactoring features such as method extraction and the possibility to create UML models from the source code or to modify the source through changes made in the model.
	Delphi has large communities on Usenet and the web. When Delphi was owned by Codegear, many of its employees actively participated.
	Each new release of Delphi attempts to be as compatible as possible with earlier versions, so that already-developed software and libraries can be retained. Incompatibility necessarily arises as new functionality is added.
	Although each new release of Delphi attempts to keep as much backwards compatibility as possible to allow existing code reuse, new features, new libraries, and improvements sometimes make newer releases less than 100% backwards compatible. For example, the design of the standard class libraries (VCL/RTL) had become somewhat dated and restrictive; Embarcadero released in 2011 as part of Delphi XE2 a new compiler and cross-platform VCL replacement called FireMonkey, based on Direct3D and OpenGL, which runs on other platforms in addition to Windows, supporting their features, but is not fully backwards-compatible with VCL applications. FireMonkey applications do however allow easy sharing of non visual code units with VCL applications, enabling a lot of code to be ported easily between the platforms.
	Some releases of Delphi have been reported to be unstable. Delphi XE7, in particular, was often reported to be slow and subject to severe memory leaks. 
	To show a message:
	To give a label a caption using the VCL:
	To give a label text using FireMonkey:
	Delphi was originally one of many codenames of a pre-release development tool project at Borland. Borland developer Danny Thorpe suggested the "Delphi" codename in reference to the Oracle at Delphi. One of the design goals of the product was to provide database connectivity to programmers as a key feature and a popular database package at the time was Oracle database; hence, "If you want to talk to [the] Oracle, go to Delphi".
	As development continued towards the first release, the Delphi codename gained popularity among the development team and beta testing group. However, the Borland marketing leadership preferred a functional product name over an iconic name and made preparations to release the product under the name "Borland AppBuilder".
	Shortly before the release of the Borland product, Novell AppBuilder was released, leaving Borland in need of a new product name. After much debate and many market research surveys, the Delphi codename became the Delphi product name.
	The chief architect behind Delphi was Anders Hejlsberg, who had developed Turbo Pascal. He was persuaded to move to Microsoft in 1996.
	On February 8, 2006 Borland announced that it was looking for a buyer for its IDE and database line of products, including Delphi, to concentrate on its ALM line. On November 14, 2006 Borland transferred the development tools group to an independent subsidiary company named CodeGear, instead of selling it. Borland subsequently sold CodeGear to Embarcadero Technologies in 2008. Embarcadero retained the CodeGear division created by Borland to identify its tool and database offerings, but identified its own database tools under the DatabaseGear name. In 2015, Embarcadero was purchased by Idera Software, but the Embarcadero mark was retained for the developer tools division.
	Delphi (later known as Delphi 1) was released in 1995 for the 16-bit Windows 3.1, and was an early example of what became known as Rapid Application Development (RAD) tools. Delphi evolved from Borland's "Turbo Pascal for Windows", itself an evolution with Windows support from Borland's Turbo Pascal and Borland Pascal with Objects, very fast 16-bit native-code MS-DOS compilers with their own sophisticated integrated development environment (IDE) and textual user interface toolkit for DOS (Turbo Vision). Early Turbo Pascal (for MS-DOS) was written in a dialect of the Pascal programming language; in later versions support for objects was added, and it was named Object Pascal. Delphi has always used Object Pascal, which continued to be developed, as its underlying object-oriented language.
	Delphi 2, released in 1996, supported 32-bit Windows environments. Delphi 1 was bundled with it for creation of 16-bit Windows 3.1 applications. New Quickreport components replacing Borland ReportSmith. 
	Delphi 3, released in 1997, added new VCL components encapsulating the 4.71 version of Windows Common Controls (such as Rebar and Toolbar), TDataset architecture separated from BDE, DLL debugging, the code insight technology, component packages, component templates, DecisionCube and Teechart components for statistical graphing, WebBroker, ActiveForms, MIDAS three tier architecture, component packages and integration with COM through interfaces.
	Inprise Delphi 4 was released in 1998. IDE came with a completely overhauled editor and became dockable. VCL added support for ActionLists anchors and constraints. Additional improvements were method overloading, dynamic arrays, Windows 98 support, Java interoperability, high performance database drivers, CORBA development, and Microsoft BackOffice support. It was the last version shipped with Delphi 1 for 16 bit programming.
	Borland Delphi 5 was released in 1999. Added concept of frames, parallel development, translation capabilities, enhanced integrated debugger, XML support, ADO database support and reference counting interfaces
	Attempts to support both Linux and Windows for cross-platform development were made, and a cross-platform alternative to the VCL known as CLX shipped in 2001 with the release of Delphi 6. This was the second product in Borland's series of Linux-compatible native developer tools, establishing code-compatible IDEs for both Linux (see Kylix above) and Windows (Delphi 6) using the shared CLX component framework for both. Later efforts would include CLX in C++Builder 6 and add C++ code-compatibility to the RAD tools line. Delphi 6 included the same CLX version (CLX 1) as the first version of Kylix. CLX 1 had been created before Delphi 6; its feature set was based on VCL 5 and lacked some features added to the VCL 6 shipped with Delphi 6.
	Delphi 7, released in August 2002, became the standard version used by more Delphi developers than any other single version. It is one of the most successful IDEs created by Borland because of its stability, speed and low hardware requirements, and remains in active use as of 2017. Delphi 7 added support for Windows XP Themes, and added more support for building Web applications. It was the last version of Delphi that did not require mandatory software activation.
	Delphi 8 (Borland Developer Studio 2.0), released December 2003, was a .NET-only release that compiled Delphi Object Pascal code into .NET CIL; the IDE was rewritten for this purpose. The IDE changed to a docked interface (called "Galileo") similar to Microsoft's Visual Studio.NET. Delphi 8 was highly criticized for its low quality and its inability to create native applications (Win32 API/x86 code). The inability to generate native applications is only applicable to this release; the capability would be restored in the next release.
	The next version, Delphi 2005 (Delphi 9, also Borland Developer Studio 3.0), included the Win32 and .NET development in a single IDE, reiterating Borland's commitment to Win32 developers. Delphi 2005 includes design-time manipulation of live data from a database. It also includes an improved IDE and added a "for ... in" statement (like C#'s foreach) to the language. However, it was widely criticized for its bugs; both Delphi 8 and Delphi 2005 had stability problems when shipped, which were only partially resolved in service packs. The ability to compile native windows applications (*.exe) was added back into Delphi 2005 after being removed in Delphi 8. CLX support was dropped for new applications from this release onwards.
	In late 2005 Delphi 2006 (Delphi 10, also Borland Developer Studio 4.0) was released combining development of C# and Delphi.NET, Delphi Win32 and C++ (Preview when it was shipped but stabilized in Update 1) into a single IDE. It was much more stable than Delphi 8 or Delphi 2005 when shipped, and improved further with the release of two updates and several hotfixes.
	On September 6, 2006 The Developer Tools Group (the working name of the not yet spun off company) of Borland Software Corporation released single-language editions of Borland Developer Studio 2006, bringing back the "Turbo" name. The Turbo product set included Turbo Delphi for Win32, Turbo Delphi for .NET, Turbo C++, and Turbo C#. There were two variants of each edition: "Explorer", a free downloadable flavor, and a "Professional" flavor, priced at US$899 for new users and US$399 for upgrades, which opened access to thousands of third-party components. Unlike earlier "Personal" editions of Delphi, "Explorer" editions could be used for commercial development.
	Delphi 2007 (Delphi 11), the first version by CodeGear, was released on March 16, 2007. The Win32 personality was released first, before the .NET personality of Delphi 2007 based on .NET Framework 2.0 was released as part of the CodeGear RAD Studio 2007 product. New features included support for MSBuild and enhancements to the VCL for Windows Vista, but the C#Builder feature was dropped in this release as sales were not as high as expected due to Visual Studio also offering C#. The Windows Form designer for Delphi .NET was also dropped in 2007 because it is based on part of the .NET framework API, which Microsoft had changed so drastically in .NET 2.0 that updating the IDE would have been a major undertaking. Delphi 2007 also introduced DBX4 as the next version of dbExpress. For the first time Delphi could be downloaded from the Internet and activated with a license key. Internationalized versions of Delphi 2007 shipped simultaneously in English, French, German and Japanese. RAD Studio 2007 (code named Highlander), which includes .NET and C++Builder development, was released on September 5, 2007.
	In CodeGear era emerged an IDE targeting PHP development despite the word "Delphi" in its name. That one is Delphi for PHP whose highlight is a VCL-like PHP framework which enables for PHP the same Rapid Application Development methodology as in ASP.NET Web Form. Version 1.0 and 2.0 were released in March 2007 and April 2008 respectively. The IDE would later evolve into RadPHP after CodeGear's acquisition by Embarcadero.
	Delphi 2009 (Delphi 12, code named Tiburón), added many new features such as completely reworking the VCL and RTL for full Unicode support, and added generics and anonymous methods for Win32 native development. Support for .NET development was dropped from the mainstream Delphi IDE starting with this version, and was catered for by the new Delphi Prism 2009 (Version 1.0).
	Delphi Prism was developed by RemObjects Software and distributed by Embarcadero from 2008 to replace Delphi.NET. It is a combination of RemObjects's mostly Delphi-compatible .NET compiler (without RTL or VCL), a version of the Microsoft Visual Studio Shell without C# or VB support, and some Embarcadero technologies such as dbExpress. Prism is cross-platform capable insofar as it supports the Mono .NET libraries.
	Delphi 2010 (code-named Weaver, aka Delphi 14; there was no version 13), was released on August 25, 2009 and is the second Unicode release of Delphi. It includes a new compiler run-time type information (RTTI) system, support for Windows 7 Direct2D, touch screen and gestures, a source code formatter, debugger visualizers and the option to also have the old style component palette in the IDE. The new RTTI system makes larger executables than previous versions. Delphi Prism 2010 (Version 3.0) which is the last Visual Studio 2008 only based one was also released in August 2009.
	Delphi XE (aka Delphi 2011, code named Fulcrum), was released on August 30, 2010 with Delphi support for Amazon EC2, Microsoft Azure were bundled. Delphi Prism XE (Version 4.0) which is the first Visual Studio 2010 based one (However, it can also integrated into Visual Studio 2008) was also released in August 2010. It is essentially a rebranded Delphi Prism 2011 (also Version 4.0) which was released three months earlier. RadPHP had been incorporated in to RAD Studio since RadPHP XE (Version 3.0) that was evolved from the formal Delphi for PHP product developed by CodeGear in its Borland days.
	On January 27, 2011 Embarcadero announced the availability of a new Starter Edition that gives independent developers, students and micro businesses a slightly reduced feature set for a price less than a quarter of that of the next-cheapest version. This Starter edition is based upon Delphi XE with update 1.
	On September 1, 2011 Embarcadero released RAD Studio XE2 (code-named Pulsar,) which included Delphi XE2, C++Builder, Embarcadero Prism XE2 (Version 5.0 later upgraded to XE2.5 Version 5.1) which was rebranded from Delphi Prism and RadPHP XE2 (Version 4.0). Delphi XE2 natively supports 64-bit Windows (except the starter edition), in addition to the long-supported 32-bit versions, with some backwards compatibility. Applications for 64-bit platforms can be compiled, but not tested or run, on the 32-bit platform. The XE2 IDE cannot debug 64-bit programs on Windows 8 and above. Delphi XE2 is supplied with both the VCL, and an alternative library called FireMonkey that supports Windows, Mac OS X and the Apple iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad portable devices. FireMonkey and VCL are not compatible; one or the other must be used, and older VCL applications cannot use Firemonkey unless user interfaces are recreated with FireMonkey forms and controls. Third parties have published information on how to use Firemonkey forms in VCL software, to facilitate gradual migration, but even then VCL and Firemonkey controls cannot be used on the same form. Embarcadero says that Linux operating system support "is being considered for the roadmap", as is Android, and that they are "committed to ... FireMonkey. ... expect regular and frequent updates to FireMonkey". Pre-2013 versions only supported iOS platform development with Xcode 4.2.1 and lower, OS X version 10.7 and lower, and iOS SDK 4.3 and earlier.
	On September 4, 2012 Embarcadero released RAD Studio XE3, which included Delphi XE3, C++Builder, Embarcadero Prism XE3 (Version 5.2) and HTML5 Builder XE3 (Version 5.0) which was upgraded and rebranded from RadPHP. Delphi XE3 natively supports both 32-bit and 64-bit editions of Windows (including Windows 8), and provides support for Mac OS X with the Firemonkey 2/FM² framework. iOS support was dropped with XE3 release initially (with intent to add support back in with a separate product – Mobile Studio), but applications can continue to be targeted to that platform by developing with Delphi XE2.
	On April 22, 2013 Embarcadero released RAD Studio XE4, which included Delphi XE4, and C++Builder. There has been no major upgrade for either Embarcadero Prism or HTML5 Builder thence. Delphi XE4 is the first release of the FireMonkey mobile platform, featuring cross-platform mobile application development for the iOS Simulator and iOS Devices. In this version Embarcadero introduces two new compilers for Delphi mobile applications, the Delphi Cross Compiler for the iOS Simulator and the Delphi Cross Compiler for the iOS Devices. These compilers significantly differ from the Win64 desktop compiler as they do not support COM, inline assembly of CPU instructions, and six older string types such as PChar. The new mobile compilers advance the notion of eliminating pointers. The new compilers require an explicit style of marshalling data to and from external APIs and libraries. Delphi XE4 Run-Time Library (RTL) is optimized for 0-based, read-only (immutable) Unicode strings, that cannot be indexed for the purpose of changing their individual characters. The RTL also adds status-bit based exception routines for ARM CPUs that do not generate exception interrupts.
	On September 12, 2013 Embarcadero released RAD Studio XE5, which includes Delphi XE5 and C++Builder. It adds support for Android (specifically: ARM v7 devices running Gingerbread (2.3.3–2.3.7), Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0.3–4.0.4) and Jelly Bean (4.1.x, 4.2.x, 4.3.x)) and iOS 7.
	On April 15, 2014 Embarcadero released RAD Studio XE6, which included Delphi XE6 and C++Builder. It allows to create natively-compiled apps for all platforms for, desktop, mobile, and wearable devices like Google Glass, with a single C++ or Object Pascal (Delphi) codebase. RAD Studio XE6 adds support for Android 4.4 KitKat. It also became possible to create FireMonkey mobile apps for Android.
	On September 2, 2014 Embarcadero released RAD Studio XE7, which included Delphi XE7 and C++Builder. It enables Delphi/Object Pascal and C++ developers to extend existing Windows applications and build apps that connect desktop and mobile devices with gadgets, cloud services, and enterprise data and APIs. Also, it enables developers to extend Windows applications using WiFi and Bluetooth App Tethering, and create shared user interface code across multiple device form factors, etc.
	On April 7, 2015 Embarcadero released RAD Studio XE8, which included Delphi XE8 and C++Builder.
	On August 31, 2015 Embarcadero released RAD Studio 10 Seattle, which included Delphi and C++Builder.
	On April 20, 2016 Embarcadero released RAD Studio 10.1 Berlin, which included Delphi and C++Builder, both generating native code for the 32- and 64-bit Windows platforms, OSX, iOS and Android (ARM, MIPS and X86 processors). Delphi 10.1 Berlin Update 2 introduced the ability to create Windows 10 Store applications from the Delphi IDE using Desktop Bridge.
	On March 22, 2017 Embarcadero released RAD Studio 10.2 Tokyo, adding 64-bit Linux support, limited to console and non-visual applications. In addition this release features RTL and IDE improvements, multi-tenancy support in RAD server and improved database capabilities.
	On July 18, 2018 Embarcadero released Community Edition for free download. You are not allowed to earn more than $5,000. Library source code and VCL/FMX components are more limited compared to Professional.
	On November 21, 2018 Embarcadero released RAD Studio 10.3 Rio. This release had a lot of improvements, new components for High DPI / 4K screens on the VCL and an entirely new look for the IDE. Two new features were added to the language: inline block-local variable declarations and type inference. Versions 10.3.1, 10.3.2, and 10.3.3 (November 21, 2019) were also released.
	Embarcadero publishes "roadmaps" describing their future development plans. The most recent one was published in May 2019., which was amended in August 2019 

= = = Gustav Schwarzenegger = = =

	Gustav Schwarzenegger (17 August 1907 – 13 December 1972) was an Austrian police chief ("Gendarmeriekommandant"), postal inspector and a military police officer. He was the father of Arnold Schwarzenegger.
	Gustav Schwarzenegger was born in Austria-Hungary, the son of Cecelia (née Hinterleitner, 1878-1968) and Karl Schwarzenegger (1872-1927). He was a sportsman and loved music.
	According to documents obtained in 2003 from the Austrian State Archives by the "Los Angeles Times", which was after the expiration of a 30-year seal of his records under Austrian privacy law, Gustav Schwarzenegger voluntarily applied to join the National Socialist Party on 1 March 1938, two weeks before the country was annexed. Austria became part of Germany after being annexed on 12 March 1938. A separate record obtained by the Wiesenthal Center indicates he sought membership before the annexation but was only accepted in January 1941. He also applied to become a member of the Sturmabteilung (SA), the NSDAP's paramilitary wing, on 1 May 1939, the year after the annexation of Austria, at a time when SA membership was declining. The SA had 900,000 members in 1940, down from 4.2 million in 1934. This decline in SA membership was the result of The Night of the Long Knives, a political purge carried out by Adolf Hitler against the SA, as the SA was seen as too radical and too powerful by senior military and industrial leaders within the Third Reich.
	Schwarzenegger had served in the Austrian Army from 1930 to 1937, achieving the rank of section commander and in 1937 he became a police officer. After enlisting in the Wehrmacht in November 1939, he was a "Hauptfeldwebel" (Master Sergeant) of the "Feldgendarmerie", which were military police units. He served in Poland, France, Belgium, Ukraine, Lithuania and Russia. His unit was Feldgendarmerie-Abteilung 521 (mot.), which was part of Panzer Group 4. Wounded in action in Russia on 22 August 1942, he was awarded the Iron Cross First and Second Classes for bravery, the Eastern Front Medal or the Wound Badge. Schwarzenegger appears to have received much medical attention. Initially, he was treated in the military hospital in Łódź, but according to the records he also suffered recurring bouts of malaria, which led to his discharge in February, 1944. Considered unfit for active duty, he returned to Graz, Austria, where he was assigned to work as a postal inspector.
	A health registry document describes him as a "calm and reliable person, not particularly outstanding" and assesses his intellect as "average." Ursula Schwarz, a historian at Vienna's Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance, has said that Schwarzenegger's career was fairly typical for his generation, and no evidence has emerged that has directly linked him with participation in war crimes or abuses against civilians. He resumed his police career in 1947.
	Schwarzenegger married war widow Aurelia "Reli" Jadrny (29 July 1922 – 2 August 1998) on 5 October 1945, in Mürzsteg, Steiermark, Austria. They later had two sons, Meinhard and Arnold. His first son Meinhard died on 20 May 1971 in a car accident due to drunk driving.
	Schwarzenegger died of a stroke in Weiz, Steiermark, Austria on 13 December 1972 at the age of 65, where he had been transferred as a policeman. He is buried in Weiz Cemetery. Aurelia Jadrny Schwarzenegger died of a heart attack at the age of 76 while visiting Weiz Cemetery in August 1998 and is buried next to her husband. His son, Arnold Schwarzenegger, stated in the film "Pumping Iron" that he did not attend his father's funeral, but later retracted this, explaining that it was a story he had appropriated from a boxer to make it appear as though he could prevent his personal life from interfering with his athletic training. News reports about Gustav's National Socialist links first surfaced in 1990, at which time Arnold asked the Simon Wiesenthal Center, an organization he had long supported, to research his father's past. The Center found Gustav's army records and NSDAP party membership, but did not uncover any connection to war crimes or the paramilitary organization, the Schutzstaffel (SS). Media interest resurfaced when Arnold ran for Governor of California in the 2003 recall election.

= = = Joseph Papp = = =

	Joseph Papp (born Joseph Papirofsky; June 22, 1921 – October 31, 1991) was an American theatrical producer and director. He established The Public Theater in what had been the Astor Library Building in lower Manhattan. There, Papp created a year-round producing home to focus on new plays and musicals. Among numerous examples of these were the works of David Rabe, Ntozake Shange's "For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf", Charles Gordone's "No Place to Be Somebody" (the first off-Broadway play to win the Pulitzer Prize), and Papp's production of Michael Bennett's Pulitzer Prize–winning musical, "A Chorus Line". Papp also founded Shakespeare in the Park, helped to develop other off-Broadway theatres and worked to preserve the historic Broadway Theatre District.
	Papp was born as "Joseph Papirofsky" in the Brooklyn borough of New York City, the son of Yetta (née Miritch), a seamstress, and Samuel Papirofsky, a trunkmaker. His parents were Jewish immigrants from Russia. (The 2010 documentary film "Joe Papp in Five Acts" says his mother was a Lithuanian Jew, and his father a Polish Jew.) He was a high school student of Harlem Renaissance playwright Eulalie Spence.
	Papp founded the New York Shakespeare Festival (now called Shakespeare in the Park) in 1954, with the aim of making Shakespeare's works accessible to the public. In 1957, he was granted the use of Central Park for free productions of Shakespeare's plays. These Shakespeare in the Park productions continue after his death at the open-air Delacorte Theatre every summer in Central Park.
	Papp spent much of his career promoting his idea of free Shakespeare in New York City. His 1956 production of "Taming of the Shrew", outdoors in the East River Amphitheatre on New York's Lower East Side, was pivotal for Papp, primarily because critic Brooks Atkinson endorsed Papp's vision in "The New York Times". Actress Colleen Dewhurst, who played the leading character, Kate, recalled the effect of this publicity (in an autobiography published posthumously as a collaboration with Tom Viola): 
	By age 41, after Papp had established a permanent base for his free summer Shakespeare performances in Central Park's Delacorte Theater, an open-air amphitheatre, Papp looked for an all-year theater he could make his own. After looking at other locations, he fell in love with the location and the character of Lafayette Street's Astor Library. Papp rented it, in 1967, reportedly for one dollar per year, from the City. It was the first building saved from demolition under the New York City landmarks preservation law. After massive renovations, Papp moved his staff to the newly named Public Theater, hoping to attract a newer, less conventional audience for new and innovative playwrights.
	At the Public Theater, Papp's focus moved away from the Shakespeare classics and toward new work. Notable Public Theater productions included Charles Gordone's "No Place to Be Somebody" (the first off-Broadway show, and the first play by an African American, to win the Pulitzer Prize) and the plays of David Rabe, Tom Babe and Jason Miller. Papp called his productions of Rabe's plays "the most important thing I did at the Public. Papp's 1985 production of Larry Kramer's play "The Normal Heart" addressed, in its time, the prejudicial political system which was turning its back on the AIDS crisis and the gay community. Designer Ming Cho Lee commented: "With the new playwrights, the whole direction of the theater changed [but] none of us realized for a while. ... The Public Theater became more important than the Delacorte. The new playwrights became more interesting to Joe than Shakespeare."
	Among all the plays and musicals that Papp produced, he is perhaps best known for four productions that later transferred to Broadway runs: "Hair", "The Pirates of Penzance", "For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf" and "A Chorus Line". The last of these originated with a series of taped interviews, at the Public, of dancers' reminiscences, overseen by director/choreographer Michael Bennett. Papp had not kept the rights to produce "Hair", and he did not gain from its Broadway transfer. But he kept the rights to "A Chorus Line", and the show's earnings became a continuous financial support for Papp's work. It received 12 Tony Award nominations and won nine of them, including Best Musical, in addition to the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It ran for 6,137 performances, becoming the longest-running production in Broadway history up to that time. The show pioneered the workshop system for developing musicals, revolutionizing the way Broadway musicals were created thereafter, and many of the precedents for workshops' aesthetics and contract agreements were set by Papp, Bennett and "A Chorus Line".
	Delacorte Theatre productions introduced many new actors and actresses to outdoor Shakespeare and to New York audiences for free. Among the memorable performances (including some from before Papp had the Delacorte for his Shakespeare) were George C. Scott's Obie-award winning "Richard III" in 1958; Colleen Dewhurst's Kate, Lady Macbeth, Cleopatra (opposite George C. Scott's Mark Antony), and Gertrude; the Prince Hamlet of Stacy Keach opposite Dewhurst's Gertrude with James Earl Jones' King Claudius, Barnard Hughes's Polonius and Sam Waterston's Laertes; Sam Waterston's Hamlet (opposite the Gertrude of Ruby Dee) with the Laertes of John Lithgow and Andrea Marcovicci's Ophelia; the Benedick and Beatrice of Sam Waterston and Kathleen Widdoes in "Much Ado About Nothing" with Barnard Hughes's Keystone Kops version of "Dogberry"; the early work of Meryl Streep as Isabella in "Measure for Measure"; Mary Beth Hurt as Randall Duk Kim's daughter in Pericles; James Earl Jones as King Lear (1973) with Rosalind Cash and Ellen Holly as his wicked daughters; Raul Julia as Edmund in Jones' 1973 King Lear, as Osric to Keach's Hamlet, and as Proteus (in a musical adaptation of "Two Gentlemen of Verona" which transferred to a Broadway run). Julia also played Othello with Frances Conroy as his Desdemona and Richard Dreyfuss as Iago. And, in 1968, one year before his breakthrough in "The Subject was Roses", Martin Sheen played Romeo. A complete list of the productions through 1995 is available in "Joe Papp: An American Life" by Helen Epstein.
	Shakespeare in the Park was not exclusively for Shakespeare. In the summer of 1977 Gloria Foster was Clytemnestra in the Greek tragedy "Agamemnon" followed by Raul Julia as Macheath in Richard Foreman's production of Bertolt Brecht/Kurt Weill's "The Threepenny Opera", which later transferred to Lincoln Center. Papp was also a Gilbert and Sullivan lover, and in 1980, to commemorate the centenary of "The Pirates of Penzance", he mounted a new staging of the opera at the Delacorte. The show was a sensation, and Papp transferred it to Broadway, where it ran for over 800 performances. It won Tony Awards for Best Revival, Best Director (Wilford Leach), and Best Actor (Kevin Kline). Linda Ronstadt was nominated for Best Actress in a Musical.
	Papp was a pioneer in a commitment to non-traditional casting, using a variety of ethnicities and colors of actors in his new plays and Shakespeare productions. The father of a gay son, Tony, Papp aligned himself with gay and lesbian concerns in at least two specific instances. He fought anti-obscenity provisions that Congress briefly imposed on the National Endowment for the Arts during the Reagan Presidency, and he chose to produce "The Normal Heart", which decried institutionalized "homophobia" as well as Mayor Koch's response to the AIDS crisis.
	Papp fostered other theatre throughout New York City, in particular the development of numerous Off Broadway theatres, often contributing funds from successful Broadway transfers, such as "A Chorus Line". These included Theatre for a New Audience, which presented several productions at the Delacourte, and the Riverside Shakespeare Company, in which Papp took a special interest, beginning with the sponsorship of the New York premiere of Brecht's "The Life of Edward II of England" in 1982, continuing with the financial underwriting of Riverside's New York Parks Tours of Free Shakespeare, including "The Comedy of Errors" in (1982), "Merry Wives of Windsor" in 1983, "Romeo and Juliet" in 1984, and "Romeo and Juliet" in 1985. In 1983, Papp dedicated the newly renovated theatre of The Shakespeare Center with Helen Hayes.
	Papp took a keen interest in preservation of the historic Broadway/Times Square Theater District. In the early 1980s, he helped lead the "Save the Theatres" movement, and to found "Save the Theatres, Inc.", along with a number of actors, directors, producers and other theatre, film and television personalities. The movement's aim was to preserve vintage playhouses that were then being threatened with demolition by monied Manhattan development interests. Papp's initiative was sparked by the impending demolition in 1982 of the historic Morosco and Helen Hayes theatres, as well as the old Piccadilly Hotel, on West 45th Street.
	Although Papp was unsuccessful in saving the Morosco or the Helen Hayes, at his encouragement Congressman Donald J. Mitchell of New York introduced legislation in the United States Congress (97th Congress – H.R.6885) with 13 co-sponsors, to designate a "Broadway/Times Square Theatre District National Historic Site" in Manhattan. The Mitchell bill would have required the United States to provide assistance in the preservation of the historical, cultural, and architectural character of the site and in its restoration. It directed the National Park Service to designate theatre preservation sites and other appropriate real property within the site as national historic landmarks if they met the criteria for national historic landmarks, and would have prohibited the demolition or alteration of real property located within the site unless such demolition or alteration would contribute to the preservation, restoration, or enhancement of the site for traditional legitimate theatre purposes. Among other things, it would have established a Federally chartered citizens advisory group to be chaired by Papp, known as the "Broadway/Times Square Theatre District Preservation Commission". 
	Faced with fierce opposition and extensive lobbying against its passage by Mayor Ed Koch's administration and Manhattan developers, the bill was not enacted into law, but the ultimate effect of the "Save the Theatres" effort was to slow destruction of the old Theater District enough to eventually ensure preservation of a number of other historic playhouses and a measure of the District's original atmosphere and historic character.
	Joseph Papp died of prostate cancer at age 70, on October 31, 1991. He is buried in the Baron Hirsch Cemetery on Staten Island. His son, Tony, died of complications of AIDS only months before Joseph Papp's death. Papp was survived by his fourth wife, Gail Merrifield Papp, a partner in the Public Theatre.
	As a result, in large part to the "Save the Theatres" preservation effort led by Papp in the 1980s, the Theater District remains one of New York City's primary and most popular tourist attractions and destinations today.
	In 2000 the Joseph Papp Children's Humanitarian Fund was founded. The Fund serves as the humanitarian arm of international Jewish children's club Tzivos Hashem's, activities in the Ukraine. Papp co-founded, along with Rabbi Marc Schneier, the Foundation for Ethnic Understanding to strengthen ties between Blacks and Jews.
	On April 23, 1992, the Public Theater was renamed The Joseph Papp Public Theater. His biography "Joe Papp: An American Life" was written by journalist Helen Epstein and published in 1996.
	William Finn's 2003 album "Elegies: A Song Cycle" includes the song "Joe Papp," dedicated to Papp's contributions to New York theatre and personal friendship with Finn.

= = = Third-party software component = = =

	In computer programming, a third-party software component is a reusable software component developed to be either freely distributed or sold by an entity other than the original vendor of the development platform. The third-party software component market thrives because many programmers believe that component-oriented development improves the efficiency and the quality of developing custom applications. Common third-party software includes macros, bots, and software/scripts to be run as add-ons for popular developing software.

= = = Lo que le Pasó a Santiago = = =

	Lo que le pasó a Santiago "(What happened to Santiago)" is a 1989 Puerto Rican film written and directed by Jacobo Morales. The film tells the story of a recently retired widower who meets a mysterious young lady who disrupts his daily routines. "Lo que le pasó a Santiago" was the first and only Puerto Rican production in history to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.
	Santiago, a widowed man visits his wife at the cemetery. Near the location of the filming of a movie, Santiago meets a mysterious woman. She is very pleasant, and talks to him. They exchange gifts, but then upon saying their good-byes, she doesn't tell him her name and he wonders if he'll ever see her again. They bump into each other again and the woman continues to be pleasant and tells him her name is Angelina. Angelina informs him that she has been watching him and saw when he mailed a letter to someone. 
	Santiago, the widowed man and his daughter often argue, mainly because his daughter is going through a divorce and her father, Santiago prefers she not divorce. Later as the daughter and her husband argue over divorce matters in the presence of their young son, Santiago engages the boy in conversation about snow: that the only time he saw snow was when it was bought to Puerto Rico by plane. Santiago, looks for employment but is interviewed by someone who is obviously not interested in hiring him because of his age.
	The third time Santiago and Angelina meet they listen to traditional guitar music and dance. Following that, they go to a park and row a boat through a waterway. Angelina is always smiling and happy. 
	Then Santiago's daughter continues to be argumentative. At the airport, she and her father Santiago are talking about her move to New York City for 3 months and that she was planning to leave her son with her husband, Gerard, but her husband has not shown up at the airport. Frustrated, she leaves her son with her father telling the boy to behave and obey his (father). As Santiago is leaving with his sad grandson, the boy's father shows up to take him. 
	One day while sitting at home, Santiago unexpectedly receives a call on his landline from Angelina. Santiago had never given her his phone number and she explains that she had to call every person in the phone book with his name to find him. They make plans to meet in San Juan. Eddie, Santiago's son is depressed and tells his father that he has given away his guitar because of his depression. In a pep talk, Santiago tells his son they have to make it, and that they'll travel together because traveling will be therapeutic. Then when Eddie notices the scenic beach painting on his father's wall, the gift from Angelina and asks him about it, Santiago tells his son that he's very happy because he has met Angelina. However, worried about a lack of information about Angelina, Santiago has secretly hired an investigator to help him learn more about her.
	Early the next morning, Santiago and Angelina are at her home, a big, beautiful, Spanish style home and upon entering Santiago finds the home is immaculate, with large majestic windows, and a functioning old phonograph. As the phonograph music plays, Santiago peruses the black and white photos around her home. She prepares and they have breakfast while they share more about themselves. She tells him her grandfather fought for Spain in the Spanish-American war, and built the home. In turn, he tells her noone in his family was famous, except maybe his great-aunt who was a bootlegger during prohibition; in summary that he's widowed, and retired after having worked as an accountant for forty years, that he has three children, and is now here with her. They walk through the fields enjoying the day until they get caught in a rainstorm. They change into bathrobes and proceed to her bedroom and she offers him a massage with rubbing alcohol, preferably on the bed. They remove their bathrobes and later as they lay together she tells him that he should keep his eyes closed because were he to open them he would know that she's a ghost.
	They depart after professing their love for each other. Santiago gets lost driving in the rain in the dark while reflecting on the fact that he has seen Angelina's home, and the flowers in her garden before, in his dreams. His car gets stuck in the mud and upon existing his car, he slips down a ravine, but finds the perfect stick to get his car out of the mud. As his son paces back and forth, before a ticking grandfather clock, Santiago finally arrives home and let's him know what happened, explaining that Angelina's house is the most beautiful house on the most spectacular land he's ever seen. 
	After leaving the hospital for a bout of pneumonia, Santiago is met, at his home, by the investigator who shares surprising information about Angelina's real life. It turns out she had a tragic life and after hearing it Santiago says he remembers reading the story in the papers. As a daughter of an important an influential family, Lela (Angelina's real name) was forced to give up her baby daughter who'd been born out of wedlock. For this reason she shot her father, paralyzing him, then she ended up in and out of mental institutions. After hearing the news Santiago is saddened. In his next visit, he finds her elegantly dressed, as always. Santiago doesn't let Angelina know that he knows the truth about her and they, presumably, continue their relationship.
	Jacobo Morales wrote the script while working on the play "Los muchachos de la alegría", an adaptation of a Neil Simon script, which featured Tommy Muñiz. As they were in rehearsals, Morales realized that Muñiz was the "singular performer" he wanted for his film project. He said in a 2014 interview that since he had the idea "very clear, I wrote it really fast; like a little over a month". Morales invited Muñiz' son, Pedro, to serve as associate producer while Morales' wife, Blanca Silvia Eró, served as executive producer. Morales also chose Gladys Rodríguez to play opposite Muñiz, for considering her a very "ductile" actress with which he had worked for decades before. Morales said of Rodríguez, "the experiences with her had been very positive and we had good communication. Her role not only suited her for her physicality, but also for her temperament."
	Morales described the film as a very "simple" film with "great performances from Tommy, Gladys, and René Monclova", who played Muñíz' son. The production had a budget of $500,000. Although Morales wrote the script fairly quickly, filming was delayed for around 40 days. According to Morales, at the time it was the only one of his feature films that had gone over its initially planned shooting schedule.
	The film's original release was delayed because of the passage of Hurricane Hugo in September 1989. It was ultimately released in November of the same year. After receiving critical acclaim, the film was also exhibited in various international festivals, including the Festival de Cine Iberoamericano de Huelva in Spain, the Latin American Film Festival in Washington, and the Festival du Cinéma Espagnol de Nantes in France. According to Morales, he wasn't "thinking in success, but in a story that grabbed my attention. I always try to do everything in function of the story. The star is the film".
	"Lo que le pasó a Santiago" was generally well received by critics and audiences. Although it doesn't have an official rating on Rotten Tomatoes because of the lack of certified critics reviews, it still holds an approval rating of 81% among the audience based on 417 ratings. In 1990, the film was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 62nd Academy Awards. According to Morales, it was associate producer, Pedro Muñiz, who prompted them to submit the film for consideration. Before submitting it to the Academy, they had to budget the addition of English subtitles, which they did in "record time" and the film was successfully submitted before the January 5, 1990 deadline. However, it lost to Giuseppe Tornatore's "Cinema Paradiso".

= = = Group ring = = =

	In algebra, a group ring is a free module and at the same time a ring, constructed in a natural way from any given ring and any given group. As a free module, its ring of scalars is the given ring, and its basis is one-to-one with the given group. As a ring, its addition law is that of the free module and its multiplication extends "by linearity" the given group law on the basis. Less formally, a group ring is a generalization of a given group, by attaching to each element of the group a "weighting factor" from a given ring.
	A group ring is also referred to as a group algebra, for it is indeed an algebra over the given ring. A group algebra over a field has a further structure of Hopf algebra; in this case, it is thus called a group Hopf algebra.
	The apparatus of group rings is especially useful in the theory of group representations.
	Let "G" be a group, written multiplicatively, and let "R" be a ring. The group ring of "G" over "R", which we will denote by "R"["G"] (or simply "RG"), is the set of mappings of finite support, where the module scalar product "αf" of a scalar "α" in "R" and a vector (or mapping) "f" is defined as the vector formula_1, and the module group sum of two vectors "f" and "g" is defined as the vector formula_2. To turn the additive group "R"["G"] into a ring, we define the product of "f" and "g" to be the vector
	The summation is legitimate because "f" and "g" are of finite support, and the ring axioms are readily verified.
	Some variations in the notation and terminology are in use. In particular, the mappings such as are sometimes written as what are called "formal linear combinations of elements of "G", with coefficients in "R"":
	or simply
	where this doesn't cause confusion.
	1. Let , the cyclic group of order 3, with generator formula_6 and identity element 1. An element "r" of C["G"] can be written as
	where "z", "z" and "z" are in C, the complex numbers. This is the same thing as a polynomial ring in variable formula_6 such that formula_9 i.e. C["G"] is isomorphic to the ring C[formula_6]/formula_11. Writing a different element "s" as formula_12
	their sum is
	and their product is
	Notice that the identity element 1 of "G" induces a canonical embedding of the coefficient ring (in this case C) into C["G"]; however strictly speaking the multiplicative identity element of C["G"] is 1⋅1 where the first "1" comes from C and the second from "G". The additive identity element is zero.
	When "G" is a non-commutative group, one must be careful to preserve the order of the group elements (and not accidentally commute them) when multiplying the terms.
	2. A different example is that of the Laurent polynomials over a ring "R": these are nothing more or less than the group ring of the infinite cyclic group Z over "R".
	3. Let "Q" be the quaternion group with elements formula_15. Consider the group ring R"Q", where R is the set of real numbers. An arbitrary element of this group ring is of the form
	where formula_17 is a real number.
	Multiplication, like in any other group ring, is defined based on the group operation. For example,
	Note that RQ" is not the same as the Hamilton quaternions over R. This is because the Hamilton quaternions satisfy additional relations in the ring, such as formula_19, whereas in the group ring RQ", formula_20 is not equal to formula_21. To be more specific, R"Q" has dimension 8 as a real vector space, while the Hamilton quaternions have dimension 4 as a real vector space.
	Assuming that the ring "R" has a unit element 1, and denoting the group unit by 1, the ring "R"["G"] contains a subring isomorphic to "R", and its group of invertible elements contains a subgroup isomorphic to "G". For considering the indicator function of {1}, which is the vector "f" defined by
	the set of all scalar multiples of "f" is a subring of "R"["G"] isomorphic to "R". And if we map each element "s" of "G" to the indicator function of {"s"}, which is the vector "f" defined by
	the resulting mapping is an injective group homomorphism (with respect to multiplication, not addition, in "R"["G"]).
	If "R" and "G" are both commutative (i.e., "R" is commutative and "G" is an abelian group), "R"["G"] is commutative.
	If "H" is a subgroup of "G", then "R"["H"] is a subring of "R"["G"]. Similarly, if "S" is a subring of "R", "S"["G"] is a subring of "R"["G"].
	If the order of the group "G" is strictly greater than 1; |"G"|>1, then "R"["G"] always has zero divisors. For example, consider an element "g" of "G" of order |"g"|>1. Then 1 - "g" is a zero divisor. Let |"g"| = "m" >1.
	For example, consider the group ring Z["S"] and the element of order 3 "g"=(123). In this case,
	Group algebras occur naturally in the theory of group representations of finite groups. The group algebra "K"["G"] over a field "K" is essentially the group ring, with the field "K" taking the place of the ring. As a set and vector space, it is the free vector space on "G" over the field "K". That is, for "x" in "K"["G"],
	The algebra structure on the vector space is defined using the multiplication in the group:
	where on the left, "g" and "h" indicate elements of the group algebra, while the multiplication on the right is the group operation (denoted by juxtaposition).
	Because the above multiplication can be confusing, one can also write the basis vectors of "K"["G"] as "e" (instead of "g"), in which case the multiplication is written as:
	Thinking of the free vector space as "K"-valued functions on "G", the algebra multiplication is convolution of functions.
	While the group algebra of a "finite" group can be identified with the space of functions on the group, for an infinite group these are different. The group algebra, consisting of "finite" sums, corresponds to functions on the group that vanish for cofinitely many points; topologically (using the discrete topology), these correspond to functions with compact support.
	However, the group algebra "K"["G"] and the space of functions are dual: given an element of the group algebra
	and a function on the group these pair to give an element of "K" via
	which is a well-defined sum because it is finite.
	The group algebra is an algebra over itself; under the correspondence of representations over "R" and "R"["G"] modules, it is the regular representation of the group.
	Written as a representation, it is the representation "g" "ρ" with the action given by formula_31, or
	The dimension of the vector space "K"["G"] is just equal to the number of elements in the group. The field "K" is commonly taken to be the complex numbers C or the reals R, so that one discusses the group algebras C["G"] or R["G"].
	The group algebra C["G"] of a finite group over the complex numbers is a semisimple ring. This result, Maschke's theorem, allows us to understand C["G"] as a finite product of matrix rings with entries in C.
	Taking "K"["G"] to be an abstract algebra, one may ask for concrete representations of the algebra over a vector space "V". Such a representation
	is an algebra homomorphism from the group algebra to the set of endomorphisms on "V". Taking "V" to be an abelian group, with group addition given by vector addition, such a representation is in fact a left "K"["G"]-module over the abelian group "V". This is demonstrated below, where each axiom of a module is confirmed.
	Pick so that 
	Then formula_35 is a homomorphism of abelian groups, in that
	for any . Next, one notes that the set of endomorphisms of an abelian group is an endomorphism ring. The representation formula_37 is a ring homomorphism, in that one has
	for any two and . Similarly, under multiplication,
	Finally, one has that the unit is mapped to the identity:
	where 1 is the multiplicative unit of "K"["G"]; that is,
	is the vector corresponding to the identity element "e" in "G".
	The last three equations show that formula_37 is a ring homomorphism from "K"["G"] taken as a group ring, to the endomorphism ring. The first identity showed that individual elements are group homomorphisms. Thus, a representation formula_37 is a left "K"["G"]-module over the abelian group "V".
	Note that given a general "K"["G"]-module, a vector-space structure is induced on "V", in that one has an additional axiom
	for scalar .
	Any group representation
	with "V" a vector space over the field "K", can be extended to an algebra representation
	simply by letting formula_47 and extending linearly. Thus, representations of the group correspond exactly to representations of the algebra, and so, in a certain sense, talking about the one is the same as talking about the other.
	The center of the group algebra is the set of elements that commute with all elements of the group algebra:
	The center is equal to the set of class functions, that is the set of elements that are constant on each conjugacy class
	If , the set of irreducible characters of "G" forms an orthonormal basis of Z("K"["G"]) with respect to the inner product
	Much less is known in the case where "G" is countably infinite, or uncountable, and this is an area of active research. The case where "R" is the field of complex numbers is probably the one best studied. In this case, Irving Kaplansky proved that if "a" and "b" are elements of C["G"] with , then . Whether this is true if "R" is a field of positive characteristic remains unknown.
	A long-standing conjecture of Kaplansky (~1940) says that if "G" is a torsion-free group, and "K" is a field, then the group ring "K"["G"] has no non-trivial zero divisors. This conjecture is equivalent to "K"["G"] having no non-trivial nilpotents under the same hypotheses for "K" and "G".
	In fact, the condition that "K" is a field can be relaxed to any ring that can be embedded into an integral domain.
	The conjecture remains open in full generality, however some special cases of torsion-free groups have been shown to satisfy the zero divisor conjecture. These include:
	The case of "G" being a topological group is discussed in greater detail in the article on group algebras.
	A module "M" over "R"["G"] is then the same as a linear representation of "G" over the field "R". There is no particular reason to limit "R" to be a field here. However, the classical results were obtained first when "R" is the complex number field and "G" is a finite group, so this case deserves close attention. It was shown that "R"["G"] is a semisimple ring, under those conditions, with profound implications for the representations of finite groups. More generally, whenever the characteristic of the field "R" does not divide the order of the finite group "G", then "R"["G"] is semisimple (Maschke's theorem).
	When "G" is a finite abelian group, the group ring is commutative, and its structure is easy to express in terms of roots of unity. When "R" is a field of characteristic "p", and the prime number "p" divides the order of the finite group "G", then the group ring is "not" semisimple: it has a non-zero Jacobson radical, and this gives the corresponding subject of modular representation theory its own, deeper character.
	Categorically, the group ring construction is left adjoint to "group of units"; the following functors are an adjoint pair:
	where formula_53 takes a group to its group ring over "R", and formula_54 takes an "R"-algebra to its group of units.
	When , this gives an adjunction between the category of groups and the category of rings, and the unit of the adjunction takes a group "G" to a group that contains trivial units: In general, group rings contain nontrivial units. If "G" contains elements "a" and "b" such that formula_55 and "b" does not normalize formula_56 then the square of
	is zero, hence formula_58. The element is a unit of infinite order.
	The above adjunction expresses a universal property of group rings. Let be a (commutative) ring, let be a group, and let be an -algebra. For any group homomorphism formula_59, there exists a unique -algebra homomorphism formula_60 such that formula_61 where is the inclusion 
	In other words, formula_63 is the unique homomorphism making the following diagram commute:
	Any other ring satisfying this property is canonically isomorphic to the group ring. 
	The group algebra generalizes to the monoid ring and thence to the category algebra, of which another example is the incidence algebra.
	If a group has a length function – for example, if there is a choice of generators and one takes the word metric, as in Coxeter groups – then the group ring becomes a filtered algebra.

= = = Beas River = = =

	The Beas River (European Name: "Hyphasis)" is a river in north India. The river rises in the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows for some to the Sutlej River in the Indian state of Punjab.
	Its total length is and its drainage basin is large.
	As of 2017 the river is home to a tiny isolated population of the Indus dolphin.
	Veda Vyasa is the eponym of the river Beas, the author of Indian epic Mahabharata; he is said to have created it from its source lake, the Vyas Kund.
	Before Veda Vyasa, the Vipasa river was known as Saraswathi. Rishi Vashishta, the Great Grandfather of Vyasa tried to jump into this river from an overlooking hillock, to sacrifice his soul. However, the river altered form to become a sandbed, saving him. On account of this incident, the great Rishi opted to settle near the river, and made it a residence for some years. Thereby, it became known as Vashisht (after Vashishta). We can find Vashishta Brahmarishi Temple in this village.
	Vashistha, at that time, already had his lineage through his son Shakti, who in turn was the father of Parashar Rishi. Parashar is considered the father of Hindu Jyothisha (astrology) vide his authorship of Parashar Hora Shashtra. Veda Vyasa is the son of Parashar.
	After settling near the river, Rishi Vashishta sired a different branch of descendants. He worshiped Lord Shiva at this place, giving rise to the name of "Rajeshwar" for Lord Shiva in the region.
	Rig-veda calls the river "Vipāś", which means unfettered,
	in later Sanskrit texts it's been called "Vipāśā",
	Yāska identifies it with Argrikiya
	Ancient Greeks called it "Hyphasis" (), Plinius called it Hypasis, an approximation to the vedic "Vipāś". Other classical names are Hynais, Bipasis, Bibasis.
	In modern times it's also been called Bias or Bejah.
	The Beas River marks the eastern-most border of Alexander the Great's conquests in 326 BCE. It was one of the rivers which created problems in Alexander's invasion of India. His troops mutinied here in 326 BCE, refusing to go any further; they had been away from home for eight years. Alexander shut himself in his tent for three days, but when his men did not change their desires he gave in, raising twelve colossal altars to mark the limit and glory of his expedition.
	According to the "Kavyamimansa " of Rajasekhara, the kingdom-territories of the Gurjara-Pratihara monarch Mahipala I extended as far as the upper course of the river Beas in the north-west.
	In the 20th century, the river was developed under the Beas Project for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation purposes. The second-phase Pong Dam was completed in 1974 followed by the first-phase upstream, Pandoh Dam in 1977. The Pong Dam served initially to primarily provide irrigation below Talwara but was soon developed as well for power generation; its power station has a 360 MW installed capacity. The Pandoh Dam diverts the river through a system of tunnels and channels to the 990 MW Dehar Power Station on the Sutlej River, connecting both rivers.
	The river rises above sea-level on the southern face of Rohtang Pass in Kullu. It traverses the Mandi District and enters the Kangra District at Sandhol, above sea-level. During its lower course the Beas is crossed by numerous ferries, many of which consist of inflated skins (darais). Near Reh in Kangra District it divides into three channels, which reunite after passing Mirthal, above sea-level. On meeting the Sivalik Hills in Hoshiarpur, the river sweeps sharply northward, forming the boundary with Kangra District. Then bending round the base of the Sivalik Hills, it takes the southerly direction, separating the districts of Gurdaspur and Hoshiapur. After touching the Jalandhar district for a short distance, the river forms the boundary between Amritsar and Kapurthala. Finally the Beas joins the river Sutlej at the south-western boundary of Kapurthala district of Punjab after a total course of . The chief tributaries are Bain, Banganga, Luni and Uhal.
	The Sutlej continues into Pakistani Punjab and joins the Chenab River at Uch near Bahawalpur to form the Panjnad River; the latter in turn joins the Indus River at Mithankot.
	The water of the Beas river is allocated to India under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan.
	On 8 June 2014, 24 engineering students and one tour operator, drowned when the flood gates of the Larji dam were opened. The students entered the river at place where warnings were installed and local people also warned them about sudden release of water in the river but they ignored and entered the river having little water. The water level rose suddenly to , and the surge carried the students away.The tragedy represents foolishness, over excitement and under estimation of mountain rivers by the students and their tour operator. 
	On May 17, 2018, countless number of fishes and other aquatic animals were found dead in Beas river due to release of molasses from a sugar mill situated on its shore at Kiri Afgana village in Gurdaspur district. Locals have noted that the river color has changed to rust brown and dead fishes were floating in the river. Punjab Pollution Control Board have ordered the closure of the factory and an enquiry has been initiated. Besides sealing, the sugar mill has been charged a fine of Rs. 25 lakh for this negligence.

= = = Alphonsus (crater) = = =

	Alphonsus is an ancient impact crater on the Moon that dates from the pre-Nectarian era. It is located on the lunar highlands on the eastern end of Mare Nubium, west of the Imbrian Highlands, and slightly overlaps the crater Ptolemaeus to the north. To the southwest is the smaller Alpetragius.
	The surface of Alphonsus is broken and irregular along its boundary with Ptolemaeus. The outer walls are slightly distorted and possess a somewhat hexagonal form.
	A low ridge system of deposited ejecta bisects the crater floor, and includes the steep central peak designated Alphonsus Alpha (α). This pyramid-shaped formation rises to a height of 1.5 km above the interior surface. It is not volcanic in origin, but rather is made of anorthosite like the lunar highlands.
	The floor is fractured by an elaborate system of rilles and contains four or five smaller craters surrounded by a symmetric darker halo. These dark-halo craters are cinder cone-shaped and are believed by some to be volcanic in origin, although others think they were caused by impacts that excavated darker mare material from underneath the lighter lunar regolith.
	The Ranger 9 probe impacted in Alphonsus, a short distance to the northeast of the central peak. Harold Urey said of a close-up photograph of Alphonsus:
	Alphonsus was one of the primary alternative landing sites considered for both the Apollo 16 and the Apollo 17 missions.
	Alphonsus is one of the sites noted for transient lunar phenomena, as glowing red-hued clouds have been reported emanating from the crater. On October 26, 1956, the lunar astronomer Dinsmore Alter noted some blurring of the rilles on the floor of Alphonsus in the photographs he took in violet light. The same blurring did not occur in the infrared photographs he took at the same time. However, few professional astronomers found this evidence of volcanic activity on the Moon very convincing.
	One astronomer who was intrigued by Alter's observations was Nikolai A. Kozyrev, from the Soviet Union. In 1958 while Kozyrev was looking for volcanic phenomenon on the moon, he observed the formation of a mist-like cloud within Alphonsus. The spectrum of the area had been measured at this time, and displayed indications of carbon matter, possibly C gas. He believed this to be the result of volcanic or related activity. However no evidence for this phenomenon has been found from lunar missions, and the emission results have never been confirmed.
	Alphonsus is named after King Alfonso X of Castile (known as "Alfonso the Wise"), who had an interest in astronomy. Like many of the craters on the Moon's near side, it was given its name by Giovanni Riccioli, whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized; Riccioli originally named it "Alphonsus Rex" ('King Alfonso'), but the 'Rex' was later dropped. Earlier lunar cartographers had given the feature different names. Michael van Langren's 1645 map calls it "Ludovici XIV, Reg. Fran.", after Louis XIV of France, and Johannes Hevelius called it "Mons Masicytus" after a range of mountains in Lycia.
	Five tiny craters in the northeastern part of Alphonsus' interior floor have been assigned names by the IAU. These are listed in the table below.
	By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Alphonsus.

= = = Copernicus (lunar crater) = = =

	Copernicus is a lunar impact crater located in eastern Oceanus Procellarum. It was named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. It typifies craters that formed during the Copernican period in that it has a prominent ray system.
	Copernicus is visible using binoculars, and is located slightly northwest of the center of the Moon's Earth-facing hemisphere. South of the crater is the Mare Insularum, and to the south-south west is the crater Reinhold. North of Copernicus are the Montes Carpatus, which lie at the south edge of Mare Imbrium. West of Copernicus is a group of dispersed lunar hills. Due to its relative youth, the crater has remained in a relatively pristine shape since it formed.
	The circular rim has a discernible hexagonal form, with a terraced inner wall and a 30 km wide, sloping rampart that descends nearly a kilometer to the surrounding mare. There are three distinct terraces visible, and arc-shaped landslides due to slumping of the inner wall as the crater debris subsided.
	Most likely due to its recent formation, the crater floor has not been flooded by lava. The terrain along the bottom is hilly in the southern half while the north is relatively smooth. The central peaks consist of three isolated mountainous rises climbing as high as 1.2 km above the floor. These peaks are separated from each other by valleys, and they form a rough line along an east-west axis. Infrared observations of these peaks during the 1980s determined that they were primarily composed of the mafic form of olivine.
	Based on high-resolution images from Lunar Orbiter 5, Terry W. Offield of the U.S. Geological Survey described the crater as having,
	The crater rays spread as far as 800 kilometers across the surrounding mare, overlying rays from the craters Aristarchus and Kepler. The rays are less distinct than the long, linear rays extending from Tycho, instead forming a nebulous pattern with plumy markings. In multiple locations the rays lie at glancing angles, instead of forming a true radial dispersal. An extensive pattern of smaller secondary craters can also be observed surrounding Copernicus, a detail that was depicted in a map by Giovanni Cassini in 1680. Some of these secondary craters form sinuous chains in the ejecta.
	In 1966 the crater was photographed from an oblique angle by Lunar Orbiter 2 as one of 12 "housekeeping" pictures that were taken to advance the roll of film between possible astronaut landing sites being surveyed. At the time this detailed image of the lunar surface was termed by NASA scientist Martin Swetnick and subsequently quoted by "Time" magazine as "one of the great pictures of the century."
	The Apollo 12 mission landed south of Copernicus on mare basalts of Oceanus Procellarum that were believed to have been in the path of one of the crater's rays, and scientists hoped cosmic ray exposure ages of soil samples would help constrain the crater age. The results were inconclusive, but not inconsistent with the estimated 800 million year age of crater formation. Copernicus itself was a possible landing site for the canceled Apollo 20 mission.
	Copernicus is named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. Like many of the craters on the Moon's near side, it was given its name by Giovanni Riccioli, whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized. Riccioli awarded Copernicus a prominent crater despite the fact that, as an Italian Jesuit, he conformed with church doctrine in publicly opposing Copernicus's heliocentric system. Riccioli justified the name by noting that he had symbolically thrown all the heliocentrist astronomers into the Ocean of Storms. However, astronomical historian Ewan Whitaker suspects that the prominence of Copernicus crater is a sign that Riccioli secretly supported the heliocentric system and was ensuring that Nicolaus Copernicus would receive a worthy legacy for future generations.
	Earlier lunar cartographers had given the feature different names. Pierre Gassendi named it Carthusia after the Chartreuse Mountains. Michael van Langren's 1645 map calls it "Phillipi IV" after Philip IV of Spain. And Johannes Hevelius named it 'Etna M.' after Mount Etna.
	Later the crater was nicknamed "the Monarch of the Moon" by lunar cartographer Thomas Gwyn Elger.
	By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Copernicus.
	Copernicus H, a typical "dark-halo" crater, was a target of observation by Lunar Orbiter 5 in 1967. Dark-halo craters were once believed to be volcanic in origin rather than the result of impacts. The Orbiter image showed that the crater had blocks of ejecta like other craters of similar size, indicating an impact origin. The halo results from excavation of darker material (mare basalt) at depth.

= = = Bill Owens (Colorado politician) = = =

	William Forrester Owens (born October 22, 1950) is an American attorney, author, and former politician who served as the 40th Governor of Colorado from 1999 to 2007. Owens was re-elected in 2002 by the largest majority in Colorado history, after making transportation, education, and tax cuts the focus of his governorship. As of 2020, he is the most recent Republican to serve as Governor of Colorado.
	Owens was born in Fort Worth, Texas, where he graduated from Paschal High School. While a sophomore in high school, Owens was appointed a Page in the U.S. House of Representatives by Congressman (and later, Speaker of the House) Jim Wright. Owens was assigned by the Doorkeeper of the House to the Republican cloakroom, where he worked for notable Republicans who were serving in the House then such as George H.W. Bush, Gerald Ford and Bob Dole.
	He attended Stephen F. Austin State University where he served as vice president and president of the student body. While at Stephen F. Austin State University, Owens served as a coordinator of the Students for George Bush in George H.W. Bush's unsuccessful campaign for the U.S. Senate. It was during this campaign that Owens would first meet future President George W. Bush. Owens earned a master's degree in Public Affairs from the University of Texas, Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, where he was awarded a full two-year fellowship.
	Following his graduate work, Owens accepted a position in the Washington D.C. office of Touche Ross & Co. (now Deloitte). He moved to Colorado in 1977 after accepting a position with the Gates Corporation. He later served as Executive Director of the Colorado Petroleum Association and as Executive Vice President of the Rocky Mountain Oil and Gas Association.
	Owens served as a member of the Colorado House of Representatives from 1982 until 1988, and as a State Senator from 1988 to 1994, representing Aurora and Arapahoe County.
	While in the Legislature, Owens was active in tax reform, privatization and school choice initiatives, sponsoring the nation's third charter school law. He served as Chair of both the House and Senate State, Veterans and Military Affairs Committees and as Chair of the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) Energy Committee, as well as on NCSL's Executive Committee.
	Owens was elected to statewide office as Colorado State Treasurer in 1994, where he was responsible for managing the state's $5 billion in investment funds. He served during this time on the board of Colorado's $25 billion pension fund, the Colorado Public Employees Retirement Association (PERA).
	Owens was elected as the 40th Governor of Colorado in the 1998 governor's race, when he defeated Democratic opponent Gail Schoettler by 8,300 votes (less than one percent of ballots cast). When he was inaugurated on January 12, 1999, Owens became Colorado's first Republican governor in 24 years. His platform was three pronged: cut taxes, repair Colorado's aging infrastructure, and continue school accountability reforms.
	Upon entering office, Owens worked with a legislature controlled by his own Republican party to push through the largest tax relief package in state history, amounting to $1 billion in rate cuts to the sales, personal-income, and capital-gains taxes. Owens also championed, and eventually won, the elimination of the state's marriage penalty. By 2006, the Owens administration estimated the overall tax cuts pushed through during his administration had saved Coloradans $3.6 billion.
	In November 1999, Owens brought his transportation funding initiative to the ballot. Called TRANS, the $1.7 billion bonding initiative accelerated future federal transportation dollars on 28 road projects across the state. The keystone project was the "TRansportation EXpansion" dubbed T-REX.
	T-REX combined new road funding from TRANS to widen and expand Interstate 25 through Denver with $460 million-worth of new light rail lines to link downtown Denver with the Denver Tech Center. Through an innovative design-build concept that greatly reduced construction times, T-REX was finished in less than five years, and came in under budget.
	Owens based his education reforms on expanding and empowering the already-established Colorado Student Assessment Program (CSAP), which had been created during the administration of Democratic predecessor Roy Romer. Owens added “accountability reports” to the tests, which provided parents with a 'school report card' to allow them to better assess the performance of Colorado's public schools. He also expanded Colorado's charter school program (which he had sponsored as a state legislator in the 1990s) as well as other school choice initiatives.
	Owens won reelection in the 2002 governor's race by defeating Democratic nominee, Boulder businessman Rollie Heath, 64%–32%—the greatest majority in Colorado history. Shortly before the election, Owens was proclaimed by "National Review" as "America's Best Governor".
	In the summer of 2002, when the Hayman Fire and Coal Seam Fire ravaged much of Western Colorado, Owens made perhaps the first major press faux-pas of his tenure. Responding to a reporter's question following an aerial tour of the fires (“What does it look like up there?”), Owens said “It looks as if all of Colorado is burning today”. Many western slope residents blamed Owens for driving away tourists with the press's truncated version of the quote (“All of Colorado is burning”).
	In November 2002, Colorado voters rejected Owens’ water storage initiative, Referendum A. The referendum failed to win a single county in the state, as opponents successfully savaged the measure as a “blank check”. Owens would later joke, “it takes a particularly adept Governor to lose a water referendum in the face of a 300-year drought.” While the initiative was supported by most Colorado newspapers and business groups, it was opposed by the environmental community and many on Colorado's Western Slope who feared it would lead to the Front Range using more Western Slope water.
	Leading up to the 2004 primary, Owens caused some controversy in the Republican Party by announcing support for Bob Schaffer's run to replace retiring U.S. Senator Ben Campbell, but then endorsing Pete Coors when Coors later announced his entry two days later.
	Democrat Bill Ritter was elected in November 2006 to replace the term-limited Owens.
	In 2005, Owens faced what former Colorado Governor Dick Lamm termed “the test of his time.” Conflicting budget measures in Colorado's Taxpayer Bill of Rights (TABOR, which caps government spending) and the voter endorsed Amendment 23 (which mandates increases in education funding) combined with a nationwide recession to leave Colorado's budget 17 percent below 2001 levels. A “glitch” – as Owens termed it – in TABOR prevented the budget from rebounding once the recession reversed.
	Owens angered some conservatives by working with moderate Republican and Democratic legislators to craft and endorse what became known as Referendum C – essentially a 5-year timeout from TABOR's spending restrictions. National conservative leaders such as Grover Norquist and Dick Armey publicly criticized the measure and Owens’ support thereof. Referendum C passed with 52% of the vote in November 2005.
	While it was endorsed by every major newspaper in the state as well as the state Chamber of Commerce, it was nevertheless controversial. Owens served as Vice Chair and Chair of the Republican Governors Association, and was elected by his colleagues as Chair of the Western Governors Association.
	He debated public policy in person including well publicized debates with Democratic Chair Howard Dean on the Patriot Act before the ACLU National Convention in San Francisco; with Dr. Larry Summers at the Aspen Institute; with former Illinois Governor George Ryan on the death penalty at Michigan State University; with ACLU Executive Director Anthony Romero on the Patriot Act at Northwestern State University; and with Justice Adrian Hardiman, the former Chief Justice of the Irish Supreme Court on the death penalty at the University College Dublin, Ireland.
	Owens was a regular participant and panelist at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, appearing in 2005 on a panel debating U.S. foreign policy with Senators Joe Biden and Chris Dodd.
	Owens currently serves as a senior director at the international law firm of Greenberg Traurig, LLP where he works on public policy and regulatory issues. He is on a number of public boards including Key Energy (NYSE:KEG); Cloud Peak Energy (NYSE); Bill Barrett Corporation (NYSE:BBG), Credit Bank of Moscow (MOEX:CBOM) and Federal Signal (NYSE:FSS).
	Owens joined the University of Denver's Institute for Public Policy Studies in January 2007 as a senior fellow.
	Owens was an early supporter of Mitt Romney's 2008 presidential campaign. After Romney dropped out of the race, Owens worked actively for John McCain's campaign. He endorsed Romney again for the 2012 Republican nomination and served as co-chair of Romney's Colorado campaign.
	Owens and his wife Frances married in January 1975 and divorced in 2010 after a highly publicized separation, in which extramarital affairs were alleged. They have three children. 

= = = Diagonal = = =

	In geometry, a diagonal is a line segment joining two vertices of a polygon or polyhedron, when those vertices are not on the same edge. Informally, any sloping line is called diagonal. The word "diagonal" derives from the ancient Greek διαγώνιος "diagonios", "from angle to angle" (from διά- "dia-", "through", "across" and γωνία "gonia", "angle", related to "gony" "knee"); it was used by both Strabo and Euclid to refer to a line connecting two vertices of a rhombus or cuboid, and later adopted into Latin as "diagonus" ("slanting line").
	In matrix algebra, a diagonal of a square matrix is a set of entries extending from one corner to the farthest corner.
	There are also other, non-mathematical uses.
	In engineering, a diagonal brace is a beam used to brace a rectangular structure (such as scaffolding) to withstand strong forces pushing into it; although called a diagonal, due to practical considerations diagonal braces are often not connected to the corners of the rectangle.
	Diagonal pliers are wire-cutting pliers defined by the cutting edges of the jaws intersects the joint rivet at an angle or "on a diagonal", hence the name.
	A diagonal lashing is a type of lashing used to bind spars or poles together applied so that the lashings cross over the poles at an angle.
	In association football, the diagonal system of control is the method referees and assistant referees use to position themselves in one of the four quadrants of the pitch.
	As applied to a polygon, a diagonal is a line segment joining any two non-consecutive vertices. Therefore, a quadrilateral has two diagonals, joining opposite pairs of vertices. For any convex polygon, all the diagonals are inside the polygon, but for re-entrant polygons, some diagonals are outside of the polygon.
	Any "n"-sided polygon ("n" ≥ 3), convex or concave, has formula_1 diagonals, as each vertex has diagonals to all other vertices except itself and the two adjacent vertices, or "n" − 3 diagonals, and each diagonal is shared by two vertices.
	In a convex polygon, if no three diagonals are concurrent at a single point in the interior, the number of regions that the diagonals divide the interior into is given by
	For "n"-gons with "n"=3, 4, ... the number of regions is
	This is OEIS sequence A006522.
	If no three diagonals of a convex polygon are concurrent at a point in the interior, the number of interior intersections of diagonals is given by formula_3. This holds, for example, for any regular polygon with an odd number of sides. The formula follows from the fact that each intersection is uniquely determined by the four endpoints of the two intersecting diagonals: the number of intersections is thus the number of combinations of the "n" vertices four at a time.
	A triangle has no diagonals.
	A square has two diagonals of equal length, which intersect at the center of the square. The ratio of a diagonal to a side is formula_4
	A regular pentagon has five diagonals all of the same length. The ratio of a diagonal to a side is the golden ratio, formula_5
	A regular hexagon has nine diagonals: the six shorter ones are equal to each other in length; the three longer ones are equal to each other in length and intersect each other at the center of the hexagon. The ratio of a long diagonal to a side is 2, and the ratio of a short diagonal to a side is formula_6.
	A regular heptagon has 14 diagonals. The seven shorter ones equal each other, and the seven longer ones equal each other. The reciprocal of the side equals the sum of the reciprocals of a short and a long diagonal.
	In any regular "n"-gon with "n" even, the long diagonals all intersect each other at the polygon's center.
	A polyhedron (a solid object in three-dimensional space, bounded by two-dimensional faces) may have two different types of diagonals: face diagonals on the various faces, connecting non-adjacent vertices on the same face; and space diagonals, entirely in the interior of the polyhedron (except for the endpoints on the vertices).
	Just as a triangle has no diagonals, so also a tetrahedron (with four triangular faces) has no face diagonals and no space diagonals.
	A cuboid has two diagonals on each of the six faces and four space diagonals.
	In the case of a square matrix, the "main" or "principal diagonal" is the diagonal line of entries running from the top-left corner to the bottom-right corner. For a matrix formula_7 with row index specified by formula_8 and column index specified by formula_9, these would be entries formula_10 with formula_11. For example, the identity matrix can be defined as having entries of 1 on the main diagonal and zeroes elsewhere:
	The top-right to bottom-left diagonal is sometimes described as the "minor" diagonal or "antidiagonal". The "off-diagonal" entries are those not on the main diagonal. A "diagonal matrix" is one whose off-diagonal entries are all zero.
	A "superdiagonal" entry is one that is directly above and to the right of the main diagonal. Just as diagonal entries are those formula_10 with formula_14, the superdiagonal entries are those with formula_15. For example, the non-zero entries of the following matrix all lie in the superdiagonal:
	Likewise, a "subdiagonal" entry is one that is directly below and to the left of the main diagonal, that is, an entry formula_10 with formula_18. General matrix diagonals can be specified by an index formula_19 measured relative to the main diagonal: the main diagonal has formula_20; the superdiagonal has formula_21; the subdiagonal has formula_22; and in general, the formula_19-diagonal consists of the entries formula_10 with formula_25.
	By analogy, the subset of the Cartesian product "X"×"X" of any set "X" with itself, consisting of all pairs (x,x), is called the diagonal, and is the graph of the equality relation on "X" or equivalently the graph of the identity function from "X" to "x". This plays an important part in geometry; for example, the fixed points of a mapping "F" from "X" to itself may be obtained by intersecting the graph of "F" with the diagonal.
	In geometric studies, the idea of intersecting the diagonal "with itself" is common, not directly, but by perturbing it within an equivalence class. This is related at a deep level with the Euler characteristic and the zeros of vector fields. For example, the circle "S" has Betti numbers 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, and therefore Euler characteristic 0. A geometric way of expressing this is to look at the diagonal on the two-torus "S"xS and observe that it can move "off itself" by the small motion (θ, θ) to (θ, θ + ε). In general, the intersection number of the graph of a function with the diagonal may be computed using homology via the Lefschetz fixed point theorem; the self-intersection of the diagonal is the special case of the identity function.

= = = Tartan = = =

	Tartan ( ) is a patterned cloth consisting of criss-crossed horizontal and vertical bands in multiple colours. Tartans originated in woven wool, but now they are made in many other materials. Tartan is particularly associated with Scotland; Scottish kilts almost always have tartan patterns.
	Tartan is made with alternating bands of coloured (pre-dyed) threads woven as both warp and weft at right angles to each other. The weft is woven in a simple twill, two over—two under the warp, advancing one thread at each pass. This forms visible diagonal lines where different colours cross, which give the appearance of new colours blended from the original ones. The resulting blocks of colour repeat vertically and horizontally in a distinctive pattern of squares and lines known as a "sett".
	Tartan is often mistakenly called "plaid" (particularly in the United States), but in Scotland, a "plaid" is a large piece of tartan cloth, worn as a type of kilt or large shawl. The term "plaid" is also used in Scotland for an ordinary blanket such as one would have on a bed.
	The Dress Act of 1746 attempted to bring the warrior clans under government control by banning the tartan and other aspects of Gaelic culture. When the law was repealed in 1782, it was no longer ordinary Highland dress, but was adopted instead as the symbolic national dress of Scotland.
	Until the middle of the nineteenth century, the highland tartans were only associated with either regions or districts, rather than any specific Scottish clan. This was because like other materials, tartan designs were produced by local weavers for local tastes and would usually only use the natural dyes available in that area, as synthetic dye production was non-existent and transportation of other dye materials across long distances was prohibitively expensive.
	The patterns were simply different regional checked-cloth patterns, chosen by the wearer's preference—in the same way as people nowadays choose what colours and patterns they like in their clothing, without particular reference to propriety. It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that many patterns were created and artificially associated with Scottish clans, families, or institutions who were (or wished to be seen as) associated in some way with a Scottish heritage. The Victorians' penchant for ordered taxonomy and the new chemical dyes then available meant that the idea of specific patterns of bright colours, or "dress" tartans, could be created and applied to a faux-nostalgic view of Scottish history.
	Today "tartan" is no longer limited to textiles, but is used on mediums such as paper, plastics, packaging, and wall coverings.
	The English and Scots word "tartan" is most likely derived from the French ' meaning "Tartar cloth". It has also been suggested that "tartan" may be derived from modern Scottish Gaelic ', meaning "across". Today "tartan" usually refers to coloured patterns, though originally a tartan did not have to be made up of any pattern at all. As late as the 1830s tartan was sometimes described as "plain coloured ... without pattern". Patterned cloth from the Gaelic-speaking Scottish Highlands was called ', meaning many colours. Over time the meanings of "tartan" and ' were combined to describe certain type of pattern on a certain type of cloth. The pattern of a tartan is called a "sett". The sett is made up of a series of woven threads which cross at right angles.
	Today "tartan" is generally used to describe the pattern, not limited to textiles. In North America the term "plaid" is commonly used to describe "tartan". The word "plaid", derived from the Scottish Gaelic "", meaning "blanket", was first used of any rectangular garment, sometimes made up of tartan, particularly that which preceded the modern kilt (see: belted plaid). In time, "plaid" was used to describe blankets themselves.
	Each thread in the warp crosses each thread in the weft at right angles. Where a thread in the warp crosses a thread of the same colour in the weft they produce a solid colour on the tartan, while a thread crossing another of a different colour produces an equal mixture of the two colours. Thus, a set of two base colours produces three different colours including one mixture. The total number of colours, including mixtures, increases quadratically with the number of base colours so a set of six base colours produces fifteen mixtures and a total of twenty-one different colours. This means that the more stripes and colours used, the more blurred and subdued the tartan's pattern becomes.
	The sequence of threads, known as the sett, starts at an edge and either repeats or reverses on what are called "pivot" points. In "diagram A", the sett reverses at the first pivot, then repeats, then reverses at the next pivot, and will carry on in this manner horizontally. In "diagram B", the sett reverses and repeats in the same way as the warp, and also carries on in the same manner vertically. The diagrams left illustrate the construction of a "symmetrical" tartan. However, on an "asymmetrical" tartan, the sett does not reverse at the pivots, it just repeats at the pivots. Also, some tartans (very few) do not have exactly the same sett for the warp and weft. This means the warp and weft will have alternate "thread counts".
	Tartan is recorded by counting the threads of each colour that appear in the sett. The "thread count" not only describes the width of the stripes on a sett, but also the colours used. For example, the thread count "K4 R24 K24 Y4" corresponds to 4 "black" threads, 24 "red" threads, 24 "black" threads, 4 "yellow" threads. The first and last threads of the thread count are the pivot points. Though thread counts are indeed quite specific, they can be modified in certain circumstances, depending on the desired size of the tartan. For example, the sett of a tartan (about 6 inches) may be too large to fit upon the face of a necktie. In this case the thread count has to be reduced "in proportion" (about 3 inches).
	The shades of colour in tartan can be altered to produce variations of the same tartan. The resulting variations are termed: "modern", "ancient", and "muted". These terms only refer to dye colours.
	The idea that the various colours used in tartan have a specific meaning is purely a modern one. One such myth is that red tartans were "battle tartans", designed so they would not show blood. It is only recently created tartans, such as Canadian provincial and territorial tartans (beginning 1950s) and U.S. state tartans (beginning 1980s), that are designed with certain symbolic meaning for the colours used. For example, the colour "green" sometimes represents prairies or forests, "blue" can represent lakes and rivers, and the colour "yellow" is sometimes used to represent various crops.
	Today tartan is mostly associated with Scotland; however, the earliest evidence of tartan is found far afield from Britain. According to the textile historian E. J. W. Barber, the Hallstatt culture of Central Europe, which is linked with ancient Celtic populations and flourished between the 8th and 6th centuries BC, produced tartan-like textiles. Some of them were discovered in 2004, remarkably preserved, in the Hallstatt salt mines near Salzburg, Austria. Textile analysis of fabric from the Tarim mummies in Xinjiang, northwestern China has also shown it to be similar to that of the Iron Age Hallstatt culture. Tartan-like leggings were found on the "Cherchen Man", a 3,000 year-old mummy found in the Taklamakan Desert. Similar finds have been made in central Europe and Scandinavia.
	The earliest documented tartan in Britain, known as the "Falkirk" tartan, dates from the 3rd century AD. It was uncovered at Falkirk in Stirlingshire, Scotland, about 400 metres north-west of the Antonine Wall. The fragment was stuffed into the mouth of an earthenware pot containing almost 2,000 Roman coins. The Falkirk tartan has a simple check design, of natural light and dark wool. Early forms of tartan like this are thought to have been invented in pre-Roman times, and would have been popular among the inhabitants of the northern Roman provinces as well as in other parts of Northern Europe such as Jutland, where the same pattern was prevalent.
	The tartan as we know it today is not thought to have existed in Scotland before the 16th century. By the late 16th century there are numerous references to striped or checkered plaids. It is not until the late 17th or early 18th century that any kind of uniformity in tartan is thought to have occurred. Martin Martin, in "A Description of the Western Islands of Scotland", published in 1703, wrote that Scottish tartans could be used to distinguish the inhabitants of different regions. He expressly wrote that the inhabitants of various islands and the mainland of the Highlands were not all dressed alike, but that the setts and colours of the various tartans varied from isle to isle. As he does not mention the use of a special pattern by each family, it would appear that such a distinction is a modern one.
	For many centuries the patterns were loosely associated with the weavers of a particular area, though it was common for highlanders to wear a number of different tartans at the same time. A 1587 charter granted to Hector Maclean of Duart requires feu duty on land paid as 60 ells of cloth of white, black and green colours. A witness of the 1689 Battle of Killiecrankie describes "McDonnell's men in their triple stripes". From 1725 the government force of the "Highland Independent Companies" introduced a standardised tartan chosen to avoid association with any particular clan, and this was formalised when they became the Black Watch regiment in 1739.
	The most effective fighters for Jacobitism were the supporting Scottish clans, leading to an association of tartans with the Jacobite cause. Efforts to pacify the Highlands led to the "Dress Act of 1746", banning tartans, except for the Highland regiments of the British army. "[I]t was probably their use of it which gave birth to the idea of differentiating tartan by clans; for as the Highland regiments were multiplied ... so their tartan uniforms were differentiated."
	The Act was repealed in 1782, due to the efforts of the Highland Society of London. William Wilson & Sons of Bannockburn became the foremost weaving manufacturer around 1770 as suppliers of tartan to the military. Wilson corresponded with his agents in the Highlands to get information and samples of cloth from the clan districts to enable him to reproduce "perfectly genuine patterns" and recorded over 200 setts by 1822, many of which were tentatively named. The Cockburn Collection of named samples made by William Wilson & Sons was put together between 1810 and 1820 and is now in the Mitchell Library in Glasgow. At this time many setts were simply numbered, or given fanciful names such as the "Robin Hood" tartan, not associated with any specific clan.
	It is generally regarded that "clan tartans" date no earlier than the beginning of the 19th century, and are an example of an invented tradition. Contemporary portraits show that although tartan is of an early date, the pattern worn depended not on the wearer's clan, but rather upon his or her present affiliation, place of origin or current residence, or personal taste.
	David Morier's well-known painting of the Highland charge at the Battle of Culloden (right) shows the clansmen wearing various tartans. The setts painted all differ from one another and very few of those painted resemble any of today's clan tartans. It is maintained by many that clan tartans were not in use at the time of the Battle of Culloden in 1746. The method of identifying friend from foe was not through tartans but by the colour of ribbon worn upon the bonnet.
	The idea of groups of men wearing the same tartan is thought to originate from the military units in the 18th century. Evidence suggests that in 1725 the Independent Highland Companies may have worn a uniform tartan.
	By the 19th century the Highland romantic revival, inspired by James Macpherson's Ossian poems and the writings of Sir Walter Scott, led to wider interest, with clubs like the Celtic Society of Edinburgh welcoming Lowlanders. The pageantry invented for the 1822 visit of King George IV to Scotland brought a sudden demand for tartan cloth and made it the national dress of the whole of Scotland, rather than just the Highlands and Islands, with the invention of many new clan-specific tartans to suit.
	The popularity of tartan was greatly increased by the royal visit of George IV to Edinburgh in 1822. George IV was the first reigning monarch to visit Scotland in 171 years. The festivities surrounding the event were originated by Sir Walter Scott who founded the Celtic Society of Edinburgh in 1820. Scott and the Celtic Society urged Scots to attend festivities "all plaided and plumed in their tartan array". One contemporary writer sarcastically described the pomp that surrounded the celebrations as "Sir Walter's Celtified Pagentry".
	Following the royal visit several books which documented tartans added to the craze. James Logan's romanticised work "The Scottish Gael", published in 1831, was one such publication which led the Scottish tartan industry to invent clan tartans. The first publication showing plates of clan tartans was the "Vestiarium Scoticum", published in 1842.
	The "Vestiarium" was the work of two brothers: John Sobieski and Charles Allen Hay. The brothers, who called themselves "John Sobieski Stolberg Stuart" and "Charles Edward Stuart", first appeared in Scotland in 1822. The two claimed to be grandsons of Prince Charles Edward Stuart and his wife Princess Louise of Stolberg, and consequently later became known as the "Sobieski Stuarts". The Sobieski Stuarts claimed that the "Vestiarium" was based upon a copy of an ancient manuscript on clan tartans—a manuscript which they never managed to produce. The "Vestiarium" was followed by the equally dubious "The Costume of the Clans" two years later. The romantic enthusiasm that Logan and the Sobieski Stuarts generated with their publications led the way for other tartan books in the 19th century.
	Twenty years after her uncle's visit to Scotland, Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert made their first trip to the Scottish Highlands. The Queen and prince bought Balmoral Castle in 1848 and hired a local architect to re-model the estate in "Scots Baronial" style. Prince Albert personally took care of the interior design, where he made great use of tartan. He used the red "Royal Stewart" and the green "Hunting Stewart" tartans for carpets, while using the "Dress Stewart" for curtains and upholstery. The Queen designed the "Victoria" tartan, and Prince Albert the "Balmoral", still used as a royal tartan today.
	Victoria and Albert spent a considerable amount of time at their estate, and in doing so hosted many "Highland" activities. Victoria was attended by pipers and her children were attired in Highland dress. Prince Albert himself loved watching the Highland games. Ironically, as the craze swept over Scotland the Highland population suffered grievously from the Highland Clearances, when thousands of Gaelic-speaking Scots from the Highlands and Isles were evicted by landlords (in many cases the very men who would have been their own clan chiefs) to make way for sheep.
	The naming and registration of official clan tartans began on 8 April 1815, when the Highland Society of London (founded 1778) resolved that all the clan chiefs each "be respectfully solicited to furnish the Society with as much of the Tartan of his Lordship's Clan as will serve to Show the Pattern and to Authenticate the Same by Attaching Thereunto a Card bearing the Impression of his Lordship's Arms." Many had no idea of what their tartan might be, but were keen to comply and to provide authentic signed and sealed samples. Alexander Macdonald, 2nd Baron Macdonald was so far removed from his Highland heritage that he wrote to the Society: "Being really ignorant of what is exactly The Macdonald Tartan, I request you will have the goodness to exert every Means in your power to Obtain a perfectly genuine Pattern, Such as Will Warrant me in Authenticating it with my Arms."
	Today tartan and "clan tartan" is an important part of a Scottish clan. Almost all Scottish clans have several tartans attributed to their name. Several clans have "official" tartans. Although it is possible for anyone to create a tartan and name it any name they wish, the only person with the authority to make a clan's tartan "official" is the chief.
	In some cases, following such recognition from the clan chief, the clan tartan is recorded and registered by the Lord Lyon King of Arms. Once approved by the Lord Lyon, after recommendation by the Advisory Committee on Tartan, the clan tartan is then recorded in the Lyon Court Books. In at least one instance a clan tartan appears in the heraldry of a clan chief and is considered by the Lord Lyon as the "proper" tartan of the clan.
	It is generally stated that one of the most popular tartans today is the "Royal Stewart tartan". This is the personal tartan of Queen Elizabeth II. The sett was first published in 1831 in the book "The Scottish Gael" by James Logan. In addition to its use in clothing, such as skirts and scarves, Royal Stewart tartan has also appeared on biscuit tins for Scottish shortbread.
	Another popular tartan is the "Black Watch" (also known as "Old Campbell", "Grant Hunting", "Universal", "Government"). This tartan was used and is still used by several military units in the British Army and other Commonwealth forces.
	In addition to clan tartans, many tartan patterns have been developed for individuals, families, districts, institutions, and corporations. They have also been created for various events and certain ethnic groups. Tartan has had a long history with the military and today many military units — particularly those within the Commonwealth — have tartan dress uniforms. Tartans or tartan-like plaid patterns are also commonly worn as skirts or jumpers / pinafores in Catholic school uniform and other private school uniform codes in North America.
	In addition to the original Scottish regional tartans and modern district tartans, modern tartans have been created for regions outside of Scotland.
	Many regional tartans are officially recognised by government bodies. Most Canadian provinces and territories have an official tartan, with the first dating from 1956. Canada has an official national tartan that was originally designed to commemorate the introduction of its new maple leaf flag, and was made an official national emblem in 2011. Several Canadian counties and municipalities also have official tartans.
	Many of the U.S. states also have official tartans, with the first dating from 1988. In Scotland at least two local government councils have official tartans.
	Tartans are sometimes differentiated from another with the same name by the label "dress", "hunting", or rarely "mourning".
	Dress tartans are based on the "earasaid" tartans worn by Highland women in the 17th and 18th centuries. Dress tartans tend to be made by replacing a prominent colour with the colour white. They are commonly used today in Highland dancing.
	Hunting tartans also seem to be a Victorian conception, although there is some evidence of early tartans with camouflage colours. These tartans tend to be made up of subdued colours, such as dark blues and greens. Despite the name, hunting tartans have very little to do with actual hunting.
	Mourning tartans, though quite rare, are associated with death and funerals. They are usually designed using combinations of black and white, or by replacing bright colors such as reds and yellows in a traditional tartan with black, white, or grey.
	Clever Victorian entrepreneurs not only created new tartans, but new tartan objects called "tartan-ware". Tartan was incorporated in an assortment of common household objects, such as snuffboxes, jewellery cases, tableware, sewing accessories, and desk items. Tourists visiting the Scottish Highlands went home with it, and Scottish-based businesses sent tartanware out as gifts to customers. Some of the more popular tartans were the "Stewart", "MacDonald", "McGregor", "McDuff", "MacBeth", and "Prince Charlie". Today tartanware is widely collected in England and Scotland.
	In the Victorian and Edwardian eras, tartan-clad garments were featured in fashion catalogues. By then, tartan had shifted from being mainly a component of men's clothing to become an important part of women's fashion. In consequence of its association with the British aristocracy and military, tartan developed an air of dignity and exclusivity. Because of this, tartan has made reappearances in the world of fashion several times.
	For instance, tartan made a resurgence in its use in punk fashion. In the late 1970s, punk music was a way for youth in the British Isles to voice their discontent with the ruling class. The unorthodox use of tartan, which had long been associated with authority and gentility, was then seen as the expression of discontent against modern society. In this way tartan, worn unconventionally, became an anti-establishment symbol.
	Popular in the mid 1970s, the Scottish teeny bopper band the Bay City Rollers were described by the "British Hit Singles & Albums" reference book as “tartan teen sensations from Edinburgh".
	Depending upon how "different tartan" is defined, it has been estimated that there are about 3,500 to 7,000 different tartans, with around 150 new designs being created every year. With four ways of presenting the hues in the tartan — "modern", "ancient", "weathered", and "muted" colours — there are thus about 14,000 recognised tartan variations from which to choose. The 7,000 figure above includes many of these variations counted as though they were different tartans.
	Until the late 20th century, instead of a central, official tartan registry, several independent organisations located in Scotland, Canada, and the United States documented and recorded tartans. In the 1960s, a Scottish society called the Scottish Tartans Society (now defunct) was created to record and preserve all known tartan designs. The society's register, the "Register of All Publicly Known Tartans" ("RAPKT"), contains about 2,700 different designs of tartan. The society, however, ran into financial troubles in about the year 2000, and folded. Former members of the society then formed two new Scottish-based organisations – the Scottish Tartans Authority (STA) and the Scottish Tartans World Register (STWR). Both of these societies initially based their databases on the RAPKT. The STA's database, the International Tartan Index (ITI) consists of about 3,500 different tartans (with over 7,000, counting variants), as of 2004. The STWR's self-titled Scottish Tartans World Register database is made up of about 3,000 different designs as of 2004. Both organisations are registered Scottish charities and record new tartans (free in the case of STS and for a fee in the case of STWR) on request. The STA's ITI is larger, in part, because it has absorbed the entries recorded in the "TartanArt" database formerly maintained by the merged International Association of Tartan Studies and Tartan Educational and Cultural Association (IATS/TECA), based in the United States, and with whom the STA is directly affiliated.
	The Scottish Register of Tartans (SRT) is Scotland's official tartan register. The "SRT" is maintained and administrated by the National Archives of Scotland (NAS), a statutory body based in Edinburgh. The aim of the Register is to provide a definitive and accessible resource to promote and preserve tartans. It also aims to be the definitive source for the registration of new tartans (that pass NAS criteria for inclusion). The register itself is made up of the existing registers of the STA and the STWR as they were at the time of the SRT's launch, and new registrations from 5 February 2009 onward. On the Register's website users can register new tartans (for a fee), search for and request the threadcounts of existing tartans and receive notifications of newly registered tartans. One criticism of the SRT and NAS's management of it is that its exclusivity, in both cost and criteria, necessarily means that it cannot actually achieve its goals of definiteness, preservation and open access. The current version of the STA's ITI, for example, already contains a large number of tartans that do not appear in the SRT, and the gulf will only widen under current policy.
	Since the Victorian era, authorities on tartan have claimed that there is an etiquette to wearing tartan, specifically tartan attributed to clans or families. Even so, there are no laws or rules on who can, or cannot, wear a particular tartan. The concept of the entitlement to certain tartans has led to the term of "universal tartan", or "free tartan", which describes tartan which can be worn by anyone. Traditional examples of such are "Black Watch", "Caledonian", "Hunting Stewart", and "Jacobite" tartans, and many district or regional tartans.
	In the same line of opinion, some tartan attributed to the British Royal Family are claimed by some to be "off limits" to non-royalty.
	However, some modern tartans are protected by trademark law, and the trademark proprietor can, in certain circumstances, prevent others from selling that tartan. The "Burberry Check" of the English fashion house, first designed in early 1920s, is an instantly recognisable tartan that is very well known around the world and is an example of a tartan that is protected.
	Many books on Scottish clans list such rules and guidelines. One such opinion is that people not bearing a clan surname, or surname claimed as a sept of a clan, should not wear the tartan of their mother's clan. This opinion is enforced by the fact that in the Scottish clan system, the Lord Lyon states that membership to a clan technically passes through the surname. This means that children who bear their father's surname belong to the father's clan (if any), and that children who bear their mother's surname (her maiden name) belong to their mother's clan (if any). Also, the Lord Lyon states that a clan tartan should only be worn by those who profess allegiance to that clan's chief.
	Some clan societies even claim that certain tartans are the personal property of a chief or chieftain, and in some cases they allow their clansfolk "permission" to wear a tartan. According to the Scottish Tartans Authority — which is closely associated with the Scottish tartan industry — the "Balmoral" tartan should not be worn by anyone who is not part of the British Royal Family. Even so, some weavers outside of the United Kingdom ignore the "longstanding convention" of the British Royal Family's "right" to this tartan. The society also claims that non-royals who wear this tartan are treated with "great disdain" by the Scottish tartan "industry".
	Generally, a more liberal attitude is taken by those in the business of selling tartan, stressing that anyone may wear any tartan they like. The claimed "rules" are mere conventions, with different levels of importance depending on the symbolic meaning of the tartan on some particular occasion. For example, when a district tartan is worn at a football game, or a family tartan at a family event, such as the investiture of a new clan chief, the issue of wearing the event's tartan is of greater concern than wearing the same tartan when attending Highland Games where no event is scheduled where the tartan would have special significance. The same rules apply as do to wearing "any clothing" that prominently displays colors with national or political significance, such as un-patterned orange or green cloth in Ireland (regardless of whether it is worn as a kilt), or red, white, and blue colors at national events in France or the United States.

= = = Gravelines = = =

	Gravelines () is a commune in the Nord department in Northern France. It lies at the mouth of the river Aa southwest of Dunkirk. It was formed in the 12th century around the mouth of a canal built to connect Saint-Omer with the sea. As it was on the western borders of Spanish territory in Flanders it became heavily fortified, some of which still remains.
	There is a market in the town square (Place Charles Valentin) on Fridays. The "Arsenal" approached from the town square is home to an extensive and carefully displayed art collection. There are modern bronze statues in the grounds. The town is also home to French basketball club BCM Gravelines.
	In the early 12th century, Saint-Omer was an important port in western Flanders. Silting gradually cut it off from the North Sea, resulting in the construction of a canal to the new coast at what is now Gravelines. The name is derived from the Dutch "Gravenenga", meaning Count's Canal. The new town became heavily fortified as it guarded the western borders of Spanish territory in Flanders.
	Gravelines was taken by Henry le Despenser's English forces during the Norwich Crusade of 1383 and was that year destroyed on his orders as the English retreated towards Calais.
	There was a famous meeting at Gravelines in 1520, between the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Henry VIII of England. There were two battles fought nearby: the first was a land battle in 1558 resulting in a victory by Spanish forces of Lamoral, Count of Egmont over the French under Marshal Paul des Thermes, while the second was a naval attack using fire ships in 1588 launched by England's Royal Navy under Lord Howard against the Spanish Armada at anchor. Gravelines was also the setting for Sir Philip Sidney's failure to deliver the town from Spanish occupation in July 1586, which is described in the anonymous "A Discourse of the enterprise of Gravelines".
	The town was captured and recaptured several times by the French and Spanish between 1639 and 1658. It was finally annexed to France in the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659.
	Only in the 19th century did the population become entirely French-speaking.
	On May 24, 1940, during the Fall of France, German Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, commanding Army Group A, ordered his armored divisions to close up the "Canal Line" of Lens-Gravelines, and halt there.
	The charter between Dartford and Gravelines was signed in Gravelines on the 22 September 1991 by The Mayor, Councillor Tony Gillham, on behalf of Dartford Borough Council and Councillor A. May on behalf of the Dartford and District Twinning Association together with The Mayor of Gravelines, Monsieur A. Denvers and Monsieur C. Marquis, Chairman of their Jumelage (which is Gravelines' equivalent to Dartford's Twinning Association).
	Today, the small town is famous for its nuclear energy plant. It also hosts two OVH data centers, GRA-1 and GRA-2.

= = = Trio (band) = = =

	Trio was a German band, formed in the town of Großenkneten, West Germany in 1979. The band is most known for the 1982 song "Da Da Da" which was a hit in 30 countries worldwide.
	The band recorded a number of albums, the first of which was TRIO, released in 1981, that included their signature song, Da Da Da, whose entire English title is "Da Da Da (I Don't Love You, You Don't Love Me, Aha Aha Aha)" and which was released in 1982. The next album was "Bye Bye", released in 1983, was marketed with different advertisements on its cover and there were many versions of it: for example versions in North America were known as "TRIO and Error" but featured no advertisements. 
	In the period of their activity, the early 1980s, Trio enjoyed some popularity in Germany, UK, Canada, and the U.S. The German version of "Da Da Da" was a #2 hit on the charts (April 1982). Their most notable songs, in addition to "Da Da Da", are "Broken Hearts for You and Me", "Boom Boom", "Hearts are Trump" and "Anna - Letmein Letmeout". All of these songs, except the first, have a corresponding German version, which sometimes differs considerably in lyrics, and were also released in the English-speaking world. "Da Da Da" hit #2 on the UK Singles Chart in July 1982, and #3 in Canada in December 1982. They had another three top ten hits in Germany until the end of 1983, then disbanded the following year. Every member launched a solo career, with only Remmler managing to be somewhat successful.
	They produced a film called "Drei gegen Drei", meaning ""Three Against Three"". In the movie, three people (played by Trio members) kill doubles of themselves as part of a twisted scam to gain riches. The film was a flop; even avid Trio fan Matthias Klein noted that, "[the members of] Trio are not actors". The corresponding soundtrack is the album "Whats the Password"; however, drummer Peter Behrens did not perform on any of the songs, despite appearing on the album's cover. He left the band due to disagreement with Krawinkel and Remmler over financial matters, leading to the complete break-up of Trio in 1986.
	The 1997 CD re-issue of "TRIO and Error" was also released as "Da Da Da" in the United States, in response to the U.S. Volkswagen commercial that featured their most famous song. The re-release had some changes: two songs were added and the album was digitally remastered.
	Krawinkel died in 2014 and Behrens died in 2016, making Remmler the sole living former member.
	Many cover versions of "Da Da Da" have been recorded worldwide in various languages including the Spanish version by disc jockey Nacho Dogan, which was a No. 2 hit in Spain in 1982; a Mexican version by the band Molotov on their 2004 cover album "Con Todo Respeto"; alternative band Elastica on their 1999 album "The Menace"; and Filipino entertainer Yoyoy Villame in 1982. Pett Productions used "Da Da Da" in the second series of "Tittybangbang" for the intro to Pete Wade's sketches. An Italian version ("Mundial Da Da Da") was also released in 1982 to celebrate the Italian Team's winning the FIFA World Cup.
	In addition to the famous Volkswagen ad, several others have featured "Da Da Da". A Pepsi ad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup starred several footballers including Thierry Henry, Raúl, Roberto Carlos, Fernando Torres, Frank Lampard, Ronaldinho and David Beckham playing football inside of an Oktoberfest tent. Christina Aguilera sang the tune in several Pepsi spots, including duets with Rain and Elissa. Ariston used the song in their 1987 spots featuring animated white goods, clothing and kitchen utensils forming dancing humanoids. Some ads used modified lyrics. Teletext replaced "da da da" with "blah blah blah" (vocalized by Ewan Bailey); as did Lois Jeans. Others who have use the tune in advertisements include Vicks Cough Drops, and Speeds shoe stores. 
	Following the popular Volkswagen commercial, ABC aired a promo for the sitcom "Spin City" parodying the car ad. In the original VW commercial, two men drive around and pick up a smelly couch, which they quickly dispose of. In the ABC ad, Michael J. Fox and Michael Boatman's characters pick up Richard Kind's character, who becomes so obnoxious that they throw him out of the car.
	The rice cracker brand Sakata also used the song in advertisements with the lyrics changed to "sa-ka-ta".
	The song has been used in the Italian film "Il Divo", directed by Paolo Sorrentino, a fictional biography of Italian politician Giulio Andreotti. The song was also included in the comedy film "Bio-Dome", directed by Jason Bloom, starring Pauly Shore and Stephen Baldwin, and in the thriller "Thick as Thieves", starring Alec Baldwin and Rebecca De Mornay.
	Trio was part of the Neue Deutsche Welle (or NDW); however, the band preferred the name "Neue Deutsche Fröhlichkeit", which means "New German Cheerfulness", to describe their music.
	Trio's main principle was to remove almost all the ornamentation and polish from their songs, and to use the simplest practical structures (most of their songs were three-chord songs). For this reason, many of their songs are restricted to drums, guitar, vocals, and just one or maybe two other instruments, if any at all. Bass was used very infrequently until their later songs, and live shows often saw Remmler playing some simple pre-programmed rhythms and melodies on his small Casio VL-1 keyboard while Behrens played his drums with one hand and ate an apple with the other.
	The band was produced by Klaus Voormann, who also played bass on a few songs.

= = = Harry Forbes Witherby = = =

	Harry Forbes Witherby, MBE, FZS, MBOU (7 October 1873 – 11 December 1943) was a noted British ornithologist, author, publisher and founding editor (in 1907) of the magazine "British Birds".
	Harry was the second surviving son of Henry Forbes Witherby (1836–1907) of Holmehurst, Burley, Hants, a law stationer employing 169 men who retired from the family business in 1899 to focus on his interests in painting and ornithology, leaving it to be run by his sons. After leaving school Witherby entered the old family publishing firm of Witherby and Co, from which he retired in 1936, but resumed work again after the outbreak of the second world war. The family firm of H F and G Witherby, originally printers, began to publish bird books early in the 20th century. From an early age Witherby devoted himself to the study of ornithology, travelling extensively, including visits to Iran, the Kola Peninsula, and the White Nile. He described the latter in his book "Bird Hunting on the White Nile" (1902). He married Lilian Gillson in 1904. Lilian joined him on his travels and even learnt to skin birds on their honeymoon. They had two sons and three daughters.
	He started one of the world's first two bird ringing schemes in 1909 (they merged in the late 1930s), transferring responsibility, in 1937, to the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO), who continue to run it. Witherby was Hon Secretary and Treasurer (1904–14), and Chairman (1924–27) of the British Ornithologists' Club (1924–1927) and President of the Council of the British Ornithologists' Union (BOU) (1933–1938). He was a founding member and early vice-chairman of the BTO, which survived through his financial generosity, not least in donating the proceeds of the sale of his extensive collection of stuffed birds to the British Museum - this is now at the Natural History Museum, Tring.
	Witherby's crowning glory was "The Handbook of British Birds" (1938–1941). Spanning five volumes, it was reprinted a number of times, the later editions having a few pages devoted to corrections and additions to previous editions, but few of these are of great significance and the main text was left untouched. He was made an Honorary Fellow of the American Ornithologists' Union in 1928 and was awarded the Godman-Salvin Medal by the BOU in 1937. Witherby's lark ("Alaemon hamertoni") was named for him, in 1905, but is now more commonly known as the lesser hoopoe-lark. Two other bird sub-species have been named after him: "Emberiza schoeniclus witherbyi" (common reed bunting) and "Erithacus rubecula witherbyi" (European robin).
	During World War I he was a lieutenant in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve. He was mentioned in dispatches and was awarded the Military MBE for his service as an intelligence officer in Dunkirk.

= = = Use Your Illusion I = = =

	Use Your Illusion I is the third studio album by American rock band Guns N' Roses, released on the same day as its counterpart "Use Your Illusion II". Both albums were released in conjunction with the Use Your Illusion Tour. The album debuted at No. 2 on the "Billboard" charts, selling 685,000 copies in its first week, behind "Use Your Illusion II"s first-week sales of 770,000. "Use Your Illusion I" has sold 5,502,000 units in the United States as of 2010, according to Nielsen SoundScan. Each of the "Use Your Illusion" albums have been certified 7× Platinum by the RIAA. It was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1992.
	The "Use Your Illusion" albums represent a turning point in the sound of Guns N' Roses. Although the band did not abandon the aggressive hard-rock sound it had become known for with 1987's "Appetite for Destruction", "Use Your Illusion I" demonstrated a new-found musical maturity, incorporating elements of blues, classical music, heavy metal, punk rock, and classic rock and roll. This is exemplified by the use of piano on several tracks by singer Axl Rose and keyboardist Dizzy Reed, as well as on "Use Your Illusion II". "Use Your Illusion I" contains two of the three songs, "November Rain" and "Don't Cry", whose videos are considered a trilogy. The third song, "Estranged", can be found on "Use Your Illusion II".
	Another factor in the different sound compared to the band's earlier work is the addition of former The Cult drummer Matt Sorum, who replaced Steven Adler. Adler was fired from the group due to heroin addiction. Guitarist Izzy Stradlin said: "Adler's sense of swing was the push and pull that give the songs their feel. When that was gone, it was just... unbelievable, weird. Nothing worked. I would have preferred to continue with Steve, but we'd had two years off and we couldn't wait any longer."
	A number of songs on the album were written in the band's early days and can be found on a popular bootleg album of early demo tapes known as "The Rumbo Tapes". "Back Off Bitch," "Bad Obsession," "Don't Cry" (referred to by Rose during the ensuing tour as 'the first song we ever wrote together'), "November Rain" and "The Garden" are considered part of this group. There is also a cover of Paul McCartney and Wings' "Live and Let Die".
	Besides the stylistic differences, another new aspect in "Use Your Illusion I" was longer songs. "November Rain", an epic ballad, is nearly nine minutes long, and "Coma" is more than 10 minutes. Another change was the presence of tracks sung by other members of the band (even though certain songs from "Appetite for Destruction" and "G N' R Lies" featured other members on duet vocals): lead vocals on "Dust N' Bones," "You Ain't the First" and "Double Talkin' Jive" are performed by rhythm guitarist Izzy Stradlin. In addition, "14 Years" and "So Fine" from "Use Your Illusion II" were sung by Izzy Stradlin and Duff McKagan, respectively.
	The band had some difficulty achieving the final sound, especially during the mixing stages of both albums. According to a 1991 "Rolling Stone" cover story, after mixing 21 tracks with engineer/producer Bob Clearmountain, the band decided to scrap the mixes and start from scratch with engineer Bill Price of Sex Pistols fame. "If Axl liked the mix, Slash didn't," Price recalled, "and if Slash liked it, Axl didn't… They still hadn't finished the record when their massive 18-month world tour started, so the last half-dozen songs were recorded in random studios across America on days off between gigs."
	Slash has stated that a great deal of the material for the album was written on acoustic guitars in a couple of nights at his house (the Walnut House), after several months of non-productivity.
	"Right Next Door to Hell" is a product of discord between Axl and his West Hollywood high-rise neighbor, Gabriella Kantor. Kantor had Rose arrested and sued Rose, claiming he hit her with a wine bottle. He denied the charges and labeled her a "fanatical fan". The condo was eventually given away in MTV's "Evict Axl" contest. Timo Caltio (real name Timo Kaltio), who participated in the writing of this song, is a Finnish guitarist, songwriter and guitar tech who once worked with Hanoi Rocks. He'd played a chorus riff of the song at his home while Stradlin was visiting.
	"Live and Let Die" was released as the second single from the "Use Your Illusion I" album and the fourth out of all the "Use Your Illusion" singles. A music video was made in November 1991 featuring the band playing live on stage and showing old pictures. The video was also made shortly before Stradlin's departure and it was the last video where he appears. It charted at number 20 on the Mainstream Rock chart. The song was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance during the 1993 Grammy Awards.
	"Don't Cry" is a power ballad and two versions were released simultaneously on different albums. The version with the original lyrics is featured on "Use Your Illusion I", while the version with alternate lyrics is the 13th track on "Use Your Illusion II". Only the vocal tracks differ, and even then only in the verses; however, in those verses, not only are the words entirely different, but the meter and melody are also slightly different. There is also a third version, officially released only on the single for the song, which was recorded during the "Appetite for Destruction" sessions in 1986. Rose has stated that the song was written about a girl named Monique Lewis (the face tattooed on his right bicep). She was romantically involved with both Rose and Stradlin at different times.
	"Bad Obsession" is about tackling drug abuse and addiction, which had haunted the band since before they had become famous. Michael Monroe, lead singer of Hanoi Rocks and a big influence on Guns N' Roses, plays the harmonica and tenor saxophone on the studio version. A live version from the Tokyo Dome was featured on the "Use Your Illusion I" DVD as song number six and Rose takes a dig at Stradlin by saying "This a song that we wrote about one year before "Mr. Brownstone" with the help of our friend West Arkeen and some guy that just, I don't know, his name just escapes me," referencing Stradlin.
	"Back Off Bitch" was written before the band's 1987 debut album, "Appetite for Destruction". The song was also played during Guns N' Roses concerts before the release of "Appetite for Destruction". "Back Off Bitch" was written partially about Rose's girlfriend, Gina Siler, who moved with him to Los Angeles in 1982, and eventually kicked him out in 1983, due to his anger issues. It was also demoed several times by the band during this period.
	At the end of "Double Talkin' Jive" Slash performs an extended flamenco-style guitar solo. Live performances of this song were stretched from its original three-minute length to more than eight minutes long. The opening line of the song "Found a head and an arm in a garbage can" refers to body parts that were actually discovered by the police in a dumpster in the vicinity of the studio.
	"November Rain" is an epic ballad written by lead singer Axl Rose and released as a single in June 1992. It features a sweeping orchestral backing and is one of Guns N' Roses' longest songs, and the longest song in history to enter the top 10 of the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. Guns N' Roses performed this song with Elton John on piano at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards.
	"Garden of Eden" was written while the band was rehearsing for an extended period of time in Chicago. There is a music video of the song, filmed in one static take (shot through a fish eye lens) which features a close-up of Rose singing into a ribbon microphone with the band playing behind him, whilst keyboardists Dizzy Reed and Teddy Andreadis (who played the harmonica for the band during the "Use Your Illusion" Tour) are seen dancing in the far background. There are two versions of the video, both made in 1992. One version has strips of paper flying through the air, and is mostly found on music video sites like Yahoo! Music. The other version has lyrics onscreen, complete with a "follow-the-bouncing-ball", but with no paper flying around. This is the version that is on the Guns N' Roses music video compilation "Welcome to the Videos".
	"Dead Horse" starts with an acoustic section, which features a guitar riff written by Rose. The electric guitars soon come in for the heavier section which dominates the song. After the final climactic chorus, the opening section is reprised before ending with an audio effect of the song being fast-forwarded.
	"Coma" was written by Rose and Slash about their drug overdoses. It is Guns N' Roses longest song to date. It features hospital sound effects and a real defibrillator.
	Both albums' covers are the work of Estonian-American artist Mark Kostabi. They consist of detail from Raphael's painting "The School of Athens". The highlighted figure, unlike many of those in the painting, has not been identified with any specific philosopher. The only difference in the artwork between the albums is the color scheme used for each album. "Use Your Illusion II" uses purple and blue while "Use Your Illusion I" uses yellow and red. The original painting was titled by Paul Kostabi as "Use Your Illusion" and also became the title of both albums. The album's liner notes hide the message "Fuck You St. Louis" amongst the thank you notes, a reference to the Riverport Riot near there at the Hollywood Casino Amphitheatre in July 1991 during the Use Your Illusion Tour.
	Released at midnight on September 17, 1991, the "Use Your Illusion" albums were among the most anticipated in rock history. Predictions in the industry were of sales reaching the likes of Michael Jackson's "Thriller" and Bruce Springsteen's "Born in the U.S.A.", this despite the fact that major stores K-Mart and Walmart refused to stock the albums due to the profanity present. Estimates suggested that over 500,000 copies of the two albums were sold in just 2 hours. Both albums ultimately underperformed expectations domestically but were still commercially successful, with "Use Your Illusion I" selling 5,502,000 and both being certified 7x Platinum by the RIAA. "Use Your Illusion I" debuted below "Use Your Illusion II" mainly due to the fact that the second album contained the main lead single of the two albums "You Could Be Mine".
	Reception to "Use Your Illusion I" was mainly positive, and it is regarded as the more hard-rocking album of the two due in part to the influence of Izzy Stradlin. Critics praised the highlights of the album such as "November Rain" and "Coma", the closing track, but criticized the amount of filler on the album. Asked if the wait was worth it, David Fricke of "Rolling Stone" said "yes".
	Guns N' Roses
	Additional musicians
	Production and design

= = = Saku Koivu = = =

	Saku Antero Koivu (; born November 23, 1974) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL). He began his NHL career with the Montreal Canadiens in 1995–96 after three seasons with TPS of the Finnish SM-liiga. Koivu served as the Canadiens' captain for ten of his 14 years with the club, which makes him the longest captaincy tenure in team history, tied with Jean Béliveau. Koivu was the first European player to captain the Montreal Canadiens.
	Koivu began his professional ice hockey career playing for TPS in the Finnish SM-liiga, beginning in 1992–93. He posted ten points in his rookie season, including five points in the playoffs, to help TPS to a Kanada-malja championship. After improving to 53 points the following season, he put up a league-high 73 points in 1994–95. In addition to earning the Veli-Pekka Ketola trophy as league scoring champion, Koivu was awarded the Kultainen kypärä award as the players' choice for the best player and the Lasse Oksanen trophy as league MVP. He went on to record 17 points in 13 post-season games that year to earn the Jari Kurri trophy as playoff MVP and win his second Kanada-malja trophy in three years with TPS.
	Koivu would return to the TPS squad during the 2004–05 NHL lockout, scoring eight goals and eight assists in 20 games.
	Koivu was drafted by the Montreal Canadiens in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft, following his rookie season in the SM-liiga, as their first round selection, 21st overall. After two more seasons with TPS, Koivu moved to North America for the 1995–96 season to join the Canadiens. In his first season, Koivu ranked fourth in scoring amongst NHL rookies with 45 points in 82 games. The following season, he was amongst the NHL leading scorers (13 goals and 25 assists for 38 points) before suffering a knee injury on December 7, 1996, in a game against Chicago Blackhawks. He missed 32 games that season but returned to finish with 56 points in 50 games.
	The next two seasons, Koivu continued to miss time with various leg injuries. In each year, however, he managed to play in more than 60 regular season games, scoring 57 and 44 points in 1997–98 and 1998–99 respectively. With the departure of team captain Vincent Damphousse in 1998–99, Koivu was named the 27th captain for the Canadiens on September 30, 1999. He also became the first European-born captain in team history. His first season as captain, however, was cut short due to a dislocated shoulder that took him off the ice for 40 games. Upon returning, he suffered another knee injury, resulting in a shortened 24-game season, in which Koivu recorded 21 points. The next season, in 2000–01, Koivu sat out another 28 games after undergoing arthroscopic surgery on his left knee, limiting him to 47 points.
	After six seasons in the NHL, Koivu was diagnosed with Burkitt's lymphoma, a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. on September 6, 2001, and missed nearly the entire 2001–02 season. Koivu was on his way back from Finland with Canadiens teammate Brian Savage, who said he looked pale. He was suffering serious pains in stomach and vomiting and went to see the Canadiens' physician David Mulder, who, after several tests, discovered the cancer. Koivu received large numbers of get-well e-mails and letters from fans and was also in touch with Mario Lemieux and John Cullen; hockey centres who had beaten cancer and made successful returns to the NHL.
	Koivu was expected to be out for the season but made a remarkable comeback in time for the last few games. Fans gave Koivu an eight-minute standing ovation when he skated onto the Molson Centre ice for the first time on April 9, 2002, in the team's 80th game of the season. Koivu helped the team to gain a playoff spot and they went on to beat the top-seeded Boston Bruins in six games. For his courage and off-ice team leadership while undergoing cancer treatment, he was awarded the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy following the 2002 playoffs. He followed up in 2002–03 by scoring what was then a career-best 71 points (21 goals and 50 assists).
	Koivu suffered further knee problems in 2003–04 and was forced to miss 13 games. During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, he returned to Finland to play for TPS, whose head coach at the time was his father, Jukka Koivu. He was joined in Turku by Canadiens teammate Craig Rivet. When NHL play resumed in 2005–06, Koivu returned to the Canadiens to tally 62 points in 72 games. On April 26, 2006, however, during a home playoff game against the Carolina Hurricanes, Koivu sustained a serious injury to his left eye; Hurricanes forward Justin Williams attempted to lift Koivu's stick but instead struck him in the eye. Koivu was rushed to the hospital, where he would remain overnight and for the remainder of the playoffs. He remained out of the lineup for the rest of the series and underwent surgery to repair a detached retina during the off-season.
	Koivu has admitted to having lost some degree of peripheral vision out of the injured eye which he will likely never regain. As well, a small cataract developed following the retinal re-attachment surgery that was later successfully removed. He has since opted to wear a larger style of visor than he had previously worn.
	Koivu's play the next season demonstrated that he could still complement his linemates with seemingly no adverse impact to his performance. He reached the 500-point mark for his NHL career on January 9, 2007, in a game in which the Montreal Canadiens defeated the Atlanta Thrashers 4–2. With 2:47 remaining in regulation, Koivu fed Michael Ryder with a pass across the slot for a power play goal, prompting a standing ovation for Koivu from the sellout crowd of 21,273 in Montreal. He went on to score 22 goals and 53 assists in 81 games, totaling 75 points, to surpass his previous career-high. At the season's annual awards banquet, Koivu was announced as the winner of the King Clancy Trophy for his role in the cancer-fighting Saku Koivu Foundation. The Canadiens' team doctor, Dr. David Mulder, received the award on Koivu's behalf as he was not present. Waiting until the end of the season, Koivu underwent further surgery to his eye and also tried a contact lens design to counteract the cataract's effects.
	Early in the 2007–08 season in October, Koivu was criticized by nationalist lawyer Guy Bertrand for not speaking French in a videotaped pre-game ceremony. Although Koivu is fluent in English, Swedish and Finnish, he speaks limited French and is apprehensive about using it in public. He replied to Bertrand's remarks that he is not perfect, and jokingly mentioned that he speaks French to his wife during intimate moments. Koivu introduced his team in the next pre-game video with the phrase "Ici Saku Koivu, voici mon équipe" ("Saku Koivu here, this is my team"). Later that season, in NHL.com's March 2008 edition of "Impact! Magazine", Brian Compton listed the ten best captains of all-time since Steve Yzerman was first named captain of the Detroit Red Wings in 1986; Koivu was included in the article in tenth place, behind the likes of Mark Messier and Mario Lemieux. He finished the season with 56 points. In the subsequent 2008 playoffs, Koivu missed a few games with a broken foot. Nevertheless, he contributed 9 points in 7 games.
	On October 18, 2008, Koivu moved up to seventh on the Canadiens' all-time assists list, surpassing Maurice "Rocket" Richard in a game against the Phoenix Coyotes; Koivu netted one and assisted on two from newly acquired linemate Alex Tanguay when the Habs beat Coyotes 4–1. Koivu reached another milestone with his 600th career point the following game against the Florida Panthers on October 20, 2008.
	Upon the conclusion of the 2008–09 season, Koivu tied Jean Béliveau as the longest-serving captain in team history, having held the position for ten years. Koivu's tenure ended a ten-year period from 1999 to 2009 in which six Canadien team captains had previously been traded away. Becoming an unrestricted free agent in the off-season, Koivu and the Canadiens parted ways after 14 years, where on July 8, 2009, he signed a one-year, $3.25 million deal with the Anaheim Ducks, playing alongside countryman and fellow NHL veteran Teemu Selänne. Koivu was named an alternate captain of the Ducks before the 2009–10 season began.
	Following the 2009–10 season, Koivu re-signed with the Ducks for two more seasons. He continued to serve as an alternate captain for the Ducks alongside Selänne.
	On January 22, 2011, during the 2010–11 season, Koivu made his first return to Montreal as a member of the Ducks, and was welcomed by a standing ovation.
	On March 12, 2012, Koivu played in his 1,000th career NHL game.
	On October 24, 2013, Koivu returned to Montreal for a second time as a Duck, and was once again welcomed by a standing ovation in what would be his last game at the Bell Centre. In the 2013–14 season, Koivu appeared in 65 regular season games while recording 29 points (11 goals and 18 assists). On June 19, 2014, the Ducks announced that they would not be offering Koivu a contract for the 2014–15 season, making him a free agent.
	On September 10, 2014, Koivu announced his retirement from the NHL after 18 seasons in the League.
	Koivu has represented Finland on several occasions and was the national team's captain; he was named successor of long-time captain Timo Jutila after he retired from international play in 1997. Koivu's first duty came in 1998 when the 1998 Winter Olympics took place in Nagano. He has held the post ever since, with one exception—for the 2008 IIHF World Championship—when he joined the team in the middle of the tournament. He was offered the "C" but declined, pleading, "It would only stir things up and the team has already a great captain, Ville Peltonen."
	Koivu won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics and bronze medals at the 1994, 1998 and 2010 Olympics Winter Olympics. He was also on the 2004 World Cup team, which advanced to the final but lost against Canada, thus winning silver.
	Koivu's most renowned achievement with Finland is as first line centre in the 1995 1995 IIHF World Championship, where the Finns won their first IIHF men's gold medal. Koivu played in the first line with Jere Lehtinen and Ville Peltonen, the "Huey, Dewey and Louie" line, who were all selected as tournament all-stars.
	Koivu was regularly partnered with Teemu Selänne and Jere Lehtinen in a line if all three were available. The trio has been a key factor to Finland's success at many bigger events. The line plays mainly to the excellent chemistry Koivu and Selänne seem to have and this has also affected the NHL; after 1999 World Championships, Selänne said in an interview on a Finnish TV program, "It would be great to play with Saku," which led to speculation about Koivu being traded to Anaheim. This finally became true a decade later when Koivu signed with Anaheim in July 2009.
	On February 23, 2006, Koivu was elected by his fellow Olympic competitors as a member of the Athletes' Commission of the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
	Koivu was born to Jukka and Tuire Koivu on November 23, 1974, in Turku. His younger brother Mikko is also an ice hockey player, a Center for the Minnesota Wild who serves as the team's captain. Saku Koivu and his wife Hanna have two children, a daughter, Ilona (born 2004) and a son, Aatos (born 2006).
	In 2008, the Montreal-based band Simple Plan featured Koivu in its video for the song "Save You." The song was about the battle with cancer of the brother of Simple Plan frontman Pierre Bouvier. Koivu is one of several cancer survivors appearing in the video.

= = = Broken (Nine Inch Nails EP) = = =

	Broken is the first extended play (EP) by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails. It was released on September 22, 1992, by Nothing, TVT, and Interscope Records. The EP was produced by frontman Trent Reznor and Flood.
	The release consists entirely of new material and replaces the synth-pop style of the band's 1989 debut album "Pretty Hate Machine" with a considerably heavier sound that would act as a precursor to their second album "The Downward Spiral" (1994). Its lyrical themes are in line with those of their succeeding work. The record was promoted with music videos for five of the eight songs, which were censored due to their violent content, as well as a short film of the same name, which was never officially released, but was later leaked as a bootleg.
	Although it was derided by some critics for its lyrical content, Broken also received positive reviews from critics and reached number seven on the US "Billboard" 200, eventually receiving a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The recording helped to propel Nine Inch Nails into mainstream popularity, and later received two Grammy Awards (both for Best Metal Performance) for the songs "Wish" and "Happiness in Slavery".
	After the commercial and critical success of "Pretty Hate Machine" (1989), TVT Records, the first record label to sign the band, pressured Trent Reznor to record a very similar album in the hope that it would have similarly successful singles. Steve Gottlieb, the CEO of TVT Records, was insistent that he would not release anything other than an album very similar to "Pretty Hate Machine". Reznor demanded his label terminate his contract, due to their restriction of his creative control of the Nine Inch Nails project. They ignored his plea.
	Reznor then objected to the label's attempted interference with his intellectual property. This much-publicized feud with TVT led Reznor to use a variety of monikers for the production of his next studio release. Reznor later said that he hated TVT, in part due to their classification of Nine Inch Nails as a synth-pop band. He reached a deal with the record label Interscope Records:
	We made it very clear we were not doing another record for TVT. But they made it pretty clear they weren't ready to sell. So I felt like, well, I've finally got this thing going but it's dead. Flood and I had to record "Broken" under a different band name, because if TVT found out we were recording, they could confiscate all our shit and release it. Jimmy Iovine got involved with Interscope, and we kind of got slave-traded. It wasn't my doing. I didn't know anything about Interscope. And I was real pissed off at him at first because it was going from one bad situation to potentially another one. But Interscope went into it like they really wanted to know what I wanted. It was good, after I put my raving lunatic act on. 
	Reznor secretly made the then-untitled recording under various pseudonyms to avoid record company interference. English record producer Flood, who produced "Head Like a Hole" and "Terrible Lie", the first two tracks on "Pretty Hate Machine" (1989), returned to work in 1992 on the EP for "Wish", "Last" and "Gave Up".
	As Reznor explains in retrospect: ""Broken" [...] had a lot of the super-thick chunk sound, and almost every guitar sound on that record was [tapes consisting of] me playing through an old Zoom pedal and then going direct into Digidesign's TurboSynth [software in a Macintosh computer]. Then I used a couple of key ingredients to make it [be heard as being] unlike any 'real' sound."
	Reznor's dog, Maise, was invited to the production of the EP. Her barking was recorded, along with Sean Beavan's line, "Ow!...fucker!", after Maise bit him. After being owned by Reznor for over three years, Maise died after falling from a three-story balcony during the Self Destruct Tour.
	The record underwent development at six different studios, Hell (New Orleans, Louisiana), Royal Recorders at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, South Beach Studios at Miami, Florida; Village Recorder and A&M Studios at Los Angeles, California, and Le Pig at Beverly Hills, California. The last two studios were later used during the production process for "The Downward Spiral" (1994). Tom Baker mastered the EP at Futuredisc. Following this step, Reznor presented the recording to Interscope Records in September 1992, and signed to the record label, making "Broken" Nine Inch Nails' major label debut.
	Heavier than "Pretty Hate Machine", "Broken" takes influences from industrial metal bands such as Ministry and Godflesh. There are louder mixes and more distortion on every instrument, including John Lennon's Mellotron MKII heard most particularly on "Gave Up". Reznor said he wanted the album to be "an ultra-fast chunk of death" for the listener, something that would "make your ears a little scratchy". In the liner notes, Reznor credited the 1991 Nine Inch Nails touring band as an influence on the EP's sound.
	The lyrics are a critique on society, the majority of its themes involve angst, control and dependency struggles. The second promotional single from the EP, "Wish", includes the expletive fuck thrice, used on the lines "Now there's nothing more fucked up I could do", "I'm the one without this soul/I'm the one with this big fucking hole" and "Gotta listen to your big time hard line bad luck fist fuck."
	Clocking at roughly one minute, "Pinion" is the shortest Nine Inch Nails song. It features a series of short, ascending, distorted guitar power chords and a collage of atmospheric loops, including a reversed sample of David Bowie's "It's No Game" (which is not credited in the artwork for "Broken"). A portion of this is used as one of the guitar riffs in "Wish", one of the two promotional singles released from the album. "Help Me I Am in Hell", another instrumental, ends with another uncredited sample, this time from "The Empire Strikes Back" (1980).
	There are two bonus songs, which follow 91 silent, one-second tracks (numbered 7 through 97) on most CD copies, but were included as a separate 3" CD or 7" record with early pressings. "Physical" is a cover of the Adam and the Ants song "Physical (You're So)", originally released on the "Kings of the Wild Frontier" LP." In 1995, Nine Inch Nails performed "Physical" live with Adam Ant for two nights in a row. After Reznor introduced Ant and Marco Pirroni on the second night, Ant proclaimed to the audience, "It's nice to be on stage with the best fucking band in the world." "Suck" was written by Pigface, whose ever-changing lineup once included Reznor. The slower, sparser, radically different original version appeared a year earlier on Pigface's "Gub" album.
	"Broken" was originally packaged in a trifold-out digipak, containing the six tracks on a regular compact disc and an additional three-inch mini CD with the two remaining songs, covers of Adam and the Ants' "Physical" and Pigface's "Suck". Due to the high cost of producing a two-disc EP, only 250,000 copies were released with the mini CD, subsequently Broken was re-released as one CD in October 1992, having the bonus songs heard on tracks 98 and 99 respectively, without any visual notice except for the credits, and tracks 7-97 each containing one second of silence. The cassette release featured tracks 1-6 on side one, with "Physical" and "Suck" appearing at the tail end of side two, after approximately 15 minutes of silence. The United Kingdom vinyl release was pressed onto a one sided 12" which featured the six main tracks. The two bonus cuts were issued on a 7" single given away inside the EP in a white die-cut sleeve (this is an unusual method for packaging an album on the vinyl format).
	All copies include the logo of Nothing Records, a first for the works of Reznor, making the EP itself Nothing's first release. The vanity record label was founded by Reznor along with John Malm, Jr., who was his manager at the time, when he had involvement in a feud with TVT Records. It had a short lifespan (Nothing Records existed for nearly 15 years); the label was created in 1992, as Reznor signed to Interscope before TVT entered into a joint venture with that major record label, where he mailed parts culled from his publishing rights to TVT Music, in exchange for the freedom of having his own imprint.
	The influence of Reznor's conflict with his former label, TVT, is evident in multiple aspects of the EP. After a long list of credits, the packaging reads, "no thanks: you know who you fucking are" followed by "the slave thinks he is released from bondage only to find a stronger set of chains." These comments are likely directed towards TVT Records' Steve Gottlieb, who refused to let Reznor out of his contract, sparking legal battles between the two parties. The "no thanks" part may be a response to the liner notes of Ministry's "" album, which featured a cryptic "no thanks, you know who you are." 
	Aurally, at the beginning of "Physical", Reznor whispers, "eat your heart out, Steve." Visually, in a music video for "Gave Up", the monitor of a Macintosh computer running Pro Tools reads "fuck you steve".
	Despite the addition of "no thanks: you know who you fucking are", there is a "Thank You" section. People listed in that portion include Jimmy Iovine, Ros Earles, Island Records, Eric Greenspan, Rick Rubin, Joe Mcewen, Seymour Stein, Susie Tallman, Mark O'Shea, Ian Copeland, Kevin Westenberg and Sheroa Rees-Davies.
	The writing credit for "Suck" caused a minor controversy. Whereas Pigface albums list all contributors to each of the songs, in this case "Atkins/Rieflin/Barker/Reznor" as listed on "Gub", the credit on "Broken" states "written by t. reznor/pigface". On the later Pigface release "Truth Will Out", the writing credit for the song is "whatever trent says – really – no shit". Reznor talked about his problem with Pigface in an unreleased 1992 Melody Maker Magazine interview. Reznor says he came in at the end of the "Gub" recording session, when time was running out, sang the lyrics for Suck over the leftover drum snippets they had, threw it together and said it was done. He stated he doesn't like the recording. Later when Pigface were going to go on tour, Reznor taught them the proper music he had written for the song which is completely different than the music that he sang over on the Pigface studio recording. Pigface toured with the song with NIN, even playing the song with Reznor a few times. (Note: the Original Pigface recording is abstract noise and occasional bass over drum beats; nothing like Reznor's version.) The following year, Reznor put out his version on "Broken". In the liner notes, he mentions that there were personality conflicts and people saying they deserve more than they have.
	"It's heavy", wrote Danny Scott in "Select", "it's loud and it'll rip your stinkin' head from your shoulders if you so much as breathe without permission." "Beats are hammered home with the gleeful force of a dentist's drill", said Peter Kane in "Q", "while layers of rabid guitars and Reznor's spiteful voice pile on the nihilistic agony." "Reznor has shaken off the shackles of influence", observed "NME", "and found his own suitably idiosyncratic niche." "Like a harrowing rape account", marveled "Making Music", "it's an intensely vicious and shocking 30 minutes."
	The EP was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 18, 1992, despite a complete absence of touring in support of it. The first promotional single, "Happiness in Slavery", received moderate airplay, but its video's depiction of Bob Flanagan being pleasured, tortured, and killed on a device led to MTV banning it outright. This stunted the single's growth, but the track "Wish" was much more successful with an aggressive live performance on the music video, then later winning a Grammy for Best Metal Performance. Reznor later quipped that he wanted his gravestone to read "Reznor: Died. Said 'Fist Fuck', Won a Grammy."
	Not long after the EP's release, a short horror musical film also named "Broken" was created during and after the production of the EP. It was rumored to be a snuff film with all of its songs with the exception of "Last", "Physical", and "Suck" playing to a scene. This film was directed by Peter Christopherson of Throbbing Gristle and Coil fame. A music video for "Gave Up" would prove to be part of the film, as well as the videos for "Happiness in Slavery" and "Wish". Portions of "Broken" would, however, be released as part of the "Closure" VHS, which was released after "The Downward Spiral". Due to the graphic substance of "Gave Up", an alternative version of the music video consisting of the song being performed at Le Pig studios by Reznor, a young Marilyn Manson, Richard Patrick and Chris Vrenna was released to MTV. Much of the cast, aside from Bob Flanagan in "Happiness in Slavery", and the band itself in "Wish", is unknown. The film is generally credited to be directed by Christopherson, although the music videos themselves were directed by various other people: "Pinion" and "Help Me I Am in Hell" is credited to Eric Goode and Serge Becker, while "Happiness in Slavery" is credited to Jon Reiss.
	A music video for "Happiness in Slavery" was universally banned, though a few attempts to air it were successful. An episode of "Raw Time" aired "Happiness in Slavery" at 3:00 AM to unanimously positive response from viewers. Another program, "Music Link", broadcast the video at midnight.
	"Broken" has not been given an official commercial release (according to Reznor, because they wanted to avoid the film overshadowing the prominence of the music), thus adding to its mythological status in alternative culture. The original hand-dubbed tapes were distributed by Reznor to various friends with dropouts at certain points so he could know who distributed any copies that might surface. Reznor, commenting in the "Access" section of the NIN website, implied that Gibby Haynes was responsible for the most prominent leak. This copy was traded on VHS tapes for years (resulting in many poor-quality, high-generation copies), and was later encoded in MPEG and AVI formats and distributed extensively through peer-to-peer networks and Nine Inch Nails fan websites. These are generally not of the highest quality, as they are not first-generation copies.
	On December 30, 2006, an unofficial version of the film was released on a DVD disc image and distributed via BitTorrent at The Pirate Bay by the same anonymous user called "seed0" who uploaded the leaked DVD version of "Closure". The DVD image represents a significant upgrade in visual and audio quality from "Broken 2.0.", and includes the oft-missing video for "Help Me I Am in Hell". Fans have speculated that this version of the film has been sourced directly from the master tapes, and that Reznor himself may have been the source of this leak along with the "Closure" DVD leak, as implied by a post on his official blog: ""12/21/06 : Happy Holidays! This one is a guilt-free download. (shhhh - I didn't say that out loud). If you know what I'm talking about, cool."" 
	A few variations of "Broken" exist, mostly due to different track listing arrangements:

= = = José Théodore = = =

	José Nicolas Théodore (born September 13, 1976) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Montreal Canadiens, Colorado Avalanche, Washington Capitals, Minnesota Wild and Florida Panthers.
	Théodore played major junior in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), where he won a President's Cup as QMJHL champions and competed in the Memorial Cup with the Hull Olympiques in 1995. He won both the Ford Cup as the top defensive player and Guy Lafleur Trophy as playoff MVP in 1995 and is a two-time QMJHL Second Team All-Star. Drafted 44th overall by the Canadiens in 1994, Théodore played eight seasons in Montreal, where he won the Vezina and Hart trophies, both in 2002. In 2006, he was traded to the Colorado Avalanche, where he played two full seasons. Théodore also played two seasons for the Washington Capitals. Internationally, Théodore won a gold medal with Canada at the 1996 World Junior Championships, where he was named the tournament's best goaltender. He also started for Canada at the 2001 World Championships and was a backup for the 2004 World Cup.
	As a youth, Théodore played in the 1990 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Richelieu 47 minor ice hockey team.
	Théodore played major junior in the QMJHL for four seasons with the St-Jean Lynx and Hull Olympiques. At age 16, he began his major junior rookie season in 1992–93, splitting goaltending duties with Jean-Pascal Lemelin. He assumed the starting position the following season in 1993–94, recording a 3.61 goals against average (GAA) with a 20–29–6 record. Théodore was drafted that off-season by the Montreal Canadiens 44th overall in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft.
	Théodore returned to the Lynx upon his draft in 1994–95, but was traded early in the season to the Hull Olympiques. In 43 games with his new team in the regular season, Théodore posted a 2.97 GAA with a 27-14-1 record to be awarded the Ford Cup as the top defensive player and be named to the QMJHL Second All-Star Team. Théodore went on to lead the Olympiques to the President's Cup as QMJHL champions, winning the Guy Lafleur Trophy as playoff MVP. Earning a berth in the 1995 Memorial Cup, the Olympiques finished in last place in the tournament.
	Following the 1995 major junior playoffs, Théodore made his professional debut, being assigned to the American Hockey League (AHL), where he played one game for the Fredericton Canadiens, Montreal's minor league affiliate, in the 1995 Calder Cup playoffs.
	Théodore played his fourth and final QMJHL season with the Olympiques in 1995–96. Although he was named to his second consecutive Second All-Star Team, the Olympiques failed to defend their QMJHL title. Théodore was injured and missed the first two rounds of the playoffs. He returned later in the semi-final against les Harfangs de Beauport, who were coached by former Hull Olympiques' coach Alain Vigneault. The Olympiques were defeated in five games by les Harfangs, which were led by future NHL goaltender Martin Biron. This was redemption for les Harfangs and Biron, who were defeated by Théodore and the Olympiques in five games in the previous post-season, in 1994–95.
	Théodore spent his first three seasons with the Montreal Canadiens organization, splitting time in the NHL and the AHL, with Montreal's minor league affiliate, the Fredericton Canadiens. He made his Stanley Cup playoffs debut in 1997, winning a 4–3 triple overtime game against the New Jersey Devils, making 56 saves. The following year, he appeared in three playoff games for the Canadiens against the Buffalo Sabres, despite not playing in any regular season games for them that campaign.
	Théodore became a full-time NHLer in 1999–2000, sharing starts with Jeff Hackett. In his first full NHL season, Théodore posted a 12–13–2 record with a 2.10 GAA and .919 save percentage, along with five shutouts. He assumed the starting role over Hackett the following season in 2000–01 and went 20–29–5 in 59 games. During a game on January 2, 2001, Théodore became the sixth goaltender to directly score a goal when he attempted to clear the puck from the defensive zone against the New York Islanders and scored into the empty net, which was vacated by John Vanbiesbrouck for the extra attacker. He became the first NHL goalie to directly score a goal and record a shutout in the same game, as the Canadiens defeated the Islanders 3–0. But he was the second goaltender to be credited with a goal and a shutout in the same game, after Damian Rhodes, who was credited with a goal in a 6–0 win on January 2, 1999.
	Théodore emerged as a world-class goaltender in 2001–02, when he turned in a Vezina- and Hart Memorial Trophy-winning performance with a 30–24–10 record, 2.11 GAA and .931 save percentage. He led the Canadiens into the playoffs as the eighth and final seed in the Eastern Conference, and was a pivotal factor in upsetting the top-ranked Boston Bruins in the first round. He became an immediate fan favorite in the city of Montreal. However, the Canadiens were eliminated by the Carolina Hurricanes the following round in six games.
	Théodore was unable to match his previous season's performance in 2002–03 and ended the season with significantly lower statistics (2.90 GAA and .909 save percentage) to go with a losing record that saw the Canadiens unable to make the playoffs. He bounced back in 2003–04 with a GAA of 2.27 and save percentage of .919. During the season, he participated with the Canadiens in the 2003 Heritage Classic, the NHL's first ever outdoor hockey game. The game was held at Commonwealth Stadium against the Edmonton Oilers, a game which Montreal won 4–3. Playing in sub-zero temperatures, Théodore famously wore a toque over his goalie helmet. He ended the season with a second 30-win campaign, helping the Canadiens qualify for the 2004 playoffs as the seventh seed. They upset the Boston Bruins for the second time in three years in a seven-game opening series, before being eliminated by the top-seeded, eventual Stanley Cup champion Tampa Bay Lightning in four.
	Due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Théodore went overseas to play for Djurgårdens IF of the Swedish Elitserien.
	When NHL play resumed in 2005–06, it was revealed on February 9, 2006, he had failed a random drug test conducted prior to the 2006 Winter Olympics. The failed test was later revealed to be caused by a prescription hair loss medication Propecia, which Théodore had been taking legally for eight years. Propecia contains the drug finasteride, which can be used as a masking agent for the performance-enhancing drug nandrolone among weight-trainers and bodybuilders, but it is not a performance-enhancing drug in itself. Théodore did not face any punishment from the NHL because he had applied and received approval for a therapeutic use exception. However, he did receive a two-year suspension from international play.
	In addition to the drug controversy, Théodore's play with the Canadiens was marked by a significant drop and he was being outperformed by backup Cristobal Huet. Consequently, he was traded at the trade deadline to the Colorado Avalanche on March 8, 2006, in exchange for Swiss goaltender David Aebischer. At the time of the trade, Théodore was on the injured reserve; he strained his Achilles tendon after slipping on the winter ice outside his home. He came off the injured reserve with enough time to play in the last five regular season Avalanche games. His 3.04 GAA with the Avalanche combined with his 3.46 rating earned from his previous play with the Canadiens marked the worst GAA of his career. He was nonetheless designated the starting goalie for the playoffs over Peter Budaj, playing in all nine of Colorado's games over the first two rounds before the Avalanche were swept in four games in the second round by the Anaheim Ducks.
	Théodore's play did not see much improvement the following season, in 2006–07, as he lost the starting role to Budaj with a 13–15–1 record, 3.26 GAA and .891 save percentage. He saw a resurgence in 2007–08 and resumed the starting role with a 2.40 GAA and .910 save percentage. On July 1, 2008, he parted ways with the Avalanche in the off-season and signed a two-year, $9 million contract with the Washington Capitals. He replaced long-time Capitals starter Olaf Kölzig and the previous season's acquisition (as well as former Canadiens teammate) Cristobal Huet, both having departed in free agency. Joining a team that featured young talents Alexander Semin, Nicklas Bäckström, Mike Green and Alexander Ovechkin, Théodore helped lead the Capitals to a division title and entered the 2009 playoffs as the second seed. However, after allowing four goals in a Game 1 loss to the New York Rangers in the opening round, he was pulled in favour of backup Semyon Varlamov. In 2010, Théodore had a 30–7–7 record and tied a Capitals franchise record for consecutive wins (10) and ended the season on a 20–0–4 streak. He started the playoffs but was pulled in Game 2 and replaced again by Varlamov. Théodore did not play any more games as the Capitals were eliminated in seven games in the first round of playoffs, as Jaroslav Halák and the Montreal Canadiens won three consecutive games to overcome a 3–1 deficit to win the series four games to three. Théodore won the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy in 2010.
	On October 1, 2010, Théodore signed a one-year, $1.1 million contract with the Minnesota Wild to serve as backup to Niklas Bäckström. He earned his 250th career victory on January 2, 2011, with a 6–5 overtime victory against the Phoenix Coyotes.
	After an impressive year as a backup in Minnesota, Théodore signed a two-year, $3 million contract with the Florida Panthers on July 1, 2011, to replace Tomáš Vokoun as Florida's starting goaltender. On December 8, 2011, Théodore played in his 600th regular season NHL game, against the Boston Bruins. He recorded 22 wins during the season, as he helped the Panthers return to the playoffs for the first time since 2000. Despite having home ice advantage in the first round, the Panthers would lose Game 7 to the New Jersey Devils in double overtime, 3–2, with Théodore stopping 33 of 36 shots. He would spend one more year as Florida's starter, which was cut short by injury, and then he was not retained by the club in the summer of 2013.
	Théodore played for Team Canada at the 1996 World Junior Championships in Boston during his fourth major junior season. He posted a 4–0–0 record with a 1.50 GAA to earn Best Goaltender and Tournament All-Star honours, en route to Canada's fourth straight gold medal at the tournament.
	Théodore made his debut for Canada's men's team in the 2001 World Championship. He recorded two shutouts and a 1.63 GAA, but Canada was defeated in the quarter-finals by the United States. In 2004, he played backup for Team Canada at the World Cup, seeing Canada defeat Finland in the final to capture the championship.
	Théodore's father, Theodore (Ted) Théodore , is of Macedonian descent, while his mother is of Spanish descent. On December 15, 2004, his father and half-brother pleaded guilty to charges of loansharking and possession of a restricted weapon. In February 2005, the 71-year-old Ted Théodore was issued a $30,000 fine, but no jail time.
	Théodore has one child, Romy (born March 22, 2006), with his wife Stéphanie Cloutier. Cloutier gave birth to their second child, Chace (born prematurely) in the summer of 2009. On August 20, 2009, the Washington Capitals and Théodore's sister-in-law reported his two-month-old son, Chace, had died.
	Théodore founded Saves for Kids, a charity to benefit the NICU at Children's National Medical Center in Washington, D.C.
	In December 2013, TVA Sports announced Théodore would join the network as an analyst for its NHL coverage beginning in the 2014–15 season. In 2014, he joined the staff of the "Journal de Montréal" as a hockey columnist.

= = = Fixed (EP) = = =

	Fixed is the second extended play (EP) by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails. It was released on December 7, 1992, by Nothing, TVT, and Interscope Records. It serves as a companion release to "Broken" (1992), and includes remixes by Coil, Danny Hyde, JG Thirlwell, and Butch Vig, as well as then-live band members Chris Vrenna and James Woolley.
	"Fixed" charted in New Zealand and Canada in 1993 and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on March 1, 1995.
	According to Trent Reznor, Nine Inch Nails frontman and, at the time, sole member, "Fixed" was not intended to be a remix album, but instead a reinterpretation and deconstruction of the music found on the 1992 EP "Broken", where the songs were in their "proper form".
	After Reznor hired Peter Christopherson of Coil to direct the accompanying film to "Broken", they developed a friendship. Shortly after, Reznor asked Christopherson to contribute to "Fixed". JG Thirlwell and Butch Vig were also recruited for the remixing effort. Thirwell's second "Wish" remix, "Fist Fuck", features samples of Timothy Leary while the final track, "Screaming Slave", contains various samples of Bob Flanagan being tortured that were recorded during the filming of the "Happiness in Slavery" music video. Ultimately, Vig's contributions were minimal, relegated to the ending passage of "Throw This Away". About the experience, Vig said, "I started recording a lot of new parts, and took it in a much different direction. When it was finished, Trent thought the front part of the mix didn't fit the EP, so he just used the ending." Reznor, Chris Vrenna, and James Woolley completed many of the remixes in-house. 
	Musically, "Fixed" is a dark, industrial, and noisy EP. Much of "Broken"'s heavy metal aspects are eschewed and replaced with more beat- and drum-focused sounds. Tape manipulation, unusual noises, and a focus on grinding repetition define "Fixed" as a distinctly experimental release.
	After Christopherson and John Balance, the two members of Coil who worked on "Fixed", died, Danny Hyde released a number of outtakes from the remix EP, the "Closer to God" (1994) single, and the "Further Down the Spiral" (1995) remix album onto torrent websites. This initial leak was titled "Uncoiled", and a later semi-official release through Cold Spring was called "Recoiled". Both of these releases feature alternate mixes of "Gave Up" from "Fixed".
	In his review of "Fixed", AllMusic writer Peter J. D'Angelo said, "Even though Nine Inch Nails was thrust into the mainstream spotlight, this record shows the group returning to its roots and creating a daring new translation of songs that were pummeling from the start." D'Angelo concluded his review by writing that "Fixed" is "an impressive feat and a necessary counterpoint to an important record."
	Nine Inch Nails
	Remixing personnel
	Additional personnel

= = = Further Down the Spiral = = =

	Further Down the Spiral is the first remix album by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails. It is the companion remix disc to the band’s second studio album, "The Downward Spiral", and was released on June 1, 1995 in two editions, one denoted as "Halo 10" (released in the United States and in the United Kingdom on the morning of release, to be pulled and replaced with "Halo 10 V2" by lunch time) and the other as "Halo 10 V2" (released in Japan, Australia, and the UK), each containing a different set of tracks.
	The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on June 26, 1996, denoting sales in excess of 500,000 copies in the US. "Further Down the Spiral" showed a more varied and experimental point of view to the original and boasted many high-profile remixers and contributors including Aphex Twin, JG Thirlwell, Rick Rubin with Dave Navarro and Coil with Danny Hyde.
	The discs include remixes of "Mr. Self Destruct", "Piggy", "Hurt", "Eraser", "The Downward Spiral", "Heresy", "Reptile", and "Ruiner", as well as two original compositions by Aphex Twin.
	Aphex Twin's two contributions to "Further Down the Spiral" are not remixes but rather new works composed specifically for the album. Aphex Twin is the performance moniker of British electronic musician Richard D. James, who was quoted about his various "remixes" as saying "I never heard the originals, I still haven't. I don't want to either, or my remixes for that matter." Both tracks would later appear in shortened form on Aphex Twin's 2003 compilation "26 Mixes for Cash". "At the Heart of It All" shares its name with a Coil piece from their 1984 LP "Scatology".
	In an interview from 1998, Coil describe the manner in which Reznor prepared the multitracks:
	John Balance: 
	"It's good to get something Trent will send you because he'll send you a really precise, clean, good sounding master tape where you can take all the sections out and you can rearrange it totally. You get spoiled because such a good clean master comes to you, and you can say "Wow!" and rip it to shreds and do whatever you want."
	Peter Christopherson: 
	"I think though, the last things we did for him, we actually got Studio-Vision discs, with everything already laid out. He is very organized by the way." 
	In posts on the Gearslutz forum, former Nine Inch Nails collaborator Charlie Clouser described how he put his contributions together:
	Heresy remix = Studiovision triggering 2x NuBus Samplecell-1 8mb cards and 4 audio tracks of Protools-16. 1 track lead vox, 2 tracks gtr fx, 1 track for preachers and misc. Yes, 4 tracks of audio. First SampleCell loaded with drums and stuff, second one loaded with chopped gtr riffs. 8 megs each.
	No Xpander. Bit-crushed "pox" arpeggios and distant descending melody from Emax SEHD rack with modwheel filter control. All guitars chopped into riffs and put in samplecells then retriggered from keyboard. Wild pitch fx on guitars by HyperPrism standalone (no plugins in those days). Backwards vocal fx by... it's a secret. Outboard filtering on guitars by Arp Solus via MPU-101 and maybe Peavey Spectrum Filter. Lead vox flattened with L1 offline in SD2 (again, no plugins in DAWs back then).
	Mixed on Mackie 32x8 with no compressors or outboard eq. Send fx (incl. vox verb and delay) from QuadraVerb+ and maybe DP4. The phasey sound on guitars is either DP4 or else it's just an artifact of the HyperPrism pitch fx. Yes, Alesis Quadraverb and a Mackie 8-buss.
	"Ruiner" remix? That had a sine-wave portamento sound that was actually "Init Voice" on the original DX-7 put through Arp Solus filter for gating fx. ... I loved that "Init Voice" patch. I wonder who programmed it?

= = = Bernie Geoffrion = = =

	Joseph Bernard André Geoffrion (; February 14, 1931 – March 11, 2006), nicknamed Boom Boom, was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach. Generally considered as one of the innovators of the slapshot, he was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1972 following a 16-year career with the Montreal Canadiens and New York Rangers of the National Hockey League. In 2017 Geoffrion was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history.
	Geoffrion was born in Montreal, Quebec, and began playing in the NHL in 1951. He earned the nickname "Boom Boom" for his thundering slapshot (which Geoffrion claimed to have 'invented' as a youngster ) from sportswriter Charlie Boire of the "Montreal Star" in the late 1940s while playing junior hockey for the Laval Nationale. He was the second player in NHL history to score 50 goals in one season, the first being teammate Maurice Richard. Half the time, he played left-wing on Montreal's front line with fellow superstars Richard and Jean Béliveau, helping the Canadiens to six Stanley Cup championships, and at other times was right wing on the No. 2 line. But Geoffrion had a hard time convincing the NHL of his considerable talents; Maurice Richard, Jean Beliveau, Bobby Hull (Chicago Blackhawks) and Gordie Howe (Detroit Red Wings) were so good that they overshadowed him. Even after Geoffrion won the Art Ross Trophy as league scoring champion in 1955, NHL First All-Star honours went to Richard, while Geoffrion only was selected to the second.
	However, Geoffrion's resulting anger was nothing compared to the Montreal Forum fans when Geoffrion scored one goal while crowd-favourite Richard was suspended, and at the time had led the NHL scoring race. The Wings beat the Canadiens in the final round in seven games that year, exactly the same result of the previous season. "I couldn't deliberately "not" score, that isn't the point of hockey, Montreal," complained Geoffrion, but fans regardless kept catcalling and jeering him. "I was so feeling the urge to vomit; I felt terrible," Geoffrion emotionally admitted. "Even thinking about hockey made me feel bad, man did I want to leave. If it had not been for Jean (Béliveau) and Maurice (Richard) visiting, I would have. Usually, it's not too much to expect to be on the First (All-Star) Team when you have more points than anyone else."
	Early in his playing career, he had a reputation for letting his temper get the best of him. One such example occurred late in the second period of a Canadiens' 3–1 loss to the Rangers at Madison Square Garden on December 20, 1953. With a two-handed swing, Geoffrion's stick made contact with the left side of Ron Murphy's face, resulting in a broken jaw and concussion. The injuries ended Murphy's season. Geoffrion was suspended for the remaining matches between the two teams in that campaign.
	In a testament to the rough-and-tumble style of play of that era, Geoffrion broke his nose six times, and received over 400 stitches. In 1958, a training accident severely injured him and his life was saved by emergency surgery. Despite advice from his doctors to stop playing for a season, Geoffrion was on the ice six weeks later to take part in the 1958 Stanley Cup Final.
	Geoffrion first retired in 1964 and became head coach of les AS de Québec of the American Hockey League (AHL), but returned two seasons later to play for the New York Rangers. Likely the reason for his first retirement was Béliveau (who was not one of three alternate captains), getting appointed team captain in 1961. This was following the Rocket's retirement in 1960 and Doug Harvey's trade to the Rangers in 1961 (he only lasted a year with the C). Geoffrion, who "had" had an A, was devastated by the decision to go with Béliveau.
	"If I didn't keep suffering all those terrible injuries and yet keep coming back, if I weren't fit to lead, would I have gotten the C and kept playing?" asked Geoffrion, who had, in the 1961 semifinals, had a hurt leg and insisted, even so, that Harvey cut a cast off it so he could play. "Yes, I think I would. There were times when everybody kept telling me to quit. My doctor even told me I should stop playing, but I came back."
	In 1968 he finally retired as a player and became coach of the Rangers, but resigned after only 43 games due to ulcers in his stomach. In 1972 he became the first coach of the Atlanta Flames, and held the position for two and a half seasons, leading them to their first playoff appearance in 1974. However, 52 games into his third season, he had to resign due to health problems yet again. Geoffrion moved to the Flames' broadcast booth, where he became the colour commentator alongside veteran play-by-play man Jiggs McDonald. He realized a longtime dream of coaching his beloved Canadiens in 1979, but his recurring stomach ailment forced him to step down mid-season.
	In the 1970s and into the 1980s, Geoffrion appeared in several television commercials for Miller Lite beer, part of their stable of retired athletes-turned-spokesmen which also included Billy Martin and Bob Uecker.
	Geoffrion was the son of Jean-Baptiste Geoffrion, a restaurant owner, and his wife, Florina Poitras. He grew up in Drolet, a suburb east of Montreal. Geoffrion was a direct descendant of Pierre Joffrion and his wife Marie Priault, early French settlers in the colony of Montreal. Marie Priault was a King's Daughter.
	Geoffrion's widow Marlene is the daughter of fellow Hockey Hall of Famer Howie Morenz and the granddaughter of the sister of the wife of Billy Coutu, the only player banned from the NHL for life. Geoffrion's son Dan (born January 24, 1958) played five seasons of professional hockey, which included stops with the Quebec Nordiques of the World Hockey Association in 1978–79, Canadiens in 1979–80 (with his father as coach), and Winnipeg Jets in 1980–81. His grandson Blake Geoffrion (born February 3, 1988) played for the Nashville Predators and Montreal Canadiens in the NHL. Dan's younger sons, Sebastian and Brice, played for the University of Alabama in Huntsville Chargers. Geoffrion's son-in-law, Hartland Monahan, played in the NHL for several teams in the 1970s, and his grandson Shane Monahan played Major League Baseball for the Seattle Mariners in the late 1990s.
	The Canadiens announced on October 15, 2005, that Geoffrion's uniform number, 5, would be retired on March 11, 2006. On March 8, Geoffrion was diagnosed with stomach cancer after a surgical procedure uncovered it. Doctors attempted to remove the tumour but found that the cancer had spread. Geoffrion died in Atlanta, Georgia, on March 11, the day his jersey number was to be retired.
	During his remarks at the pre-game retirement ceremony, Geoffrion's son Bob recounted how his parents had once gone to a boxing match at the Montreal Forum and that Geoffrion had told his wife Marlene that his own number would someday hang from the rafters beside that of her father, Howie Morenz. Fulfilling that prophecy, and in further recognition of the special link between the Morenz and Geoffrion families, the two numbers were raised side by side (Morenz's banner was lowered halfway and was raised back up to the rafters with Geoffrion's banner). Traded to the Montreal Canadiens by the Nashville Predators on February 17, 2012, Blake Geoffrion decided to honor both his grandfather Geoffrion, as well as his great-grandfather Morenz, by wearing #57.

= = = Larry Robinson = = =

	Larry Clark Robinson (born June 2, 1951) is a Canadian former ice hockey coach, executive and player. His coaching career includes head coaching positions with the New Jersey Devils (on which he held on two separate occasions), as well as the Los Angeles Kings. For his play in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Montreal Canadiens and Los Angeles Kings, Robinson was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1995. He was also inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 2014. In 2017, Robinson was named one of the "100 Greatest NHL Players". Larry is the brother of Moe Robinson.
	Larry Robinson played Junior 'A' hockey with the Brockville Braves of the CJHL and Juniors with the Kitchener Rangers then turned professional, spending 1971 to 1973 with the Nova Scotia Voyageurs of the American Hockey League before making it to the National Hockey League with the Montreal Canadiens.
	Nicknamed ""Big Bird"" in part for his size (6'4" and 225 pounds), Robinson was a big and strong yet highly mobile defenceman. He played 17 seasons for the Montreal Canadiens and another three seasons for the Los Angeles Kings, until his retirement after the 1992 season. He won the James Norris Memorial Trophy twice (1976-77 and 1979-80) as the league's most outstanding defenceman and won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the 1978 playoffs. He was named to the league's first all-star team thrice and the second all-star team also thrice. His peak years were 1976-77 to 1980-81, although he had a strong comeback season at age 34 in 1985-86 when he was again named to the second all-star team and scored 82 points, just three shy of his career high of 85 (1976-77). Robinson was a dominant player whose talent and leadership helped lead the Canadiens to six Stanley Cups.
	Robinson was a member of Team Canada in the 1976, 1981 and 1984 Canada Cup tournaments and was an international All-Star team selection in the 1981 IIHF World Championships. During his career, he played in ten of the league's All-Star games and ended his 20-year career having scored 208 goals, 750 assists and 958 regular-season points as well as 144 points in 227 playoff games, a remarkable achievement for a defenceman. He holds an impressive career plus-minus rating of +730, the NHL career record, including an overwhelming +120 in 1976–77 (second only to Bobby Orr's record plus-124 in 1970–71, and with Orr, the only two players to have a plus-minus rating of +100 or greater for a season). He won the Stanley Cup six times with the Canadiens, in 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, and 1986. Together with Nicklas Lidstrom, Robinson holds the NHL record for most consecutive playoff seasons with 20, 17 of them with the Canadiens.
	Robinson has been honoured for his playing career. In 1995, he was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. In 1998, he was ranked number 24 on "The Hockey News"' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players. In 2000, he was inducted into the Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame. On November 19, 2007, the Canadiens retired Robinson's No. 19 jersey before a loss against the Ottawa Senators. Larry Robinson's name appears on the Stanley Cup ten times, six as a player, three as a coach and once as a scout.
	Following his retirement, Robinson was hired as an assistant coach with the New Jersey Devils in 1993. After winning the Stanley Cup in 1995 with the Devils, he was hired as head coach of the Los Angeles Kings, the same year he was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. He left the Los Angeles team at the end of the 1998–99 season and signed on as an assistant coach with the New Jersey Devils once again. Named interim head coach of the New Jersey Devils on March 23, 2000, Robinson guided his team to win the 2000 Stanley Cup. With the victory, Robinson became the first interim head coach in NHL history to guide a team to the Stanley Cup. The feat would later be accomplished by Craig Berube in 2019. Robinson recounted to journalist Scott Morrison: 
	He stayed on as head coach for the next year and again guided the Devils to the Stanley Cup finals, where they lost against the Colorado Avalanche in seven games.
	Robinson was fired during the 2001–02 season, but returned as an assistant coach just before the 2002–03 season to win his 9th Stanley Cup in 2003.
	When Pat Burns suffered a recurrence of cancer, Robinson again assumed the mantle of head coach on July 14, 2005. This stint came to an end on December 19, 2005, when Robinson resigned, citing stress and other health problems.
	Robinson returned to the Devils prior to the 2007–08 season as an assistant coach under Brent Sutter. Prior to the 2008–09 season, Robinson left from behind the Devils' bench to become a special assignment coach between the organization's prospects in Lowell, Mass., and the Devils.
	Robinson's contract ended with the New Jersey Devils in the summer of 2012. He indicated he was interested in becoming an assistant coach with the Montreal Canadiens, however that post was filled with former Hab J.J. Daigneault soon after. Robinson then was appointed an associate coach with the San Jose Sharks on July 10, 2012. On May 23, 2014, the Sharks added director of player development to Robinson's role. In 2017, at the end of his five-year contract with the Sharks, Robinson left the organization. He is currently a Senior Consultant to Hockey Operations for the St. Louis Blues.
	With the St. Louis Blues defeating the Boston Bruins in the 2019 Stanley Cup Finals, Robinson won his tenth Stanley Cup championship.
	Robinson was raised on a Marvelville, Ontario farm and as a boy, he grew up with a love of horses. While living in the rural area of St-Lazare outside of Montreal, Robinson became a co-founder with former teammate Steve Shutt, Michael Sinclair-Smith and local veterinarian Dr. Gilbert Hallé of the Montreal Polo Club at Sainte-Marthe, Quebec.
	While playing in Los Angeles, Robinson became involved in the sport of thoroughbred horse racing through a partnership with Kings owner Bruce McNall's Summa Stable. Among their racing successes, Down Again won the 1990 Monrovia Handicap at Santa Anita Park.

= = = March of the Pigs = = =

	"March of the Pigs" is a song by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails from their second studio album, "The Downward Spiral" (1994). It was released on February 25, 1994 as the album's lead single.
	"March of the Pigs" has an unusual meter, alternating three bars of 7/8 time with one bar of 8/8 time (in effect, a 29/8 time signature). According to the liner notes, the song has a BPM rate of 269. The song's high energy (analogous to a previous NIN track, "Wish"), segued by two piano breakdowns, has made it a staple of NIN's live concert performances. It is also one of the band's shortest hit songs, clocking in at just under three minutes.
	After abandoning a more elaborate version before filming could be completed, Reznor and the live band assembled for the then-impending Self Destruct Tour (featuring drummer Chris Vrenna, keyboard player James Woolley, guitarist Robin Finck and bassist/guitarist/keyboardist Danny Lohner) regrouped with director Peter Christopherson to film a stripped-down, minimalist music video for the song. The video, released in March 1994, features the band performing the song live in front of a white wall backdrop, with Reznor moving around aggressively, pushing the other band members and their instruments, and repeatedly tossing his microphone away. Throughout the video, stagehands visibly move into the frame to reset the equipment he knocks over, handing Reznor a microphone each time he needs to start singing again after an instrumental section. The bulk of the video appears to be filmed in one long take, with the camera zooming and panning continuously. When Reznor appeared as a guest programmer on the ABC Rage TV program, he explained that they just kept playing the song over and over to the point of exhaustion to get the final take. The video uses the live performance audio of the song recorded at the video shoot, rather than synchronizing the footage to the studio-recorded version from the album as most music videos do. This version of the song is also included on the "Closer" cassette single.
	Portions of the earlier, uncompleted video are included on the "Closure" DVD disc image file that appeared on file-sharing network The Pirate Bay in December 2006; this file is believed to be a leak of a completed but (so far) officially unreleased deluxe DVD reissue of the band's 1997 VHS/laserdisc long form music video "Closure". In this version of the video, the band performs the song in a red cave-like set with water at their feet, and a person with dwarfism appears.
	Live performance videos of "March of the Pigs" are included on each of the band's live releases: "Closure", "And All that Could Have Been", and "Beside You in Time".
	The American "March of the Pigs" CD single contains two mixes of the title track, two remixes of its fellow "The Downward Spiral" track "Reptile," and "A Violet Fluid," a non-album instrumental track. In the UK, the single was released as a two-disc (each sold separately) CD single, adding a censored radio edit of "March of the Pigs" and "Big Man With a Gun" from "The Downward Spiral". The disc art for this single features a curled-up millipede, an image that was later used on the cover of the single "Closer".
	"March of the Pigs" peaked at #98 on the Australian ARIA singles chart.
	Thirteen years after its release, it debuted at #9 and peaked at #6 on the Canadian Singles Chart.
	The song was released as a track for the video game "Rock Band" on February 26, 2008 for Xbox 360 and on February 28 for PlayStation 3. It was available as a standalone download or as part of the 'Nine Inch Nails' song pack (also including "The Perfect Drug" and "The Collector"). It was also featured on "Rock Band Track Pack Vol. 1" for the PlayStation 2 and the Wii, alongside the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.
	In a 1994 episode of "Beavis & Butt-head", the boys watch the video for "March of the Pigs" and enjoy much of the song except for the piano parts. After Trent Reznor knocks over his microphone at the end of the video, Beavis says, "Thank you very much. We're Nine Inch Nails." somewhat dismissively, with Butt-head adding "Good night."

= = = Quercus petraea = = =

	Quercus petraea, commonly known as the sessile oak, Cornish oak, or durmast oak, is a species of oak tree native to most of Europe and into Anatolia and Iran.
	The sessile oak is the national tree of the Republic of Ireland, and an unofficial emblem in Wales and Cornwall.
	The sessile oak is a large deciduous tree up to tall, in the white oak section of the genus ("Quercus" sect. "Quercus") and similar to the pedunculate oak, "Q. robur", with which it overlaps extensively in range. The leaves are long and broad, evenly lobed with five to six lobes on each side, and a petiole. The male flowers are called catkins, produced in the spring. The fruit is an acorn long and broad, which matures in about six months.
	Significant botanical differences from pedunculate oak ("Quercus robur") include the stalked leaves, and the stalkless (sessile) acorns from which one of its common names is derived. It occurs in upland areas over with higher rainfall and shallow, acidic, sandy soils. Its specific epithet "petraea" means "of rocky places". "Quercus robur", on the other hand, prefers deeper, richer soils at lower altitude. Fertile hybrids with "Quercus robur" named "Quercus × rosacea" are found wherever the two parent species occur and share or are intermediate in characters between the parents.
	Charles Darwin, in Chapter II of "On the Origin of Species", noted that the sessile and pedunculate oaks had been described as both distinct species and mere varieties depending on the authority consulted.
	Sessile oak is one of the most important species in Europe both economically and ecologically. Oak timber is traditionally used for building, ships and furniture. Today the best woods are used for quality cabinetmaking, veneers and barrel staves. Rougher material is used for fence construction, roof beams and specialist building work. It is also a good fuel wood. During autumns with good acorn crops (the mast years) animals are traditionally grazed under the trees to fatten them.
	In cultivation, this tree has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
	What was considered to be the oldest oak tree in the UK was a sessile oak, the Pontfadog Oak. This grew near Chirk in North Wales. It was understood to be over 1,200 years old, an age that was due to regular pollarding for much of its life. The hollow trunk had a girth of . It was lost in April 2013 when it blew down in high winds.

= = = Aurèle Joliat = = =

	Aurèle Émile "Mighty Atom, Little Giant" Joliat (August 29, 1901 – June 2, 1986) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who played 16 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Canadiens.
	Joliat began his organized hockey career in 1916, playing for several Canadian amateur teams in Ottawa and Iroquois Falls, Ontario. In 1922, however, Joliat was awarded to the Montreal Canadiens in compensation for the Saskatoon Sheiks of the Western Canada Hockey League signing aging superstar Newsy Lalonde. At first, the deal of an unknown for the greatest player in the game was wildly unpopular with Habs fans, but the "Little Giant" proved an immediate success on the ice. The following season, Joliat helped the Canadiens to the Stanley Cup in 1924 over the WCHL's Calgary Tigers. He helped the Canadiens win two more cups in 1930 and 1931.
	Joliat proved noteworthy as a two-way forward, particularly for the ability to counterattack after a breakup. Despite his lack of size—at 5′7″ and 136 lbs, Joliat was one of the smallest players in the game—he was also notable for a refusal to back off from on-ice confrontations.
	His breakout season was 1925, when teamed with Howie Morenz and Billy Boucher, Joliat scored 29 goals to lead the NHL, and his 41 points would be a career high. He would remain an impact scorer for the Habs through the 1938 season, and retired the following year, reportedly devastated by Morenz's recent death.
	Joliat finished his career with 270 goals and 460 points in 655 games.
	He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1947. 
	In a 1985 Montreal Canadiens Old-Timers game, Joliat skated around the Montreal Forum to a huge ovation as a "special treat" for the fans. Despite falling twice over TV cables on the ice, he quickly stood up and finished his skate, the trademark black cap he wore back in his playing days held in his hand.
	Joliat continued to skate along Ottawa's Rideau Canal well into his 80s and died at the age of 84 in 1986; after seeing his beloved Canadiens win their 23rd Stanley Cup earlier that year and was buried in Notre Dame Cemetery in Ottawa, Ontario.

= = = List of members of the United Nations Security Council = = =

	Membership of the United Nations Security Council is held by the five permanent members and ten elected, non-permanent members. Prior to 1966, there were six elected members, while the permanent members have in essence not changed since the creation of the United Nations in 1945, apart from the representation of China. Elected members hold their place on the Council for a two-year term, and half of these places are contested each year. To ensure geographical continuity, a certain number of members is allocated for each of the five UN regional groupings.
	In addition, one of the non-permanent members of the council is an Arab country, alternately from the African or Asia-Pacific groups. This rule was added to the system in 1967 for it to be applied beginning with 1968.
	Each year the UN General Assembly elects five new members for a two-year term; these elections always begin in October of the year, and continue until the two-thirds majority for the number of countries for each region has been reached. Re-election is allowed, but the term must not be consecutive.
<nowiki>*</nowiki> The representative of Arab nations alternates between these two elected spaces.
	From 1946 to 1965, the security council included six non-permanent members. The regional grouping at that time was:
	There were some exceptions to this grouping: Liberia took the place of a Western European country in 1961; the Ivory Coast substituted a member of the Commonwealth in 1964–1965; and the Eastern Europe group included Asian countries from 1956.
	As part of a proposed expansion of the Security Council, Brazil, Germany, India and Japan, collectively the "Group of 4" or "G4 nations", are seeking permanent representation on this body. Italy opposed the expansion of the Security Council through the establishment of the group Uniting for Consensus.
	This list contains the 133 United Nations member states so far elected to the United Nations Security Council, including the five permanent members, all listed by number of years each country has so far spent on the UNSC. Of all the members, 6 have so far ceased to exist, leaving the list with 127 modern nations. These, combined with the 66 modern nations that have never been elected to the UNSC to date (see Non-members, below), make up the entirety of the 193 current members of the UN.
	"Years on the Security Council, , including current year where relevant" :
	The following countries have made known their applications for future United Nations Security Council membership:
	Serbia as a member of the Eastern European Group has also expressed their wish to apply for United Nations Security Council membership in the future, but did not specify any term.
	As of July 2011, there are currently 193 members of the United Nations and five permanent members of the Security Council. The other ten seats are assigned amongst the remaining 188 members. As a result, many members have never been on the Security Council. The following list is a summary of all countries, currently 66 modern nations and three historical ones, that have never been a member of the United Nations Security Council. The three historical UN members listed are Tanganyika, Zanzibar, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

= = = The American University in Cairo = = =

	The American University in Cairo (AUC; "") is an independent, English language, private, research university in Cairo, Egypt. The university offers American-style learning programs at the undergraduate, graduate and professional levels, along with a continuing education program.
	The AUC student body represents over 50 countries. AUC's faculty members, adjunct teaching staff and visiting lecturers are internationally diverse and include academics, business professionals, diplomats, journalists, writers and others from the United States, Egypt and other countries.
	AUC holds institutional accreditation from the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE) and from Egypt's National Authority for Quality Assurance and Assessment of Education.
	The American University in Cairo was founded in 1919 by American Mission in Egypt, a Protestant mission sponsored by the United Presbyterian Church of North America, as an English-language university and preparatory school. University founder Charles A. Watson wanted to establish a western institution for higher education.
	AUC was intended as both a preparatory school and a university. The preparatory school opened to 142 students on October 5, 1920, in Khairy Pasha palace, which was built in the 1860s. The first diplomas issued were junior college-level certificates given to 20 students in 1923.
	There were disputes between Watson, who was interested in building the university's academic reputation, and United Presbyterian leaders in the United States who sought to return the university to its Christian roots. Four years later, Watson decided that the university could not afford to maintain its original religious ties and that its best hope was the promotion of good moral and ethical behavior.
	Originally limited to male students, the university enrolled its first female student in 1928. That same year, the University graduated its first class, with two Bachelor of Arts and one Bachelor of Sciences degrees awarded.
	In 1950, AUC added its first graduate programs to its ongoing bachelor of arts, bachelor of sciences, graduate diploma, and continuing education programs, and in 1951, phased out the preparatory school program. During the Six-Day War, AUC avoided being nationalized, although most American faculty were forced to leave the country. By the mid-1970s, the university offered a broad range of liberal arts and sciences programs. In the following years, the university added bachelors, masters, and diploma programs in engineering, management, computer science, journalism and mass communication and sciences programs, as well as establishing a number of research centers in strategic areas, including business, the social sciences, philanthropy and civic engagement, and science and technology. In the 1950s, the university also changed its name from The American University at Cairo, replacing "at" with "in."
	The American University in Cairo Press was established in 1960. By 2016, it was publishing up to 80 books annually.
	In 1978, the university established the Desert Development Center to promote sustainable development in Egypt's reclaimed desert areas. The Desert Development Center's legacy is being carried forward by the Research Institute for a Sustainable Environment.
	Faculty voted "no confidence" in university president Francis J. Ricciardone in February 2019. In a letter to the president, the faculty cited "low morale, complaints about his management style, grievances over contracts and accusations of illegal discrimination" with tensions further increasing when Ricciardone invited U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to give a speech at the university.
	On February 11, 2019, the Board of Trustees of the American University in Cairo reaffirms its continued confidence and unqualified support for President Francis J. Ricciardone. In May 2019, the Board of Trustees extended his tenure till June 2024.
	AUC was originally established in Tahrir Square in downtown Cairo. The 7.8-acre Tahrir Square campus was developed around the Khairy Pasha Palace. Built in the neo-Mamluk style, the palace inspired an architectural style that has been replicated throughout Cairo. Ewart Hall was established in 1928, named for William Dana Ewart, the father of an American visitor to the campus, who made a gift of $100,000 towards the cost of construction on the condition that she remain anonymous. The structure was designed by A. St. John Diament, abutting the south side of the Palace. The central portion of the building houses an auditorium large enough to seat 1,200, as well as classrooms, offices and exhibition galleries. The school's continued growth required additional space, and in 1932, a new building was dedicated to house the School of Oriental Studies. East of Ewart Hall, the building featured Oriental Hall, an auditorium and reception room built and decorated in an adaptation of traditional styles, yet responsive to the architectural style of its own time.
	Over time AUC added more buildings to what has become known as THE GrEEK CAMPUS, for a total of five buildings and 250,000 square feet in downtown Cairo. Sadat Metro was developed with access to the campus, and its main lines intersect near there. Also nearby is the Ramses Railway Station. The campus wall on Mohamed Mahmoud Street still has revolutionary graffiti put up. The American University in Cairo made an initiative and tried to preserve the wall graffiti.[] Many admirers published and even documented these graffiti by collecting images/photos of the mural taken by visitors, who were present during this historic period.
	In the fall of 2008, AUC left the Greek Campus and officially inaugurated AUC New Cairo, a new 260-acre suburban campus in New Cairo, a satellite city about 20 miles (and 45 minutes) from the downtown campus. New Cairo is a governmental development comprising 46,000 acres of land with a projected population of 2.5 million people. AUC New Cairo provides advanced facilities for research and learning, as well as all the modern resources needed to support campus life. In its master plan for the new campus, the university mandated that the campus express the university's values as a liberal arts institution, in what is essentially a non-Western context with deep traditional roots and high aspirations. The new campus is intended to serve as a case study for how architectural harmony and diversity can coexist creatively and how tradition and modernity can appeal to the senses. Campus spaces serve as virtual laboratories for the study of desert development, biological sciences, and the symbiotic relationship between environment and community. The two campuses together host 36 undergraduate programs and 46 graduate programs. The New Cairo campus offers six schools and ten research centers.
	The Research Centers Building houses the AUC Forum, the Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Center for American Studies, the John D. Gerhart Center for Philanthropy and Civic Engagement, and the Yousef Jameel Science and Technology Research Center.
	The Dr. Hamza AlKholi Information Center houses AUC's offices for enrollment, admissions, student financial affairs and student services. The Howard Theatre is located at The Hatem and Janet Mostafa Core Academic Center, along with the Mansour Group Lecture Hall, the Academic Advising Center and the Office of the Dean of Undergraduate Studies.
	The AUC Center for the Arts includes two theaters: the Malak Gabr Arts and the Gerhart, as well as the Sharjah Art Gallery and offices for the Department of Performing and Visual Arts.
	The university's Campus Center provides students with a communal area to eat, congregate, organize trips, and attend campus-wide events. Inside the building are a bookstore, gift shop, bank, travel office and the main dining room. There is also a daycare center, a faculty lounge and the Office of Student Services, the Travel Office and the AUC Press Campus shop.
	Near the Campus Center is the student-housing complex. Across from the student residences is the three-story AUC Sports Center, including a 2,000-seat multipurpose court, a jogging track, six squash courts, martial arts and exercise studios, a free weight studio, and training courts. Outdoor facilities include a 2,000-seat track and field stadium, swimming pool, soccer field, jogging and cycling track, and courts for tennis, basketball, handball and volleyball.
	Housing one of the largest English-language collections in the region, AUC's five-story library includes space for 600,000 volumes in the main library and 100,000 volumes in the Rare Books and Special Collections Library; locked carrels; computer workstations; video and audio production and editing labs; and comprehensive resources for digitizing, microfilming and preserving documents. In addition, on the plaza level of the library, the Learning Commons emphasizes group and collaborative learning. This unique area integrates independent study, interactive learning, multimedia and technology rooms, and copy and writing centers.
	AUC New Cairo was built using 24,000 tons of reinforcing steel, as well as 115,000 square meters of stone, marble, granite cladding and flooring. More than 7,000 workers worked two shifts on the construction site.
	Sandstone for the walls of campus buildings was provided by a single quarry in Kom Ombo, 50 kilometers north of Aswan. The stone arrived by truck in giant multi-ton blocks, which were cut and shaped for walls, arches and other uses at a stone-cutting plant built on the site. The walls were constructed according to energy management systems which reduce campus air conditioning and heating energy use by at least 50 percent as compared to conventional construction methods. More than 75 percent of the stone in the Alumni Wall that circles the campus was recycled from stone that would otherwise have been discarded as waste after cutting.
	A 1.6-kilometer service tunnel that runs beneath the central avenue along the spine of AUC's campus is a key element to making its overall pedestrian nature possible. Services accessible via the tunnel include all deliveries and pickups from campus buildings, fiber optic and technology-related wiring, major electrical conduits and plumbing for hot water, domestic water and chilled water for air conditioning. All other pipes for sewage, natural gas, irrigation and fire fighting are buried on the campus, outside the tunnel, around buildings as needed for their purposes.
	Margaret Scobey, former US Ambassador to Egypt, was among the guests at the inauguration in February 2009. In her remarks, Scobey said, 
“The new demands of our new world raise the importance of education. We need our future leaders to be diverse and to have a diverse educational experience…Perhaps most importantly, we need leaders who are dedicated to developing a true respect for each other if we are going to effectively work together to harness these forces of change for the greater good.”Ambassador Scobey also delivered a message of congratulations to AUC from US President Barack Obama.
	In 2013 AUC signed a 10-year lease agreement with Tahrir Alley Technology Park (TATP), a Cairo-based company that intends to keep the Greek Campus name, to operate the Greek Campus. AUC will retain full ownership. It turned over five buildings to TATP. This campus is to be developed as a technology park, encouraging start-ups and development of small businesses. TATP has said it will provide space on campus for approved artists.
	The Urban Land Institute based in the United States recognized AUC's new campus design and construction with a special award recognizing its energy efficiency, its architecture, its capacity for community development.
	The American University in Cairo is an independent educational institution governed by a Board of Trustees. In addition, a panel of trustees "emeriti" functions as an advisory board. The Board has its own by-laws and elects a chairperson for an annual term. There are no students on the Board.
	Francis Ricciardone is the current President of AUC. Ricciardone assumed office on July 1, 2016. In February 2019, the faculty of the American University overwhelmingly voted that they had "no confidence" in Ricciardone's leadership. In a letter to the president, the faculty cited "low morale, complaints about his management style, grievances over contracts and accusations of illegal discrimination" with tensions further increasing when Ricciardone invited U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to give a speech at the university.
	AUC offers 37 bachelor's degrees, 44 master's degrees, and 2 doctoral degrees in applied sciences and engineering in addition to a wide range of graduate diplomas in five schools: Business, Global Affairs and Public Policy, Humanities and Social Sciences, Sciences and Engineering, and the Graduate School of Education. The university's English-language liberal arts environment is designed to promote critical thinking, language and cultural skills as well as to foster in students an appreciation of their own culture and heritage and their responsibilities toward society.
	AUC holds institutional accreditation from the Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools in the United States. AUC's engineering programs are accredited by ABET (formerly Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) and the business programs are accredited by the Association to Advance College Schools of Business (AACSB.) In Egypt, AUC operates within the framework of the 1975 protocol with the Egyptian government, which is based on the 1962 Cultural Relations Agreement between the U.S. and Egyptian governments. In the United States, AUC is licensed to grant degrees and is incorporated by the State of Delaware. In addition, many of AUC's academic programs have received specialized accreditation.
	Enrollment in academic programs includes over 5,474 undergraduates with an additional 979 graduate students (2017 - 2018). Simultaneously, adult education has also expanded and now serves more than 22,000 students each year in non-credit courses and contracted training programs offered through the School of Continuing Education. 94% of AUC students are Egyptian, with the remaining 6% from around the world.
	AUC has 70 student organizations. Most of the student activities at AUC are organized by students in areas of community service, student government, culture and special interests, academics, and student conferences.
	Organizations include, but are not limited to:
	Dormitories and student housing are located on AUC's New Cairo campus. Housing is organized by the AUC's Office of Residential Life, helping students transition to living independently and adjusting to university life as well as organizing social events. The residence is composed of 12 units, divided into five male and seven female cottages.

= = = The Day the World Went Away = = =

	"The Day the World Went Away" is a song by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails, released on July 20, 1999 as the lead single from their third studio album "The Fragile" (1999). The song was the band's first top-forty hit on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number 17, which remains their highest-ever position on the chart.
	"The Day the World Went Away" contains no drums. It was the only single credited to Reznor to reach the top 20 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 until "Old Town Road" hit number one in 2019. The song was a staple in the encore during the Fragility tour, and has been performed in many shows since.
	The compact disc single contains three songs: the original version and a "quiet" remix of "The Day the World Went Away" and "Starfuckers, Inc.", another song from "The Fragile". The 12" vinyl single replaced "Starfuckers, Inc." with another version of "The Day the World Went Away", this one remixed by the electronic music duo Porter Ricks. The main version of the title track featured on the single is approximately 30 seconds shorter than the version found on "The Fragile" and features slightly different vocals.
	The version of "Starfuckers, Inc." featured on the single is almost identical to the album version, except that this version ends with the sound of Paul Stanley yelling "Goodnight!" to a cheering crowd. The yelling and crowd cheering are sampled from a KISS concert recording. The opening to "Complication", the track which follows "Starfuckers, Inc." on "The Fragile", can be heard faintly alongside the crowd noise, augmented to sound like part of the concert.
	The flower depicted on the cover of the single is a Kangaroo paw.
	A music video was made for the song, but never released. Still images that were used on the official NIN website indicate that the video takes place at a funeral.
	An alternate video for the song, using live audio and a combination of live and original footage, is included as an Easter egg on the second disc of the "And All That Could Have Been" DVD.
	A remixed version of the song entitled, "The Day the World Went Away" (Old & Gray Salvation Remix) was featured in the third theatrical trailer of "Terminator Salvation". It is also used again in the television series "Person of Interest", from the episode of the same name.
	The song is featured in the 2012 video game "".
	Nothing Records / Interscope Records INTDS-97026
	Nothing Records / Interscope Records INT12-97026

= = = Things Falling Apart = = =

	Things Falling Apart is the second remix album by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails, released on November 21, 2000 by Nothing Records and Interscope Records. It is the companion remix disc to "The Fragile". The US promotional CD single for "Into the Void" is also labeled as "Halo 16".
	Upon release, "Things Falling Apart" was released to critically panning reviews. Among the album's detractors was "NME", who rated it 10 out of 10 as a joke in contrast to the text describing the magazine's dislike of the album. "10 Miles High" is the only song that was a B-side to a Nine Inch Nails single to be included on the album. It was only released on the vinyl version of "The Fragile", while appearing as a B-side to the band's 1999 single "We're in This Together".
	All songs written by Trent Reznor, except where noted.
	Notes

= = = Platanus orientalis = = =

	Platanus orientalis, the Old World sycamore, or Oriental plane, is a large, deciduous tree of the Platanaceae family, growing to or more, and known for its longevity and spreading crown. It looks really beautiful in fall when its deep green leaves show shades of Blood-Red, Amber, and Yellow.
	The species' name means 'eastern'. (In comparison, the 'western' plane (or American sycamore) is named "Platanus occidentalis"). The eastern plane's original distribution was eastward from the Balkans. The tree was called "platane" in ancient Greek history and literature and by related names in continental Europe. Equally well known in Asia and from Anatolia to India and usually called "chinar" or "chenar". In the Kashmir Valley region, the native Kashmiri word for the tree is "boonyi".
	The native range is Eurasia from the Balkans to at least as far east as Iran. Some accounts extend its native range to Iberia in the west, and to the Himalayas in the east. As it has been known in cultivation from early times in much of this region it can be difficult to determine if it is truly indigenous in peripheral areas.
	The oriental plane is found naturally in riverine settings, together with such trees as alder, willow and poplar. However, it is quite capable of survival and success in dry soils once it is established.
	Like other plane trees, its leaves are borne alternately on the stem, deeply lobed, and palmate or maple-like. It usually has flaking bark, occasionally not flaking and becoming thick and rugged. Flowers and fruit are round and burr-like, borne in clusters of between 2 and 6 on a stem. Considerable variation exists among trees in the wild, and this may be complicated by crossbreeding with planted London planes ("Platanus x acerifolia"), the hybrid of "P. orientalis" with the American sycamore ("Platanus occidentalis").
	The tree is capable of being grown in most temperate latitudes, though it benefits greatly from warm summers. As a very large and wide tree with broad, thick leaves that tend to orient horizontally, it is especially prized for the shade and coolness it provides during the hot season.
	It grows best in rich soil in a sunny location and can survive drought well. Although young plants appreciate regular watering.
	The leaves and bark have been used medicinally. A fabric dye has been made from the twigs and roots. The timber, often called lacewood, is figured and valuable for indoor furniture. The leaves are also often used by artists for leaf carving.
	From earliest days, "P. orientalis" has been an important tree in Persian gardens, which are built around water and shade. There it is known as the "chenar".
	The Tree of Hippocrates, under which Hippocrates — the "Father of Medicine" — taught at Kos, is reputed to have been an oriental plane. A 500-year-old tree presently there may be on the same site and may have been planted from a succession of cuttings from the original. The Athenian Academy, outside Athens, featured a sacred grove of planes where the students listened to the masters and where among others the Peripatetics practiced philosophy.
	Pliny's "Natural History" records the westward progress of the plane "introduced among us from a foreign clime for nothing but its shade", planted first at the tomb of Diomedes on the island of Tremiti, then imported to Greek Sicily by Dionysius the Elder (c. 432-367 BC), tyrant of Syracuse. He had plane-trees conveyed to the city of Rhegium (Reggio di Calabria), where they were looked upon as the great marvel of his palace, according to Pliny's sources. From there it spread by the first century CE as far as the lands of the Morini in Belgic Gaul. Regardless of why it may have been introduced, the tree had medicinal uses from early times. Pliny details 25 remedies using preparation from the bark, leaves and excrescences of plane. Pliny prescribes it for burns, bites, stings, frostbite and infections.
	Pliny goes on to describe some legendary plane-trees. There was one on the grounds of the Athenian Academy, he says, that had roots long. Licinius Mucianus held a banquet for 19 in a hollow plane-tree of Lycia, and the emperor Caligula another for 15 plus servants in a tree house (nest) built in the branches of a plane-tree at Velletri.
	Most small villages in Greece have one or more very old planes in their central square, where the village water spring used to be (water springs are nowadays replaced by water taps from the same spring captured). Many of them are set in cavities, which are often playing and meeting points for children and teenagers, or are cared for, sometimes even illuminated, as tourist attractions.
	In historic Kashmir, the tree was planted near Hindu holy places under names derived from the goddess Bhavani. Later in Muslim times it continued to be a major garden and landscape tree and dominates many historic gardens, now generally called "boonyi" in local Kashmiri and "chinar" by Hindi/Urdu speakers. For example, a famous landmark in Srinagar is an island on Dal Lake where four chinar trees stand, named Char Chinar. As another example, a 627-year-old "chinar" tree has been found at Chatargaam, Chadoora, Badgam district, Kashmir, reportedly planted in 1374 AD by an Islamic mystic Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani.
	Chinar trees are being felled rapidly in Kashmir, although a recent ban has been enacted to curb cutting. Chinar trees are now required to be registered and are considered State Property. Registered Chinars are painted white at their base. Increased awareness means most old Chinars are protected and looked after; however, some new Chinars must be cut as their growth can cause damage to roads and houses. Chinars are considered as the symbols of the Persian influence on the heritage of Kashmir.
	In 2011 a specimen planted by Capability Brown at Corsham Court in Wiltshire was identified in 2011 by the The Tree Register of the British Isles as the tree with the greatest known spread in the United Kingdom.
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	An example dating to at least 1762 is one of Kew Gardens' thirteen 'Heritage Trees'.
	A plane tree is the main theme in the aria Ombra mai fu composed by George Frideric Handel, in which the main character, Xerxes I of Persia, admires the shade of a plane tree. It is also the State tree of Indian state Jammu and Kashmir.
	During the 2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony, held in India, the aerostat used took the shape of a chinar tree under the 'tree of knowledge' segment of the ceremony. This was followed by representation of different seasons through image projections and different dance styles being performed by hundreds of cultural dancers from all across India.

= = = Platanus × acerifolia = = =

	Platanus" × "acerifolia, the London plane, London planetree, or hybrid plane, is a tree in the genus "Platanus". It is often known by the synonym Platanus" × "hispanica. It is usually thought to be a hybrid of "Platanus orientalis" (oriental plane) and "Platanus occidentalis" (American sycamore). Some authorities think that it may be a cultivar of "P. orientalis".
	The London plane is a large deciduous tree growing , exceptionally over tall, with a trunk up to or more in circumference. The bark is usually pale grey-green, smooth and exfoliating, or buff-brown and not exfoliating. The leaves are thick and stiff-textured, broad, palmately lobed, superficially maple-like, the leaf blade long and broad, with a petiole long. The young leaves in spring are coated with minute, fine, stiff hairs at first, but these wear off and by late summer the leaves are hairless or nearly so. The flowers are borne in one to three (most often two) dense spherical inflorescences on a pendulous stem, with male and female flowers on separate stems. The fruit matures in about 6 months, to 2–3 cm diameter, and comprises a dense spherical cluster of achenes with numerous stiff hairs which aid wind dispersal; the cluster breaks up slowly over the winter to release the numerous 2–3 mm seeds. The London Plane is one of the most efficient trees in removing small particulate pollutants in urban areas.
	It shares many visual similarities with "Platanus occidentalis" (American sycamore), from which it is derived; however, the two species are relatively easy to distinguish, considering the London plane is almost exclusively planted in urban habitats, while "P. occidentalis" is most commonly found growing in lowlands and alluvial soils along streams.
	The species was formed by hybridization in the 17th century after "P. orientalis" and "P. occidentalis" had been planted in proximity to one another. It is often said that the hybridization took place in Spain, but it could also have happened in Vauxhall Gardens in London where John Tradescant the Younger discovered the tree in the mid-17th century.
	The leaf and flower characteristics are intermediate between the two parent species, the leaf being more deeply lobed than "P. occidentalis" but less so than "P. orientalis", and the seed balls typically two per stem (one in "P. occidentalis", 3–6 in "P. orientalis"). The hybrid is fertile, and seedlings are occasionally found near mature trees.
	Controlled reciprocal pollinations between "P. occidentalis" and "P. orientalis" resulted in good yields of germinable seed and true hybrid seedlings. Crosses of both species, as females, with "P. racemosa" and "P. wrightii" produced extremely low yields of germinable seed, but true hybrids were obtained from all interspecific combinations. Apomixis (asexual reproduction from non-fertilized seeds) appeared common in "P. orientalis".
	In 1968 and 1970, Frank S. Santamour Jr. recreated the "P. orientalis" by "P. occidentalis" cross using a "P. orientalis" of Turkish origin with American sycamores ("P. occidentalis"). The offspring were evaluated following several years of exposure to anthracnose infection. Two selections, 'Columbia' and 'Liberty', were released in August, 1984.
	"Platanus" × "acerifolia" was first formally described in the botanical literature by the Scottish botanist William Aiton in his 1789 work "Hortus Kewensis" as a variety of "P. orientalis". Aiton described this variety with a two-word Latin diagnosis, "foliis transversis", and called it the Spanish plane tree. In 1805, Carl Ludwig Willdenow chose to elevate Aiton's variety to species rank, publishing the new species "P. acerifolia" in the fourth edition of "Species Plantarum". The species name was then modified to include the multiplication symbol to indicate its suspected hybrid parentage. The other name commonly used for this taxon, "Platanus" × "hispanica" auct. non Mill. ex Münchh., is a "nomen dubium" based on an uncertain description.
	The London plane is one of 50 Great British Trees that the Tree Council selected in 2002 in honour of Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee. The list specifically mentions Britain's first London plane being in the city of Ely, Cambridgeshire.
	The London plane is very tolerant of atmospheric pollution and root compaction, and for this reason it is a popular urban roadside tree. It was planted extensively in Victorian times to weather the pollution of London. It is now extensively cultivated in most temperate latitudes as an ornamental and parkland tree, and is a commonly planted tree in cities throughout the temperate regions of the world, in London and many other cities. It has a greater degree of winter cold tolerance than "P. orientalis", and is less susceptible to anthracnose disease than "P. occidentalis". Under the synonym "Platanus" × "hispanica", the tree has gained the Royal Horticultural Society of Great Britain's Award of Garden Merit. 
	The tree is fairly wind-resistant. However, it has a number of problems in urban use, most notably the short, stiff hairs shed by the young leaves and the dispersing seeds; these are an irritant if breathed in, and can exacerbate breathing difficulties for people with asthma. The large leaves can create a disposal problem in cities, as they are tough and sometimes can take more than one year to break down if they remain whole.
	London planes are often pruned by a technique called pollarding. A pollarded tree has a drastically different appearance than an unpruned tree, being much shorter with stunted, club-like branches. Although pollarding requires frequent maintenance (the trees must usually be repruned every year), it creates a distinctive shape that is often sought after in plazas, main streets, and other urban areas.
	According to the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation the symbol of that organization is a cross between the leaf of the London plane and a maple leaf. It is prominently featured on signs and buildings in public parks across the city. The tree is on the NYC Parks Department's list of restricted use species for street tree planting because it constitutes more than 10% of all street trees.
	In Australia, the London plane is used extensively as a street tree in major cities, particularly Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth. The tree is commonly used because of its resilience to warm weather, its benefits as a shade tree, resistance to breakage and tolerance of urban pollution.
	In Johannesburg, South Africa many London planes line streets in older suburbs. In recent years the trees have been infested with the Polyphagous shot hole borer beetle. There is currently no way to save the trees and the city have resorted to cutting down the trees.
	When quarter-sawn the timber has a distinctive and highly decorative appearance of dark reddish-brown flecks against a lighter background and is known as lacewood.

= = = The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo = = =

	The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo is a Canadian-American children's mystery television series that ran on Nickelodeon between 1996 and 1998. A total of 41 episodes of 30 minutes each were produced. Episodes from the first three seasons were taped at the now defunct Nickelodeon Studios in Orlando, Florida, and was one of the few single-camera productions there, while season 4 episodes were shot in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
	The series first aired in March 1996 as a six-episode test run, since Nickelodeon usually produced one major new series at a time and they were already producing "Space Cases". The success of the test run prompted Nickelodeon to re-introduce the series on SNICK in January 1997, along with seven new episodes. During the show's third season, production stopped after eight of a proposed thirteen episodes were filmed due to a crew strike, as the show's budget did not cover the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees's demands, partly due to the decision to shoot film instead of videotape. Production resumed in Montreal in February 1998, after Cinar agreed to co-produce the series. As a result, the show's setting changed from Cocoa Beach, Florida to Boston, Massachusetts.
	Starring Irene Ng as the title character, the series revolves around the adventures of a Chinese American teenage girl who lives with her innkeeper grandfather and works as a non-sworn intern at the local police department where she helps out with odds and ends around the office. Occasionally an intriguing case comes to Shelby's attention, prompting her to apply her unique insight and enlist the help of her friends to solve it. Her supervisors, however, do not appreciate her help, as she is only a teenager. Her grandfather also does not want her getting involved in cases, often reminding her, "We are not detectives with warrant badges, we are innkeepers with brooms." Many of the stories, with three clear suspects, keep the audience guessing until the truth is ultimately explained.
	On December 28, 2011, TeenNick aired the episode "The Smoke Screen Case" on The '90s Are All That block. The series began airing on a more permanent basis in late October 2015 on "The '90s Are All That's" successor block, The Splat.
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	All 12 episodes from seasons 1 and 2 are available for download on the iTunes Store and Amazon Video.
	On November 24, 2014, the entire series was released on DVD exclusive to Amazon.com in region 1.

= = = Saudi Arabia = = =

	Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is a country in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula. With a land area of approximately , Saudi Arabia is geographically the largest sovereign state in Western Asia, the second-largest in the Arab world (after Algeria), the fifth-largest in Asia, and the 12th-largest in the world. Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south; it is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba. It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert, lowland and mountains. As of October 2018, the Saudi economy was the largest in the Middle East and the 18th largest in the world. Saudi Arabia also has one of the world's youngest populations; 50 percent of its 33.4 million people are under 25 years old.
	The territory that now constitutes Saudi Arabia was the site of several ancient cultures and civilizations. The prehistory of Saudi Arabia shows some of the earliest traces of human activity in the world. The world's second-largest religion, Islam, emerged in modern-day Saudi Arabia. In the early 7th century, the Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of Arabia and created a single Islamic religious polity. Following his death in 632, his followers rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia, conquering huge and unprecedented swathes of territory (from the Iberian Peninsula in the West to modern-day Pakistan in the East) in a matter of decades.
	Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun (632–661), Umayyad (661–750), Abbasid (750–1517) and Fatimid (909–1171) caliphates as well as numerous other dynasties in Asia, Africa and Europe.
	The area of modern-day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of mainly four distinct regions: Hejaz, Najd and parts of Eastern Arabia (Al-Ahsa) and Southern Arabia ('Asir). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Ibn Saud. He united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud. Saudi Arabia has since been a totalitarian absolute monarchy, effectively a hereditary dictatorship governed along Islamist lines. The ultraconservative Wahhabi religious movement within Sunni Islam has been called "the predominant feature of Saudi culture", with its global spread largely financed by the oil and gas trade. Saudi Arabia is sometimes called "the Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca) and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam. The state's official language is Arabic.
	Petroleum was discovered on 3 March 1938 and followed up by several other finds in the Eastern Province. Saudi Arabia has since become the world's second largest oil producer (behind the US) and the world's largest oil exporter, controlling the world's second largest oil reserves and the sixth largest gas reserves. The kingdom is categorized as a World Bank high-income economy with a high Human Development Index and is the only Arab country to be part of the G-20 major economies. 
	The state has attracted criticism for a variety of reasons including: its treatment of women, its excessive and often extrajudicial use of capital punishment, state-sponsored discrimination against religious minorities and atheists, its role in the Yemeni Civil War, sponsorship of Islamic terrorism, its failure to take adequete measures against human trafficking, state-sanctioned racism and antisemitism, its poor human rights record, and its strict interpretation of Sharia law. 
	The kingdom has the world's third-highest military expenditure and, according to SIPRI, was the world's second largest arms importer from 2010 to 2014. Saudi Arabia is considered a regional and middle power. In addition to the GCC, it is an active member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and OPEC.
	Following the amalgamation of the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, the new state was named "al-Mamlakah al-ʿArabīyah as-Saʿūdīyah" (a transliteration of in Arabic) by royal decree on 23 September 1932 by its founder, Abdulaziz bin Saud. Although this is normally translated as "the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" in English, it literally means "the Saudi Arab kingdom", or "the Arab Saudi Kingdom".
	The word "Saudi" is derived from the element "as-Saʿūdīyah" in the Arabic name of the country, which is a type of adjective known as a nisba, formed from the dynastic name of the Saudi royal family, the Al Saud (). Its inclusion expresses the view that the country is the personal possession of the royal family. "Al Saud" is an Arabic name formed by adding the word "Al", meaning "family of" or "House of", to the personal name of an ancestor. In the case of the Al Saud, this is Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin, the father of the dynasty's 18th-century founder, Muhammad bin Saud.
	There is evidence that human habitation in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to about 125,000 years ago. A 2011 study found that the first modern humans to spread east across Asia left Africa about 75,000 years ago across the Bab-el-Mandeb connecting the Horn of Africa and Arabia. The Arabian peninsula is regarded as a central figure in the understanding of hominin evolution and dispersals. Arabia underwent an extreme environmental fluctuation in the Quaternary that led to profound evolutionary and demographic changes. Arabia has a rich Lower Paleolithic record, and the quantity of Oldowan-like sites in the region indicate a significant role that Arabia had played in the early hominin colonization of Eurasia.
	In the Neolithic period, prominent cultures such as Al-Magar whose epicenter lay in modern-day southwestern Najd flourished. Al-Magar could be considered as a "Neolithic Revolution" in human knowledge and handicraft skills. The culture is characterized as being one of the world's first to involve the widespread domestication of animals, particularly the horse, during the Neolithic period. Aside from horses, animals such as sheep, goats, dogs, in particular of the Saluki race, ostriches, falcons and fish were discovered in the form of stone statues and rock engravings. Al-Magar statues were made from local stone, and it seems that the statues were fixed in a central building that might have had a significant role on the social and religious life of the inhabitants.
	In November 2017, hunting scenes showing images of most likely domesticated dogs, resembling the Canaan dog, wearing leashes were discovered in Shuwaymis, a hilly region of northwestern Saudi Arabia. These rock engravings date back more than 8000 years, making them the earliest depictions of dogs in the world.
	At the end of the 4th millennium BC, Arabia entered the Bronze Age after witnessing drastic transformations; metals were widely used, and the period was characterized by its 2 m high burials which was simultaneously followed by the existence of numerous temples, that included many free-standing sculptures originally painted with red colours.
	The earliest sedentary culture in Saudi Arabia dates back to the Ubaid period, upon discovering various pottery sherds at Dosariyah. Initial analysis of the discovery concluded that the eastern province of Saudi Arabia was the homeland of the earliest settlers of Mesopotamia, and by extension, the likely origin of the Sumerians. However, experts such as Joan Oates had the opportunity to see the Ubaid period sherds in eastern Arabia and consequently conclude that the sherds dates to the last two phases of Ubaid period (period three and four), while handful examples could be classified roughly as either Ubaid 3 or Ubaid 2. Thus the idea that colonists from Saudi Arabia had emigrated to southern Mesopotamia and founded the region's first sedentary culture was abandoned.
	Climatic change and the onset of aridity may have brought about the end of this phase of settlement, as little archaeological evidence exists from the succeeding millennium. The settlement of the region picks up again in the period of Dilmun in the early 3rd millennium. Known records from Uruk refer to a place called Dilmun, associated in several occasions with copper and in later period it was a source of imported woods in southern Mesopotamia. A number of scholars have suggested that Dilmun originally designated the eastern province of Saudi Arabia, notably linked with the major Dilmunite settlements of Umm an-Nussi and Umm ar-Ramadh in the interior and Tarout on the coast. It is likely that Tarout Island was the main port and the capital of Dilmun. Mesopotamian inscribed clay tablets suggests that, in the early period of Dilmun, a form of hierarchical organized political structure existed. In 1966 an earthworks in Tarout exposed ancient burial field that yielded a large impressive statue dating to the Dilmunite period (mid 3rd millennium BC). The statue was locally made under strong Mesopotamian influence on the artistic principle of Dilmun.
	By 2200 BC, the centre of Dilmun shifted for unknown reasons from Tarout and the Saudi Arabian mainland to the island of Bahrain, and a major developed settlements appeared in Bahrain for the first time, where a laborious temple complex and thousands of burial mounds that dates to this period were discovered.
	By the Late Bronze Age, a historically recorded people and land (Median and the Medianites) in the north-western portion of Saudi Arabia are well-documented in the Bible. Centered in Tabouk, Median stretched from Wadi Arabah in the north to the area of al-Wejh in the south. The capital of Median was Qurayyah, it consists of a large fortified citadel encompassing 35 hectares and below it lies a walled settlement of 15 hectares. The city hosted as many as 10 to 12 thousand inhabitants. The Medianites were depicted in two major events in the Bible that recount Israel's two wars with Median, somewhere in the early 11th century BC. Politically, the Medianite were described as having decentralized structure headed by five kings (Evi, Rekem, Tsur, Hur and Reba), the names appears to be toponyms of important Medianite settlements. It is common view that Median designated a confederation of tribes, the sedentary element settled in the Hijaz while its nomadic affiliates pastured, and sometimes pillaged as far away land as Palestine. The nomadic Medianites were one of the earliest exploiters of the domestication of camels that enabled them to navigate through the harsh terrains of the region.
	At the end of the 7th century BC, an emerging kingdom appeared on the historical theater of north-western Arabia. It started as a Sheikdom of Dedan, which developed into the Kingdom of Lihyan tribe. The earliest attestation of state regality, King of Lihyan, was in the mid-sixth century BC. The second stage of the kingdom saw the transformation of Dedan from a mere city-state of which only influence they exerted was inside their city walls, to a kingdom that encompass much wider domain that marked the pinnacle of Lihyan civilization. The third state occurred during the early 3rd century BC with bursting economic activity between the south and north that made Lihyan acquire large influence suitable to its strategic position on the caravan road.
	Lihyan was a powerful and highly organized ancient Arabian kingdom that played a vital cultural and economic role in the north-western region of the Arabian Peninsula. The Lihyanites ruled over large domain from Yathrib in the south and parts of the Levant in the north. In antiquity, Gulf of Aqaba used to be called Gulf of Lihyan. A testimony to the extensive influence that Lihyan acquired.
	The Lihyanites fell into the hands of the Nabataeans around 65 BC upon their seizure of Hegra then marching to Tayma, and to their capital Dedan in 9 BC. The Nabataeans ruled large portions of north Arabia until their domain was annexed by the Roman Empire.
	Shortly before the advent of Islam, apart from urban trading settlements (such as Mecca and Medina), much of what was to become Saudi Arabia was populated by nomadic pastoral tribal societies. The Islamic prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca in about 571 CE. In the early 7th century, Muhammad united the various tribes of the peninsula and created a single Islamic religious polity. Following his death in 632, his followers rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia, conquering huge and unprecedented swathes of territory (from the Iberian Peninsula in west to modern day Pakistan in east) in a matter of decades. Arabia soon became a more politically peripheral region of the Muslim world as the focus shifted to the vast and newly conquered lands.
	Arabs originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia, the Hejaz in particular, founded the Rashidun (632–661), Umayyad (661–750), Abbasid (750–1517) and the Fatimid (909–1171) caliphates.
	From the 10th century to the early 20th century, Mecca and Medina were under the control of a local Arab ruler known as the Sharif of Mecca, but at most times the Sharif owed allegiance to the ruler of one of the major Islamic empires based in Baghdad, Cairo or Istanbul. Most of the remainder of what became Saudi Arabia reverted to traditional tribal rule.
	For much of the 10th century, the Isma'ili-Shi'ite Qarmatians were the most powerful force in the Persian Gulf. In 930, the Qarmatians pillaged Mecca, outraging the Muslim world, particularly with their theft of the Black Stone. In 1077–1078, an Arab Sheikh named Abdullah bin Ali Al Uyuni defeated the Qarmatians in Bahrain and Al-Hasa with the help of the Great Seljuq Empire and founded the Uyunid dynasty. The Uyunid Emirate later underwent expansion with its territory stretching from Najd to the Syrian desert. They were overthrown by the Usfurids in 1253. Ufsurid rule was weakened after Persian rulers of Hormuz captured Bahrain and Qatif in 1320. The vassals of Ormuz, the Shia Jarwanid dynasty came to rule eastern Arabia in the 14th century. The Jabrids took control of the region after overthrowing the Jarwanids in the 15th century and clashed with Hormuz for more than two decades over the region for its economic revenues, until finally agreeing to pay tribute in 1507. Al-Muntafiq tribe later took over the region and came under Ottoman suzerainty. The Bani Khalid tribe later revolted against them in 17th century and took control. Their rule extended from Iraq to Oman at its height and they too came under Ottoman suzerainty.
	In the 16th century, the Ottomans added the Red Sea and Persian Gulf coast (the Hejaz, Asir and Al-Ahsa) to the Empire and claimed suzerainty over the interior. One reason was to thwart Portuguese attempts to attack the Red Sea (hence the Hejaz) and the Indian Ocean. Ottoman degree of control over these lands varied over the next four centuries with the fluctuating strength or weakness of the Empire's central authority. These changes contributed to later uncertainties, such as the dispute with Transjordan over the inclusion of the sanjak of Ma'an, including the cities of Ma'an and Aqaba.
	The emergence of what was to become the Saudi royal family, known as the Al Saud, began in Nejd in central Arabia in 1744, when Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the dynasty, joined forces with the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, founder of the Wahhabi movement, a strict puritanical form of Sunni Islam. This alliance formed in the 18th century provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion and remains the basis of Saudi Arabian dynastic rule today.
	The first "Saudi state" established in 1744 in the area around Riyadh, rapidly expanded and briefly controlled most of the present-day territory of Saudi Arabia, sacking Karbala in 1802 and capturing Mecca in 1803, but was destroyed by 1818 by the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt, Mohammed Ali Pasha. A much smaller second "Saudi state", located mainly in Nejd, was established in 1824. Throughout the rest of the 19th century, the Al Saud contested control of the interior of what was to become Saudi Arabia with another Arabian ruling family, the Al Rashid, who ruled the Emirate of Jabal Shammar. By 1891, the Al Rashid were victorious and the Al Saud were driven into exile in Kuwait.
	At the beginning of the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire continued to control or have a suzerainty over most of the peninsula. Subject to this suzerainty, Arabia was ruled by a patchwork of tribal rulers, with the Sharif of Mecca having pre-eminence and ruling the Hejaz. In 1902, Abdul Rahman's son, Abdul Aziz—later to be known as Ibn Saud—recaptured control of Riyadh bringing the Al Saud back to Nejd, creating the third "Saudi state". Ibn Saud gained the support of the Ikhwan, a tribal army inspired by Wahhabism and led by Faisal Al-Dawish, and which had grown quickly after its foundation in 1912. With the aid of the Ikhwan, Ibn Saud captured Al-Ahsa from the Ottomans in 1913.
	In 1916, with the encouragement and support of Britain (which was fighting the Ottomans in World War I), the Sharif of Mecca, Hussein bin Ali, led a pan-Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire to create a united Arab state. Although the Arab Revolt of 1916 to 1918 failed in its objective, the Allied victory in World War I resulted in the end of Ottoman suzerainty and control in Arabia and Hussein bin Ali became King of Hejaz.
	Ibn Saud avoided involvement in the Arab Revolt, and instead continued his struggle with the Al Rashid. Following the latter's final defeat, he took the title Sultan of Nejd in 1921. With the help of the Ikhwan, the Kingdom of Hejaz was conquered in 1924–25 and on 10 January 1926, Ibn Saud declared himself King of Hejaz. A year later, he added the title of King of Nejd. For the next five years, he administered the two parts of his dual kingdom as separate units.
	After the conquest of the Hejaz, the Ikhwan leadership's objective switched to expansion of the Wahhabist realm into the British protectorates of Transjordan, Iraq and Kuwait, and began raiding those territories. This met with Ibn Saud's opposition, as he recognized the danger of a direct conflict with the British. At the same time, the Ikhwan became disenchanted with Ibn Saud's domestic policies which appeared to favor modernization and the increase in the number of non-Muslim foreigners in the country. As a result, they turned against Ibn Saud and, after a two-year struggle, were defeated in 1929 at the Battle of Sabilla, where their leaders were massacred. On 23 September 1932, the two kingdoms of the Hejaz and Nejd were united as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and that date is now a national holiday called Saudi National Day.
	The new kingdom was reliant on limited agriculture and pilgrimage revenues. In 1938, vast reserves of oil were discovered in the Al-Ahsa region along the coast of the Persian Gulf, and full-scale development of the oil fields began in 1941 under the US-controlled Aramco (Arabian American Oil Company). Oil provided Saudi Arabia with economic prosperity and substantial political leverage internationally.
	Cultural life rapidly developed, primarily in the Hejaz, which was the center for newspapers and radio. However, the large influx of foreign workers in Saudi Arabia in the oil industry increased the pre-existing propensity for xenophobia.At the same time, the government became increasingly wasteful and extravagant. By the 1950s this had led to large governmental deficits and excessive foreign borrowing.
	In 1953, Saud of Saudi Arabia succeeded as the king of Saudi Arabia, on his father's death, until 1964 when he was deposed in favor of his half brother Faisal of Saudi Arabia, after an intense rivalry, fueled by doubts in the royal family over Saud's competence. In 1972, Saudi Arabia gained a 20 percent control in Aramco, thereby decreasing US control over Saudi oil.
	In 1973, Saudi Arabia led an oil boycott against the Western countries that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War against Egypt and Syria. Oil prices quadrupled. In 1975, Faisal was assassinated by his nephew, Prince Faisal bin Musaid and was succeeded by his half-brother King Khalid.
	By 1976, Saudi Arabia had become the largest oil producer in the world. Khalid's reign saw economic and social development progress at an extremely rapid rate, transforming the infrastructure and educational system of the country; in foreign policy, close ties with the US were developed. In 1979, two events occurred which greatly concerned the government, and had a long-term influence on Saudi foreign and domestic policy. The first was the Iranian Islamic Revolution. It was feared that the country's Shi'ite minority in the Eastern Province (which is also the location of the oil fields) might rebel under the influence of their Iranian co-religionists. There were several anti-government uprisings in the region such as the 1979 Qatif Uprising.
	The second event was the Grand Mosque Seizure in Mecca by Islamist extremists. The militants involved were in part angered by what they considered to be the corruption and un-Islamic nature of the Saudi government. The government regained control of the mosque after 10 days and those captured were executed. Part of the response of the royal family was to enforce a much stricter observance of traditional religious and social norms in the country (for example, the closure of cinemas) and to give the Ulema a greater role in government. Neither entirely succeeded as Islamism continued to grow in strength.
	In 1980, Saudi Arabia bought out the American interests in Aramco.
	King Khalid died of a heart attack in June 1982. He was succeeded by his brother, King Fahd, who added the title "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques" to his name in 1986 in response to considerable fundamentalist pressure to avoid use of "majesty" in association with anything except God. Fahd continued to develop close relations with the United States and increased the purchase of American and British military equipment.
	The vast wealth generated by oil revenues was beginning to have an even greater impact on Saudi society. It led to rapid technological (but not cultural) modernisation, urbanization, mass public education and the creation of new media. This and the presence of increasingly large numbers of foreign workers greatly affected traditional Saudi norms and values. Although there was dramatic change in the social and economic life of the country, political power continued to be monopolized by the royal family leading to discontent among many Saudis who began to look for wider participation in government.
	In the 1980s, Saudi Arabia spent $25 billion in support of Saddam Hussein in the Iran–Iraq War. However, Saudi Arabia condemned the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and asked the US to intervene. King Fahd allowed American and coalition troops to be stationed in Saudi Arabia. He invited the Kuwaiti government and many of its citizens to stay in Saudi Arabia, but expelled citizens of Yemen and Jordan because of their governments' support of Iraq. In 1991, Saudi Arabian forces were involved both in bombing raids on Iraq and in the land invasion that helped to liberate Kuwait.
	Saudi Arabia's relations with the West began to cause growing concern among some of the ulema and students of sharia law and was one of the issues that led to an increase in Islamist terrorism in Saudi Arabia, as well as Islamist terrorist attacks in Western countries by Saudi nationals. Osama bin Laden was a Saudi citizen (until stripped of his citizenship in 1994) and was responsible for the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in East Africa and the 2000 USS Cole bombing near the port of Aden, Yemen. 15 of the 19 terrorists involved in September 11 attacks in New York City, Washington, D.C., and near Shanksville, Pennsylvania were Saudi nationals. Many Saudis who did not support the Islamist terrorists were nevertheless deeply unhappy with the government's policies.
	Islamism was not the only source of hostility to the government. Although now extremely wealthy, Saudi Arabia's economy was near stagnant. High taxes and a growth in unemployment have contributed to discontent, and has been reflected in a rise in civil unrest, and discontent with the royal family. In response, a number of limited "reforms" were initiated by King Fahd. In March 1992, he introduced the "Basic Law", which emphasised the duties and responsibilities of a ruler. In December 1993, the Consultative Council was inaugurated. It is composed of a chairman and 60 members—all chosen by the King. The King's intent was to respond to dissent while making as few actual changes in the status quo as possible. Fahd made it clear that he did not have democracy in mind: "A system based on elections is not consistent with our Islamic creed, which [approves of] government by consultation [shūrā]."
	In 1995, Fahd suffered a debilitating stroke, and the Crown Prince, Abdullah, assumed the role of "de facto" regent, taking on the day-to-day running of the country. However, his authority was hindered by conflict with Fahd's full brothers (known, with Fahd, as the "Sudairi Seven"). From the 1990s, signs of discontent continued and included, in 2003 and 2004, a series of bombings and armed violence in Riyadh, Jeddah, Yanbu and Khobar. In February–April 2005, the first-ever nationwide municipal elections were held in Saudi Arabia. Women were not allowed to take part in the poll.
	In 2005, King Fahd died and was succeeded by Abdullah, who continued the policy of minimum reform and clamping down on protests. The king introduced a number of economic reforms aimed at reducing the country's reliance on oil revenue: limited deregulation, encouragement of foreign investment, and privatization. In February 2009, Abdullah announced a series of governmental changes to the judiciary, armed forces, and various ministries to modernize these institutions including the replacement of senior appointees in the judiciary and the Mutaween (religious police) with more moderate individuals and the appointment of the country's first female deputy minister.
	On 29 January 2011, hundreds of protesters gathered in the city of Jeddah in a rare display of criticism against the city's poor infrastructure after deadly floods swept through the city, killing 11 people. Police stopped the demonstration after about 15 minutes and arrested 30 to 50 people.
	Since 2011, Saudi Arabia has been affected by its own Arab Spring protests. In response, King Abdullah announced on 22 February 2011 a series of benefits for citizens amounting to $36 billion, of which $10.7 billion was earmarked for housing. No political reforms were announced as part of the package, though some prisoners indicted for financial crimes were pardoned. On 18 March the same year, King Abdullah announced a package of $93 billion, which included 500,000 new homes to a cost of $67 billion, in addition to creating 60,000 new security jobs.
	Although male-only municipal elections were held on 29 September 2011, Abdullah allowed women to vote and be elected in the 2015 municipal elections, and also to be nominated to the Shura Council.
	Since 2001, Saudi Arabia has engaged in widespread internet censorship. Most online censorship generally falls into two categories: one based on censoring "immoral" (mostly pornographic and LGBT-supportive websites along with websites promoting any religious ideology other than Sunni Islam) and one based on a blacklist run by Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Media, which primarily censors websites critical of the Saudi regime or associated with parties that are opposed to or opposed by Saudi Arabia.
	Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy. However, according to the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia adopted by royal decree in 1992, the king must comply with Sharia (Islamic law) and the Quran, while the Quran and the Sunnah (the traditions of Muhammad) are declared to be the country's constitution. No political parties or national elections are permitted. Critics regard it as a totalitarian dictatorship. "The Economist" rated the Saudi government as the fifth most authoritarian government out of 167 rated in its 2012 Democracy Index, and Freedom House gave it its lowest "Not Free" rating, 7.0 ("1=best, 7=worst") for 2019.
	In the absence of national elections and political parties, politics in Saudi Arabia takes place in two distinct arenas: within the royal family, the Al Saud, and between the royal family and the rest of Saudi society. Outside of the Al-Saud, participation in the political process is limited to a relatively small segment of the population and takes the form of the royal family consulting with the ulema, tribal sheikhs and members of important commercial families on major decisions. This process is not reported by the Saudi media.
	By custom, all males of full age have a right to petition the king directly through the traditional tribal meeting known as the "majlis". In many ways the approach to government differs little from the traditional system of tribal rule. Tribal identity remains strong and, outside of the royal family, political influence is frequently determined by tribal affiliation, with tribal sheikhs maintaining a considerable degree of influence over local and national events. As mentioned earlier, in recent years there have been limited steps to widen political participation such as the establishment of the Consultative Council in the early 1990s and the National Dialogue Forum in 2003.
	The rule of the Al Saud faces political opposition from four sources: Sunni Islamist activism; liberal critics; the Shi'ite minority—particularly in the Eastern Province; and long-standing tribal and regionalist particularistic opponents (for example in the Hejaz). Of these, the minority activists have been the most prominent threat to the government and have in recent years perpetrated a number of violent incidents in the country. However, open protest against the government, even if peaceful, is not tolerated.
	The king combines legislative, executive, and judicial functions and royal decrees form the basis of the country's legislation. The king is also the prime minister, and presides over the Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia and Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia.
	The royal family dominates the political system. The family's vast numbers allow it to control most of the kingdom's important posts and to have an involvement and presence at all levels of government. The number of princes is estimated to be at least 7,000, with most power and influence being wielded by the 200 or so male descendants of Ibn Saud. The key ministries are generally reserved for the royal family, as are the 13 regional governorships.
	Long term political and government appointments have resulted in the creation of "power fiefdoms" for senior princes, such as those of King Abdullah, who had been Commander of the National Guard since 1963 (until 2010, when he appointed his son to replace him), former Crown Prince Sultan, Minister of Defence and Aviation from 1962 to his death in 2011, former crown prince Prince Nayef who was the Minister of Interior from 1975 to his death in 2012, Prince Saud who had been Minister of Foreign Affairs since 1975 and current King Salman, who was Minister of Defense and Aviation before he was crown prince and Governor of the Riyadh Province from 1962 to 2011. The current Minister of Defense is Prince Mohammad bin Salman, the son of King Salman and Crown Prince.
	The royal family is politically divided by factions based on clan loyalties, personal ambitions and ideological differences. The most powerful clan faction is known as the 'Sudairi Seven', comprising the late King Fahd and his full brothers and their descendants. Ideological divisions include issues over the speed and direction of reform, and whether the role of the ulema should be increased or reduced. There were divisions within the family over who should succeed to the throne after the accession or earlier death of Prince Sultan. When prince Sultan died before ascending to the throne on 21 October 2011, King Abdullah appointed Prince Nayef as crown prince. The following year Prince Nayef also died before ascending to the throne.
	The Saudi government and the royal family have often, over many years, been accused of corruption. In a country that is said to "belong" to the royal family and is named for them, the lines between state assets and the personal wealth of senior princes are blurred. The extent of corruption has been described as systemic and endemic, and its existence was acknowledged and defended by Prince Bandar bin Sultan (a senior member of the royal family) in an interview in 2001.
	Although corruption allegations have often been limited to broad undocumented accusations, specific allegations were made in 2007, when it was claimed that the British defence contractor BAE Systems had paid Prince Bandar US$2 billion in bribes relating to the Al-Yamamah arms deal. Prince Bandar denied the allegations. Investigations by both US and UK authorities resulted, in 2010, in plea bargain agreements with the company, by which it paid $447 million in fines but did not admit to bribery.
	Transparency International in its annual Corruption Perceptions Index for 2010 gave Saudi Arabia a score of 4.7 (on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 is "highly corrupt" and 10 is "highly clean"). Saudi Arabia has undergone a process of political and social reform, such as to increase public transparency and good governance. However, nepotism and patronage are widespread when doing business in the country. The enforcement of the anti-corruption laws is selective and public officials engage in corruption with impunity. A number of prominent Saudi Arabian princes, government ministers, and businesspeople, including Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal, were arrested in Saudi Arabia in November 2017.
	There has been mounting pressure to reform and modernize the royal family's rule, an agenda championed by King Abdullah both before and after his accession in 2005. The creation of the Consultative Council in the early 1990s did not satisfy demands for political participation, and, in 2003, an annual "National Dialogue Forum" was announced that would allow selected professionals and intellectuals to publicly debate current national issues, within certain prescribed parameters. In 2005, the first municipal elections were held. In 2007, the Allegiance Council was created to regulate the succession. In 2009, the king made significant personnel changes to the government by appointing reformers to key positions and the first woman to a ministerial post. However, these changes have been criticized as being too slow or merely cosmetic.
	Saudi Arabia is almost unique in giving the ulema (the body of Islamic religious leaders and jurists) a direct role in government. The preferred ulema are of the Salafi persuasion. The ulema have also been a key influence in major government decisions, for example the imposition of the oil embargo in 1973 and the invitation to foreign troops to Saudi Arabia in 1990. In addition, they have had a major role in the judicial and education systems and a monopoly of authority in the sphere of religious and social morals.
	By the 1970s, as a result of oil wealth and the modernization of the country initiated by King Faisal, important changes to Saudi society were under way and the power of the ulema was in decline. However, this changed following the seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca in 1979 by Islamist radicals. The government's response to the crisis included strengthening the ulema's powers and increasing their financial support: in particular, they were given greater control over the education system and allowed to enforce stricter observance of Wahhabi rules of moral and social behaviour. After his accession to the throne in 2005, King Abdullah took steps to reduce the powers of the ulema, for instance transferring control over girls' education to the Ministry of Education.
	The ulema have historically been led by the Al ash-Sheikh, the country's leading religious family. The Al ash-Sheikh are the descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the 18th-century founder of the Wahhabi form of Sunni Islam which is today dominant in Saudi Arabia. The family is second in prestige only to the Al Saud (the royal family) with whom they formed a "mutual support pact" and power-sharing arrangement nearly 300 years ago. The pact, which persists to this day, is based on the Al Saud maintaining the Al ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters and upholding and propagating Wahhabi doctrine. In return, the Al ash-Sheikh support the Al Saud's political authority thereby using its religious-moral authority to legitimize the royal family's rule. Although the Al ash-Sheikh's domination of the ulema has diminished in recent decades, they still hold the most important religious posts and are closely linked to the Al Saud by a high degree of intermarriage.
	The primary source of law is the Islamic Sharia derived from the teachings of the Qur'an and the Sunnah (the traditions of the Prophet). Saudi Arabia is unique among modern Muslim states in that Sharia is not codified and there is no system of judicial precedent, giving judges the power to use independent legal reasoning to make a decision. Saudi judges tend to follow the principles of the Hanbali school of jurisprudence (or "fiqh") found in pre-modern texts and noted for its literalist interpretation of the Qur'an and hadith.
	Because the judge is empowered to disregard previous judgments (either his own or of other judges) and may apply his personal interpretation of Sharia to any particular case, divergent judgements arise even in apparently identical cases, making predictability of legal interpretation difficult. The Sharia court system constitutes the basic judiciary of Saudi Arabia and its judges (qadi) and lawyers form part of the ulema, the country's Islamic scholars.
	Royal decrees are the other main source of law; but are referred to as "regulations" rather than "laws" because they are subordinate to the Sharia. Royal decrees supplement Sharia in areas such as labor, commercial and corporate law. Additionally, traditional tribal law and custom remain significant. Extra-Sharia government tribunals usually handle disputes relating to specific royal decrees. Final appeal from both Sharia courts and government tribunals is to the King and all courts and tribunals follow Sharia rules of evidence and procedure.
	The Saudi system of justice has been criticized for its "ultra-puritanical judges", who are often harsh in their sentencing (with beheading for the crime of witchcraft), but also sometimes overly lenient (for cases of rape or wife-beating) and slow, for example leaving thousands of abandoned women unable to secure a divorce. The system has also been criticized for being arcane, lacking in some of the safeguards of justice, and unable to deal with the modern world.
	In 2007, King Abdullah issued royal decrees reforming the judiciary and creating a new court system, and, in 2009, the King made a number of significant changes to the judiciary's personnel at the most senior level by bringing in a younger generation.
	Capital and physical punishments imposed by Saudi courts, such as beheading, stoning (to death), amputation, crucifixion and lashing, as well as the sheer number of executions have been strongly criticized. The death penalty can be imposed for a wide range of offences including murder, rape, armed robbery, repeated drug use, apostasy, adultery, witchcraft and sorcery and can be carried out by beheading with a sword, stoning or firing squad, followed by crucifixion. The 345 reported executions between 2007 and 2010 were all carried out by public beheading. The last reported execution for sorcery took place in September 2014.
	Although repeated theft can be punishable by amputation of the right hand, only one instance of judicial amputation was reported between 2007 and 2010. Homosexual acts are punishable by flogging or death.
	Atheism or "calling into question the fundamentals of the Islamic religion on which this country is based" is considered a terrorist crime.
	Lashings are a common form of punishment and are often imposed for offences against religion and public morality such as drinking alcohol and neglect of prayer and fasting obligations.
	Retaliatory punishments, or Qisas, are practised: for instance, an eye can be surgically removed at the insistence of a victim who lost his own eye. Families of someone unlawfully killed can choose between demanding the death penalty or granting clemency in return for a payment of diyya (blood money), by the perpetrator.
	Even after allowing women to drive and work, public places in Saudi Arabia are still gender-segregated and the kingdom has very strict laws on how unrelated men and women can dine together. In September 2018, a man was arrested by the Saudi authorities for appearing in a video with his female colleague while having breakfast at a hotel, where they both work.
	Saudi Arabia joined the UN in 1945 and is a founding member of the Arab League, Gulf Cooperation Council, Muslim World League, and the Organization of the Islamic Conference (now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation). It plays a prominent role in the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and in 2005 joined the World Trade Organization. Saudi Arabia supports the intended formation of the Arab Customs Union in 2015 and an Arab common market by 2020, as announced at the 2009 Arab League summit.
	Since 1960, as a founding member of OPEC, its oil pricing policy has been generally to stabilize the world oil market and try to moderate sharp price movements so as to not jeopardise the Western economies. In 1973, Saudi Arabia and other Arab nations imposed an oil embargo against the United States, United Kingdom, Japan and other Western nations which supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War of October 1973. The embargo caused an oil crisis with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy.
	Between the mid-1970s and 2002 Saudi Arabia expended over $70 billion in "overseas development aid". However, there is evidence that the vast majority was, in fact, spent on propagating and extending the influence of Wahhabism at the expense of other forms of Islam. There has been an intense debate over whether Saudi aid and Wahhabism has fomented extremism in recipient countries. The two main allegations are that, by its nature, Wahhabism encourages intolerance and promotes terrorism. Counting only the non-Muslim-majority countries, Saudi Arabia has paid for the construction of 1359 mosques, 210 Islamic centres, 202 colleges and 2000 schools.
	Saudi Arabia and the United States are strategic allies, and since President Barack Obama took office in 2009, the US has sold $110 billion in arms to Saudi Arabia. However, the relationship between Saudi Arabia and the United States became strained and have witnessed major decline during the last years of the Obama administration, although Obama had authorized US forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their military intervention in Yemen, establishing a joint coordination planning cell with the Saudi military that is helping manage the war, and CIA used Saudi bases for drone assassinations in Yemen. In the first decade of the 21st century the Saudi Arabia paid approximately $100 million to American firms to lobby the U.S. government. On May 20, 2017, President Donald Trump and King Salman signed a series of letters of intent for Saudi Arabia to purchase arms from the United States totaling US$110 billion immediately, and $350 billion over 10 years.
	The relations with the U.S. became strained following 9/11. American politicians and media accused the Saudi government of supporting terrorism and tolerating a "jihadist" culture. Indeed, Osama bin Laden and 15 out of the 19 9/11 hijackers were from Saudi Arabia; in ISIL-occupied Raqqa, in mid-2014, all 12 judges were Saudi. The leaked US Department of State memo, dated 17 August 2014, says that "governments of Qatar and Saudi Arabia...are providing clandestine financial and logistic support to ISIS and other radical groups in the region." According to former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, "Saudi Arabia remains a critical financial support base for al-Qaida, the Taliban, LeT and other terrorist groups... Donors in Saudi Arabia constitute the most significant source of funding to Sunni terrorist groups worldwide." Former CIA director James Woolsey described it as "the soil in which Al-Qaeda and its sister terrorist organizations are flourishing." The Saudi government denies these claims or that it exports religious or cultural extremism. In April 2016, Saudi Arabia has threatened to sell off $750 billion in Treasury securities and other US assets if Congress passes a bill that would allow the Saudi government to be sued over 9/11. In September 2016, the Congress passed the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act that would allow relatives of victims of the September 11 attacks to sue Saudi Arabia for its government's alleged role in the attacks. Congress overwhelmingly rejected President Barack Obama's veto.
	In the Arab and Muslim worlds, Saudi Arabia is considered to be pro-Western and pro-American, and it is certainly a long-term ally of the United States. However, this and Saudi Arabia's role in the 1991 Persian Gulf War, particularly the stationing of US troops on Saudi soil from 1991, prompted the development of a hostile Islamist response internally. As a result, Saudi Arabia has, to some extent, distanced itself from the US and, for example, refused to support or to participate in the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003.
	China and Saudi Arabia are major allies, with relationship between the two countries growing significantly in recent decades. Majority of Saudi Arabians also expressed a favorable view of China. In February 2019, Crown Prince Mohammad defended China's Xinjiang re-education camps for Uyghur Muslims, saying "China has the right to carry out anti-terrorism and de-extremisation work for its national security." In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Saudi Arabia, have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's treatment of Uyghurs and other Muslim minority groups in the Xinjiang region.
	The consequences of the 2003 invasion and the Arab Spring led to increasing alarm within the Saudi monarchy over the rise of Iran's influence in the region. These fears were reflected in comments of King Abdullah, who privately urged the United States to attack Iran and "cut off the head of the snake". The tentative rapprochement between the US and Iran that began in secret in 2011 was said to be feared by the Saudis, and, during the run up to the widely welcomed deal on Iran's nuclear programme that capped the first stage of US–Iranian détente, Robert Jordan, who was US ambassador to Riyadh from 2001 to 2003, said "[t]he Saudis' worst nightmare would be the [Obama] administration striking a grand bargain with Iran." A trip to Saudi by US President Barack Obama in 2014 included discussions of US–Iran relations, though these failed to resolve Riyadh's concerns.
	In order to protect the house of Khalifa, the monarchs of Bahrain, Saudi Arabia invaded Bahrain by sending military troops to quell the uprising of Bahraini people on 14 March 2011. The Saudi government considered the two-month uprising as a "security threat" posed by the Shia who represent the majority of Bahrain population.
	According to the Iraqi prime minister Nouri al-Maliki in March 2014, Saudi Arabia along with Qatar provided political, financial and media support to terrorists against the Iraqi government.
	On 25 March 2015, Saudi Arabia, spearheading a coalition of Sunni Muslim states, started a military intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was deposed in the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings. At least 56,000 people have been killed in armed violence in Yemen between January 2016 and October 2018.
	Saudi Arabia, together with Qatar and Turkey, openly supported the Army of Conquest, an umbrella group of anti-government forces fighting in the Syrian Civil War that reportedly included an al-Qaeda linked al-Nusra Front and another Salafi coalition known as Ahrar al-Sham. Saudi Arabia was also involved in the CIA-led Timber Sycamore covert operation to train and arm Syrian rebels.
	Following a number of incidents during the Hajj season, the deadliest of which killed at least 2,070 pilgrim in 2015 Mina stampede, Saudi Arabia has been accused of mismanagement and focusing on increasing money revenues while neglecting pilgrims' welfare.
	In March 2015, Sweden scrapped an arms deal with Saudi Arabia, marking an end to a decade-old defense agreement with the kingdom. The decision came after Swedish Foreign Minister Margot Wallstrom was blocked by the Saudis while speaking about democracy and women's rights at the Arab League in Cairo. This also led to Saudi Arabia recalling its ambassador to Sweden.
	According to Sir William Patey, former British ambassador to Saudi Arabia, the kingdom funds mosques throughout Europe that have become hotbeds of extremism. "They are not funding terrorism. They are funding something else, which may down the road lead to individuals being radicalised and becoming fodder for terrorism," Patey said. He said that Saudi has been funding an ideology that leads to extremism and the leaders of the kingdom are not aware of the consequences.
	Saudi Arabia has been seen as a moderating influence in the Arab–Israeli conflict, periodically putting forward a peace plan between Israel and the Palestinians and condemning Hezbollah. Following the Arab Spring Saudi Arabia offered asylum to deposed President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali of Tunisia and King Abdullah telephoned President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt (prior to his deposition) to offer his support. In early 2014 relations with Qatar became strained over its support for the Muslim Brotherhood, and Saudi Arabia's belief that Qatar was interfering in its affairs. In August 2014 both countries appeared to be exploring ways of ending the rift. Saudi Arabia and its allies have criticized Qatar-based TV channel Al Jazeera and Qatar's relations with Iran. In 2017, Saudi Arabia imposed a land, naval and air blockade on Qatar.
	Saudi Arabia halted new trade and investment dealings with Canada and suspended diplomatic ties in a dramatic escalation of a dispute over the kingdom’s arrest of a women's rights activist on 6 August 2018.
	Tensions have escalated between Saudi Arabia and its allies after the disappearance of Jamal Khashoggi from the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. Turkish officials are highly skeptical of Khashoggi being murdered inside the consulate; this has strained the already suffering Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations. As stated by Ozgur Unluhisarcikli, director of the German Marshall Fund’s Ankara office "Turkey is maintaining a very delicate balance in its relations with Saudi Arabia. The relations have the potential of evolving into a crisis at any moment."
	The pressure on Saudi to reveal the insights about Khashoggi’s disappearance from the US and other European countries has increased. Saudi-US relations took an ugly turn on 14 October 2018, when Trump promised "severe punishment" if the royal court was responsible for Khashoggis’ death. The Saudi Foreign Ministry retaliated with an equal statement saying, "it will respond with greater action," indicating the kingdom’s "influential and vital role in the global economy." A joint statement was issued by Britain, France and Germany also demanding a "credible investigation to establish the truth about what happened, and — if relevant — to identify those bearing responsibility for the disappearance of Jamal Khashoggi, and ensure that they are held to account."
	The US expects its Gulf allies involved in the coalition in Yemen to put in more efforts and address the rising concerns about the millions that have been pushed to the brink of famine. According to the United Nations, the Arabian peninsula nation is home to the world’s worst humanitarian crisis. More than 50,000 children in Yemen died from starvation in 2017. The famine in Yemen is the direct result of the Saudi-led intervention and blockade of the rebel-held area.
	In the wake of Jamal Khashoggi's murder in October 2018, the US secretary of state Mike Pompeo and the US defence secretary Jim Mattis have called for a ceasefire in Yemen within 30 days followed by UN-initiated peace talks. Pompeo has asked Saudi Arabia and the UAE to stop their airstrikes on populated areas in Yemen. Theresa May backed the US call to end the coalition. President of the International Rescue Committee David Miliband called the US announcement as "the most significant breakthrough in the war in Yemen for four years".
	Jeremy Hunt, the UK Foreign Secretary, on his visit to Saudi Arabia and the UAE on 12 November 2018, is expected to raise the need for a ceasefire from all sides in the four-year long Yemen civil war. The US called for a ceasefire within 30 days. Andrew Smith, of Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT), said that Hunt and Boris Johnson "played an utterly central and complicit role in arming and supporting the Saudi-led destruction of Yemen."
	Saudi Arabia has one of the highest percentages of military expenditure in the world, spending more than 10% of its GDP in its military. The Saudi military consists of the Royal Saudi Land Forces, the Royal Saudi Air Force, the Royal Saudi Navy, the Royal Saudi Air Defense, the Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG, an independent military force), and paramilitary forces, totaling nearly 200,000 active-duty personnel. In 2005 the armed forces had the following personnel: the army, 75,000; the air force, 18,000; air defense, 16,000; the navy, 15,500 (including 3,000 marines); and the SANG had 75,000 active soldiers and 25,000 tribal levies. In addition, there is an Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah military intelligence service.
	The kingdom has a long-standing military relationship with Pakistan, it has long been speculated that Saudi Arabia secretly funded Pakistan's atomic bomb programme and seeks to purchase atomic weapons from Pakistan, in near future. The SANG is not a reserve but a fully operational front-line force, and originated out of Ibn Saud's tribal military-religious force, the Ikhwan. Its modern existence, however, is attributable to it being effectively Abdullah's private army since the 1960s and, unlike the rest of the armed forces, is independent of the Ministry of Defense and Aviation. The SANG has been a counterbalance to the Sudairi faction in the royal family: The late prince Sultan, former Minister of Defense and Aviation, was one of the so-called 'Sudairi Seven' and controlled the remainder of the armed forces until his death in 2011.
	Spending on defense and security has increased significantly since the mid-1990s and was about US$63.7 billion, as of 2016. Saudi Arabia ranks among the top 10 in the world in government spending for its military, representing about 7 percent of gross domestic product in 2005. Its modern high-technology arsenal makes Saudi Arabia among the world's most densely armed nations, with its military equipment being supplied primarily by the US, France and Britain.
	The United States sold more than $80 billion in military hardware between 1951 and 2006 to the Saudi military. On 20 October 2010, the US State Department notified Congress of its intention to make the biggest arms sale in American history—an estimated $60.5 billion purchase by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The package represents a considerable improvement in the offensive capability of the Saudi armed forces. 2013 saw Saudi military spending climb to $67bn, overtaking that of the UK, France and Japan to place fourth globally.
	The United Kingdom has also been a major supplier of military equipment to Saudi Arabia since 1965. Since 1985, the UK has supplied military aircraft—notably the Tornado and Eurofighter Typhoon combat aircraft—and other equipment as part of the long-term Al-Yamamah arms deal estimated to have been worth £43 billion by 2006 and thought to be worth a further £40 billion. In May 2012, British defence giant BAE signed a £1.9bn ($3bn) deal to supply Hawk trainer jets to Saudi Arabia.
	According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI, in 2010–14 Saudi Arabia became the world's second largest arms importer, receiving four times more major arms than in 2005–2009. Major imports in 2010–14 included 45 combat aircraft from the UK, 38 combat helicopters from the US, four tanker aircraft from Spain and over 600 armoured vehicles from Canada. Saudi Arabia has a long list of outstanding orders for arms, including 27 more combat aircraft from the UK, 154 combat aircraft from the US and a large number of armoured vehicles from Canada. Saudi Arabia received 41 percent of UK arms exports in 2010–14. France authorized $18 billion in weapons sales to Saudi Arabia in 2015 alone. The $15 billion arms deal with Saudi Arabia is believed to be the largest arms sale in Canadian history. In 2016, the European Parliament decided to temporarily impose an arms embargo against Saudi Arabia, as a result of the Yemen civilian population's suffering from the conflict with Saudi Arabia. In 2017, Saudi Arabia signed a 110 billion dollar arms deal with the United States.
	Saudi Arabia is Britain’s largest arms customer, with more than £4.6 billion worth of arms bought since the start of Saudi-led coalition in Yemen. A recent poll conducted by YouGov for Save the Children and Avaaz stated that 63 percent of British people oppose the sale of weapons to Saudi.
	Following the killing of Jamal Khashoggi, a nonbinding resolution was passed in the European Parliament on 25 October 2018, urging EU countries to impose an EU-wide arms embargo on Saudi Arabia. Germany became the first Western government to suspend future arms deal with the kingdom after Angela Merkel stated that "arms exports can't take place in the current circumstances."
	Human Rights organizations such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and Freedom House condemn both the Saudi criminal justice system and its severe punishments. There are no jury trials in Saudi Arabia and courts observe few formalities. Human Rights Watch, in a 2008 report, noted that a criminal procedure code had been introduced for the first time in 2002, but it lacked some basic protections and, in any case, had been routinely ignored by judges. Those arrested are often not informed of the crime of which they are accused or given access to a lawyer and are subject to abusive treatment and torture if they do not confess. At trial, there is a presumption of guilt and the accused is often unable to examine witnesses and evidence or present a legal defense. Most trials are held in secret. An example of sentencing is that of UK pensioner and cancer victim Karl Andree, aged 74, who faced 360 lashes for home brewing alcohol. He was later released due to intervention by the British government.
	Saudi Arabia is widely accused of having one of the worst human rights records in the world. Human rights issues that have attracted strong criticism include the extremely disadvantaged position of women (see Women below), capital punishment for homosexuality, religious discrimination, the lack of religious freedom and the activities of the religious police (see Religion below). Between 1996 and 2000, Saudi Arabia acceded to four UN human rights conventions and, in 2004, the government approved the establishment of the National Society for Human Rights (NSHR), staffed by government employees, to monitor their implementation. To date, the activities of the NSHR have been limited and doubts remain over its neutrality and independence.
	Saudi Arabia remains one of the very few countries in the world not to accept the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In response to the continuing criticism of its human rights record, the Saudi government points to the special Islamic character of the country, and asserts that this justifies a different social and political order. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom had unsuccessfully urged President Barack Obama to raise human rights concerns with King Abdullah on his March 2014 visit to the Kingdom especially the imprisonments of Sultan Hamid Marzooq al-Enezi, Saud Falih Awad al-Enezi, and Raif Badawi.
	For example, Ali Mohammed Baqir al-Nimr was arrested in 2012 when he was 17 years old for taking part in an anti-government protests in Saudi Arabia during the Arab Spring. In May 2014, Ali al-Nimr was sentenced to be publicly beheaded and crucified.
	In 2013, the government deported thousands of non-Saudis, many of them who were working illegally in the country or had overstayed their visas. Many reports abound, of foreigner workers being tortured either by employers or others. This resulted in many basic services suffering from a lack of workers, as many Saudi Arabian citizens are not keen on working in blue collar jobs.
	Saudi Arabia has a "Counter-Radicalization Program" the purpose of which is to "combat the spread and appeal of extremist ideologies among the general populous (sic)" and to "instill the true values of the Islamic faith, such as tolerance and moderation." This "tolerance and moderation" has been called into question by the Baltimore Sun, based on the reports from Amnesty International regarding Raif Badawi, and in the case of a man from Hafr al-Batin sentenced to death for rejecting Islam. In September 2015, Faisal bin Hassan Trad, Saudi Arabia's ambassador to the UN in Geneva, has been elected Chair of the United Nations Human Rights Council panel that appoints independent experts. In January 2016, Saudi Arabia executed the prominent Shia cleric Sheikh Nimr who had called for pro-democracy demonstrations and for free elections in Saudi Arabia.
	In August 2017, ten Nobel Peace Prize laureates, including Desmond Tutu and Lech Wałęsa, urged Saudi Arabia to stop the executions of 14 young people for participating in the 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests.
	On 2 October 2018, Saudi journalist and "Washington Post" columnist Jamal Khashoggi went missing after entering the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, Turkey. According to Turkish government sources there is audio and video evidence for him having been murdered and dismembered inside the consulate.
	In December 2019, Saudi Arabia organized a big budget electronic dance music festival, MDL Beast to the kingdom, "the region’s biggest music event". However, it attracted a lot controversy when lots of its high profile attendees, including Armie Hammer, Joan Smalls and Wilmer Valderrama, were criticized for engaging in "image rehab" for the kingdom, overlooking the continued human rights abuses in the country.
	Saudi Arabia occupies about 80 percent of the Arabian Peninsula (the world's largest peninsula), lying between latitudes 16° and 33° N, and longitudes 34° and 56° E. Because the country's southern borders with the United Arab Emirates and Oman are not precisely marked, the exact size of the country is undefined. The CIA World Factbook estimates and lists Saudi Arabia as the world's 13th largest state. It is geographically the largest country in the Arabian Plate.
	Saudi Arabia's geography is dominated by the Arabian Desert, associated semi-desert and shrubland (see satellite image) and several mountain ranges and highlands. It is, in fact, a number of linked deserts and includes the Rub' al Khali ("Empty Quarter") in the southeastern part of the country, the world's largest contiguous sand desert. Though there are a few lakes in the country, Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the world by area with no permanent rivers. Wadis, however, are very numerous. The fertile areas are to be found in the alluvial deposits in wadis, basins, and oases. The main topographical feature is the central plateau which rises abruptly from the Red Sea and gradually descends into the Nejd and toward the Persian Gulf. On the Red Sea coast, there is a narrow coastal plain, known as the Tihamah parallel to which runs an imposing escarpment. The southwest province of Asir is mountainous, and contains the Mount Sawda, which is the highest point in the country.
	Except for the southwestern province of Asir, Saudi Arabia has a desert climate with very high day-time temperatures and a sharp temperature drop at night. Average summer temperatures are around , but can be as high as . In the winter the temperature rarely drops below . In the spring and autumn the heat is temperate, temperatures average around . Annual rainfall is extremely low. The Asir region differs in that it is influenced by the Indian Ocean monsoons, usually occurring between October and March. An average of of rainfall occurs during this period, which is about 60 percent of the annual precipitation.
	Wildlife includes the Arabian leopard, wolf, striped hyena, mongoose, baboon, hare, sand cat, and jerboa. Animals such as gazelles, oryx, leopards and cheetahs were relatively numerous until the 19th century, when extensive hunting reduced these animals almost to extinction. Birds include falcons (which are caught and trained for hunting), eagles, hawks, vultures, sandgrouse, and bulbuls. There are several species of snakes, many of which are venomous. Saudi Arabia is home to a rich marine life. The Red Sea in particular is a rich and diverse ecosystem. More than 1200 species of fish have been recorded in the Red Sea, and around 10 percent of these are found nowhere else. This also includes 42 species of deepwater fish.
	The rich diversity is in part due to the of coral reef extending along its coastline; these fringing reefs are 5000–7000 years old and are largely formed of stony acropora and porites corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast and occasional other features such as cylinders (such as the Blue Hole (Red Sea) at Dahab). These coastal reefs are also visited by pelagic species of Red Sea fish, including some of the 44 species of shark.
	The Red Sea also contains many offshore reefs including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes, and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area.
	Domesticated animals include the legendary Arabian horse, Arabian camel, sheep, goats, cows, donkeys, chickens etc. Reflecting the country's dominant desert conditions, Saudi Arabia's plant life mostly consists of herbs, plants and shrubs that require little water. The date palm ("Phoenix dactylifera") is widespread.
	Saudi Arabia is divided into 13 regions (; "manatiq idāriyya", sing. منطقة إدارية; "mintaqah idariyya"). The regions are further divided into 118 governorates (; "muhafazat", sing. محافظة; "muhafazah"). This number includes the 13 regional capitals, which have a different status as municipalities (; "amanah") headed by mayors (; "amin"). The governorates are further subdivided into sub-governorates (; "marakiz", sing. مركز; "markaz").
	As of October 2018, Saudi Arabia is the largest economy in the Middle East and the 18th largest in the world.
	Saudi Arabia has the world's second-largest proven petroleum reserves and the country is the largest exporter of petroleum. It also has the fifth-largest proven natural gas reserves. Saudi Arabia is considered an "energy superpower". It has the third highest total estimated value of natural resources, valued at US$34.4 trillion in 2016.
	Saudi Arabia's command economy is petroleum-based; roughly 63% of budget revenues and 67% of export earnings come from the oil industry. It is strongly dependent on foreign workers with about 80% of those employed in the private sector being non-Saudi.
	Challenges to the Saudi economy include halting or reversing the decline in per-capita income, improving education to prepare youth for the workforce and providing them with employment, diversifying the economy, stimulating the private sector and housing construction, and diminishing corruption and inequality.
	The oil industry constitutes about 45% of Saudi Arabia's nominal gross domestic product, compared with 40% from the private sector (see below). Saudi Arabia officially has about of oil reserves, comprising about one-fifth of the world's proven total petroleum reserves.
	In the 1990s, Saudi Arabia experienced a significant contraction of oil revenues combined with a high rate of population growth. Per capita income fell from a high of $11,700 at the height of the oil boom in 1981 to $6,300 in 1998. Taking into account the impact of the real oil price changes on the Kingdom's real gross domestic income, the real command-basis GDP was computed to be 330.381 billion 1999 USD in 2010. Increases in oil prices in the aughts helped boost per capita GDP to $17,000 in 2007 dollars (about $7,400 adjusted for inflation), but have declined since oil price drop in mid-2014.
	OPEC (the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) limits its members' oil production based on their "proven reserves." Saudi Arabia's published reserves have shown little change since 1980, with the main exception being an increase of about between 1987 and 1988. Matthew Simmons has suggested that Saudi Arabia is greatly exaggerating its reserves and may soon show production declines (see peak oil).
	From 2003 to 2013, "several key services" were privatized—municipal water supply, electricity, telecommunications—and parts of education and health care, traffic control and car accident reporting were also privatized. According to Arab News columnist Abdel Aziz Aluwaisheg, "in almost every one of these areas, consumers have raised serious concerns about the performance of these privatized entities." The Tadawul All Share Index (TASI) of the Saudi stock exchange peaked at 16,712.64 in 2005, and closed at 8,535.60, at the end of 2013. In November 2005, Saudi Arabia was approved as a member of the World Trade Organization. Negotiations to join had focused on the degree to which Saudi Arabia is willing to increase market access to foreign goods and in 2000, the government established the Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority to encourage foreign direct investment in the kingdom. Saudi Arabia maintains a list of sectors in which foreign investment is prohibited, but the government plans to open some closed sectors such as telecommunications, insurance, and power transmission/distribution over time.
	The government has also made an attempt at "Saudizing" the economy, replacing foreign workers with Saudi nationals with limited success.
	Saudi Arabia has had five-year "Development Plans" since 1970. Among its plans were to launch "economic cities" (e.g. King Abdullah Economic City) to be completed by 2020, in an effort to diversify the economy and provide jobs. four cities were planned. The King has announced that the per capita income is forecast to rise from $15,000 in 2006 to $33,500 in 2020. The cities will be spread around Saudi Arabia to promote diversification for each region and their economy, and the cities are projected to contribute $150 billion to the GDP.
	In addition to petroleum and gas, Saudi also has a significant gold mining sector in the ancient Mahd adh Dhahab region and significant other mineral industries, an agricultural sector (especially in the southwest but not only) based on vegetables, fruits, dates etc. and livestock, and large number of temporary jobs created by the roughly two million annual "hajj" pilgrims.
	Statistics on poverty in the kingdom are not available through the UN resources because the Saudi government does not issue any. The Saudi state discourages calling attention to or complaining about poverty. In December 2011, the Saudi interior ministry arrested three reporters and held them for almost two weeks for questioning after they uploaded a video on the topic to YouTube. Authors of the video claim that 22 percent of Saudis may be considered poor (2009). Observers researching the issue prefer to stay anonymous because of the risk of being arrested.
	In September 2018, the Public Investment Fund completed a deal with a group of global lenders for a loan of $11 billion. The deal raised more than initially planned and was the first time the PIF had incorporated loans and debt instruments into its funding. According to data from Fitch Ratings, over two years starting from May 2016 Saudi Arabia went from having zero debt to raising $68 billion in dollar-denominated bonds and syndicated loans—one of the fastest rates among emerging economies.
	Each year, about a quarter-million young Saudis enter the job market. With the first phase of Saudization into effect, 70% of sales job are expected to be filled by Saudis. However, the private sector still remains hugely dominated by foreigners. The rate of local unemployment is 12.9%, its highest in more than a decade. According to a report published by Bloomberg Economics in 2018, the government needs to produce 700,000 jobs by 2020 to meet its 9% unemployment target.
	Serious large-scale agricultural development began in the 1970s. The government launched an extensive program to promote modern farming technology; to establish rural roads, irrigation networks and storage and export facilities; and to encourage agricultural research and training institutions.
	As a result, there has been a phenomenal growth in the production of all basic foods. Saudi Arabia is now completely self-sufficient in a number of foodstuffs, including meat, milk and eggs.
	The country exports wheat, dates, dairy products, eggs, fish, poultry, fruits, vegetables and flowers to markets around the world. Dates, once a staple of the Saudi diet, are now mainly grown for global humanitarian aid.
	In addition, Saudi farmers grow substantial amounts of other grains such as barley, sorghum and millet. As of 2016, in the interest of preserving precious water resources, domestic production of wheat has ended.
	The Kingdom likewise has some of the most modern and largest dairy farms in the Middle East. Milk production boasts a remarkably productive annual rate of 1,800 gallons per cow, one of the highest in the world. The local dairy manufacturing company Almarai is the largest vertically integrated dairy company in the Middle East.
	The Kingdom's most dramatic agricultural accomplishment, noted worldwide, was its rapid transformation from importer to exporter of wheat. In 1978, the country built its first grain silos. By 1984, it had become self-sufficient in wheat. Shortly thereafter, Saudi Arabia began exporting wheat to some 30 countries, including China and the former Soviet Union, and in the major producing areas of Tabuk, Hail and Qasim, average yields reached 3.6 tons per acre.
	The Kingdom has, however, stepped up fruit and vegetable production, by improving both agricultural techniques and the roads that link farmers with urban consumers. Saudi Arabia is a major exporter of fruits and vegetables to its neighbors. Among its most productive crops are watermelon, grapes, citrus fruits, onions, squash and tomatoes. At Jizan in the country's well-watered southwest, the Al-Hikmah Research Station is producing tropical fruits including pineapples, paw-paws, bananas, mangoes and guavas.
	The olive tree is indigenous to Saudi Arabia. In 2018 the Al Jouf Agricultural Development Company received a certificate of merit from The Guinness World Records for the largest modern olive plantation in the world. The farm covers 7730 hectares and has 5 million olive trees. The Guinness World Records also took into consideration their production capacity of 15000 tonnes of high quality of olive oil, while the kingdom consumes double that.
	The Al Jouf farms are located in Sakaka, a city in the north-western part of Saudi Arabia, which is a deeply-rooted in history. Sakaka dates back more than 4,000 years. The Al Jouf region has millions of olive trees and the expected number is expected to go up to 20 million trees soon.
	Consuming non-renewable groundwater resulted in the loss of an estimated four fifths of the total groundwater reserves by 2012.
	Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia is characterized by significant investments in seawater desalination, water distribution, sewerage and wastewater treatment leading to a substantial increase in access to drinking water and sanitation over the past decades. About 50% of drinking water comes from desalination, 40% from the mining of non-renewable groundwater and 10% from surface water, especially in the mountainous southwest of the country. The capital Riyadh, located in the heart of the country, is supplied with desalinated water pumped from the Persian Gulf over a distance of 467 km. Given the substantial oil wealth, water is provided almost for free. Despite improvements service quality remains poor. For example, in Riyadh water was available only once every 2.5 days in 2011, while in Jeddah it is available only every 9 days. Institutional capacity and governance in the sector are weak, reflecting general characteristics of the public sector in Saudi Arabia. Since 2000, the government has increasingly relied on the private sector to operate water and sanitation infrastructure, beginning with desalination and wastewater treatment plants. Since 2008, the operation of urban water distribution systems is being gradually delegated to private companies as well.
	Although most tourism in Saudi Arabia still largely involves religious pilgrimages, there is growth in the leisure tourism sector. According to the World Bank, approximately 14.3 million people visited Saudi Arabia in 2012, making it the world's 19th-most-visited country. Tourism is an important component of the Saudi Vision 2030 and according to a report conducted by BMI Research in 2018, both religious and non-religious tourism have significant potential for expansion.
	Starting December 2018, the kingdom will offer an electronic visa for foreign visitors to attend sport events and concerts. The "sharek" visa process will start with 15 December, Saudia Ad Diriyah E Prix race.
	In September 2019, the Kingdom announced its plans to open visa applications for visitors, where people from about 50 countries would be able to get tourist visas to Saudi.
	The population of Saudi Arabia as of July 2013 is estimated to be 26.9 million, including between 5.5 million and 10 million non-nationalized immigrants, though the Saudi population has long proved difficult to accurately estimate due to Saudi leaders' historical tendency to inflate census results. Saudi population has grown rapidly since 1950 when it was estimated to be 3 million, and for many years had one of the highest birthrates in the world at around 3 percent a year.
	The ethnic composition of Saudi citizens is 90% Arab and 10% Afro-Asian. Most Saudis live in the Hejaz (35%), Najd (28%), and the Eastern Province (15%). Hejaz is the most populated region in Saudi Arabia.
	As late as 1970, most Saudis lived a subsistence life in the rural provinces, but in the last half of the 20th century the kingdom has urbanized rapidly. about 80% of Saudis live in urban metropolitan areas—specifically Riyadh, Jeddah, or Dammam.
	Its population is also quite young with over half the population under 25 years old. A large fraction are foreign nationals. (The CIA Factbook estimated that foreign nationals living in Saudi Arabia made up about 21% of the population. Other estimates are 30% or 33%)
	As recently as the early 1960s, Saudi Arabia's slave population was estimated at 300,000. Slavery was officially abolished in 1962.
	The official language of Saudi Arabia is Arabic. The three main regional variants spoken by Saudis are Hejazi Arabic (about 6 million speakers), Najdi Arabic (about 8 million speakers), and Gulf Arabic (about 0.2 million speakers). Faifi is spoken by about 50,000. Saudi Sign Language is the principal language of the deaf community. The large expatriate communities also speak their own languages, the most numerous of which are Tagalog (700,000), Rohingya (400,000), Urdu (380,000), Egyptian Arabic (300,000), and Indonesian (250,000).
	Virtually all Saudi citizens are Muslim (officially, all are), and almost all Saudi residents are Muslim. Estimates of the Sunni population of Saudi Arabia range between 75% and 90%, with the remaining 10–25% being Shia Muslim. The official and dominant form of Sunni Islam in Saudi Arabia is commonly known as Wahhabism (proponents prefer the name Salafism, considering "Wahhabi" derogatory) and is often described as 'puritanical', 'intolerant', or 'ultra-conservative' by observers, and as "true" Islam by its adherents. It was founded in the Arabian Peninsula by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab in the 18th century. Other denominations, such as the minority Shia Islam, are systematically suppressed.
	According to estimates there are about 1,500,000 Christians in Saudi Arabia, almost all foreign workers. Saudi Arabia allows Christians to enter the country as foreign workers for temporary work, but does not allow them to practice their faith openly. The percentage of Saudi Arabian citizens who are Christians is officially zero, as Saudi Arabia forbids religious conversion from Islam (apostasy) and punishes it by death. According to Pew Research Center there are 390,000 Hindus in Saudi Arabia, almost all foreign workers.
	There may be a significant fraction of atheists and agnostics in Saudi Arabia, although they are officially called "terrorists". Apostasy is punishable by death in Saudi Arabia, hence non-believers hardly ever come out.
	In its 2017 religious freedom report, the US State Department named Saudi Arabia a Country of Particular Concern (CPC).
	Saudi Arabia's Central Department of Statistics & Information estimated the foreign population at the end of 2014 at 33% (10.1 million). The CIA Factbook estimated that foreign nationals living in Saudi Arabia made up about 21% of the population. Other sources report differing estimates. Indian: 1.5 million, Pakistani: 1.3 million, Egyptian: 900,000, Yemeni: 800,000, Bangladeshi: 400,000, Filipino: 500,000, Jordanian/Palestinian: 260,000, Indonesian: 250,000, Sri Lankan: 350,000, Sudanese: 250,000, Syrian: 100,000 and Turkish: 80,000. There are around 100,000 Westerners in Saudi Arabia, most of whom live in compounds or gated communities.
	Foreign Muslims who have resided in the kingdom for ten years may apply for Saudi citizenship. (Priority is given to holders of degrees in various scientific fields, and exception made for Palestinians who are excluded unless married to a Saudi national, because of Arab League instructions barring the Arab states from granting them citizenship.) Saudi Arabia is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention.
	As Saudi population grows and oil export revenues stagnate, pressure for "Saudization" (the replacement of foreign workers with Saudis) has grown, and the Saudi government hopes to decrease the number of foreign nationals in the country. Saudi Arabia expelled 800,000 Yemenis in 1990 and 1991 and has built a Saudi–Yemen barrier against an influx of illegal immigrants and against the smuggling of drugs and weapons. In November 2013, Saudi Arabia expelled thousands of illegal Ethiopian residents from the Kingdom. Various Human Rights entities have criticised Saudi Arabia's handling of the issue. Over 500,000 undocumented migrant workers — mostly from Somalia, Ethiopia, and Yemen — have been detained and deported since 2013.
	Saudi Arabia has centuries-old attitudes and traditions, often derived from Arab civilization. The main factors that influence the culture of Saudi Arabia are Islamic heritage and Bedouin traditions as well as its historical role as an ancient trade center.
	The ejazi region, where the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina are located, is the destination of the Ḥajj pilgrimage, and often deemed to be the cradle of Islam.
	Islam is the state religion of Saudi Arabia and its law requires that all citizens be Muslims. Neither Saudi citizens nor guest workers have the right of freedom of religion. The official and dominant form of Islam in the kingdom—Wahhabism—arose in the central region of Najd, in the 18th century. Proponents call the movement "Salafism", and believe that its teachings purify the practice of Islam of innovations or practices that deviate from the seventh-century teachings of Muhammad and his companions. The Saudi government has often been viewed as an active oppressor of Shia Muslims because of the funding of the Wahhabi ideology which denounces the Shia faith. Prince Bandar bin Sultan, Saudi ambassador to the United States, stated: "The time is not far off in the Middle East when it will be literally 'God help the Shia'. More than a billion Sunnis have simply had enough of them."
	Saudi Arabia is one of the few countries that have "religious police" (known as "Haia" or "Mutaween"), who patrol the streets "enjoining good and forbidding wrong" by enforcing dress codes, strict separation of men and women, attendance at prayer ("salat") five times each day, the ban on alcohol, and other aspects of "Sharia" (Islamic law). (In the privacy of the home behavior can be far looser, and reports from the Daily Mail and WikiLeaks indicate that the ruling Saudi Royal family applies a different moral code to itself, indulging in parties, drugs and sex.)
	Until 2016, the kingdom used the lunar Islamic calendar, not the international Gregorian calendar, but in 2016 the kingdom announced its switch to the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes.
	Daily life is dominated by Islamic observance. Businesses are closed three or four times a day for 30 to 45 minutes during business hours while employees and customers are sent off to pray. The weekend is Friday-Saturday, not Saturday-Sunday, because Friday is the holiest day for Muslims. For many years only two religious holidays were publicly recognized – "ʿĪd al-Fiṭr" and "ʿĪd al-Aḍḥā". ("ʿĪd al-Fiṭr" is "the biggest" holiday, a three-day period of "feasting, gift-giving and general letting go".)
, approximately half of the broadcast airtime of Saudi state television was devoted to religious issues. 90 percent of books published in the kingdom were on religious subjects, and most of the doctorates awarded by its universities were in Islamic studies. In the state school system, about half of the material taught is religious. In contrast, assigned readings over 12 years of primary and secondary schooling devoted to covering the history, literature, and cultures of the non-Muslim world comes to a total of about 40 pages.
	"Fierce religious resistance" had to be overcome to permit such innovations as paper money (in 1951), female education (1964), and television (1965) and the abolition of slavery (1962). Public support for the traditional political/religious structure of the kingdom is so strong that one researcher interviewing Saudis found virtually no support for reforms to secularize the state.
	Because of religious restrictions, Saudi culture lacks any diversity of religious expression, buildings, annual festivals and public events. Celebration of other (non-Wahhabi) Islamic holidays, such as the Muhammad's birthday and the Day of Ashura, (an important holiday for the 10–25 percent of the population that is Shīʿa Muslim), are tolerated only when celebrated locally and on a small scale. Shia also face systematic discrimination in employment, education, the justice system according to Human Rights Watch. Non-Muslim festivals like Christmas and Easter are not tolerated at all, although there are nearly a million Christians as well as Hindus and Buddhists among the foreign workers. No churches, temples or other non-Muslim houses of worship are permitted in the country. Proselytizing by non-Muslims and conversion by Muslims to another religion is illegal, and the distribution of "publications that have prejudice to any other religious belief other than Islam" (such as Bibles), was reportedly punishable by death. In legal compensation court cases ("Diyya") non-Muslim are awarded less than Muslims. Atheists are legally designated as terrorists. And at least one religious minority, the Ahmadiyya Muslims, had its adherents deported, as they are legally banned from entering the country.
	Saudi Wahhabism is hostile to any reverence given to historical or religious places of significance for fear that it may give rise to 'shirk' (idolatry), and the most significant historic Muslim sites (in Mecca and Medina) are located in the western Saudi region of the Hejaz. As a consequence, under Saudi rule, an estimated 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished for religious reasons. Critics claim that over the last 50 years, 300 historic sites linked to Muhammad, his family or companions have been lost, leaving fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad. Demolished structures include the mosque originally built by Muhammad's daughter Fatima, and other mosques founded by Abu Bakr (Muhammad's father-in-law and the first Caliph), Umar (the second Caliph), Ali (Muhammad's son-in-law and the fourth Caliph), and Salman al-Farsi (another of Muhammad's companions).
	Five cultural sites in Saudi Arabia are designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Al-Hijr Archaeological Site (Madâin Sâlih); the Turaif district in the city of Diriyah; Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Mecca; Al-Ahsa Oasis; and Rock Art in the Hail Region. Ten other sites submitted requests for recognition to UNESCO in 2015.
	There are six elements inscribed on UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity list: Al-Qatt Al-Asiri, female traditional interior wall decoration in Asir; Almezmar, drumming and dancing with sticks; Falconry, a living human heritage; Arabic coffee, a symbol of generosity; Majlis, a cultural and social space; Alardah Alnajdiyah, dance, drumming and poetry in Saudi Arabia.
	In June 2014, the Council of Ministers approved a law that gives the Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage the means to protect Saudi Arabia's ancient relics and historic sites. Within the framework of the 2016 National Transformation Program, also known as Saudi Vision 2030, the kingdom allocated 900 million euros to preserve its historical and cultural heritage. Saudi Arabia also participates in the International Alliance for the Protection of Heritage in Conflict Areas (ALIPH), created in March 2017, with a contribution of 18.5 million euros.
	In 2017, Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman promised to return Saudi Arabia to the "moderate Islam" of the era before the 1979 Iranian revolution. A new center, the King Salman Complex for the Prophet’s Hadith, was established that year to monitor interpretations of the Prophet Mohammed’s hadiths to prevent them being used to justify terrorism.
	In March 2018, the Crown Prince met the Archbishop of Canterbury during a visit to the UK, pledging to promote interfaith dialogue. In Riyadh the following month King Salman met the head of the Vatican’s Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue.
	In July 2019, UNESCO signed a letter with the Saudi Minister of Culture of In which Saudi Arabia contribute US$25 million to UNESCO for the preservation of heritage.
	Saudi Arabian dress strictly follows the principles of hijab (the Islamic principle of modesty, especially in dress). The predominantly loose and flowing, but covering, garments are suited to Saudi Arabia's desert climate. Traditionally, men usually wear a white ankle length garment woven from wool or cotton (known as a thawb), with a keffiyeh (a large checkered square of cotton held in place by an agal) or a ghutra (a plain white square made of finer cotton, also held in place by an agal) worn on the head. For rare chilly days, Saudi men wear a camel-hair cloak (bisht) over the top. In public women are required to wear a black abaya or other black clothing that covers everything under the neck with the exception of their hands and feet, although most women cover their head in respect for their religion. This requirement applies to non-Muslim women too and failure to abide can result in police action, particularly in more conservative areas of the country. Women's clothes are often decorated with tribal motifs, coins, sequins, metallic thread, and appliques.
	During the 1970s, cinemas were numerous in the Kingdom although they were seen as contrary to Wahhabi norms. During the Islamic revival movement in the 1980s, and as a political response to an increase in Islamist activism including the 1979 seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, the government closed all cinemas and theaters. However, with King Abdullah's reforms from 2005, some cinemas have re-opened, including one in KAUST.
	From the 18th century onward, Wahhabi fundamentalism discouraged artistic development inconsistent with its teaching. In addition, Sunni Islamic prohibition of creating representations of people have limited the visual arts, which tend to be dominated by geometric, floral, and abstract designs and by calligraphy. With the advent of oil-wealth in the 20th century came exposure to outside influences, such as Western housing styles, furnishings, and clothes. Music and dance have always been part of Saudi life. Traditional music is generally associated with poetry and is sung collectively. Instruments include the rabābah, an instrument not unlike a three-string fiddle, and various types of percussion instruments, such as the ṭabl (drum) and the ṭār (tambourine). Of the native dances, the most popular is a martial line dance known as the ʿarḍah, which includes lines of men, frequently armed with swords or rifles, dancing to the beat of drums and tambourines. Bedouin poetry, known as nabaṭī, is still very popular.
	Censorship has limited the development of Saudi literature, although several Saudi novelists and poets have achieved critical and popular acclaim in the Arab world—albeit generating official hostility in their home country. These include Ghazi Algosaibi, Abdelrahman Munif, Turki al-Hamad and Rajaa al-Sanea.
	In 2016, the General Entertainment Authority was formed to oversee the expansion of the Saudi entertainment sector.
	The first concerts in Riyadh for 25 years took place the following year. Other events since the GEA’s creation have included comedy shows, professional wrestling events and monster truck rallies. In 2018 the first public cinema opened after a ban of 35 years, with plans to have more than 2,000 screens running by 2030.
	Developments in the arts in 2018 included Saudi Arabia’s debut appearances at the Cannes Film Festival and the Venice Biennale. At the same time, David Guetta declared that "There is obviously a very big effort in Saudi to open to music and to artists". This was after he performed a concert attended by more than 10,000 people in the heritage site north-west of Riyadh. The concert also included shows by Enrique Iglesias and The Black Eyed Peas. Guetta’s comments come as Saudi Arabia increasingly attracts big name western music acts to perform in the kingdom. Since his concert last November, Mariah Carey, Sean Paul and Akon all performed in various Saudi cities.
	Football is the national sport in Saudi Arabia. The Saudi Arabia national football team is considered as one of Asia's most successful national teams, having reached a joint record 6 AFC Asian Cup finals, winning three of those finals (1984, 1988, and 1996) and having qualified for the World Cup four consecutive times ever since debuting at the 1994 tournament.
	In the 1994 FIFA World Cup under the leadership of Jorge Solari, Saudi Arabia beat both Belgium and Morocco in the group stage before falling to defeat Sweden in the round of 16. During the 1992 FIFA Confederations Cup, which was played in Saudi Arabia, the country reached the final, losing 1–3 to Argentina.
	Scuba diving, windsurfing, sailing and basketball (which is played by both men and women) are also popular with the Saudi Arabian national basketball team winning bronze at the 1999 Asian Championship. More traditional sports such as horse racing and camel racing are also popular. A stadium in Riyadh holds races in the winter. The annual King's Camel Race, begun in 1974, is one of the sport's most important contests and attracts animals and riders from throughout the region. Falconry, another traditional pursuit, is still practiced.
	Women's sport is controversial due to the suppression of female participation in sport by conservative Islamic religious authorities, however this restriction has eased slightly in recent years. Until 2018 women were not permitted in sport stadiums. Segregated seating, allowing women to enter, has been developed in three stadiums across major cities.
	Saudi Arabia, in its vision for modernization introduced the nation to a number of international sporting events, bringing sports stars to the Kingdom. However, in August 2019, the kingdom's strategy received criticism for appearing as a method of sportswashing soon after Saudi's US based 2018 lobbying campaign foreign registration documentations got published online. The documents showed Saudi Arabia as allegedly implementing a ‘sportswashing’ strategy, inclusive of meetings and official calls with supreme authorities of associations like the Major League Soccer (MLS), World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), National Basketball Association (NBA). The strategy is being viewed as a method of sportswashing following the chaos spread across Yemen since 4 years.
	On October 31, 2019, Saudi Arabia hosted the first ever women’s wrestling match held by the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). However, the superstar players Lacey Evans and Natalya were required to cover their arms and legs by wearing bodysuits during the fight, instead of the more revealing gear that they would normally wear.
	Saudi Arabia, in December 2019, came under fire for using Western sports to rehabilitate global image tarnished following the continued crackdown on dissidents. Critics accused the kingdom of "sportswashing", as it turned a blind eye to the unending violation of human rights in the country against women, minorities, rights advocates and critics.
	Saudi Arabian cuisine is similar to that of the surrounding countries in the Arabian Peninsula and the wider Arab world, and has influenced and been influenced by Turkish, Indian, Persian, and African food. Islamic dietary laws are enforced: pork is not allowed and other animals are slaughtered in accordance with halal. Kebabs and falafel are popular, as is "shāwarmā" (shawarma), a marinated grilled meat dish of lamb, mutton, or chicken. As in other Arab countries of the Arabian Peninsula, "machbūs" (kabsa), a rice dish with lamb, chicken, fish or shrimp, is among the national dishes as well as the dish mandi (food). Flat, unleavened taboon bread is a staple of virtually every meal, as are dates, fresh fruit, yoghurt and hummus. Coffee, served in the Arabic style, is the traditional beverage but tea and various fruit juices are popular as well. Arabic coffee is a traditional beverage in Arabian cuisine. The earliest substantiated evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree is from the 15th century, in the Sufi monasteries of Arabia.
	Women do not have equal rights to men in the kingdom; the U.S. State Department considers Saudi Arabian government's discrimination against women a "significant problem" in Saudi Arabia and notes that women have few political rights due to the government's discriminatory policies. The World Economic Forum 2010 Global Gender Gap Report ranked Saudi Arabia 129th out of 134 countries for gender parity. Other sources had complained of an absence of laws criminalizing violence against women.
	Under Saudi law, every adult female must have a male relative as her "guardian" ("wali"), As of 2008, a woman was required to have permission from her male guardian in order to travel, study, or work. A royal decree passed in May 2017 allowed them to avail government services such as education and healthcare without the need of a consent of a male guardian. The order however also stated that it should only be allowed if it does not contradict the Sharia system.
	According to a leading Saudi feminist and journalist, Wajeha al-Huwaider, "Saudi women are weak, no matter how high their status, even the 'pampered' ones among them, because they have no law to protect them from attack by anyone."
	Women face discrimination in the courts, where the testimony of one man equals that of two women in family and inheritance law. Polygamy is permitted for men, and men have a unilateral right to divorce their wives (talaq) without needing any legal justification. A woman can only obtain a divorce with the consent of her husband or judicially if her husband has harmed her. In practice, it is very difficult for a Saudi woman to obtain a judicial divorce. With regard to the law of inheritance, the Quran specifies that fixed portions of the deceased's estate must be left to the "Qur'anic heirs" and generally, female heirs receive half the portion of male heirs.
	The average age at first marriage among Saudi females is 25 years in Saudi Arabia, with child marriage no longer common. , Saudi women constitute 13% of the country's native workforce despite being 51% of all university graduates. Female literacy is estimated to be 81%, lower than male literacy.
	Obesity is a problem among middle and upper class Saudis who have domestic servants to do traditional work but, until 2018, were forbidden to drive and so are limited in their ability to leave their home. As of April 2014, Saudi authorities in the education ministry have been asked by the Shoura Council to consider lifting a state school ban on sports for girls with the proviso that any sports conform to Sharia rules on dress and gender segregation, according to the official SPA news agency.
	The religious police, known as the "mutawa", impose many restrictions on women in public in Saudi Arabia. The restrictions include forcing women to sit in separate specially designated family sections in restaurants, to wear an abaya and to cover their hair.
	Although Saudi Arabia imposes a strict dress code on women throughout the country by using religious police, female anchors working for Al-Arabia news network which is partly owned by Prince Abdulaziz, the son of the late King Fahad, are prohibited from wearing a veil and are encouraged to adopt a Western dress code.
	A few Saudi women have risen to the top of the medical profession; for example, Dr. Ghada Al-Mutairi heads a medical research center in California and Dr. Salwa Al-Hazzaa is head of the ophthalmology department at King Faisal Specialist Hospital in Riyadh and was the late King Fahad's personal ophthalmologist.
	In February 2017, Saudi Arabia appointed its first woman to head the Saudi Stock Exchange. As of 2018, two women hold cabinet positions in the Saudi government: Dr Tamadur bint Youssef Al Ramah, who was appointed deputy labor minister that year; and Norah bint Abdallah Al Faiz, who became deputy minister of education in charge of women’s affairs in 2009.
	On 25 September 2011, King Abdullah announced that Saudi women would gain the right to vote (and to be candidates) in municipal elections, provided that a male guardian grants permission. Women were allowed to vote and be candidates in the 12 December 2015 municipal elections.
	In August 2013, a law was passed that criminalized domestic violence against women. The ban includes penalties of a 12-month jail sentence and fines of up to 50,000 riyals ($13,000).
	In February 2017, Saudi Arabia appointed its first woman to head the Saudi Stock Exchange.
	In April 2017, bin Salman announced a project to build one of the world's largest cultural, sports and entertainment cities in Al Qidiya, southwest of Riyadh. The 334-square kilometre city will include a safari and a Six Flags theme park.
	As of February 2018, Saudi women can now open their own business, without a male's permission.
	In March 2018, a law was passed allowing Saudi mothers to retain custody of their children after divorce without having to file any lawsuits.
	In April 2018, the first public cinema opened in Saudi Arabia after a ban of 35 years, with plans to have more than 2,000 screens running by 2030.
	In June 2018, King Salman issued a decree allowing women to drive, lifting the world's only ban on women drivers.
	Other domestic reforms include significant regulations restricting the powers of the religious police and establishing a national entertainment authority that has hosted comedy shows, pro wrestling events, and monster truck rallies. Further cultural developments include the first Saudi public concerts by a female singer, the first Saudi sports stadiums to admit women, and an increased presence of women in the workforce.
	On 1 August 2019, Saudi Arabia allowed women to travel abroad, register a divorce or a marriage, and apply for official documents without the consent of a male guardian. The laws also grant the women the eligibility for the guardianship of minor children.
	On 27 September 2019, Saudi Arabia announced new changes to tourist visas for non-religious visits, allowing citizens of 49 countries to apply for E-Visa for 90 days. In 2 January 2020, Saudi Arabia announced three days Events-Only visa for expats living in United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Kuwait.
	Education is free at all levels. The school system is composed of elementary, intermediate, and secondary schools. A large part of the curriculum at all levels is devoted to Islam, and, at the secondary level, students are able to follow either a religious or a technical track. The rate of literacy is 97.1% among males and is about 92.71% among females (2017). Classes are segregated by sex. Higher education has expanded rapidly, with large numbers of Universities and colleges being founded particularly since 2000. Institutions of higher education include the country's first university, King Saud University founded in 1957, the Islamic University at Medina founded in 1961, and the King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah founded in 1967. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, known as KAUST, founded recently in 2009. Other colleges and universities emphasize curricula in sciences and technology, military studies, religion, and medicine. Institutes devoted to Islamic studies, in particular, abound. Women typically receive college instruction in segregated institutions.
	The "Academic Ranking of World Universities", known as Shanghai Ranking, ranked 4 of Saudi Arabian institutions among its 2016–2017 list of the 980 top universities in the world. Also, the QS World University Rankings has ranked 19 Saudi universities among the top 100 Arab institutions, on its 13th edition. The latest list of Academic Ranking of World Universities 2018, ranked two Saudi universities, King Abdulaziz University and King Saud University, among the top 150 universities in the World.
	According to critics, Saudi curriculum is not just dominated by Islam but suffers from Wahhabi dogma that propagates hatred towards non-Muslim and non-Wahhabis and lacks technical and other education useful for productive employment.
	Memorization by rote of large parts of the Qur'an, its interpretation and understanding (Tafsir) and the application of Islamic tradition to everyday life is at the core of the curriculum. Religion taught in this manner is also a compulsory subject for all University students. As a consequence, Saudi youth "generally lacks the education and technical skills the private sector needs" according to the CIA. Similarly, "The Chronicle of Higher Education" wrote in 2010 that "the country needs educated young Saudis with marketable skills and a capacity for innovation and entrepreneurship. That's not generally what Saudi Arabia's educational system delivers, steeped as it is in rote learning and religious instruction."
	The religious sector of the Saudi national curriculum was examined in a 2006 report by Freedom House which concluded that "the Saudi public school religious curriculum continues to propagate an ideology of hate toward the 'unbeliever', that is, Christians, Jews, Shiites, Sufis, Sunni Muslims who do not follow Wahhabi doctrine, Hindus, atheists and others". The Saudi religious studies curriculum is taught outside the Kingdom via Saudi-linked madrasah, schools, and clubs throughout the world. Critics have described the education system as "medieval" and that its primary goal "is to maintain the rule of absolute monarchy by casting it as the ordained protector of the faith, and that Islam is at war with other faiths and cultures".
	Saudi Arabia sponsors and promotes the teaching of Wahhabism ideology which is adopted by Sunni Jihadist groups such as ISIS, Al-Qaeda and the Nusra Front. This radical teaching takes place in Saudi funded mosques and madrasas across the Islamic world from Morocco to Pakistan to Indonesia.
	According to the educational plan for secondary (high school) education 1435–1438 Hijri, students enrolling in the "natural sciences" path are required to take five religion subjects which are: Tawhid, Fiqh, Tafseer, Hadith and Islamic Education and Quran. In addition, students are required to take six science subjects which are Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geology and Computer.
	The approach taken in the Saudi education system has been accused of encouraging Islamic terrorism, leading to reform efforts. Following the 9/11 attacks, the government aimed to tackle the twin problems of encouraging extremism and the inadequacy of the country's university education for a modern economy, by slowly modernising the education system through the "Tatweer" reform program. The Tatweer program is reported to have a budget of approximately US$2 billion and focuses on moving teaching away from the traditional Saudi methods of memorization and rote learning towards encouraging students to analyze and problem-solve. It also aims to create an education system which will provide a more secular and vocationally based training.
	As of 2018, Saudi Arabia ranks 28 worldwide in terms of high-quality research output according to the renowned scientific journal Nature.
	This makes Saudi Arabia the best performing Middle Eastern, Arab and Muslim country.
	Saudi Arabia spends 8.8% of its gross domestic product on education, compared with the global average of 4.6%, which is nearly double the global average on education.
	Saudi Arabia has a life expectancy of 74.87 years (73.67 for males and 76.48 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2017 from the World Bank. Infant mortality in 2018 was 6 per 1,000. In 2016, 69.7% of the adult population was overweight and 35.5% was obese.

= = = Loughborough = = =

	Loughborough ( ) is a town in the Charnwood borough of Leicestershire, England, seat of Charnwood Borough Council, and home to Loughborough University. The town had a population of 57,600 in 2004, making it the second largest settlement in Leicestershire. It is close to the Nottinghamshire border and within short distances of Nottingham, East Midlands Airport and Derby. The town has the world's largest bell foundry – John Taylor Bellfounders – which made bells for the Carillon war memorial, a landmark in the Queens Park in the town, of Great Paul for St Paul's Cathedral, and for York Minster.
	The first mention of Loughborough is in the 1086 Domesday Book.
	Loughborough's earliest historical reference was to "Lucteburne" in the 1086 Domesday Book. It appeared in a charter from the reign of Henry II as "Lucteburga", and in the Pipe Rolls of 1186 as "Luchteburc". The name means "Luhhede's burgh or fortified place".
	The first sign of industrialisation in the Loughborough district came in the early years of the 19th century, when John Heathcoat, an inventor from Derbyshire patented in 1809 an improvement to the warp loom, known as the twisted lace machine, which allowed mitts with a lace-like appearance to be made.
	Heathcoat, in partnership with the Nottingham manufacturer Charles Lacy, moved his business from there to the village of Hathern, outside Loughborough. The product of this "Loughborough machine" came to be known as English net or bobbinet. However, the factory was attacked in 1816 by Luddites thought to be in the pay of Nottingham competitors and 55 frames were destroyed. This prompted Heathcoat to move his business to a disused woollen mill in Tiverton, Devon.
	In 1888 a charter of incorporation was obtained, allowing a mayor and corporation to be elected. The population increased from 11,000 to 25,000 in the following ten years.
	Among the factories established were Robert Taylor's bell foundry John Taylor & Co and the Falcon works, which produced steam locomotives, then motor cars, before it was taken over by Brush Electrical Machines. In 1897, Herbert Morris set up a factory in the Empress Works in Moor Lane which become one of the foremost crane manufacturers by the mid-20th century.
	There was also strong municipal investment: a new sewage works in 1895, then a waterworks in Blackbrook and a power station in Bridge Street in 1899. The corporation took over Loughborough Gas Company in 1900.
	In 1841, Loughborough was the destination for the first package tour, organised by Thomas Cook for a temperance group from Leicester.
	As Loughborough grew larger throughout the 20th century, it began to acquire new suburbs.
	Thorpe Acre is located in the north-west of Loughborough. Until the mid-20th century, it was a hamlet of about twenty houses or cottages, several of which survive. There is also a 19th-century church (All Saints Church, Thorpe Acre with Dishley, was built in 1845 and extended in 1968) and an old hostelry, "The Plough Inn". The population is included in Loughborough–Garendon Ward of Charnwood Council. Many of the roads are named after famous poets. After the Second World War, part of Thorpe Acre was developed further, largely in the 1950s for employees of Brush Engineering Works, 100 dwellings being built of no-fines concrete. In the 1960s and early 1970s, Thorpe Acre was chosen for a new estate that subsumed the old village. Two of Loughborough's secondary schools, Charnwood College and De Lisle College, are located on the edge of the estate. The suburb also bounds Garendon Park, a large deer park from the 18th century.
	Stonebow, at the upper end of Maxwell Drive, was built in the 1980s. Further development started in 2004, to link Maxwell Drive to Mitchell Drive, where Stonebow Primary School is located.
	The original Dishley, off Derby Road, was heavily developed, with Thorpe Acre, in the 1970s. Dishley Church is now a ruin in Derby Road. The agriculturalist Robert Bakewell (1726–1795) is buried there.
	Shelthorpe and surrounding area are new suburbs in the south of Loughborough. Work on the original Shelthorpe started in 1929, but was halted by World War II and resumed in 1946. It now has two rows of shops. A magnificent but often overlooked piece of architecture is a group of twelve houses surrounding the crossroads at Castledine Street Extension, Woodthorpe Road, and Shelthorpe Road.
	Fairmeadows Way and the surrounding area to the west of Shelthorpe and the south of the university date from the 1970s. The area stretches from Holywell Drive to Hazel Road. Rainbows, a children's hospice, and Woodbrook Vale secondary school are on the edge of the suburb. Grange Park is to the south of these. Construction began in 2006 after the completion of Terry Yardley Way to One Ash Roundabout. By 2018 the developers William Davis had built 1000 houses. Other developers are also building to the west of Shelthorpe and the south of the university.<mapframe latitude="52.7505" longitude="-1.2026" zoom="14" width="250" height="250" align="right">
</mapframe>
	William Davis came under fire in 2018 from residents saying they had been promised public amenities like shops and a place of worship, but were living on "a construction site" after William Davis submitted a planning application for 30 more houses on a site that could have been used for public purposes.
	Loughborough station is a mainline station serving the town. In 2012, Network Rail redeveloped the station increasing the length of the platforms and improving access; concurrently, the local council made improvements to the surrounding area. East Midlands Railway is the primary operator providing services on the Midland Main Line south to Leicester, Bedford, Luton and London St Pancras stations and north to Lincoln, Derby, Sheffield, Leeds and York stations. The link to London is twice-hourly and provides a link to Europe via Eurostar. Leicester and Derby stations allow transfers to CrossCountry trains running between the north-east of Scotland and the south-west of England.
	There were at one time three railway routes to the town: the still-operating Midland Main Line, the Great Central Railway that closed as a result of the Beeching cuts and a branch line from Nuneaton that was part of the London & North Western Railway. Loughborough Central railway station served the Great Central Railway. It was opened on 15 March 1899 and closed in 1969 but re-opened in March 1974 as part of the Great Central heritage railway. The railway is split into two sections north and south of Loughborough. Loughborough Central station is the northern terminus of the southern section of the railway and services run daily. As of 2017, there were plans to fill the gap and link the two halves of the railway again.
	Brush Traction, a manufacturer of railway locomotives, is also located in the town, close to Loughborough's railway station.
	The M1's Junction 23 lies just to the west of Loughborough. The north of the town can be accessed from Junction 24, travelling through Kegworth and Hathern on the A6 road and the south west of the town from Junction 22, via Copt Oak and the small hamlet of Nanpantan.
	Local buses around Loughborough are operated by Arriva Midlands, Kinchbus, Paul S Winson and Robert's Coaches, with longer distance services to Melton Mowbray and Nottingham provided by [[Centrebus]], [[Nottingham City Transport]] and [[trentbarton]]. There are also competing services to Leicester.
	The [[River Soar]] passes by to the east of the town. Navigation from Loughborough north towards the Trent was achieved in 1778 by the "Loughborough Navigation", which terminates at Loughborough Wharf between Derby Road and Bridge Street. Subsequently the Leicester navigation was constructed, connecting to the Loughborough Navigation at Chain Bridge and to the River Soar south of the town. Both form part of the [[Grand Union Canal]].
	The now derelict [[Charnwood Forest Canal]] once linked Nanpantan (on the west side of Loughborough) with Thringstone, with goods being carried into Loughborough by a [[horse-drawn wagonway]].
[[File:Brush works loughborough cropped.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Brush Traction|Brush]] engineering works]]
	The centre of Loughborough's shopping area is the pedestrianised Market Place and Market Street, which maintain a number of original [[art deco]] buildings, such as the building that currently houses the town's cinema. A large outdoor market is held in the Market Place every Thursday and Saturday. There is a monthly farmers' market. The first mention of a market in Loughborough is in 1221. 
	The Rushes shopping centre has also been built on the site of the former bus station and is occupied by national chains. The Rushes is linked to the town centre area by Churchgate and Churchgate Mews; the latter has independent shops.
	A major new development, the Eastern Gateway, that developed the area around the railway station with a new road and new housing, was completed in 2013.
	Pedestrianisation of the town centre was completed in November 2014. The scheme is intended to improve the economy within the town centre and reduce pollution from traffic congestion.
	Loughborough's local weekly newspaper is the "[[Loughborough Echo]]". The town is also served by Leicestershire's daily newspaper, the "[[Leicester Mercury]]".
	As with the rest of the [[British Isles]] and East Midlands, Loughborough experiences a [[maritime climate]] with cool summers and mild winters. The nearest Met Office weather station is at [[Sutton Bonington]] in [[Nottinghamshire]], located 5 miles due north of the town centre. The highest temperature recorded in that area was on 25 July 2019.
	The town was once home to a professional football club, [[Loughborough FC]], which played at the [[Athletic Ground (Loughborough)|Athletic Ground]] and was a member of [[the Football League]] in the late 19th century. [[Loughborough Dynamo F.C.|Loughborough Dynamo]] of the [[Northern Premier League#Division One South East|Northern Premier League Division One South East]] (Level 8 of the men's football pyramid), [[Loughborough University F.C.|Loughborough University]] of the [[United Counties League|United Counties League Premier Division]] (Level 9 of the men's football pyramid) and women's team [[Loughborough Foxes W.F.C.|Loughborough Foxes]] of the [[FA Women's National League North]] (Level 3 of the women's football pyramid) are the most prominent football teams in the town currently.
	Cricket is prominent, with the Old Contemptibles, Loughborough Town CC, Loughborough Outwoods CC, Loughborough Carillon CC, Loughborough Carillon Old Boys' CC, Loughborough University Staff CC, Loughborough Greenfields CC and [[Loughborough Lightning (cricket)|Loughborough Lightning]] of the semi-professional [[Women's Cricket Super League]] representing various standards of cricket in the area. Loughborough Town has since 2000 been the most successful club in the [[Leicestershire and Rutland Cricket League]]. The university is home to the [[ECB National Cricket Academy]], used by the England team as their primary training centre.
	The University's 1st XV rugby team, the Loughborough Students RUFC, were promoted to the National One division in 2012, which is the 3rd tier of English rugby. The town [[rugby union]] club, [[Loughborough Rugby Football Club|Loughborough RFC]], play at Derby Road playing fields. The club was formed in 1891.
	Other sports teams include the Loughborough Aces (collegiate [[American football]]), [[Loughborough Lightning (netball)|Loughborough Lightning]] of the [[Netball Superleague]] and Loughborough Hawks, an amateur netball team. The town also has its own swimming club, Loughborough Town Swimming Club, which is based in the town and trains at local venues.
	The tennis tournament [[Aegon Pro-Series Loughborough]] is held in Loughborough.
[[File:All Saints Church, Loughborough 2006-04-06 061web.jpg|thumb|right|[[All Saints Church, Loughborough|Loughborough parish church]]]]
[[File:Loughborough Carillon - geograph.org.uk - 3930.jpg|thumb|WW1 memorial carillon in Queen's Park]]
	Loughborough has five museums, the largest being the centrally located [[Charnwood Museum]], which houses a range of exhibits reflecting the natural history, geology, industry and history of the area. Nearby in Queens Park is the [[Carillon]] and War Memorial, home to a small museum of military memorabilia from the [[First World War|First]] and [[Second World War]]s. Loughborough Library is on Granby Street.
	Also to be found in the town centre, near the fine medieval [[All Saints Church, Loughborough|All Saints]] parish church, is the Old Rectory. Dating back to 1288 the remaining portion of the Great Hall has been restored and houses a small museum run by the Loughborough and District Archaeological Society.
	Loughborough has for more than a century been the home of [[John Taylor & Co]] bell founders and the firm has a museum – the Bellfoundry Museum – located on two floors telling the story of bell making over the centuries. The recording of the tolling bell at the beginning of [[Hells Bells (song)|Hells Bells]], the first track on [[AC/DC]]'s 1980 album [[Back in Black]] was made on a quarter weight near replica of the Denison bell in the Carillon war memorial .
	There is a museum at the Great Central Railway station illustrating the history of the railway from its earliest days up to its present state as a double-track preserved heritage railway.
	Although it has no dedicated art gallery, fine pieces of sculpture can be found in the town's environs, including recently installed sculptures from a local artist in commemoration of the First World War Centenary outside of Charnwood Museum, and "[[The Sockman]]", a bronze statue celebrating Loughborough's association with the hosiery industry. This can be found in the Market Place near the [[Loughborough Town Hall]], which itself contains a number of art works.
	The Loughborough Town Hall is the venue for a range of events, including concerts, exhibitions, musicals, comedy shows and a Christmas pantomime. Groups make use of the town hall for their shows.
	Events are also organised by Charnwood Arts, a voluntary managed and professionally staffed body, which promotes a year-round programme of professional performances across the borough. The organisation is responsible for The Picnic In the Park event, which was inaugurated in 1980 and is held in Queens Park in May. Streets Alive, jointly organised by Charnwood Arts and [[Charnwood (borough)|Charnwood Borough Council]] takes place at a similar time of year.
	The [[Loughborough Canal Festival]], which ran from 1997 to 2014, was an annual event in May centred on Chain Bridge.
[[Great Central Railway (preserved)|Great Central Railway]] is a heritage railway based at Loughborough Central Station, which is south of the town centre. It is operated largely by volunteers and trains run every weekend of the year and bank holidays, as well as daily during the summer.
	Every November, the street fair takes over the centre of the town, closing some roads. The fair runs from Wednesday afternoon until Saturday night. The fair has many rides, amusement arcades, food stands and games.
	The town has an Odeon cinema. This cinema was designed by Archibald Hurley Robinson. There are six screens in the theatre, which is built to an [[Art Deco|art deco]] style. The cinema was built in 1914 as the Empire Cinema, and was remodelled in 1936 by Archibald Hurley Robinson as the New Empire Cinema. Over the years it has been named the Palm Court and Ballroom, Empire, Essoldo, Classic, Curzon and Reel.
	The town has a Cineworld cinema with eight screens, which opened in 2016. The site of the former Loughborough General Hospital cinema was demolished in 2012.
	Loughborough has a variety of uniformed youth organisations, with several [[The Scout Association|Scout]] and [[Girlguiding|Girl Guide]] units, [[Girls' Brigade|Girls']] and [[Boys' Brigade]]s, units from the [[Community Cadet Forces|cadet forces]] ([[Air Training Corps]], [[Army Cadet Force]], [[Sea Cadet Corps]], and [[Combined Cadet Force]] at Loughborough Grammar School), a [[St John Ambulance Cadets in the UK|St John Ambulance]] Cadet unit, and a cadet programme run by the local Fire and Rescue Service. Since November 2015, Loughborough has also had a [[Police cadets in the United Kingdom|Volunteer Police Cadet]] unit based at [[Loughborough College]].
[[File:Hazlerrigg Front Lawn.JPG|thumb|Hazlerigg Front Lawn]]
[[File:EAP at Loughborough Uni, copyright picture of Charlie Pearson.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[British Aerospace EAP]] at the Aeronautical Engineering Department at Loughborough University]]
	In 2004, Loughborough University was ranked 9th among British universities by the [[The Times|Times]]' [[Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom|Good University Guide]]. In 2006 Loughborough was ranked 6th. In 2007 [[The Guardian]] rated the university 8th, and 10th of 117 institutions by The Guardian League Tables 2009 (published online 1/6/08 for the 2009–2010 academic year. The university is 5th in some rankings, behind Oxbridge and the London universities. The university has the largest sports scholarship in the UK. More than 250 international athletes study and train there. In 2008 Loughborough was named Sunday Times University of the Year.
	Loughborough College is the second biggest education establishment in Loughborough, after the University. It offers further education and vocational courses. It was established in 1909, and has over 12,000 full and part-time students.
	RNIB College, Loughborough is for people aged 16+ and adults with a wide range of disabilities seeking to access education, employment and independent living.
	Loughborough natives include [[Albert Francis Cross]], the journalist, author, poet and playwright who was born on Moor Lane on 9 May 1863, the two time [[Laurence Olivier Award]] nominated stage actress [[Nicola Hughes (actress)|Nicola Hughes]] and "[[Coronation Street]]"'s [[Roy Cropper]] actor [[David Neilson]], and the notorious rock star of the mid-1960s, [[Viv Prince]] of [[the Pretty Things]]. [[Bobsleigh]]er and [[Paratrooper]] [[Dean Ward (bobsleigh)|Dean Ward]], who won a [[Bobsleigh at the 1998 Winter Olympics|bronze medal]] at the [[1998 Winter Olympics]] was born in the town.
	Felix Buxton of [[Basement Jaxx]] was a pupil at [[Loughborough Grammar School]] and son of the one-time vicar of nearby [[Woodhouse Eaves]] and [[Ibstock]]. The Dundee-born comedian, TV presenter and entertainer [[Danny Wallace (writer)|Danny Wallace]] attended Holywell County Primary School. Second World War fighter ace [[Johnnie Johnson (RAF officer)|Johnnie Johnson]] attended Loughborough Grammar school. The high jumper [[Ben Challenger]], son of [[Showaddywaddy]] drummer [[Romeo Challenger]], is from Loughborough. The popular Muslim and Bangladeshi presenter [[Rizwan Hussain]] was brought up there.
	Notable sporting graduates of Loughborough University include [[Sir Clive Woodward]], [[Sebastian Coe]], [[Paula Radcliffe]], [[David Moorcroft]], [[Tanni Grey-Thompson]], [[Monty Panesar]], [[Steve Backley]], [[Jack Kirwan]] and [[Lawrie Sanchez]].
	Loughborough was the birthplace of the poet and [[Cavalier|Royalist]] [[John Cleveland]] (1613–1658).
	The chemist [[Arthur Donald Walsh]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (8 August 1916 – 23 April 1977) was born in Loughborough and attended Loughborough Grammar School. The engineer, physicist and author [[Charles Denis Mee]] was born here in 1927.
[[John Paget (author)|John Paget]] (1808–1892), an English agriculturist and writer on Hungary, was born here.
	Professional [[Association football|footballers]], [[Liam Moore]] and [[Hamza Choudhury]] were both born in the town and have gone on to play in the [[Premier League]] with nearby [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]].
[[File:UK Loughborough.jpg|thumb|right|Signpost for Loughborough, naming its twin towns.]]
	Loughborough is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
	Loughborough has a friendship link with [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]], India
	This list is of the closest cities and towns to the town of Loughborough. This list does not include [[village]]s.
[[Category:Loughborough|Loughborough]]
[[Category:Towns in Leicestershire]]
[[Category:Borough of Charnwood]]

= = = Shaw Direct = = =

	Shaw Direct is a direct broadcast satellite television distributor in Canada and a subsidiary of the telecommunications company Shaw Communications. As of 2010, Shaw Direct had over 900,000 subscribers. It broadcasts on K band from three communications satellites, Anik F1R and Anik G1 at 107.3°W, and Anik F2 at 111.1°W; these satellites are owned by Telesat Canada and otherwise are used primarily to distribute programming to various Canadian cable TV companies. The company was formerly known as Star Choice until April 15, 2009.
	A full list of channels carried by these three satellites is available from satellite-related sites such as Lyngsat. Anik F1 carries most mainstream English-language programming; Anik F2 programming includes French-language and HDTV broadcasts. A third planned satellite, Anik G1, was launched on April 15, 2013, and then later reached orbit on May 29, 2013. This new satellite provides Shaw Direct customers with access to over 210 HD channels.
	Shaw Direct was founded in Lincoln, New Brunswick, but is now based in Calgary, Alberta. Its broadcast centre is in Mississauga, Ontario, and has call centres in Victoria, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Montreal.
	The system requires an elliptical antenna of at least 45x60cm in size with a special LNB pair built as one unit to accommodate the narrow 3.8° spacing between satellites; the receiver uses the Motorola-proprietary Digicipher II system which has so far been virtually free of the problems with pirate decryption that have plagued other providers such as rival Bell TV. The standard 18" DBS antennas used by other providers are not compatible with this system as the signals differ in both frequency and polarization. Shaw Direct is relayed via FSS satellites, Anik F1R, G1, and F2.
	Shaw Direct currently features over 760 channels including all major Canadian and American networks, popular specialty services, PPV, sports packages and over 30 High Definition channels. Key services include:
	The monthly packages range from $30 for the basic service, up to $107.99 for specialty and movie channels. Individual premium and specialty channels can also be purchased. The receivers range from $99 for a basic system to $399 for a high-definition personal video recorder.
	In addition, Shaw Direct provides specialty services
	Since 2011, Shaw Direct offered a free satellite dish, receiver, installation and a handful of channels to Canadians who lost their over-the-air (OTA) access to television as a result of Canada's digital television transition. The offer was part of Shaw's little known Local Television Satellite Solution (LTSS) program approved by the CRTC as part of Shaw's purchase of Canwest Global. The period to apply to the program ended August 31, 2014, three months earlier than the original extended application deadline of November 30, 2014. On April 12, 2019, the CRTC opened a public call for comments regarding Shaw Direct's licence renewal request that included its plan to end the LTSS as of August 31, 2019. According to Shaw Direct, more than 31,500 Canadian households subscribe to the no-fee LTSS.

= = = Wagga Wagga = = =

	Wagga Wagga (; informally called Wagga) is a major regional city in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. Straddling the Murrumbidgee River, with an urban population of more than 56,000 as at June 2018, Wagga Wagga is the state's largest inland city, and is an important agricultural, military, and transport hub of Australia. The ninth fastest growing inland city in Australia, Wagga Wagga is located midway between the two largest cities in Australia–Sydney and Melbourne–and is the major regional centre for the Riverina and South West Slopes regions.
	The central business district is focused around the commercial and recreational grid bounded by Best and Tarcutta Streets and the Murrumbidgee River and the Sturt Highway. The main shopping street of Wagga is Baylis Street which becomes Fitzmaurice Street at the northern end. The city is in an alluvial valley and much of the city has a problem with urban salinity.
	The original inhabitants of the Wagga Wagga region were the Wiradjuri people. In 1829, Charles Sturt became the first European explorer to visit the future site of the city. Squatters arrived soon after. The town, positioned on the site of a ford across the Murrumbidgee, was surveyed and gazetted as a village in 1849 and the town grew quickly after. In 1870, the town was gazetted as a municipality.
	During the negotiations leading to the federation of the Australian colonies, Wagga Wagga was a contender for the site of the capital for the new nation. During World War I the town was the starting point for the Kangaroo recruitment march. The Great Depression and the resulting hardship saw Wagga Wagga become the centre of a secession movement for the Riverina region. Wagga Wagga became a garrison town during World War II with the establishment of a military base at Kapooka and Royal Australian Air Force bases at Forest Hill and Uranquinty. After the war, Wagga Wagga was proclaimed as a city in 1946 and new suburbs were developed to the south of the city. In 1982 the city was amalgamated with the neighbouring Kyeamba and Mitchell Shires to form the City of Wagga Wagga local government area.
	Wagga Wagga is at the eastern end of the Riverina region where the slopes of the Great Dividing Range flatten and form the Riverina plain. The city straddles the Murrumbidgee River, one of the great rivers of the Murray-Darling Basin, and the city centre is on the southern bank, protected by a levee from potential flooding.
	The city sits halfway between the largest cities in Australia, being 452 kilometres southwest of Sydney and 456 kilometres northeast of Melbourne with the Sydney–Melbourne railway line passing through. The Sturt Highway, part of Australia's National Highway network, passes through the city on its way from Adelaide to its junction with the main Sydney–Melbourne route, the Hume Highway, a further 45 kilometres east. This location astride some of the major transport routes in the nation has made Wagga Wagga an important heavy truck depot for a number of companies including Toll Holdings. Wagga Wagga itself is the major regional centre for the Riverina and for much of the South West Slopes regions, providing education, health and other services to a region extending as far as Griffith to the west, Cootamundra to the north and Tumut to the east.
	Wagga Wagga is upstream from the Riverina plain in the mid-catchment range of the Murrumbidgee River in an alluvial valley confined by low bedrock hills. Much of Wagga Wagga is on heavy clay soils in a large drainage basin with a small catchment discharge point. Groundwater therefore cannot leave easily, leading to Wagga Wagga having a problem with waterlogged soil and soil salination. Urban salination in Wagga Wagga is now the subject of a large multi-pronged approach to prevent further salination and reclaim salt-affected areas.
	The location of Wagga Wagga's Central business district was already well established by the late 1800s and remains focused around the commercial and recreational grid bounded by Best and Tarcutta Streets and the Murrumbidgee River and the Sturt Highway. The main shopping street of Wagga Wagga is Baylis Street which becomes Fitzmaurice Street at the northern end. The Wollundry Lagoon is the water focus of the city centre and has been a key element in the development and separation of the north (older) and south (newer) parts of the city centre. Most residential growth in Wagga Wagga has been on the higher ground to the south of the city centre, with the only residential areas north of the Murrumbidgee being the flood prone suburb of North Wagga Wagga and the university suburb of Estella. Major industrial areas of Wagga Wagga include the northern suburb of Bomen and the eastern suburb of East Wagga Wagga.
	Thomas Mitchell, the surveyor who served under Lord Wellington named many of the streets after Peninsula War veterans.
	Wagga Wagga has a temperate climate with hot dry summers and cool to cold winters. Under the Köppen climate classification, the city has a humid subtropical climate ("Cfa"), albeit having a semi-arid influence due to its vegetation. At an elevation of above sea level, Wagga Wagga has four distinct seasons. Winters can be cold by Australian standards with the mean maximum temperature falling in July to and a mean minimum of . The lowest temperature recorded at Wagga was on 21 August 1982.
	Fog and heavy frosts are common in the winter while snow is a very rare occurrence. By contrast, summers in Wagga Wagga are warm to hot, with mean maximum temperatures ranging between . The hottest temperature on record is on 7 February 2009. Relative humidity is low in the summer months with a 3 pm average of around 30%. Wagga Wagga has 124.3 clear days annually.
	In 2009 the city recorded anomalous maximum of , which was above the country's average of and the highest anomalous maximum in Australia for 2009. This proceeded the Early 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave, in which Wagga Wagga recorded 13 consecutive days over as well as its highest maximum temperature ever recorded.
	Wagga Wagga has a mean annual rainfall of per year. This rainfall is distributed fairly equally over the 12 months. On 8 March 2010, Wagga Wagga Airport recorded of rain, breaking the previous all-time record of set on 16 March 1966, with of rain recorded at Gurwood Street in the city's CBD. In December 2010, the city recorded its wettest year on record and the first yearly rainfall recording of .
	The Aboriginal inhabitants of the Wagga Wagga region were the Wiradjuri people and the term "Wagga" and derivatives of that word in the Wiradjuri aboriginal language is thought to mean "crow". To create the plural, the Wiradjuri repeat a word, thus 'Wagga Wagga' translates to 'the place of many crows'. This has been recognised in the Latin name of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wagga Wagga as "Dioecesis Corvopolitana" ("corvus" being the Latin word for crow). Other translations render the word 'wagga' as "reeling (a sick man or a dizzy man)" and "to dance, slide or grind".
	European exploration of the future site of Wagga Wagga began in 1829 with the arrival of Captain Charles Sturt during his expedition along the Murrumbidgee River. Settlers arrived shortly thereafter with Charles Tompson establishing the Eunonyhareenyha 'run' on the north bank of the river in 1832, and then in soon after George Best establishing the Wagga Wagga 'run' on the south bank. Other settlers followed, with all of them initially squatting on the land illegally but by 1836 the colonial government regulated the tenure of land and established a licensing scheme. Within a few years settlers numbers increased greatly and before 1850 a local bench of magistrates and a place for holding petty sessions was established. The beginnings of a village formed near the ford used by most traffic passing through the area and included a crude blacksmith's shop, a hotel, and a post office. By 1849 the town was marked out by surveyor Thomas Scott Townsend and formally gazetted as a village.
	Wagga Wagga grew quickly, reaching a population of 627 in 1861 and during that decade a number of hotels and stores opened, as well as professional services in the form of banks, solicitors, doctors and dentists. The "Wagga Wagga Advertiser" is still published today as "The Daily Advertiser" and commenced in 1868. Until the 1860s most goods were transported to markets by bullock wagon. For a short time, the arrival of faster, cheaper and more reliable riverboats allowed goods to be transported more easily to export markets. The riverboat era ended when the New South Wales government extended the railway line to North Wagga Wagga in 1878 and across the river to Wagga Wagga itself in 1881.
	On 15 March 1870, Wagga Wagga was incorporated as a municipality and George Forsyth was chosen as the first Mayor of Wagga Wagga. Gas lighting was installed throughout the streets of Wagga Wagga in 1881, although once again North Wagga Wagga was neglected. By 1885, a town waterworks and reservoir was established although water quality remained a problem. Poor sanitation caused a horrific stench in the town and was blamed for a large increase in infectious diseases such as typhoid fever in the 1890s and early 1900s. In 1908 the Council approved a sewerage scheme and by 1914 most of the main streets were sewered. A free public library was opened in 1875 and the Council began to establish parklands such as Bolton Park and the Town Hall Gardens.
	In September 1859 local residents formed a committee for the construction of a pile bridge over the Murrumbidgee River. After the New South Wales Government refused to support this type of bridge the committee decided to finance it themselves. The bridge was completed in October 1862 and opened on 27 October at just over 91 metres long and 7 metres wide. In 1884 the New South Wales Government purchased the bridge and it was demolished in 1895. In 1895 a truss bridge called the Hampden Bridge, was built across the Murrumbidgee River at Wagga. The bridge served the Wagga Wagga community for over 100 years until 16 August 2006 when it was closed and fenced off to the public due to the bridge being declared a safety risk after one of the trusses failed. In 2014 the Hampden Bridge was demolished.
	With its increasing prosperity and population, Wagga Wagga and the surrounding district became a place of interest to several infamous bushrangers. The Wagga police magistrate Henry Baylis was bailed up by Mad Dog Morgan in 1863. Captain Moonlite and his band arrived in the district on 15 November 1879 and held up 39 people at Wantabadgery Station. Moonlite and his gang escaped a police pursuit only to be captured at another nearby property when police from the neighbouring townships of Gundagai and Adelong arrived.
	Along with most of the Riverina region, the majority of Wagga Wagga residents supported the federation of the Australian colonies, in large part due to the prospect of free trade across colonial borders. In 1898, a group of residents promoted Wagga Wagga for consideration as the site of the future national capital due to its location equidistant from Sydney and Melbourne and its ample water supply. Despite the bid's lack of success, in the 1899 referendum Wagga Wagga residents voted strongly in favour of federation.
	During World War I the town was the starting point of the "Kangaroo March", one of a series of snowball marches conducted in New South Wales during the war where groups of recruits would march toward Sydney and appeal to men in the towns along the route to join them and enlist in the Australian Imperial Force. 88 recruits left Wagga Wagga on 1 December 1915, farewelled by a large crowd and to the accompaniment of a band. The marchers included John Ryan, who later won the Victoria Cross for his actions in the Battle of the Hindenburg Line in 1918. The march finished at Campbelltown with over 220 recruits.
	After the war some of the area around Wagga Wagga was designated for settlement by returned soldiers, who faced insurmountable difficulties due to poor and unwatered land, lack of farming experience and lack of access to markets. Many walked off the land after years of backbreaking work. Residential growth continued with a population in 1921 of 11,631. Much of this residential growth was housed in the higher ground to the south, extending to the south of the railway tracks. A suburb consisting of tents and crude huts, known as "Tent Town", developed along the river providing housing for the poorer residents of Wagga Wagga. In 1922, electricity was provided for the town, with hydro-electric power available from Burrinjuck Dam from 1928.
	Hardship as a result of the Great Depression, and the election of Jack Lang of the Labor party as Premier of New South Wales, sparked the formation of the "Riverina Movement". Throughout the Riverina in early 1931, a series of rallies were organised by the movement, culminating in a great meeting in Wagga Wagga on 28 February 1931. The meeting called on the State and Federal governments to alleviate the concerns of producers in the district or hold a referendum to determine if the Riverina should secede. The movement petered out following the dismissal of Lang in 1932 and the recovery of the regional economy.
	The outbreak of World War II saw Royal Australian Air Force bases established at Forest Hill in 1940 and Uranquinty in 1941. A major Australian Army camp was constructed at Kapooka in 1942 and one year later there were 8,000 troops in training there with Wagga taking on the characteristics of a garrison town.
	After the war, Wagga Wagga grew steadily and was proclaimed a city on 17 April 1946. Suburbs such as Turvey Park and Kooringal were developed to the south of the city and in the 1960s, residential growth expanded to cover areas such as Tolland and Lake Albert. The main commercial district also moved south to the Baylis Street end with the development of the Sturt Mall in 1979. The City Council developed a series of industrial areas including areas for service and general industries, and agricultural processing and noxious industries were established in a new industrial estate in Bomen.
	In the 1950s the defence bases in Wagga Wagga again became an important part of the city. The Army camp at Kapooka was reopened as a recruit training centre from 1951, a role it maintains to this day. RAAF Base Wagga at Forest Hill also expanded, with training of defence force aircraft technicians there from 1969. After a series of major floods in the early 1950s, the City Council protected the city area on the south flood plain through construction of a levee, completed in 1962. The levee was designed to provide protection from floods at levels expected once every one hundred years. North Wagga Wagga was initially excluded from protection however by 1982 another levee was constructed to protect the village, although at a lower standard.
	In 1971, following pressure from the Wagga Wagga community for a university, the teachers' college established in 1947 became the Riverina College of Advanced Education and was relocated to a site adjacent to the Wagga Agricultural College, with which it amalgamated in 1975. In 1989, the College amalgamated with the College of Advanced Education at Bathurst to become Charles Sturt University. In 1981, the New South Wales government forced the amalgamation of Wagga Wagga City Council with neighbouring Kyeamba Shire and Mitchell Shire to form the new City of Wagga Wagga local government area, containing 4,886 square kilometres.
	On 23 February 1993 Wagga Wagga was the first city in the world to be proclaimed as a Rotary Peace City, with a Rotary Peace Monument unveiled on the corner of The Esplanade and Best Street.
	Wagga Wagga has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
	The Wagga Wagga City Flag was designed by Mr H Ellis Tomlinson, MA, FHS and adopted in 1965. Currently, Wagga Wagga City Council holds the copyright to Tomlinson's design. The flag is officially square. The upper quarter of it contains eight stalks of wheat positioned so as to form two capital letters W on a vert (green) field. The lower quarter of the upper half of the flag contains a wavy blue line on gold (yellow) representing the river winding through the wheat fields. The lower half of the flag contains the head of a ram positioned centrally on a vert (green) field.
	Wagga Wagga is the major city of the Riverina and the largest inland city in New South Wales. As at June 2018 the urban area of Wagga Wagga was home to an estimated population of 56,442 having grown, on average, 0.65 percent year-on-year during the previous five years. Much of this growth is attributable to the "sponge city" phenomenon as Wagga Wagga attracts residents from smaller towns in the region such as Urana. Other factors include Wagga's role as a regional centre and its hosting of major defence establishments and a Charles Sturt University campus.
	According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 54,411 people in the Wagga Wagga Urban Area.
	Wagga Wagga falls within the boundary of the Anglican Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn. Anglican parishes include St John's, Wagga Wagga (Church St); St Paul's, Turvey Park (Fernleigh Rd); St Alban's, Kooringal (Lake Albert Rd); Community of the Redeemer, Ashmont (Blakemore Ave).
	Wagga Wagga is the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese, with its principal church being St Michael's Cathedral.
	Wagga attracts people from all over the Riverina and southwestern New South Wales to its shopping facilities. It is the major support city for over 200,000 people who live across the region.
	Wagga's shopping centres include two notable centres of metropolitan standards, Wagga Wagga Marketplace and Sturt Mall in the central business district, and suburban shopping centres such as the South City Shopping Centre in Glenfield Park, the Lake Village Shopping Centre, Lake Albert, the Tolland Shopping Centre and Kooringal Mall in Kooringal. Wagga has a large Home Base located on the Sturt Highway. Wagga's central business district, with both Baylis and Fitzmaurice Streets and other surrounding streets, offers hundreds of speciality retailers including national chains such as Big W, Myer and Target Country. The dairy company Fonterra (Formerly Murrumbidgee Dairy Products), is based on the Sturt Highway which is a supplier of dairy products in the Riverina, Other major industries include Cargill and Heinz which are in the suburb of Bomen.
	The Australian Army base at Kapooka includes the Army Recruit Training Centre, where general enlistment members of the Australian Army undertake their initial training. The barracks at Kapooka are named after World War II military commander Sir Thomas Blamey, born at Lake Albert Wagga Wagga and Australia's only Field Marshal. Following recruit training, soldiers move on to trade specific training at training establishments throughout Australia. The soldiers club at Kapooka is named for John Hurst Edmondson, Australia's first Victoria Cross winner in World War II, who was born in Wagga Wagga.
	There is a separate Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) base at Forest Hill (RAAF Base Wagga), which is the administration and logistics training base for Air Force personnel and the tri-service (RAN/Army/RAAF) electronic (White hander) and aircraft (Black hander) trades school. Some Royal Australian Navy Aircraft Technicians assigned to the naval air station are based at RAAF Base Wagga as an Aircraft Maintenance and Flight Trials Unit (AMAFTU). As of 2008, No 1 Recruit Training Unit (1RTU) has moved from RAAF Edinburgh to RAAF Wagga Wagga. RAAF Base Wagga is also the home of the Wagga Wagga RAAF Museum.
	The sole provider of higher education in Wagga Wagga is the local campus of the multi-campus Charles Sturt University, located on the outskirts of the suburb of Estella. The university was established on 1 July 1989 following the enactment of The Charles Sturt University Act, 1989 and involved the merger of several existing separately-administered Colleges of Advanced Education including the Riverina College of Advanced Education in Wagga Wagga. At the time of its establishment it became the ninth university in the state and its inaugural vice-chancellor was C.D. Blake AO who at the time was the principal of the Riverina College.
	The Riverina Institute, a collection of TAFE institute campuses has its headquarters in Wagga Wagga and Wagga is home to three campuses. The Primary Industries Centre, at North Wagga Wagga is set on 250 hectares and runs courses on agriculture and horticulture. The National Aerospace Training Centre of Excellence, at RAAF Base Wagga provides training support to the Australian Defence Force aerospace traineeship program. The commercial contract with the ADF is the largest technical training contract in Australia. In addition Wagga Wagga is home to eight secondary schools and 22 primary schools.
	Local government for the city is provided by the Wagga Wagga City Council. As well as Wagga Wagga itself the City Council area includes the outlying towns of Tarcutta, Ladysmith, Mangoplah, Collingullie and Uranquinty covering an area of 4,824 km². The local government area was formed as a result of the amalgamation of the City of Wagga Wagga with the Mitchell and Kyeamba Shires in 1981. The council itself consists of 11 councillors elected for a four-year term and from these a mayor and deputy mayor are elected each year by the council.
	Wagga Wagga is the largest city in the Australian House of Representatives electorate of Riverina, currently represented by Michael McCormack of the National Party. At the state level, the city is represented in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly by Joe Mcgirr, Independent member for the Electoral district of Wagga Wagga.
	Busabout Wagga Wagga provides bus services from most Wagga Wagga suburbs to the CBD from Mondays to Saturdays with no services on Sunday or public holidays. 
	Allen's Coaches of Coolamon and Junee Buses provide weekday connections to Coolamon (routes 1W, 2W and 3W) and Junee (routes 21-25) respectively.
	Wagga Radio Cabs run taxis 24/7 in the city with taxi ranks at Station Place, Forsyth Street, Gurwood Street, Wagga Wagga Base Hospital and Kooringal Mall.
	Baylis Street in the CBD was a thoroughfare for the Olympic Highway until the Gobbagombalin Bridge (referred to locally as the "Gobba Bridge" and is believed to be the longest continuous-span viaduct in New South Wales) about 6 km northwest of the CBD was opened on 26 July 1997. The Sturt Highway passes through the centre of Wagga Wagga.
	Wagga Wagga railway station is located on the Sydney–Melbourne railway line with twice daily XPT rail services provided by NSW TrainLink, the state owned passenger rail service.
	Wagga Wagga Airport at Forest Hill has scheduled daily flights to Sydney and Melbourne operated by two carriers, Regional Express and QantasLink bringing approximately 210,000 passengers through the region every year. Coupled with Rex’s major maintenance base and the Australian Airline Pilot Academy (AAPA), the Airport is one of the busiest in regional Australia. The Airport itself is owned by the Royal Australian Air Force and the civil side is leased by the Wagga Wagga City Council. The sealed runway can cater for aircraft up to Boeing 737-300 and Airbus A321.
	Wagga's location approximately midway between Melbourne and Sydney on the "Barassi Line" contributes to high levels of participation in Rugby league, Rugby union and Australian rules football in the town. Other popular sports in Wagga include soccer, cricket, tennis, and lawn bowls.
	The local rugby league teams play in the Group 9 Rugby League competition and include Wagga Brothers, South City and Wagga Kangaroos. The Group 9 grand final is a major sport event in Wagga Wagga. Rugby union teams include CSU Reddies, Wagga Agricultural College, Wagga City and Wagga Waratahs in the Southern Inland Rugby Union. Australian rules football clubs in Wagga include Collingullie-Glenfield Park, Mangoplah-Cookardinia United-Eastlakes, Turvey Park and Wagga Tigers in the Riverina Football League and East Wagga-Kooringal, North Wagga and Rivcoll(CSU) in the Farrer Football League. Wagga soccer teams include Henwood Park, Wagga United, Tolland and Lake Albert, with the first grade competition for men being the "Pascoe Cup" and for women the "Leonard Cup". The "Wagga Wagga Gold Cup", said to be Australia's second oldest thoroughbred horse race, is held in the first week of May.
	The "Wagga Effect" is a term that has been used frequently in the Australian media to describe the disproportionately large number of elite sportsmen and women that originate from the city. It is speculated that the phenomenon may arise in rural areas where the population is large enough to sustain the presence of a large number of sporting codes, but small enough to ensure that talented individuals are exposed to adult-level competition at an earlier age.
	Notable sportspeople from Wagga include:
	In 1993, the City of Wagga Wagga instituted a Sporting Hall of Fame as part of the Museum of the Riverina dedicated to the elite sportspeople from Wagga Wagga and the surrounding area.
	The 5 o'clock wave is a fictional theory on the reasons for Wagga Wagga's sporting success. According to the local urban myth, at precisely 5 o'clock arrives a giant wave which flushes a secret nutrient into the Murrumbidgee River following the release of water from the Blowering and Burrinjuck Dams. The wave is said to continue down river at high speed, and indeed visitors are told it is so powerful that surfers can ride it along the meandering river until it reaches the town of Narrandera.
	The Murrumbidgee River at Wagga Wagga forms into a large sandy beach, and is a popular location for swimming, picnics and barbecues during the warmer months. Between 1977 and 1995 the beach played host to the Gumi Races, where people were encouraged to make rafts from inner tubing and sabotage their competition by throwing rotten eggs and flour at them. Visitors and local residents still take every opportunity during the warmer months to float down the river from the area known as "The Rocks" some 600 metres upstream from the main beach area.
	Wollundry Lagoon, Lake Albert and parks provide recreational facilities. Sporting facilities include the Oasis Regional Aquatic Centre, with Australia's only wave ball. Wagga Wagga Civic Theatre and the Forum 6 Cinemas provide entertainment venues. The Wagga Wagga Botanic Gardens are home to a music bowl, a small zoo with a walk through aviary, a tree chapel, Willans Hill Model Railway and a camellia garden. Located on the banks of the Wollundry lagoon and officially opened in 1927, the Victory Memorial Gardens were established amidst some controversy as a tribute to those who fought and died in World War I.
	The main cultural precinct for Wagga Wagga can be found in central Wagga Wagga, at the Wagga Wagga Civic Centre on the banks of Wollundry Lagoon. The precinct includes the Wagga Wagga Civic Theatre, Museum of the Riverina, Wagga Wagga Regional Art Gallery and Wagga Wagga City Library.
	The Wagga Wagga Civic Theatre was officially opened in 1963 at a cost of ₤165,000. During its design and construction and again after opening the theatre was the subject of severe criticism. Critics lamented the destruction of rose gardens removed to allow construction, the size of the orchestra pit, the amount of seating (497 seats) as well as the design of the feature mural. A considerable refurbishment was carried out in the 1990s and now the theatre is regarded as one of the best in regional Australia, playing host to national and international touring acts.
	The Wagga Wagga Regional Art Gallery hosts local collections and travelling exhibitions and has space for an Artist in residence. The centrepiece of the collection is the National Art Glass Gallery, a nationally significant collection of studio art glass hosted in a separate, specially designed gallery. The collection was first established by the former director of the Wagga Wagga Regional Art Gallery, Judy Le Lievre in response to a request by the Australia Council for regional galleries to develop a specialised collection to avoid duplication and competition. The collection consists of around 400 works making it the largest studio glass collection in Australia.
	The Museum of the Riverina was established in 1967 by the Wagga Wagga and District Historical Society. Wagga Wagga City Council took over its operations in the late 1990s and it now operates at two sites. The Historic Council Chambers site on the corner of Baylis and Morrow streets in central Wagga, hosts travelling exhibitions and the main site at the Botanic Gardens is home to the main collection including the Wagga Wagga Sporting Hall of Fame. The museum also has an important collection of memorabilia about the Tichborne Case, including a set of four rare plaster figurines depicting characters from the trial, a complete set of hard-bound court transcripts and a monumental painting entitled "The Tichborne Trial" painted in 1874 by Nathan Hughes, which hangs in the city's council chambers.
	The Wagga Wagga Jazz Festival was established in 1995 and has featured a range of Australian and international musicians. Established in 1976 as the Riverina Trucking Company and renamed in 1983, the Riverina Theatre Company is one of Australia's longest running regional theatre companies and runs a full program of events each year at the Riverina Playhouse, which is located on the banks of the Murrumbidgee River and owned by Charles Sturt University.
	Notable artists and performers from Wagga Wagga include poet Dame Mary Gilmore, who is featured on the Australian 10 dollar note and veteran actor Bill Kerr. Former Yellow Wiggle, Sam Moran, is from Wagga Wagga, having replaced the original Yellow Wiggle, Greg Page, in November 2006. The fictional creation of satirist Barry Humphries, Dame Edna Everage was said to have been born in Wagga Wagga.
	Frank Ottenson wrote a song "Wagga Wagga" about the city in 1942, calling it a 'Riverina paradise’. It was recorded by Tom Davidson and his Orchestra.
	Wagga has strong cultural ties with three international sister cities which form part of a twinning program. Those sister cities are Leavenworth, Kansas in the United States, which was established in 1962; Nördlingen in Germany, established in 1967; and Kunming in China, mutually established in 1988.
	Wagga has captured the interest of writers, novelists and songwriters over the years. Specifically the city's international notoriety surrounding Arthur Orton and the Tichborne Case attracted a visit from Mark Twain when he visited Australia in the 1890s. In addition Wagga has been home to a number of famous Australian writers, including Frank Moorhouse who worked as a journalist on the city's daily newspaper, and the poets Mary Gilmore and Barcroft Boake.
	Humourist Spike Milligan was quite taken with the double-barrelled names of Australian towns, and presented a show called "Australia: From Woy Woy to Wagga Wagga".
	In other cases the town's name has been directly referred to as part of the content of songs and novels. For example, the song "Don't call Wagga Wagga Wagga", written by Australian country music artists Greg Champion and Jim Haynes, was a minor hit on the Australian country charts and is a light-hearted take on the habit of Australians to refer to double named towns by one name only. Other examples include the "Harry Potter" series of fantasy novels, where the character Gilderoy Lockhart claimed to have defeated the "Wagga Wagga Werewolf", the Bryce Courtenay book "The Power of One", where the main character Peekay is said to have a cousin Lenny from Wagga Wagga Australia, the Bryce Courtenay book "Jessica" has several passages that take place in Wagga Wagga, including the judgement of Billy Simple, and the Robert G. Barrett novel, ""Mud Crab Boogie"" which is partially set in Wagga Wagga.
	As a regional centre for the Riverina and South West Slopes, Wagga Wagga is home to a number of regional media outlets. Both WIN Television and Prime7 air half-hour local news programs on weeknights. The bulletins are presented from studios in Wollongong and Canberra respectively with reporters and camera crews for both services based in newsrooms in the city. Since 2006, WIN's weeknight bulletin has also included coverage of the Griffith area. In addition, Southern Cross Nine runs a small sales office and airs short local news updates from its Canberra studios throughout the day. Since 2017, Southern Cross Nine's new hour long weeknight bulletin from Wagga Wagga is Nine News Riverina.
	The city receives the ABC's four free-to-air national television channels (ABC TV, ABC Comedy, ABC KIDS, ABC Me and ABC News), SBS's four television channels (SBS TV, SBS Viceland, Food Network, and NITV), the commercial networks' main channels (Seven Network from Prime7, Nine Network from Southern Cross Nine and Network Ten from WIN Television) and the commercial networks' multi channels (7Two and 7mate from Prime7, 9Go!, 9Gem and 9Life from Southern Cross Nine and One and Eleven from WIN Television).
	Local radio stations broadcasting from Wagga Wagga include ABC Riverina, AM radio commercial station Triple M Riverina 1152), FM radio commercial station Hit93.1 Riverina), and a rebroadcast from radio reading service Radio 1RPH. Other local stations include Christian radio station Life FM and the community station 2AAA FM. The ABC's national stations ABC Radio National, ABC Classic FM, ABC NewsRadio and Triple J and the multicultural network SBS Radio are broadcast into Wagga Wagga.
	"The Daily Advertiser", published Monday to Friday and its sister publication, "the Weekend Advertiser", service Wagga and much of the surrounding region. The newspaper was established by two wealthy local pastoralists, Auber George Jones and Thomas Darlow and first printed on 10 December 1868 by editor Frank Hutchison, an Oxford graduate. Originally printed bi-weekly, by 1880 it was tri-weekly and finally became 'daily' on 31 December 1910. In 1962 the newspaper reduced in size from a broadsheet to a tabloid format. "The Riverina Leader", the local free community newspaper was launched in May 1979.

= = = Skipper (butterfly) = = =

	Skippers are a family, the Hesperiidae, of the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). Being diurnal, they are generally called butterflies. They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesperioidea; however, the most recent taxonomy places the family in the superfamily Papilionoidea. They are named for their quick, darting flight habits. Most have their antenna tips modified into narrow, hook-like projections. More than 3500 species of skippers are recognized, and they occur worldwide, but with the greatest diversity in the Neotropical regions of Central and South America.
	Traditionally, the Hesperiidae were placed in a monotypic superfamily Hesperioidea, because they are morphologically distinct from other Rhopalocera (butterflies), which mostly belong to the typical butterfly superfamily Papilionoidea. The third and rather small butterfly superfamily is the moth-butterflies (Hedyloidea), which are restricted to the Neotropics, but recent phylogenetic analyses suggest the traditional Papilionoidea are paraphyletic, thus the subfamilies should be reorganised to reflect true cladistic relationships.
	Collectively, these three groups of butterflies share many characteristics, especially in the egg, larval, and pupal stages. However, skippers have the antennae clubs hooked backward like a crochet hook, while the typical butterflies have club-like tips to their antennae, and moth-butterflies have feathered or pectinate (comb-shaped) antennae similar to moths. Skippers also have generally stockier bodies and larger compound eyes than the other two groups, with stronger wing muscles in the plump thorax, in this resembling many moths more than the other two butterfly lineages do. Unlike, for example, the Arctiinae, though, their wings are usually small in proportion to their bodies. Some have larger wings, but only rarely as large in proportion to the body as in other butterflies. When at rest, skippers keep their wings usually angled upwards or spread out, and only rarely fold them up completely.
	The wings are usually well-rounded with more or less sharply tipped fore wings. Some have prominent hindwing tails, and others have more angled wings; the skippers' basic wing shapes vary not much by comparison to the Papilionoidea, though. Most have a fairly drab coloration of browns and greys; some are more boldly black-and-white. Yellow, red, and blue hues are less often found, but some largely brown species are quite richly colored, too. Green colors and metallic iridescence are generally absent. Sexual dichromatism is present in some; males may have a blackish streak or patch of scent scales on their fore wings.
	Many species of skippers look very alike. For example, some species in the genera "Amblyscirtes", "Erynnis" (duskywings), and "Hesperia" (branded skippers) cannot currently be distinguished in the field even by experts. The only reliable method of telling them apart involves dissection and microscopic examination of the genitalia, which have characteristic structures that prevent mating except between conspecifics.
	The roughly 3500 species of skippers are now classified in these subfamilies:

= = = Chimney swift = = =

	The chimney swift ("Chaetura pelagica") is a bird belonging to the swift family Apodidae. A member of the genus "Chaetura", it is closely related to both the Vaux's swift and the Chapman's swift; in the past, the three were sometimes considered to be conspecific. It has no subspecies. The chimney swift is a medium-sized, sooty gray bird with very long, slender wings and very short legs. Like all swifts, it is incapable of perching, and can only cling vertically to surfaces.
	The chimney swift feeds primarily on flying insects, but also on airborne spiders. It generally mates for life. It builds a bracket nest of twigs and saliva stuck to a vertical surface, which is almost always a human-built structure, typically a chimney. The female lays eggs. The altricial young hatch after and fledge a month later. The average chimney swift lives .
	When Carl Linnaeus first described the chimney swift in 1758, he named it , believing it to be a swallow. This misconception continued well into the 1800s, with ornithologists calling it "American Swallow" (e.g. Mark Catesby) or "Chimney Swallow" (e.g. John James Audubon). In 1825, James Francis Stephens moved this and other small, short-tailed New World swifts to the genus "Chaetura", where it has since remained, although some authorities in the 1800s assigned it to a variety of now obsolete genera. It has no subspecies. The chimney swift's closest relative is Vaux's swift. Scientists believe that the two species evolved from a common ancestor that was forced to North America's southeastern and southwestern corners by glacial advances. Separated for millennia by vast ice sheets, the survivors evolved into two species which are still separated by a wide gap across the continent's midsection. It is also closely related to the Chapman's swift; in the past, the three were sometimes treated as a single species.
	The chimney swift's genus name, "Chaetura", is a combination of two Ancient Greek words: "chaite", which means "bristle" or "spine", and "oura" which means "tail". This is an apt description of the bird's tail, as the shafts of all ten tail feathers (rectrices) end in sharp, protruding points. The specific name "pelagica" is derived from the Greek word "pelagikos", which means "of the sea". This is thought to be a reference to its nomadic lifestyle rather than to any reference to the sea, a theory strengthened by the later assignment of the specific name "pelasgia" (after the nomadic Pelasgi tribe of ancient Greece) to the same species by other ornithologists. Its common name refers to its preferred nesting site and its speedy flight.
	This is a medium-sized swift, measuring from in length, with a wingspan of and a weight ranging from . The sexes are identical in plumage, though males average slightly heavier than females. The adult's plumage is a dark sooty olive above and grayish brown below, with a slightly paler rump and uppertail covert feathers, and a significantly paler throat. Its upperparts are the most uniformly colored of all the "Chaetura" swifts, showing little contrast between back and rump. Its beak is black, as are its feet and legs. Its iris is dark brown. Juvenal plumage (that held by juvenile birds) is very similar to that of adults, but with whitish tips to the outer webs of the secondaries and tertials.
	The chimney swift's wings are slender, curved and long, extending as much as beyond the bird's tail when folded. Its wingtips are pointed, which helps to decrease air turbulence (and therefore drag) during flight. Its humerus (the bone in the inner part of the wing) is quite short, while the bones farther out (more distally) along the wing are elongated, a combination which allows the bird to flap very quickly. In flight, it holds its wings stiffly, alternating between rapid, quivering flaps and longer glides. Its flight profile is widely described as a "cigar with wings"—a description first used by Roger Tory Peterson. Although the bird often appears to beat its wings asynchronously during flight, photographic and stroboscopic studies have shown that it beats them in unison. The illusion that it does otherwise is heightened by its very fast and highly erratic flight, with many rapid changes of direction.
	The legs of the chimney swift, like those of all swifts, are very short. Its feet are small but strong, with very short toes that are tipped with sharp, curved claws. The toes are anisodactyl—three forward, one back—like those of most birds, but the chimney swift can swivel its back toe (its hallux) forward to help it get a better grip. Unlike the legs and feet of most birds, those of the chimney swift have no scales; instead, they are covered with smooth skin.
	Its tail is short and square, measuring only in length. All ten of its tail feathers have shafts which extend as much as beyond the vanes, ending in sharp, stiff points. These help the bird to prop itself against vertical surfaces.
	The chimney swift has large, deep set eyes. These are protected by small patches of coarse, black, bristly feathers, which are located in front of each eye. The swift can change the angle of these feathers, which may help to reduce glare. It is far-sighted and, like some birds of prey, this swift is bifoveal: each eye having both a temporal and a central fovea. These are small depressions in the retina where visual acuity is highest, and help to make its vision especially acute. Like most vertebrates, it is able to focus both eyes at once; however, it is also able to focus a single eye independently.
	Its bill is very small, with a culmen that measures a mere in length. However, its gape is huge, extending back below its eyes, and allowing the bird to open its mouth very widely. Unlike many insectivorous birds, it lacks rictal bristles at the base of the beak.
	The chimney swift looks very much like the closely related Vaux's swift, but is slightly larger, with relatively longer wings and tail, slower wingbeats and a greater tendency to soar. It tends to be darker on the breast and rump than the Vaux's swift, though there is some overlap in plumage coloring. It can be as much as 30 percent heavier than Vaux's swift, and its wings, which are proportionately narrower, show a pronounced bulge in the inner secondaries. The chimney swift is smaller, paler and shorter tailed than the black swift. In Central America, it is most similar to Chapman's swift, but it is paler (matte olive rather than glossy black) and has a stronger contrast between its pale throat and the rest of its underparts than does its more uniformly colored relative.
	A widespread breeding visitor to much of the eastern half of the United States and the southern reaches of eastern Canada, the chimney swift migrates to South America for the winter. It is a rare summer visitor to the western U.S, and has been recorded as a vagrant in Anguilla, Barbados, Greenland, Jamaica, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the U.S. Virgin Islands. It is found over open country, savanna, wooded slopes and humid forests.
	The chimney swift's wintering grounds were only discovered in 1944, when bands from birds banded (ringed) in North America were recovered in Peru. An indigenous Peruvian had been wearing the bands as a necklace.
	The chimney swift is a gregarious species, and is seldom seen alone. It generally hunts in groups of two or three, migrates in loose flocks of 6–20, and (once the breeding season is over) sleeps in huge communal roosts of hundreds or thousands of birds. Like all swifts, it is a superb aerialist, and only rarely seen at rest. It drinks on the wing, skimming the surface of the water with its beak. It also bathes on the wing, gliding above the surface of a body of water, briefly smacking its breast into the water, then flying off again, shaking its feathers as it goes. It has been recorded by pilots flying more than a mile above the surface of the earth, including one seen at . It is incapable of perching upright like most birds do; instead, it clings to vertical surfaces. If it is disturbed while at rest, the chimney swift will clap its wings loudly once or twice against its body; it does this either in place, or while dropping down several feet to a lower location. This behavior can result in a loud "thundering" sound if large roosts of the birds are disturbed. The sound is thought to be the bird's way of scaring away potential predators.
	Like all swifts, the chimney swift forages on the wing. Studies have shown that of its food items are flying insects, including various species of flies, ants, wasps, bees, whiteflies, aphids, scale insects, stoneflies and mayflies. It also eats airborne spiders drifting on their threads. It is an important predator of pest species such as the red imported fire ant and the clover root curculio. Researchers estimate that a pair of adults provisioning a nest with three youngsters consume the weight equivalent of at least insects per day. Like many bird species, the chimney swift periodically coughs up pellets composed of indigestible bits of prey items.
	During the breeding season, at least half of the chimney swift's forays occur within of its nest; however, it ranges up to away. While most of its food is seized following aerial pursuit, some is gleaned from the foliage of trees; the bird hovers near the ends of branches or drops through upper canopy levels. The chimney swift generally flies quite high, though it descends during cold or rainy weather. When feeding, it regularly occurs in small groups, and sometimes hunts with swallows, particularly barn swallows and purple martins; in mixed-species flocks, it is typically among the lower fliers. There is at least one record of a chimney swift attempting to steal a dragonfly from a purple martin, and it has been observed chasing other purple martins. In general, it is a diurnal feeder which remains active into early evening. However, there are records, particularly during migration periods, of chimney swifts feeding well after dark over brightly lit buildings.
	The species shows two-weight peaks each year: one at the start of the breeding season, and a higher one shortly before it begins its migration south in the autumn. Its lowest weights are typically recorded during the breeding season, when it also begins a complete molt of its plumage. The chimney swift's weight gain before migration is smaller than that of some passerines, suggesting that it must refuel en route at various stopover points.
	The chimney swift is a monogamous breeder which normally mates for life, though a small percentage of birds change partners. Pairs perform display flights together, gliding with their wings upraised in a steep "V", and sometimes rocking from side to side. Breeding birds arrive as early as mid March in the southern U.S., and as late as mid-May in the Canadian provinces.
	Before the arrival of European colonists into North America, the chimney swift nested in hollow trees; now, it uses human-built structures almost exclusively. While the occasional nest is still built in a hollow tree (or, exceptionally, in an abandoned woodpecker nest), most are now found in chimneys, with smaller numbers in airshafts, the dark corners of lightly used buildings, cisterns, or wells. The nest is a shallow bracket made of sticks, which the birds gather in flight, breaking them off trees. The sticks are glued together (and the nest to a vertical surface) with copious amounts of the bird's saliva. During the breeding season, each adult's salivary glands more than double in size, from in the non-breeding season to during the breeding season.
	Unlike some swift species, which mate in flight, chimney swifts mate while clinging to a vertical surface near their nest. They copulate daily, until the clutch is complete. The female typically lays , though clutch sizes range from . The eggs, which are long and elliptical in shape, are moderately glossy, smooth and white, and measure . Each weighs nearly of the female's body weight. Incubated by both parents, the eggs hatch after . Baby chimney swifts are altricial—naked, blind and helpless when they hatch. Fledglings leave the nest after a month.
	The average chimney swift's life span is , but one is known to have lived more than . It was originally banded as an adult, and was recaptured in another banding operation some later.
	Mississippi kites, peregrine falcons and merlins are raptors that are known to take adult chimney swifts in flight, being among the select few avian hunters fast enough to overtake the appropriately named swift on the wing. Eastern screech-owls have been seen attacking colonies, as have non-avian predators including eastern rat snakes, northern raccoons and tree squirrels. These are most likely to take nestlings but may take some nesting adults as well. When disturbed by potential predators (including humans) at the colony, adult chimney swifts slap their wings together after arching back and taking flight, making a very loud noise known either as "booming" or "thunder noises". When disturbed, nestlings make a loud, raspy "raah, raah, raah" sound. Both sounds seem designed to startle potential predators.
	The chimney swift carries a number of internal and external parasites. It is the type host for the nematode species "Aproctella nuda", the feather mite species "Euchineustathia tricapitosetosa", and the biting lice species " Dennyus dubius", and is also known to carry the tapeworm species "Pseudochoanotaenia collocaliae". Its nest is known to host the Hemiptera species "Cimexopsis nyctali", which is similar to the bed bug and can (on rare occasions) become a pest species in houses.
	The chimney swift has a twittering call, consisting of a rapid series of hard, high-pitched chirps. It sometimes gives single chirps.
	In 2010, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature changed the chimney swift's status from least concern to near threatened. In 2018, the IUCN changed the chimney swift's status from near threatened to vulnerable. Although the global population is estimated at , it has declined precipitously across the majority of its range. The causes of population declines are largely unclear, but may be related to the alteration of the insect community due to pesticide use in the early half of the 20th century. In Canada, they were listed as threatened by COSEWIC for several years with a likely future listing as a Schedule 1 species of the Species at Risk Act. In the U.S., the chimney swift is protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918. Neither birds nor nests can be removed from chimneys without a federally-issued permit. Populations may have increased historically with the introduction of chimneys to North America by European settlers, providing plentiful nesting opportunities.
	After sudden temperature drops, the chimney swift sometimes hunts low over concrete roads (presumably following insect prey drawn to the warmer road), where collisions with vehicles become more likely. Severe storms, such as hurricanes, encountered during migration can seriously impact the chimney's swift's survival rates. Swifts caught up in 2005's Hurricane Wilma were swept as far north as Atlantic Canada and Western Europe. More than 700 were found dead. The following year, roost counts in the province of Quebec, Canada showed a decrease of 62 percent, and the overall population in the province was halved.
	In 1899, Mary Day of New Jersey observed a pair of chimney swifts nesting in a chimney, and noted the incubation period was 19 days. The first detailed study of chimney swifts began in 1915 by self-taught ornithologist Althea Sherman in Iowa. She commissioned a 28 foot tall tower, of a similar design to a chimney, with ladders and peep holes installed to facilitate observation. Chimney swifts nested in her tower, and for over fifteen years, she meticulously recorded her observations, filling over 400 pages. Sherman remarked that although the tower had been designed with a limited knowledge of the nesting behaviour of chimney swifts, after many years of observation she believed that the original design was ideal.

= = = Healthcare industry = = =

	The healthcare industry (also called the medical industry or health economy) is an aggregation and integration of sectors within the economic system that provides goods and services to treat patients with curative, preventive, rehabilitative, and palliative care. It includes the generation and commercialization of goods and services lending themselves to maintaining and re-establishing health. The modern healthcare industry includes three essencial branches which are services, products, and finance and may be divided into many sectors and catagories and depends on the interdisciplinary teams of trained professionals and paraprofessionals to meet health needs of individuals and populations.s.
	The healthcare industry is one of the world's largest and fastest-growing industries. Consuming over 10 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) of most developed nations, health care can form an enormous part of a country's economy.
	For the purpose of finance and management, the healthcare industry is typically divided into several areas. As a basic framework for defining the sector, the United Nations International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) categorizes the healthcare industry as generally consisting of:
	This third class involves activities of, or under the supervision of, nurses, midwives, physiotherapists, scientific or diagnostic laboratories, pathology clinics, residential health facilities, or other allied health professions, e.g. in the field of optometry, hydrotherapy, medical massage, yoga therapy, music therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, chiropody, homeopathy, chiropractic, acupuncture, etc.
	The Global Industry Classification Standard and the Industry Classification Benchmark further distinguish the industry as two main groups:
	The healthcare equipment and services group consists of companies and entities that provide medical equipment, medical supplies, and healthcare services, such as hospitals, home healthcare providers, and nursing homes. The latter listed industry group includes companies that produce biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and miscellaneous scientific services.
	Other approaches to defining the scope of the healthcare industry tend to adopt a broader definition, also including other key actions related to health, such as education and training of health professionals, regulation and management of health services delivery, provision of traditional and complementary medicines, and administration of health insurance.
	A healthcare provider is an institution (such as a hospital or clinic) or person (such as a physician, nurse, allied health professional or community health worker) that provides preventive, curative, promotional, rehabilitative or palliative care services in a systematic way to individuals, families or communities.
	The World Health Organization estimates there are 9.2 million physicians, 19.4 million nurses and midwives, 1.9 million dentists and other dentistry personnel, 2.6 million pharmacists and other pharmaceutical personnel, and over 1.3 million community health workers worldwide, making the health care industry one of the largest segments of the workforce.
	The medical industry is also supported by many professions that do not directly provide health care itself, but are part of the management and support of the health care system. The incomes of managers and administrators, underwriters and medical malpractice attorneys, marketers, investors and shareholders of for-profit services, all are attributable to health care costs.
	In 2017, healthcare costs paid to hospitals, physicians, nursing homes, diagnostic laboratories, pharmacies, medical device manufacturers and other components of the healthcare system, consumed 17.9 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the United States, the largest of any country in the world. It is expected that the health share of the Gross domestic product (GDP) will continue its upward trend, reaching 19.9 percent of GDP by 2025. In 2001, for the OECD countries the average was 8.4 percent with the United States (13.9%), Switzerland (10.9%), and Germany (10.7%) being the top three. US health care expenditures totaled US$2.2 trillion in 2006. According to Health Affairs, US$7,498 be spent on every woman, man and child in the United States in 2007, 20 percent of all spending. Costs are projected to increase to $12,782 by 2016.
	The government does not ensure all-inclusive health care to every one of its natives, yet certain freely supported health care programs help to accommodate a portion of the elderly, crippled, and poor people and elected law guarantees community to crisis benefits paying little respect to capacity to pay. Those without health protection scope are relied upon to pay secretly for therapeutic administrations. Health protection is costly and hospital expenses are overwhelmingly the most well-known explanation behind individual liquidation in the United States.
	The delivery of healthcare services—from primary care to secondary and tertiary levels of care—is the most visible part of any healthcare system, both to users and the general public. There are many ways of providing healthcare in the modern world. The place of delivery may be in the home, the community, the workplace, or in health facilities. The most common way is face-to-face delivery, where care provider and patient see each other in person. This is what occurs in general medicine in most countries. However, with modern telecommunications technology, "in absentia" health care or Tele-Health is becoming more common. This could be when practitioner and patient communicate over the phone, video conferencing, the internet, email, text messages, or any other form of non-face-to-face communication. Practices like these are especial applicable to rural regions in developed nations. These services are typically implemented on a clinic-by-clinic basis.
	Improving access, coverage and quality of health services depends on the ways services are organized and managed, and on the incentives influencing providers and users. In market-based health care systems, for example such as that in the United States, such services are usually paid for by the patient or through the patient's health insurance company. Other mechanisms include government-financed systems (such as the National Health Service in the United Kingdom). In many poorer countries, development aid, as well as funding through charities or volunteers, help support the delivery and financing of health care services among large segments of the population.
	The structure of healthcare charges can also vary dramatically among countries. For instance, Chinese hospital charges tend toward 50% for drugs, another major percentage for equipment, and a small percentage for healthcare professional fees. China has implemented a long-term transformation of its healthcare industry, beginning in the 1980s. Over the first twenty-five years of this transformation, government contributions to healthcare expenditures have dropped from 36% to 15%, with the burden of managing this decrease falling largely on patients. Also over this period, a small proportion of state-owned hospitals have been privatized. As an incentive to privatization, foreign investment in hospitals—up to 70% ownership has been encouraged.
	Healthcare systems dictate the means by which people and institutions pay for and receive health services. Models vary based on the country, with the responsibility of payment ranging from public (social insurance) and private health insurers to the consumer-driven by patients themselves. These systems finance and organize the services delivered by providers. A two-tier system of public and private is common.
	The American Academy of Family Physicians define four commonly utilized systems of payment:
	Named after British economist and social reformer William Beveridge, the Beveridge model sees healthcare financed and provided by a central government. The system was initially proposed in his 1942 report, "Social Insurance and Allied Services—"known as the Beveridge Report. The system is the guiding basis of the modern British healthcare model enacted post-World War II. It has been utilized in numerous countries, including The United Kingdom, Cuba, and New Zealand.
	The system sees all healthcare services— which are provided and financed solely by the government. This single payer system is financed through national taxation. Typically, the government owns and runs the clinics and hospitals, meaning that doctors are employees of the government. However, depending on the specific system, public providers can be accompanied by private doctors who collect fees from the government. The underlying principal of this system is that healthcare is a fundamental human right. Thus, the government provides universal coverage to all citizens. Generally, the Beveridge model yields a low cost per capita compared to other systems.
	The Bismarck system was first employed in 1883 by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. In this system, insurance is mandated by the government and is typically sold on a non-profit basis. In many cases, employers and employees finance insurers through payroll deduction. In a pure Bismarck system, access to insurance is seen as a right solely predicated on labor status. The system attempts to cover all working citizens, meaning patients cannot be excluded from insurance due to pre-existing conditions. While care is privatized, it is closely regulated by the state through fixed procedure pricing. This means that most insurance claims are reimbursed without challenge, creating low administrative burden. Archetypal implementation of the Bismarck system can be seen in Germany's nationalized healthcare. Similar systems can be found in France, Belgium, and Japan.
	The national insurance model shares and mixes elements from both the Bismarck and Beveridge models. The emergence of the National Health Insurance model is cited as a response to the challenges presented by the traditional Bismarck and Beveridge systems. For instance, it is difficult for Bismarck Systems to contend with aging populations, as these demographics are less economically active. Ultimately, this model has more flexibility than a traditional Bismarck or Beveridge model, as it can pull effective practices from both systems as needed.
	This model maintains private providers, but payment comes directly from the government. Insurance plans control costs by paying for limited services. In some instances, citizens can opt out of public insurance for private insurance plans. However, large public insurance programs provide the government with bargaining power, allowing them to drive down prices for certain services and medication. In Canada, for instance, drug prices have been extensively lowered by the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board. Examples of this model can be found in Canada, Taiwan, and South Korea.
	In areas with low levels of government stability or poverty, there is often no mechanism for ensuring that health costs are covered by a party other than the individual. In this case patients must pay for services on their own. Payment methods can vary—ranging from physical currency, to trade for goods and services. Those that cannot afford treatment typically remain sick or die.
	In countries where insurance is not mandated, there can be gaps in coverage—especially among disadvantaged and impoverished communities that can not afford private plans. The UK National Health System creates excellent patient outcomes and mandates universal coverage but also suffers from large lag times for treatment. Critics argue that reforms brought about by the Health and Social Care Act 2012 only proved to fragment the system, leading to high regulatory burden and long treatment delays. In his review of NHS leadership in 2015, Sir Stuart Rose concluded that "the NHS is drowning in bureaucracy."

= = = Manala = = =

	Manala may refer to:

= = = Integral geometry = = =

	In mathematics, integral geometry is the theory of measures on a geometrical space invariant under the symmetry group of that space. In more recent times, the meaning has been broadened to include a view of invariant (or equivariant) transformations from the space of functions on one geometrical space to the space of functions on another geometrical space. Such transformations often take the form of integral transforms such as the Radon transform and its generalizations.
	Integral geometry as such first emerged as an attempt to refine certain statements of geometric probability theory. The early work of Luis Santaló and Wilhelm Blaschke was in this connection. It follows from the classic theorem of Crofton expressing the length of a plane curve as an expectation of the number of intersections with a random line. Here the word 'random' must be interpreted as subject to correct symmetry considerations.
	There is a sample space of lines, one on which the affine group of the plane acts. A probability measure is sought on this space, invariant under the symmetry group. If, as in this case, we can find a unique such invariant measure, then that solves the problem of formulating accurately what 'random line' means and expectations become integrals with respect to that measure. (Note for example that the phrase 'random chord of a circle' can be used to construct some paradoxes--for example Bertrand's paradox.)
	We can therefore say that integral geometry in this sense is the application of probability theory (as axiomatized by Kolmogorov) in the context of the Erlangen programme of Klein. The content of the theory is effectively that of invariant (smooth) measures on (preferably compact) homogeneous spaces of Lie groups; and the evaluation of integrals of the differential forms.
	A very celebrated case is the problem of Buffon's needle: drop a needle on a floor made of planks and calculate the probability the needle lies across a crack. Generalising, this theory is applied to various stochastic processes concerned with geometric and incidence questions. See stochastic geometry.
	One of the most interesting theorems in this form of integral geometry is Hadwiger's theorem.
	The more recent meaning of integral geometry is that of Sigurdur Helgason and Israel Gelfand. It deals more specifically with integral transforms, modeled on the Radon transform. Here the underlying geometrical incidence relation (points lying on lines, in Crofton's case) is seen in a freer light, as the site for an integral transform composed as "pullback onto the incidence graph" and then "push forward".

= = = Georgian era = = =

	The Georgian era is a period in British history from 1714 to , named after the Hanoverian kings George I, George II, George III and George IV. The sub-period that is the Regency era is defined by the regency of George IV as Prince of Wales during the illness of his father George III. The definition of the Georgian era is often extended to include the relatively short reign of William IV, which ended with his death in 1837.
	The term "Georgian" is typically used in the contexts of social and political history and architecture. The term "Augustan literature" is often used for Augustan drama, Augustan poetry and Augustan prose in the period 1700–1740s. The term "Augustan" refers to the acknowledgement of the influence of Latin literature from the ancient Roman Republic.
	Georgian society and its preoccupations were well portrayed in the novels of writers such as Henry Fielding, Mary Shelley and Jane Austen, characterised by the architecture of Robert Adam, John Nash and James Wyatt and the emergence of the Gothic Revival style, which hearkened back to a supposed golden age of building design.
	The flowering of the arts was most vividly shown in the emergence of the Romantic poets, principally through Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Blake, John Keats, Lord Byron and Robert Burns. Their work ushered in a new era of poetry, characterised by vivid and colourful language, evocative of elevating ideas and themes.
	The paintings of Thomas Gainsborough, Sir Joshua Reynolds and the young J. M. W. Turner and John Constable illustrated the changing world of the Georgian period – as did the work of designers like Capability Brown, the landscape designer.
	Fine examples of distinctive Georgian architecture are Edinburgh's New Town, Georgian Dublin, Grainger Town in Newcastle upon Tyne, the Georgian Quarter of Liverpool and much of Bristol and Bath.
	The music of John Field, Handel, Haydn, Clementi, Johann Christian Bach, William Boyce, Mozart, Beethoven and Mendelssohn was some of the most popular in England at that time.
	It was a time of immense social change in Britain, with the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution which began the process of intensifying class divisions, and the emergence of rival political parties like the Whigs and Tories.
	In rural areas the Agricultural Revolution saw huge changes to the movement of people and the decline of small communities, the growth of the cities and the beginnings of an integrated transportation system but, nevertheless, as rural towns and villages declined and work became scarce there was a huge increase in emigration to Canada, the North American colonies (which became the United States during the period) and other parts of the British Empire.
	The evangelical movement inside and outside the Church of England gained strength in the late 18th and early 19th century. The movement challenged the traditional religious sensibility that emphasized a code of honor for the upper-class, and suitable behaviour for everyone else, together with faithful observances of rituals. John Wesley (1703–1791) and his followers preached revivalist religion, trying to convert individuals to a personal relationship with Christ through Bible reading, regular prayer, and especially the revival experience. Wesley himself preached 52,000 times, calling on men and women to "redeem the time" and save their souls. Wesley always operated inside the Church of England, but at his death, his followers set up outside institutions that became the Methodist Church. It stood alongside the traditional nonconformist churches, Presbyterians, Congregationalist, Baptists, Unitarians, and Quakers. The nonconformist churches, however, were less influenced by revivalism.
	The Church of England remained dominant, but it had a growing evangelical, revivalist faction, the "Low Church". Its leaders included William Wilberforce and Hannah More. It reached the upper class through the Clapham Sect. It did not seek political reform, but rather the opportunity to save souls through political action by freeing slaves, abolishing the duel, prohibiting cruelty to children and animals, stopping gambling, and avoiding frivolity on the Sabbath; they read the Bible every day. All souls were equal in God's view, but not all bodies, so evangelicals did not challenge the hierarchical structure of English society. As R.J. Morris noted in his 1983 article "Voluntary Societies and British Urban Elites, 1780-1850," "[m]id-eighteenth-century Britain was a stable society in the sense that those with material and ideological power were able to defend this power in an effective and dynamic manner," but "in the twenty years after 1780, this consensus structure was broken." Anglican Evangelicalism thus, as historian Lisa Wood has argued in her book "Modes of Discipline: Women, Conservatism, and the Novel After the French Revolution", functioned as a tool of ruling-class social control, buffering the discontent that in France had inaugurated a revolution; yet it contained within itself the seeds for challenge to gender and class hierarchies.
	The Georgian period saw continual warfare, including the Seven Years' War, known in America as the French and Indian War (1756–63), the American Revolutionary War (1775–83), the French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802), the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and the Napoleonic Wars (1803–15). The British won most of the wars except for the American Revolution, where the combined weight of the United States, France, Spain and the Netherlands overwhelmed Britain, which stood alone without allies.
	The loss of some of the American Colonies in the American War of Independence was regarded as a national disaster and was seen by some foreign observers as heralding the end of Britain as a great power. In Europe, the wars with France dragged on for nearly a quarter of a century, 1793–1815. Victory over Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) and the Battle of Waterloo (1815) under Admiral Lord Nelson and the Duke of Wellington brought a sense of triumphalism and political reaction.
	The expansion of empire brought fame to statesmen and explorers such as Clive of India and Captain Cook, and sowed the seeds of the worldwide British Empire of the Victorian and Edwardian eras which were to follow.
	The era was prosperous as entrepreneurs extended the range of their business around the globe. By the 1720s Britain was one of the most prosperous countries in the world, and Daniel Defoe boasted:
	While the other major powers were primarily motivated toward territorial gains, and protection of their dynasties (such as the Habsburg and Bourbon dynasties, and the House of Hohenzollern), Britain had a different set of primary interests. Its main diplomatic goal (besides protecting the homeland from invasion) was building a worldwide trading network for its merchants, manufacturers, shippers and financiers. This required a hegemonic Royal Navy so powerful that no rival could sweep its ships from the world's trading routes, or invade the British Isles. The London government enhanced the private sector by incorporating numerous privately financed London-based companies for establishing trading posts and opening import-export businesses across the world. Each was given a monopoly of trade to the specified geographical region. The first enterprise was the Muscovy Company set up in 1555 to trade with Russia. Other prominent enterprises included the East India Company, and the Hudson's Bay Company in Canada. The Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa had been set up in 1662 to trade in gold, ivory and slaves in Africa; it was reestablished as the Royal African Company in 1672 and focused on the slave trade. British involvement in the each of the four major wars, 1740 to 1783, paid off handsomely in terms of trade. Even the loss of the 13 colonies was made up by a very favorable trading relationship with the new United States of America. British gained dominance in the trade with India, and largely dominated the highly lucrative slave, sugar, and commercial trades originating in West Africa and the West Indies. China would be next on the agenda. Other powers set up similar monopolies on a much smaller scale; only the Netherlands emphasized trade as much as England.
	Mercantilism was the basic policy imposed by Britain on its colonies. Mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth, to the exclusion of other empires. The government protected its merchants—and kept others out—by trade barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximise exports from and minimise imports to the realm. The government had to fight smuggling, which became a favourite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French, Spanish or Dutch. The goal of mercantilism was to run trade surpluses, so that gold and silver would pour into London. The government took its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in Britain. The government spent much of its revenue on a large and powerful Royal Navy, which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires, and sometimes seized them. The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country.
	Most of the companies earned good profits, and enormous personal fortunes were created in India, but there was one major fiasco that caused heavy losses. The South Sea Bubble was a business enterprise that exploded in scandal. The South Sea Company was a private business corporation supposedly set up much like the other trading companies, with a focus on South America. Its actual purpose was to renegotiate previous high-interest government loans amounting to £31 million through market manipulation and speculation. It issued stock four times in 1720 that reached about 8,000 investors. Prices kept soaring every day, from £130 a share to £1,000, with insiders making huge paper profits. The Bubble collapsed overnight, ruining many speculators. Investigations showed bribes had reached into high places—even to the king. The prime minister Robert Walpole managed to wind it down with minimal political and economic damage, although some losers fled to exile or committed suicide.
	With the ending of the War with France, Great Britain entered a period of greater economic depression and political uncertainty, characterised by social discontent and unrest. The Radical political party published a leaflet called "The Political Register", also known as "The Two Penny Trash" to its rivals. The so-called March of the Blanketeers saw 400 spinners and weavers march from Manchester to London in March 1817 to hand the Government a petition. The Luddites destroyed and damaged machinery in the industrial north-west of England. The Peterloo Massacre in 1819 began as a protest rally which saw 60,000 people gathering to protest about their living standards, but was quelled by military action and saw eleven people killed and 400 wounded. The Cato Street Conspiracy of 1820 sought to blow up the Cabinet and then move on to storm the Tower of London and overthrow the government. This too was thwarted, with the conspirators executed or transported to Australia.
	The Black Act of 1723, sponsored by Robert Walpole, strengthened the criminal code for the benefit of the upper class. It specified over 200 capital crimes, many with intensified punishment. Arson, for example, was expanded to include burning or the threat of burning haystacks. The legal rights of defendants were strictly limited. For example, suspects who refused to surrender within 40 days could be summarily judged guilty and sentenced to execution if apprehended. Local villages were punished if they failed to find, prosecute and convict alleged criminals.
	Historians have long explored the importance of the Scottish Enlightenment, as well as the American Enlightenment, while debating the very existence of the English Enlightenment.
	English historian Peter Gay argues that the Scottish Enlightenment "was a small and cohesive group of friends – David Hume, Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson, and others – who knew one another intimately and talked to one another incessantly. Education was a priority in Scotland, both at the local level and especially in four universities that had stronger reputations than any in England. The Enlightenment culture was based on close readings of new books, and intense discussions that took place daily at such intellectual gathering places in Edinburgh as The Select Society and, later, The Poker Club as well as within Scotland's ancient universities (St Andrews, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen). Sharing the humanist and rationalist outlook of the European Enlightenment of the same time period, the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment asserted the importance of human reason combined with a rejection of any authority that could not be justified by reason. In Scotland, the Enlightenment was characterised by a thoroughgoing empiricism and practicality where the chief values were improvement, virtue, and practical benefit for the individual and society as a whole. Among the fields that rapidly advanced were philosophy, economics, history architecture, and medicine. Leaders included Francis Hutcheson, David Hume, Adam Smith, Dugald Stewart, Thomas Reid, William Robertson, Henry Home, Lord Kames, Adam Ferguson, John Playfair, Joseph Black and James Hutton. The Scottish Enlightenment influenced England and the American colonies, and to a lesser extent continental Europe.
	The very existence of an English Enlightenment has been hotly debated by scholars. The majority of textbooks and standard surveys make no room for an English Enlightenment. Some European surveys include England, others ignore it but do include coverage of such major intellectuals as Joseph Addison, Edward Gibbon, John Locke, Isaac Newton, Alexander Pope and Joshua Reynolds. Roy Porter argues that the reason for the neglect was the assumption that the movement was primarily French-inspired, that it was largely a-religious or anti-clerical, and it stood in outspoken defiance to the established order. Porter admits that after the 1720s, England could claim few thinkers to equal Diderot, Voltaire or Rousseau. Indeed, its leading intellectuals, such as Edward Gibbon, Edmund Burke and Samuel Johnson were all quite conservative and supported the standing order. Porter says the reason was that Enlightenment had come early to England, and had succeeded so that the culture had accepted political liberalism, philosophical empiricism and religious toleration of the sort that intellectuals on the continent had to fight for against powerful odds. The coffee-house culture provided an ideal venue for enlightened conversation. Furthermore, England rejected the collectivism of the continent, and emphasized the improvement of individuals as the main goal of enlightenment.
	"Note: In the twentieth century, the period 1910–1936 was informally called the Georgian Era during the reign of George V (following the Edwardian Era), and is sometimes still referred to as such; see Georgian Poetry."

= = = Men's Health = = =

	Men's Health (MH), published by Hearst, is the world's largest men's magazine brand, with 35 editions in 59 countries. It is also the best-selling men's magazine on U.S. newsstands. Although originally started as a men's health magazine, it currently covers various men's lifestyle topics such as fitness, nutrition, fashion, and sexuality. The magazine's website, MensHealth.com, averages over 118 million page views a month.
	Started by Mark Bricklin in 1986 as a health magazine, "Men's Health" evolved into a lifestyle magazine, covering fitness, nutrition, relationships, travel, technology, fashion, and finance. Bricklin, Rodale editors Larry Stains and Stefan Bechtel produced three newsstand test issues. The results led Rodale to start "Men's Health" as a quarterly magazine in 1988 and begin to sell subscriptions. Bricklin, who was editor-in-chief of "Prevention" magazine, appointed Mike Lafavore as editor of "Men's Health" that year. In his 12 years as editor-in-chief, Lafavore increased the circulation from 100,000 to over 1.5 million, increased publication to ten 10 times a year, and expanded the magazine to Australia, France, Germany, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, and the UK. The South African version, along with "Women's Health", is licensed for publication by Media24, with distribution by Magzter.
	He created the editorial formula, hired Steven Slon from service journalism and Greg Gutfeld from "Prevention". He worked with longtime staff editor Denis Boyles, a former "Playboy" contributing editor, to develop the magazine's voice. Lafavore left "Men's Health" in 2000, the same year Capell's Circulation Report named the magazine Circulation Performer of the Decade. He named Gutfeld his successor. After one year, Gutfeld was replaced by David Zinczenko.
	Zinczenko became editor-in-chief in 2000. Circulation increased 30 percent, ad pages by 80 percent from 700 to 1150. In 2000, the brand had 21 international editions. In 2001 the title was consistently selling 400,000 copies at newsstands and circulation was 1.6 million. In 2001, the magazine started the annual list of cities with the healthiest men, based on twenty "live-long parameters, including death rates (both homicide and disease); illness rates (high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, etc.); body-mass index; fitness training; even environmental factors like number of parks, golf courses, etc." In 2003, the circulation was 1.7 million. In 2006, the circulation was close to 1.8 million.
	"Men's Health" magazine has been criticized for its focus on physical health, which can increase men's anxieties about their bodies, making them more prone to eating disorders and compulsive over-exercising. "The New York Times" stated, "Since its debut in the late 1980s, the magazine has surpassed traditional men's books like "Esquire" and "GQ" by following the formula of best-selling women's magazines—by catering to men's anxieties about their bodies and sexual performance." "Columbia Journalism Review" stated the magazine "deals overwhelmingly with self-care and, in fact, exaggerates the possibilities for autonomous personal transformation." Editor-In-Chief Zinczenko argued that the magazine worked toward "overcoming the resistance of the 86-percent male audience to health as a subject" and redefining health as "inclusive of everything that could improve a man's life. Great sex. Great food. Endorphin-boosting exercise. Looking and feeling your best. We turned health into a concept every guy would want to embrace, starting with the healthy guy on the cover."
	"Men's Health" has been criticized for reusing cover taglines. Zinczenko replied that 80 percent of magazine sales are by subscription, and those covers differ from the newsstand version. "Twenty years of "Men's Health" has certainly produced several lines that have proven themselves effective at newsstand, which makes up about 20 percent of our print run. We plan to keep using the most effective marketing tools to reach the largest market we possibly can." In July 2010, the magazine was criticized for including tiny credit lines on the cover rather than inside as a possible quid-pro-quo for advertisers. Zinczenko said the lines saved readers from having to dig for information and that "Men's Health" had been including the lines for over a year regardless of advertiser status. A spokesperson for the American Society of Magazine Editors said that no rules were broken. The director for print strategy at a media firm said the mention was "too small of a plug to get brands excited."
	In 2004, "Men's Health" began putting celebrities and athletes on the cover, and with their shirts on—a departure from the covers of the 1990s. In 2004, Rodale filed suit against "Men's Fitness" for its redesign, "a copycat version—one that is obviously intended to confuse consumers." In May 2006, the magazine published a limited edition color cover of Josh Holloway. In the first half of 2006, newsstand sales for "Men's Health" rose from 492,000 to 544,000 during a price increase from $3.95 to $4.50. In 2006 Rodale's properties, including "Men's Health", tried to increase online content by adding video to each section, telling section editors to write blogs, and hiring an online ad sales director.
	In 2008, the magazine partnered with Google to make back issues available. In July 2008, "Men's Health" became the first to "create the first fully interactive advertising magazine in America," where readers could take a picture of an ad, and a promotional "bounce-back" was sent to their phone. For its 20th anniversary issue in November 2008, "Men's Health" included an interview and photo shoot with president-elect Barack Obama. In 2010, Obama was again featured about health care and his plans.
	In 2009, "Men's Health" published "Belly Off! Diet" based on the weight-loss testimonial column in the magazine. The column "Eat This, Not That!" became a book series in 2007, written by Zinczenko and Matt Goulding), and was turned into different versions (children, supermarket, restaurant, diet book) and free iPhone applications. EatThis.MensHealth.com was the most highly trafficked section of MensHealth.com in 2009 with 1 million unique visitors and 15 million page views a month.
	Editor-in-chief Matt Bean led the magazine in developing over 40 mobile apps for the iPhone, Android, and BlackBerry. "Eat This, Not That! The Game" won an American Society of Magazine Editors award for Best Interactive Tool and was downloaded 500,000 times in two weeks. The magazine's first application, "Men's Health Workouts", was in the top 10 in the Health and Fitness category. In September 2009, the column "Ask Jimmy the Bartender" was turned into an iPhone and iPad application, which was downloaded 50,000 times in its first month. In 2010, "Men's Health" became one of the first consumer magazines to enter the iPad market.
	In 2011, David Zinczenko was replaced by Bill Phillips, who was the executive editor of the magazine and editor of MensHealth.com.
	In November 2014, "Men's Health" featured a reader on the cover for the first time with amputee and veteran Noah Galloway, the winner of the first Ultimate "Men's Health" Guy Search.
	In February 2015, "Men's Health" won the National Magazine Award for General Excellence.
	In 2016, Matt Bean became editor-in-chief. He hired Creative Director Mike Schnaidt to redesign the magazine with visual updates inspired by media, such as auto repair guides, hiking maps, and military field manuals, added "The Exchange", "Unfiltered", "Field Guide", and a column by Tim Ferriss. He introduced the digital franchise MH Longform. In October 2017 "Men's Health" began the cross-platform series "The Adventurist" in partnership with Fitbit.
	In 2000 "MH-18", a youth-oriented version of "Men's Health" covering teen lifestyle, was spun off but ceased publication in November 2001.
	In 2004 under Zinczenko's direction, "Men's Health" spun off "Best Life." May 2009 was "Best Life" last issue. "Best Life" was published 10 times a year and had a circulation of more than 500,000. Stephen Perrine, the former editorial creative director at "Men's Health", was the editor-in-chief. David Zinczenko was editorial director. In March 2008, "Best Life" finished #2 on Adweek's prestigious "10 under 50" Hot List, which recognizes magazines with fewer than $50 million in ad revenue.
	In 2005, "Men's Health" spun off "Women's Health". The test-issue team was headed by Bill Stump, a former "Men's Health" editor who was then the head of Rodale Inc.'s New Product Development department, and included former director of new product development Andréa Mallard. Within a year the circulation was at 750,000. "Women's Health" magazine is now published 10 times a year. In January 2009, Michele Promaulayko was named editor-in-chief of "Women's Health." In March 2008, "Women's Health" finished #1 on Adweek's "10 under 50" Hot List. The magazine was named #2 on Advertising Age's 2008 A List. "Women's Health" has a circulation of 1.1 million.
	In 2007, "Men's Health" spun off "Men's Health Living", a newsstand special which was named one of the 30 most notable launches of 2007 by Samir Husni. Samir Husni stated that "Men's Health Living" is a "new genre of men's magazines that cater to non-woman related issues in a man's life - that has gone unfulfilled for years: interior design and home that meets the needs of the affluent man." The test issue of "Men's Health Living" was edited by Bill Phillips, executive editor of "Men's Health", and Matt Bean. The first issue sold around 200,000 copies at $4.99 each out of 375,000 sent to newsstands. In January 2009, a second "Men's Health Living" issue was at newsstands, 450,000 copies at $5.99 each.
	In 2007, they also spun off "Men's Health on Campus" as a test with a goal for quarterly publication thereafter.
	In 2009, "Men's Health" spun off "Children's Health", a special issue that was part of a Rodale publishing idea to work with President and First Lady Obama to show support for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The magazine published how-to stories about fitness and nutrition for children.
	In 2013, "Men's Health" launched the radio show "Men's Health Live" in partnership with Entertainment Radio Network.
	In April 2017, under Matt Bean, "Men's Health" released an online video franchise, MH Films, which has featured people such as Hafþór Björnsson, Erik Weihenmayer and Sam Calagione. In June 2017, the magazine launched MH Rec Room, specializing in shorter videos for social media featuring various fitness trainers, lifestyle influencers and authors.
	In March 1994, "Advertising Age" magazine named Mike Lafavore Editor of the Year. [March 6, 1994]. Four years later he won the International Herald Tribune Award for International Editor of the Year for his work on "Men's Health" foreign editions. The magazine was nominated for several National Magazine Awards, including General Excellence. Since 2000, "Men's Health" has been nominated for 17 National Magazine Awards, or "Ellies," which are administrated by Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism and presented by the American Society of Magazine Editors.
	"Men's Health" won the category of Personal Service in 2004, the first win for the magazine and Rodale. In 2010, "Men's Health" received the General Excellence award. Menshealth.com's "Eat This, Not That!" portion of their Web site won the 2010 Digital Ellies award, also sponsored by the ASME, for best Interactive Tool, an award honoring the outstanding use of interactive tools that enable readers to create or share content, participate in communities, improve the quality of their lives, or enjoy recreational activities. In 2010, Minonline.com deemed menshealth.com's personal trainer channel, the "Best Premium Site," an award recognizing subscription sites oriented around service. In 2011, "Men's Health" won an "Ad Age" Media Vanguard Award in the Print-to-Digital Best Reader-Service Website category, a Society of Publication Designers Award for design and photography, and an ASME Ellie in the category of Personal Service for "I Want My Prostate Back" by Larry Stains. It was also a finalist in the 2012 Ellies.
	In 2012 "Men's Health" won the Digital Magazine Awards' Magazine Launch of the Year for its iPhone edition and a 2012 National Magazine Award in the Personal Service, Digital Media category for "Skin Cancer Center".
	In 2013 "Men's Health" won the James Beard Foundation Book, Broadcast and Journalism Awards for Cooking/Recipes/Instruction and Food Coverage in General Interest Publication categories. The brand was recognized as one of min’s Top 20 Magazines on Twitter and the "Men's Health" "Guy Gourmet" Twitter account was included in the "TIME" 140 Best Twitter Feeds of 2013. "Men's Health" won min's Best of the Web award for Overall Digital Excellence and FAME's Best Series of Events Award for its URBANATHALON series. The brand was included in iMonitor's Best Magazine Apps for iPad list.
	In 2015 "Men's Health" won first place in the Service category for the American Society of Journalists and Authors (ASJA)'s Writing Awards for the article "Clucked" by Rachael Moeller Gorman, a min Best of the Web & Digital Award in the “Integration with Print” category, and a FOLIO: Marketing Award in the “Integrated Program” category for the Men’s Health Next Top Trainer Program. The magazine also won in the "Lifestyle" category for the American Society of Magazine Editors' Best Cover Awards, for its November 2014 cover. It was named Reader’s Choice for men's health/fitness magazines in "Adweek's" 2013, 2014, and 2015 Hot List, and both Editor's Choice and Reader's Choice for the 2016 Hot List.
	It was also recognized in 2017 as an "Ad Age" magazine of the year. In March 2017 "Men's Health" was named a Print Medal Finalist for the Society of Publication Designers' Annual Design Competition Awards; it was also nominated in 2015 and 2016.
	In 2018, Rodale was acquired by Hearst and "Men's Health" was moved to New York City.
	Although "Men's Health" was founded in the U.S., its international editions have made it the world's largest men's magazine brand. These magazines reach over 71 million readers worldwide. "Men's Health" is published in 35 editions.
	International editions account for over 80% of the magazine's trade volume. In each market, local editors commission or purchase articles for their own market and share content with US and other editions. The selected articles are then translated and edited by local staffers to make them match the style of the American edition. Usually, these editions started out as translations of the US version of the magazine, but over time many non-US editions became unique, providing material more pertinent to local readers.

= = = York Castle = = =

	York Castle is a fortified complex in the city of York, England. It has comprised a sequence of castles, prisons, law courts and other buildings, which were built over the last nine centuries on the south side of the River Foss. The now-ruined keep of the medieval Norman castle is commonly referred to as Clifford's Tower. Built originally on the orders of William I to dominate the former Viking city of Jórvík, the castle suffered a tumultuous early history before developing into a major fortification with extensive water defences. After a major explosion in 1684 rendered the remaining military defences uninhabitable, York Castle continued to be used as a jail and prison until 1929.
	The first motte and bailey castle on the site was built in 1068 following the Norman conquest of York. After the destruction of the castle by rebels and a Viking army in 1069, York Castle was rebuilt and reinforced with extensive water defences, including a moat and an artificial lake. York Castle formed an important royal fortification in the north of England.
	In 1190, 150 local Jews were killed in a pogrom in the castle keep; most of them committed suicide in order not to fall into the hands of the mob. Henry III rebuilt the castle in stone in the middle of the 13th century, creating a keep with a unique quatrefoil design, supported by an outer bailey wall and a substantial gatehouse. During the Scottish wars between 1298 and 1338, York Castle was frequently used as the centre of royal administration across England, as well as an important military base of operations.
	York Castle fell into disrepair by the 15th and 16th centuries, becoming used increasingly as a jail for both local felons and political prisoners. By the time of Elizabeth I the castle was estimated to have lost all of its military value but was maintained as a centre of royal authority in York. The outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 saw York Castle being repaired and refortified, playing a part in the Royalist defence of York in 1644 against Parliamentary forces. York Castle continued to be garrisoned until 1684, when an explosion destroyed the interior of Clifford's Tower. The castle bailey was redeveloped in a neoclassical style in the 18th century as a centre for county administration in Yorkshire, and was used as a jail and debtors' prison. Prison reform in the 19th century led to the creation of a new prison built in a Tudor Gothic style on the castle site in 1825; used first as a county and then as a military prison, this facility was demolished in 1935. By the 20th century the ruin of Clifford's Tower had become a well-known tourist destination and national monument; today the site is owned by English Heritage and open to the public. The other remaining buildings serve as the York Castle Museum and the Crown Court.
	York was a Viking capital in the 10th century, and continued as an important northern city in the 11th century. In 1068, on William the Conqueror's first northern expedition after the Norman Conquest, he built a number of castles across the north-east of England, including one at York. This first castle at York was a basic wooden motte and bailey castle built between the rivers Ouse and Foss on the site of the present-day York Castle. It was built in haste; contemporary accounts imply it was constructed in only eight days, although this assertion has been challenged. The motte was originally around 200 feet (61 metres) wide at the base. As it was built in an urban environment, hundreds of houses had to be destroyed to make way for the development. William Malet, the sheriff of Yorkshire, was placed in charge of the castle and successfully defended it against an immediate uprising by the local population.
	In response to the worsening security situation, William conducted his second northern campaign in 1069. He built another castle in York, on what is now Baile Hill on the west bank of the Ouse opposite the first castle, in an effort to improve his control over the city. This second castle was also a motte and bailey design, with the Baile Hill motte probably reached by a horizontal bridge and steps cut up the side of the motte. Later that year, a Danish Viking fleet sailed up to York along the Humber and the Ouse, and attacked both castles with the assistance of Cospatrick of Northumbria and a number of local rebels. The Normans, attempting to drive the rebels back, set fire to some of the city's houses. The fire grew out of control and also set fire to York Minster and, some argue, the castles as well. The castles were captured and partially dismantled, and Malet was taken hostage by the Danes.
	William conducted a widespread sequence of punitive operations across the north of England in the aftermath of the attacks in 1069 and 1070. This "Harrying of the North" restored sufficient order to allow the rebuilding of the two castles, again in wood. The bailey at York Castle was enlarged slightly in the process; buildings believed to have been inside the bailey at this time include "halls, kitchens, a chapel, barracks, stores, stables, forges [and] workshops". By the time "Domesday Book" was written in 1086, York Castle was also surrounded by a water-filled moat and a large artificial lake called the King's Pool, fed from the river Foss by a dam built for the purpose. More property, including two watermills, had to be destroyed to make way for the water defences. Over time the Baile Hill site was abandoned in favour of the first castle site, leaving only the motte, which still exists.
	Henry II visited York Castle four times during his reign. The royal chambers at the time were inside the keep for safety, and Henry paid £15 for repairs to the keep. During his 1175 visit, Henry used the castle as the base for receiving the homage of William the Lion of Scotland. Castle mills were built close by to support the garrison, and the military order of the Knights Templar was granted ownership of the mills in the mid-12th century. The mills proved to be vulnerable to the flooding of the two rivers and had to be repeatedly repaired.
	In 1190, York Castle was the location of one of the worst pogroms in England during the medieval period. The Normans had introduced , where some occupied a special economic role as moneylenders, an essential but otherwise banned activity. English Jews were subject to considerable religious prejudice and primarily worked from towns and cities in which there was a local royal castle that could provide them with protection in the event of attacks from the majority Christian population. Royal protection was usually granted as the Norman and Angevin kings had determined that Jewish property and debts owed to Jews ultimately belonged to the crown, reverting to the king on a Jew's death.
	Richard I was crowned king in 1189 and announced his intention to join the Crusades; this inflamed anti-Jewish sentiment. Rumours began to spread that the king had ordered that the English Jews be attacked. In York, tensions broke out into violence the following year. Richard de Malbis, who owed money to the powerful Jewish merchant Aaron of Lincoln, exploited an accidental house fire to incite a local mob to attack the home and family of a recently deceased Jewish employee of Aaron in York. Josce of York, the leader of the Jewish community, led the local Jewish families into the royal castle, where they took refuge in the wooden keep. The mob surrounded the castle, and when the constable left the castle to discuss the situation, the Jews, fearing the entry of the mob or being handed over to the sheriff, refused to allow him back in. The constable appealed to the sheriff, who called out his own men and laid siege to the keep. The siege continued until 16 March when the Jews' position became untenable. Their religious leader, Rabbi Yomtob, proposed an act of collective suicide to avoid being killed by the mob, and the castle was set on fire to prevent their bodies being mutilated after their deaths. Several Jews perished in the flames but the majority took their own lives rather than give themselves up to the mob. A few Jews did surrender, promising to convert to Christianity, but they were killed by the angry crowd. Around 150 Jews died in total in the massacre. The keep was rebuilt, again in wood, on the motte, which was raised in height by 13 feet (4 metres) at a cost of £207.
	King John used York Castle extensively during his reign, using the keep as his personal quarters for his own security. The castle was kept in good repair during that time. During this period, the first records of the use of the castle as a jail appeared, with references to prisoners taken during John's Irish campaigns being held at York Castle. By the 13th century there was a well-established system of castle-guards in place, under which various lands around York were granted in return for the provision of knights and crossbowmen to assist in protecting the castle.
	Henry III also made extensive use of the castle, but during his visit at Christmas 1228 a gale destroyed the wooden keep on the motte. The keep was apparently not repaired, and a building for the king's use was built in the bailey instead. In 1244, when the Scots threatened to invade England, King Henry III visited the castle and ordered it to be rebuilt in white limestone, at a cost of about £2,600. The work was carried out between 1245 and 1270, and included the construction of a towered curtain wall, a gatehouse of considerable size with two large towers, two smaller gatehouses, a small watergate, a small gateway into the city, a chapel, and a new stone keep, first known as the King's, later Clifford's, Tower.
	Clifford's Tower is of an unusual design. The two-storey tower has a quatrefoil plan with four circular lobes. Each lobe measures 22 feet (6.5 metres) across, with walls 9 feet 6 inches (3 metres) thick; at its widest, the tower is 79 feet (24 metres) across. A square gatehouse, 21 feet (6.5 metres) wide, protected the entrance on the south side between two of the lobes. There are defensive turrets between the other lobes. Large corbels and a central pier supported the huge weight of stone and the first floor. Loopholes of a design unique to York Castle provided firing points. A chapel was built over the entrance, measuring 15 feet by 14 feet (4.5 metres by 4.2 metres), doubling as a portcullis chamber as at Harlech and Chepstow Castles. The tower is believed to be an experiment in improving flanking fire by making more ground visible from the summit of the keep. Although unique to England, the design of the tower closely resembles that at Étampes in France, and may have influenced the design of the future keep of Pontefract Castle. Henry employed master mason Henry de Rayns and chief carpenter Simon of Northampton for the project, and the cost of the tower accounted for the majority of the overall expenditure on the castle during this period of work.
	The new castle needed constant investment to maintain its quality as a military fortification. Winter floods in 1315–16 damaged the soil at the base of the motte, requiring immediate repairs. Around 1358–60, the heavy stone keep again suffered from subsidence and the south-eastern lobe cracked from top to bottom. Royal officials recommended that the keep be completely rebuilt, but, instead, the lobe was repaired at a cost of £200.
	Edward I gave wide-reaching powers to the sheriff of Yorkshire for enforcing law and order in the city of York, and the sheriffs established their headquarters in Clifford's Tower. During the wars against the Scots under both Edward and his son, York Castle also formed the centre of royal administration in England for almost half the years between 1298 and 1338. Many Westminster institutions followed the king north to York, basing themselves in the castle compound. The existing castle buildings were insufficient to house all the administrative institutions; a temporary building inside the castle was built for the Court of Common Pleas at the beginning of the period, and rebuilt on a larger scale during 1319–20. The Exchequer took over Clifford's Tower. Other buildings around the city had to be commandeered to absorb the overflow from the castle itself. As a result of the extended use of the castle for these purposes, the law courts at York Castle began to compete with those in London, a pattern that lasted into the 1360s. The castle eventually acquired its own mint in 1344, when Edward III decided to create a permanent mint in York Castle to produce gold and silver coins to serve the needs of the north of England. European coiners were brought to York to establish the facility.
	Henry III extended the castle's role as a jail for holding a wide range of prisoners. The sheriff was responsible for the jail at this time, and his deputy usually took the role of a full-time jailer. Up to three hundred and ten prisoners were held in the castle at any one time. The conditions in which prisoners were held were "appalling", and led to the widespread loss of life amongst detainees. Prison escapes were relatively common, and many of them, such as the break-out by 28 prisoners in 1298, were successful. When the Military Order of the Knights Templar was dissolved in England in 1307, York Castle was used to hold many of the arrested knights. The castle mills, as former Templar property, returned to royal control at the same time. Edward II also used the castle as a jail in his campaign against his rebellious barons in 1322, and after the battle of Boroughbridge many of the defeated rebel leaders were executed at York Castle.
	By the end of the 14th century, the castle bailey was primarily occupied by the local county administration. It was used extensively as a jail, with prisoners being kept in the various towers around the bailey. The old castle-guard system for securing the castle had changed into a system whereby the crown used rents from local royal lands to hire local guards for the castle. Increasingly, royalty preferred to stay at the Franciscan friary, between the Castle and King's Staith on the Ouse, while their staff resided at St Mary's Abbey and St Andrew's Priory in the Fishergate area.
	In the 15th century, York Castle, along with Nottingham Castle, was considered a key security asset in the north of England, but investment even in these castles diminished. Repairs to York Castle grew infrequent from 1400 onwards, and it fell into increasing disrepair. Richard III recognised the issue and in 1483 had some of the most decrepit structures removed, but he died at the battle of Bosworth before replacement work could commence. By the reign of Henry VIII, the antiquary John Leland reported that the castle was in considerable disrepair; nonetheless the water defences remained intact, unlike those of many other castles of the period. As a result of the deterioration, Henry had to be advised that the king's councillors no longer had any official residence in which to stay and work when they were in York. The castle mint was shut down after the death of Edward VI in 1553, and the castle mills were given to a local charitable hospital in 1464. The hospital was then closed during the Reformation, and the mills passed into private ownership once again.
	The castle continued to be used as a jail, increasingly for local felons, and a location for political executions. By the 16th century it had become traditional to execute traitors by hanging them from the top of Clifford's Tower, rather than killing them at Micklegate Bar, the usual previous location for capital punishment in York. In 1536, for example, the political leader Robert Aske was executed at York Castle on the orders of Henry VIII, following the failure of Aske's Pilgrimage of Grace protest against the Dissolution of the Monasteries. For most of the period the sheriffs of Yorkshire remained in control of the castle, although there were some notable exceptions such as the appointment of the royal favourite Sir Robert Ryther by Edward IV in 1478. At the end of the 16th century, however, the Clifford family (Earls of Cumberland), became the hereditary constables of the castle, and Clifford's Tower took its name from the family at around this time.
	The deterioration of the castle continued into the reign of Elizabeth I, who was advised that it no longer had any military utility. Robert Redhead, the tower keeper, became infamous at the time for taking parts of the castle to pieces and selling off the stonework for his own profit. Despite numerous attempts by local city and crown officials to halt this, Redhead continued to cause considerable damage before being forced to stop. Proposals were made to pull down Clifford's Tower altogether in 1596, but were turned down because of the strength of local feeling.
	Maintaining the castle was becoming increasingly expensive, and in 1614 King James sold the lease on Clifford's Tower and the surrounding land to John Babington and Edmund Duffield, a pair of property speculators. In turn, Babington and Duffield sold Clifford's Tower to a York merchant family. In 1642, however, the English Civil War broke out between the rival factions of the Royalists and Parliament. Forces loyal to Charles I, under the command of Henry Clifford, garrisoned York Castle and the surrounding city in 1643. York effectively became the "northern capital" for the Royalist cause. Clifford repaired the castle and strengthened the walls to permit them to support cannon, placing his arms alongside those of the king above the entrance. Clifford's Tower's gatehouse was substantially remodelled, losing its original medieval appearance. Baile Hill, on the other side of the river, became a gun emplacement. The castle mint was reopened to supply the king's forces with coins.
	The war turned against the Royalist factions, and on 23 April 1644 Parliamentary forces commenced the siege of York. A Scottish army under Alexander Leslie came from the south, while a Parliamentary force under Ferdinando Fairfax came from the east. Six weeks later, Edward Montagu brought a third contingent to York, bringing the number of forces besieging the city to over 30,000 men. William Cavendish commanded the city during the siege, while Colonel Sir Francis Cobb was appointed the governor of the castle. Despite bombardment, attempts to undermine the walls and attacks on the gates, the city held out through May and June. Prince Rupert, sent to relieve York, approached with reinforcements, and through clever manoeuvring was able to force the besiegers to withdraw, lifting the siege on 1 July. The next day, Parliamentary forces defeated Rupert at the Battle of Marston Moor, six miles west of York, making the surrender of York and the castle inevitable. On 14 July the city and castle surrendered to the Parliamentary forces, who permitted the Royalists to march out with full honours.
	Parliament then appointed Thomas Dickenson, the local mayor, as the governor of Clifford's Tower. Control of the castle rested with the post of mayor until the Restoration. Efforts were made to separate the structures of Clifford's Tower, which Parliament used as a garrison, from the buildings of the bailey, which continued to be used as a prison. Oliver Cromwell visited Clifford's Tower in 1650, and received a salute from the guns stationed on top of it. The cost of the garrison was levied on the city of York.
	After the Restoration of Charles II, the pre-war owners of the property laid claim to Clifford's Tower, eventually being granted ownership. A garrison continued to be stationed there, however, which prevented the owners from actually occupying or using the property. Repairs were made to the tower, and it became a magazine for storing gunpowder and shot. Attempts were made to restore the condition of the moat, which had become badly silted. Some political prisoners continued to be held at the castle during the Restoration period, including George Fox, the founder of the Society of Friends.
	The county facilities in the bailey were expanded during these years, with improvements to the Grand Jury House and the Common Hall, but by the 1680s the role of the military garrison at York Castle was being called into question. Sir Christopher Musgrave produced a report for the Crown in 1682; he argued that it would cost at least £30,000 to turn the castle into a modern fortification, producing a proposal for the six bastions that such a star fort would require. This work was never carried out. Meanwhile, the garrison and the castle had become extremely unpopular with the people of York, who disliked both the cost and the imposition of external authority.
	On St George's Day in 1684 at around 10 pm, an explosion in the magazine destroyed the interior of Clifford's Tower entirely. The official explanation was that the celebratory salute from the guns on the roof had set fire to parts of the woodwork, which later ignited the magazine. Most historians, however, believe the explosion was not accidental. At the time, it was common in the city to toast the potential demolition of the "Minced Pie", as the castle was known to locals; suspiciously, some members of the garrison had moved their personal belongings to safety just before the explosion, and no-one from the garrison was injured by the event. The heat of the fire turned the limestone of the tower to its current, slightly pink, colour. The now-ruined tower was returned fully to private ownership, eventually forming part of the lands of the neighbouring house and gardens belonging to Samuel Waud.
	By 1701, the conditions of the county jail had become scandalous and the decision was taken to redevelop the area occupied by the old bailey. A local tax helped to fund the development, and the king agreed for the ruins of St Mary's Abbey to be cannibalised for building stone. Three new buildings were erected to the south of Clifford's Tower. A new county jail, built between 1701 and 1705 by William Wakefield, was placed on the south side, closely resembling the fashionable work of John Vanbrugh. The local architect John Carr then built the Assize Courts on the site of the old Jury House between 1773 and 1777 on the west side, and oversaw the replacement of the Sessions House and Common Hall by the Female Prison between 1780 and 1783 on the east side. The Female Prison and county jail were later combined to become the Debtors' Prison. Both of Carr's buildings were designed in a distinctive neoclassical style; the Assize Court building was particularly praised at the time as being "a superb building of the Ionic order". The castle courtyard was grassed over to form a circle in 1777 and became known as the "Eye of the Ridings" because it was used for the election of members of parliament for York.
	Visits by the prison reformer John Howard as part of the research for his book "The State of the Prisons" found these prisons flawed, but in relatively good condition compared to others at the time. The Debtors' Prison as a whole was an "honour to the county" of York, with "airy and healthy" rooms, but the felons' wing of the prison attracted some criticism. The felons' wing was "too small" and had "no water" for the inmates; felons were forced to sleep on piles of straw on the floor. Indeed, conditions were so bad in the felons' wing that nine prisoners suffocated in one night during 1739.
	Just outside the main walls, the castle mills had become increasingly ineffective from the 16th century onwards because of a reduction in the flow of the rivers driving the water-wheels. As a result, in 1778 they were rebuilt with a new steam engine to drive the machinery; this steam engine caused considerable discomfort to the prisoners affected by the smoke and noise.
	Criticism of the castle prison increased at the end of the 18th century. The facilities were felt to be inadequate and the crowds of spectators who gathered outside the prison to see inmates being taken into York for execution unseemly. Attempts were made to improve the way executions were carried out from 1803 onwards: the former castle courtyard, the Eye of the Ridings, was used for this purpose instead, although crowds still gathered outside the bailey to watch the slow deaths of the prisoners. By 1813 the execution process had been sped up by the introduction of the "short drop" method of hanging, allowing the unusually rapid execution of fourteen Luddite agitators at the castle in 1814. Overcrowding in the jail was now also a problem, with up to 114 prisoners being held at any one time; occasionally, around forty prisoners awaiting trial had to be kept in the jail yard for lack of space elsewhere.
	The suitability of the prison was finally brought to a head at the 1821 assizes in York, when an official complaint was made and an investigation begun. The decision was taken to purchase Clifford's Tower and the Waud house, with the aim of demolishing them both to make room for a new, more modern prison. Sydney Smith, the famous wit, writer and vicar of Foston-le-Clay, successfully led a campaign to save Clifford's Tower, emphasising the historic importance of the location for the surrounding city. An alternative proposal, put forward by architect Robert Wallace, would have seen the conversion of Clifford's Tower back into a habitable building to form the hub of a radial prison design, but this was turned down.
	In 1825, Clifford's Tower and the Waud house were purchased by the county of Yorkshire at the cost of £8,800 (£665,000 at 2009 prices). The new prison buildings, designed by architects P. F. Robinson and G. T. Andrews, were constructed in a Tudor Gothic style, including a gatehouse 35 feet (11 metres) high and a radial prison block, protected by a long, high stone wall. The prison, considered to be the strongest such building in England, was built entirely of stone to be both secure and fireproof. Dark grey gritstone was used in the construction to produce a forbidding appearance, although the prison itself was considered healthy and well ventilated.
	Clifford's Tower played no part in the formal design of the prison, although the talus, or sloping edge of the motte, was cut away and replaced by a retaining wall to allow more space for the new prison building. The backyard of the Female Prison, concealed from public view by the new wall, was used for hangings from 1868 onwards. The Prison Act, 1877, reformed the English prison system, and York Castle gaol was passed into the control of central government the following year. It was used as the county prison until 1900, when the remaining prisoners were transferred to Wakefield Prison, and from then onwards the facility was used as a military prison instead.
	By the early 19th century, dredging and other improvements to the river Foss had made it possible to import flour into York by river, reducing the economic significance of the castle mills. In 1856, the castle mills were finally demolished as part of a further sequence of improvements to this part of the river. The King's Pool that formed part of the castle's water defences was drained. With the construction of several new bridges near the castle, the site became "surrounded by roads instead of moats". Some major trials took place at the Assizes (now Crown Court) building of York Castle in the 19th century, including that of Mary Fitzpatrick who was accused of murder.
	In 1890 the Prison Commissioners agreed to declare Clifford's Tower a national monument and to conserve it as a historic location. In 1902 Clifford's Tower was given to the York Corporation, together with a grant of £3,000 (£242,000 at 2009 prices) arranged by Lord Wenlock for conservation and repairs. The removal of the talus and the damage to the castle stonework in the 16th century had put excessive pressure on the supporting motte, causing a recurrence of the 14th century subsidence. Sir Basil Mott, a leading Victorian engineer, installed concrete underpinnings to stabilise the structure beneath the gatehouse. By the early 20th century, Clifford's Tower was regularly open to visitors, and in 1915 it was passed to the Office of Works as a national monument.
	York Prison finally closed in 1929, and the Tudor Gothic Victorian prison buildings were demolished in 1935. The Assize Courts building now houses the York Crown Court, while the former Debtors' Prison and Female Prison, together with a modern entrance area, are now the Castle Museum. The circular grassed area between these buildings that was once known as the "Eye of the Ridings" is now known as Castle Green, or the "Eye of York". Clifford's Tower is the most prominent surviving part of the original medieval fortification, although the stone steps up the side of the motte are modern. Fragments of the bailey wall, parts of the south gatehouse and one of the corner towers also survive.
	The castle is classed as a Grade I listed building and a Scheduled monument. The site, managed by English Heritage, is open to the public. Until the 1970s, the pogrom of 1190 was often underplayed by official histories of the castle; early official guides to the castle made no reference to it. In 1978, however, the first memorial tablet to the victims was laid at the base of Clifford's Tower, and in 1990 the 800th anniversary of the killings was commemorated at the tower. Recently, commercial interests have sought to introduce retail development to the area surrounding it. Citizens, visitors, academics, environmentalists, local businesspeople and Jewish groups have opposed the development with some success, winning a lengthy and bitter public inquiry in 2003.

= = = Harlow = = =

	Harlow is a town and local government district in the west of Essex, England. A former Mark One New Town, situated on the border with Hertfordshire and London, Harlow occupies a large area of land on the south bank of the upper Stort Valley, which has been made navigable through other towns and features a canal section near its watermill. Old Harlow is a village-size suburb founded by the early medieval age and most of its high street buildings are early Victorian and residential, mostly protected by one of the Conservation Areas in the district. In Old Harlow is a field named Harlowbury, a de-settled monastic area which has the remains of a chapel, a scheduled ancient monument.
	The M11 motorway passes through the east of the district, entirely to the east of the town. Harlow has its own commercial and leisure economy. It is also an outer part of the London commuter belt and employment centre of the M11 corridor which includes Cambridge and London Stansted to the north. At the time of the 2011 Census, Harlow's population was recorded at 81,944 and its district had the third-highest proportion of social housing in England, 26.9%, a legacy of the 1947 commitment to re-house blitzed London families after World War II and provide a percentage of homes for other needy families who cannot afford market rents.
	There is some dispute as to where the placename Harlow derives from. One theory is that it derives from the Anglo-Saxon words 'here' and 'hlaw', meaning "army hill", probably to be identified with Mulberry Hill, which was used as the moot or meeting place for the district.
	The other theory is that it derives from the words 'here' and 'hearg', meaning "temple hill/mound", probably to be identified with an Iron Age burial mound, later a Roman temple site on River Way.
	The earliest deposits are of a Mesolithic (circa 10,000 BC) hunting camp excavated by Davey in Northbrooks in the 1970s (Unpublished) closely followed by the large and unexcavated deposits of Neolithic flint beside Gilden Way. These deposits are mostly known because of the large numbers of surface-bound, worked flint. Substantial amounts of worked flint suggest an organised working of flint in the area. Large amounts of debitage litter the area and tools found include axeheads, hammers, blades, dowels and other boring tools and multipurpose flints such as scrapers. An organised field walk in the late 1990s by Bartlett (Unpublished) indicates that most of the area, some 80 hectares, produced worked flint from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age with a smattering of Mesolithic. This indicates organised industry existed from 5000 BC to 2000 BC. The deposits are so large and dispersed that any major archaeological work in the area will have to take this into consideration before any ground work is started. Harlow was in Roman times the site of a small town (around Harlow Mill railway station) with a substantial stone built temple.
	The entry in the Norman Domesday Book reads: "Herlaua: St Edmunds Abbey before and after 1066; Geoffrey from Count Eustace; Thorgils from Eudo the Steward; Richard from Ranulf, brother of Ilger. Mill, 7 beehives, 8 cobs, 43 cattle, 3 foals." The mill is now a 300-year-old listed building and restaurant.
	The original village, mentioned in the Domesday Book, developed as a typical rural community around what is now known as Old Harlow, with many of its buildings still standing. This includes for instance the Grade II listed St Mary's Church in Churchgate Street. Its former Chapel is in a ruinous state in a field which was once the Harlowbury Abbey part of Old Harlow, is Grade I listed and is a scheduled ancient monument.
	Kingsmoor House on Paringdon Road is a Grade II* listed building and dates from the 18th century. It was built as a gentleman's residence and owned by local families including the Risden, Houblon and Todhunter families. It was later used as a private school and council offices before falling derelict. It has since been restored and converted into residential apartments.
	The original Harlow New Town was built after World War II to ease overcrowding in London and the surrounding areas due to the devastation caused by the bombing during the Blitz. Harlow was a Mark One New Town along with other new towns such as Basildon, Stevenage and Hemel Hempstead. New Towns were designated following the New Towns Act of 1946, with the master plan for Harlow drawn up in 1947 by Sir Frederick Gibberd. The town was planned from the outset and was designed to respect the existing landscape. A number of landscape wedges - which later became known as Green Wedges - were designed to cut through the town and separate the neighbourhoods of the town. The development incorporated the market town of Harlow, now a neighbourhood known as Old Harlow, and the villages of Great Parndon, Latton, Tye Green, Potter Street, Churchgate Street, Little Parndon, and Netteswell. Each of the town's neighbourhoods is self-supporting with its own shopping precincts, community facilities and pubs. Gibberd invited many of the country's leading post-war architects to design buildings in the town, including Philip Powell and Hidalgo Moya, Leonard Manasseh, Michael Neylan, E C P Monson, Gerard Goalen, Maxwell Fry, Jane Drew, Graham Dawbarn, H. T. Cadbury-Brown and William Crabtree. Harlow has one of the most extensive cycle track networks in the country, connecting all areas of the town to the town centre and industrial areas. The cycle network is composed mostly of the original old town roads.
	The town's authorities built Britain's first pedestrian precinct, and first modern-style residential tower block, The Lawn, constructed in 1951; it is now a Grade II listed building. Gibberd's tromp-l'oeil terrace in Orchard Croft and Dawbarn's maisonette blocks at Pennymead are also notable, as is Michael Neylan's pioneering development at Bishopsfield. The first neighbourhood, Mark Hall, is a conservation area. From 1894 to 1955 the Harlow parish formed part of the Epping Rural District of Essex. From 1955 to 1974, Harlow was an urban district.
	The town centre, and many of its neighbourhood shopping facilities have undergone major redevelopment, along with many of the town's original buildings. Subsequently, many of the original town buildings, including most of its health centres, the Staple Tye shopping centre and many industrial units have been rebuilt. Gibberd's original town hall, a landmark in the town, has been demolished and replaced by a new civic centre and The Water Gardens shopping area.
	Since becoming a new town, Harlow has undergone several stages of expansion, the first of which was the "mini expansion" that was created by the building of the Sumners and Katherines estates in the mid-to-late seventies to the west of the existing town. Since then Harlow has further expanded with the Church Langley estate completed in 2005, and its newest neighbourhood Newhall has completed the first stage of its development, with the second stage underway in 2013. The Harlow Gateway Scheme is currently underway, with the relocation of the Harlow Football Stadium to Barrow's Farm in early 2006, and the building of a new hotel, apartments, and a restaurant adjacent to the railway station being complete. The next stage of this scheme involves the completion of the 530 eco-homes being built on the former sports centre site, and the centre's relocation to the nearby former college playing field site.
	Other major developments under consideration include both a northern and southern bypass of the town, and significant expansion to the north, following the completed expansion to the east. The Harlow North plans, currently awaiting permission, involve an extension of the town across the floodplains on the town's northern border, into neighbouring Hertfordshire. The plan was supported by former MP Bill Rammell, all three political groups on Harlow Council, and the East of England Regional Assembly. It is opposed by Hertfordshire County Council, East Herts Council, Mark Prisk, MP for Hertford and Stortford in whose constituency the development would be, and all the parishes concerned. The opposition is coordinated by a local group based in neighbouring East Hertfordshire. An attempt to have Harlow North designated an "Eco Town" was rejected by the Minister for Housing, Caroline Flint MP, in April 2008.
	The south of the town centre also underwent major regeneration, with the new Civic Centre being built and the town's famous Water Gardens being redeveloped, a landscape listed by English Heritage.
	In 2004 Harlow businessman Mo Ghadami won his High Court case to block a multimillion-pound extension of the town's Harvey Centre. The Iranian-born entrepreneur, who presented his case in person, persuaded Mr Justice Richards to quash Harlow DC's grant of planning permission for the development. In his judgment he backed Mr Ghadami's claim of 'apparent bias or predetermination' in the decision, as a result of the continued participation of Michael Garnett, the chairman of the planning committee, in the planning process after he had attempted in telephone calls to persuade Mr Ghadami to consent to the scheme.
	In 2011 the government announced the creation of an enterprise zone in the town. Harlow Enterprise Zone consists of two separate sites under development, at Templefields and London Road, with the London Road site divided into north and south business parks.
	A flagship government policy to allow developers to convert office space to residential has led to a proliferation of new 'rabbit hutch' sized flats, which are then let to London borough waiting list families. These are erected under permitted development rights which mean the local authority cannot refuse them planning permission. 
	A major feature of Harlow New Town is its green spaces; over one third of the district is parkland or fields containing public footpaths. One of the original design features of Gibberd's masterplan is the Green Wedges in the town, designed to provide open space for wildlife and recreation and to separate neighbourhoods. 23% of the district is designated as Green Wedge. The Green Wedges are protected from inappropriate development, through the Local Plan.
	The town is entirely surrounded by Green Belt land, a land designation which originated in London to prevent the city sprawling, and 21% of the district is allocated as Green Belt. The National Planning Policy Framework states that one of the purposes of Green Belt land is to protect unrestricted sprawl from large built-up areas.
	Harlow Town Park, at a size of 71.6-hectares (just under 1 km²), is one of the largest urban parks in the country. The multi-functional park has been used for recreation and enjoyment for over 50 years. This park is in the centre Netteswell ward and is between the town centre and the railway station, both of which are within walking distance of the park, which is a natural thoroughfare from the station to the town centre.
	There are only 12 parks with significant post-war element on the English Heritage 'Register of Parks'. With these Harlow is seen as one of the first examples of a civic scheme to marry the modern science of town and country planning.
	In 2006 the entire South East of England was affected by drought, with Harlow covered by a water restriction order, preventing unnecessary use of water.
	Harlow was originally expected to provide a majority of employment opportunities in manufacturing, with two major developments of The Pinnacles and Templefields providing the biggest employers in the region; as with the rest of the country, this manufacturing base has declined and Harlow has had to adjust.
	The original manufacturing took the form of a biscuit factory, on the Pinnacles. Owned and run as a co-op, it provided employment to the town for over 50 years, before closing in 2002. It has since been demolished and the site now has small industrial units. At its peak, the factory employed over 500 people. At the time of its closure, the owner was Burton's Foods Ltd. An £8 million production line – installed in 1999 – was left to rust in the car park upon the closure of the factory.
	Raytheon and GlaxoSmithKline both have large premises within the town. 
	In July 2017 Public Health England had bought the vacant site from GSK (GlaxoSmithKline) hoping to move altogether 2,745 jobs there, of which about 500 are from Porton Down.
	Nortel had a large site on the eastern edge of the town, acquired when STC was bought in 1991, and it was here that Charles K. Kao developed optical fibre data transmission. Nortel still has a presence, but it is much reduced. 
	One of Europe's leading online golf stores, Onlinegolf, is based in Harlow.
	Unemployment is frequently around 10%, higher than the national average in the UK. Harlow also has a large number of people in social housing, almost 30% of dwellings being housing association and local authority owned, and many more privately rented.
	The Member of parliament (MP) for Harlow since the 2010 general election is Conservative Robert Halfon. He defeated Labour's Phil Waite, his predecessor being Bill Rammell, who had been the MP since the 1997 election, but had only held the seat at the 2005 general election by a majority of 97 votes.
	Elections to the district council are held in three out of every four years, with one-third of the 33 seats on the council being elected at each election. Labour had a majority from the first election in 1973 until the 2002 election. From then until the 2008 election no party had a majority. The Conservatives gained control in 2008, but lost it back to Labour at the 2012 election and as of the 2018 election the council was composed of the following councillors:-
	Harlow is served by two railway stations, Harlow Town railway station and Harlow Mill railway station. There is also a bus service to Epping tube station on the London Underground.
	Harlow is reached from junction 7 of the M11 motorway, which runs from London to Cambridge, placing it within a short distance of Stansted Airport and the A120 and the orbital M25 motorway. The M11 motorway was originally planned to run to the west of Harlow, not the east as it does today. Having planned for one of the two big industrial estates to be built to the west of the town for easy motorway access, Sir Fredrick Gibberd was appalled when the motorway was eventually built to the east of the town instead, describing it as "just about the most monstrous thing to ever happen to me as a planner" during a 1982 interview. Running through the town is the A414, a major road from Hertford to Chelmsford and linking the town with the A10 to the west. Another major road running from Harlow is the A1184, which also leads to the nearby town of Bishop's Stortford.
	Bishop's Stortford is the closest large town to London Stansted Airport, though Harlow is only 10 miles from this major transport hub, and therefore provides several hundred airport employees. The airport operator withdrew a planning application for a second runway after the General Election of 2010, when all major political parties opposed it.
	Harlow has an extensive bus network and serves as a regional hub for the local area, with operators such as Arriva (Herts and Essex) and Trustybus. There are links to many other local towns and villages such as Chelmsford City, Epping and Bishops Stortford.
	Essex County Council was involved in development to Harlow's First Avenue, which was intended to reduce congestion and create better transport connections between the Newhall housing developments. The scheme was implemented in two phases, each phase focusing on developing First Avenue on either side of Howard Way. Phase two had an estimated cost of £4.4 million and was due to be completed in early 2010, phase one is already complete and is listed as having had £3.6 million of funding from the Community Infrastructure Fund (CIF). The scheme includes construction of a shared use cycleway and development to the bus service along First Avenue and into the Newhall development site where 'high quality bus' services between Harlow town centre and Harlow Town Railway station are listed as part of the intentions of the development.
	Harlow is served by the NHS Princess Alexandra Hospital, situated on the edge of The High, which is the main Town Centre area of Harlow. This hospital has a 24-hour Accident & Emergency and Urgent Care Centre.
	Harlow contains six state-funded secondary schools:
	St. Nicholas School is an independent school in the town while Harlow College provides sixth form and further education and St Mark's West Essex Catholic School also provides sixth form education.
	Brays Grove Community School and Specialist Arts College closed down in June 2008 due to decreasing pupil numbers over a number of years. Following the schools closure, the site was demolished and redeveloped into a £23 million state of the art Academy which Passmores School and Technology College relocated to in September 2011 opening as Passmores Academy.
	In the 1980s a further two secondary schools were closed, Latton Bush (now a commercial centre and recreational centre) and Netteswell (now forms part of the Harlow College Campus) is a major further educational centre, covering GCSE's, A-Levels, and many vocational subjects including Hair and Beauty Therapy, Construction, Mechanics, ICT, and a new centre for engineering recently opened. The college is currently under major regeneration and is due to open a new university centre in partnership with Anglia Ruskin University, covering mostly Foundation degrees in a variety of subjects relevant to local employers' needs.
	An international campus of Memorial University of Newfoundland is located in Old Harlow.
	Harlow Town Cricket Club was formed in 1960 as Stort Cricket Club and plays at Ash Tree Field. The club plays in division 2 of the Shepherd Neame Essex League, runs a junior section that play in the West Essex District Cricket Board League and has a girls team which play other girls teams in the county.
	Harlow Town Cricket Club's Pavilion recently underwent a six figure refurbishment to promote women's and disabled cricket in Harlow and the whole of Essex. Essex County Cricket Club Ladies and disability sections use the club as well as the England disability teams.
	Harlow has four cricket clubs. Harlow Cricket Club play in Division 3 of the Shepherd Neame Essex League and is based in Old Harlow. The club runs a junior section that play in the West Essex District Cricket Board League. Netteswell and Burnt Mill Cricket Club are based at Harlow Cricket Club, they are a social team that was founded around 1889. Near neighbours Potter Street and Church Langley Cricket Club play in the Herts and Essex League.
	The town's football club Harlow Town F.C. play in the Isthmian League South Central Division, having been relegated from the Premier Division in the 2018/19 season.
	The club is best known for its extended run in the 1979-80 FA Cup, where they reached the Fourth Round of the competition. This included wins against established Football League sides Southend United and most famously a 1-0 win over Leicester City in a replay, having drawn 1-1 at Filbert Street. Harlow were eventually eliminated by Watford, narrowly losing 4-3.
	The club built a new stadium in 2006 at Barrows Farm, now named The Harlow Arena, with the old Harlow Sports Centre being converted into housing.
	The Harlow Greyhound Stadium has been at its present site for over 20 years and has regular race meetings each week as well as hosting other sporting events.
	Harlow Rugby Football Club moved from Ram Gorse to a new location in 2017. The first team plays in the London and South East Division IIl North East league.Currently training grounds located near Pennymead
	The town is the site of Harlow sports centre built in 1960. The building was replaced by the Harlow Leisure Park, built near Harlow College as part of the Gateway Project.
	In 2010s investments have included its skatepark next to Burnt Mill School. The project has been funded by the investment of over £300,000, largely from Harlow Council with £57,500 from Sport England. The park is floodlit. The 650sq metre park is made from concrete, and has a bowl as well as a street course which contains quarter pipes, flat banks, rails and steps.
	Harlow is the home to a major collection of public sculptures (over 100 in total) by artists such as Auguste Rodin, Henry Moore, Barbara Hepworth, and Ralph Brown. Many of these are owned by the Harlow Art Trust, an organisation set up in 1953 by the lead architect of Harlow Frederick Gibberd. Gibberd had idealistic notions of the New Town as a place where people who might not normally have access to art could enjoy great sculptures by great artists on every street corner. Consequently, almost all of Harlow's sculpture collection is in the open air, in shopping centres, housing estates and parks around the town.
	In 2009 Harlow Council voted to celebrate Harlow's collection of sculpture by branding Harlow as 'Harlow Sculpture Town – The World's First Sculpture Town'. Harlow Sculpture Town began as an initiative from Harlow Art Trust, presenting itself as 'Sculpture Town', in a similar way to Hay-on-Wye's presentation of itself as Booktown.
	As part of the 'Sculpture Town' branding, Harlow is also home to the Gibberd Garden, the former home of Frederick and Elizabeth Gibberd, which is a managed twentieth-century garden, and home to some of the Gibberd's private sculpture collection. The Gibberd Gallery, in the Civic Centre, contains a collection of twentieth-century watercolours and temporary exhibitions.
	Harlow's Playhouse Theatre is in the town.
	Harlow has a local museum, which hold exhibitions and which contains artefacts on Harlow's historic past, charting the story of the town through the ages. Harlow Museum is in Muskham Road, and is set within the grounds of a sixteenth-century manor building with walled gardens. The museum is currently operated by Science Alive, who also run the Time Machine Gallery at the Leisurezone. The museum is run in conjunction with the Essex Records Office (ERO) which holds family history archives in the search room. Admission to the museum is currently free, but visitors are encouraged to make a donation to ensure future maintenance of services.
	The Town of Harlow and Harlow New Town are cited in the song "Get 'Em Out by Friday", by progressive rock group Genesis, on their 1972 album "Foxtrot".
	Harlow was home to The Square, named one of the Top 10 Small Venues in the UK by NME, but the venue was closed due to re-development of the site, and is currently undergoing demolition.

= = = Welwyn = = =

	Welwyn is a village and civil parish in Hertfordshire, England. The parish also includes the villages of Digswell and Oaklands. It is sometimes called Old Welwyn to distinguish it from the much newer settlement of Welwyn Garden City, about a mile to the south, though some residents dislike the suggestion of inferiority or irrelevance that tends to be implied by the moniker "Old" and prefer Welwyn Village. When saying where they live, locals will often be asked, "Welwyn or Welwyn Garden City?", as the latter's title is often shortened to simply Welwyn. To avoid confusion, there were plans to change Welwyn’s name to ‘Welwyn Minster’ in 1990 but this met with local resistance and the idea was abandoned. 
	The name is derived from Old English "welig" meaning "willow", referring to the trees that nestle on the banks of the River Mimram as it flows through the village. The name itself is an evolution from "weligun", the dative form of the word, and so is more precisely translated as "at the willows", unlike nearby Willian which is likely to mean simply "the willows".
	Through having its name derived from "welig" rather than "sealh" (the more commonly cited Old English word for "willow"), "Welwyn" is possibly cognate with "Heligan" in Cornwall whose name is derived from "helygen", the Cornish word for "willow" that shares a root with "welig".
	The nearby modern village of Digswell (around Welwyn North railway station) was originally called 'High Welwyn' when first developed at the beginning of the 20th century.
	Situated in the valley of the River Mimram, Welwyn has hosted human activity since the Palaeolithic with stone tools from that era having been found alongside the river and further inland across the area. Settlement across the area seems to have become established during the Bronze Age according to various recovered artefacts and crop marks left by round barrows and burial mounds from that period.
	Iron Age remnants have not been detected until the Late Iron Age, with various local chieftain burials dated to the 1st Century BC gaining national prominence. The Belgae Celtic culture colonised much of South-Eastern England in the 1st century BC, with Welwyn in the area believed to have been settled by the Catuvellauni tribe. In Graham Robb's book "The Ancient Paths" there is a suggestion that Welwyn lay on a late-Celtic highway running in the direction of the summer solstice angle straight from Bury St Edmunds to Salisbury via the Catuvellauni headquarters at Verlamion outside modern-day St Albans. Separately, it can be shown that the line of the Roman road through Welwyn (see below) is in a direct alignment with the pre-Roman Belgic tribal centres of Verlamion (for the Catuvellauni) and Venta Icenorum for the Iceni tribe.
	Following the Roman invasion, Welwyn was settled by the Romans. The area was marshy in times past, and the settlement of Welwyn was a known fording point across the river since at least Roman times when the Roman road through the village was laid out, leading to the establishment of the settlement around the road and the ford. Many Roman artifacts have been found in and around the village, including the remains of several Roman villas close by. The Welwyn Roman Baths (the remains of a third-century Roman bath house) have been preserved and are open to the public. One particular excavation revealed a large Roman cemetery very close to the site of the current church, which itself is known to date back to at least Saxon times (see below). The church lies directly alongside the route of the Roman road.
	The archaeological record in Welwyn is nearly continuous from the late Iron Age (Celtic) through to recorded times, lacking proof of occupation only in the early Anglo-Saxon period. It is therefore likely that Welwyn has been continuously occupied for over 2000 years.
	Welwyn was at the heart of the territory of the Anglo-Saxon "Tewingas" tribe and was the site of an early minster church. In 1990, a proposal was made to rename the village as "Welwyn Minster" to shake off the unpopular "Old" name.
	The massacre on St. Brice's day on 13 November 1002, when the Saxons turned on their newly settled Danish neighbours, is said to have commenced near Welwyn.
	A Norman church was built on the site of the Saxon church about 1190. The nave of the present church (St Mary's), was built in the 13th century, the chancel arch being the most obvious early structure. There are two medieval corbels at the east end of the south aisle. Patronage of the church passed through several hands until in 1549 it was sold to the Wilshere family, who lived at The Frythe until relatively recently.
	Much later, in the 17th century, as it lies on the old Great North Road, it became an important staging post and a number of coaching inns remain as public houses. After the Great Northern Railway by-passed the village due to the objections of local landowners, Welwyn became less important. Having previously been seen as a town on par with Hatfield and Stevenage, it gradually was seen as a village. The 20th century brought major expansion to the area, as estates to the south, west and north of the village were built up.
	Despite this long history, at the beginning of the 20th century Welwyn was regarded as a sleepy backwater. One writer wrote that "Welwyn, a small town in the Maran Valley, can show little of interest beyond many quaint cottages, and the church".
	In 1870–1872, John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Welwyn thus:
	A fuller history is given in William Page's "A History of the County of Hertford" in the Victoria History of the Counties of England series.
	Welwyn was noted for its congestion since the beginning of the 20th century, but in 1927 it got what is claimed to be the first by-pass in Britain. The A1 was upgraded to motorway standards north of Welwyn in the 1960s, and in 1973 the motorway was extended south past the village, by-passing the existing by-pass. Today the village is the point where the six-lane motorway merges into four lanes and is the site of extensive traffic jams in the evening peak. A decade ago there were extensive plans to widen the whole road through the area to eight lanes, and to upgrade the existing junction to create a long one-way system running the length of the village. These plans were shelved, but recently plans to provide a climbing lane at least on the section north of the village have been discussed.
	Buses are provided by Arriva Shires & Essex and Centrebus, with some assistance from Hertfordshire County Council. Arriva's 300/301 Centraline service links Welwyn and Oaklands to the nearby towns of Stevenage, Welwyn Garden City, Hatfield, St Albans and Hemel Hempstead, as well as neighbouring villages Woolmer Green and Knebworth. The 301 additionally connects both the nearby hospitals in Stevenage and Welwyn Garden City, while the 300 provides a direct link to recreational areas such as Stanborough Lakes in Welwyn Garden City and Verulamium Roman town in St Albans. Buses run every 15 minutes Monday–Friday, every 20 minutes Saturday, and hourly on Sunday. Additional bi-hourly service 314 is provided by Centrebus, connecting Welwyn to Codicote and Hitchin.
	Green Line route 797 used to stop on the by-pass, providing an hourly direct link to areas of North London and the West End, however, the service ceased in September 2016.
	The nearest railway station to Welwyn Village is Welwyn North in the nearby village of Digswell, about a mile east from the village, while Knebworth station, one stop nearer Stevenage, is easier for residents of Oaklands to access. Trains are operated by Great Northern and run every 30 minutes Monday to Saturday south to London King's Cross and north to Hitchin and Stevenage, with an hourly service to Letchworth and Cambridge and to Peterborough. On Sundays an hourly service operates from London to Cambridge only. There is no bus link to Welwyn North station, although buses do link to nearby Welwyn Garden City station and Knebworth station.
	There are two state schools in Welwyn and one independent school.
	The larger state school is Welwyn St. Mary's Church of England Primary School, situated off London Road which takes children aged between 4 and 11 years of age (Reception to Year 6). Originally built in 1940 as a secondary school, the school was later converted to a primary school. 
	The second is Oaklands Primary School, which incorporates Acorns Preschool and Playgroup.
	There is also Tenterfield Nursery School which is situated on London Road close to the primary school. It takes children aged 3 to 4 years of age.
	Secondary state education is provided through schools in nearby towns, such as Monks Walk School and Stanborough School, in Welwyn Garden city.
	There is an independent all-ages (nursery through to sixth form) coeducational school on the eastern outskirts of Welwyn called Sherrardswood School.
	There are a tennis club, a sports and social club, a bowls club, a football club, and a cricket pitch in the village. These last two are part of Welwyn Garden City-based clubs.
	In the fields surrounding the nearby Danesbury House, now converted into accommodation, is a dilapidated and neglected former fernery designed by Anthony Parsons (then gardener for the Danesbury Estate) and constructed in a small chalk pit in the grounds of Danesbury Park by the younger James Pulham in 1859. In its day it was well admired, with one W. Robinson (writing in "The English Flower Garden", published in 1883), stating that "In the Home Counties there is probably not a better fernery than at Danesbury."
	On the outskirts of Welwyn are the remains of a 3rd-century Roman bath-house, which was once part of the Dicket Mead villa. Local archaeologist Tony Rook discovered the villa and bath-house in the 1960s and excavated them with a team of archaeologists and volunteers from Welwyn Archaeological Society. The remains of the bath-house are now preserved in a vault under the A1 motorway. The site is now run by Welwyn Hatfield Museum Service and is sometimes opened to the public.
	The Frythe is a Victorian mansion set in grounds just south of the village. It was privately occupied until 1934, then run as a hotel until the outbreak of World War II. During the war, it was the home of Station IX, a Special Operations Executive (SOE) factory designing and building weapons and tools for SOE activities in occupied Europe. After the war, it became a commercial research facility for first Unilever and then Smith, Kline & French. GlaxoSmithKline, its successor company, wound down the site and sold it in 2010 for residential property development.
	Between 1928 and 1951 Welwyn Studios was active, mainly providing supporting features. However, like Welwyn Components (another apparently eponymous business), Welwyn Studios was located in Welwyn Garden City.
	Vincent van Gogh walked from London to visit his sister while she was staying in Welwyn; this is commemorated by a blue plaque on a building on Church Street.
	Welwyn is twinned with the village of Champagne-sur-Oise in the "département" of Val-d'Oise, just north of Paris. The connection is organised in Welwyn by the Welwyn Anglo-French Twinning Association (WAFTA). The twinning arrangement was entered into in 1973, as a result of a visit to Champagne-sur-Oise by the headmaster and pupils of St Mary's School, Welwyn, setting up a cultural association which has continued since then. 
	Coincidentally, Champagne-sur-Oise is only about twenty miles from the River Marne, whose name is said to be the origin of the alternative name of Welwyn's Mimram river – the Maran. This connection was brought about by a migration of the Catalauni, the Belgic tribe from the Champagne region of France, into England stretching north of the Thames from London, where the tribe was known as the Catuvellauni. In that respect, WAFTA claims to have resurrected a twinning link first forged nearly 2,000 years ago.

= = = Watford = = =

	Watford () is a town and borough in Hertfordshire, England, northwest of central London.
	The town developed on the River Colne on land belonging to St Albans Abbey until the 16th century. During the 12th century a charter was granted allowing a market, and the building of St Mary's Church began. The town grew partly due to travellers going to Berkhamsted Castle and the royal palace at Kings Langley. A mansion was built at Cassiobury in the 16th century. This was partly rebuilt in the 17th century and another country house was built at The Grove.
	The Grand Junction Canal in 1798 and the London and Birmingham Railway in 1837 resulted in Watford's rapid growth, with paper-making mills such as John Dickinson at Croxley, influencing the development of printing in the town. Two brewers, Benskins and Sedgwicks, amalgamated and flourished in the town until their closure in the late 20th century. Hertfordshire County Council designates Watford to be a major sub-regional centre. Several head offices are based in Watford. Both the 2006 World Golf Championship and the 2013 Bilderberg Conference took place at The Grove.
	Watford became an urban district under the Local Government Act 1894 and a municipal borough by grant of a charter in 1922. The borough, which had 90,301 inhabitants at the time of the 2011 census, is separated from Greater London to the south by the parish of Watford Rural in the Three Rivers District. Watford Borough Council is the local authority with the Mayor of Watford as its head; one of only 18 directly elected mayors in England and Wales. Watford elects one MP for the Watford constituency. Prior to the establishment of this constituency in 1885, the area was part of the three-seat constituency of Hertfordshire.
	There is evidence of some limited prehistoric occupation around the Watford area, with a few Celtic and Roman finds, though there is no evidence of a settlement until much later. Watford stands where the River Colne could be crossed on an ancient trackway from the southeast to the northwest. Watford's High Street follows the line of part of this route. The town was located on the first dry ground above the marshy edges of the River Colne. The name Watford may have arisen from the Old English for "waet" (full of water – the area was marshy), or "wath" (hunting), and ford. St Albans Abbey claimed rights to the manor of Cashio (then called "Albanestou"), which included Watford, dating from a grant by King Offa in AD 793.
	The name Watford is first mentioned in an Anglo-Saxon charter of 1007, where "Watforda" is one of the places marking the boundary of "Oxanhaege". It is not mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, when this area was part of St Albans' Abbey's manor of cashio. In the 12th century the Abbey was granted a charter allowing it to hold a market here and the building of St Mary's Church began. The settlement's location helped it to grow, since as well as trade along this north-south through route it possessed good communications into the vale of St Albans to the east and into the Chiltern Hills along the valley of the River Chess to the west. The town grew modestly, assisted by travellers passing through to Berkhamsted Castle and the royal palace at Kings Langley. A big house was built at Cassiobury in the 16th century. This was partly rebuilt in the 17th century and another substantial house was built nearby at The Grove. The houses were expanded and developed throughout the following centuries. Cassiobury became the family seat of the Earls of Essex, and The Grove the seat of the Earls of Clarendon.
	In 1762, Sparrows Herne Turnpike Road was established across the Chilterns. The toll road followed approximately that of the original A41 road. The location of a toll house can be seen at the bottom of Chalk Hill on the Watford side of Bushey Arches; set in an old flint stone wall is a Sparrows Herne Trust plaque.
	In 1778, Daniel Defoe described Watford as a "Genteel market town, very long, having but one street".
	Watford remained an agricultural community with some cottage industry for many centuries. The Industrial Revolution brought the Grand Junction Canal (now Grand Union Canal) from 1798 and the London and Birmingham Railway from 1837, both located here for the same reasons the road had followed centuries before, seeking an easy gradient over the Chiltern Hills. The land-owning interests permitted the canal to follow closely by the river Gade, but the prospect of smoke-emitting steam trains drove them to ensure the railway gave a wide berth to the Cassiobury and Grove estates. Consequently, although the road and canal follow the easier valley route, the railway company was forced to build an expensive tunnel under Leavesden to the north of the town.
	Watford's original railway station opened in 1837 on the west side of St Albans Road, a small, single-storey red-brick building. It closed in 1858 when it was replaced by a new, larger station at Watford Junction approximately further south-east. The old station house still stands today; it is a Grade-II-listed building and is now occupied by a second-hand car dealership. Watford Junction railway station is situated to the north of the town centre.
	These developments gave the town excellent communications and stimulated its industrial growth during the 19th and 20th centuries. The Grand Union Canal, allowed coal to be brought into the district and paved the way for industrial development. The Watford Gas and Coke Company was formed in 1834 and gas works built. The canal allowed paper-making mills to be sited at Croxley. The John Dickinson and Co. mill beside the canal manufactured the Croxley brand of fine quality paper. There had been brewing in Watford from the 17th century and, by the 19th century, two industrial scale brewers Benskins and Sedgwicks were located in the town. The parish church of St Mary's was extensively restored in 1871. The town expanded slightly during this time. In 1851 a new street off the High Street was opened, King Street, followed by Queens Road and Clarendon Road in the early 1860s. During this time, Watford had a population of around 6,500 The railways also continued to expand from Watford during this period; the Watford and Rickmansworth Railway opened in 1862 as a short branch line via to , and another branch was added to in 1912. The original plan was to extend the Rickmansworth line south connecting Watford to Uxbridge; this scheme failed and both the Rickmansworth and Croxley branches closed.
	Watford's population had risen to 17,063 by 1891 to become very cramped. Local landowners sold land for the development of the town and it was bought up by commercial interests. Various factories and other works sprung up in Watford, mostly breweries and prints, but also engineering works, a steam laundry, a cold storage company and a cocoa processing plant. The town expanded rapidly, most of the new inhabitants moving in from London.
	At the start of the 20th century the town was growing fast. New roads were laid out in Callowland, North Watford, and in West Watford on farmland. Many continued to live in the cramped and unsanitary houses in the yards and alley-ways opening off the High Street. Some of these people were among those who rioted in 1902 when the celebration for King Edward VII's coronation was postponed. The Council had a programme of slum clearance which stopped with the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Building council houses resumed after the war and in the 1920s the Harebreaks estate was developed.
	By the 1920s, printing had become the biggest industry in Watford. The biggest printers in the town were Sun Printers Ltd and Odhams Press. Watford was the biggest printing centre in the world and many advances in printing were made in Watford. During World War II the prints were taken over by the government who used them to print propaganda. After the war, the printing industry began going into decline. Union activity was common in Watford and advances in technology meant much of the industry became obsolete. Odhams Press closed down in 1978 and The Sun moved out of Watford during the 1980s after market reforms allowed it to do so.
	In 1925, the Metropolitan Railway Company built a branch to Watford, opening a station close to Cassiobury Park.
	In the 1950s and 1960s, Watford was the home of the British designer furniture manufacturer Hille. At their premises on St Albans Road, designed by the modernist architect Ernő Goldfinger, the designer Robin Day conceived the polypropylene stacking chair, now recognised as a classic of modern design. Although Hille left the area in 1983, the listed Goldfinger building still stands on St Albans Road. Mod culture found expression through clubs such as the Ace of Herts in the 1960s.
	The de Havilland factory at Leavesden was responsible for the manufacture of the Mosquito fighter bomber and the Halifax bomber and later became Leavesden Aerodrome, to the north of Watford. No longer operational, it was converted into Leavesden Film Studios, now famously the home of the "Harry Potter" films.
	Watford was created as an urban district under the Local Government Act 1894, and became a municipal borough by grant of a charter in 1922. The borough had 90,301 inhabitants at the time of the 2011 census. The borough is separated from Greater London to the south by the urbanised parish of Watford Rural in the Three Rivers District. The Watford subdivision of the Greater London Urban Area, which includes much of the neighbouring districts, had a total population of 120,960 in the 2001 census.
	Watford Borough Council is the local authority. Watford is one of only 18 authorities in England and Wales headed by a directly elected mayor. Dorothy Thornhill was the first directly-elected mayor of Watford, elected in May 2002 and re-elected in May 2006 and May 2010. She was the first female directly-elected mayor in England and the Liberal Democrats' first directly-elected mayor.
	Since 1999 Watford has been divided into 12 wards. Each ward has three councillors who are elected for a four-year term. Following the 2012 election the political make-up of the council is: Liberal Democrat 24 seats (including the elected mayor), Labour 8 seats, Green 3 seats, Conservatives 1 seat, Independent 1 seat. The council have made twinning links with five towns. The first was Mainz, Germany, in 1956, and the most recent is Pesaro, Italy, in 1988; the others are Nanterre, Novgorod, and Wilmington, Delaware.
	Watford elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election, for the Watford constituency. Prior to the establishment of this constituency in 1885 the area was part of the three seat constituency of Hertfordshire.
	Watford is a major regional centre in the northern home counties. Hertfordshire County Council designates Watford and Stevenage to be its major sub-regional centres, heading its list of preferred sites for retail development.
	The High Street is the main focus of activity at night having a high concentration of the town's bars, clubs and restaurants. The primary shopping area is the Harlequin Shopping Centre, a large purpose-built indoor mall with over 140 shops, restaurants and cafes built during the 1990s, opened officially in June 1992. The owners of the shopping centre, Capital Shopping Centres, rebranded all their shopping centres, resulting in The Harlequin changing name to intu Watford Shopping Centre from May 2013.
	The town contains the head offices of a number of national companies such as J D Wetherspoon, Camelot Group, Mothercare, Bathstore, and Caversham Finance (BrightHouse). Watford is also the UK base of various multi-nationals including Hilton Worldwide, Total Oil, TK Maxx, Costco, JJ Kavanagh and Sons, Vinci and Beko.
	Both the 2006 World Golf Championship and the 2013 Bilderberg Conference, took place at The Grove hotel.
	The town was home to the Scammell Lorries factory from 1922 until 1988. The site is now a residential area. Tandon Motorcycles, founded by Devdutt Tandon, were manufactured in Colne Way from 1947 until 1959.
	There are 43 public parks, gardens, recreation grounds and allotments in Watford. Of these, eight have been awarded a Green Flag, in recognition of their quality.
	The name Cassiobury has had various spellings over time. It is derived from 'Caegshoe', which is believed to be the combination of 'caeg', a person's name, and 'hoe', meaning a spur of land. When the land was granted to Sir Richard Morrison in the 16th century, it was called 'Cayshobury', with 'bury' indicating a manor.
	Cassiobury Park was formed from the grounds of Cassiobury House and consists of of open space. The house was demolished in 1927 and the Cassiobury Gates in 1970, for road widening. In July 2007, the park won a Green Flag Award, which recognises the best green spaces in the country. There is a children's play area, which includes a paddling pool, play equipment, a bouncy castle, an ice cream van, a kiosk where one may buy food, and 10.25" gauge miniature railway. The Grand Union Canal passes through the park.
	Awarded Green Flag status since 2009, Cheslyn has been open to the public since 1965 as a formal gardens and house. The 3.5 acre gardens comprise a formal open area to the front and a semi-natural woodland area to the rear. Henry and Daisy Colbeck originally owned the house and gardens. Mr Colbeck was a renowned local architect, and designed Cheslyn House; he and his wife created the original gardens. The Colbecks travelled extensively, and this is reflected in the range of unusual and exotic plants in the gardens. Since the space has been open to the public it has been further developed, with new features added such as the pond, rock garden, large herbaceous borders and aviary.
	Awarded Green Flag status since 2011, Woodside Playing Fields cover approximately 59 acres of playing fields, sports facilities and woodland. The site comprises a range of sports facilities including an eight lane synthetic track and stadium, an indoor bowls green, a community centre, cricket squares, football pitches and Woodside Leisure Centre. Woodside Stadium is home to Watford Harriers Athletics Club and hosts national level events such as the British Milers Club Grand Prix. The wider parkland includes two children's play areas and Albans Wood is a local nature reserve.
	There are 92 nationally listed buildings in Watford. These include St Mary's Church, which dates to the 12th century, and Holy Rood Church which dates to 1890.
	St Mary's is noted for its interior which was renovated in 1850 by the architect George Gilbert Scott and includes fine oak pews decorated in the Gothic Revival style. It also contains the Essex Chapel, which served at the burial place of the nobility of the Cassiobury Estate, including the Earls of Essex. The chapel contains a number of large, ornate marble tombs and memorials dating from the 16th century and later, and was described by Pevsner as "the chief glory of Watford Church".
	The Roman Catholic Church, Holy Rood, is a much later structure. Built in 1890 by John Francis Bentley, the architect responsible for Westminster Cathedral in London, it is noted as a particularity fine example of Gothic Revival architecture. The ornate interior contains stained glass by the designer Nathaniel Westlake.
	There are ten conservation areas in Watford; one Grade II Listed Park, and 240 locally-listed buildings.
	The Watford Palace Theatre is the only producing theatre in Hertfordshire. It presents world premières, dance, family shows and an annual traditional pantomime. Situated just off the High Street, the Edwardian building was opened in 1908 and the 600-seat theatre underwent a refurbishment in 2004. It houses its own rehearsal room, wardrobe, cafe, and bar. The Palace also shows films and 'live' and 'as live' streams of opera and ballet during its theatre season.
	The Pump House Theatre and Arts Centre is based in an old pumping station situated just off the Lower High Street. The building was converted for use as a theatre, with rehearsal rooms, and meeting place for local arts based groups. Current facilities include a 124-seat theatre, rehearsal rooms, and live music venue. Community groups currently meeting at the Pump House include Dance House (children's ballet), Pump House Clog Morris (women's Morris dancing), Pump House Jazz (jazz club), Open House (live open mic music), Woodside Morris Men (men's Morris dancing), child, youth and adult theatre groups and also the Giggle Inn comedy club. In 2018, the venue hosted the inaugural Watford Short Film Festival alongside Watford Museum.
	Watford Colosseum was built in 1938 as Watford Town Hall Assembly Rooms to the design of architect Charles Cowles-Voysey and acoustician Hope Bagenal. It acquired a worldwide reputation for its fine acoustics, and throughout the second half of the twentieth century it was used for concerts and recordings by leading orchestras and musicians. Rising costs and falling attendance led the council to close it in 1994, reopening it in 1995 as the Colosseum in a joint management agreement with a commercial company who had previously operated at the Town and Country Club in London. After the management company collapsed in 2004, the Colosseum was managed by Watford Council until April 2010, when it closed to undergo a £5.5 million refurbishment; reopening in August 2011 with new management.
	Concert life at Watford Colosseum collapsed with the management change in 1994. Two years later, the Classic Concerts Trust presented regular concerts by the English Classical Players until the end of 2009. It was used to record various film soundtracks, including "The Lord of the Rings", "The Sound of Music", and "Sleepy Hollow"; and among classical recordings, Julian Lloyd Webber's performance of Elgar's Cello Concerto, conducted by Yehudi Menuhin. It is regularly used to host concerts by the BBC Concert Orchestra, including "Friday Night is Music Night", and has housed performances by performers including The Who, Robbie Williams, and Oasis.
	The acoustics were analysed by an acoustics company in 2009, who reported that the size and "shoebox" shape of Watford Colosseum; the flat floor and the materials used in construction; allow for pleasant reverberation and good sound quality and clarity, such as to make it among the best in Europe.
	Watford Museum, housed in a former brewery building on the Lower High Street, is home to a collection of fine art and sculpture which includes works by J. M. W. Turner, Sir Joshua Reynolds, William Blake and Jacob Epstein. The museum also hold special collections related to the Cassiobury Estate, Watford Football Club, and local heritage, as well as an archive collection of documents, printed ephemera, photographs and diaries related to Watford townsfolk, local government, nobility and businesses.
	The Hertfordshire Fire Museum is dedicated to the history of firefighting in the county. It is based in a purpose-built building at Watford Fire Station, on the same street as Watford Museum. The Museum includes a wide range of vehicles, equipment, uniforms and archive material.
	Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden is an 80-hectare film studio complex which has been used for a wide range of Hollywood film productions. Part of the site is open to the public and houses the "Making of Harry Potter" Studio Tour, displaying costumes and sets from the "Harry Potter" films which were produced at Leavesden. The studio complex is to the north of the borough, around from the town centre, and a special shuttle bus provides a connection from Watford Junction station to the studios.
	Watford is northwest of central London.
	Post World War II road-building has resulted in Watford being close to several motorway junctions on both the M1 Motorway and the M25 London Orbital Motorway.
	Watford is served by a number of different companies, including Arriva Shires & Essex, Arriva London, Uno, Red Rose Travel, Carousel, Mullany's Buses, Redline Buses and Tiger Line. Oyster Cards are accepted on TfL routes 142 (towards Brent Cross) and 258 (towards Harrow) into London. Intalink Explorer and Hertfordshire SaverCard is accepted on all but the London Bus routes.
	The hourly Green Line bus route 724 connects Watford Junction station and the town centre to London Heathrow Airport Airport on weekdays, with a service once every two hours at weekends and on bank holidays. Regular bus services run between Watford and Luton, but not directly to Luton Airport. Direct train services run from Watford Junction Station to Birmingham Airport.
	Elstree Airfield is east of Watford. Several private charter companies and flying clubs are based there. Watford contains 2f flight squadron part of the air training core, 2f is the oldest running air cadet flights in the world.
	Watford is served by three railway stations and a London Underground station. is on the West Coast Main Line with trains from to the Midlands, the northwest and Scotland. The station is mainly served by frequent suburban and regional trains operated by West Midlands Trains which run to and Milton Keynes and the cross-London Southern service to via . Two all-stations services terminate at Watford Junction: the suburban service operated by London Overground which runs to Euston; and the Abbey Line shuttle service to . Watford North is the first stop.
	The London Overground service from Watford Junction runs south via a suburban loop and stops at , before continuing via to London Euston.
	Watford tube station is the terminus of the Watford branch of London Underground's Metropolitan line. The station is located outside the centre of Watford, close to Cassiobury Park.
	There is an expression, "North of Watford", meaning locations north of Greater London. Alternatively, "North of Watford Junction" was used with similar meaning referring to Watford Junction railway station's position as the last urban stop on the main railway line out of Euston. The phrase's original use pre-dates the M1 motorway Watford Gap services but current use may refer to either Watford or the Watford Gap services.
	In 2008 a proposal was made that Regional Eurostar services could run via Watford to Paris via Kensington Olympia. In 1999 the Select Committee on Environment, Transport and the Regions took the view that Watford was "well placed to become an integrated transport hub" and it recommended that "services from Watford to Paris should commence as soon as possible". The Regional Eurostar scheme eventually came to nothing and was put on hold indefinitely.
	A scheme to introduce light rail to Watford was conceived in 2009 when it was proposed that the Abbey Line should be converted to tram-train operation and run by Hertfordshire County Council. The project was cancelled due to the complications and expense of transferring the line from National Rail to the county council.
	In 2013 the Croxley Rail Link project was approved to extend the London Underground Metropolitan line to Watford Junction by reinstating a stretch of the former Watford and Rickmansworth Railway. As part of the scheme, Watford Metropolitan station would have closed to passengers and been replaced by new stations on the reopened route at and . The project did not go ahead due to funding problems.
	In August 2014, the transport secretary Patrick McLoughlin indicated that the government was actively evaluating the extension of Crossrail as far as , with potential Crossrail stops at , , , , , , and . This proposal was subsequently shelved in August 2016 due to "poor overall value for money to the taxpayer".
	Watford is on the main Grand Union Canal route northwards from London. There is little commercial use, since the advent of the motorways, but the canal is used for recreational purposes. The River Gade and the River Colne flow through Watford.
	Watford town centre and the surrounding area is relatively compact and the terrain is generally quite flat. Over of new cycle routes have been developed in the town since 2003 and a range of cycle maps are available locally. In Watford cycling to work makes up 2.2% of all journeys compared with 1.6% across the whole of Hertfordshire.
	National Cycle Routes 6 and 61 run across the eastern and southern sides of the town, utilising the off-road Ebury Way and Abbey Way. There is a continuous cycle route through the north-south axis of the town centre, including the pedestrianised parts along The Parade and High Street. Cycle parking is provided at intermittent points in the town centre and at local centres in the wider town.
	The earliest records of schooling in Watford are of a schoolmaster named George Redhead in 1595, and of a Free School receiving an annual donation of £10 in 1640. The school consisted of "a room over two houses belonging to the Church Estate, nearest the churchyard." In 1704, Elizabeth Fuller of Watford Place built a new Free School for forty boys and twenty girls on her land next to the churchyard, with rooms for a master and a mistress. In the mid-19th century, the recorded schools in Watford were Fuller's Free School, by now in a poor state, and the separate boys and girls national schools of St Mary's in Church Street. All offered elementary education.
	State-funded elementary schools began to appear in the 1860s and 1870s. The Free School closed in 1882, and its endowment contributed to founding the Watford Endowed Schools, which provided secondary education and charged fees. After these schools, now called the Watford Grammar School for Boys and the Watford Grammar School for Girls, moved to new sites in 1907 and 1912, the building housed the Watford Central School, which taught pupils up to the age of 14.
	St Mary's National Schools closed in 1922, and the site is now a car park. The London Orphan Asylum, later Reed's School, was located near Watford Junction station between 1871 and 1940. The buildings are now the Reeds housing estate off Orphanage Road.
	The only independent secondary school in the borough is Stanborough School, a day and boarding school operated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church. There several independent schools nearby, including Purcell School, a specialist music school.
	All the state-funded primary schools in Watford are co-educational. Under an earlier system, schools were divided into infant schools, covering Reception and Years 1 and 2, and junior schools, covering Years 3 to 6. Most such schools have amalgamated to form Junior Mixed Infant schools or (equivalently) primary schools, and all new schools are of this type. Within the municipal borough, there are now 6 linked pairs of infant schools and junior schools, and 14 JMI or primary schools, of which 2 are Roman Catholic.
	Watford is also served by schools in the neighbouring districts of Three Rivers and Hertsmere.
	Although all state-funded secondary schools in Hertfordshire are comprehensive, there is a great deal of differentiation in the southwestern corner of the county, centred on Watford but also including most of the Three Rivers district and Bushey in Hertsmere district.
	Within this area, there are:
	The partially selective schools and Bushey Meads School operate common admissions tests in mathematics and non-verbal reasoning each autumn. In addition to those seeking selective places, all applicants to Bushey Meads and Queens' School, Bushey are required to take the tests, so they are taken by the majority of Year 6 children in the area. The partially selective schools also operate a common test and audition procedure to select children for specialist music places.
	Results achieved by the schools at GCSE are also widely spread, including the three highest and the two lowest scoring state schools within Hertfordshire. The area also has by far the highest incidence in the county of children allocated to schools to which they had not applied.
	The Watford Campus of West Herts College is the only grade 1 further education college in the United Kingdom according to a 2011 Ofsted report. The Centre for Missional Leadership (CML) is the Watford branch of the London School of Theology, Europe's largest evangelical theological college, and teaches an applied theology course in missional leadership, accredited by Middlesex University.
	Watford is home to professional football team Watford FC, who reached the 1984 FA Cup Final and 2019 FA Cup Final, also finishing as league Division One (now the Premier League) runners-up in 1983. They were relegated from Division One in 1988. In 1996, Watford was relegated from the new Division One (now the Football League Championship). Watford won the then Nationwide Division Two championship in 1998, then the following season (1998–99) reached the Premier League. The club was relegated the next season. After five years of uncertainty, Watford won the Football League Championship play-off final achieving promotion to the Premier League in 2006, this time beating Leeds United FC by three goals to nil. The club was relegated to the Football League Championship after a single season (2006–2007) in the Premier League. They were promoted to the Premier League in 2015, after finishing 2nd in the Championship. Singer-songwriter Sir Elton John is a keen, long-term supporter of Watford FC and a former club chairman. He still maintains his links with Watford as Honorary Life President. Between 1997 and 2013 the club shared its ground, Vicarage Road, with Saracens Rugby Football Club.
	Watford has a non-League football team, Sun Sports FC, who play at The Sun Postal Sports & Social Club. Watford were home to the Watford Cheetahs American Football team who played their home games at Fullerians RFC between 2008 and 2012 and Glen Rovers, who play both Hurling and Gaelic Football. The town also has a cricket team, Watford Town, and several Sunday League football clubs.
	The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Borough of Watford.

= = = Irvine, North Ayrshire = = =

	Irvine ( ; , ) is an ancient settlement, in medieval times a royal burgh, and now a new town on the coast of the Firth of Clyde in North Ayrshire, Scotland. The 2011 Census recorded the town's population at 33,698 inhabitants, making it the largest settlement in North Ayrshire.
	Irvine was the site of Scotland's 12th century military capital and former headquarters of the Lord High Constable of Scotland, Hugh de Morville. It also served as the capital of Cunninghame and was, at the time of David I, Robert II and Robert III, one of the earliest capitals of Scotland.
	The town was once a haunt of Robert Burns, after whom two streets in the town are named: Burns Street and Burns Crescent. He is known to have worked in a flax mill on the Glasgow Vennel. Despite being classed as a new town, Irvine has had a long history stretching back many centuries and was classed as a Royal Burgh. There are also conflicting rumours that Mary, Queen of Scots stayed briefly at Seagate Castle. There is still a yearly festival, called Marymass, held in the town. Marymass refers to the religious Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary celebrated on 15 August, and was therefore Mary's Mass hence Marymass.
	Irvine is the birthplace of the present First Minister of Scotland and leader of the Scottish National Party, Nicola Sturgeon as well as the former First Minister of Scotland, Jack McConnell. The current Cabinet Secretary for Culture, Europe and External Affairs, Fiona Hyslop was also born in Irvine. 
	Part of modern Irvine contains the oldest continually inhabited village in Europe. Dreghorn, a separate village on the outskirts of Irvine, appears to contain archaeological remains dating back to the first incursions of humanity into Scotland (Mesolithic). Numerous ancient sites pepper the region. Iron Age Hill forts are abundant.
	The Grannie stone (or Granny Stane) is described as "one of Irvine's prehistoric puzzles", this boulder is either left behind from the Ice Age or is the last remaining stone of a stone circle - others were removed, by blasting, after the Irvine weir was constructed in 1895, but popular protests saved this remaining stone. The Grannie Stane is visible when the water is low.
	The medieval parish of Irvine was one of the most important regions in Scotland. Originally the site of the Military Headquarters of the Lord High Constable of Scotland and one of the earliest Scottish Capitals, it served as an HQ to no fewer than three kings. King John I of Scotland inherited the lordship of Irvine sometime in the mid-13th century. Robert the Bruce, in an attempt to seize John's lands, made sure that he secured the town. From Bruce it passed to his grandson Robert the Steward, future King Robert II of Scotland.
	Irvine is the site of an incident in 1296 during the Scottish Wars of Independence when an English army marched to Irvine to engage the Scottish army that was encamped at Knadgerhill, only to find that dissension amongst the Scots leaders was so great that armed conflict did not occur and many of the leaders changed sides and joined King Edward I. Bourtreehill House, the only major Estate in the parish, was periodically possessed by all three kings and possibly the Constables of Scotland before them.
	In December 2010, the writer A. J. Morton stated that Irvine was a "Lost Medieval Capital" and a likely candidate in the debate about the Stone of Destiny and its location before it was moved to Scone. Citing Hector Boece, who said the Stone was kept at Evonium a legendary city and home to the early Scottish crown, Morton said that Irvine's early high status position in the 12th century supported the theory that Irvine is Evonium. Morton write:
	In 1618 John Stewart, said to be a vagabond or juggler, and Margaret Barclay, wife of Archibald Dean a burgess of Irvine, were tried for witchcraft. They were accused of sinking a ship called "The Gift of God of Irvine" belonging to John Dean, Barclay's brother-in-law. Margaret Barclay was alleged to have wished the crew would be eaten by crabs at the bottom the sea. Stewart hung himself, and Barclay was tortured, found guilty by her confession, and executed along with Isobel Scherer who was accused of the same acts.
	Trindlemoss Loch, Scotts Loch or the Loch of Irvine was situated in a low-lying area running from Ravenspark to near Stanecastle and down to Lockwards, now represented only by the playing fields off Bank Street. The loch was natural, sitting in a hollow created by glaciation. The loch waters were progressively drained and in 1691 this was finally achieved. The loch and its adjacent land was purchased by the Reverend Patrick Warner (minister in Irvine 1688-1702),who had sought refuge in the Netherlands after the Battle of Bothwell Bridge. It has been suggested that it was during this exile that he learned the skill of land reclamation.
	One interpretation of the placename is that it means 'green river' as in the Welsh river named Irfon. It has had many variants, such as Irwyn (1322), Ervin (1259) Irewin (1429–30), Irrvin (1528), and Irwin (1537). Another author lists Yrewin, c.1140; Irvin, c.1230; Orewin, c.1295, with a meaning of 'west flowing river.' "Eriwine" and "Erwinne" are also old English first names. A parish in Annandale in Dumfriesshire has the name Irving. In the 12th century a Gilchrist, son of Eruini, witnessed a charter in Galloway and this is the earliest use of the name so far discovered.
	The harbour for Irvine has a long history and once was one of the most prominent ports in Scotland after Glasgow. Across from the main harbour itself there was a terminal for the ICI-Nobel Explosives plant on the River Garnock. Much of the harbour went into decline in the 19th century when Glasgow, Greenock and Port Glasgow achieved higher prominence as sea ports. Despite this, there was still commercial sea traffic, though the harbour went into further decline in the 20th century. The main shipping in the 20th century was light coastal traffic and vessels destined for the Nobel Explosives facility. This facility had its own quay, which, although now disused, is still visible from Irvine Harbour. A shipyard on the River Irvine, the Ayrshire Dockyard Company, remained active until after World War II, though its last ship was built just prior to the war. Afterwards it was involved in refitting ships and also in the manufacture of fittings for other vessels including the Cunard liner Queen Elizabeth 2. Irvine Harbour is now officially closed as a commercial port and houses a small number of privately owned pleasure craft. It is also home to part of the Scottish Maritime Museum with numerous vessels on display, including the 'Spartan', one of the last surviving Clyde puffers.
	Irvine Harbour is home to a unique and distinctive building which marked the tide level. It was built in 1906 and devised by Martin Boyd, the harbourmaster at that time. The Automatic tide signalling apparatus indicated the tide's state in two ways depending on the time of day. During daylight, the level was marked with a ball and pulley system attached to the mast. At night, a number of lamps marked the tidal level. Unfortunately the building fell into some disrepair and the mast partially dismantled. In 2013 an initiative by Coastwatch Scotland, a Voluntary Coastal Monitoring and Safety organisation, got underway in an attempt to turn the building into a watch tower for the benefit of the people of Irvine and visitors. In November 2016 the first stage was completed with an overall roof installed, new windows, a new door, the building re-painted and a radio aerial installed.
	The harbour and surrounding area became an area heavily blighted by industrial waste even long after some of the industries were gone. There was a waste bing known by the locals as 'The Blue Billy' due to the colour of the waste there. During World War II a Royal Observer Corps watchtower was sited here giving a wide overall view of the Firth of Clyde. It is also credited with the first visual sighting of Rudolf Hess's Messerschmitt Bf 110 in 1941.
	As part of the Millennium celebrations, an exhibition known as "The Big Idea" opened in 2000. It was constructed on the north side of the River Irvine near the former Nobel quay. A footbridge from the harbour area was constructed, although it had to be able to open and close to still allow the small pleasure craft to pass. "The Big Idea" closed in 2003, due to low visitor numbers.
	The hulk of the historic clipper ship, City of Adelaide, was moved to a dry dock near the inner harbour in 1992. There were various proposals for preserving the ship, and in March 2012 preparations were under way to move the ship to Adelaide, South Australia, for conservation and display. On 18 September 2013, the City of Adelaide started its final journey to Adelaide, South Australia
	Unlike most new towns which were either completely newly built or based around small villages, Irvine was already a sizeable town which had been a Royal Burgh since 1372.
	A quango, the Irvine Development Corporation (IDC), was set up in the 1960s to oversee the development of Irvine as a 'new town'. The organisation was given the planning powers of the Royal Burgh of Irvine Town Council, Kilwinning Town Council and the Irvine Landward District Council. This involved massive and sometimes controversial development of the old parts of the town. Irvine was officially designated as a "New Town" in 1966, the fifth and last to be developed in Scotland and the only 'new town' to be located on the coast. The other Scottish 'new towns' were East Kilbride, Glenrothes, Cumbernauld and Livingston.
	IDC was widely criticised for some of their actions including the demolition of large swathes of the Fullarton part of the town, the bridge and most of Bridgegate in 1972 and 1973. One positive development of IDC's was the Irvine Beach Park from 1975 and the Magnum Leisure Centre opened in 1976. This area, behind the harbour had been largely industrial wasteland for many years and was regarded as an eyesore. The area was developed with vast amounts of greenery making it a pleasant place to walk. IDC and the Urban Regeneration Company have plans to redevelop much of the waterfront area. Surrounding towns and villages along the coastline are included in a number of the regeneration proposals.
	The provisions of The New Town (Irvine) Winding Up Order 1993 officially ended the New Town Designation on 31 December 1996. This marked the end of the Irvine Development Corporation and the return of full planning control of the area back to the local authority.
	The Irvine Bay Regeneration Company was set up in 2006, one of the second generation of Scottish URCs. Irvine is one of the five towns in the area, along with Ardrossan, Saltcoats, Stevenston and Kilwinning. Major development projects in the Irvine area include the redevelopment of Irvine Harbour, creating a residential area with the atmosphere of a Scottish village. Planning for a new golf course with a hotel and holiday resort is also well under way in the Marine Drive area, and the Riverside Business Park will be revitalised to attract new business into the area. The Bridgegate renovation project was completed in 2017.
	Irvine was granted its first Burgh Charter around 1249. This entitled the town to organise its own affairs under a Town Council. In circa 1372 a dispute arose between Irvine and Ayr as to which of the two burghs had rights to control trade in the Barony of Cunninghame and Barony of Largs. The Burgesses of Irvine were able to produce Royal Charters showing that the town had the right to control trade in the Baronies of Cunninghame and Largs. The dispute was resolved by Robert II's Royal Charter of 8 April 1372 conferring Royal Burgh status.
	Originally Fullarton remained outwith the Royal Burgh of Irvine as a distinct village and latterly burgh in its own right in the Parish of Dundonald until the Irvine Burgh Act 1881 extended the town's boundaries.
	Irvine continued to administer itself with the usual Royal Burgh administrative arrangements of Provost, Bailies and Burgesses. Responsibility for public health, schools and strategic services such as roads passed to Ayr County Council in 1930 when the town was re-classified as a Small Burgh. On 16 May 1975 the Royal Burgh of Irvine Town Council was abolished and its functions were transferred to the now defunct Cunninghame District Council. One of the last acts of the old town council was to present the bulk of the Royal Burgh records and the Provost's regalia to the Irvine Burns Club Museum on Eglinton Street.
	There is a Community council in Irvine. However, unlike counterparts elsewhere in Scotland, it opts not to use 'Royal Burgh of' in its title. The motto used on the coat of arms of the Royal Burgh is 'Tandem Bona Causa Triumphat.' This means "The Good Cause Triumphs in the end". The Westminster Constituency of Central Ayrshire is currently held by the Scottish National Party. The Member of Parliament is Philippa Whitford. The Scottish Parliament Constituency of Cunninghame South is also held by the Scottish National Party. The Member of the Scottish Parliament is Margaret Burgess.
	At the 2014 Scottish independence referendum Irvine went against the national trend where 28 out of 32 council areas voted against the proposal for Scotland to become an independent state on a margin of 55.3% No to 44.7% Yes. In the Irvine West electoral ward 6,543 votes were cast in favour of independence compared with 6,397 votes cast against the proposal, with a vote share of 50.56% "Yes" to 49.44% "No". In Irvine East there were 7,111 "Yes" votes and 6,811 "No" votes, on a vote share of 51.08% Yes to 48.92% No. For Irvine as a whole there were 13,654 "Yes" votes and 13,208 "No" votes, breaking down to 50.83% Yes to 49.17% No.
	Irvine is situated in low lying Ayrshire overlooking Irvine Bay on the Firth of Clyde. It is a coastal town and lies approximately southwest of Glasgow. Most of the land in and around Irvine is very flat. Two rivers flow through the area, one being the River Irvine and the other being the Annick Water. The Annick Water is very popular for fishing. The area experiences relatively cool, wet summers and cold, wet winters, although snow in the area is not uncommon. Part of the reason why this part of Scotland is particularly mild is the influence from the sea air, with summer temperatures lower than their continental counterparts and only slightly warmer than their continental counterparts during the winter. Generally rainfall is plentiful throughout the year due to Atlantic weather systems sweeping in from the west. Snow is not rare in this part of Scotland and in many cases brings the area to a halt, like in 1995 and winter 2009/10.
	Irvine is well served with numerous transport links. A railway station, originally built by the Glasgow and South Western Railway Company, is situated at the west end of the town which is on the main line between Stranraer and Glasgow. The railway company responsible for local routes is Abellio ScotRail who operate Saltire liveried Diesel and Electric Multiple units of the former Strathclyde Passenger Transport Executive. A comprehensive local bus network, coupled with frequent services to Ardrossan, Greenock, Kilmarnock, Ayr, Troon and Glasgow, is provided by Stagecoach West Scotland.
	There are two primary road crossings over the River Irvine, the more southerly of which has been criticised for some years. It is situated on the site of the former Irvine to Kilmarnock railway link which has long since been closed. The bridge over the river there has long been unsuitable for heavy traffic - being of a Bailey bridge design - which was constantly repaired over the years it existed. North Ayrshire Council announced plans to renew the bridge in a £2m investment which started in 2007, and was completed in 2010.
	Irvine is also well served by several arterial roads, namely the A78 (Greenock to Prestwick), A71 (Irvine to Kilmarnock and beyond to Edinburgh), A737 (through the Garnock Valley to Glasgow via the M8) and the A736 to Glasgow
	The Irvine New Town Trail passes through a lot of the surrounding areas of Irvine; it forms part of the British National Cycle Network with routes 7 and 73 forming part of the route. The route forms a ring around the town and passes through Kilwinning, Bourtreehill, Girdle Toll and Dreghorn and passes through the town centre of Irvine.
	The Irvine Burns Club, originally formed in the Milne's Inn (now The Crown Inn) is now based in Wellwood House, Eglinton Street, and has an unbroken history dating back to 2 June 1826. The club had twelve founding members of whom five were known to Robert Burns, and two were once his close friends. The original minute of the meeting reads:
	""The subscribers agree hereby to form, and do now form ourselves into a Committee for the purpose of establishing a Club, or Society for Commemorating the birth of Robert Burns the Ayrshire Poet - and we agree to meet at an early day to get the preliminaries of the Club properly arranged.""
	The document is signed by John Mackenzie, M.D.; David Sillar, Bailie; William Gillies, Grain Dealer; John Peebles, Convener of Trades; James Johnston, Town Clerk; Robert Wyllie, Harbour Master; John Orr, Merchant; James Allan, Merchant (grocer); Maxwell Dick, Bookseller; William Shields, Senior, Merchant; John Fletcher, Surgeon; and Patrick Blair, Writer.
	Dr John Mackenzie, was the first club president. He had been a doctor in Mauchline, attended Burns' dying father at Lochlea in 1784 and married one of the "Mauchline Belles" before moving to Irvine in the capacity of personal physician to the Earl of Eglinton and his family. David Sillar, the first vice-president, had been a friend of Burns since his teenage years, was a member of the Tarbolton Bachelors Club, became a grocer, and finally an Irvine Council Bailie.
	The Irvine Burns Club is one of the oldest continually existing Burns Clubs in the World and has an excellent collection of Burns artifacts, including the Kilmarnock Edition and Edinburgh editions of ""Poems chiefly in the Scottish dialect"", by Robert Burns.
	The club has six of the original manuscripts which Burns sent to John Wilson, printer, Kilmarnock, for his famous Kilmarnock Edition, published on 31 July 1786, namely - "The Twa Dogs", "The Author's Earnest Cry and Prayer", "The Address to the Deil", "Scotch Drink" and "The Cottar's Saturday Night".
	The Irvine Burns Club has the oldest continuous record of any Burns club in the World.

= = = Metropolitan Board of Works = = =

	The Metropolitan Board of Works (MBW) was the principal instrument of London-wide government from December 1855 until the establishment of the London County Council in March 1889. Its principal responsibility was to provide infrastructure to cope with London's rapid growth, which it accomplished. The MBW was an appointed rather than elected body. This lack of accountability made it unpopular with Londoners, especially in its latter years when it fell prey to corruption.
	London's growth had rapidly accelerated with the increase in railway commuting from the 1830s onwards. However, its local government was chaotic, with hundreds of authorities having varying fields of responsibility and overlapping geographic boundaries. Providing a specific service in a given area might need the co-ordination of many of these authorities.
	In 1835 elected municipal boroughs had been set up covering every major city except London. The City of London, only the very core of the sprawling metropolis, was untouched by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 and resisted all moves to expand its borders to include the poorer inner-city districts surrounding it. This meant that three counties had authority over the metropolitan area: Middlesex covered the area north of the Thames and west of the River Lea, Surrey the area to the south and south-west, and Kent the far south east.
	In 1837 an attempt was made to set up a London-wide elected authority; however, the wealthier districts of Marylebone and Westminster resisted this and ultimately defeated the move. In 1854 the Royal Commission on the City of London proposed to divide London into seven boroughs, each represented on a Metropolitan Board of Works. The proposal to divide the city into boroughs was abandoned, but the board of works was set up in 1855.
	In order to have a local body to coordinate local work to plan London, Parliament passed the Metropolis Management Act 1855 which created the Metropolitan Board of Works (which also took over the responsibilities of the short-lived Metropolitan Buildings Office and Metropolitan Commission of Sewers, established in 1845 and 1848 respectively). It covered "the Metropolis", the area designated London in the 1851 census (an enlarged variant of the Bills of mortality area fixed in 1726), the alternative proposals had been that it should cover the Metropolitan Police District, the area that coal tax was levied or the area used for the Metropolitan Interments Act 1852.
	It was not to be a directly elected body, but instead to consist of members nominated by the vestries who were the principal local authorities. The larger vestries had two members and the City of London had three. In a few areas the vestries covered too small an area, and here they were merged into a district board for the purpose of nominating members to the MBW. There were 45 members, who would then elect a Chairman who was to become a member "ex officio". The first nominations took place in December and the Board met first on 22 December 1855 where John Thwaites was elected as Chairman. The board took over the powers, duties and liabilities of the Commission of Sewers and the Buildings Office on 1 January 1856.
	A major problem was sewage: most of London's waste was allowed to flow into the Thames resulting in a horrendous smell in the summer months. In 1855 and 1858 there were especially bad summers with the latter being known as "The Great Stink". A notable achievement of the Board was the creation of the core London sewerage system, including 75 miles (120 km) of main and 1000 miles (1650 km) of street sewers, which solved the problem. A large part of the work of the MBW was under the charge of the Chief Engineer, Joseph Bazalgette, previously engineer with the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers.
	Its other activities included slum clearance, and the driving through of new streets to relieve traffic congestion. The most important streets built were Charing Cross Road, Garrick Street, Northumberland Avenue, Shaftesbury Avenue, and Southwark Street. From 1869 onwards the MBW acquired all the private bridges crossing the River Thames and freed them of tolls. It also rebuilt Putney Bridge, Battersea Bridge, Waterloo Bridge and Hammersmith Bridge. The Board wanted to build a new bridge to the east of London Bridge, which had been discussed for many years; in 1878 Bazalgette drew up plans which were estimated at costing £1.25 million. Despite the Treasury refusing to help by extending the coal and wine dues which paid for the Board, it went ahead with the plans, but saw its Private Bill rejected by the House of Commons.
	The Board also created the three section Thames Embankment from 1864.
	From 1865 the MBW became responsible for administering the Metropolitan Fire Brigade. Architects employed by the MBW who specialised in fire stations included Robert Pearsall, responsible for Fulham Fire Station and Woolwich Fire Station.
	In 1856 the MBW obtained an amending act of parliament giving them the power to provide "parks, pleasure-grounds and open spaces", subject to parliamentary approval. Among the parks and open spaces acquired or laid by the board were:
	Under the Metropolitan Commons Act 1878 the MBW obtained the right to purchase and hold saleable rights in common lands in the Metropolis, in order to preserve the right of public access. The board also purchased the manorial rights in Streatham Common and Tooting Common.
	The MBW at first had its meetings in the Guildhall of the City of London and its headquarters at Greek Street in Soho. It then built its own headquarters at Spring Gardens (which became a metonym for the MBW), designed by its first chief architect Frederick Marrable and built in an Italianate style in 1859. When John Thwaites died (8 August 1870), he was eventually replaced by James Macnaghten Hogg, later Lord Magheramorne, who remained Chairman until the MBW was abolished. There was an increase in the membership to 59 in 1885 when some district boards were divided and others were given more members.
	The MBW had very little affection from the people of London. Its status as a joint board insulated its members from any influence of popular opinion, though all property-owners had to pay for its work as part of their local government rates. Worse, the very many building contracts issued by the MBW made membership of it desirable for anyone wishing to bid for them. The MBW took most of its decisions in secret. There were a succession of corruption scandals in the late 1880s, which led to a Royal Commission investigation. By this time, the public had dubbed the MBW as the "Metropolitan Board of Perks".
	The essence of the scandal arose from the purchase by the MBW of the old Pavilion music hall in Piccadilly Circus in 1879, when the site was thought necessary for the construction of Shaftesbury Avenue. As the street was still in the early stage, the site was leased to music hall proprietor R.E. Villiers for the time being. In addition to his regular payment to the Board, Villiers paid a small "sub rosa" amount to F.W. Goddard, who was Chief Valuer for the Board, for favourable treatment.
	In 1883, it seemed that demolition of the site for road construction was likely to take place, and Villiers met with Goddard and Thomas James Robertson (Assistant Surveyor) to ensure that the remainder of the site was granted to him for a new Pavilion. They agreed to help him, in return for one corner of the site being a public house under the landlordship of W.W. Grey. Grey was in fact the brother of Robertson, though this was of course not immediately apparent.
	In November 1884 Robertson told Villiers that the time had come to make a formal offer to the MBW to lease the site, and Villiers duly offered £2,700 ground rent per annum. The Board instructed its superintending architect, George Vulliamy, to value the site: however, Vulliamy was old and left practically all of the work to his subordinates – Goddard and Robertson (it was said by the Deputy Chairman of the Board that "Mr. Goddard and Mr. Robertson were Mr. Vulliamy"). They prepared a report valuing the site at £3,000 per annum, which Villiers immediately accepted; this was then hurriedly pushed through the Board which agreed to the lease despite a higher offer of £4,000.
	The site was leased off in two portions, £2,650 for the largest part, and £350 for the western corner of the site. Goddard continued to collect his extra payments from Villiers, and the western corner was transferred to Grey – who sold his existing public house on Tichborn Street and divided the £10,000 profit between Goddard and Robertson. In December 1886, Villiers sold the Pavilion, and Goddard received a total of £5,000 of the proceeds.
	For years, vague hints had been made that the Board tended to encourage those applying for leases to employ members of the Board as architects. In particular, James Ebenezer Saunders had been appointed as chief architect on the Pavilion, and on the Grand Hotel and Metropole Hotel on Northumberland Avenue, both on land owned by the Board, and had done little actual work. Francis Hayman Fowler, although he had done much other work as a Board member, had taken money from site owners and lessees in circumstances which clearly indicated bribery.
	On a more base level, the Assistant Architect at the Board, John Hebb, had responsibility for inspecting theatres for safety. He began to write to the managers of theatres with upcoming inspections to suggest that they might want to send him free tickets. Given the power of the board to close theatres, most complied. However, displeased by the inspections themselves, and by the attempt to extract gifts, the managers tended to send Hebb tickets for seats that were at the back of the house or hidden behind a pillar.
	The Goddard-Robertson scandal was revealed by a series of articles in the "Financial News" beginning on 25 October 1886. The Board itself undertook an incompetent investigation under the Chairmanship of Magheramorne, which found Robertson was "injudicious in allowing relatives to become tenants of the Board without informing the Board" but could not find anything worthy "of more severe censure". Anti-Board campaigners were not pleased and kept up the pressure. On the motion of Lord Randolph Churchill (who represented Paddington South where anti-Board feeling was at its highest), the House of Commons voted on 16 February 1888 to establish a Royal Commission to inquire into the Board.
	The Commission was headed by Lord Herschell and found the main allegations of the "Financial News" to have been correct, and indeed understated. Some other scandals were also discovered including the corruption of architects who were members of the Board. However, the Commission repudiated the view of critics that corruption was endemic in the Board.
	While the Royal Commission was still preparing its hearings, the President of the Local Government Board Charles Ritchie announced that elected County Councils were to be created throughout the United Kingdom. Almost hidden in the Bill were clauses that separated the area of the MBW from the counties of Surrey, Middlesex and Kent and created it as the County of London. This decision was in general what the anti-Board campaigners of the London Municipal Reform League had called for.
	The Metropolitan Board of Works was abolished by the Local Government Act 1888; and the London County Council had been elected on 21 January 1889, to assume its new powers on 1 April. With the MBW a lame duck, its last weeks were its most inglorious period. The LCC were due to assume financial responsibility; and the MBW began to award large pensions to the retiring officers and large salaries to those who would transfer. The MBW then decided to allow the Samaritan Hospital in Marylebone to use an additional 12 feet of pavement, which the LCC opposed. The LCC wrote to the MBW asking it not to take the decision; the MBW did not reply and gave the permission.
	Finally, the MBW received the tenders for the Blackwall Tunnel and decided to take a decision to award the contract at its final meeting. The LCC again wrote asking the MBW to leave the decision to them. The Chairman of the MBW replied (18 March 1889) that it intended to continue. At this the LCC decided to appeal to the Government which exercised its power to abolish the MBW and bring the LCC into existence on 21 March 1889.
	The magazine Punch printed a cartoon to mark the abolition of the MBW entitled 'Peace to its Hashes', representing the MBW by a black suit of armour (i.e. blackmail). The citation lauded the MBW for showing 'how jobbery may be elevated to the level of the fine arts'.
	The MBW's headquarters were taken over by the London County Council as its headquarters until County Hall was built and occupied in 1922; the building was then renamed 'Old County Hall' and continued as a subsidiary office for the LCC until the original hundred-year lease on the site expired in 1958. It was subsequently used for central government offices and demolished in 1971 to make way for a new headquarters for the British Council. The site is adjacent to Admiralty Arch, off The Mall.
	Architectural plans for the Spring Gardens building (CRES 35/2420 and CRES 35/2421) can be found at The National Archives.

= = = Borough of Dartford = = =

	The Borough of Dartford is a local government district in the north-west of the county of Kent, England. Its council is based in the town of Dartford. It is part of the contiguous London urban area. It borders the borough of Gravesham to the east, Sevenoaks District to the south, the London Borough of Bexley to the west, and the Thurrock unitary authority in Essex to the north, across the River Thames. The borough was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the Municipal Borough of Dartford, the Swanscombe Urban District, and part of the Dartford Rural District. According to the 2011 Census, its population was 97,365.
	Since 2010, the main area's MP is Gareth Johnson (Conservative) who replaced the outgoing Howard Stoate (Labour). The mayor for the year May 2014 to May 2015 is Councillor Avtar Sandhu MBE. The leader of the council, from February 2006, is Councillor Jeremy Kite (Conservative). Councillors represent the following seventeen wards, as amended in 2001:
	"NB the boundaries of these wards do not necessarily coincide with the parish boundaries, which follow"
	The following civil parishes are also included in the borough:
	In addition to the settlements named above, there is the urban village of Joydens Wood to the south-west of the town.
	Dartford also has a youth council called the Dartford Youth Council (DYC) which comprises members of the youth representing local secondary schools, youth groups (such as Scouts). They discuss important issues relating to the youth of Dartford, such as mental health, to staying fit and how they can help and combat those issues. They attend a monthly meeting, at the Dartford Civic Centre. They have represented Dartford's youth in several events. Every November, members attend and represent Dartford Youth Council in the annual Dartford Remembrance Parade.
	There are seven railway stations in the borough: at Stone; Greenhithe (for Bluewater); Swanscombe and Dartford, all on the North Kent Line; and Longfield and Farningham Road on the Victoria - Chatham Main Line. From Dartford there are three lines serving London and one to Gravesend, the Medway Towns and eastern Kent. For many services Dartford is the terminus.
	Ebbsfleet International railway station on High Speed 1 opened in the east of the borough on 19 November 2007. Six high-speed services to Paris and five to Brussels run daily from here by Eurostar. The station also carries commuters to St Pancras station in London in only 17 minutes, and to Stratford International (next to the 2012 Summer Olympics site) in just 10 minutes, while eastbound commuter services link Ebbsfleet to Ashford International, Dover, Folkestone and other stations in Kent.
	The first of the Fastrack bus services, using a combination of ordinary roads and dedicated 'bus tracks' commenced in March 2006. The service runs from the Temple Hill area of Dartford, through the town centre and on to Bluewater Shopping Centre, Greenhithe, Ebbsfleet International and Gravesend.
	Three of the county's main roads pass through the borough boundaries: the M25 and M20 motorways and the A2 dual carriageway. The A20, A225 and the A226 roads also cross the borough, among others.
	Dartford gives its name to the Dartford Crossing of the River Thames, a pair of road tunnels (constructed in 1963 and 1980), with the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge (October 1991), dual-linking Kent with Essex and connecting sections of the London Orbital M25 motorway.
	The layout of the district is clustered development in the northern half and buffered, dispersed settlement interspersed by the North Downs which is an escarpment of varied farms and woodland in the south.
	Housing is a mixture of relatively high rise in Dartford centre through to low rise in all of the villages.
	The number of listed buildings in the district exceeds 50. This includes 7 churches listed in the highest grading in the national listing system (Grade I).
	The population rose in the 10 years to 2011 from 85,911 to 97,365, by 13.3%, which was above the national average.
	87.3% of residents were born in England, which was 2.5% higher than the average for the South East. The next most common group of countries of birth was the non-EU, however this was 0.3% lower than the average for the South-East and 2% lower than the average for England.
	As to residents of EU birth, only 3.3% of the population were such, slightly below the national average and two-thirds of this migration was from the accession countries from 2001-2011, a 12.5% higher proportion than that seen nationwide.
	As to older people, the borough has a below national and regional proportion. In common with most of the country, an increase in people living in their area above the age of 74 took place, whether through change in preference or most commonly longevity, from 6.5% in 2001 to 7.1% in 2011.
	With 80.8% of households with a car or van, this was 6.6% above the national average, however still marginally lower than South East's record and national-high of 81.4%.
	1.0% of the population lived in a communal establishment in the area.
	As to homes, as 12.6% of properties in the area are detached, these form a smaller minority than the regional and national averages (at 28.0% and 22.3% of dwellings respectively).
	Its people in 2011 were more economically active than the regional and national average; while self-employed inhabitants were at parity with the national average, those in full-time employment were 6.0% greater.
	As to religion, statistics mirrored closely the national average, save that more Hindus and Sikhs live in the borough, at a combined, equally split 3.2% of the total population and fewer Muslims, also forming 1.6% of the population. Being almost at the mean for the country, Christians form just over 60% of the area's population.
	Although many of area's traditional industries of papermaking, cement, and pharmaceuticals are in decline or closing down, and many of borough's inhabitants travel away from the borough by rail and road (many commuting to London and other areas for work), there is still a large industrial and commercial base. Included among those areas include 'The Bridge' and Crossways to either side of the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, areas around Greenhithe and a site planned to contain five separate 'villages' in the Eastern Quarry near Bluewater Shopping Centre, itself a large employer.
	In October 2012 Dartford and Gravesham councils co-announced plans for a major theme park to be built on the Swanscombe peninsula, which would create up to 27,000 jobs by 2018.

= = = Melton Mowbray = = =

	Melton Mowbray () is a town in Leicestershire, England, north-east of Leicester, and south-east of Nottingham. It lies on the River Eye and the River Wreake and has a population of 25,554. The town is well known for a culinary speciality, the Melton Mowbray pork pie, and as the home of one of the six licensed makers of Stilton cheese. Melton Mowbray is sometimes promoted as Britain's "Rural Capital of Food".
	The name comes from the early English word Medeltone – meaning "Middletown surrounded by small hamlets" (and therefore has the same origin as Milton and Middleton). Mowbray is a Norman family name – the name of early Lords of the Manor – namely Robert de Mowbray.
	In and around Melton, there are 28 scheduled ancient monuments, around 705 buildings listed as having special architectural or historical interest, 16 sites of special scientific interest, and several deserted village sites.
	There is industrial archaeology, including the Grantham Canal and the remains of the Melton Mowbray Navigation. Windmill sites, ironstone working and smelting archaeological evidence suggest that Melton borough was densely populated in Bronze and Iron Ages. Many small village communities existed and strategic points at Burrough Hill and Belvoir were fortified. There is also evidence to suggest that the site of Melton Mowbray in the Wreake Valley was inhabited before Roman occupation (AD 43).
	In Roman times, Melton benefited from the proximity of the Fosse Way and other important Roman roads, and of military centres at Leicester and Lincoln. Intermediate camps were also established, for example, at Six Hills on the Fosse Way. Other Roman trackways in the locality passed north of Melton along the top of the Vale of Belvoir scarp, linking Market Harborough to Belvoir, and the Fosse Way to Oakham and Stamford.
	Evidence of settlement throughout Anglo-Saxon and Danelaw period (8th/9th centuries) is reflected in many place names.
	Along the Wreake Valley, the Danish suffix "-by" is common, as is evident in Asfordby, Dalby, Frisby, Hoby, Rearsby and Gaddesby. In addition, a cemetery of 50–60 graves, of Pagan Anglo-Saxon origin, has been found in Melton Mowbray. Although most villages and their churches had origins before the Norman Conquest of 1066, stone crosses at Asfordby and Sproxton churches and Anglo-Saxon cemeteries as found at Goadby Marwood, Sysonby and Stapleford certainly pre-date the Conquest.
	Melton Mowbray itself had six recorded crosses, whose construction spanned several centuries: (i) Kettleby Cross, (close to the present filling station near the junction of Dalby Road to the Leicester Road); (ii) Sheep Cross, on what was Spital End, (now Nottingham Street/Park Road Junction); (iii) Corn Cross at the Swine Lane/Spittle End junction, (reconstructed and reinstated on the Nottingham St/High St junction in 1996 as a memorial to the Royal Army Veterinary Corps); (iv) Butter Cross or High Cross, at the west end of Beast Market (again reconstructed from partial remains of the original Saxon cross in 1986/1987 in the Market Place); (v) Sage Cross, at the East end of the Beast Market close to Saltgate, (in Sherrard Street opposite Sage Cross Street), and (vi) Thorpe Cross at the end of Saltgate (near the junction of Thorps Road and Saxby Road). All the original crosses were removed or destroyed during the Reformation and other iconoclastic periods, or simply to make room for traffic or other development.
	The effects of the Norman Conquest are recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book. This indicates that settlements at Long Clawson and Bottesford were of noteworthy size, and that Melton Mowbray was a thriving market town of some 200 inhabitants, with weekly markets, two water mills and two priests. The water mills, still in use up to the 18th century, are remembered in the present names of Beckmill Court and Mill Street.
	So Melton Mowbray has been a market town for over 1,000 years. Recorded as Leicestershire's only market in the 1086 Domesday Survey, it is the third oldest market in England. Tuesday has been market day ever since royal approval was given in 1324. The market was established with tolls before 1077.
	Legacies from the Medieval period include consolidation of village and market town patterns; in Melton Mowbray, Bottesford, Wymondham, and Waltham-on-the-Wolds. The latter had a market in medieval times that continued until 1921, and an annual fair of horses and cattle. Many buildings in Melton Market Place, Nottingham Street, Church Lane, King Street and Sherrard Street have ancient foundations. Alterations to No. 16 Church Street revealed a medieval circular stone wall subjected to considerable heat. This is probably the 'Manor Oven' mentioned in 13th century documents. Surveys of 5 King Street show it to be part of an early medieval open-halled house. It may be part of the castle or fortified Manor of the Mowbrays, which existed in the 14th century.
	King Richard I and King John visited the town and may have stayed at an earlier castle. In 1549 following the Dissolution of the chantries, monasteries and religious guilds, church plate was sold and land purchased for the town. Resulting rents were used to maintain Melton School, first recorded in 1347, as one of the oldest educational establishments in Britain. Funds were also used to maintain roads, bridges and to repair the church clock.
	During the English Civil War, Melton was a Roundhead garrison commanded by a Colonel Rossiter. Two battles were fought in the town: in November 1643, Royalists caught the garrison unaware and carried away prisoners and booty; in February 1645, Sir Marmaduke Langdale, commanding a Royalist force of 1,500 men, inflicted severe losses on the Roundheads. Around 300 men were said to have been killed. According to legend a hillside where the battle was thought to have been fought was ankle deep in blood, hence the name 'Ankle Hill'. However, this name is already mentioned in documents pre-dating the Civil War. Furthermore, the names of Dalby Road and Ankle Hill have since been switched around, thus confusing the true site of the battle.
	Local notable families seem to have had divided loyalties, although the War ended with great rejoicings outside the "Limes" in Sherrard Street, home of Sir Henry Hudson. His father, Robert Hudson founded the Maison Dieu almshouses opposite the Church in 1640, which complement the stone-built "Anne of Cleves House" opposite. This was built in 1384 and housed chantry priests until the Dissolution. It was then included in the estates of Anne of Cleves by Henry VIII, as a divorce settlement in the 16th century, although there is local debate about whether she ever stayed there. It is now a public house owned by Everards Brewery, a Leicester-based brewery. It is a Grade II* listed building.
	Between 1942 and 1964, RAF Melton Mowbray was situated to the south of the town, towards Great Dalby. The Class A airfield was originally intended for aircraft maintenance, but was taken over by RAF Transport Command.
	Between 1946 and 1958 the site was used as a displaced persons camp by the Polish Resettlement Corps.
	Melton Mowbray served as a Thor strategic missile site between 1958 and 1963, when 254(SM) Squadron operated a flight of three missiles from the base.
	Stilton cheese originated through a commercial venture developed in manufacture of cheese for retail at the village of Stilton in Cambridgeshire, which has led to some claims that the cheese itself originated outside of that village. Historical evidence would suggest an evolution of the form of the cheese over many years, with some sourced from Melton Mowbray or surrounds. Stilton is still made in the town at the Tuxford & Tebbutt creamery, one of only six dairies licensed to make Stilton, while makers in Cambridgeshire are ironically prohibited from naming their own cheese Stilton, even if it is in fact made in Stilton. The earliest reference cited is Daniel Defoe, who in 1624 called the Stilton-produced cheese, "the English Parmesan". Growth of business due to travellers on the Great North Road, as well as sale into London, led to a need to source additional cheese from further afield, includine the region of Melton Mowbray, and over time the modern blue cheese developed.
	Melton Mowbray pork pies are made with a specific "hand-raising" process and recipe. On 4 April 2008 the European Union awarded the Melton Mowbray pork pie Protected Geographical Indication status, following a long-standing application made by the Melton Mowbray Pork Pie Association. As a result, pies made only within a designated zone around Melton, and using uncured pork, are allowed to carry the Melton Mowbray name on their packaging.
	On 6 April 1837, the 3rd Marquess of Waterford and his hunting party went on a "spree" through the streets of Melton, causing much damage. This event was recorded in the "London Examiner". Henry Alken's pictures "A Spree at Melton Mowbray" and "Larking at the Grantham Tollgate" are said to illustrate the event. The events were depicted in a play called "The Meltonians" at The Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in 1838.
	Melton Mowbray is home to Melton cloth (first mentioned in 1823), which is a tightly woven woollen cloth that is heavily milled, and a nap raised so as to form a short, dense, non-lustrous pile. Sailors' pea coats are traditionally made of Melton cloth, as are the universal workmans' donkey jackets of Britain and Ireland, and in North America, loggers' "cruising jackets" and Mackinaws.
	Melton shares a member of Parliament (currently Alan Duncan from the Conservatives) with Rutland, which together form the "Rutland and Melton" parliamentary constituency.
	Melton Mowbray is home to a rare example of early town government. The Melton Mowbray Town Estate was founded at the time of the Reformation, in 1549, when two townsfolk sold silver and plate sequestered from the church and bought land to be held in trust for all inhabitants. The Town Estate provided early forms of education, the first street lighting, and today owns and operates the town's parks and sports grounds, and the town's market.
	Since its inception in 1549, traditionally the day-to-day running of the Town Estate was undertaken by the Town Wardens. In 1989, a new Scheme of Arrangement was drawn up by the Charity Commission after public consultation and the management of the Town Estate was transferred to a body of 14 Feoffees, two of whom are known as Senior and Junior Town Warden.
	Nowadays, the position of Town Warden is titular only, i.e. the "public face" of the Town Estate at civic or ceremonial occasions.
	Melton Mowbray had only 1766 inhabitants in 1801, but in 1831 that had increased to 3327, in 1841 to 3740, in 1851 to 4434, and in 1861 to 4436. The Melton Mowbray official web site's About page lists the current (2009) population of the town as 25,276, and that of Melton Borough as 46,861.
	Before 1960, the Production Engineering Research Association of Great Britain () came to Nottingham Road and employed about 400 people in supporting research and development in industry. It is also houses the East Midlands Manufacturing Advisory Service. The former East Midlands Regional Assembly was also based in a Nottingham Road building.
	Petfoods came to the town in 1951 as Chappie Ltd, employing at its peak over 2,000 people. It still employs about 1,000. The firm changed its name to Petfoods in 1957, to Pedigree Petfoods in 1972, and most recently to Masterfoods in January 2002. At Melton, it makes four million items of pet food a day, which is less than it used to be. Masterfoods] now have their UK headquarters close to Melton at Waltham-on-the-Wolds.
	The uPVC windows and door manufacturer TruFrame Trade Frames Ltd. relocated from Market Harborough to the Saxby Road Industrial Estate in Melton in December 1999. It was employing about 170 people in August 2013.
	See St. Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray
	Melton Carnegie Museum, based in Melton Mowbray, has recently been refurbished and visitors can expect a "hands on", audio-visual, family-orientated experience of the history and importance of the town. Included are sounds from the ages, a history of the hunt, a preserved phone box, a buried (underfoot and perspex) Saxon and shrapnel from World War II.
	Melton Mowbray is renowned for its music-making. The Melton Band (a traditional British-style brass band) can trace its directors back to 1856, and was until recently called Melton Borough Band. The colourful Melton Mowbray Toy Soldiers Marching Band was formed in 1936; and Happy Jazz – a Dixieland jazz band – had its headquarters in the town from 1996 until 2014. There is also the Melton Mowbray Tally Ho Band, formed in 1936, and Tornado Brass, a mixed brass and woodwind group founded in the 1980s.
	Melton has several pubs, some of which, like the "Generous Britain" (nicknamed the Jenny B) continue to encourage new live music. The "Noels Arms" free house was Melton Mowbray District CAMRA Pub of the Year 2014. The "Noels" also houses Gasdog Brewery, the first brewery in the town for over a hundred years. It hosts new and established bands and musicians every Friday and Saturday night, and acoustic acts on Sunday afternoons. There are several other surviving pubs in Melton, including one of the oldest in the area, the "Anne of Cleves". This ancient building in Burton Street close to St Mary's Church has features dating from the early 14th century. Once home to Chantry monks, the building was given after the Dissolution by Henry VIII to Anne of Cleves, as part of her divorce settlement.
	The town has an unusual cinema: The Regal in King Street, in the centre of the town. The building itself is a preserved purpose-built theatre complete with period interior design, sumptuous colours, winding staircases and fancy plasterwork. It re-opened in 2013 after refurbishment.
	Concerts have been held in the Carousel Bandstand in Melton Mowbray Park since August 1909. There is still a series of concerts on summer Sundays.
	Melton has a radio station, 103 FM The Eye, which broadcasts to Melton Borough and the Vale of Belvoir, and parts of Rushcliffe Borough. It can also be heard on the internet. When it was launched in 2005, it was the first in the UK to go on the air under the new tier of community radio, licensed by the broadcasting regulator OFCOM. The station has since won a number of awards for its work. It is named after the River Eye.
	The historic Stapleford Miniature Railway built in 1958 is a private steam-hauled passenger railway at Stapleford Park about to the east of Melton Mowbray. Famous for a fleet of steam locos and its scenic location, it attracts visitors and tourists during occasional summer openings for charity. It has the same gauge as the Town Estates railway around Play Close Park in Melton.
	Also to the north east of Melton is the Twinlakes Theme Park. This park provides a host of family and children's attractions and rides.
	Melton's Waterfield Leisure Pools offer a range of activities, including a well-equipped gym and fitness suite as well as swimming. The library in Wilton Road is close to the town centre and adjacent is Melton Theatre, part of Brooksby Melton College, on the junction with Asfordby Road. The theatre first opened in 1976, has recently been refurbished and continues to provide a wide variety of entertainment. In the past few years, it has produced remarkable ballet, opera, and dramatic plays of many types, and provided a venue for many top class bands and acts, pantomime and art displays. It has ample parking, is fully licensed and is a most pleasant place to visit.
	There is a fire station, a police station, and a hospital that includes St Mary's Maternity Centre. The War Memorial Hospital off Ankle Hill, originally Wyndham Lodge, donated to the town in 1920 by Colonel Richard Dalgleish, was sold in 2010 to help fund St Mary's Hospital. Melton Country Park provides green space.
	The secondary schools in Melton are Long Field Academy and John Ferneley College, which take students aged 11 to 16, and the Melton Vale Post 16 Centre (MV16) for Sixth Formers. The town has several primary schools – Brownlow, Grove, St Francis RC, St Mary's C of E, Sherard and Swallowdale – while the Birchwood Special School caters for young people of primary and secondary school age. Melton's largest school used to be the King Edward VII which at one time had around 2,000 pupils aged between 11 and 19. It was founded as a Grammar School in 1910, became comprehensive in the late 1960s and closed recently after reaching its centenary. Brooksby Melton College which provides vocational, further and higher education in a wide range of subjects has a campus on Asfordby Road in Melton and an annex in King Street. These facilities complement those on the college's Brooksby campus out of town.
	Melton Mowbray railway station is on the line from Birmingham to Stansted Airport via Leicester, Peterborough and Cambridge. Trains run hourly in each direction. The station is also served by peak-hour trains to and from Nottingham, Norwich and Sleaford. The station is managed by East Midlands Railway although most services are operated by CrossCountry. CrossCountry intends to enhance its service gradually to half-hourly on this route. Since early 2009, East Midlands Trains have offered a single daily journey from Melton Mowbray to London St Pancras and return. This is notable for being the first regular passenger service to cross the spectacular and historic Welland Viaduct since 1966. In 2010, the company introduced a single daily journey to Derby and return.
	The majority of bus services in Melton Mowbray are provided by Centrebus. Services link Melton Mowbray with Leicester, Nottingham, Oakham and other regional centres, as well as many of the surrounding villages.
	Greyhound racing was held at the Melton Mowbray Greyhound Stadium located on the north side of Saxby Road from 1946 until 1969. 
	Motorcycle speedway racing was staged at the Greyhound Stadium in 1949 and 1950. The cinder track was laid before and lifted after each meeting. The events, staged on a Sunday, fell foul of the Lord's Day Observance Society for a short time. The stadium was also the venue for a few meetings in 1950 when the Melton Lions faced select teams. 
	The town is also home to Melton Rugby club who compete in Midlands 3 East. The town has its own Sunday Football League in which some 15 teams compete every Sunday. Asfordby Hill is home to Holwell Sports who play in the Leicestershire Senior League premier division.
= = = Dendritic spine = = =

	A dendritic spine (or spine) is a small membranous protrusion from a neuron's dendrite that typically receives input from a single axon at the synapse. Dendritic spines serve as a storage site for synaptic strength and help transmit electrical signals to the neuron's cell body. Most spines have a bulbous head (the spine head), and a thin neck that connects the head of the spine to the shaft of the dendrite. The dendrites of a single neuron can contain hundreds to thousands of spines. In addition to spines providing an anatomical substrate for memory storage and synaptic transmission, they may also serve to increase the number of possible contacts between neurons.
	Dendritic spines are small with spine head volumes ranging 0.01 μm to 0.8 μm. Spines with strong synaptic contacts typically have a large spine head, which connects to the dendrite via a membranous neck. The most notable classes of spine shape are "thin", "stubby", "mushroom", and "branched". Electron microscopy studies have shown that there is a continuum of shapes between these categories. The variable spine shape and volume is thought to be correlated with the strength and maturity of each spine-synapse.
	Dendritic spines usually receive excitatory input from axons, although sometimes both inhibitory and excitatory connections are made onto the same spine head. Excitatory axon proximity to dendritic spines is not sufficient to predict the presence of a synapse, as demonstrated by the Lichtman lab in 2015.
	Spines are found on the dendrites of most principal neurons in the brain, including the pyramidal neurons of the neocortex, the medium spiny neurons of the striatum, and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Dendritic spines occur at a density of up to 5 spines/1 μm stretch of dendrite. Hippocampal and cortical pyramidal neurons may receive tens of thousands of mostly excitatory inputs from other neurons onto their equally numerous spines, whereas the number of spines on Purkinje neuron dendrites is an order of magnitude larger.
	The cytoskeleton of dendritic spines is particularly important in their synaptic plasticity; without a dynamic cytoskeleton, spines would be unable to rapidly change their volumes or shapes in responses to stimuli. These changes in shape might affect the electrical properties of the spine. The cytoskeleton of dendritic spines is primarily made of filamentous actin (F-actin). tubulin Monomers and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are present, and organized microtubules are present. Because spines have a cytoskeleton of primarily actin, this allows them to be highly dynamic in shape and size. The actin cytoskeleton directly determines the morphology of the spine, and actin regulators, small GTPases such as Rac, RhoA, and CDC42, rapidly modify this cytoskeleton. Overactive Rac1 results in consistently smaller dendritic spines.
	In addition to their electrophysiological activity and their receptor-mediated activity, spines appear to be vesicularly active and may even translate proteins. Stacked discs of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SERs) have been identified in dendritic spines. Formation of this "spine apparatus" depends on the protein synaptopodin and is believed to play an important role in calcium handling. "Smooth" vesicles have also been identified in spines, supporting the vesicular activity in dendritic spines. The presence of polyribosomes in spines also suggests protein translational activity in the spine itself, not just in the dendrite.
	Dendritic spines express glutamate receptors (e.g. AMPA receptor and NMDA receptor) on their surface. The TrkB receptor for BDNF is also expressed on the spine surface, and is believed to play a role in spine survival. The tip of the spine contains an electron-dense region referred to as the "postsynaptic density" (PSD). The PSD directly apposes the active zone of its synapsing axon and comprises ~10% of the spine's membrane surface area; neurotransmitters released from the active zone bind receptors in the postsynaptic density of the spine. Half of the synapsing axons and dendritic spines are physically tethered by calcium-dependent cadherin, which forms cell-to-cell adherent junctions between two neurons.
	Glutamate receptors (GluRs) are localized to the postsynaptic density, and are anchored by cytoskeletal elements to the membrane. They are positioned directly above their signalling machinery, which is typically tethered to the underside of the plasma membrane, allowing signals transmitted by the GluRs into the cytosol to be further propagated by their nearby signalling elements to activate signal transduction cascades. The localization of signalling elements to their GluRs is particularly important in ensuring signal cascade activation, as GluRs would be unable to affect particular downstream effects without nearby signallers.
	Signalling from GluRs is mediated by the presence of an abundance of proteins, especially kinases, that are localized to the postsynaptic density. These include calcium-dependent calmodulin, CaMKII (calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II), PKC (Protein Kinase C), PKA (Protein Kinase A), Protein Phosphatase-1 (PP-1), and Fyn tyrosine kinase. Certain signallers, such as CaMKII, are upregulated in response to activity.
	Spines are particularly advantageous to neurons by compartmentalizing biochemical signals. This can help to encode changes in the state of an individual synapse without necessarily affecting the state of other synapses of the same neuron. The length and width of the spine neck has a large effect on the degree of compartmentalization, with thin spines being the most biochemically isolated spines.
	Dendritic spines are very "plastic", that is, spines change significantly in shape, volume, and number in small time courses. Because spines have a primarily actin cytoskeleton, they are dynamic, and the majority of spines change their shape within seconds to minutes because of the dynamicity of actin remodeling. Furthermore, spine number is very variable and spines come and go; in a matter of hours, 10-20% of spines can spontaneously appear or disappear on the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex, although the larger "mushroom"-shaped spines are the most stable.
	Spine maintenance and plasticity is activity-dependent and activity-independent. BDNF partially determines spine levels, and low levels of AMPA receptor activity is necessary to maintain spine survival, and synaptic activity involving NMDA receptors encourages spine growth. Furthermore, two-photon laser scanning microscopy and confocal microscopy have shown that spine volume changes depending on the types of stimuli that are presented to a synapse.
	Spine plasticity is implicated in motivation, learning, and memory. In particular, long-term memory is mediated in part by the growth of new dendritic spines (or the enlargement of pre-existing spines) to reinforce a particular neural pathway. Because dendritic spines are plastic structures whose lifespan is influenced by input activity, spine dynamics may play an important role in the maintenance of memory over a lifetime.
	Age-dependent changes in the rate of spine turnover suggest that spine stability impacts developmental learning. In youth, dendritic spine turnover is relatively high and produces a net loss of spines. This high rate of spine turnover may characterize critical periods of development and reflect learning capacity in adolescence—different cortical areas exhibit differing levels of synaptic turnover during development, possibly reflecting varying critical periods for specific brain regions. In adulthood, however, most spines remain persistent, and the half-life of spines increases. This stabilization occurs due to a developmentally regulated slow-down of spine elimination, a process which may underlie the stabilization of memories in maturity.
	Experience-induced changes in dendritic spine stability also point to spine turnover as a mechanism involved in the maintenance of long-term memories, though it is unclear how sensory experience affects neural circuitry. Two general models might describe the impact of experience on structural plasticity. On the one hand, experience and activity may drive the discrete formation of relevant synaptic connections that store meaningful information in order to allow for learning. On the other hand, synaptic connections may be formed in excess, and experience and activity may lead to the pruning of extraneous synaptic connections.
	In lab animals of all ages, environmental enrichment has been related to dendritic branching, spine density, and overall number of synapses. In addition, skill training has been shown to lead to the formation and stabilization of new spines while destabilizing old spines, suggesting that the learning of a new skill involves a rewiring process of neural circuits. Since the extent of spine remodeling correlates with success of learning, this suggests a crucial role of synaptic structural plasticity in memory formation. In addition, changes in spine stability and strengthening occur rapidly and have been observed within hours after training.
	Conversely, while enrichment and training are related to increases in spine formation and stability, long-term sensory deprivation leads to an increase in the rate of spine elimination and therefore impacts long-term neural circuitry. Upon restoring sensory experience after deprivation in adolescence, spine elimination is accelerated, suggesting that experience plays an important role in the net loss of spines during development. In addition, other sensory deprivation paradigms—such as whisker trimming—have been shown to increase the stability of new spines.
	Research in neurological diseases and injuries shed further light on the nature and importance of spine turnover. After stroke, a marked increase in structural plasticity occurs near the trauma site, and a five- to eightfold increase from control rates in spine turnover has been observed. Dendrites disintegrate and reassemble rapidly during ischemia—as with stroke, survivors showed an increase in dendritic spine turnover. While a net loss of spines is observed in Alzheimer's disease and cases of intellectual disability, cocaine and amphetamine use have been linked to increases in dendritic branching and spine density in the prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens. Because significant changes in spine density occur in various brain diseases, this suggests a balanced state of spine dynamics in normal circumstances, which may be susceptible to disequilibrium under varying pathological conditions.
	There is also some evidence for loss of dendritic spines as a consequence of aging. One study using mice has noted a correlation between age-related reductions in spine densities in the hippocampus and age-dependent declines in hippocampal learning and memory.
	Despite experimental findings that suggest a role for dendritic spine dynamics in mediating learning and memory, the degree of structural plasticity's importance remains debatable. For instance, studies estimate that only a small portion of spines formed during training actually contribute to lifelong learning. In addition, the formation of new spines may not significantly contribute to the connectivity of the brain, and spine formation may not bear as much of an influence on memory retention as other properties of structural plasticity, such as the increase in size of spine heads.
	Theoreticians have for decades hypothesized about the potential electrical function of spines, yet our inability to examine their electrical properties has until recently stopped theoretical work from progressing too far. Recent advances in imaging techniques along with increased use of two-photon glutamate uncaging have led to a wealth of new discoveries; we now suspect that there are voltage-dependent sodium, potassium, and calcium channels in the spine heads.
	Cable theory provides the theoretical framework behind the most "simple" method for modelling the flow of electrical currents along passive neural fibres. Each spine can be treated as two compartments, one representing the neck, the other representing the spine head. The compartment representing the spine head alone should carry the active properties.
	To facilitate the analysis of interactions between many spines, Baer & Rinzel formulated a new cable theory for which the distribution of spines is treated as a continuum. In this representation, spine head voltage is the local spatial average of membrane potential in adjacent spines. The formulation maintains the feature that there is no direct electrical coupling between neighboring spines; voltage spread along dendrites is the only way for spines to interact.
	The SDS model was intended as a computationally simple version of the full Baer and Rinzel model. It was designed to be analytically tractable and have as few free parameters as possible while retaining those of greatest significance, such as spine neck resistance. The model drops the continuum approximation and instead uses a passive dendrite coupled to excitable spines at discrete points. Membrane dynamics in the spines are modelled using integrate and fire processes. The spike events are modelled in a discrete fashion with the wave form conventionally represented as a rectangular function.
	Calcium transients in spines are a key trigger for synaptic plasticity. NMDA receptors, which have a high permeability for calcium, only conduct ions if the membrane potential is suffiently depolarized. The amount of calcium entering a spine during synaptic activity therefore depends on the depolarization of the spine head. Evidence from calcium imaging experiments (two-photon microscopy) and from compartmental modelling indicates that spines with high resistance necks experience larger calcium transients during synaptic activity.
	Dendritic spines can develop directly from dendritic shafts or from dendritic filopodia. During synaptogenesis, dendrites rapidly sprout and retract filopodia, small membrane organelle-lacking membranous protrusions. Recently, I-BAR protein MIM was found to contribute to the initiation process. During the first week of birth, the brain is predominated by filopodia, which eventually develop synapses. However, after this first week, filopodia are replaced by spiny dendrites but also small, stubby spines that protrude from spiny dendrites. In the development of certain filopodia into spines, filopodia recruit presynaptic contact to the dendrite, which encourages the production of spines to handle specialized postsynaptic contact with the presynaptic protrusions.
	Spines, however, require maturation after formation. Immature spines have impaired signaling capabilities, and typically lack "heads" (or have very small heads), only necks, while matured spines maintain both heads and necks.
	Cognitive disorders such as ADHD, autism, intellectual disability, and fragile X syndrome, may be resultant from abnormalities in dendritic spines, especially the number of spines and their maturity. The ratio of matured to immature spines is important in their signaling, as immature spines have impaired synaptic signaling. Fragile X syndrome is characterized by an overabundance of immature spines that have multiple filopodia in cortical dendrites.
	Dendritic spines were first described at the end of the 19th century by Santiago Ramón y Cajal on cerebellar neurons. Ramón y Cajal then proposed that dendritic spines could serve as contacting sites between neurons. This was demonstrated more than 50 years later thanks to the emergence of electron microscopy. Until the development of confocal microscopy on living tissues, it was commonly admitted that spines were formed during embryonic development and then would remain stable after birth. In this paradigm, variations of synaptic weight were considered as sufficient to explain memory processes at the cellular level. But since about a decade ago, new techniques of confocal microscopy demonstrated that dendritic spines are indeed motile and dynamic structures that undergo a constant turnover, even after birth.

= = = Pete Wilson = = =

	Peter Barton Wilson (born August 23, 1933) is an American attorney and politician. A Republican, he served as a United States Senator and the 36th Governor of California.
	Born in Lake Forest, Illinois, Wilson graduated from the UC Berkeley School of Law after serving in the United States Marine Corps. He established a legal practice in San Diego and campaigned for Republicans such as Richard Nixon and Barry Goldwater. Wilson won election to the California State Assembly in 1966 and became the Mayor of San Diego in 1971. He held that office until 1983, when he became a member of the United States Senate.
	In the Senate, Wilson supported the Strategic Defense Initiative and the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, while he opposed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990. He resigned from the Senate after winning the 1990 California gubernatorial election. As governor, he signed a three-strikes law and supported energy deregulation and term limits. He was also an advocate for California Proposition 187, which established a state-run citizenship screening system with the intention of preventing illegal immigrants from using social services. He sought the presidential nomination in the 1996 Republican primaries but quickly dropped out of the race.
	Wilson retired from public office after serving two terms as governor. Since leaving office, he has worked for several businesses and has been affiliated with several other organizations. He is a distinguished visiting fellow at the conservative Hoover Institution. Wilson also co-chaired Arnold Schwarzenegger's successful 2003 gubernatorial campaign.
	Peter Barton Wilson was born on August 23, 1933, in Lake Forest, Illinois, a suburb north of Chicago. His parents were James Boone Wilson and Margaret (Callaghan) Wilson. His father sold college fraternity jewelry to work his way through University of Illinois, and later became a successful advertising executive. The Wilson family settled in St. Louis, Missouri when Pete was in elementary school. He then attended the private, non-sectarian preparatory middle school John Burroughs (grades 7–9) in Ladue, and then St. Louis Country Day School, an exclusive private high school, where he won an award in his senior year for combined scholarship, athletics, and citizenship. In the fall of 1951, Pete Wilson enrolled at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, where he received a United States Navy Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) scholarship, majored in English, and earned his Bachelor of Arts degree. In his junior year he elected to join the Marine Corps upon his graduation.
	After graduating from Yale, Wilson served for three years in the United States Marine Corps as an infantry officer, eventually becoming a platoon leader. Upon completion of his Marine Corps service, Wilson earned a Juris Doctor degree from the University of California, Berkeley School of Law in June, 1962.
	In 1962, while working as an Advance Man for the Republican gubernatorial candidate Richard M. Nixon, Wilson got to know Herb Klein, one of Nixon's top aides. Klein suggested that Wilson might do well in Southern California politics, so in 1963, Wilson moved to San Diego.
	After passing the bar exam on his fourth attempt, Wilson began his practice as a criminal defense attorney in San Diego, but he found such work to be low-paying and personally repugnant. He later commented to the "Los Angeles Times", "I realized I couldn't be a criminal defense lawyer – because most of the people who do come to you are guilty." Wilson switched to a more conventional law practice and continued his activity in local politics, working for Barry Goldwater's unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1964. Wilson's liking for politics and managing the day-to-day details of the political process was growing. He put in long hours for the Goldwater campaign, earning the friendship of local Republican boosters so necessary for a political career, and in 1966, at the age of thirty-three, he ran for, and won a seat in the California State Assembly, succeeding Clair Burgener.
	Wilson was re-elected to the Assembly in 1968 and 1970, and in 1971 was elected mayor of San Diego.
	Wilson served three terms as Mayor of San Diego, from 1971 to 1983, winning election by a 2:1 margin each time. During his three terms he restructured San Diego City Council, reorganized the planning and civil service commissions, instituted campaign finance reform, and promoted the redevelopment of Downtown San Diego. He also helped to keep Major League Baseball's Padres in San Diego, helping to persuade local millionaire Ray Kroc to buy the team.
	The 1972 Republican National Convention had been scheduled to take place in San Diego in August 1972. However, in May 1972 the Republican National Committee voted to move the convention to Miami because of a scandal involving a donation to the event by ITT Corporation, as well as concerns about the proposed venue (the San Diego Sports Arena) and the adequacy of hotel space. Wilson proclaimed the week of the convention to be America's Finest City Week, which became an annual event and gave rise to San Diego's unofficial nickname.
	In 1972, Wilson recruited Clarence M. Pendleton Jr. to head the Model Cities Program in San Diego. In 1981, US President Ronald Reagan appointed Pendleton to chair the United States Commission on Civil Rights, a position that he held from 1981 until his death in San Diego in 1988.
	In 1982, Wilson won the Republican primary in California to replace the retiring U.S. Senator S. I. Hayakawa. Wilson's Democratic opponent was the outgoing two-term Governor Jerry Brown. Wilson was known as a fiscal conservative who supported Proposition 13, although Wilson had opposed the measure while mayor of San Diego. However, Brown ran on his gubernatorial record of building the largest state budget surpluses in California history. Both Wilson and Brown were moderate-to-liberal on social issues, including support for abortion rights. The election was expected to be close, with Brown holding a slim lead in most of the polls leading up to Election Day. Wilson hammered away at Brown's appointment of California Chief Justice Rose Bird, using this to portray himself as tougher on crime than Brown was. Brown's late entry into the 1980 Democratic presidential primary, after promising not to run, was also an issue. President Ronald Reagan made a number of visits to California late in the race to campaign for Wilson. Reagan quipped that the last thing he wanted to see was both of his home state's U.S. Senate seats falling into Democrats' hands, especially to be occupied by the man who succeeded him as Governor. Despite exit polls indicating a narrow Brown victory, Wilson edged him out to win the election. A major contributing factor may also have been a late influx of the Armenian vote in the California Governor's race between George Deukmejian and Tom Bradley. Many of these votes came from heavily Republican areas. The Deukmejian voters likely also voted for Wilson for United States Senator.
	On October 19, 1983, Wilson voted in favor of a bill establishing Martin Luther King Jr. Day. The legislation was signed into law by President Reagan the following month.
	In June 1984, Wilson voted in favor of legislation restricting federal highway funds for states that did not raise the minimum age for drinking to 21.
	In May 1985, Wilson underwent surgery for a ruptured appendix at Bethesda Naval Hospital, concurrently as fellow Republican Senator Bob Dole hoped to gather enough votes for the Reagan administration's 1986 budget. The surgery was expected to keep Wilson hospitalized for days, but Wilson returned to Capitol Hill via an ambulance to cast a vote in favor of the budget on May 10. After voting, Wilson stated he made the decision to forgo further bed rest as he believed the vote was possibly the most important of his career.
	Convinced by Japanese-American farmers in Central Valley to support redress, Wilson co-sponsored the Civil Liberties Act of 1988. The bill was signed into law by President Reagan.
	As a member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, he called for early implementation of President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, a national ballistic missile defense system.
	Wilson also co-sponsored the Federal Intergovernmental Regulatory Relief Act requiring the federal government to reimburse states for the cost of new federal mandates. A fiscal conservative, he was named the Senate's "Watchdog of the Treasury" for each of his eight years in the nation's capital.
	In 1988, Wilson won the race for the United States Senate against his Democratic opponent, Leo T. McCarthy. On January 20, 1989, he presided over the inauguration of George H. W. Bush as President of the United States. He voted against Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, Bush's tax increase, thus remaining a fiscal conservative.
	In the weeks following incumbent Governor of California George Deukmejian announcing that he was not running for a third term, Wilson considered a gubernatorial bid; by late January 1989, Wilson admitted to the decision being agonizing for him amid his consulting with others on a possible run. At the beginning of his second six-year term in the Senate, Wilson announced plans to run for Governor of California. In 1990, he resigned from the Senate after winning the California gubernatorial election.
	On October 2, 1990, Wilson, away from Washington to campaign for California governor, became the only sitting senator from either party to not vote on the nomination of David Souter for Associate Justice on the United States Supreme Court. He had previously endorsed Souter for confirmation.
	Pete Wilson was elected Governor of California to succeed outgoing two-term Republican governor George Deukmejian, who chose not to seek a third term in 1990, defeating former San Francisco Mayor Dianne Feinstein, who would go on to be elected to Wilson's former U.S. Senate seat two years later. Wilson was sworn in as governor on January 7, 1991.
	As governor, Wilson oversaw economic recovery in California, just as the rest of the country was recovering from an economic slump. Inheriting the state's worst economy since the Great Depression, Wilson insisted on strict budget discipline and sought to rehabilitate the state's environment for investment and new job creation. During his term, market-based, unsubsidized health coverage was made available for employees of small businesses.
	Despite his belief in fiscal conservatism, Wilson raised the sales tax to reduce the state deficit, including imposing a sales tax on newspapers (which did not have one up to then) and "snack" foods. He also raised car license fees and college tuition; by 1991, tuition fees at the University of California rose by 40%, while they rose by 24% at California State University. Additionally, he raised the income tax in the top bracket temporarily. However, by 1993, the snack tax was repealed by the Democratic state legislature and the sales tax increase expired. On April 26, 1991, Wilson proposed an increase in sales tax by 1 1/4 cents and state taxes by 6.7 billion as part of plan to reduce the state's budget deficit. The revenue gap had increased by 5 billion in the four months of his governorship. In response to the April 1991 proposal, the "Los Angeles Times" wrote of Wilson,
	In July, the Senate voted 28 to 9 in favor of a bipartisan tax plan that would have increased taxes on the wealthiest Californians, boosted the corporate tax rate, and imposed a tax increase on telecommunication services by two percent. Wilson returned the budget bill to the legislature without his signature, revoking a prior commitment to vetoing the measure.
	On July 12, 1991, Wilson signed a bill mandating that parents neglecting paying for child support could warrant stiff fines and potential suspensions of business and professional licenses. The legislation was intended to address a rising cause of poverty among children and women in the state at a time when unpaid child support in California totaled to 2 billion annually.
	On July 24, 1991, Wilson signed a bill requiring mass transit rail lines to be built underground in the event construction take place in the residential neighborhoods of North Hollywood and Van Nuys. The bill, requested by the residents of those neighborhoods, was aimed at easing "homeowners' fear of noise from ground-level trains running along a proposed rail route that parallels Chandler and Victory boulevards."
	Less than a year into his first term as governor, Wilson vetoed AB 101, a bill written to prohibit employment discrimination based on sexual orientation in the state. Wilson feared that the bill would increase lawsuits and make California less competitive economically. The veto was met with protests that included demonstrations during Wilson's subsequent public appearances and speeches.
	Wilson was the driving force behind the 1996 legislation that deregulated the state's energy market, which was the first energy utilities deregulation in the U.S. and aggressively pushed by companies such as Enron.
	Wilson also enacted education reforms aimed at creating statewide curriculum standards, reducing class size and replacing social promotion with early remedial education. Wilson promoted standardized testing of all students, increased teacher training, and a longer school year. However, it was Wilson's uncompromising stance on reducing education spending that led to the budget impasse of 1992, leaving state workers without paychecks from July until September, when the California Supreme Court forced the Governor and the legislature to agree to terms that ended the sixty-three-day stand-off.
	On February 22, 1993, Wilson issued an executive order banning smoke in a majority of state buildings barring "buildings controlled by the courts, the Legislature or the state's two university systems." The order was set to take effect December 31. Wilson said secondhand smoke "threatens the health of non-smoking state employees" and charged workplace smoking with increasing the cost of cleaning, damaged furniture and carpets, and heightens the chances of starting fires.
	In late 1993, Wilson traveled to Asia to endorse Californian goods and investment opportunities abroad. Wilson's six-day tour was also marked by his insistence of composing export-oriented jobs.
	Wilson was re-elected to a second gubernatorial term in 1994, gaining 55 percent of the vote in his race against Democratic State Treasurer Kathleen Brown, daughter of former California Governor Pat Brown.
	Wilson spoke at the funeral services for former First Lady Pat Nixon in 1993 and former President Richard M. Nixon in 1994 at the Nixon Library in Yorba Linda, California. Two years later, Wilson became, to date, the most recent governor to speak at a California gubernatorial funeral, that of former Governor Pat Brown.
	For most of his time as governor, Wilson reduced per-capita infrastructure spending for California, much as he had done as the Mayor of San Diego. Many construction projects – most notably highway expansion/improvement projects – were severely hindered or delayed, while other maintenance and construction projects were abandoned completely.
	Term limit laws passed by voters as Proposition 140, and championed by Wilson in 1990, prohibited Wilson from running for re-election to a third term. At the end of his term of office, Wilson left California with a $16 billion budget surplus. He was succeeded by then-lieutenant governor Gray Davis as governor.
	A September 1998 "Los Angeles Times" poll found 55% of registered voters in California favored Wilson's job performance.
	On December 14, 1991, in an address to Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association, Wilson criticized the Democratic leaders of the state legislature for their opposition to his budget-balancing plan and "spent most of his hour at the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles railing against the state's entitlement programs – including education and Medi-Cal, but especially Aid to Families with Dependent Children and other welfare programs."
	On January 8, 1993, Wilson submitted the 1993 spending plan, advocating an immediate cut in welfare grants by 4.2 percent that would be followed six months later by a larger reduction of 15 percent that would be directed at recipient families with an able-bodied adult. The twin cuts would reduce California's standing as the fifth highest benefit granting state to the twelfth.
	By the end of his first term, Wilson allied with members of the state legislature that supported the continuation of recession-inspired cuts to welfare benefits. A bill imposing the continued reduction of benefits was passed by two committees of the Republican-majority assembly. H. D. Palmer maintained Wilson's priorities rested in other issues and though admitting to an improving in revenues, disclosed that "the governor does not believe that the first call on those revenues should go to double-digit cost-of-living increases for welfare recipients."
	Wilson's second inaugural address featured a proclamation that the administration would usher in welfare reform:
	In his 1997 State of the State address, Wilson criticized welfare recipients and charged the program with creating conditions producing out-of-wedlock births, the lack of paternal involvement in the lives of children, and the lifelong ramifications to children caused by the father not being of presence. Under Wilson's welfare overhaul package, mothers would have to go to work after two years and a year would pass before they could return to welfare, which would only have a five-year lifetime. Paternity for each child would also have to be established for the mother to begin receiving benefits.
	As governor, Wilson was closely associated with California Proposition 187, a 1994 ballot initiative to establish a state-run citizenship screening system and prohibit illegal immigrants from using health care, public education, and other social services in the U.S. State of California. Voters passed the proposed law as a referendum in November 1994; it was the first time that a state had passed legislation related to immigration, customarily an issue for federal policies and programs. The law was challenged in a legal suit and found unconstitutional by a federal court in 1998 and never went into effect.
	Passage of Proposition 187 reflected state residents' concerns about illegal immigration into the United States and the large Hispanic population in California. Opponents believed the law was discriminatory against immigrants of Hispanic origin; supporters generally insisted that their concerns were economic: that the state could not afford to provide social services for so many who entered the state illegally or overstayed their visas. Wilson himself would state that the policy was "about supporting the people who came here the right way."
	Opponents of Proposition 187 cited its passage as the cause of long-term negative effects for the California Republican Party statewide. Noting a rapid increase in the Latino participation in California elections, some analysts cite Wilson and the Republican Party's embrace of Proposition 187 as a cause of the failure of the party to win statewide elections. Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger is the only Republican to win a California gubernatorial, senatorial, or presidential election since 1994, in a unique 2003 recall election. Schwarzenegger was also re-elected in 2006.
	Since 1995 the following states have had similar ballot initiatives or laws passed: Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma and Texas.
	Wilson led efforts to enact "tough on crime" measures and signed into law the "Three Strikes" (25 years to life for repeat offenders) As a result of the Three Strikes Law, 4,431 offenders have been sentenced to 25 years to life for strings of crime. The law required the construction of new prisons, leading some to question the role in his stance of the California Correctional Peace Officers Association, a lobbying group of prison guards that gave $1.47 million to Wilson's gubernatorial campaigns.
	On September 26, 1995, Wilson signed a bill authorizing the possible use of the death penalty toward any individual who committed a murder amid a carjacking or killed a juror. Wilson said the law was the result of four years worth of attempts on his part to toughen the laws against carjacking: "This bill sends an unmistakable message to gang bangers: If you take someone's life while committing a cowardly carjacking, you can expect to pay for your crime with your own life."
	Wilson also supported resuming the death penalty in California, after a 25-year moratorium, and he signed the death warrant for the execution of child-murderer Robert Alton Harris. Harris was executed in 1992. A total of five people were executed during his administration (the first two in the gas chamber, the latter three by lethal injection).
	Wilson supported deregulation of the energy industry in California during his administration due to heavy lobbying efforts by Enron. Nevertheless, during the California energy crisis caused by companies such as Enron, Wilson authored an article titled "What California Must Do" that blamed Gray Davis for not building enough power plants. Wilson defended his record of power plant construction and claimed that between 1985 and 1998, 23 plants were certified and 18 were built in California.
	Despite a campaign promise to the people of California not to do so, Wilson also unsuccessfully ran for the Republican nomination for President in the 1996 election, making formal announcements on both coasts. Wilson announced first in New York City, at Battery Park, with the Statue of Liberty as a backdrop. He completed a cross-country tour.
	The Wilson campaign had problems from the start. After deciding to run, he almost immediately had throat surgery that kept him from announcing – or even talking – for months. His campaign lasted a month and a day and left him with a million dollars in campaign debt. This debt was paid off in full in a matter of weeks.
	A September 6, 1995, UC Irvine poll showed equal support for Wilson and incumbent President Bill Clinton among Orange County voters. The same poll indicated Wilson as trailing Bob Dole by a 20-point margin. Dole would become the Republican nominee in the general election. Later that month, a "Los Angeles Times" poll found 23% of Californians believed Wilson should seek the presidency, including 30% of state voters identifying as Republican.
	On September 29, 1995, Wilson told supporters in Sacramento that he was dropping out of the Republican primary, citing he lacked the "necessary campaign funds to take this message to the people who need to hear it." He became the first candidate to exit the Republican primary.
	After leaving office, Wilson spent two years as a managing director of Pacific Capital Group, a merchant bank based in Los Angeles. He has served as a director of the Irvine Company, TelePacific Communications, Inc., National Information Consortium Inc., an advisor to Crossflo Systems, and IDT Entertainment. He has been a member of the Board of Advisors of Thomas Weisel Partners, a San Francisco merchant bank. He also served as chairman of the Japan Task Force of the Pacific Council on International Policy, which produced an analysis of Japanese economic and national security prospects over the next decade entitled "Can Japan Come Back?"
	Wilson is currently a distinguished visiting fellow at the Hoover Institution, a conservative think tank located on the campus of Stanford University, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation, the Richard Nixon Foundation, the Donald Bren Foundation, is the founding director of the California Mentor Foundation and is the Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the National World War II Museum. Wilson sits on two prestigious Federal advisory committees, the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee. He currently works as a consultant at the Los Angeles office of Bingham McCutchen LLP, a large, national law firm.
	In 2003, Wilson was co-chair of the campaign of Arnold Schwarzenegger to replace Gray Davis as governor of California.
	On September 27, 2007, Wilson endorsed Rudolph Giuliani for U.S. President, but Giuliani later dropped out of the primary. On February 4, 2008, Wilson endorsed John McCain as a candidate for U.S. President.
	In 2007, a statue of Wilson joined Ernest Hahn and Alonzo Horton on the San Diego Walk of Fame. At the unveiling, Wilson quipped, "Isn't this a great country that anyone can make a perfect horse's ass of himself at any time?" He also said, "View this statue, as I will, as a surrogate recipient of the tribute that's deserved by all of you who shared the dream, who made it come true and gave all the proud neighborhoods of San Diego the vibrant heart they needed." Two hundred sponsors donated $200,000 to build the statue. Leftist Hispanic and LGBT groups protested the unveiling.
	On May 23, 2009, Wilson gave the commencement speech and received an honorary degree from the San Diego State University of Professional Studies and Fine Arts.
	In 2009, Wilson chaired the unsuccessful campaign of Meg Whitman for Governor.
	On January 26, 2010, Wilson wrote an opinion piece in the "Sacramento Bee" accusing the federal government of failure to reimburse California adequately for mandates and other costs such as those resulting from illegal immigration.
	On April 30, 2016, Wilson endorsed U.S. Senator Ted Cruz for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election.
	On April 4, 2019, Wilson donated $5,000 to the reelection campaign of President Donald J. Trump.
	On April 22, 2019, Wilson commemorated the 25th anniversary of President's Nixon's passing at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library. 25 years before, Wilson was one of four dignitaries who gave the eulogy, along with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, President Bill Clinton, and Senator Bob Dole.
	During and after Wilson's career, he was awarded numerous awards and honors:

= = = M23 motorway = = =

	The M23 is a motorway in the United Kingdom, running from the south of Hooley in Surrey, where it splits from the A23, to Pease Pottage, south of Crawley in West Sussex where it rejoins the A23. The northern end of the motorway starts at junction 7 on what is effectively a spur north from junction 7 of the M25 motorway (junction 8 on the M23). From Hooley it runs for past Redhill, Gatwick Airport and Crawley. A spur runs from junction 9 to Gatwick Airport.
	The motorway was constructed between 1972 and 1975, at the same time as the southern section of the M25 from Godstone to Reigate (M25 junctions 6 to 8). The current northern terminus at junction 7 uses the original sliproads to meet the A23 and a flyover above the junction built for the onward northern continuation remains unused.
	The cancellation of the unbuilt northern section from the M25 in towards Central London has resulted in the A23 carrying the majority of traffic through South London to the motorway. This is largely a single carriageway route, with many level junctions, traffic lights and awkward interchanges. It travels largely through residential areas and is inadequate for the level of traffic it carries.
	A new junction (J10A) was opened in 1997, between J10 and J11, for access to the new Crawley neighbourhood of Maidenbower. It was financed as part of the development of Maidenbower by the construction consortium. It gives only off-access southbound and on-access northbound.
	The M23 was planned to relieve congestion on the A23 through Streatham, Thornton Heath, Purley and Coulsdon in south London and was originally intended to terminate in Streatham Vale at a junction with the controversial London Ringways Plan's Ringway 2 (the intended replacement of the South Circular Road (A205)).
	In an earlier version of the Ringways Plan it would have continued into central London where it would have met the Balham Loop spur from Ringway 1 (the London Motorway Box) at Tooting. This was dropped in 1967 when the northern terminus was changed to Ringway 2. While a definite route had not been chosen at that time for the northern section, approval was met for the route south of the Greater London boundary at Hooley.
	By 1972 the southern section of Ringway 2 had been dropped from the plan, with an alternative proposal that the M23 continue further into London to end on Ringway 1. This was immediately countered in the same year by the GLC, who announced they would not be building that Ringway, which meant that had the M23 continued north into inner London it would not have had the motorway required at its northern end to distribute traffic to the east and west. The M23 plan was gradually scaled back further to omit the section across Mitcham Common and end the motorway at an unsuitable location on Croydon Road (A232) before the plan was postponed indefinitely. By the late 1970s, the area along the proposed line of the motorway had become affected by blight, and while the proposals were finally dropped in the mid-1980s, much of the land reserved for the route was not released by the Department for Transport until the mid-1990s.
	The missing section of motorway and the missing six junctions north of Hooley were not constructed due to the refusal of the GLC to finance the project, having encountered large scale opposition to the construction of Ringways elsewhere in London. However, the scale of the four-tier junction between the M23 and the M25, one of only three stack interchanges in the UK, is indicative of the importance attached to the M23 at that time.
	From the start of July 2018 works have been taking place to upgrade a part of the M23 to an all-lane-running motorway. This is between junction 8, with the M25 and junction 10 with the A264. It is due to be finished by Spring 2020 with a budget of £164 million. The upgrades are taking place mostly for more reliable journeys to Gatwick Airport. The upgrades include an all-lane-running motorway, 12 new emergency areas, a new concrete central barrier replacing the current steel one, new roadside sound barriers, variable speed limits and two new emergency access slip roads.
	There are no current plans of upgrading the motorway north of the M25, due to it reducing to the A23 with single lane traffic only 3 km further north at junction 7. There are no current plans of extending the smart motorway south either.
	Data from driver location signs are used to provide distance and carriageway identifier information. Where a junction spans several hundred metres (yards) and start and end points are available, both are cited. 
!scope=col|miles
!scope=col|km
!scope=col abbr="Northbound"|Northbound exits (B carriageway)
!scope=col|Junction
!scope=col abbr="Southbound"|Southbound exits (A carriageway)

= = = M23 = = =

	M23, M.23 or M-23 may refer to:

= = = Fred Karno = = =

	Frederick John Westcott (26 March 1866 – 18 September 1941), best known by his stage name Fred Karno, was an English theatre impresario of the British music hall. As a comedian of slapstick he is credited with popularizing the custard-pie-in-the-face gag. During the 1890s, in order to circumvent stage censorship, Karno developed a form of sketch comedy without dialogue.
	Cheeky authority-defying playlets such as "Jail Mum" (1896) in which prisoners play tricks on warders and "Early Birds" (1903), where a small man defeats a large ruffian in London's East End, can be seen as precursors of movie silent comedy. Film producer Hal Roach stated: "Fred Karno is not only a genius, he is the man who originated slapstick comedy. We in Hollywood owe much to him."
	Among the music hall comedians who worked for him were Charlie Chaplin and his understudy, Arthur Jefferson, who later adopted the name of Stan Laurel. These were part of what was known as "Fred Karno's Army", a phrase still occasionally used in the UK to refer to a chaotic group or organisation. The phrase was also adapted by British soldiers into a trench song in the First World War, as a parody of, or rather to the tune of, the hymn "The Church's One Foundation". In the Second World War it was adapted as the Anthem of the Guinea Pig Club, the first line becoming "We are McIndoe's Army ...".
	Karno was born in Exeter, Devon, England, in 1866. He worked as a cabinet maker with a workshop in Waterbeer Street. He married Edith and in 1896 his son, Fred Karno Jr. was born. In 1904 he visited Tagg's Island on London's River Thames and in 1912 he bought the island and the existing hotel. He demolished the original hotel and hired architect Frank Matcham to build The Karsino. With the advent of cinema, the music hall's popularity declined and as a result of this decline, Karno went bankrupt in 1925.
	On 24 May 1927 his wife Edith, from whom he had been separated since 1904, died in her sleep of diabetes. Three weeks later, Karno married his second wife, his long-time partner, Marie Moore. Karno went to the US in 1929, and was hired by the Hal Roach Studios as a writer-director, and was reunited with one of his former protégés, Stan Laurel. However, his stay at the studio was brief and unsuccessful as Hal Roach found out Karno's main abilities were as a producer, and he departed in February 1930. On his return to Britain, Karno helped to write and produce several short films and in 1936 returned to the theatre with a show called "Real Life".
	Karno spent his last years in southwest England in the village of Lilliput, Dorset, as a part-owner of an off-licence bought with financial help from Charlie Chaplin, and died there in 1941 from diabetes, aged 75.
	His houseboat, the "Astoria", on the River Thames at Hampton, Middlesex, is now used as a recording studio by Pink Floyd's David Gilmour.
	On 30 September 2012, the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America unveiled a commemorative blue plaque to Karno at his former studios at 38 Southwell Road, Camberwell, in south London.

= = = James Rolph = = =

	James "Sunny Jim" Rolph Jr. (August 23, 1869 – June 2, 1934) was an American politician and a member of the Republican Party. He was elected to a single term as the 27th governor of California from January 6, 1931 until his death on June 2, 1934 at the height of the Great Depression. Previously, Rolph had been the 30th mayor of San Francisco from January 8, 1912 until his resignation to become governor. Rolph remains the longest-serving mayor in San Francisco history.
	Rolph was born in San Francisco, the son of Margaret (Nicol) and James Rolph. He had four brothers and two sisters. After attending school in the Mission District, he went to work as an office boy in a commission house. He married Annie Marshall Reid (1872–1956) and had at least one son: James Rolph, III (1904-1980).
	Rolph entered the shipping business in 1900, by forming a partnership with George Hind. Over the next decade, he served as president of two banks, one of which he helped establish. Although he was asked to run for mayor in 1909, he chose to wait until 1911 to run for mayor—a position that he would hold for nineteen years. As mayor, he was known as "Sunny Jim" and his theme song was "There Are Smiles That Make You Happy". In 1915 he appeared as himself in an early documentary film titled "Mabel and Fatty Viewing the World's Fair at San Francisco", which was directed by and starred Fatty Arbuckle. In 1924, Rolph appeared as himself in a Slim Summerville comedy short film, "Hello, Frisco."
	Rolph knew of the power in San Francisco of the Roman Catholic Church. Italians, Irish, French and Germans made up the majority of the population of the City. He established a deep friendship with Archbishop Edward Joseph Hanna. In turn, Hanna would support Rolph in his 1930 election as governor of California.
	In addition to his mayoral duties and overseeing his shipping interests, he directed the Ship Owners and Merchants Tugboat Company and the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce. He also was vice-president of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition and president of the Merchants' Exchange. He resigned in 1931 to assume the office of governor of California.
	Rolph received considerable criticism for publicly praising the citizens of San Jose following the November 1933 lynching of the confessed kidnapper-murderers of Brooke Hart, a local department store heir, while promising to pardon anyone involved, thereby earning the nickname, "Governor Lynch." Four days before the lynching he had announced he would not call on the National Guard to prevent the lynching, which was already being discussed locally.
	After violence erupted during the San Joaquin cotton strike in October 1933, Governor Rolph appointed a fact-finding committee to investigate the deaths of several strikers. When the committee met in Visalia on October 19, 1933, Caroline Decker, a labor activist who had taken part in other California agricultural actions, took testimony from the strikers who testified about the growers' assaults on striking workers.
	After suffering several heart attacks, he died in Santa Clara County on June 2, 1934, aged 64, three years into his term. Rolph was the second governor to die in office, the first being Washington Bartlett in 1887, who, like Rolph, had also been elected while mayor of San Francisco but died during his only gubernatorial term. He is buried at Greenlawn Memorial Park in Colma, California. He was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Frank Merriam in the Governor's Office.
	One of the unofficial names of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge is the James "Sunny Jim" Rolph Bridge.

= = = M27 motorway = = =

	The M27 is a motorway in Hampshire, England. It is long and runs between Cadnam and Portsmouth. It was opened in stages between 1975 and 1983. It is unfinished, as an extension to the east was planned. A number of smaller motorways were proposed, connecting the city centres of Southampton and Portsmouth to the motorway; of these only the M271 and M275 were built. Three sections of the M27 have since been widened to four lanes each way, the first between Junctions 7 and 8, the second between Junctions 3 and 4, and the third begins at the slip road where Junction 11 joins until mid-way to junction 12.
	Running approximately parallel both to the coast of the Solent and to the A27, the M27 starts as an eastwards continuation of the A31 from Bournemouth and Poole, meets the A36 from Salisbury, crosses the Wessex Main Line railway, and then meets the M271 to central Southampton. After the M271, the road becomes a dual four lane motorway and passes Rownhams services, it then meets the M3, (two lanes going off, two lanes continuing to the other side of the junction) reverting to a dual three lane motorway as it passes to the north of Southampton, passes Southampton Airport, meeting Junction 7 and becoming dual four lanes again, then becoming dual three lanes after Junction 8, it then runs alongside the West Coastway Line as it heads south-east towards Fareham. It then runs alongside the northern outskirts of Fareham, briefly with a fourth climbing lane in either direction, before its junction with the M275 to Portsmouth. Very shortly after this point the motorway ends, becoming the A27, a four lane dual carriageway almost to motorway standards until the junction with the A3 (M) Motorway. The official reason for this section of road not being a continuation of the motorway is the hard shoulders being too narrow. Although the M275 which the M27 junctions with, has no official hard shoulders throughout its entire length.
	The M27 was opened in stages (in common with many UK motorways) between 1975 and 1983.
	The South Stoneham Crematorium, which was located north of South Stoneham Cemetery, was demolished during 1973 to make way for the construction of the M27 motorway. The South Stoneham garden of remembrance is now located at the north end of the cemetery, adjacent to the motorway.
	It has been said that the M27 was intended as a motorway connecting south coast towns from Penzance to Ramsgate. However the only proposal of a route similar to that was by the Institution of Highway Engineers in 1936.
	Road developments in the New Forest are also restricted due to its national park status.
	The M27 was meant to be extended to Chichester; a sign of this is the width of the A27 road between Junction 12 and the junction with the A3(M), which has 3-or-4 lanes, a hard shoulder and grade-separated junctions. It is not part of the M27 as its hard shoulders are not quite wide enough to comply with motorway regulations.
	The M272 was meant to go from Junction 5 through Portswood to the centre of Southampton. The M272 was instead built (in much-reduced form) as the A335 Thomas Lewis Way.
	Junction 6 was never built – there were plans for a motorway spur (probably to be numbered M273) connecting the M27 to the centre of the Townhill Park area of Southampton.
	A planned service area just east of Junction 9 was never constructed. The long westbound exit slip road at Junction 9 was designed to allow an entry to and exit from the service area.
	In November 2015, an elderly woman, Marion Munns, died after jumping from the A3057 bridge that crosses over the M27, into westbound traffic, just before Junction 3. She had become distressed due to mental illness, and escaped from her Southampton home through an upstairs window before climbing off the garage roof and running away.
	In March 2018, work began to upgrade the section between Junction 11 and Junction 4 to a Smart motorway. The scheme will turn the hard shoulder into a permanent 4th running lane, adding refuge areas along the route and installing new CCTV and speed cameras with mandatory variable speed limit signs.
	In early January 2019, official work began when average speed cameras were switched on between J5 and J4. Average cameras further along on the scheme will be turned on as work continues along the route. The work is expected to be complete by 2021.
	Data from driver location signs are used to provide distance and carriageway identifier information. Where a junction spans several hundred metres (yards) and start and end points are available, both are cited.
!scope=col|miles
!scope=col|km
!scope=col abbr="Westbound"|Westbound exits (B carriageway)
!scope=col|Junction
!scope=col abbr="Eastbound"|Eastbound exits (A carriageway)
!scope=col|Coordinates
	Junction 1 is about ( by road) from The Rufus Stone, where King William II, also known as William Rufus, was killed in what may have been a hunting accident in 1100.

= = = Culm (botany) = = =

	A culm is the aerial (above-ground) stem of a grass or sedge. It is derived from Latin 'stalk', and it originally referred to the stem of any type of plant.
	In the production of malted grains, the culms refer to the rootlets of the germinated grains. The culms are normally removed in a process known as "deculming" after kilning when producing barley malt, but form an important part of the product when making sorghum or millet malt. These culms are very nutritious and are sold off as animal feed.

= = = M27 = = =

	M27, M.27 or M-27 may refer to:

= = = M42 motorway = = =

	The M42 motorway runs north east from Bromsgrove in Worcestershire to just south west of Ashby-de-la-Zouch in Leicestershire, passing Redditch, Solihull, the National Exhibition Centre (NEC) and Tamworth on the way, serving the east of the Birmingham metropolitan area. The section between the M40 and junction 4 of the M6 forms – though unsigned as such – a part of Euroroute E05. Beyond junction 11 the route is continued as the A42, the junctions on this section, 12–14, are numbered like a continuation of the motorway, but the road has non-motorway status from here.
	Plans for a new motorway by-passing the south and east of Birmingham, reaching Tamworth and connecting the M5 and M6 motorways, were announced in 1972. 
	The first section opened in November 1976 linking Birmingham International Airport with the M6 motorway.
	The curve around the south-eastern side of Solihull opened in September 1985 followed by the section from the M6 motorway with the A5 at Tamworth in December 1985. The southern section of the motorway to Alvechurch just north of Redditch to form a junction with the A441 and from A5 at Tamworth with the A444 at Measham opened in 1986.
	In 1987 the section to the A38 at Bromsgrove, some south of Birmingham was completed. and then in December 1989 the motorway was completed with the opening of the link from the M5.
	A planned section north of the M6 running to the M1 near Nottingham was never constructed as planned being replaced by the A42 link, a trunk road which was completed in August 1989 to link with the M1 motorway near Nottingham.
	Junction 3a was remodeled to give priority to traffic operating between the now westbound section of the M42 and the extended M40 motorway, which opened in stages between December 1989 and January 1991. The section of M42 between the M40 (J3A) and the M5 (J4A) was scheduled to be re-designated as an extension of the M40 at the same time, but this re-designation never took place.
	The section of the M42 between Junctions 7A and 9 was re-built as part of the M6 Toll works and now forms the link between the M6 and the southern end of the toll road. The M6 Toll opened in 2003.
	Active Traffic Management with hard shoulder running and variable speed limits were introduced in 2006.
	Since the 1980s, there have been constant plans to build a new service station on the motorway south of Birmingham Airport and the NEC, but this has yet to be built.
	Along with sections of the M5 and M6, the southern sections of the M42 form the Birmingham Outer Ring Road motorway around Birmingham. Much like the M25 around London, and the M60 around Manchester, there are areas where this orbital system does not work well. One such point is junction 3A, the link between the M42 and the M40, where traffic is often heavy in the rush hour. The intersection between the M42 and M6 is often very busy too, especially when travelling along the M6.
	Active Traffic Management (ATM) was launched as a pilot scheme on the M42 operating between junction 3a and 7 with mandatory variable speed limits, hard shoulder running, better driver information signs and a new incident management system. This system allows operators to open and close any lane to traffic in order to help manage congestion or an incident. Since it started in 2006 journey times have decreased by 26% northbound and 9% southbound and journey time variability has decreased by 27%. Due to the success of the trial this system was later extended northbound to junction 9 of the M42 (and onto the adjacent M6 to Junction 5) and southbound along the M40 to Junction 15 as part of the first phase of a nationwide roll out of the rebranded 'Managed motorways; concept.
	Data from driver location signs are used to provide distance and carriageway identifier information. If a junction extends over several hundred metres and both start and end points are known, both are shown.
	Coventry (S & W), N.E.C. A45(E)

= = = A14 road (England) = = =

	The A14 is a trunk road in England, running from the Port of Felixstowe, Suffolk to its western end at the Catthorpe Interchange; a major intersection at the southern end of the M6 and junction 19 of the M1 in Leicestershire. The road forms part of the unsigned Euroroutes E24 and E30.
	From the Port of Felixstowe the road heads west, bypassing Ipswich to the south via the Orwell Bridge and to Stowmarket, Bury St Edmunds, Newmarket and Cambridge where it meets the M11, then past St Ives, Huntingdon and the junction with the A1, from there through Kettering, Northamptonshire, ending at junction 19 of the M1 and the start of the M6.
	The road is a dual carriageway, most with two lanes each way, but there are two dual three-lane sections: on the Newmarket bypass (between Junctions 36 and 38) where it runs concurrent with the A11, and a short stretch between the Girton Interchange and Bar Hill. There are three at-grade junctions: with the B663 at Bythorn in Cambridgeshire (junction 15); at the Leighton Bromswold turn a few miles to the east (junction 17); and at the Dockspur Roundabout at the edge of Felixstowe (junction 60).
	There were two additional at-grade roundabouts along the former A14 main route, these being Brampton Hut Interchange (Junction 21) and Spittals Interchange (Junction 23). However, these junctions are no longer part of the A14 since the opening of the new alignment south of Huntingdon in December 2019.
	The old A14 from Huntingdon Spittals interchange to Godmanchester is now closed both ways, but it is planned to be reopened in 2022 as part of the A1307, once the Huntingdon railway viaduct has been dismantled. Link roads at Hinchingbrooke and Mill Common will connect the former A14 dual carriageway to the road network in Huntingdon.
	The current A14 includes parts of the former A45 between Felixstowe and Cambridge, the A604 between Cambridge and Kettering, a short stretch of the former A6 west of Kettering, plus a new link road which was constructed in the early 1990s between there and the M1/M6 interchange at Catthorpe, Leicestershire. Prior to the current A14, the main route from Birmingham to the Haven ports followed the M6, M1, the A428 and A45 road via Coventry, Rugby, Northampton, Bedford, St Neots, Cambridge and then through all the towns on the A14 to Felixstowe. Prior to its use for the current route the A14 designation had been used for a section of road between the A10 at Royston and the A1 at Alconbury following part of the route of Ermine Street which now, in most parts, is designated the A1198.
	The M45 motorway was constructed in 1959 parallel to part of the old A45 in the Midlands. It opened on the same day as the M1 motorway and was soon one of the busiest sections of motorway. The M6 opened in the late 1960s and early 1970s, after which more traffic to the ports used the route from junction 1 of the M6 via the A427 to Market Harborough followed by a short section of the A6 to Kettering and then the A604 to Cambridge before joining the old A45 to the ports as above. The M45 now carries little traffic.
	The sections from Huntingdon east to the ports were upgraded first, starting with the Huntingdon bypass in 1973, followed by the Girton to Bar Hill section in 1975/76 and the Cambridge northern bypass and Cambridge/Newmarket section in 1976/77. The Bar Hill to Huntington section opened in 1979 prior to the M11 which was fully opened in 1980. The Ipswich southern bypass including the Orwell Bridge opened in 1982.
	The M1-A1 link road was constructed between 1989 and 1991 following a lengthy period of consultation. The first inquiry was in 1974 and then a series of inquiries for sections of the preferred route from September 1984 until June 1985, during which objections came from some 1,130 sources. Subsequent public inquiries were held regarding Supplementary Orders. The route close to the site of the Battle of Naseby was particularly difficult and was taken to the High Court. The link was opened by John MacGregor, Transport Secretary on 15 July 1994.
	Work to create a compact grade-separated junction (Junction 45/Rougham) and to re-align a stretch of carriageway was completed in 2006.
	Vehicles over 7.5 tonnes traveling east were banned from using the outside lane on a dual 2-lane section on a steep climb to Welford summit close to Junction 1 (A5199) from spring 2007; a similar scheme covered of the westbound carriageway from Junction 2, including a particularly steep climb to Naseby summit. The bans are active between 6am and 8pm and are intended to reduce delays to other traffic from lorries attempting to pass on these climbs.
	Between 2007 and 2008 a new section of two-lane dual carriageway was constructed at the Haughley Bends, one of Suffolk's most notorious accident blackspots, to rationalise access using a new grade-separated junction. The road opened in the summer of 2008 with some associated local works being completed early in 2009.
	Variable Message Signs (VMS), traffic queue detection loops and closed circuit TV (CCTV) were installed at a cost of £50M during 2009 to 2010 Both carriageways between Junction 52 (Claydon) and Junction 55 (Copdock) were refurbished during 2010 at a cost of £9 million. Work was being carried out a year earlier than scheduled as part of a UK government’s fiscal stimulus package.
	The Cambridgeshire Guided Busway connecting Cambridge, Huntingdon and St Ives, which opened in 2011 was intended to remove 5.6% of traffic using that section of the A14 (rising to 11.1% with the new Park & Ride sites), although as other traffic re-routes to the freed-up road space from other parts of the local road network, the net reduction is predicted to be 2.3%.
	The Felixstowe and Nuneaton freight capacity scheme, designed to take more lorry traffic off the A14 between the Port and the Midlands by increasing rail capacity and allowing the carriage of larger 'Hi-cube' shipping containers by widening to the W10 loading gauge, opened in 2011.
	Junction 55 (Copdock interchange) to the south of Ipswich was signalisation in 2011, along with lengthening the off-slip from the A1214. The section around Kettering between Junctions 7 and 9 was widened to three lanes between November 2013 and April 2015 at a cost of £42m.
	After initially being shelved in 2010, the Catthorpe Interchange at the road's Western terminus underwent a massive restructuring in 2014. The redesigned junction was intended to allow free-flowing traffic movement between the A14, the southern terminus of the M6 motorway and Junction 19 of the M1 motorway. The first part opened in September 2016, and the upgrade was completed three months later.
	The plan, originally called the 'A14 Ellington to Fen Ditton' was to include widening from Fen Ditton to Fen Drayton, broadly on the existing alignment and then on a new route from Fen Drayton to the south of the current road to the Brampton Interchange before tracking the A1 north to Ellington.
	The Highways Agency unveiled its plans in March 2005. Details of the preferred route for the Fen Drayton to Fen Ditton section were published in March 2007. The contract was awarded to Costain Skanska Joint Venture on 28 January 2008, which worked on detailed plans and the Highways Agency before publishing a draft order. The scheme was expected to open in stages between 2015 and 2016. The Highways Agency estimated that the Ellington-Fen Ditton widening would cost between £690 million and £1.2 billion, making it the most expensive scheme in their roads programme.
	In October 2009 the cost estimate had risen to £1.3b with work due to start in 2012 and being completed in winter 2015/2016. The Campaign for Better Transport was opposed to the plans, listing their reasons for objection as the carbon emissions the road would induce, the cost, and its negative impact on non-car travel. The coalition government suspended the scheme when it came into power, with Philip Hammond, the Secretary of State for Transport, suggesting that the scheme would be 'axed', and that the only way it would get built was as a toll road. That government money would not pay for the scheme was confirmed at the end of October, when Roads Minister Mike Penning said that the scheme was unaffordable and no longer offered acceptable value for money. The scheme was officially cancelled in 2010.
	In 2011 the government announced an 'A14 Challenge' inviting people to present proposals for the route. The revised scheme, now known as the 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme' involves widening of the A1 between Brampton and Alconbury, a new Huntingdon Southern Bypass, widening of the existing A14 from Swavesey to Milton, and a new local access road between Swavesey and Girton. The A14 viaduct in Huntingdon town centre will become redundant and will be demolished. In November 2012 it was reported that the scheme might be back on a fast track to implementation and it was mentioned in the June 2013 spending review. The project was approved by the Secretary of State for Transport in May 2016. Work is due to be complete by March 2021 at a cost of £1.2-1.8b.
	In September 2018, Highways England said it was to ask the Planning Inspectorate to consider giving the upgraded section of A14 motorway status, to be known as the A14(M). The Secretary of State for Transport was scheduled to make the final decision on whether the planned A14 upgrade will be given motorway status by the end of 2019. A new name and letter 'N' was also put forward as N14 to state the road was a Smart Motorway. In November 2019, the Secretary of State for Transport decided not to rename the A14 to the A14M, and the new part of the A14 kept its name as the A14.
	From the A12 west of Ipswich to the M1/M6 junction, the A14 is part of (but not signed as) the E-road E 24. From Ipswich to Felixstowe is part of E 30.
	The numbering of the A14 is inconsistent with the national road numbering scheme, as it begins in zone 5 and crosses through zone 6 on the way to zone 1 east of Huntingdon to Felixstowe. The road is concurrent with the A12 road from the Seven Hills Interchange to the Copdock Interchange which forms the Ipswich Southern bypass and with the A11 road between junctions 36 and 38.
	The final 1.2 mile section of the A14 'spur' from the junction with the B1043 near Huntingdon to the A1(M) at Alconbury has many inconsistent designations. It is the only section of the original A14 (A1198 road) that still bears that A14 designation; it was renumbered A604 for a period prior to the construction of the current A14. The scheme page on the Highways Agency website for the 'A1(M) Alconbury to Peterborough' scheme carried out in 1996–1998 refers to it as the A14(M), but the map page linked from that page marks it as the A604(M). The statutory instrument for the construction of the road in 1993 also refers to it as the A604(M). Neither the A14(M) nor the A604(M) designation is used on the ground; heading onto the A1(M) heading north there a bare 'motorway' sign just past the B1043 exit without any number (see photo in the top right of this page). However, when heading south along the A1 it is signed as 'A14'. Online mapping is also inconsistent – the Highway Agency mapping (which uses Navteq data) refers to it as the 'A14(M)', Bing maps (which also uses Navteq mapping) shows it as motorway without any designation and Yahoo maps (which uses Navteq data) shows it as motorway and as the A1(M). Google maps (which uses TeleAtlas data) shows it as a trunk road called A14. 
	The new Huntingdon A14 Bypass opened in December 2019, the old A14 in this area is to be renamed the A1198 and the A14(M) spur to A1 is to renamed A1198(M).
	East of the Girton Interchange with the M11 at Cambridge, the A14 used to be the A45, and much of the long-distance traffic further west had previously used the A45 route. The section between Cambridge and Kettering used to be the A604, apart from a short section near Kettering that used to be part of the A6. The road which was the A14 until the late 1980s is now the A1198 between Royston, Hertfordshire and Godmanchester. North of Godmanchester the route of the original A14 became part of the A604, itself now part of the new A14 until it meets the A1 road near Alconbury, thus forming a 'spur' off the A14.
	The Highways Agency has plans to increase capacity from Junctions 3 to 10 near Kettering 'in the longer term' and also to widen the road throughout Northamptonshire to "help cut the number of accidents and cope with the likely growth in traffic".
	The A14 is no longer used by a coach service, National Express route 350 (Clacton on sea to Liverpool) between Copdock (J53) and Huntingdon (J26); 
	National Express 305 (Liverpool to Southend-on-sea) and route 314 (Southport to Cambridge) follow the old A45 between Cambridge and Birmingham.

= = = A14 = = =

	A14 may refer to:

= = = George Deukmejian = = =

	Courken George Deukmejian Jr. ;
(June 6, 1928 – May 8, 2018) was an American politician from the Republican Party who was the 35th Governor of California from 1983 to 1991 and Attorney General of California from 1979 to 1983.
	Deukmejian was born Courken George Deukmejian Jr. in Menands, New York. His parents were Armenians who emigrated from the Ottoman Empire in the early 1900s to escape the Armenian Genocide. His father, George Deukmejian, whose sister was killed during the Genocide, was a rug merchant born in Gaziantep. Deukmejian's mother, Alice Gairden, was born in Erzurum and worked for Montgomery Ward and later for New York State. Deukmejian graduated with a B.A. in Sociology from Siena College in 1949. He then earned a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from St. John's University in 1952. From 1953 to 1955, he served in the U.S. Army, assigned to the Judge Advocate General's Corps.
	Deukmejian moved to California in 1955 where his sister, Anna Ashjian, introduced him to his future wife Gloria Saatjian, a bank teller whose parents were also immigrants from Armenia. They married on February 16, 1957 and had three children: two daughters, born in 1964 and 1969; and one son, born in 1966.
	Deukmejian entered politics in California after a short period of private practice in Long Beach alongside Malcolm M. Lucas. In 1962, was elected to represent Long Beach in the State Assembly. In 1966, he was elected as a state senator, serving from 1967 to 1979. He was a high-profile advocate for capital punishment. By 1969, he was the Majority Leader of the California State Senate. He first ran for Attorney General of California in 1970, finishing fourth in the Republican primary. He won the election for Attorney General in 1978 and served from 1979 to 1983. During this time, he led a high-profile campaign against cannabis in northern California. Additionally, he led a veto override against Governor Jerry Brown who had vetoed legislation to authorize the death penalty.
	Deukmejian was elected in 1982 to his first term as Governor of California, defeating Lieutenant Governor Mike Curb, a recording company owner, in the Republican primary. One of his early primary backers was former gubernatorial candidate Joe Shell of Bakersfield, California, a conservative who had opposed Richard M. Nixon in the 1962 primary. Upon his victory, "The New York Times" published, "The image that comes across of Mr. Deukmejian - a devoted family man, an Episcopal churchman, an ice cream lover - led one reporter to write, <nowiki>"</nowiki>California may have accidentally elected Iowa's Governor.<nowiki>"</nowiki>"
	In the general election, Deukmejian ran as a conservative supporter of public safety and balanced budgets. In addition, he was strongly critical of outgoing Governor Jerry Brown and promised to run a very different administration. He also strongly criticized the Supreme Court of California, which was dominated by Brown appointees, notably controversial Chief Justice Rose Bird.
	Deukmejian narrowly defeated Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley in the general election. Deukmejian won the election by about 100,000 votes, about 1.2 percent of the 7.5 million votes cast. The victory came despite opinion polls leading up to the election that consistently showed Bradley with a lead, and despite exit polling conducted after voting closed that led some news organizations on the night of the election to make early projections of a Bradley victory. The discrepancy between the polling numbers and the election's ultimate results would come to be termed the "Bradley effect", which refers to a hypothesized tendency of white voters to tell interviewers or pollsters that they are undecided or likely to vote for a black candidate, but then actually vote for his opponent.
	Altogether Deukmejian's governorship was a departure from that of his predecessor, Jerry Brown. He vowed not to raise taxes, later saying that he was "business friendly". In addition, he presented himself as a law and order candidate, proposing new efforts to fight crime. He faced a Democrat-dominated California State Legislature during his two terms as governor. He was the sole Republican statewide officeholder until Thomas W. Hayes was appointed California State Treasurer, following the death of Treasurer Jesse Unruh.
	In 1983, Deukmejian abolished the Caltrans Office of Bicycle Facilities and reduced state spending for bicycle projects from $5 million to the statutory minimum of $360,000 per year. In 1984, he vetoed A.B. 1, the first bill to ban discrimination against gays and lesbians, which passed the Legislature.
	In 1986, Bradley sought a rematch and Deukmejian defeated him by a 61% to 37% percent margin. He was generally regarded as a moderate-to-conservative Republican.
	The Deukmejian administration entered office during a national economic recession. He first halted the hiring of new state employees and banned out of state travel for those in government. He rejected the legislature's demands for tax hikes, and pared $1.1 billion from its budget by selectively vetoing spending items. One year later, further cuts, along with a nationwide economic rebound that benefited the state, created a billion dollar surplus for 1985. His 1985 budget slightly increased spending in highway construction, but cut heavily into the education, health, welfare and environmental budgets. For this he was roundly criticized, and the cuts probably led to his low polling numbers at the end of his tenure as governor.
	Three years later, Deukmejian faced his own billion dollar deficit. He supported a raise in the state minimum wage in 1989.
	Deukmejian largely made his career by being tough on crime. When he was in the legislature, he wrote California's capital punishment law. As a candidate for reelection, in 1986 he opposed the retention election of three Brown-appointed justices of the Supreme Court of California due to their consistent opposition to the death penalty in any and all circumstances. One of them (the best known) was Rose Bird, the first female Chief Justice of the Court (and the first one to be voted off). Deukmejian proceeded to elevate his friend and law partner, Malcolm M. Lucas, from Associate Justice to Chief Justice, and appointed three new associate justices. Under Deukmejian, the California prison population nearly tripled — as of December 31, 1982, the total prison population stood at 34,640 inmates. He increased spending for the building of new prisons.
	In 1988, then-Vice President George H. W. Bush considered Governor Deukmejian as a possible running mate for the presidential election that year. During a trade mission to South Korea in August, Deukmejian sent a letter saying he could not be considered for nomination, refusing to leave the governorship to Democratic Lieutenant Governor Leo T. McCarthy. Deukmejian did not seek reelection to a third term as governor in the 1990 gubernatorial elections. The Republicans instead nominated sitting United States Senator Pete Wilson, who defeated Dianne Feinstein in the general election. He was the last governor not affected by the two-term limit that was passed by voters in 1990.
	On October 1, 1989, Governor Deukmejian signed legislation authorizing the purchasing of health insurance by uninsured Californians suffering from serious illnesses, such as AIDS, cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, through tobacco tax revenues.
	In 1991, in his last days in office, he vetoed the property tax exemption bill that applied to companies building solar in California. This exemption was focused towards the Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) plants then being built by Luz International Limited (Luz). The veto led to the bankruptcy of Luz.
	Deukmejian was a partner in the law firm of Sidley & Austin from 1991 until 2000 when he retired. He reentered public life by serving on special committees, including one to reform the California penal system, and a charter-reform committee in his hometown of Long Beach. He oversaw a revamping of the UCLA Willed Body Program after a scandal involving the sale of human body parts donated for science. In 2013, a courthouse in Long Beach was named in his honor. Deukmejian received an honorary doctor of laws degree from California State University, Long Beach, in 2008, because of his support for education, state law, and Long Beach.
	Deukmejian died at his home in Long Beach on May 8, 2018 at the age of 89. California Governor Jerry Brown said on Twitter: "George Deukmejian was a popular governor and made friends across the political aisle. Anne and I join all Californians in expressing our deepest condolences to his family and friends".

= = = A12 road (England) = = =

	The A12 is a major road in England. It runs north-east /south-west between London and the coastal town of Lowestoft in the North-Eastern corner of Suffolk, it follows a similar route to the Great Eastern Main Line. A section of the road between Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth became part of the A47 in 2017, and this forms part of the unsigned Euroroute E30 (prior to 1985 it was the E8). Unlike most A roads, a significant portion of the A12 (together with the A14 and the A55) has junction numbers as if it were a motorway.
	The 84 km section of the A12 through Essex has sections of dual two lanes and dual three lanes with eight changes in width between the M25 to Ipswich. It was named as Britain's worst road because of "potholes and regular closures due to roadworks" in a 2007 survey by Cornhill Insurance. The A12 is covered by the Highways Agency A12 and A120 Route Management Strategy.
	Starting just north of the Blackwall Tunnel where it connects end on to the A102, it heads north through Bow and Hackney Wick, then northeast through Leyton and Romford, then into Essex, passing Brentwood and Colchester. In Suffolk, it passes Ipswich and Saxmundham, then follows the coast through Lowestoft before entering Norfolk, passing through Gorleston-on-Sea and ending at Great Yarmouth, as of February 2017, the route was renumbered between Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft to become the A47 so the road now terminates at the Bascule Bridge south of Lowestoft town centre.
	The A12 was formed in 1922 as part of the Great Britain road numbering scheme, and initially the route went from Stratford to Gallows Corner along the present A118 road before continuing to Great Yarmouth. This section in London was rerouted to run on Eastern Avenue by the mid-1940s, and extended to follow the current route from Blackwall Tunnel along the East Cross Route, (previously the A102(M) & A106), the M11 link road in 1999.
	The route from London to Essex has long been important, with Old Ford being the location of an ancient Celtic crossing of the River Lea. The route was altered slightly by the Romans who created a paved road from London to Colchester, which was part of "Inter V" on the Antonine Itinerary, and parts of this were used by a turnpike road, the Great Essex Road. The crossing of the Lea moved to its current location at Bow around 1110 when Matilda, wife of Henry I, ordered a distinctively bow-shaped, three-arched bridge to be built over the river. A map from 1766 shows a route from London to Lowestoft which follows much of the current A12.
	The "Ipswich to South Town and Bungay Turnpike Trust" was established in 1785, operating between Ipswich and Great Yarmouth. The trust was wound up in 1872 following the arrival of the East Suffolk Line which was fully operational between the two towns in 1859. Following the demise of the Turnpike trust, responsibility reverted to parish responsibility until the new county councils took over in 1889.
	A new section of the A12, known as the "M11 link road" or "A12 Hackney-M11 Link Road", was built in the early 1990s in the face of the major M11 link road protest and finally opened in October 1999. The section of road had originally been proposed in 1903 in a Royal Commission on London Traffic. A public inquiry had been held in September 1961 and a further three public inquiries, a Parliamentary Bill and a High Court challenge had been required before the work started.
	Initiated in 2000, the London to Ipswich Multi-modal study reported its conclusions late in 2002.
	In 2008 improvements were made to the junction between the A12 and the M25 to increase slip-road capacity, in particular for clockwise M25 traffic turning north onto the A12, and to ease congestion on the Brook Street Roundabout (serving the M25, A12 and local Brentwood traffic as the A1023).
	The bascule bridge in Lowestoft, built in 1972, was refurbished in spring 2008.
	Essex County Council carried out its own inquiry into the road in 2008 (see below for details).
	Work on a £12.4m scheme for the a new junction on the A12 at Cuckoo Farm, Colchester adjacent to the Colchester Community Stadium started in December 2009. It was promoted by Essex County Council who prepared plans in 2001. and received funding from the Community Infrastructure Fund. It opened on 16 December 2010.
	The section of A12 between Brentwood and Ipswich and previously between Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft, which is now classified as a Southern extension of the A47 was classed as a major trunk road, and therefore managed by Highways England, whereas the section between Ipswich and Lowestoft was de-trunked in 2001 and therefore passed control over from Highways England to Suffolk County Council, hence why this section is primarily single carriageway and poorly invested in, therefore the A12 has only now been labelled as a main trunk road between Brentwood and Ipswich with the Northern half after the A14 being deemed a non-primary extension, and a lesser important road.
	The Eastern Avenue was built in the 1920s as a bypass for the section between Romford and Ilford, meeting what was the A11 at Leytonstone. It was numbered A106 until the 1930s when it became part of the A12.
	The long Brentwood bypass was opened in November 1965.
	A bypass for Chelmsford was first included in the roads programme in 1968. Draft orders for the southern bypass were published in 1974, however the public inquiry in 1975 suggested that the government should re-examine the appropriateness of a 'central route' and the government delayed the road. In 1979 the government announced that it would proceed with the southern dual two lane route which opened in 1986.
	Ipswich's 'Southern by-pass' via the Orwell Bridge was opened in 1982. This section was later designated as part of the A14.
	The Martlesham bypass (previously known as the Kesgrave and Martlesham Bypass) was completed in 1987/1988 as was the Saxmundham bypass.
	A white paper, "Roads for Prosperity", published in 1989, proposed to widen the Chelmsford Bypass and the section from Hatfield Peverel to Witham to dual 3 lane; it also proposed widening the section from Saxmundham to Lowestoft and from Wickham Market to Farnham to dual 2 lanes. It also included a 'new route from the M25 to Chelmsford' as a dual two lane road following the proposed route of the M12 motorway.
	The Department for Transport published "Trunk roads, England, into the 1990s" in May 1990 which included ten proposed developments for the A12 between the M25 and Lowestoft including the M12 motorway between M25 and the Chelmsford bypass, Chelmsford bypass widening and improvements on the sections from Hatfield Peverel to Marks Tey, Four Sisters to Stratford St. Mary, Martlesham to Wickham Market, Wickham Market to Saxmundham, the bypass around Saxmundham, Saxmundham to south of Wrentham, South of Wrentham to Kessingland and the Lowestoft relief road.
	A public inquiry in the 'Saxmundham to Wickham Market bypass' was held in 1995 but this road has not been built.
	During the 1960s there were plans for an M12 motorway (also known as the South Woodford – Chelmsford Motorway) which would have run from the North Circular at the base of the current M11 motorway joining the A12 south of Chelmsford or at Brentwood. The North Circular was to be upgraded to motorway-standard as part of Ringway 2 and be designated as the M15 motorway. The M11 was to have provided a motorway standard road into central London past Ringway 1 terminating at the Angel, Islington. The M12 motorway was never built, although the junction of the M11 with the north circular was designed to accommodate it.
	Plans for the M12 motorway were withdrawn in March 1994 following a review of the trunk roads programme.
	The A12 starts just north of the Blackwall Tunnel at a junction with the A102 and the A13. From here to past Ipswich (including the entire section through London) the road is a dual carriageway. North of the junction, the A12 heads northwards as a 2/3 lane dual carriageway mostly at street level. This stretch of road is known as the Blackwall Tunnel Northern Approach. This stretch ends at the triple-layer interchange with the A11 at Bow Road where it becomes the East Cross Route. This is mainly a 3/4 lane dual carriageway built mainly on flyovers and underpasses and was built in the late 1960s, previously called the A102(M).
	The road turns North Eastwards at the unfinished Hackney Wick Interchange where the carriageways split and the northbound carriageway has a right hand entrance. When the London Ringways plan was being proposed, a motorway (North Cross Route) was to end here and the M11 was meant to extend from its current terminus on the A406 through this junction and to Angel.
	The A12 heads to Lea.
	The section from the Lea Interchange to Leytonstone, also known as the M11 Link road, was built in the 1990s in the face of a major road protest. During this work the old section as far as Wanstead was rebuilt as a dual carriageway. Prior to that, the A12 started at the Green Man Roundabout at Leytonstone, and was single carriageway west of Wanstead Underground station. It now has an underpass at that roundabout, which again is a junction with the old A11.
	East of Wanstead, the A12 runs roughly due east. It is known as Eastern Avenue, then Eastern Avenue West and Eastern Avenue East, built in the 1920s as a bypass for the section of the Roman road from Colchester to London running through Ilford and Romford (today's A118). The eastern end of the Eastern Avenue is Gallows Corner in the London Borough of Havering, just east of Romford. The junction also marks the start-point of the A127 Southend Arterial Road, also 1920s vintage. At the roundabout, an extemporised two-lane flyover still provides priority for A12 eastbound to A127 traffic (and vice versa). However, the A12 now veers roughly north-eastward, because it starts to follow the course of the Roman road; the Romans started building this road from Colchester, their original capital for the province. However, the stretch from Gallows Corner to the junction with the M25 motorway, called Colchester Road, is still perfectly straight. The M25 junction is number 28; it also marks where the A12 crosses the boundary from London to Essex.
	Originally, the A12 followed the route of the Roman road closely and so was fairly straight, but there are now several town bypasses, so the road through Essex now has several meanders. The A12 formerly went through Brentwood, Mountnessing, Ingatestone, Margaretting, Chelmsford, Boreham, Hatfield Peverel, Witham, Kelvedon, Copford, Stanway and Colchester, but these are all now bypassed, and the A12 is close to motorway standard for its whole length in Essex. Now, the A12 is behind the suburb of Chelmer Village.
	It is this stretch of the A12, particularly between Chelmsford and Colchester, which has led to the poor reputation for surface quality of the A12. This is mainly for its bumpy or potholed surface, mostly due to worn concrete surfaces. In an ongoing process these sections are being relaid with tarmac, however some sections including the Kelvedon bypass, and between Copford and Stanway have yet to be resurfaced.
	Built in 1982, the A12 Colchester bypass provides an uninterrupted dual carriageway where the national speed limit of 70 mph applies. Before 1982, the A12 took a route much closer to Colchester itself, and although still a bypass it consisted of urban single carriageways with roundabouts and pedestrian crossings. The old bypass is still in existence – the western half now forms part of the A1124 and the eastern half part of the A133.
	The Suffolk stretch of the A12 starts with the Capel St Mary by-pass. Originally the route from the Northern end of this bypass ran through the villages of Washbrook and Copdock and into Ipswich. When Ipswich's Southern by-pass was built in the early 1980s, the route picked up from the northern Capel St Mary junction (now numbered 32b), to pass to the West of the original line – this allowed the relevant ground works and interchanges to be completed with minimal traffic disruption. The old dual carriageway through Washbrook and Copdock is blocked off at White's Corner and was renumbered to be the C475. A footpath still exists which enables passage underneath the A14.
	The old route through Ipswich was renumbered as the A1214 following construction of the Ipswich Southern By-pass. The old route is more locally known by the road names, notably "London Road" to the Town Centre and Woodbridge Road out the other side. The Ipswich Southern By-pass allows the A12 to overlap the A14 to Seven Hills Interchange, from the Copdock junction, where the A12 reappears and heads North. As the A14 the road passes over the large Orwell Bridge with total length of 1,287 metres. This has a summit at 43 metres above the river giving a humped feel with reduced visibility for traffic. There are at-grade roundabout junctions past BT Adastral Park at Martlesham and around the Woodbridge bypass.
	For most of its remaining length through Suffolk the A12 is a mostly single carriageway road, and in many places its speed limit is less than the national limit, for example as it passes through towns and villages. During 2003/2004 some of these speed restrictions were further reduced from to . There are, though, a few stretches of dual carriageway between the Woodbridge bypass and Lowestoft (at Wickham Market, Saxmundham, Wangford and Kessingland). This section of the A12 was detrunked in 2001 as part of the Highways Agency's streamlining of its Trunk Road Network. Control was therefore passed to the local authorities. Just south of Blythburgh, the old milestone shows it is to London.
	The A12 ran through Lowestoft for about on urban limited roads. However, as of June 2006, the A12 now follows the course of the new single carriageway Southern Relief Road that joins the original A12 at Lowestoft bascule bridge. A further impediment is the harbour bridge, which has three lanes, the centre lane operating as a one-way addition to whichever direction of flow is deemed greater. The presence of these bridge choke points can cause serious disruption to north-south trunk traffic, especially when local traffic is added during rush hours. An adequate bypass for Lowestoft would need to be well to the west, even to the west of Oulton Broad (the body of water), and its route would have to consider the great areas of marshland in that area. For that reason an often discussed compromise is a third bridge, crossing Lake Lothing, linking the sections of urban spine-road that run approximately along the western edge of Lowestoft.
	From February 2017, the A12 no longer reaches Norfolk as it terminates in Lowestoft. Before February 2017, From a point just south west of the mouth of the River Yare, northwards to the point where it crosses the River Yare in Great Yarmouth, the A12 followed the route originally used by the railway line from Lowestoft to its terminus north of Breydon Bridge at Vauxhall Roundabout where the A47 previously terminated.
	In November 2008 the government announced a £60 million technology package including variable message signs, CCTV, Automatic Number Plate Recognition cameras and automatic incident detection sensors embedded in the road surface to improve journey reliability, reduce delays and give better information to drivers. Work is due to start in 2011/12.
	A bypass for various villages was proposed in 1986 as part of the government's 1989 Roads for Prosperity white paper which detailed many road schemes across the country. Suffolk county council considered a bypass for the villages of Farnham, Stratford St Andrew, Glemham and Marlesford for the 2006 Local Transport Plan. The scheme will not be implemented until after 2016. Essex county council has put forwards plans for a bypass of Chelmsford connecting Junction 19 of the A12 to the A131. Plans to upgrade additional sections of the A120 into a dual two-lane carriageway were scrapped in 2009.
	In response to this increasing congestion Essex County Council announced it would hold an A12 inquiry which was tasked with deciding how to improve the A12 and prevent the congestion. The inquiry was headed by Sir David Rowlands, KCB, a former Permanent Secretary at the Department for Transport, with Professor Stephen Glaister, Dr David Quarmby and Lord Whitty, all with significant knowledge of the transport sector.
	The inquiry began taking submissions in April 2008. The Inquiry, the first ever local council sponsored inquiry into a major trunk road, heard from 24 organisations and 36 witnesses over three days including Department for Transport and Highways Agency officials, MPs, local and regional agencies and authorities, the emergency services, business and motoring groups. Comments were also received from over two hundred members of the public and through a petition organised by the Essex Chronicle newspaper. The commissions finding were published in July 2008 and its outline recommendations are:

= = = A61 road = = =

	The A61 is a major trunk road in England connecting Derby and Thirsk in North Yorkshire by way of Alfreton, Clay Cross, Chesterfield, Sheffield, Barnsley, Wakefield, Leeds, Harrogate and Ripon. The road is closely paralleled by the M1 motorway between Derby and Leeds.
	Heading south, the road begins as single carriageway from Thirsk which bypasses Ripon and travels towards Harrogate, eventually passing through Harrogate town centre. Here, the road divides into two major one-way streets which enclose the town centre and run along The Stray, a stretch of grassland in Harrogate. As Leeds Road, it then passes through the southern suburbs of Harrogate before meeting the A658 near the village of Pannal. The A61 continues through Harewood before approaching the north's metropolis, where a sudden urban fringe approaches. As the road enters Leeds and crosses the A6120 outer ring road, the road becomes Scott Hall Road, a main dual carriageway (or Trunk Road) and artery for north Leeds. There are sections of guided bus route using kerb guidance near Potternewton. Here, the A61 rises slightly, and a panoramic view of Leeds skyline is revealed. The descent into Leeds is quick and the road soon turns into a multi-lane road, as it approaches Sheepscar Interchange. Fast-flowing traffic is directed onto the A61, although some traffic is directed off the A61 to avoid Leeds City Centre as it routes around the back of Quarry House. The A61 meets it shortly after, as it shares the city centre loop for a short distance. After crossing the river, the road splits again before taking traffic out to the motorways. The road then continues out of Leeds towards Wakefield and Barnsley. South of Barnsley it crosses the M1 at Junction 36 then heads towards Sheffield. Between the M1 at Junction 36 and the Westwood roundabout intersection with the A616, the road is designated as a trunk road under the responsibility of Highways England.
	The A61 travels into Sheffield through Grenoside and Hillsborough, passing next to the Sheffield Wednesday football stadium. At this point it forms a major artery into the City Centre from the north, before becoming the Sheffield Inner Ring Road (which as of 2007 is labelled as A61 all the way around). It meets the A57 twice; at Park Square and Brookhill roundabout. The A61 takes a southerly course past Sheffield United football stadium through Heeley as Chesterfield Road and climbs up to Norton and Greenhill roundabout. Between Sheffield and Chesterfield is a dual carriageway, avoids Dronfield as the eponymous by-pass. The road used to go through Chesterfield town centre, passing by the famous crooked spire, but was heavily congested. This was alleviated by the construction of the Chesterfield bypass in the 1980s on the alignment of the former Great Central Railway. The road reverts to single carriageway south of Chesterfield, passing through Clay Cross and Alfreton.
	South of Alfreton, the A61 merges with the dual carriageway A38, but the old A61 continues as the B6179 through Swanwick and Denby, meeting the A38 again just north of the City. The A61 road continues towards the city centre along Sir Frank Whittle Road until it finally ends at the junction with the A52 near to the headquarters of Derbyshire County Cricket Club.
	In June 2008 a stretch of the A61 between Barnsley and Wakefield was named as the most dangerous road in Britain, when motorcycle accidents were excluded. In the latest EuroRAP findings from the Road Safety Foundation, this stretch of road was also found to be the most dangerous road in Yorkshire and Humber. With 22 fatal and serious injury accidents in the three years analysed (2004–2006), this single carriageway route was rated as Red — the second highest risk category.

= = = A61 = = =

	A61 or A-61 may refer to:

= = = Demographic history of Poland = = =

	The Poles come from different West Slavic tribes living on territories belonging later to Poland in the early Middle Ages (see: Prehistory of Poland). 
	Around the year 1000, the population of Polish lands is estimated at about 1,000,000 to 1,250,000. Around 1370 Poland had 2 million inhabitants with a population density of 8.6 per square kilometre. Poland was less affected by the Black Death than western Europe.
	Although the population of the Kingdom of Poland in late Middle Ages consisted mostly of Poles, influx of other cultures was significant: particularly notable were Jewish and German settlers, who often formed significant minorities or even majorities in urban centers. Sporadically migrants from other places like Scotland, Netherlands settled in Poland as well. At that time other notable minorities included various incompletely assimilated people from other Slavic tribes (some of whom would eventually merge totally into the Polish people, while others merged into neighboring nations).
	Around 1490, the combined population of Poland and Lithuania, in a personal union (the Polish–Lithuanian union) since the Union of Krewo a century before, is estimated at about 8 million. An estimate for 1493 gives the combined population of Poland and Lithuania at 7.5 million (including 3.9 million in the Kingdom of Poland), breaking them down by ethnicity at 3.25 million Poles, 3.75 million Ruthenians and 0.5 million Lithuanians. The Ruthenians composed most of the population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: this is the reason that the late GDL is often called a Slavic country, alongside Poland, Russia etc. In time, the adjective "Lithuanian" came to denote a Slav of the Grand Duchy. 
	Eventually the Lithuanian speakers came to be known as Samogitians (see also Samogitian nobility), after the province in which they were the dominant majority. Another estimate for the combined population at the beginning of the 16th century gives 7.5 million, roughly split evenly, due to much larger territory of the Grand Duchy (with about 10-15 people per square km in Poland and 3-5 people per square km in the Grand Duchy, and even less in the south-east Cossack borderlands). By 1500, about 15% of Poland's population lived in urban centers (settlements with over 500 people).
	By 1600, about 25% of Poland's population lived in urban centers (settlements with over 500 people). Major towns in Poland included: Gdańsk (Danzig in German) (70,000), Kraków (28,000), Warsaw (20,000-30,000), Poznań (20,000), Lwów (Lviv) (20,000), Elbląg (Elbing) (15,000), Toruń (Thorn) (12,000), Sandomierz (4,000-5,000), Kazimierz Dolny (4,000-5,000) and Gniezno (4,000-5,000).
	The population of the Commonwealth of both nations was never overwhelmingly either Roman Catholic or Polish. This resulted from Poland's possession of Ukraine and federation with Lithuania; in both these countries ethnic Poles were a distinct minority. The Commonwealth comprised primarily three nations: Poles, Lithuanians, and Ukrainians and Belarusians (the latter two usually referred to together as Ruthenians). Shortly after the Union of Lublin (1569), at the turn of the 16th to 17th century, the Commonwealth population was around 7 million, with a rough breakdown of 4.5m Poles, 0.75m Lithuanians, 0.7m Jews and 2m Ruthenians. In 1618, after the Truce of Deulino the Commonwealth population increased together with its territory, reaching 12 million that could be roughly divided into: Poles - 4.5m, Ukrainians - 3.5m, Belarusians - 1.5m, Lithuanians - 0.75m, Prussians - 0.75m, Jews - 0.5m, Livionians - 0.5m; at that time nobility formed 10% and burghers, 15%. Population losses of 1648-1667 are estimated at 4m. Coupled with further population and territorial losses, by 1717 the Commonwealth population had fallen to 9m: roughly 4.5m Poles, 1.5m Ukrainians, 1.2m Belarusians, 0.8m Lithuanians, 0.5m Jews, 0.5m others The urban population was hit hard, falling to below 10%.
	To be "Polish", in the non-Polish lands of the Commonwealth, was then much less an index of ethnicity than of religion and rank; it was a designation largely reserved for the landed noble class (szlachta), which included Poles but also many members of non-Polish origin who converted to Catholicism in increasing numbers with each following generation. For the non-Polish noble such conversion meant a final step of Polonization that followed the adoption of the Polish language and culture. Poland, as the culturally most advanced part of the Commonwealth, with the royal court, the capital, the largest cities, the second-oldest university in Central Europe (after Prague), and the more liberal and democratic social institutions has proven an irresistible magnet for the non-Polish nobility in the Commonwealth.
	As a result, in the eastern territories a Polish (or Polonized) aristocracy dominated a peasantry whose great majority was neither Polish nor Roman Catholic. Moreover, the decades of peace brought huge colonization efforts to Ukraine, heightening the tensions among nobles, Jews, Cossacks (traditionally Orthodox), Polish and Ruthenian peasants. The latter, deprived of their native protectors among the Ruthenian nobility, turned for protection to cossacks that facilitated violence that in the end broke the Commonwealth. The tensions were aggravated by conflicts between Eastern Orthodoxy and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church following the Union of Brest, overall discrimination of Orthodox religions by dominant Catholicism, and several Cossack uprisings. In the west and north, many cities had sizable German minorities, often belonging to Reformed churches. The Commonwealth had also one of the largest Jewish diasporas in the world.
	Until the Reformation, the "szlachta" were mostly Catholic or Eastern Orthodox. However, many families quickly adopted the Reformed religion. After the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the "szlachta" became almost exclusively Roman Catholic, despite the fact that Roman Catholicism was not a majority religion (the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches counted approximately 40% of the population each, while the remaining 20% were Jews and members of various Protestant churches). The Counter-Reformation in Poland, influenced by the Commonwealth tradition of religious tolerance, was based mostly on Jesuit propaganda, and was very peaceful when compared to excesses such as the Thirty Years' War elsewhere in Europe.
	In the late 18th century, the first statistical estimates of Commonwealth population appeared. Aleksander Busching estimated the number of Commonwealth population for 8.5 million; Józef Wybicki in 1777 for 5,391,364; Stanisław Staszic in 1785 for 6 million; and Fryderyk Moszyński in 1789 for 7,354,620. Modern estimates tend to be higher; by 1770, on the eve of the partitions, Commonwealth had a population of about 11m-14m, about 10% of that - Jewish. The nobility constituted about 10%, the burghers, about 7-8%.
	By the First Partition in 1772, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lost about 211 000 km² (30% of its territory, amounting at that time to about 733 000 km²), with a population of over four to five million people (about a third of its population of 14 million before the partitions).
	After the Second Partition, Commonwealth lost about 307 000 km², being reduced to 223 000 km². Only about 4 million people remained in Poland at that time, which makes for a loss of another third of its original population, about a half of the remaining.
	After the Third Partition, overall, Austria had gained about 18 percent of the former Commonwealth territory (130,000 km²) and about 32 percent of the population (3.85 million people). Prussia had gained about 20 percent of the former Commonwealth territory 149,000 km²) and about 23 percent of the population (2.6 million people). Russia had gained about 62 percent of the former Commonwealth territory (462,000 km²) and about 45 percent of the population (3.5 million people).
	An estimate for 1815 gives 11 million Poles, out of which 5m were under Russian control (4 million in Congress Poland and 1 million in the territories incorporated into the Russian Empire), 3.5m in the Prussian partition territories and 3m in the Austrian partition territories.
	Congress Poland had a population of about 4.25 million around 1830. In the Russian partition, the Pale of Settlement resulted in resettlement of many Russian Jews to the western fringes of Russian Empire, which now included part of Poland. This further increased the sizable community of Polish Jews. By 1914, about 31 million people inhabited the territories that would become the Second Polish Republic, the First World War saw the population of those territories drop to 26 million.
	Before World War II, the Polish lands were noted for the variety of their ethnic communities. Following the Polish-Soviet War, a large part of its population belonged to national minorities. The census of that year allocates 30.8% of the population in the minority. In 1931, the population of Poland was 31,916,000, including 15,428,000 males and 16,488,000 females. By January 1939, the population of Poland increased to 35,100,000. This total included 240,000 in Zaolzie which was under Polish control from October 1938 until August 1939. The population density was 90 persons per square km. In 1921, 24% of the population lived in towns and cities, by 1931 the ratio grew to 27%. Altogether, in 1921, there were 611 towns and cities in the country, by 1931 there were 636 municipalities. The six biggest cities of Poland (as for January 1, 1939) were Warsaw, Łódź, Lwów, Poznań, Kraków and Vilnius (Wilno). In 1931, Poland had the second largest Jewish population in the world, and one-fifth of all Jews resided within Poland's borders (approx. 3,136,000, roughly 10% of the entire Polish population).
	According to historian Norman Davies the Polish census of 1931 listed the nationalities by language as Polish, 69% of the population, Ukrainian, 15%, Jews 8.5%, Belarusian, 4.70%, German, 2.2%, Russian 0.25%, Lithuanian, 0.25%, Czech 0.09%, Norman Davies included the Ruthenians with the Ukrainians however the Polish census figures list them as separate group with 3.82% of the population. The classification of the ethnic groups in Poland during the Second Polish Republic is a disputed topic, Tadeusz Piotrowski maintains that the 1931 Polish census "involved questionable methodology, especially the use of mother tongue as an indicator of nationality", noting that it had underestimated the number of non-Poles. The official figures for nationality from the 1931 Polish census based on the mother tongue put the percentage of ethnic Poles at 68.9%, Jews 8.6% and other minority groups 22.5%., Piotrowski cited a study by the Polish historian Jerzy Tomaszewski that puts that the adjusted census figures(taking religious affiliation into account) of ethnic Poles at 64.7%, Jews 9.8% and other minority groups 25.5% of Poland's population. Polish demographer Piotr Eberhardt maintains that it is commonly agreed that the criterion of declared language to classify ethnic groups led to an overestimation of the number of Poles in pre-war Poland. He notes that in general, the numbers declaring a particular language do not mesh with the numbers declaring the corresponding nationality. Members of ethnic minority groups believe that the language criterion led to an overestimation of Poles.
	The detailed figures for the census published by the Polish government provided a breakout by religion for the various language groups, the details of the Polish census of 1931 published by the Central Statistical Office the Polish Republic according to language and religion are as follows.:
	Breakout of Total 1931 Polish Population by Language and Religion
	Figures may not add due to omitted answers and those not practicing or declaring a religion. Source: Polish Main Statistical Office (1931)
	Breakout of Total 1931 Polish Population by Language and Religion
	Figures as % of Total Population
	Figures may not add due to omitted answers and those not practicing or declaring a religion. Source: Polish Main Statistical Office (1931)
	In the southeast, Ukrainian settlements were present in the regions east of Chełm and in the Carpathians east of Nowy Sącz. The three main native higlander populations were Łemkowie, Bojkowie and Huculi. In all the towns and cities there were large concentrations of Yiddish-speaking Jews. The Polish ethnographic area stretched eastward: in eastern Lithuania, Belarus, and western Ukraine, all of which had a mixed population, Poles predominated not only in the cities but also in numerous rural districts. There were significant Polish minorities in Daugavpils (in Latvia), Minsk (in Belarus), Bucovina (in Romania), and Kiev (in Ukraine) (see Polish minority in the Soviet Union, Polish Autonomous District).
	In the beginning of the war (September 1939) the territory of Poland was divided between the Nazi Germany and the USSR. By late-1941 following Operation Barbarossa Nazi Germany controlled the entire territory of the former Second Polish Republic, but in 1944-1945 the Red Army's offensive claimed the region for the USSR.
	After both occupiers divided the territory of Poland between themselves, they conducted a series of actions aimed at suppression of Polish culture and repression of much of the Polish people. In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated Poland's dead (including Polish Jews) at between 5.47 and 5.67 million (due to German actions) and 150,000 (due to Soviet), or around 5.62 and 5.82 million total. About 90% of Polish Jews were killed during the Holocaust; many others emigrated in the succeeding years.
	1. Population 1939 -Polish sources allocate the population by the primary language spoken, not by religion. Most Jews spoke Yiddish, however included with the Poles are about 200,000 Polish speaking Jews who are classified with the Polish group. Included with the Poles are 1,300,000 Eastern Orthodox & Greek Catholic adherents who are sometimes classified with the Ukrainian and Belarusian groups.
	2. Natural Increase October 1939-December 1945 -After the war Polish demographers calculated the estimated natural population growth that occurred during the war.
	3. Transfer of German Population Most of the ethnic German population fled during the war. Many of them were sent to forced labour. . In 1950 only about 40,000 of the pre-war ethnic German group remained in Poland in 1950, most of whom emigrated later in the 1950s.. Others were also expelled .
	4. War Dead In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) put the figure of Poland's dead at between 5,620,000 and 5,820,000. The IPN's figures include 3 million Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust (200,000 included with Polish speakers); as well as 150,000 victims of Soviet repression. The figures also include Poles killed in 1943-44 during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia
	Deaths Due to German Occupation<br>
	Poles-The Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) figure for deaths of Poles due the German occupation is 2,770,000. This figure includes "Direct War Losses" -543,000; "Murdered in Camps and in Pacification" -506,000; "Deaths in prisons and Camps" 1,146,000; "Deaths outside of prisons and Camps" 473,000; "Murdered in Eastern Regions" 100,000; "Deaths in other countries" 2,000. These figures include about 200,000 Polish speaking Jews who are considered Poles in Polish sources.
	Jews-Polish researchers have determined that the Nazis murdered 1,860,000 Polish Jews in the extermination camps in Poland, plus another 1.0 million Polish Jewish deaths in prisons and ghettos. In addition 970,000 Jews from other nations were murdered in the Nazi extermination camps in Poland.
	Included in the Polish figures of war dead are 2.0 million Polish citizens in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union Contemporary Russian sources also include these losses with Soviet war deaths.
	Deaths Due to Soviet Occupation
	The Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were murdered due to Soviet repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation. Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets.
	5. Population Remaining in the USSR The number of Poles and Jews who remained in the USSR after the war was estimated at about 1.4 million by Polish scholar and historian Krystyna Kersten. Included with the Poles remaining in the USSR are about 700,000 Eastern Orthodox & Greek Catholic adherents who are sometimes classified with the Ukrainian and Belarusian groups.
	6. Emigration to the West Poles and Jews who remained in non communist countries after the war.
	7. Population gain Recovered Territories Germans remaining in Poland after the war in the Recovered Territories. This group included 1,130,000 bi-lingual Polish-German persons who declared their allegiance to Poland. Also remaining in 1950 were 94,000 German nationals, 36,000 Germans from pre-war Danzig and 1,500 ethnic Germans of other nations. Most of this group emigrated to Germany after 1956. The ethnic German population remaining in the 1990s was about 300,000.
	8. Reimmigration 1946-50 Poles resident in western Europe before the war, primarily in Germany and France, who returned to Poland after the war.
	9. Natural Increase 1946-1950 This is the official Polish government data for births and natural deaths from January 1946 until the census of December 1950.
	10. Population December 1950 Per Census The total population per the December 1950 census was 25 million. A breakdown by ethnic group was not given. However, we can estimate the Jewish population based on the postwar census taken by the Jewish community. Data for the Germans and others who remained in Poland after the war can be estimated using the 1946 Polish census
	Before World War II, a third of Poland's population was composed of ethnic minorities. After the war, however, Poland's minorities were mostly gone, due to the 1945 revision of borders, and the Holocaust. Under the National Repatriation Office ("Państwowy Urząd Repatriacyjny"), millions of Poles were forced to leave their homes in the eastern Kresy region and settle in the western former German territories. At the same time approximately 5 million remaining Germans (about 8 million had already fled or had been expelled and about 1 million had been killed in 1944-46) were similarly expelled from those territories into the Allied occupation zones. Ukrainian and Belarusian minorities found themselves now mostly within the borders of the Soviet Union; those who opposed this new policy (like the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the Bieszczady Mountains region) were suppressed by the end of 1947 in the Operation Vistula.
	The population of Jews in Poland, which formed the largest Jewish community in pre-war Europe at about 3.3 million people, was all but destroyed by 1945. Approximately 3 million Jews died of starvation in ghettos and labor camps, were slaughtered at the German Nazi extermination camps or by the Einsatzgruppen death squads. Between 40,000 and 100,000 Polish Jews survived the Holocaust in Poland, and another 50,000 to 170,000 were repatriated from the Soviet Union, and 20,000 to 40,000 from Germany and other countries. At its postwar peak, there were 180,000 to 240,000 Jews in Poland, settled mostly in Warsaw, Łódź, Kraków and Wrocław.
	According to the national census, which took place on February 14, 1946, population of Poland was 23 930 000, out of which 32% lived in cities and towns, and 68% lived in the countryside. The 1950 census (December 3, 1950) showed the population rise to 25 008 000, and the 1960 census (December 6, 1960) placed the population of Poland at 29 776 000. In 1950, Warsaw was the biggest city of the country, with population of 804 000. Second was Lodz (pop. 620 000), third Kraków (pop. 344 000), fourth Poznan (pop. 321 000), and fifth Wroclaw (pop. 309 000).
	Females were in the majority in the country. In 1931, there were 105.6 women for 100 men. In 1946, the difference grew to 118.5/100, but in subsequent years, number of males grew, and in 1960, the ratio was 106.7/100.
	Most Germans were expelled from Poland and the annexed east German territories at the end of the war, while many Ukrainians, Rusyns and Belarusians lived in territories incorporated into the USSR. Small Ukrainian, Belarusian, Slovak, and Lithuanian minorities reside along the borders, and a German minority is concentrated near the southwestern city of Opole and in Masuria. Groups of Ukrainians and Polish Ruthenians also live in western Poland, where they were forcefully resettled by communists.
	As a result of the migrations and the Soviet Unions radically altered borders under the rule of Joseph Stalin, the population of Poland became one of the most ethnically homogeneous in the world. Virtually all people in Poland claim Polish nationality, with Polish as their native tongue. Ukrainians resp. Rusyns, the largest minority group, are scattered in various northern districts. Lesser numbers of Belarusians and Lithuanians live in areas adjoining Belarus and Lithuania. The Jewish community, almost entirely Polonized, has been greatly reduced. In Silesia a significant segment of the population, of mixed Polish and German ancestry, tends to declare itself as Polish or German according to political circumstances. Minorities of Germans remain in Pomerania, Silesia, East Prussia, and Lubus.
	Small populations of Polish Tatars still exist. Some Polish towns, mainly in northeastern Poland have mosques. Tatars arrived as mercenary soldiers beginning in the late 14th century. The Tatar population reached approximately 100,000 in 1630 but is less than 500 in 2000. See also Islam in Poland.
	A recent large migration of Poles took place following Poland's accession to the European Union and opening of the EU's labor market; with an approximate number of 2 million primarily young Poles taking up jobs abroad.
	Demographics estimates for period before statistics and reliable data collection from censuses should be seen as giving only a rough order of magnitude, not any precise number.
	Changes in the population of major Polish cities.

= = = Norton Motorcycle Company = = =

	The Norton Motorcycle Company (formerly Norton Motors, Ltd.) is an English motorcycle marque, originally from Birmingham, England, UK. It was founded in 1898 as a manufacturer of "fittings and parts for the two-wheel trade". By 1902 the company had begun manufacturing motorcycles with bought-in engines. In 1908 a Norton-built engine was added to the range. This began a long series of production of single and eventually twin-cylinder motorcycles, and a long history of racing involvement. During the Second World War Norton produced almost 100,000 of the military Model 16 H and Big 4 sidevalve motorcycles.
	When major shareholders started to leave Norton in 1953 the company declined and Associated Motor Cycles bought the shares.
	Although motorcycle sales went through a recession in the 1950s, and Norton Motors Ltd was only a small manufacturer, Norton sales flourished. A series of Norton Dominator Twins of 500 cc, then 600 cc, then 650 cc and then the 750 cc Norton Atlas kept sales buoyant, especially with sales to the United States.
	In 1968 the new "750 cc" Norton Commando Model appeared, with the engine/gearbox/swingarm unit isolastically insulated from the frame with a series of rubber mountings. This kept the vibrations from the rider, giving a smooth comfortable ride. The Commando was a best seller, and voted #1 Motorcycle of the Year a number of times in Britain. "850 cc" models appeared for 1973, giving more torque. For 1975 an electric start arrived in the 850 Mk3.
	The largest UK motorcycle manufacturer at the time was BSA-Triumph, comprising Birmingham Small Arms Company in Birmingham, and Triumph Motorcycles in Meriden. BSA-Triumph faced difficulties caused by poor management, outdated union practices, old-fashioned motorcycle designs and antiquated factory conditions. A merger with Norton Motorcycles was proposed; but although Dennis Poore's Norton Motorcycles was by far the smaller partner, Poore effectively secured a take-over of BSA-Triumph, forming Norton Villiers Triumph (NVT). The Triumph factory Meriden was the least modern; but workers engaged in a "sit-in", forming a workers' co-operative. Poore was CEO of Manganese Bronze Holdings, a company apparently more concerned with asset stripping than with motorcycle production. Subsequent political manoeuvrings led to the downfall of NVT, as taxpayer-assisted wranglings over amalgamations and sell-offs all but killed the once extensive UK motorcycle industry.
	In late 2008, Stuart Garner, a UK businessman, bought the rights to Norton from some US concerns and relaunched Norton in its Midlands home at Donington Park where it was to develop the 961cc Norton Commando and a new range of Norton motorcycles. 
	On 29 January 2020, it was announced that the company had gone into administration. Administrators BDO were appointed by Metro Bank. The company had been in court over £300,000 of unpaid taxes due to HM Revenue and Customs, from an original amount of £600,000, with company representatives stating that £135,000 in "outstanding research and development tax relief" was overdue and would substantially reduce the amount owed. HMRC gave the company more time to pay and the court case was adjourned until mid-February. There were reports that there had been fraudulent wrongdoing which affected hundreds of pension holders who invested in the company, Norton customers, and staff; government ministers had endorsed Norton as millions of pounds of government grants and loans were provided.
	The original company was formed by James Lansdowne Norton (known as "Pa") at 320, Bradford Street, Birmingham, in 1898. In 1902 Norton began building motorcycles with French and Swiss engines. In 1907 a Norton ridden by Rem Fowler won the twin-cylinder class in the first Isle of Man TT race, beginning a sporting tradition that went on until the 1960s. The first Norton engines were made in 1907, with production models available from 1908. These were the 3.5 hp (490 cc) and the 'Big 4' (633cc), beginning a line of side-valve single-cylinder engines which continued with few changes until the late 1950s.
	The first Norton logo was a fairly simple, art nouveau design, with the name spelled in capitals. However, a new logo appeared on the front of the catalogue for 1914, which was a joint effort by James Norton and his daughter Ethel. It became known as the "curly N" logo, with only the initial letter as a capital, and was used by the company thereafter, first appearing on actual motorcycles in 1915. Ethel Norton also did some testing of her father's motorcycles.
	In 1913 the business declined, and R. T. Shelley & Co., the main creditors, intervened and saved it. Norton Motors Ltd was formed shortly afterwards under joint directorship of James Norton and Bob Shelley. Shelley's brother-in-law was tuner Dan O'Donovan, and he managed to set a significant number of records on the Norton by 1914 when the war broke out - and as competition motorcycling was largely suspended during the hosilities, these records still stood when production restarted after the war. 1914 Dan O'Donovan records set in April 1914 :
	On 17 July 1914 O'Donovan also took the flying 5 mile record at 75.88 mph, and the standing start 10 mile record at 73.29 mph, again on the 490 cc Norton.
	Norton continued production of their 3.5 hp and Big 4 singles well into the war period, though in November 1916 the Ministry of Munitions issued an order that no further work on motor cycles or cars would be allowed from 15 November 1916 without a permit. By this time most motor cycle companies were already either producing munitions (or aircraft parts), or devoted to the export trade. Norton were involved in exporting and earlier that year had announced a new 'Colonial Model' of their 633cc Big 4. This featured an increase in ground clearance from 4.25" to 6.5", by altering the frame, larger tank, greater clearance on mudguards, and a sturdy rear carrier. The engine was unaltered, and transmission was via a Sturmey-Archer 3-speed gearbox.
	In February 1918, "Motor Cycle" reported on a visit to Norton Motors. Mr Norton had stated that he expected three post-war models, the 3.5 hp 490 cc TT with belt drive (for the 'speed merchant'), and two utility mounts, one with detuned TT engine, and the other being the Big Four for very heavy solo or sidecar work, both of these with three-speed Sturmey-Archer countershaft gearbox and all chain drive. It was also stated that he had been experimenting with aluminium pistons, and that Norton had produced a book of driving hints which also contained details of their Military and Empire models.
	In May 1918, Norton stated in one of their adverts that 'The ministry are taking the whole of our present output, but we have a waiting list' - this advert also uses the "Unapproachable Norton" phrase. Few Norton WD models appear in the For Sale column of "The Motor Cycle" after the war, suggesting they were shipped abroad, apparently one order going to the Russian Army . The 1913–1917 Red Book listing UK Motor, Marine and Aircraft production shows Norton dropped from a full range in 1916, to only the Military Big Four in 1917.
	Norton resumed deliveries of civilian motorcycles in April 1919 with models aimed at motorcyclists who enjoyed the reliability and performance offered by long-stroke single-cylinder engines with separate gearboxes.
	Norton also resumed racing and in 1924 the Isle of Man Senior TT was the first win with a race average speed over 60 mph, rider Alec Bennett. Norton won this event ten times until they withdrew from racing in 1938.
	J.L. Norton died in 1925 aged only 56, but he saw his motorcycles win the Senior and sidecar TTs in 1924, specifically with the 500 cc Model 18, Norton's first overhead valve single.
	Designed by Walter Moore, the Norton CS1 engine appeared in 1927, based closely on the ES2 pushrod engine and using many of its parts. Moore was hired away to NSU in 1930, after which Arthur Carroll designed an entirely new OHC engine destined to become the basis for all later OHC and DOHC Norton singles. (Moore's move to NSU prompted his former staff to quip NSU stood for "Norton Spares Used") The Norton racing legend began in the 1930s. Of the nine Isle of Man Senior TTs (500 cc) between 1931 and 1939, Norton won seven.
	Until 1934 Norton bought Sturmey-Archer gearboxes and clutches. When Sturmey discontinued production Norton bought the design rights and had them made by Burman, a manufacturer of proprietary gearboxes.
	Norton started making military motorcycles again in 1936 after a tender process in 1935 where a modified Norton 16H beat contenders. From 900 in 1936 to 2000 in 1937, Norton was ahead of the competition as war loomed, and there was good reason in terms of spares and maintenance for the military to keep to the same model. Between 1937 and 1945 nearly a quarter (over 100,000) of all British military motorcycles were Nortons, basically the WD 16H (solo) and WD Big Four outfit with driven sidecar wheel.
	The Isle of Man Senior TT successes continued after the war, with Nortons winning every year from 1947 to 1954.
	After the Second World War, Norton reverted to civilian motorcycle production, gradually increasing its range. A major addition in 1949 was the twin cylinder Model 7, known as the Norton Dominator, a pushrod 500 cc twin-cylinder machine designed by Bert Hopwood. Its chassis was derived from the ES2 single, with telescopic front and plunger rear suspension, and an updated version of the gearbox known as the "lay-down" box. More shapely mudguards and tanks completed the more modern styling to Nortons new premium model twin.
	Norton struggled to reclaim its pre-WWII racing dominance as the single-cylinder machine faced fierce competition from the multi-cylinder Italian machines and AJS from the UK. In the 1949 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, the first year of the world championship, Norton made only fifth place and AJS won. That was before the Featherbed frame appeared, developed for Norton by the McCandless brothers of Belfast in January 1950, used in the legendary Manx Norton and raced by riders including Geoff Duke, John Surtees and Derek Minter. Very quickly the featherbed frame, a design that allowed the construction of a motorcycle with good mass-stiffness distribution, became a benchmark by which all other frames were judged.
	Norton also experimented with engine placement, and discovered that moving the engine slightly up/down, forward/back, or even right/left, could deliver a "sweet spot" in terms of handling. Motorcycle designers still use this method to fine-tune motorcycle handling.
	In 1951 the Norton Dominator was made available to export markets as the Model 88 with the Featherbed frame. Later, as production of this frame increased, it became a regular production model, and was made in variants for other models, including the OHV single-cylinder machines.
	Manx Nortons also played a significant role in the development of post war car racing. At the end of 1950, the English national 500 cc regulations were adopted as the new Formula 3. The JAP Speedway engine had dominated the category initially but the Manx was capable of producing significantly more power and became the engine of choice. Many complete motorcycles were bought in order to strip the engine for 500 cc car racing, as Norton would not sell separate engines.
	The racing successes were transferred to the street through cafe racers, some of which would use the featherbed frame with an engine from another manufacturer to make a hybrid machine with the best of both worlds. The most famous of these were Tritons - Triumph twin engines in a Norton featherbed frame.
	Despite, or perhaps because of, the racing successes Norton was in financial difficulty. Reynolds could not make many of the highly desired Featherbed frames and customers lost interest in buying machines with the older frames. In 1953 Norton sold out to Associated Motorcycles (AMC), who owned the brands AJS, Matchless, Francis-Barnett and James. In 1962 the Norton factory in Bracebridge Street, Birmingham was closed and production was moved to AMC's Woolwich factory in south-east London.
	Under AMC ownership a much improved version of the Norton gearbox was developed, to be used on all the larger models of AJS, Matchless and Norton. Again, the major changes were for improved gear selection.
	In September 1955 a 600 cc Dominator 99 was launched.
	The 1946 to 1953 Long Stroke Manx Norton was initially SOHC, the DOHC engine becoming available to favoured racers in 1949. The Short Stroke model (1953 to 1962) had bore and stroke of . It used a dry sump 499 cc single-cylinder motor, with two valves operated by bevel drive, shaft driven twin overhead camshafts. Compression ratio was 11:1. It had an Amal GP carburettor, and a Lucas racing magneto. The 1962 500 cc Manx Nortons produced at 6,780rpm, weighed , and had a top speed of .
	In 1960, a new version of the road-going Featherbed frame was developed in which the upper frame rails were bent inwards to reduce the width between the rider's knees for greater comfort. The move was also to accommodate the shorter rider as the wide frame made it difficult to reach the ground. This frame is known as the "slimline" frame; the earlier frames then became known as the "wideline".
	The last Manx Nortons were sold in 1963. Even though Norton had pulled out of Grand Prix racing in 1954, the race-shop at Bracebridge Street continued until 1962, and the Manx became a mainstay of privateer racing, and even today are highly sought after, commanding high prices.
	On 7 November 1960 the first new 650 cc Norton Manxman was launched for the American market only. By September 1961 the Norton 650SS appeared for the UK market, the 750 cc (Atlas). By 20 April 1962 for the American market as they demanded more power, but the increases to the vertical twin engine's capacity caused a vibration problem at 5500 rpm. A 500 cc vertical twin is smoother than a single-cylinder, but if the vertical twin's capacity is enlarged vibration increases. The 750 Norton Atlas proved too expensive and costs could not be reduced. Financial problems gathered.
	There was an export bike primarily for use as a desert racer, sold up until 1969 as the Norton P11, AJS Model 33, Matchless G15 and Norton N15 which used the Norton Atlas engine in a modified Matchless G85CS scrambler frame with Norton wheels and front forks. This bike was reputed to vibrate less than the Featherbed frame model. AMC singles were also sold with Norton badging in this era.
	Also during this period Norton developed a family of three similar smaller-capacity twin cylinder machines: first the Norton Jubilee 250 and then the Navigator 350 and the Electra 400, which had an electric starter. These models were Norton's first use of unit construction. The engine was an entirely new design by Bert Hopwood and the frame and running gear were from the Francis-Barnett range, also owned by AMC. These machines had a reputation for poor reliability.
	By the late 1960s, competition from Japanese manufacturers and a rapidly declining home market had driven the whole British motorcycle industry into decline. In 1966 AMC became insolvent and was reformed as Norton-Villiers, part of Manganese Bronze Holdings Ltd.
	The 750 Norton Atlas was noted for its vibration. Rather than change engines Norton decided to change the frame, and the isolastic-framed Norton Commando 750 was the result.
	In 1967 the Commando prototype was shown at the Earls Court Show in November, and introduced as a production model for 1968. Its styling, innovative isolastic frame and powerful engine made it an appealing package. The Commando easily outperformed contemporary Triumph and BSA twins and was the most powerful and best-handling British motorcycle of its day. The isolastic frame made it much smoother than the Atlas. It used rubber bushings to isolate the engine and swing arm from the frame, forks, and rider. However, as the steel-shims incorporated in the Isolastic bearings wore, often from rusting, the bike became prone to poor handling – fishtailing in high-speed turns.
	The "Combat" engine was released in January 1972 with a twin roller bearing crank, 10:1 compression and developing at 6,500 rpm. Reliability immediately suffered, with frequent and early crank-shaft main-bearing failures, sometimes leading to broken crankshafts. Older engines had used one ball-bearing main bearing and one roller bearing main bearing but the Combat engine featured two roller bearings in a mistaken belief this would strengthen the bottom-end to cope with the higher power-output. Instead the resultant crank-bending caused the rollers to "dig-in" to the races, causing rapid failure. This fragility was particularly obvious when measured against the reliability of contemporary Japanese machines. This problem was solved initially by a special roller bearing of 'superblend' fame later in 1972. This was superseded by a standard high capacity roller bearing early in 1973.
	The Commando was offered in several different styles: the standard street model, a pseudo-scrambler with upswept pipes and the Interstate, packaged as a tourer. Electric start was introduced on the Mark III in 1974. Sales were respectable but the company declined financially and became insolvent in 1975. In 1976 a Norton with a US-flag theme on the tank could be purchased for US$1,976.
	In 1972 BSA was also in financial trouble. It was given UK Government help on the condition that it merged with Norton-Villiers, and in 1973 the new Norton Villiers Triumph (NVT) was formed. The Triumph Motorcycles name came from BSA's Triumph subsidiary. In April 1973 an 8.5:1 compression 828 cc "850" engine was released with German FAG SuperBlend bearings. These, featuring slightly barrel-shaped rollers, had been introduced on late model 750 cc engines to cure the Combat engine's problems of crank-flex and the consequent digging-in to the bearing-surface of the initial cylindrical bearing rollers. This model produced at 6,250 rpm but the stated power does not give a true picture of the engine performance because increased torque seemed to make up for the reduced horsepower.
	In 1974 the UK's outgoing Conservative government of Edward Heath withdrew subsidies, but the incoming Labour government of Harold Wilson restored them after the General Election. Rationalisation of the factory sites to Wolverhampton and Birmingham (BSA's Small Heath site) caused industrial disputes at Triumph's Coventry site; Triumph would go on as a workers cooperative alone. Despite mounting losses, 1974 saw the release of the 828 Roadster, Mark 2 Hi Rider, JPN Replica (John Player Norton) and Mark 2a Interstate. In 1975 the range was down to just two models: the Mark 3 Interstate and the Roadster, but then the UK Government asked for a repayment of its loan and refused export credits, further damaging the company's ability to sell abroad. Production of the two models still made was ended and supplies dwindled.
	1973 also saw the start of development on a new machine with a monocoque pressed steel frame, that also included a 500 cc twin, stepped piston engine called the 'Wulf'. However, as the Norton Villiers Triumph company was again in serious financial problems, development of the 'Wulf' was dropped in favour of the rotary Wankel type engine inherited from BSA.
	In the 1980s, the company went through several incarnations – mainly because the name was popular and now owned by several parties. In liquidation from NVT the global rights were split between (at least) Norton UK, Germany, America and Rest of the World. MidWest acquired the rights for light aviation use and at Staverton Airport the MidWest AE series was an aero engine developed from the twin-rotor engine.
	The brand was relaunched on an ambitious scale in Shenstone near Lichfield in 1988. The new models succeeded in racing – winning the Senior TT in 1992 – but they moved rather more slowly in the commercial market. The company had some success making the Wankel-engined Interpol 2 motorcycle for civilian and military police forces and the RAC. This led to a civilian model in 1987 called the Classic.
	Subsequent Norton Wankels were water-cooled. The Commander was launched in 1988 and was followed by the Spondon-framed F1. This model was a de-tuned replica of Norton's RCW588 factory racing machines which won many short distance races, but had many reliability issues requiring frequent servicing i.e. changing the primary drive chain every 100 miles.
	1988 saw a new team brought in to replace Brian Crighton's team, to try to improve the model and reduce some of its reliability issues. The team, headed by ex Honda-team manager Barry Symmons, Honda engineer Chris Mehew and chassis specialist Ron Williams, were tasked with producing a chassis that could be produced cheaply and an engine which would have a long term reliability. The chassis, designed by Ron Williams and made by Harris Products, was based on Yamaha's Delta box stamped panels. However, in spite of many innovative solutions from Chris Mehew, the team's efforts to improve the reliability of the engine could not succeed to a commercially saleable level. The team quickly realized that placing an engine generating 1100 °C exhaust temperatures was not the item to place under a petrol tank.
	The team's project - renamed the NRS 588 - did win the 1992 Isle of Man TT, ridden by Steve Hislop, as well as North West 200 and Ulster Grand Prix races ridden by Robert Dunlop. Whilst in Northern Ireland, the team met Professor Gordon Blair, one of the foremost automotive engineers from Queen's University Belfast. Prof Blair commented that the Japanese had abandoned development of the motorcycle variant of the Wankel engine on two main counts: 1. As the team had realised, there was just too much heat to be confined in a motorcycle chassis. 2. The pollution created by the engine burning both oil for lubrication and fuel for power was just too great to meet the impending pollution regulations without a large and expensive exhaust scrubbing system. In his TV Series on British industry, Sir John Harvey-Jones commented that the company was governed more by heart than head and the Racing team were the only ones worth saving.
	The F1 was succeeded by the restyled and slightly less expensive F1 Sport. Chief Executive Phillippe LeRoux attempted to diversify the company to a group with interests in property and leisure, meanwhile supply of Norton Classic was being delayed by supply problems with petrol tanks and headlight shells.
	At this point the UK Department of Trade and Industry started to investigate improprieties in the investments of financier Philippe LeRoux and his associates following which LeRoux resigned his position as Chief Executive.
	In a move to manage an outstanding debt of ₤7 million, in 1991 David MacDonald was appointed Chief Executive at the behest of the Midland Bank. McDonald sold the company to the Canadian company "Wildrose Ventures" in 1993 for around half a million pounds.
	Head of Wildrose Ventures, Nelson Skalbania, reformed the company as Norton Motors (1993) Ltd., putting his daughter Rosanda in place as General Manager at the Shenstone site. The new ownership attempted to reclaim from public exhibition premises and place for auction with Sothebys ten historic motorcycles, estimated at the time to be worth £50,000, including a 1904 Triumph first exhibited in 1938, which had been variously distributed to National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, Science Museum, London and Coventry Transport Museum.
	This proved controversial as the museums had assumed the loans had been made on a permanent basis, and former Chief Executive David MacDonald stated "Without doubt anything which existed before 1984 does not belong to the present company. The assets were simply not transferred"
	Wildrose Ventures was ordered by the Alberta Stock Exchange to cease trading. In 1994 ownership of the company reverted to Aquilini Investments as Skalbania was unable to repay the money he had borrowed to purchase the company. The Skalbania connection was reported as being severed by July of that year
	By 1996 the service side of the Shenstone site was closed and transferred to a small factory at Rugeley, Staffordshire. The focus of manufacture was moved to the manufacture of components for light aircraft engines based on the rotary design.
	It was reported in 2005 that a group of former Norton employees built nine F1 Sport models from existing stocks of parts.
	During the late 1990s, Kenny Dreer of Oregon evolved from restoring and upgrading Commandos to producing whole machines. He modernised the design and in the early 2000s went into series production with the 961 Commando, but then suspended operations in April 2006.
	After fifteen years of US ownership the Norton brand was secured by Stuart Garner, UK businessman and owner of Norton Racing Ltd. Garner established a new Norton factory at Donington Park to develop the Dreer-based machine. The new Norton is a 961 cc (), air- and oil-cooled pushrod parallel twin with a gear-driven counterbalancer and a 270° crank (a concept pioneered on the Yamaha TRX850). The machine, a single-seat roadster styled after the earlier Commando models, has a claimed rear-wheel power output of , giving a top speed of over .
	The new operation at Donington Park began limited production of a motorcycle based on the Kenny Dreer 961 Commando. The new motorcycle only shared the outline of the Dreer bike; all aspects of the motorcycle were re-designed in order to move into production. An updated and revised version of the rotary machine first produced in the 1980s is also being developed. The company logo was altered by "doing away with the double crossing of the 't, in use since 1924, thereby "honouring the very first configuration of the identity, designed by [James] Norton and his daughter."
	In January 2011 it was announced designer Pierre Terblanche had departed Piaggio/Moto Guzzi to join Norton. In August 2011 UK minister Vince Cable announced that the Government was underwriting a £7.5 million bank loan to Norton, to promote secure cash flow for their export sales. Garner responded that this finance would allow Norton to double annual production from 500 to 1,000 machines.
	Norton acquired Donington Hall near the village of Castle Donington, North West Leicestershire as its new corporate headquarters in March 2013. This office and engineering facility is situated behind Donington Hall in a modern building complex, known as Hastings House. The Donington Hall site includes 26 country acres surrounded by parkland and ancient deer park.
	Norton Motorcycles purchased Donington Hall (formerly the headquarters of British Midland International) from British Airways for an undisclosed sum, and will vacate the current Norton factory at Donington Park, which has about 40 employees. Shifting operations from Donington Park will be carried out in phases so as to not interfere with either production or distribution of Norton's bikes.

= = = Jerry Hall = = =

	Jerry Faye Hall (born July 2, 1956) is an American model and actress.
	Hall was born in Gonzales, Texas, to Marjorie (née Sheffield; 1924–2013), a medical records librarian, and John P. Hall. She is of English, Irish, and Dutch descent. She was raised in the Dallas suburb of Mesquite, Texas.
	Hall graduated from North Mesquite High School early at 16. While in high school, she also took classes at Eastfield College in archery, tennis, and gymnastics. Hall has been fluent in French since she was 16.
	Hall has a twin sister, Terry, whose jobs have included working in a photography and print making shop, real estate investing and real estate broker. Hall has three older sisters, including Rosy Hall, one of the first Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders.
	In the TV series "Who Do You Think You Are?", Hall discovered that she was descended from Humphrey Best, an associate of American pioneer Daniel Boone.
	Jerry Hall and her twin sister Terry were in the French Riviera sunbathing on a Saint Tropez beach when fashion agent Claude Haddad discovered them. She moved to Paris where she shared an apartment with singer Grace Jones and Jessica Lange. Her modelling career began when she appeared, in the guise of a mermaid, on the cover of Roxy Music's album "Siren" (1975).
	By 1977, Hall had been on 40 magazine covers including Italian "Vogue" and "Cosmopolitan". She was earning modelling fees in excess of $1,000 per day. Her long blonde hair and height of six feet quickly made her one of the most visible and photographed models of the day.
	In 2016, Hall won the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Fashion Group International Dallas.
	Hall was also a muse for artists Francesco Clemente, Ed Ruscha and Lucian Freud. Hall modeled for Andy Warhol many times.
	Hall acted in "Urban Cowboy" (1980) and appeared in director Tim Burton's "Batman" (1989).
	Her 1990 London West End stage début was playing Cherie in a revival of "Bus Stop" (a role played by Marilyn Monroe in the film adaption) at the Lyric Theatre in Shaftesbury Avenue.
	In 1990, she joined many other guests for Roger Waters' massive performance of "The Wall" in Berlin. She featured in commercials for Bovril.
	Hall played the role of Miss Scarlett in the British television show "Cluedo" (1993), and in (1993) the (TV series) "The Detectives". In the early 2000s, she appeared as Mrs. Robinson in a Broadway production of "The Graduate". Hall appeared as herself in the documentary "Being Mick" (2001). She appeared in Brighton in the play "Picasso's Women" in 2002.
	Hall now holds the World Record for making the most theatrical appearances in a single night. She performed in front of 9,124 theatregoers in London.
	In 2005, Hall appeared on the West End stage playing Mother Lord in the first London production of Cole Porter's "High Society". Hall provided the voice for Sister Penelope in the British cartoon "Popetown" first screened in New Zealand during the year. In 2007, Hall guest-starred on the British TV show "Hotel Babylon". She has also appeared in the BBC comedy series "French and Saunders".
	In June 2012, Hall made a one-week appearance with David Soul at the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin, in a reprise of the Pulitzer Prize nominated play by A. R. Gurney, "Love Letters". On September 10, 2012, Hall was announced as a contestant for the tenth series of the British dance show "Strictly Come Dancing". Her professional partner was Anton du Beke. She was the second celebrity to be eliminated from the competition.
	Her autobiography, "Jerry Hall: My Life in Pictures", was published in 2010.
	In 2000, Hall was a judge for the Whitbread Prize. She argued for Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf.
	In 2010, Hall sold her art collection through Sotheby's.
	In 2014, Hall performed at Glastonbury. She wrote music and lyrics to original country and western music.
	Hall started dating musician Bryan Ferry in 1975, leaving him for Mick Jagger in 1977. Jagger and Hall held a marriage ceremony on November 21, 1990, in Bali, Indonesia. The putative marriage was later declared null ("i.e.," void ab initio) by the High Court of England and Wales in London in 1999. The couple have four children together: Elizabeth Scarlett (born 1984), James Leroy (born 1985), Georgia May (born 1992), and Gabriel Luke (born 1997). The couple lived together at Downe House, Richmond Hill, in Greater London, which Jagger purchased in the early 1990s. They split up in 1999. Hall cited Jagger's infidelity as the cause of the break-up.
	In 2015, Hall was reported to have begun dating media business magnate Rupert Murdoch. The couple were seen in public together at the Rugby World Cup final on November 1, 2015. Hall and Murdoch announced their engagement with a listing in Murdoch's "The Times" newspaper on January 11, 2016. The couple married on March 4, 2016, at the Church of England church of St Bride, Fleet Street, and were seen together on the final show of "American Idol" on April 7, 2016.

= = = Zimbabwe Rhodesia = = =

	Zimbabwe Rhodesia was an unrecognised state that existed from 1 June 1979 to 12 December 1979. Zimbabwe Rhodesia was preceded by an unrecognised republic named Rhodesia and was briefly followed by the re-established British colony of Southern Rhodesia, which according to British constitutional theory had remained the proper government after Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965. About three months later, the re-established colony of Southern Rhodesia was granted internationally recognised independence as the Republic of Zimbabwe.
	Under pressure from the international community to satisfy the civil rights movement by blacks in Rhodesia, an "Internal Settlement" was drawn up between the Smith administration of Rhodesia and moderate African nationalist parties not involved in armed resistance. Meanwhile, the government continued to battle armed resistance from both Soviet- and Chinese-backed Marxist liberation movements it referred to as "terrorists"- the Rhodesian Bush War was an extension of the Cold War, being a proxy conflict between the West and East, similar to those in Vietnam and Korea.
	The "Internal Settlement" agreement led to relaxation of education, property and income qualifications for voter rolls, resulting in the first ever black-majority electorate. The country's civil service, judiciary, police and armed forces continued to be administered by the same officials as before, of whom most were whites, due to the composition of the upper-middle class of the period.
	Despite these changes, the new state did not gain international recognition, with the Commonwealth claiming that the "so-called 'Constitution of Zimbabwe Rhodesia'" would be "no more legal and valid" than the UDI constitution it replaced.
	As early as 1960, African nationalist political organisations in Rhodesia agreed that the country should use the name "Zimbabwe"; they used that name as part of the titles of their organisations. The name "Zimbabwe", broken down to "Dzimba dzamabwe" in Shona (one of the two major languages in the country), means "houses of stone". Meanwhile, the white Rhodesian community was reluctant to drop the name "Rhodesia", hence a compromise was met.
	The Constitution named the new State simply as "Zimbabwe Rhodesia", with no reference to its status as a republic in its name. As such, it was similar in style to post-1994 South Africa renaming the Natal province as "KwaZulu-Natal". Although the official name contained no hyphen, the country's name was hyphenated in some foreign publications as "Zimbabwe-Rhodesia". The country was also nicknamed "Rhobabwe", a portmanteau of "Rhodesia" and "Zimbabwe".
	After taking office as Prime Minister, Abel Muzorewa sought to drop "Rhodesia" from the country's name. The name "Zimbabwe Rhodesia" had been criticised by some black politicians like Senator Chief Zephaniah Charumbira, who said it implied that Zimbabwe was "the son of Rhodesia". ZANU PF, led by Robert Mugabe in exile, denounced what it described as "the derogatory name of 'Zimbabwe Rhodesia'".
	The government also adopted a new national flag, featuring the same Zimbabwe soapstone bird, on 4 September of that year. In addition, it announced changes to public holidays, with Rhodes Day and Founders Day being replaced by two new holidays, both of which were known as Ancestors Day, while Republic Day and Independence Day were to be replaced by President's Day and Unity Day, celebrated on 25 and 26 October of that year.
	In response, the Voice of Zimbabwe radio service operated by Robert Mugabe's ZANU-PF from Maputo in Mozambique, carried a commentary entitled "The proof of independence is not flags or names", dismissing the changes as aimed at "strengthening the racist puppet alliance's position at the Zimbabwe conference in London".
	The national airline, Air Rhodesia, was also renamed Air Zimbabwe. However, no postage stamps were issued; issues of 1978 still used "Rhodesia", and the next stamp issues were in 1980, after the change to just "Zimbabwe," and were inscribed accordingly.
	During its brief existence, Zimbabwe Rhodesia had one election, which resulted in its short-lived biracial government.
	Adapting the constitution of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI), Zimbabwe Rhodesia was governed by a Prime Minister and Cabinet chosen from the majority party in a 100-member House of Assembly. A 40-member Senate acted as the upper House, and both together chose a figurehead President in whose name the government was conducted.
	Of the 100 members of the House of Assembly, 72 were "common roll" members for whom the electorate was every adult citizen. All of these members were black Africans. Those on the previous electoral roll of Rhodesia (due to education, property and income qualifications for voter rolls, mostly but not only white constituencies) elected 20 members; although this did not actually exclude non-whites, very few black Africans met the qualification requirements. A delimitation commission sat in 1978 to determine how to reduce the previous 50 constituencies to 20. The remaining eight seats for old voter role non-constituency members were filled by members chosen by the other 92 members of the House of Assembly once their election was complete. In the only election held by Zimbabwe Rhodesia, Bishop Abel Muzorewa's United African National Council (UANC) won a majority in the common-roll seats, while Ian Smith's Rhodesian Front (RF) won all of the old voter roll seats. Ndabaningi Sithole's Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) won 12 seats.
	The Senate of Zimbabwe Rhodesia had 40 members. Ten members each were returned by the old voter roll members of the House of Assembly and the common roll members, and five members each by the Council of Chiefs of Mashonaland and Matabeleland. The remaining members were directly appointed by the President under the advice of the Prime Minister. While the House of Assembly had changed greatly to be nearly in line with modern ideals of universal suffrage, the Senate remained dominated by the former political stalwarts, effectively allowing a check on the new House.
	The President of Zimbabwe Rhodesia was elected by the members of the Parliament, sitting together. At the election on 28 May 1979, Josiah Zion Gumede of the United African National Council (UANC) and Timoth Ndhlovu of the United National Federal Party (UNFP) were nominated. Gumede won by 80 votes to Ndhlovu's 33.
	Starting with 51 seats out of 100, Abel Muzorewa of the UANC was appointed as Prime Minister, and also appointed Minister Combined Operations and Defence. He formed a joint government with Ian Smith, the former Prime Minister of Rhodesia, who was a Minister without Portfolio. Muzorewa also attempted to include the other African parties who had lost the election. Rhodesian Front members served as Muzorewa's Ministers of Justice, Agriculture, and Finance, with David Smith continuing in the role of Minister of Finance, while P K van der Byl, the hardline former Minister of Defence, serving as both Minister of Transport and Minister of Power and Posts.
	The Lancaster House Agreement stipulated that control over the country be returned to the United Kingdom in preparation for elections to be held in the spring of 1980. Accordingly, on 11 December 1979, the Constitution of Zimbabwe Rhodesia (Amendment) (No. 4) Act, declaring that "Zimbabwe Rhodesia shall cease to be an independent State and become part of Her Majesty's dominions", was passed.
	In response, the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the Southern Rhodesia Constitution (Interim Provisions) Order 1979, establishing the offices of Governor and Deputy Governor of Southern Rhodesia, filled by Lord Soames and Sir Antony Duff respectively.
	Although the name of the country formally reverted to Southern Rhodesia at this time, the name "Zimbabwe Rhodesia" remained in many of the country's institutions, such as the Zimbabwe Rhodesia Broadcasting Corporation. On 18 April 1980, Southern Rhodesia became the independent Republic of Zimbabwe.

= = = Winfield, Pennsylvania = = =

	Winfield is a census-designated place located in Union Township, Union County in the state of Pennsylvania. The community is located in eastern Union County at the intersection of Pennsylvania Route 304 and U.S. Route 15, which is located along the shores of the West Branch Susquehanna River. As of the 2010 census the population was 900 residents.

= = = Thought-terminating cliché = = =

	A thought-terminating cliché (also known as a "semantic stop-sign", a "thought-stopper, bumper sticker logic" or "cliché thinking") is a form of loaded language, commonly used to propagate cognitive dissonance. Depending on context in which a phrase (or cliché) is used, it may actually be valid and not qualify as thought-terminating; it does qualify as such when its application intends to dismiss dissent or justify fallacious logic. Its only function is to stop an argument from proceeding further, in other words "end the debate with a cliche... not a point." The term was popularized by Robert Jay Lifton in his 1961 book "Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism", who called the use of the cliché, along with "loading the language" as; "The language of Non-thought."
	The earliest recorded definition of the term was published in Robert Jay Lifton's book "Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism" in 1961, wherein he was describing the structure of language used by the Communist Party of China, defining the term as; "...the start and finish of any ideological analysis." It was listed as the sixth (of eight) totalistic themes."" The term is written under the sixth (of eight) criteria for thought reform 'Loading the Language', of which various authors and scholars also consider the term to be a form of loaded language.""
	Charles "Chaz" Bufe in his book "Alcoholics Anonymous: Cult or Cure?" (1997) broadly put the use of the cliché as "...thought-stopping phrases (that) include any use of the language, especially repeated phrases, to ward off forbidden thoughts." in describing his interactions with the Alcoholics Anonymous aid movement. Author, show-host and doctor Robert "Bo" Bennett described the term as a substitute for "...a person's actual position or argument with a distorted, exaggerated, or misrepresented version of the position of the argument." in his 2017 book "Logically Fallacious", along with a proposed logical form of the cliché; "Person 1 makes claim Y. Claim Y sounds catchy. Therefore, claim Y is true."
	In the Southern California law review, Volume 51, Part 1, it describes the use of such clichés as "...to capture the vehicles of thought and communication; "Doctrine over reality" (which includes the rewriting of history and reinterpretation of one's past)" and as a property of 'ideological totalists.'
	Bennett explains that exceptions are made to the use of phrases, that would otherwise be considered thought-terminating, if they are used in addition to evidence or strong claims.
	A major criticism made by various journalists is that the use of the cliché tends to halt debate and restrict/censor freedom of speech, and it tends to be synonymous with language that would be utilized by totalitarian states as Lifton originally identified with Communist China. Dictator Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany is remarked to have employed such clichés and platitudes to justify his actions prior and during the events of World War II for example. Historical personalities listed to also have used such clichés include; Joseph Stalin of Soviet-Russia, Ruhollah Khomeini of the Iranian Revolution, Pol Pot of the former communist country Democratic Kampuchea and Mao Zedong of the Communist Party of China. 
	David Volodzko via The Diplomat in 2015 characterised China's justification for persecuting Tibetans, Uyghurs, Falun Gong, artists, journalists (including Liu Xiaobo), summed up as "for security reasons" as a thought-terminating cliché, going on to say "that’s every bit as vapid as “God moves in a mysterious way” or “support our troops.” What it really means is that the Party is more important than the people." In an article published by Vice, Lee Zachariah determined the language used by the Australian Government in regards to the casualties, including one involved death, as a result of the Christmas Island detention centre protests, often included terms like "boat people" and "illegals" that referred to the asylum seekers, implying that the act of coming by boat is heinous, whilst "illegals" "...says that their very nature is defined by being illegal, despite the fact that seeking asylum is not illegal."
	An example of the cliché in use provided by Chaz Bufe is "the admonition given to Catholic schoolchildren to recite the Hail Mary or rosary to ward off "Impure thoughts." The use of repetitive chanting by the Hare Krishnas serves the same thought-stopping purpose." Author Ann Morisy criticized the Christian Church for their uses of such clichés coinciding with their doctrines that intentionally reduce the possibility of dialogue, stating that failure to move beyond them risks falling prey "...to a new version of gnosticism." along with alienating those not of the faith. Scientology has also been criticized for using protocols, language and lexicons that utilize thought-terminating clichés to condition its members or to reaffirm a confirmation bias, which makes it difficult for members to think "outside the box". The Guardian journalist Jonny Scaramanga mentions that when certain members of Islam label something Haram (sinful), that employs the use of the tactic since it states that something is forbidden and "There is no need for any more consideration of whether it is bad."
	The use of slogans is often considered to be a form of the cliché; "Brief, reductive labels you can stick on things, and which end thought on the subject."
	An article published by Gamasutra mentions that, during the debate regarding on whether or not pornographic games should be available on the Steam market place, that simply calling such games as porn is "thought-terminating" as it doesn't progress the debate.

= = = University of Zimbabwe = = =

	The University of Zimbabwe (UZ) is a public university in Harare, Zimbabwe. It opened in 1952 as the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and was initially affiliated with the University of London. It was later renamed the University of Rhodesia, and adopted its present name upon Zimbabwe's independence in 1980. UZ is the oldest and best ranked university in Zimbabwe.
	The university has nine faculties and one college (with faculties of Agriculture, Arts, Commerce, Education, Engineering, Law, Science, Social Studies, Veterinary Sciences and the College of Health Sciences) offering a wide variety of degree programmes and many specialist research centres and institutes. The university is accredited through the National Council for Higher Education, under the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education. English is the language of instruction. Although once a very successful university, UZ has been facing challenges since 2008 and now the University is on a rebounding drive. Major work is being done to uplift the status of the University. Refurbishments are being carried out on the main campus and many facilities are being upgraded to make the university an International Academic Brand. The university has faced criticism for awarding fraudulent degrees to members of the Mugabe regime, especially Grace Mugabe.
	In 1945, Manfred Hodson (after whom a residence hall is now named) formed the "Rhodesia University Association", inspired by the promise of £20,000 by Robert Jeffrey Freeman for establishing such a university. The following year, the Legislative Assembly of Southern Rhodesia adopted a motion proposed by Hodson for the establishment of a university college to serve the needs of Rhodesia and neighbouring territories. The Governor of Southern Rhodesia established the Rhodesia University Foundation Fund in 1947. The Legislative Assembly accepted an offer of land in Mount Pleasant from the City of Salisbury (now Harare) for the construction of the campus in 1948. Four years later a bill was enacted for the incorporation and constitution of the university. First classes began for some 68 students on a temporary site at 147 Baker Avenue (now Nelson Mandela Avenue). Independent of the initiatives of Hodson and the Legislative Assembly, the Central African Council's commission on higher education, led by Sir Alexander Carr-Saunders (after whom another residence is now named) recommended the establishment of a university college to serve Rhodesia and Nyasaland, with its first preference being to integrate with the Southern Rhodesian initiative.
	Construction began on the Mount Pleasant site, funded by grants from the British and Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Governments, Anglo American Corporation, the British South Africa Company, the Rhodesia Selection Trust, the Beit Trust, the Ford Foundation and the Dulverton Trust and in July 1953 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother laid the foundation stone. In 1955 the British government formally adopted the institution, establishing the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (UCRN) by Royal Charter. The college was admitted to the privilege of Special Relation with the University of London the following year and in 1957 all activities were transferred to the Mount Pleasant campus. The following year the college was granted pieces of land upon which the college farm and the Lake Kariba Research Station were constructed. In 1963 the Medical School opened and was affiliated to the University of Birmingham. After the dissolution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, the University College continued as an independent institution of higher education and research, open to all races. In 1970 a phased termination of the associations with the Universities of London and Birmingham began.
	Following Zimbabwe's independence after the Rhodesian Bush War, the university was renamed University of Zimbabwe in 1980. In 1981, the first black Principal, Walter Kamba, was appointed and in 1982 the Royal Charter was replaced by an Act of Parliament. Student numbers rose from 1,000 in 1980 to 2,000 by 1985. In December 1998, the university hosted the Eighth Assembly of the World Council of Churches (WCC). The Assembly, the WCC's chief governing body, met in the Great Hall on the UZ campus.
	On 5 October 1989, thousands of students at the university gathered to protest the arrests of two student leaders. Hundreds of riot police arrived, clashing with the protestors, several of whom were injured and more than 50 of whom were arrested and faced up to five years in prison. By noon that day, all of the university's 8,000 students were ordered to leave campus, and riot police arrived, blocking entrances to campus and preventing students from entering.
	The University of Zimbabwe Act was controversially amended in 1990, giving the government more powers and, according to many faculty, students and observers, attacking academic freedom. The late 1980s and most of the 1990s saw a rise in student protest, resulting in several closures and mass expulsions. Despite the ongoing tensions, the university continued to grow and the student population had reached 8,000 by 1995 and 10,139 by 2001. As the 2000s began, the university struggled to meet lecturers' and professors' expectations on salary levels, leading to numerous strikes. Many donors, including the Government of Sweden, which had previously been a major financer of UZ, cut or cancelled their aid. As the economic crisis grew in Zimbabwe, UZ began to fail to recruit lecturers and professors to fill vacancies. By 2007, the shortage of staff was preventing the teaching and examination of some programmes. Problems with water and electricity supply, as well as maintenance of infrastructure became critical by the late 2000s. The decline of UZ culminated in the university's failure to re-open for the 2008–2009 academic year. The University briefly opened in early 2009, but no classes were held due to strike action by lecturers. The institution was closed again in late February, following demonstrations by students against new, hard currency fees.
	The university has faced criticism for awarding fraudulent degrees to members of the Mugabe regime; in 2014, Grace Mugabe was given a doctorate in sociology, only two months after being registered on the programme, and although a dissertion does not exist in the university archives. Also other senior members of the Mugabe regime were given doctorates, without writing dissertations. On 20 November 2017, the University of Zimbabwe students boycotted writing exams citing that the former first lady Dr Grace Mugabe's controversial PhD should be revoked. They also protested and declared that they would not write examinations until Robert Mugabe resigned. The 93 year old leader and then chancellor of the University resigned the following afternoon on 21 November 2017 as head of state and government. Many claimed that the University of Zimbabwe's students will go down in history as those who gave the Mugabe regime the 'final push' of his 37 year reigned as Zimbabwe's leader.
	The main campus of the University of Zimbabwe is located in the affluent Mount Pleasant suburb in northern Harare. The campus spans in the southern part of Mount Pleasant, forming the main portion of a special section of land reserved for educational purposes located between Mount Pleasant Drive, Upper East Road, Churchill Avenue, and Teviotdale Road. Other institutions located within this zone include the Ministry of Education Audio-Visual Centre, Mount Pleasant School, and the Zimbabwe School Examinations Council headquarters. There are 171 buildings on the main campus, including academic facilities, all but two of the student residence halls, and much of the staff housing. The main campus also features sporting facilities and the College Green, a grassy space located near the centre of campus close to the academic buildings that is a popular site for social events. Roughly a third of the campus is a seasonal wetland that is unsuitable for construction and remains undeveloped.
	In addition to the Mount Pleasant campus, the university has facilities in several different locations throughout Zimbabwe. In Harare alone, UZ has 46 buildings located outside the Mount Pleasant campus. The university's main satellite campus, located at the Parirenyatwa Hospital in central Harare, houses the College of Health Sciences. Besides the medical school, additional university properties within Harare include blocks of flats for staff and student housing in The Avenues, Avondale, and Mount Pleasant. Outside Harare, UZ has facilities in Bulawayo, Kariba, and Teviotdale. The university operates the Lake Kariba Research Station, located in the Nyamhunga suburb of Kariba, Mashonaland West, as well as the University of Zimbabwe Farm, also known as Thornpark Estate, which lies approximately 8 kilometers away from the Mount Pleasant campus, on Mazowe Road in Teviotdale, Mazowe District, Mashonaland Central. The farm, in size, is used by the UZ Faculty of Agriculture for teaching and research. Several of Zimbabwe's newer universities began as colleges and satellite campuses of UZ, such as Bindura University of Science Education, Chinhoyi University of Technology, and Zimbabwe Open University.
	The basic format of undergraduate learning at UZ is lectures, by professors or lecturers and tutorials by lecturers of teaching assistants. Many programmes also have laboratory-based practical work and field schools. Tests and assignments on course content are graded for a theory coursework grade. Practical work, where applicable, is graded for a practical coursework grade. Theory, and in some cases practical, examinations are administered.
	The degree programmes follow the Course Unit model, and in many programmes it is possible for students to select some of the courses from a range of options. Honours degrees have a compulsory project course that the students must complete individually, with different projects carried out by each student.
	The undergraduate programmes offered lead to Bachelor, Bachelor (Honours) and Intercalated bachelor's degrees. Registered bachelor's degree programmes are in arts, business studies and computer science, tourism and hospitality management, education, adult education, science education, nursing science, science, social work, dental surgery, medicine and surgery and veterinary science. Registered undergraduate Bachelor (Honours) programmes are in agriculture, agricultural engineering, applied environmental science, arts, accountancy, business studies, law, engineering, mining engineering, surveying, medical laboratory sciences, nursing science, pharmacy, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, science, economics, politics and administration, psychology, rural and urban planning, and sociology. Registered intercalated programmes are in anatomy, human physiology, veterinary anatomy, veterinary physiology and veterinary biochemistry.
	The University of Zimbabwe offers postgraduate honours degrees, two types of master's degree and doctoral degrees. Postgraduate honours programmes, also known as "special honours" programmes last are for one-year duration and incorporate coursework, examinations and a compulsory project module. Master's degrees by coursework and project are designated M.A. or M.Sc. and are of one to two years duration. They incorporate coursework and project modules. Master's degrees by research thesis only are designated M.Phil. and require a minimum of two years study. The doctoral programme, D.Phil., is by research thesis only. Students who are carrying out an M.Phil. study, but have not yet submitted their thesis, may apply to their faculty to upgrade their study to the D.Phil. programme.
	Due to the heavy staff vacancies that UZ began suffering from in the 2000s, many programmes and specialisations have been suspended.
	Although UZ has not generally featured in major international rankings such as the Times Higher Education Supplement QS World University Rankings or the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the World Universities Ranking placed the university number 14 in Africa in 2007, after various South African universities, the American University in Cairo and the University of Dar-es-Salaam, and number 3,549 out of 9,760 accredited universities in the world. By 2008, UZ had slid to number 17 in Africa and number 4,001 globally. In 2010, according to University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP), University of Zimbabwe is the best university in Zimbabwe and 1340th university in the world.
	The titular head of the university is the Chancellor, who is the President of Zimbabwe. The university is governed by a University Council, comprising the university's chief officers, representatives of the Senate, staff and students, nominees of the Minister of Higher and Tertiary Education and representatives form various sectors of commerce and civil society. The chief executive of the university is the Vice-Chancellor, who is appointed by the Chancellor after consultation with the Minister of Higher and Tertiary Education and the University Council. The Vice-Chancellor is assisted by one or more Pro–Vice-Chancellors, appointed by the University Council with the approval of the Minister of Higher and Tertiary Education.
	The academic authority of the university is vested in the Senate, comprising the university's chief officers, the deans of faculties, all full professors, the chairmen of departments and staff and student representatives. The university is divided into faculties, managed by an executive dean and governed by a Faculty Board comprising all professors and lecturers.
	There are ten academic faculties:
	The university currently has one college, the College of Health Sciences which incorporates the Faculty of Medicine. However, many of Zimbabwe's public universities started as colleges of the University of Zimbabwe:
	The university has two trans-disciplinary research institutes: the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) and the Institute of Environmental Studies (IES).
	There are numerous education institutions affiliated to the University of Zimbabwe, including teacher training colleges and the School of Social Work.
	The academic year runs from August to June, with graduation normally in September. As from February 2016, the University introduced a second intake,with an academic year that runs from February to December.
	On the main campus there are five residences for women: Swinton Hall, Complexes 1, 4 and 5 and Carr-Saunders, and four residences for men: Manfred Hodson Hall, Complex 2, Complex 3 and Manfred Hodson Annex (formerly New Hall). There is also the Medical Residence at the Medical School campus and Mount Royal Residence in the Avenues, in central Harare. The residences were closed in June 2007, with the university authorities citing maintenance and sanitation problems but were reopened in 2014.
	The university has a target of at least one current or former UZ student representing the country in a medal winning sports team in international competitions annually. Sport at UZ is centred around the Sports Pavilion, which was donated by National Breweries. Sports offered at the university include athletics, basketball, cricket, football, hockey, rugby and tennis. UZ has frequently won the Zimbabwe Universities Sports Association Games. In its early years, men's hockey was the premier sport, with a team in Salisbury's "First League" in 1960 The University of Zimbabwe Football Club plays in Zimbabwe's Division two and is the former home of Manchester City striker and Zimbabwe national football team captain, Benjani Mwaruwari. The club was for a time coached by former President Canaan Banana. When Zimbabwe hosted the All-Africa Games in 1995, UZ was the games village. Maintenance of sporting facilities is the responsibility of the Director: Sport, but in recent years accessing funds from the State Procurement Board has been a challenge. Other popular and successful sporting disciplines at UZ are Basketball, Vollyeball, Rugby and Handball whom are all playing in the Harare professional leagues. In October 2015, the Sports Department organised a Handball festival in celebration of the University's 6oth anniversary and this festival has become an annual event ever since and the biggest handball festival in the country.
	In most departments there are subject–related clubs or societies, for example the Kirk Biological Society and the AIESEC and Students Institution for Success Club. In 2005, UZ won the Students in Free Enterprise World Cup held in Ontario, Canada. There are also non–academic clubs such as Rotaract
	The gender gap in enrollment at UZ, like at African universities, became a concern by the mid-1990s and in 1995 an affirmative action programme was built into the university's policy. However, many female students feel inhibited from taking male-dominated courses or taking part in student politics. Women are intimidated by gender–related violence and sexual exploitation.
	The first head of the university was William Rollo, who served as interim Principal from 1953 to 1955. The first substantive Principal was Sir Walter Adams, who served from 1955 until 1966 and was later Director of the London School of Economics. Adams was succeeded by Terence Miller, who lasted a mere two years as his racially progressive views brought him into conflict with the Rhodesian government. His successor, Scottish theologian Robert Craig, who later was Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, served from 1969 to 1980. Leonard J. Lewis served as Principal for around a year during the transition to Zimbabwe's independence. He was succeeded in 1981 by law professor Walter Kamba, who became Vice–Chancellor, the post created to replace that of Principal. Like Miller, Kamba clashed with the government and announced his resignation at the 1992 graduation ceremony, in a speech that cited government interference in the university and threats to academic freedom. He was succeeded by Gordon Chavunduka until 1996, and then by Graham Hill from 1997 to 2002. Levi Nyagura, the longest-serving Vice–Chancellor, held the office from 2003 to 2018, when he was suspended on charges that he unprocedurally awarded a PhD degree to former First Lady Grace Mugabe. President Emmerson Mnangagwa appointed agricultural engineering professor Paul Mapfumo as acting Vice–Chancellor in August 2018.

= = = Ruzi Ying = = =

	Ruzi Ying (; 5 – 25), personal name of Liu Ying (劉嬰), was the last emperor of the Chinese Western Han Dynasty from 6 CE to 9 CE. After Emperor Ai of Han and Emperor Ping died without heirs, Wang Mang chose the youngest of the available successors in order to maintain his power in the government. The child Ying was soon deposed by Wang Mang who declared the Xin Dynasty in place of the Han. During Xin Dynasty, Ying was under effective house arrest—so much so that as an adult, he did not even know the names of common animals. Before and after the Xin Dynasty was overthrown in 23 CE, many ambitious people claimed to be restoring the Han dynasty. In 25 CE, a rebellion against the temporary Gengshi Emperor used the former Emperor Ruzi as a focus, and when the rebellion was defeated, he was killed. He is often viewed as an innocent child who was the victim of tragic circumstances. Although commonly referred to as emperor, Ying never formally acceded to the throne, and only assumed the title "crown prince".
	In 5 CE, Wang Mang, then already nearly unlimited in power as the imperial regent and fearful that the 13-year-old Emperor Ping, once grown-up, would retaliate against him for having slaughtered his uncles in 3 CE, murdered Emperor Ping by poison. Because the young emperor had not had any children by his wife Empress Wang (Wang Mang's daughter) or any of his concubines, there was no heir. Emperor Ping's grandfather, Emperor Yuan, had no surviving male issue—of his three sons, Emperor Cheng had no issue, and sons of the other two, Liu Kang, Prince of Dingtao (劉康) and Liu Xing, Prince of Zhongshan (劉興), had succeeded to the imperial throne (as Emperor Ai and Emperor Ping, respectively) and died without issue. The descendants of Emperor Ping's great-grandfather Emperor Xuan were therefore examined as possible successors.
	There were 53 great-grandsons of Emperor Xuan then still living by this stage, but they were all adults, and Wang Mang disliked that fact—he wanted a child whom he could control. Therefore, he declared that it was inappropriate for members of the same generation to succeed each other (even though Emperor Ping had succeeded his cousin Emperor Ai several years earlier). He then examined the 23 great-great-grandsons of Emperor Xuan—all of whom were infants or toddlers.
	While the examination process was proceeding, the mayor of South Chang'an submitted a rock with a mysterious red writing on it -- "Wang Mang, the Duke of Anhan, should be emperor." (During his regency, Wang, building a personality cult about himself, had made it an open secret that he encouraged the manufacturing of false prophecies that would call for him to have more and more power; this appears to be one of those instances.) Wang had his political allies force his aunt, Grand Empress Dowager Wang Zhengjun, to issue an edict granting him the title of "Acting Emperor" (假皇帝), with the commission to rule as emperor until a great-great-grandson of Emperor Xuan could be selected and raised.
	In the spring of 6 CE, Acting Emperor Wang selected Ying—then just one year old—as the designated successor to Emperor Ping, claiming that soothsayers told him that Ying was the candidate most favored by the gods. He gave Ying the epithet "Ruzi"—the same epithet that King Cheng of Zhou had when he was in his minority and under the regency of Ji Dan, the Duke of Zhou—to claim that he was as faithful as the Duke of Zhou. However, Emperor Ruzi did not ascend the throne, but was given the title of crown prince. Empress Wang, just a young girl at 13, was given the title empress dowager.
	Several members of the imperial Liu clan were suspicious of Acting Emperor Wang's intentions. They started or assisted in several failed rebellions against Wang:
	After Zhai and Liu Xin were defeated, Wang became even more convinced that the empire was entirely under his control, and decided to finally seize the throne and start a new dynasty. In the winter of 8 CE, a prophecy written on a casket was presented by Ai Zhang (哀章). The prophecy was said to be a divine decree from Emperor Gao (Liu Bang,) stating that the throne should be given to Wang, and that Empress Dowager Wang (who was Wang Mang's own daughter, but held authority) should follow this divine will. Wang issued a decree accepting the position of emperor and establishing the Xin (new) dynasty.
	In the spring of 9 CE, Wang Mang, now emperor, made the former Emperor Ruzi the Duke of Ding'an (and made his daughter, the former Empress Dowager, Duchess Dowager). The dukedom allegedly included 10,000 households, in which Han emperors were to be enshrined in temples, and Han calendars and uniforms would be allowed. However, Wang did not actually follow through on these promises. Indeed, he never allowed the Duke of Ding'an to rule his dukedom, but effectively put the child duke under house arrest under heavy guard. Not even his wet nurses were allowed to stay with him. As a grown man, Ying did not even know of such common animals as cattle, horses, sheep, chickens, dogs, and pigs. Wang gave his granddaughter to the Duke of Ding'an in marriage. She was the daughter of his son Wang Yu (王宇), whom he had forced to commit suicide in 3 CE after Wang Yu, unhappy with his dictatorial rule, conspired with Emperor Ping's uncles of the Wei clan to overthrow him. Other than this, not much is known about the Duke of Ding'an's life during the Xin Dynasty.
	After the Xin Dynasty was overthrown in 23 CE and Wang Mang was killed, the imperial descendant Liu Xuan (劉玄) became emperor as Gengshi Emperor). However, due to Gengshi Emperor's incompetence, conspiracies and rebellions arose throughout the empire, seeking to displace him.
	Two farfetched co-conspirators started one of these rebellions in 25—Fang Wang (方望), the former strategist for the local warlord Wei Xiao (隗囂), and a man named Gong Lin (弓林) -- and their group of several thousand men, after kidnapping Ying, occupied Linjing (臨涇, in modern Qingyang, Gansu). Gengshi Emperor sent his prime minister Li Song (李松) to attack them, and wiped out this rebel force, killing Liu Ying.

= = = Ralph Wilson = = =

	Ralph Cookerly Wilson Jr. (October 17, 1918 – March 25, 2014) was an American businessman and sports executive. He was best known as the founder and owner of the Buffalo Bills, a team in the National Football League (NFL). He was one of the founding owners of the American Football League (AFL), the league with which the NFL merged in 1970, and was the last of the original AFL owners to own his team. At the time of his death he was the oldest owner in the NFL, at age 95, and the third-longest tenured owner in NFL history (over 54 years, behind the 63 years George Halas owned the Chicago Bears and almost equal to the 55 years Art Rooney owned the Pittsburgh Steelers, although Rooney's ownership and team operations were interrupted in the 1940s due to some complicated dealings). He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2009.
	Wilson grew up in Detroit, Michigan, the son of salesman Ralph Wilson Sr. and his wife, Edith Cole.
	He graduated from the University of Virginia (where he joined the Phi Delta Theta fraternity) and attended the University of Michigan Law School. He was a 1936 graduate of Detroit University School, now University Liggett School. During World War II, he enlisted in the U.S. Navy and served in the Atlantic and Pacific Theaters. After the war ended, he took over his father's insurance business and invested in Michigan area mines and factories. He eventually purchased several manufacturing outlets, construction firms, television and radio stations, and founded Ralph Wilson Industries.
	A minority owner of the Detroit Lions, Wilson got wind of Lamar Hunt's plans for a new league, the American Football League, to challenge the NFL. He tried to put together a team in Miami, but was turned down. His next choice was Buffalo, where the AFL's first choice of owner, Pat McGroder, had declined to start a team. In September 1959, Wilson sent Hunt a telegram with the words, "Count me in with Buffalo.” He named his new team the Bills, after a previous team that had played in the All-America Football Conference from 1946 to 1949. On October 28, 1959 the Buffalo Bills officially became the seventh AFL team. Wilson made professional football a resounding success in a "small market", signing such stars as Cookie Gilchrist, Jack Kemp, and Tom Sestak and Hall of Famers Billy Shaw and O. J. Simpson.
	He was a guiding force in AFL policies that ensured success, such as gate and television revenue sharing. As one of only three AFL owners to be on relatively solid financial ground (along with Hunt and Bud Adams), Wilson lent the financially troubled Oakland Raiders $400,000 and was also willing to lend money to Billy Sullivan of the New England Patriots. Wilson helped keep those franchises afloat, likely saving the entire league from folding (the AFL was unique among professional football leagues in that not a single AFL franchise folded in its history). In November 1963, Wilson along with then Raiders general manager Al Davis lobbied successfully to have AFL games postponed the Sunday after President John F. Kennedy's assassination; NFL games were played as scheduled.
	Wilson was most concerned about his team's financial solvency and was largely indifferent to the Bills' on-field success; O. J. Simpson later noted of his contract negotiations with the Bills that when Simpson's agent told Wilson of Simpson's potential to make the team a championship contender, Wilson shot back "What good would a championship do me? All that means is everybody wants a raise."
	In 1989, after league commissioner Pete Rozelle announced his retirement, Wilson was on the six-member committee who was tasked with nominating potential candidates for the open position. Wilson's nominee, his former quarterback Jack Kemp, declined to pursue the post, as he had already taken a position in the U.S. Cabinet. (The job ultimately went to league attorney Paul Tagliabue.)
	After the original naming rights deal on the Bills' current stadium expired in 1998, the facility's name was changed from Rich Stadium to Ralph Wilson Stadium; it would not receive its current name of New Era Field until 2016, after his death and the subsequent sale of the team. According to an article on msn.com, Wilson, described as "stubborn", turned down numerous naming rights deals for the stadium.
	Wilson was one of the league's most outspoken owners, even near the end of his life. Wilson voted against the Cleveland Browns' relocation to Baltimore in 1995. He publicly rebuked NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue in an open letter in 1998 over league policy, which disallowed criticism of referees, after poor officiating had a direct impact on a Bills loss that season. He was one of two owners (the Cincinnati Bengals' Mike Brown being the other) to oppose the league's former (pre-2011) collective bargaining agreement. (Wilson and Brown were commended for their foresight when the agreement later led to the 2011 NFL Lockout.) He also negotiated a deal to have his team play home games in Toronto from 2008 until 2014.
	Wilson retired from the position of president in 2001, giving operational control to General Manager Tom Donahoe; Wilson retook control of the team's operations in 2006. Wilson again retired as team president, this time surrendering all control of the team's operations to Russ Brandon, on January 1, 2013. He continued to consult with Brandon on team and league operations up until his death.
	Wilson maintained a permanent residence in Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan with his wife, Mary McLean, whom he met in 1989. He had three daughters from his first marriage to Janet McGregor Wilson, two of whom became involved in team business: Linda Bogdan (1948–2009), Pro Football's first female scout, was the franchise's Corporate Vice President until her death. Another daughter, Christy Wilson Hofmann, served as a consultant in the area of merchandising. The third daughter, Edith "Dee Dee" Wilson Jr., was never involved with the franchise. The highest ranking relative in the organization was Mary Owen, Wilson's niece, who served as Vice President of Strategic Planning until the team was sold. Wilson and his first wife divorced in 1970 after 26 years of marriage and shortly after their youngest child turned 19.
	Beginning in the 1990s, Wilson maintained a small, but very valuable, art collection, including works by Claude Monet, Edouard Manet and Alfred Sisley; his collection was valued in the tens of millions of dollars.
	Wilson was a 1992 inductee of the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame. He was a 33rd degree Scottish Rite Freemason.
	Wilson broke his hip in a fall at his home in July 2011, causing him to miss the Bills' home opener for the first time in franchise history. The injury left him wheelchair-bound. He issued a statement saying that he was undergoing physical therapy and hoped to attend at least one game during the season. Wilson also stated that he was "very surprised" at the team's 41-7 victory over Kansas City in Week 1. He was hospitalized in August and early September 2012 with an unspecified infection and missed the entire 2012 season. In April 2013, Wilson was reported as "doing really well," with a statement that he hoped to make the 2013 home opener.
	Wilson died at his home on March 25, 2014 of natural causes at the age of 95. His estate held the franchise in trust until its sale to Buffalo Sabres owners Terry and Kim Pegula in September 2014. The proceeds from the sale were used to form an endowment for the Ralph C. Wilson Jr. Foundation, which funds charitable causes in the Buffalo and Detroit areas, in accordance with Wilson's instructions for the money set forth prior to his death. The organization was overseen for a few months by his niece Mary Owen until its sale to the Pegulas was completed on October 8, 2014.
	On January 31, 2009, Wilson was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame along with former Buffalo Bills defensive end Bruce Smith. The Hall of Fame game, played the day after the 2009 inductions, strayed from the usual AFC–NFC format and instead was contested by two original American Football League teams: the Buffalo Bills and the Tennessee Titans (formerly the Houston Oilers). This matchup was announced after Wilson was elected. Like Wilson, Titans owner Bud Adams was the only owner his team has ever had, and the two were the only living members of the "Foolish Club", the founders of the original eight AFL teams. Wilson and Adams are two of only four men who have owned a professional football franchise continuously for fifty years (George Halas, who owned the Chicago Bears from 1920 until his death in 1983, is the third, and William Clay Ford Sr., Wilson's neighbor, who owned the Detroit Lions from 1961 to 2014, is the fourth).
	The Hall of Fame game on Sunday, August 9, was a kickoff to the 2009 season, which would have been the 50th season of play for the AFL, if the NFL had not merged with it. Wilson was officially inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame on Saturday, August 8, 2009 with ESPN icon Chris Berman acting as his "presenter". Wilson was scheduled to receive his Hall of Fame ring in a halftime ceremony during the Bills game against the Cleveland Browns on October 11, 2009. However, Wilson cancelled the event at the last moment, without notifying the press or fans, and no explanation was given. It was widely speculated that Wilson cancelled the event out of fear of being booed by Bills fans for the team's chronic poor performance on the field and a series of highly unpopular managerial decisions. He was eventually presented with the ring on November 1.
	Wilson donated US$2.5 million to the construction of a "Pro Football Research and Preservation Center" at the Hall of Fame; the facility was named in Wilson's honor on August 13, 2012.
	Wilson was also involved for a number of years in the sport of Thoroughbred horse racing both as a breeder and as an owner in France and the United States. He bred Santa Anita Derby winner Jim French, as well as two-year-old European superstar Arazi, winner of the 1991 Breeders' Cup Juvenile and European Horse of the Year. Another horse, Outta Here, raced in the 2003 Kentucky Derby and finished in seventh place.

= = = Princess (car) = = =

	The Princess is a family car which was produced in the United Kingdom by the Austin-Morris division of British Leyland from 1975 until 1981 (1982 in New Zealand). The car inherited a front-wheel drive / transverse engine configuration from its predecessor, the BMC ADO17 range. This was still unusual in Europe for family cars of this type and gave the Princess a cabin space advantage when compared with similarly sized cars from competing manufacturers.
	The car, which had the design code ADO71, was originally marketed as the Austin / Morris / Wolseley 18–22 series. In 1975 the range was renamed "Princess". This was effectively a new marque created by British Leyland, although it had previously been used as a model name on the Austin Princess limousine from 1947 to 1956, and the Vanden Plas Princess. The Princess is often referred to, incorrectly, as the Austin Princess. Although this name was not used in the UK market, it was used in New Zealand. The car was later revamped as the Austin Ambassador, a hatchback, which was produced from 1981 until 1984 and only available in Britain and Ireland.
	Princess sales, although initially strong, were tailing off by the end of the 1970s. Some of its competitors had gained a fifth-door as a hatchback which the Princess lacked (though Harris Mann originally designed the car with a hatch) and the medium large-car sector fell victim to a poor economic climate further compounded by the OPEC oil crisis of the day. It was somewhere between the Ford Cortina and Ford Granada in terms of size, being designed to compete with more expensive versions of the Cortina as well as entry-level versions of the Granada. British Leyland restyled the Princess with a boot so that it would not compete with their existing SD1 and Maxi designs.
	The limousine version was devised in late 1975 and produced on a small scale by Woodall Nicholson. Based on the top of the range Princess 2200 HLS, stretched at the B-pillar to allow more room for the rear compartment, the front door remained unchanged, making the car look oddly proportioned from the side. The Leyland Princess 2200 HLS Limousine was produced between 1975 and 1979, and was mostly sold to local borough councils (as a mayoral car) and to the funeral sector. Princess limousine seemed to be an alternative to a Daimler DS420 that local government used in the mid 70s as Daimlers were much more expensive.
	Total production amounted to 224,942 units with most examples scrapped by the 1990s.
	The car was launched on 26 March 1975 as the 18–22 series, "the car that has got it all together". The number designation 18–22 referred to the engine sizes available carried forward from the 1800 cc and 2200 cc BMC B-series-engined BMC ADO 17 "Landcrab". For the first six months of production three badge-engineered versions were produced: Austin, Morris and Wolseley. The Austin model bore the original "design intent", featuring trapezoidal headlights and a simple horizontally-vaned grille. The Morris and Wolseley cars had a raised "hump" permitting a larger, styled grille for each model; the Morris one was a simple chrome rectangle with Morris in the lower right-hand corner, while Wolseleys had a chrome grille with the traditional illuminated company logo, with narrower vertical bars either side set back within the chromed surround. Both of these versions had four round headlights, and the Wolseley model was only available with the six-cylinder engine and luxury velour trim. Apart from their bonnet and headlamp designs, and of course their badging, the Austin and Morris models were virtually identical.
	The exterior styling was distinctive, innovative, and somewhat divisive. "The Wedge", as it was often nicknamed, was indeed very wedge-shaped; the styling was all angles and slanting panels. This was very much a 1970s design as created by Italian stylists (see Lamborghini Countach for example). Within BL the car was often referred to as "The Anteater". The designer, Harris Mann, was also responsible for the Triumph TR7, another wedge-shaped car, as was his original design for the Austin Allegro, although by the time that design had been readied for production nearly all the angular styling features had been lost.
	The Princess, unlike the Allegro, made it to regular production relatively unscathed and unaltered from Harris's original plan. The bonnet (hood) was a little higher, to allow for taller engines, but the biggest change from Harris's design involved the rear. Harris had intended the design to be a five-door hatchback, but management decided that the Austin Maxi should be the only hatchback in the range, making that its unique selling point, and besides, they thought the Princess's prospective buyers would dislike a hatchback – despite the fact that in the Rover division the larger Rover SD1 was being given a hatchback design. Consequently, the Princess received fixed rear glass and a separate boot, belying its appearance. An estate version was also proposed, but never reached production.
	The base engine fitted was the 1798 cc B-series pushrod straight-4. The lay-out closely followed that of the predecessor model, but access to the alternator/water pump was greatly improved by exploiting the car's longer nose to fit a front-mounted radiator. The basic design of the engine dated back to 1947 and the unit with a claimed output of 84 bhp was notably lacking in power, although torque was reasonable. The larger engine, fitted to upper models in the range, was a 2227 cc E-series SOHC straight-6. This was very smooth and a much more modern engine, with a published output figure of 110 bhp, but was still not hugely powerful. The Princess was a big car, and the engine choice gave lacklustre performance, not helped by the provision of only a 4-speed manual gearbox (a Borg-Warner automatic transmission was an option). Suspension used BL's Hydragas system.
	A six-cylinder car was road tested by Britain's "Autocar" magazine in March 1975 at the time of the model's launch. It recorded a maximum speed of 104 mph (167 km/h) and reached 60 mph (97 km/h) from a standing start in 13.5 seconds. The top speed was marginally lower than the 109 mph (175 km/h) achieved by a recently tested Ford Consul 2500 L and a full three seconds slower to 60 mph than the Ford which managed the standing start test in just 10.4 seconds. The 2200 also fell slightly behind the Fiat 132GLS 1800 in these comparisons. At the same time its overall fuel consumption at 20.7 mpg was usefully superior to the Ford's 18.1 mpg. The lighter Fiat was more frugal with fuel than either of the other two. On price, the Austin's domestic market recommended retail prices including taxes of £2,424 was significantly higher than the £2,221 charged for the Ford.
	Although its performance figures on paper were a little underwhelming, the testers were impressed with the roominess and roadholding of the Austin 2200. They found it quiet and comfortable, the driving position in particular representing a vast improvement over the car's predecessor. They mentioned in passing that the boot/trunk on the test car "leaked slightly", but did not labour the point.
	The Princess was similar in size to the Ford Cortina, and was marketed by British Leyland as a rival to the larger engined versions of the Cortina, as well as smaller engined versions of the Ford Granada.
	By September 1975, the process of unifying Austin and Morris dealerships was advanced sufficiently, while the Wolseley marque was to be abandoned. Thus the policy of selling seven 18–22 series models under three different marques was changed and the range was reduced to four models all sold under the Princess name. A crown badge was affixed to the point of the bonnet and the script word "Princess" was affixed to the grille, the thick vinyl-clad C-pillars and the boot. Only the 1800 model bore the twin headlights, with the 2200 models sporting the wedge-shaped headlights Harris Mann had designed the car to be seen with.
	Build quality of the Princess was affected by poor quality control and constant industrial disputes; it gained a reputation for unreliability it could never shake off, even though quality improved in later years. The styling, praised upon introduction, was soon labelled "ugly". To quote a phrase in "Parker's Car Price Guide" from the 1990s, "an early critic suggested that the people responsible for designing the front and rear of the car were not speaking to one another".
	In July 1978, the Princess was given a revamp and renamed the Princess 2. The main change was the replacement of the 1800 cc B-series engine with the new O-series engine. The new engine was offered in two sizes: 1695 cc and 1993 cc. Since there was an 1800 cc tax barrier for company cars at the time, the 1700 cc O-series engine was developed to take advantage of that, whilst the 2000 cc engine was developed for the private motorists who wanted something different from the hugely popular Ford Cortina. The car had perhaps reached its pinnacle when the prestigious "Motoring Which" publication described the Princess 2200HLS automatic model as "An excellent car, marred only by poor reliability".
	Production of the Princess ceased in November 1981.
	The basic Princess design lived on in revised form until 1984 as the Austin Ambassador.
	In New Zealand the car was officially sold as the Austin Princess. Assembled in the New Zealand Motor Corporation's plant in Nelson, it was introduced to the market in 1977 and utilized the Austin 1800 B-series engine.
	In early 1979 the car was re-engined with the BL O-series OHC motor. Due to a conflict of the Austin Princess and Morris Marina competing in the same market sector in New Zealand, the Princess got a 2.0 L unit mounted transversely, while the Marina (which was face-lifted at that time and renamed in NZ as "Morris 1700") received the 1.7 L unit mounted longitudinally.
	Being competitively priced, the Princess proved a popular car on the New Zealand market, and proved to be a good alternative to the rear-wheel-drive Ford Cortina, Mitsubishi Sigma and Holden Commodore ranges.
	Local production of the car ended in June 1982, when the completely knocked-down kits of the car had been used up. The Austin Princess R, the last model sold there, was still on new-car price lists in 1983, and was available only in black to commemorate the end of local assembly of a long line of Austin cars.
	The Princess designer Harris Mann intended it to be a hatchback and Torcars created a conversion designed to meet the growing demand for fifth-door saloons which was dealer approved. The Torcars Princess Estate was available in 1800 or 2200 engine sizes, with manual or automatic gearboxes.
	The original sleek wedge profile was completely retained but the tailgate revealed an enormous loadspace accessible by probably the largest estate car aperture available on any European car at the time. With the rear seat lowered there is a load length of nearly , a load width averaging , a load height of nearly , and an overall carrying capacity of 54 cubic feet (assuming Dunlop Denovo run-flat wheels and tyres are fitted, obviating the need for a spare wheel).
	Also included as standard items not available on the standard Princess were a wash-wipe system for the rear screen and a fully carpeted luggage area.
	A Princess was owned by Terry and June Medford, in the BBC sitcom of the same name. Similarly Bobby and Sheila Grant owned a blue Princess in the early years of "Brookside" (this was later replaced with an Austin Montego), until the opening sequence was remodelled in the 1990s, their car could be seen throughout the opening credits and was visible on the title-card.
	The character "Lomper" (Steve Huison) attempts suicide in a Princess in the film "The Full Monty".
	The character Dirk Gently owns a Princess, which played an important role in the 2010 television adaptation of Douglas Adams' novel "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency".
	During the "British Leyland Challenge" on Top Gear James May's chosen car was a 1977 2.2 Princess. May's car was up against Richard Hammond's Dolomite Sprint and Jeremy Clarkson's Rover SD1. The goal of the challenge was to win back the money they had spent on their cars, with May's Princess performing so well that it not only won outright, but also made him some money back above his original expenditure.
	A 2009 episode of the BBC police drama "Ashes to Ashes" (set in 1982) was called "Death of a Princess" in reference to a fatal accident in which a stolen Princess car crashed while being chased by police.

= = = Austin Princess = = =

	The Austin Princess is a series of large luxury cars that were made by Austin and its subsidiary Vanden Plas from 1947 to 1968. The cars were also marketed under the Princess and Vanden Plas marque names.
	The Princess name was also used as follows:
	The first "Austin Princess" A120 was launched in 1947 as the most expensive flagship model in the Austin range at the same time as the A110 Austin Sheerline (designed during the war) which body was built on the same chassis at Longbridge, the A110 produced 10 less horsepower being fitted with a single carburetter. Both cars always had bodies that were massive and heavy in appearance. The Princess (model code A120) featured a body by the coachbuilder Vanden Plas and was a large saloon or limousine. The car was offered with two distinct interiors. The "DM" or limousine type had a sliding glass partition between the driver and rear passengers plus picnic tables, and the "DS" was the saloon. The saloons were successful as a top-executive car, many Princesses (and Sheerlines, for that matter) were bought for civic ceremonial duties or by hire companies as limousines for hire. The standard saloon weighed almost two tons, was 16 ft 9 inches long and 6 feet 1¼ inches wide on a 10-foot 1¼-inch (the short) wheelbase.
	The Princess model was updated over the years through Mark I (A120), Mark II (A135) and Mark III versions, the largest variation being the introduction of the long-wheelbase version in 1952 with a longer body and seven seats: apart from that the bodywork and running gear hardly changed, nor did the 4-litre straight-6 engine. The radiator was fairly upright in old-fashioned style and the car had separate front wings, but these cars were always more modern in style than the equivalent-sized Bentley or Rolls-Royce and, for the saloon, the price was little more than two-thirds of the Rolls-Royce.
	From August 1957 the Austin part of the badging was dropped so it could be sold by Nuffield dealerships. From May 1960, the Vanden Plas name was added in front of "Princess".
	In 1947, Austin produced two virtually identical chassis, one for the A110 (later A125 Sheerline, built entirely by Austin at their Longbridge factory) and the A120 (later A135) chassis used by Vanden Plas to produce the Princess at their Kingsbury works (North London). Although Vanden Plas was by now wholly owned by Austin and much of the running gear and instrumentation was the same in the two cars, the Princess was the Austin flagship, with a higher specification leather, wool and burr walnut interior.
	The original Princess was powered by a 3.5-litre straight-six engine. This was enlarged to a 4.0-litre unit without further modifications. The Princess was often built to order. Customers could specify the colour required and a range of different setups were available. These included triple or single carburetors and twin or single exhaust systems. Whilst the sportier multiple carb version performed better, it achieved only 12 to 14 mpg. The single carburetor version gave slightly better fuel consumption. Performance was good for a car of its size, with a top speed of and acceleration 0 to 60 mph in 20 seconds.
	In 1950, the Limousine version was introduced. The chassis length and passenger area were enlarged to enable a pair of drop down seats to be mounted on the rear of the front seats and a glass division was standard.
	These early cars are now extremely rare, especially the saloon versions. Many of the saloons were converted for use as taxis in the late 1950s, fitted with Perkins diesel engines for better economy. The 3993cc 6-cylinder engine was also fitted, as a petrol option seldom taken up, to the Austin and Morris normal-control (i.e. "bonneted") WEK and WFK commercial vehicles.
	During the life of this model (in 1952), Austin became part of the British Motor Corporation (BMC).
	The Austin Princess IV was introduced in 1956. Offered in Saloon and Touring Limousine models, this replacement for the former Sheerline and A135 only stayed in the catalogue until 1959; 200 were built.
	The last A135 Mark 3 had been priced at five times the price of an Austin A30. The new IV had to be priced at 6.5 times the price of an Austin A30, at which price there was almost no demand. The name was shortened in August 1957 when the car lost its "Austin" designation, now being branded simply as the Princess IV so it might be sold by either Morris or Austin dealers. "The Times" tested the Princess IV and reported on it at some length in early February 1959.
	The Princess IV was discontinued in 1959 and replaced in the catalogue by a much smaller model, an upgraded Austin Westminster (Pininfarina-designed Vanden Plas Princess see below), which retailed at little more than 40 per cent of the Mark IV's price.
	An Austin Princess IV was road tested by "The Autocar" magazine on 3 October 1958, as No.1703 in the series. The engine was rated at 150 bhp (gross) and it returned a maximum speed of 98.7 mph, under the test conditions prevailing.
	The Austin A135 Princess Long Wheelbase Saloon (DS6) and Limousine (DM4) were introduced in 1952. The automatic transmission and power steering from Princess IV were fitted from 1956. The marque name was changed from Austin to Princess in August 1957, and then to Vanden Plas from July 1960. The long wheelbase models continued to be built by hand in limited numbers as the Vanden Plas Princess 4-litre Limousine, until 1968. All now being parts of British Leyland, the Jaguar Mark X-based Daimler DS420 was initially produced at the Vanden Plas works in Kingsbury, North London then replaced the Vanden Plas Princess within the new, slightly rationalised range. This had been foreseen in 1966 when British Motor Holdings (BMH) had brought BMC and Jaguar together, and stopped development at Vanden Plas of the potential successor car. The limousine was luxuriously appointed with lots of polished wood, optional mohair rugs and radio with controls in the armrest. Among the long list of available extras were monograms and a flagstaff. The driving compartment was separated from the rear of the car by a division with an optional telephone for the passengers to communicate with the driver. The driving seat was finished in leather but the rear seats were trimmed in cloth, the usual arrangement on many luxury cars of the time. Though not as durable as leather, cloth was considered kinder to passengers' clothes. To increase seating capacity two occasional seats could be folded out of the floor.
	The car had independent coil suspension at the front with semi elliptic leaf springs and anti roll bar at the rear. The cam and peg type steering gear had optional power assistance.
	An Austin A135 Princess Long-wheelbase Limousine tested by "The Motor" magazine in 1953 had a top speed of and could accelerate from 0- in 23.3 seconds. A fuel consumption of was recorded. The test car cost £2480 including taxes.
	An automatic Limousine was tested by the British magazine "The Motor" in 1962 and had a top speed of and could accelerate from 0- in 23.5 seconds. A fuel consumption of was recorded. The test car cost £3,473 including taxes.
	The Vanden Plas Princess 1100 was launched in 1963 as a luxury variant of the BMC ADO16. Production of the Princess 1100 and subsequent 1275 and 1300 models ended in 1974 with 43,741 examples produced.
	The final use of the "Princess" name was for the Princess 1800 / 2200 of 1975–78 and the Princess 2 1700 / 2000 / 2200 of 1978–81. This was not badged as an Austin on the home market (although it was badged as such in New Zealand), but was sometimes confused with one because for the first year of its life it was marketed (variously) as the Austin, Morris, and Wolseley 18–22 Series. It was succeeded by the Austin Ambassador in 1982 and thus marked the end of the Princess marque, although the Vanden Plas name continued as the most luxurious trim level in the Rover SD1 range.

= = = Marilyn vos Savant = = =

	Marilyn vos Savant (; born 1946) is an American magazine columnist, author, lecturer, and playwright. She was listed as having the highest recorded intelligence quotient (IQ) in the "Guinness Book of Records", a competitive category the publication has since retired. Since 1986, she has written "Ask Marilyn", a "Parade" magazine Sunday column where she solves puzzles and answers questions on various subjects. Among them was a discussion of the Monty Hall problem, to which she postulated an answer in 1990.
	Marilyn vos Savant was born Marilyn Mach on August 11, 1946, in St. Louis, Missouri, to parents Joseph Mach and Marina vos Savant. Savant says one should keep premarital surnames, with sons taking their fathers' and daughters their mothers'. The word "savant", meaning someone of learning, appears twice in her family: her grandmother's name was Savant; her grandfather's, vos Savant. She is of Italian, Czechoslovak, German, and Austrian ancestry, being descended from the physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach.
	As a teenager, Savant worked in her father's general store and wrote for local newspapers using pseudonyms. She married at 16 and divorced ten years later. Her second marriage ended when she was 35.
	She went to Meramec Community College and studied philosophy at Washington University in St. Louis but quit two years later to help with a family investment business. Savant moved to New York City in the 1980s to pursue a career in writing. Prior to starting "Ask Marilyn", she wrote the "Omni I.Q. Quiz Contest" for "Omni", which included intelligence quotient (IQ) quizzes and expositions on intelligence and its testing.
	Savant married Robert Jarvik (one developer of the Jarvik-7 artificial heart) on August 23, 1987, and was made Chief Financial Officer of Jarvik Heart, Inc. She has served on the board of directors of the National Council on Economic Education, on the advisory boards of the National Association for Gifted Children and the National Women's History Museum, and as a fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Toastmasters International named her one of "Five Outstanding Speakers of 1999", and in 2003 she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from The College of New Jersey.
	Savant was listed in the "Guinness Book of World Records" under "Highest IQ" from 1986 to 1989 and entered the Guinness Book of World Records Hall of Fame in 1988. Guinness retired the "Highest IQ" category in 1990 after concluding IQ tests were too unreliable to designate a single record holder. The listing drew nationwide attention.
	Guinness cited vos Savant's performance on two intelligence tests, the Stanford-Binet and the Mega Test. She took the 1937 Stanford-Binet, Second Revision test at age ten. She claims her first test was in September 1956 and measured her mental age at 22 years and 10 months, yielding a 228 score. This figure was listed in the "Guinness Book of World Records"; it is also listed in her books' biographical sections and was given by her in interviews.
	Alan S. Kaufman, a psychology professor and author of IQ tests, writes in "IQ Testing 101" that "Miss Savant was given an old version of the Stanford-Binet (Terman & Merrill 1937), which did, indeed, use the antiquated formula of MA/CA × 100. But in the test manual's norms, the Binet does not permit IQs to rise above 170 at any age, child or adult. As the authors of the old Binet stated: 'Beyond fifteen the mental ages are entirely artificial and are to be thought of as simply numerical scores.' (Terman & Merrill 1937). ...the psychologist who came up with an IQ of 228 committed an extrapolation of a misconception, thereby violating almost every rule imaginable concerning the meaning of IQs."
	Savant has commented on reports mentioning varying IQ scores she was said to have obtained.
	The second test reported by Guinness was Hoeflin's Mega Test, taken in the mid-1980s. The Mega Test yields IQ standard scores obtained by multiplying the subject's normalized z-score, or the rarity of the raw test score, by a constant standard deviation, and adding the product to 100, with Savant's raw score reported by Hoeflin to be 46 out of a possible 48, with a 5.4 z-score, and a standard deviation of 16, arriving at a 186 IQ. The Mega Test has been criticized by professional psychologists as improperly designed and scored, "nothing short of number pulverization".
	Savant sees IQ tests as measurements of a variety of mental abilities and thinks intelligence entails so many factors that "attempts to measure it are useless". 
	She has held memberships with the high-IQ societies Mensa International and the Mega Society.
	Following her listing in the 1986 "Guinness Book of World Records", "Parade" ran a profile of her along with a selection of questions from "Parade" readers and her answers. "Parade" continued to get questions, so "Ask Marilyn" was made.
	She uses her column to answer questions on many chiefly academic subjects; solve logical, mathematical or vocabulary puzzles posed by readers; answer requests for advice with logic; and give self-devised quizzes and puzzles. Aside from the weekly printed column, "Ask Marilyn" is a daily online column that adds to the printed version by resolving controversial answers, correcting mistakes, expanding answers, reposting previous answers, and solving additional questions.
	Three of her books ("Ask Marilyn", "More Marilyn", and "Of Course, I'm for Monogamy") are compilations of questions and answers from "Ask Marilyn". "The Power of Logical Thinking" includes many questions and answers from the column.
	Savant was asked the following question in her September 9, 1990 column:
	This question is called the Monty Hall problem due to its resembling scenarios on the game show "Let's Make a Deal;" its answer existed before it was used in "Ask Marilyn". She said the selection should be switched to door #2 because it has a chance of success, while door #1 has just . To summarize, of the time the opened door #3 will indicate the location of the door with the car (the door you had not picked and the one not opened by the host). Only of the time will the opened door #3 mislead you into changing from the winning door to a losing door. These probabilities assume you change your choice each time door #3 is opened, and that the host always opens a door with a goat. This response provoked letters from thousands of readers, nearly all arguing doors #1 and #2 each have an equal chance of success. A follow-up column reaffirming her position served only to intensify the debate and soon became a feature article on the front page of "The New York Times". "Parade" received around 10,000 letters from readers who thought that her workings were incorrect.
	Under the "standard" version of the problem, the host always opens a losing door and offers a switch. In the standard version, Savant's answer is correct. However, the statement of the problem as posed in her column is ambiguous. The answer depends on what strategy the host is following. If the host operates under a strategy of only offering a switch if the initial guess is correct, it would clearly be disadvantageous to accept the offer. If the host merely selects a door at random, the question is likewise very different from the standard version. Savant addressed these issues by writing the following in "Parade" magazine, "the original answer defines certain conditions, the most significant of which is that the host always opens a losing door on purpose. Anything else is a different question."
	She expounded on her reasoning in a second follow-up and called on school teachers to show the problem to classes. In her final column on the problem, she gave the results of more than 1,000 school experiments. Most respondents now agree with her original solution, with half of the published letters declaring their authors had changed their minds.
	Like the Monty Hall problem, the "two boys" or "second-sibling" problem predates "Ask Marilyn", but generated controversy in the column, first appearing there in 1991–1992 in the context of baby beagles:
	When Savant replied "one out of three", readers wrote the odds were 50–50. In a follow-up, she defended her answer, saying that "If we could shake a pair of puppies out of a cup the way we do dice, there are four ways they could land", in three of which at least one is male, but in only one of which none are male.
	The confusion arises here because the bather is not asked if the puppy he is holding is a male, but rather if either is a male. If the puppies are labeled (A and B), each has a 50% chance of being male independently. This independence is restricted when at least A or B is male. Now, if A is "not" male, B "must" be male, and vice versa. This restriction is introduced by the way the question is structured and is easily overlookedmisleading people to the erroneous answer of 50%. See Boy or Girl paradox for solution details.
	The problem re-emerged in 1996–97 with two cases juxtaposed:
	Savant agreed with the teacher, saying the chances were only 1 out of 3 that the woman had two boys, but 1 out of 2 the man had two boys. Readers argued for 1 out of 2 in both cases, prompting follow-ups. Finally she began a survey, asking female readers with exactly two children, at least one of them male, to give the sex of both children. Of the 17,946 women who responded, 35.9%, about 1 in 3, had two boys.
	On January 22, 2012, Savant admitted a mistake in her column. In the original column, published on December 25, 2011, a reader asked:
	Her response was:
	The correctness of the answer depends on how the question is asked. The probability of being chosen each time is 25% but probability of being chosen at least once across the 4 events is higher. In this case, the correct answer is around 68%, calculated as the complement of the probability of not being chosen in any of the four quarters: 1 – (0.75).
	On May 5, 2013, Savant made an error in a combinatorics problem. The question was how many different 4-digit briefcase combinations contain a particular digit (say 5, for example). She said the answer was 4000, yet people showed the correct answer—3439—using various strategies. The incorrect answer of 4000 counted those combinations with more than one "5" multiple times (twice for "1535", three times for "1555", for instance). So, the correct answer is to take all possible combinations minus the combinations in which each digit is not a 5 to the n power, or 10,000 - 9 = 3439.
	On June 22, 2014, Savant made an error in a word problem. The question was: If two people could complete a project in six hours, how long would it take each of them to do identical projects on their own, given that one took four hours longer than the other? Her answer was 10 hours and 14 hours, reasoning that if together it took them 6 hours to complete a project, then the total effort was 12 "man hours". If they then each do a separate full project, the total effort needed would be 24 hours, so the answer (10+14) needed to add up to 24 with a difference of 4. However, this ignores the fact that the two people get different amounts of work done per hour: if they are working jointly on a project, they can maximize their combined productivity, but if they split the work in half, one person will finish sooner and can't fully contribute. This subtlety causes the problem to require solving a quadratic equation and thus to not have a rational solution. Instead, the answer is formula_1 (approximately 10.32) and formula_2 (approximately 14.32) hours. Savant later acknowledged the error.
	In her January 25, 2015, column Savant answered the question: "Suppose you have a job offer with a choice of two annual salaries. One is $30,000 with a $1,000 raise every year. The other is $30,000 with a $300 raise every six months. Which option is best in the long run?" Savant claimed that the semi-annual $300 raises were better than the annual $1000 raise. Comments of a reader of her webpage pointed out that this was the same puzzle she presented many years ago, and that it was addressed by Cecil Adams' column "The Straight Dope" in 1992. At that time Adams wrote, "Her response is 100 percent correct. It's just not necessarily the answer to the question she was asked."
	A few months after Andrew Wiles said he had proved Fermat's Last Theorem, Savant published "The World's Most Famous Math Problem" (October 1993), which surveys the history of Fermat's last theorem as well as other mathematical problems. Controversy came from its criticism of Wiles' proof; critics questioned whether it was based on a correct understanding of mathematical induction, proof by contradiction, and imaginary numbers.
	Especially contested was Savants' statement that Wiles' proof should be rejected for its use of non-Euclidean geometry. Savant stated that because "the chain of proof is based in hyperbolic (Lobachevskian) geometry", and because squaring the circle is seen as a "famous impossibility" despite being possible in hyperbolic geometry, then "if we reject a hyperbolic method of squaring the circle, we should also reject a hyperbolic proof of Fermat's last theorem."
	Specialists flagged discrepancies between the two cases, distinguishing the use of hyperbolic geometry as a "tool" for proving Fermat's last theorem and from its use as a "setting" for squaring the circle: squaring the circle in hyperbolic geometry is a different problem from that of squaring it in Euclidean geometry. Savant was criticized for rejecting hyperbolic geometry as a satisfactory basis for Wiles' proof, with critics pointing out that axiomatic set theory (rather than Euclidean geometry) is now the accepted foundation of mathematical proofs and that set theory is sufficiently robust to encompass both Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry as well as geometry and adding numbers.
	Savant retracted the argument in a July 1995 addendum, saying she saw the theorem as "an intellectual challenge'to find another proof using only tools available to Fermat in the 17th century.
	The book came with a glowing introduction by Martin Gardner whose reputation as a mathematics populariser may have boosted the book's notoriety.

= = = Sea ice = = =

	Sea ice arises as seawater freezes. Because ice is less dense than water, it floats on the ocean's surface (as does fresh water ice, which has an even lower density). Sea ice covers about 7% of the Earth's surface and about 12% of the world's oceans. Much of the world's sea ice is enclosed within the polar ice packs in the Earth's polar regions: the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean. Polar packs undergo a significant yearly cycling in surface extent, a natural process upon which depends the Arctic ecology, including the ocean's ecosystems. Due to the action of winds, currents and temperature fluctuations, sea ice is very dynamic, leading to a wide variety of ice types and features. Sea ice may be contrasted with icebergs, which are chunks of ice shelves or glaciers that calve into the ocean. Depending on location, sea ice expanses may also incorporate icebergs.
	Sea ice does not simply grow and melt. During its lifespan, it is very dynamic. Due to the combined action of winds, currents, water temperature, and air temperature fluctuations, sea ice expanses typically undergo a significant amount of deformation. Sea ice is classified according to whether or not it is able to drift, and according to its age.
	Sea ice can be classified according to whether or not it is attached (or frozen) to the shoreline (or between shoals or to grounded icebergs). If attached, it is called landfast ice, or more often, fast ice (from "fastened"). Alternatively, and unlike fast ice, drift ice occurs further offshore in very wide areas, and encompasses ice that is free to move with currents and winds. The physical boundary between fast ice and drift ice is the "fast ice boundary". The drift ice zone may be further divided into a "shear zone", a "marginal ice zone" and a "central pack". Drift ice consists of "floes", individual pieces of sea ice or more across. There are names for various floe sizes: "small" – ; "medium" – ; "big" – ; "vast" – ; and "giant" – more than . The term "pack ice" is used either as a synonym to "drift ice", or to designate drift ice zone in which the floes are densely packed. The overall sea ice cover is termed the "ice canopy" from the perspective of submarine navigation.
	Another classification used by scientists to describe sea ice is based on age, that is, on its development stages. These stages are: "new ice", "nilas", "young ice", "first-year" and "old".
	"New ice" is a general term used for recently frozen sea water that does not yet make up solid ice. It may consist of frazil ice (plates or spicules of ice suspended in water), slush (water saturated snow), or "shuga" (spongy white ice lumps a few centimeters across). Other terms, such as grease ice and pancake ice, are used for ice crystal accumulations under the action of wind and waves. When sea ice begins to form on a beach with a light swell, ice eggs up to the size of a football can be created.
	"Nilas" designates a sea ice crust up to in thickness. It bends without breaking around waves and swells. Nilas can be further subdivided into "dark nilas" – up to in thickness and very dark, and "light nilas" – over in thickness and lighter in color.
	"Young ice" is a transition stage between nilas and first-year ice, and ranges in thickness from to , Young ice can be further subdivided into "grey ice" – to in thickness, and "grey-white ice" – to in thickness. Young ice is not as flexible as nilas, but tends to break under wave action. In a compression regime, it will either raft (at the grey ice stage) or ridge (at the grey-white ice stage).
	"First-year sea ice" is ice that is thicker than "young ice" but has no more than one year growth. In other words, it is ice that grows in the fall and winter (after it has gone through the "new ice – nilas – young ice" stages and grows further) but does not survive the spring and summer months (it melts away). The thickness of this ice typically ranges from to . First-year ice may be further divided into "thin" ( to ), "medium" ( to ) and "thick" (>).
	"Old sea ice" is sea ice that has survived at least one melting season ("i.e." one summer). For this reason, this ice is generally thicker than first-year sea ice. Old ice is commonly divided into two types: "second-year ice", which has survived one melting season, and "multiyear ice", which has survived more than one. (In some sources, "old ice" is more than 2-years old.) Multi-year ice is much more common in the Arctic than it is in the Antarctic. The reason for this is that sea ice in the south drifts into warmer waters where it melts. In the Arctic, much of the sea ice is land-locked.
	While fast ice is relatively stable (because it is attached to the shoreline or the seabed), drift (or pack) ice undergoes relatively complex deformation processes that ultimately give rise to sea ice's typically wide variety of landscapes. Wind is thought to be the main driving force along with ocean currents. The Coriolis force and sea ice surface tilt have also been invoked. These driving forces induce a state of stress within the drift ice zone. An ice floe converging toward another and pushing against it will generate a state of "compression" at the boundary between both. The ice cover may also undergo a state of "tension", resulting in divergence and fissure opening. If two floes drift sideways past each other while remaining in contact, this will create a state of "shear".
	Sea ice deformation results from the interaction between ice floes, as they are driven against each other. The end result may be of three types of features: 1) Rafted ice, when one piece is overriding another; 2) Pressure ridges, a line of broken ice forced downward (to make up the "keel") and upward (to make the "sail"); and 3) "Hummock", an hillock of broken ice that forms an uneven surface. A "shear ridge" is a pressure ridge that formed under shear – it tends to be more linear than a ridge induced only by compression. A "new ridge" is a recent feature – it is sharp-crested, with its side sloping at an angle exceeding 40 degrees. In contrast, a "weathered ridge" is one with a rounded crest and with sides sloping at less than 40 degrees. Stamukhi are yet another type of pile-up but these are grounded and are therefore relatively stationary. They result from the interaction between fast ice and the drifting pack ice.
	"Level ice" is sea ice that has not been affected by deformation, and is therefore relatively flat.
	Leads and polynyas are areas of open water that occur within sea ice expanses even though air temperatures are below freezing, and provide a direct interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere, which is important for the wildlife. Leads are narrow and linear – they vary in width from meter to km scale. During the winter, the water in leads quickly freezes up. They are also used for navigation purposes – even when refrozen, the ice in leads is thinner, allowing icebreakers access to an easier sail path, and submarines to surface more easily. Polynyas are more uniform in size than leads and are also larger – two types are recognized: 1) "Sensible-heat polynyas", caused by the upwelling of warmer water and 2) "Latent-heat polynyas", resulting from persistent winds from the coastline.
	Only the top layer of water needs to cool to the freezing point. Convection of the surface layer involves the top , down to the pycnocline of increased density.
	In calm water, the first sea ice to form on the surface is a skim of separate crystals which initially are in the form of tiny discs, floating flat on the surface and of diameter less than . Each disc has its c-axis vertical and grows outwards laterally. At a certain point such a disc shape becomes unstable, and the growing isolated crystals take on a hexagonal, stellar form, with long fragile arms stretching out over the surface. These crystals also have their c-axis vertical. The dendritic arms are very fragile, and soon break off, leaving a mixture of discs and arm fragments. With any kind of turbulence in the water, these fragments break up further into random-shaped small crystals which form a suspension of increasing density in the surface water, an ice type called frazil or grease ice. In quiet conditions the frazil crystals soon freeze together to form a continuous thin sheet of young ice; in its early stages, when it is still transparent – that is the ice called "nilas". Once nilas has formed, a quite different growth process occurs, in which water freezes on to the bottom of the existing ice sheet, a process called "congelation" growth. This growth process yields first-year ice.
	In rough water, fresh sea ice is formed by the cooling of the ocean as heat is lost into the atmosphere. The uppermost layer of the ocean is supercooled to slightly below the freezing point, at which time tiny ice platelets (frazil ice) form. With time, this process leads to a mushy surface layer, known as grease ice. Frazil ice formation may also be started by snowfall, rather than supercooling. Waves and wind then act to compress these ice particles into larger plates, of several meters in diameter, called pancake ice. These float on the ocean surface, and collide with one another, forming upturned edges. In time, the pancake ice plates may themselves be rafted over one another or frozen together into a more solid ice cover, known as consolidated pancake ice. Such ice has a very rough appearance on top and bottom.
	If sufficient snow falls on sea ice to depress the freeboard below sea level, sea water will flow in and a layer of ice will form of mixed snow/sea water. This is particularly common around Antarctica.
	Russian scientist Vladimir Vize (1886–1954) devoted his life to study the Arctic ice pack and developed the "Scientific Prediction of Ice Conditions Theory", for which he was widely acclaimed in academic circles. He applied this theory in the field in the Kara Sea, which led to the discovery of Vize Island.
	The annual freeze and melt cycle is set by the annual cycle of solar insolation and of ocean and atmospheric temperature, and of variability in this annual cycle.
	In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer. In the Antarctic, where the seasons are reversed, the annual minimum is typically in February and the annual maximum in September or October, and the presence of sea ice abutting the calving fronts of ice shelves has been shown to influence glacier flow and potentially the stability of the Antarctic ice sheet.
	The growth and melt rate are also affected by the state of the ice itself. During growth, the ice thickening due to freezing (as opposed to dynamics) is itself dependent on the thickness, so that the ice growth slows as the ice thickens. Likewise, during melt, thinner sea ice melts faster. This leads to different behaviour between multiyear and first year ice. In addition, melt ponds on the ice surface during the melt season lower the albedo such that more solar radiation is absorbed, leading to a feedback where melt is accelerated. The presence of melt ponds is affected by the permeability of the sea ice- i.e. whether meltwater can drain- and the topography of the sea ice surface, i.e. the presence of natural basins for the melt ponds to form in. First year ice is flatter than multiyear ice due to the lack of dynamic ridging, so ponds tend to have greater area. They also have lower albedo since they are on thinner ice, which blocks less of the solar radiation from reaching the dark ocean below. 
	Changes in sea ice conditions are best demonstrated by the rate of melting over time. A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years. Satellite study of sea ice began in 1979, and became a much more reliable measure of long-term changes in sea ice. In comparison to the extended record, the sea-ice extent in the polar region by September 2007 was only half the recorded mass that had been estimated to exist within the 1950–1970 period.
	Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007. Predictions of when the first "ice free" Arctic summer might occur vary.
	Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.
	Sea ice provides an ecosystem for various polar species, particularly the polar bear, whose environment is being threatened as global warming causes the ice to melt more as the Earth's temperature gets warmer. Furthermore, the sea ice itself functions to help keep polar climates cool, since the ice exists in expansive enough amounts to maintain a cold environment. At this, sea ice's relationship with global warming is cyclical; the ice helps to maintain cool climates, but as the global temperature increases, the ice melts, and is less effective in keeping those climates cold. The bright, shiny surface (albedo) of the ice also serves a role in maintaining cooler polar temperatures by reflecting much of the sunlight that hits it back into space. As the sea ice melts, its surface area shrinks, diminishing the size of the reflective surface and therefore causing the earth to absorb more of the sun's heat. As the ice melts it lowers the albedo thus causing more heat to be absorbed by the Earth and further increase the amount of melting ice. Though the size of the ice floes is affected by the seasons, even a small change in global temperature can greatly affect the amount of sea ice, and due to the shrinking reflective surface that keeps the ocean cool, this sparks a cycle of ice shrinking and temperatures warming. As a result, the polar regions are the most susceptible places to climate change on the planet.
	Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters. In the freezing process, much of the salt in ocean water is squeezed out of the frozen crystal formations, though some remains frozen in the ice. This salt becomes trapped beneath the sea ice, creating a higher concentration of salt in the water beneath ice floes. This concentration of salt contributes to the salinated water's density, and this cold, denser water sinks to the bottom of the ocean. This cold water moves along the ocean floor towards the equator, while warmer water on the ocean surface moves in the direction of the poles. This is referred to as "conveyor belt motion", and is a regularly occurring process.
	In order to gain a better understanding about the variability, numerical sea ice models are used to perform sensitivity studies. The two main ingredients are the ice dynamics and the thermodynamical properties (see Sea ice emissivity modelling, Sea ice growth processes and Sea ice thickness). There are a number of sea ice model computer codes available for doing this, including the CICE numerical suite.
	Many global climate models (GCMs) have sea ice implemented in their numerical simulation scheme in order to capture the Ice-albedo feedback correctly. Examples include:
	The Coupled model intercomparison project offers a standard protocol for studying the output of coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models. The coupling takes place at the atmosphere-ocean interface where the sea ice may occur.
	In addition to global modeling, various regional models deal with sea ice. Regional models are employed for seasonal forecasting experiments and for process studies.
	Sea ice is part of the Earth's biosphere. When sea water freezes, the ice is riddled with brine-filled channels which sustain sympagic organisms such as bacteria, algae, copepods and annelids, which in turn provide food for animals such as krill and specialised fish like the Bald notothen, fed upon in turn by larger animals such as Emperor penguins and Minke whales.
	A decline of seasonal sea ice puts the survival of Arctic species such as ringed seals and polar bears at risk.

= = = Rudolf Lange = = =

	Rudolf Lange (18 April 1910 – 23 February 1945?) was a German SS functionary and police official during the Nazi era. With the invasion of Russia, he served in "Einsatzgruppe A" before becoming a commander in the "Sicherheitsdienst" (SD) and all RSHA personnel in Riga, Latvia. He attended the Wannsee Conference, and was largely responsible for implementing the murder of Latvia's Jewish population during the The Holocaust. 
	Lange was born in Weißwasser, Prussian Silesia, a town in present-day Saxony. His father was a railway construction supervisor. Lange finished high school in Staßfurt in 1928 and studied law in the University of Jena. He received a doctorate in law in 1933, and was recruited by the Gestapo office of Halle. He joined the "Sturmabteilung" (SA) in November 1933, but soon felt that this had been a bad career move. Thus, in 1936 Lange joined the "Schutzstaffel" (SS) (member number 290,308).
	As a mid-level Gestapo official, Lange rose rapidly. He adopted the SS ideology wholeheartedly, and resigned from the church in 1937. From 1936 he worked in the Gestapo office in Berlin. In May 1938, Lange was transferred to Vienna to supervise the annexation of the Austrian police system. There, he met and worked with Franz Walter Stahlecker, who later became his superior in Riga. In June 1939 Lange was transferred to Stuttgart.
	In September 1939 the security and police agencies of Nazi Germany (with the exception of the Orpo) were consolidated into the Reich Main Security Office (RSHA) of the SS, headed by Reinhard Heydrich. The Gestapo became "Amt IV" (Department IV) of the RSHA and Heinrich Müller became the Gestapo Chief, with Heydrich as his immediate superior. From May to July 1940, Lange ran the Gestapo offices of Weimar and Erfurt, while working as the deputy head of the office of the Inspector of the SiPo in Kassel. In September 1940, Lange was promoted as the deputy head of police for Berlin. In April 1941, he was promoted to SS-"Sturmbannführer" (major).
	On 5 June 1941 Lange was ordered to Pretzsch and the command staff of "Einsatzgruppe A", headed by SS-"Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Polizei" Dr. Franz Walter Stahlecker.
	Lange was a "Teilkommando" (detachment) leader in "Einsatzkommando 2", or EK2. He was one of the few people aware of the "Führerbefehl" or "fundamental orders" for the so-called "Jewish problem" in Latvia. According to Lange himself:
	From the very beginning, the goal of EK2 was that radical solution of the Jewish problem by killing all Jews.
	On 3 December 1941, he was promoted as commander of EK2, replacing Eduard Strauch. Lange was also the area chief of the "Sicherheitsdienst" (SD), the Nazi Security Service, with the title "Kommandant des Sicherheitsdienst". He was in charge of Department IV of the SD in Latvia. The department was the "hub of the whole SD organization in Latvia, the other departments served it." Matters of formal rank and titles were never clear in the Nazi occupation regime for Latvia, as the lines of authority within agencies and the relationship between one agency and others were "ambiguous, overlapping, and unclear". Nevertheless, Lange is widely recognized as one of the primary perpetrators of the Holocaust in Latvia.
	His headquarters were in Riga, on Reimersa Street. From the beginning of his involvement in Latvia, Lange gave orders to squads of Latvians, such as the Arajs Kommando, that the Germans had organised to carry out massacres in the smaller cities. According to one historian, Victors Arājs was "held on a short leash" by Lange. Another local organisation receiving orders from Lange was the Vagulāns Kommando, which was responsible for the Jelgava massacres in July and August 1941.
	Lange also personally supervised executions conducted by the Arājs commando. He appears to have ordered that all the SD officers should personally participate in the killings.
	Lange was responsible for the Latvian part of the decision by the Nazi regime to deport Jews from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia to Riga. In this connection, on 8 November 1941, he issued detailed orders to Hinrich Lohse, who was "Reichskommissar Ostland", regarding the transport of 50,000 Jews to the East, with 25,000 going to Riga and 25,000 to Belarus. At the same time, Lange was organising the construction of the Salaspils concentration camp, originally intended to accommodate these deportees. Because the Salaspils camp would not be ready by the time the Jews would arrive, Lange decided to send the transports to an abandoned estate near Riga called Jungfernhof or Jumpravmuiza, which would be set up as Jungfernhof concentration camp.
	In November 1941 Lange was involved in the planning and carrying out the murder of 24,000 Latvian Jews from the Riga ghetto which occurred on 30 November and 8 December 1941. This crime has come to be known as the Rumbula massacre. In addition to the Latvian Jews, another 1,000 Jews from Germany were also murdered. They had been brought to Latvia on the first train of deportees, which arrived on 29 November 1941. Following the 29 November train, more rail transports of Jews began arriving in Riga from Germany, starting on 3 December 1941. The Jews on the first few transports were not immediately housed in the ghetto, but were left at Jungfernhof concentration camp.
	In May 1942, Lange issued orders to SS-"Obersturmführer" Günter Tabbert to kill the surviving Jews in the Daugavpils ghetto. Only about 450 Jews survived in Daugavpils after this action, which involved killing of the sick, children, infants and hospital workers. In addition to Tabbert, the Arajs Kommando of native Latvians was responsible for a major part of these killings.
	In 1942, Lange became an SS-"Obersturmbannführer" (lieutenant colonel) in the head office in Riga until 1945, when he became Head of Reichsgau Wartheland's SD and SiPo. He was promoted to SS-"Standartenführer" (colonel) in 1945.
	Lange was called to the Wannsee Conference by Heydrich in January 1942. Lange (an SS major) was the lowest-ranking officer present. Heydrich viewed Lange's first-hand experience in conducting the mass murder of deported Jews as valuable for the conference. Instead of Lange, Heydrich could have invited either Karl Jäger or Erich Ehrlinger, who commanded the SiPo and SD in Lithuania and Belarus respectively, and were responsible for similar massacres. He chose Lange because Riga was the main deportation destination, and because Lange's doctorate made him seem more intellectual than the other two men. Lange's superior, Franz Walter Stahlecker, was not invited, as he was not familiar with the realities of the Jewish deportations and was not located in Riga.
	Early in 1945 Lange was appointed head of the SD and the SS in Poznań, Warthegau. Soon after he reached the city, Posen was surrounded by the Soviet Red Army and was declared a fortified city ("Festung"). Lange, who could not have any doubts about his destiny as a prisoner, directed the police under his command with fanaticism. He was wounded during the Battle of Poznań and the siege by Russian forces and was promoted SS-"Standartenführer" on 30 January 1945. At Hitler's behest, on 6 February 1945 he received the German Cross in gold. Lange may have died or committed suicide when the Red Army seized Poznań on 23 February 1945 after a last-ditch defence of the city by the remnants of the German garrison.
	Lange was said to have been a favourite student of Reinhard Heydrich and Heinrich Himmler. He demanded unconditional obedience from his subordinates. Joseph Berman, a survivor of one of the concentration camps administered by Lange, described him as follows:
	As far as Lange is concerned, he was the biggest murderer I have ever known. To write a book about him would definitely not be enough. As he is dead, it is no use talking about him. I would, however, mention that he was one of the most notorious anti-Semites in the 20th century. He hated Jews so much that he could not look at them; one never wanted to pass him either in the motor pool or anywhere else.
	Lange made himself one of the most feared officials among those responsible for the Riga ghetto. He supervised the arrival of the transports, aided by SS-"Obersturmbannführer" Gerhard Maywald, whom historian Gertrude Schneider, a survivor of the Riga ghetto, describes as Lange's "sidekick". Lange personally shot a young man, Werner Koppel, who he felt was not opening a railway car door fast enough. Schneider described Lange's appearance:
	Even though he was somewhat smaller and darker than the blond, blue-eyed Maywald, he looked very handsome in his fur-collared uniform coat and seemed every inch an officer and a gentleman. It never occurred to the newcomers to suspect such a man of being a murderer.

= = = Wednesbury = = =

	Wednesbury () is a large market town in the county of West Midlands, England near the source of the River Tame. Historically part of Staffordshire in the Hundred of Offlow, at the 2011 Census the town has a population of 37,817.
	The substantial remains of a large ditch excavated in St Mary's Road in 2008, following the contours of the hill and predating the Early Medieval period, has been interpreted as part of a hilltop enclosure and possibly the Iron age hillfort long suspected on the site. The first authenticated spelling of the name was Wodensbyri, written in an endorsement on the back of the copy of the will of Wulfric Spot, dated 1004. Wednesbury ("Woden's borough") is one of the few places in England to be named after a pre-Christian deity.
	During the Anglo-Saxon period there are believed to have been two battles fought in Wednesbury, in 592 and 715. According to The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" there was "a great slaughter" in 592 and "Ceawlin was driven out". Ceawlin was a king of Wessex and the second Bretwalda, or overlord of all Britain. The 715 battle was between Mercia (of which Wednesbury was part) and the kingdom of Wessex. Both sides allegedly claimed to have won the battle, although it is believed that the victory inclined to Wessex.
	Wednesbury was fortified by Æthelflæd (Ethelfleda), daughter of Alfred the Great and known as the Lady of Mercia. She erected five fortifications to defend against the Danes at Bridgnorth, Tamworth, Stafford and Warwick, with Wednesbury in the centre. Wednesbury's fort would probably have been an extension of an older fortification and made of a stone foundation with a wooden stockade above. Earthwork ramparts and water filled ditches would probably have added to its strength. There is a plaque on the gardens between Ethelfleda Terrace and St Bartholomew's church stating that the gardens there – created in the 1950s – used stone from the graaf, or fighting platform, of the old fort. Exploration of the gardens reveals several dressed stones, which appear to be those referred to on the plaque.
	In 1086, the Domesday Book describes Wednesbury ("Wadnesberie") as being a thriving rural community encompassing Bloxwich and Shelfield (now part of Walsall). During the Middle Ages the town was a rural village, with each family farming a strip of land with nearby heath being used for grazing. The town was held by the king until the reign of Henry II, when it passed to the Heronville family. During the 12th or 13th centuries, a motte and bailey castle (Wednesbury Castle) is believed to have been built in Wednesbury. 
	Medieval Wednesbury was very small, and its inhabitants would appear to have been farmers and farm workers. In 1315, coal pits were first recorded, which led to an increase in the number of jobs. Nail making was also in progress during these times. William Paget was born in Wednesbury in 1505, the son of a nail maker. He became Secretary of State, a Knight of the Garter and an Ambassador. He was one of executors of the will of Henry VIII.
	In the 17th century Wednesbury pottery – "Wedgbury ware" – was being sold as far away as Worcester, while white clay from Monway Field was used to make tobacco pipes.
	By the 18th century the main occupations were coal mining and nail making. With the introduction of the first turnpike road in 1727 and the development of canals and later the railways came a big increase in population. In 1769 the canal banks were soon full of factories as in this year, the first Birmingham Canal was cut to link Wednesbury's coalfields to the Birmingham industries.
	In 1743 the Wesleys and their new Methodist movement were severely tested. Early in the year, John and Charles Wesley preached in the open air on the Tump. They were warmly received and made welcome by the vicar. Soon afterwards another preacher came and was rude about the current state of the Anglican clergy. This angered the vicar, and the magistrates published a notice ordering that any further preachers were to be brought to them. When Wesley next came his supporters were still there but a crowd of others heckled him and threw stones. Later the crowd came to his lodgings and took him to the magistrates, but they declined to have anything to do with Wesley or the crowd. The crowd ill-treated Wesley and nearly killed him but he remained calm. Eventually they came to their senses and returned him to his hosts.
	Soon afterward the vicar asked his congregation to pledge not to associate with Methodists, and some who refused to pledge had their windows smashed. Others who hosted Methodist meetings had the contents of their houses destroyed. This terrible episode came to an end in December when the vicar died. After that Anglican/Methodist relations were generally cordial. Methodism grew strongly and Wesley visited often, almost until his death. Francis Asbury, Richard Whatcoat and the Earl of Dartmouth are among those who attended Methodist meetings, all to have a profound effect on the United States.
	A steam tram service opened to Dudley, also serving Tipton, on 21 January 1884. The line was electrified in 1907 but discontinued in March 1930 on its replacement by Midland Red buses.
	Wednesbury was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1886, maintaining this status for 80 years until it was absorbed into an expanded borough of West Bromwich in 1966.
	In 1887, Brunswick Park was opened to celebrate Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee.
	On the evening of 31 January 1916, Wednesbury was hit by one of the first wave of German Zeppelins aimed at Britain during the First World War. Joseph Smith and his three children were killed in their house in the King Street area. His wife survived, having left the house to investigate the cause of a loud noise at a nearby factory, caused by the first bombs falling.
	The first council houses in Wednesbury were built in the early 1920s, but progress was low compared to nearby towns including Tipton and West Bromwich. By 1930, a mere 206 families had been rehoused from slums. However, the building of council houses rose dramatically at the start of the 1930s, the 1,000th council house being occupied before the end of 1931. By 1935, some 1,250 older houses had been demolished or earmarked for demolition. By 1944 there were more than 3,000 council properties; by 1959, more than 5,000; the largest development in Wednesbury being the Hateley Heath estate in the late 1940s and early 1950s, which straddled the border of Wednesbury and West Bromwich.
	In 1947, the Corporation granted a licence for the operation of a cinema, on the condition that no children under 15 were to be admitted on Sundays. The cinema operator challenged this decision in court, claiming that the imposition of the condition was outside the Corporation's powers. The court used this case to establish a general test for overturning the decision of a public body in this type of case, which is now known as "Wednesbury unreasonableness".
	The borough of Wednesbury ceased to exist in 1966, with the majority being absorbed into West Bromwich, and small parts in the County Borough of Walsall. These changes saw the Dangerfield Lane estate (developed during the interwar and early postwar years) being absorbed into Darlaston (now part of an expanded Walsall borough), while the Wednesbury section of Hateley Heath was absorbed into West Bromwich township, and Wednesbury township gained the Friar Park estate from West Bromwich township. West Bromwich amalgamated with Warley in 1974 to form the present-day borough of Sandwell. Wednesbury has the postcode "WS10", shared with Darlaston in the borough of Walsall.
	During the 1970s and 1980s, Wednesbury's traditional industry declined and unemployment rose, but since 1990 new developments such as a new light industrial estate, a retail park and the pedestrian-only Union Street have given a new look to the town. The traditional market is still a feature of the bustling centre, and the streets around Market Place are now a protected conservation area.
	In the late 1980s, a section of land near junction 9 of the M6 motorway was designated as the location for a new retail development. The first retailer to move onto the site was Ikea, who opened their superstore in January 1991. Throughout the 1990s, the retail park expanded to include several more large units, although most of these were empty by 2009 due to the recession. However, most of the units were occupied again by 2012 and the retail park is now home to retailers including Next, TK Maxx, Outfit, Boots, Curry's, B&Q and B&M. Curry's opened their original store on the site in 1995 in what was then Europe's largest electrical superstore, but within 10 years had relocated to an even bigger building on the retail park, with Next taking over the original Curry's building. The retail park was expanded in 2017 with the construction of more retail units and eateries, while the existing car park was remodelled to create more parking spaces.
	Wednesbury's Friar Park estate was the location for the filming of rap group Credit to the Nation's music video for the hit "Sowing the Seeds of Hatred" in 1994, along with a bridge over the nearby Tame Valley Canal.
	Wednesbury was also the scene of two major tragedies during the second half of the 20th century. On 21 December 1977, four siblings aged between 4 and 12 years died in a house fire in School Road, Friar Park, at the height of the national firefighters strike. The house was demolished soon afterwards, leaving a gap in a terrace of council houses.On 24 September 1984, four pupils and a teacher from Stuart Bathurst RC High School were killed when their minibus was struck by a roll of steel which fell off the back of a lorry just outside the school.
	For well over 100 years, Wednesbury was dominated by the huge Patent Shaft steel works, dating from the 19th century and active until closure in 1980, which escalated the rise in unemployment locally. The factory was demolished four years later, and by the mid-1990s it had been developed as a new light industrial estate. The iron gates of the factory are still in existence and have recently been mounted on the traffic island where the Holyhead Road passes the bus station, in tribute to the works.
	In 2003, Wednesbury Museum and Art Gallery staged "Stuck in Wednesbury", the first show in a public gallery of the Stuckism international art movement.
	Morrisons opened a supermarket in the town centre on 4 November 2007, creating some 350 new jobs. A number of council bungalows had been demolished, along with a section of the town centre shops, to make way for it.
	The archives for Wednesbury Borough are held at Sandwell Community History and Archives Service.
	Second in importance to Wednesbury manor house was Oakeswell Hall, built c. 1421 by William Byng. The property descended to the family of Jennyns. By 1662 the house was known as Okeswell or Hopkins New Hall Place (it being adjacent to the Hopkins family's New Hall Fields). Richard Parkes, a Quaker ironmaster, bought it in 1707 and moved in the following year. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries it was a farmhouse. Between 1825 and 1962 it had several different owners, including Joseph Smith (the first town clerk) who greatly restored it. In 1962 it was demolished.
	Dr Walter Chancellor Garman (1860–1923), a general practitioner, and his wife, Margaret Frances Magill lived at Oakeswell Hall. Their children included the Garman sisters who were associated with the Bloomsbury group. There were nine children, seven sisters and two brothers: Mary (1898), Sylvia (1899), Kathleen (1901), Douglas (1903), Rosalind (1904), Helen (1906), Mavin (1907), Ruth (1909) and Lorna (1911).
	Wednesbury is on Thomas Telford's London to Holyhead road, built in the early 19th century. The section between Wednesbury and Moxley was widened in 1997 to form a dual carriageway, completing the Black Country Spine Road that had been in development since 1995 when the route between Wednesbury and West Bromwich had opened, along with a one-mile route to the north of Moxley linking with the Black Country Route. The original plan was for a completely new route between Wednesbury and Moxley, but this was abandoned as part of cost-cutting measures, as were the planned grade-separated junctions, which were abandoned in favour of conventional roundabouts.
	The bus station, rebuilt in 2004, is in the town centre near the swimming baths with links to Wolverhampton, Birmingham, West Bromwich, Walsall and the shopping complex of Merry Hill.
	It is served by the Midland Metro light rail (tram) system, with stops at Great Western Street and Wednesbury Parkway. The maintenance depot is also here. It runs from Wolverhampton to Birmingham, and the line for a proposed extension to Brierley Hill is currently being cleared ready for the new track bed and electrification. It will utilize sections of the South Staffordshire Line alongside freight traffic which will run from Walsall to Brierley Hill via Wednesbury Town and Dudley but freight traffic may start later than the metro due to relaying of the track and assessing the space required for the joint line to work. It may also be used by tram-trains which can run on heavy rail. 
	Between 1850 and 1993 the line built by the South Staffordshire Railway served Wednesbury. Passenger services were withdrawn after Wednesbury railway station closed in 1964 under the Beeching Axe, but a steel terminal soon opened on the site and did not close until December 1992, with the railway closing on 19 March 1993 after serving the town for nearly 150 years.
	Until 1972, the town was served by the Great Western Railway between Birmingham and Wolverhampton at Wednesbury Central railway station. Passenger trains were withdrawn at this time, with Wednesbury-Birmingham section of the line closing. The Wednesbury-Wolverhampton section survived for another decade, and between Wednesbury and Bilston, serving a scrapyard at Bilston, remained open until 30 August 1992 and was re-opened within seven years as part of the Midland Metro.
	Patent Shaft steelworks was erected on land off Leabrook Road near the border with Tipton in 1840, serving the town for 140 years before its closure on 17 April 1980 – an early casualty of the recession. Demolition of the site took place in 1983.
	Metro Cammell set up business after buying the Old Park Works near the border with Darlaston from Patent Shaft in 1949, where it produced railway coach bodies, railway wagons and pressings for other factories in the group. The plant remained opened until 1989.
	F.H. Lloyd steelworks was formed at a site on Park Lane near the boundaries with Walsall and Darlaston during the 1880s, and provided employment for some 100 years. However, F.H. Lloyd was hit hard by the economic problems of the 1970s and early 1980s, and went out of business in 1982. Triplex Iron Foundry of Tipton then took the site over, but the new owners kept the factory open for just six years and it was then sold to Swedish home products company IKEA in 1988, being demolished almost immediately to make way for the superstore, which opened in January 1991.
	IKEA purchased the former F.H. Lloyd steel plant from Triplex in 1988, and opened one of its first British stores on the site in January 1991, just 14 months after the development had been given the go-ahead.
	Property developers J.J. Gallagher had purchased the bulk of the Lloyd site in 1988 and once mineshafts were filled in, decontamination was completed and the River Tame diverted, the land was suitable for mass retail development. A Cargo Club supermarket-style retail warehouse, part of the Nurdin and Peacock group, opened in July 1994. It was one of three Cargo Club stores in Britain, and the venture was not a success: by the end of 1995 it had been shut down following heavy losses. A B&Q DIY superstore opened on the site in 1997.
	The next two units were opened in 1995 and let to Currys and PC World, and a Burger King fast food restaurant opened opposite. By this stage the area was known as Gallagher Retail Park and incorporated the nearby Ikea and Cargo Club stores.
	A further phase was completed in 2000, with Furniture Village, Furnitureland and ScS, while Currys moved to a new store in this phase (the largest electrical superstore in Europe on its completion) and their original unit was re-let to furniture retailer MFI, who remained there until the business went into liquidation eight years later. Pizza Hut and KFC opened fast food restaurants in 2002.
	Next and later TK Maxx, Outfit, Boots and Mamas & Papas opened in the refurbished phase next to Currys after they moved to the site, with the Next store being the first unit to open in this phase in late 2005. Both Currys and PC World are now known as 'Megastores'. 
	In 2016, successful German supermarket chain Lidl opened a new distribution centre just off Wood Green Road, on land near Junction 9 Retail Park.
	New stores, including a Marks and Spencer Simply Food supermarket, Nandos, Smash Burger and Costa are due to open in 2017.
	Quantum print and packaging Limited employs 30 people since relocating to Wednesbury in 2013 from their Willenhall base.
	The Factory occupies a 30000 sq ft site in the town centre
	A ballad about cock-fighting in the town called "Wedgebury Cocking" or "Wednesbury Cocking" became well known in the 19th century. The ballad begins: 
	"A match between Newton and Skrogging;"
	"The colliers and nailers left work,"
	"And all to Spittles' went jogging"
	"To see this noble sport."
	"Many noted men there resorted,"
	"And though they'd but little money,"
	"Yet that they freely sported."

= = = Autopilot = = =

	An autopilot is a system used to control the trajectory of an aircraft, marine craft or spacecraft without constant manual control by a human operator being required. Autopilots do not replace human operators, but instead they assist them in controlling the vehicle. This allows them to focus on broader aspects of operations such as monitoring the trajectory, weather and systems.
	The autopilot is often used in conjunction with the autothrottle, when present, which is the analogous system controlling the power delivered by the engines.
	The autopilot system on airplanes is sometimes colloquially referred to as "George".
	In the early days of aviation, aircraft required the continuous attention of a pilot to fly safely. As aircraft range increased, allowing flights of many hours, the constant attention led to serious fatigue. An autopilot is designed to perform some of the tasks of the pilot.
	The first aircraft autopilot was developed by Sperry Corporation in 1912. The autopilot connected a gyroscopic heading indicator and attitude indicator to hydraulically operated elevators and rudder. (Ailerons were not connected as wing dihedral was counted upon to produce the necessary roll stability.) It permitted the aircraft to fly straight and level on a compass course without a pilot's attention, greatly reducing the pilot's workload.
	Lawrence Sperry (the son of famous inventor Elmer Sperry) demonstrated it in 1914 at an aviation safety contest held in Paris. Sperry demonstrated the credibility of the invention by flying the aircraft with his hands away from the controls and visible to onlookers. Elmer Sperry Jr., the son of Lawrence Sperry, and Capt Shiras continued work on the same autopilot after the war, and in 1930 they tested a more compact and reliable autopilot which kept a US Army Air Corps aircraft on a true heading and altitude for three hours.
	In 1930, the Royal Aircraft Establishment in the United Kingdom developed an autopilot called a pilots' assister that used a pneumatically-spun gyroscope to move the flight controls.
	The autopilot was further developed, to include e.g. improved control algorithms and hydraulic servomechanisms. Adding more instruments such as radio-navigation aids made it possible to fly at night and in bad weather. In 1947 a US Air Force C-54 made a transatlantic flight, including takeoff and landing, completely under the control of an autopilot. 
	Bill Lear developed his F-5 automatic pilot and automatic approach control system, and was awarded the Collier Trophy for 1949.
	In the early 1920s, the Standard Oil tanker "J.A. Moffet" became the first ship to use an autopilot.
	The lunar module digital autopilot of the Apollo program was an early example of a fully digital autopilot system in spacecraft.
	Not all of the passenger aircraft flying today have an autopilot system. Older and smaller general aviation aircraft especially are still hand-flown, and even small airliners with fewer than twenty seats may also be without an autopilot as they are used on short-duration flights with two pilots. The installation of autopilots in aircraft with more than twenty seats is generally made mandatory by international aviation regulations. There are three levels of control in autopilots for smaller aircraft. A single-axis autopilot controls an aircraft in the roll axis only; such autopilots are also known colloquially as "wing levellers," reflecting their limitations. A two-axis autopilot controls an aircraft in the pitch axis as well as roll, and may be little more than a wing leveller with limited pitch oscillation-correcting ability; or it may receive inputs from on-board radio navigation systems to provide true automatic flight guidance once the aircraft has taken off until shortly before landing; or its capabilities may lie somewhere between these two extremes. A three-axis autopilot adds control in the yaw axis and is not required in many small aircraft.
	Autopilots in modern complex aircraft are three-axis and generally divide a flight into taxi, takeoff, climb, cruise (level flight), descent, approach, and landing phases. Autopilots exist that automate all of these flight phases except taxi and takeoff. An autopilot-controlled landing on a runway and controlling the aircraft on rollout (i.e. keeping it on the centre of the runway) is known as a CAT IIIb landing or Autoland, available on many major airports' runways today, especially at airports subject to adverse weather phenomena such as fog. Landing, rollout, and taxi control to the aircraft parking position is known as CAT IIIc. This is not used to date, but may be used in the future. An autopilot is often an integral component of a Flight Management System.
	Modern autopilots use computer software to control the aircraft. The software reads the aircraft's current position, and then controls a flight control system to guide the aircraft. In such a system, besides classic flight controls, many autopilots incorporate thrust control capabilities that can control throttles to optimize the airspeed.
	The autopilot in a modern large aircraft typically reads its position and the aircraft's attitude from an inertial guidance system. Inertial guidance systems accumulate errors over time. They will incorporate error reduction systems such as the carousel system that rotates once a minute so that any errors are dissipated in different directions and have an overall nulling effect. Error in gyroscopes is known as drift. This is due to physical properties within the system, be it mechanical or laser guided, that corrupt positional data. The disagreements between the two are resolved with digital signal processing, most often a six-dimensional Kalman filter. The six dimensions are usually roll, pitch, yaw, altitude, latitude, and longitude. Aircraft may fly routes that have a required performance factor, therefore the amount of error or actual performance factor must be monitored in order to fly those particular routes. The longer the flight, the more error accumulates within the system. Radio aids such as DME, DME updates, and GPS may be used to correct the aircraft position.
	An option midway between fully automated flight and manual flying is Control Wheel Steering (CWS). Although it is becoming less used as a stand-alone option in modern airliners, CWS is still a function on many aircraft today. Generally, an autopilot that is CWS equipped has three positions: off, CWS, and CMD. In CMD (Command) mode the autopilot has full control of the aircraft, and receives its input from either the heading/altitude setting, radio and navaids, or the FMS (Flight Management System). In CWS mode, the pilot controls the autopilot through inputs on the yoke or the stick. These inputs are translated to a specific heading and attitude, which the autopilot will then hold until instructed to do otherwise. This provides stability in pitch and roll. Some aircraft employ a form of CWS even in manual mode, such as the MD-11 which uses a constant CWS in roll. In many ways, a modern Airbus fly-by-wire aircraft in Normal Law is always in CWS mode. The major difference is that in this system the limitations of the aircraft are guarded by the flight computer, and the pilot cannot steer the aircraft past these limits.
	The hardware of an autopilot varies from implementation to implementation, but is generally designed with redundancy and reliability as foremost considerations. For example, the Rockwell Collins AFDS-770 Autopilot Flight Director System used on the Boeing 777 uses triplicated FCP-2002 microprocessors which have been formally verified and are fabricated in a radiation-resistant process.
	Software and hardware in an autopilot are tightly controlled, and extensive test procedures are put in place.
	Some autopilots also use design diversity. In this safety feature, critical software processes will not only run on separate computers and possibly even using different architectures, but each computer will run software created by different engineering teams, often being programmed in different programming languages. It is generally considered unlikely that different engineering teams will make the same mistakes. As the software becomes more expensive and complex, design diversity is becoming less common because fewer engineering companies can afford it. The flight control computers on the Space Shuttle used this design: there were five computers, four of which redundantly ran identical software, and a fifth backup running software that was developed independently. The software on the fifth system provided only the basic functions needed to fly the Shuttle, further reducing any possible commonality with the software running on the four primary systems.
	A stability augmentation system (SAS) is another type of automatic flight control system; however, instead of maintaining the aircraft on a predetermined attitude or flight path, the SAS will actuate the aircraft flight controls to dampen out aircraft buffeting regardless of the attitude or flight path. SAS can automatically stabilize the aircraft in one or more axes. The most common type of SAS is the yaw damper which is used to eliminate the Dutch roll tendency of swept-wing aircraft. Some yaw dampers are integral to the autopilot system while others are stand-alone systems.
	Yaw dampers usually consist of a yaw rate sensor (either a gyroscope or angular accelerometer), a computer/amplifier and a servo actuator. The yaw damper uses yaw rate sensor to sense when the aircraft begins a Dutch roll. A computer processes the signals from the yaw rate sensor to determine the amount of rudder movement that is required to dampen out the Dutch roll. The computer then commands the servo actuator to move the rudder that amount. The Dutch roll is dampened out and the aircraft becomes stable about the yaw axis. Because Dutch roll is an instability that is inherent to all swept-wing aircraft, most swept-wing aircraft have some sort of yaw damper system installed.
	There are two types of yaw dampers: series yaw dampers and parallel yaw dampers. The servo actuator of a parallel yaw damper will actuate the rudder independently of the rudder pedals while the servo actuator of a series yaw damper is clutched to the rudder control quadrant and will result in pedal movement when the system commands the rudder to move.
	Some aircraft have stability augmentation systems that will stabilize the aircraft in more than a single axis. The Boeing B-52, for example, requires both pitch and yaw SAS in order to provide a stable bombing platform. Many helicopters have pitch, roll and yaw SAS systems. Pitch and roll SAS systems operate much the same way as the yaw damper described above; however, instead of dampening out Dutch roll, they will dampen pitch and roll oscillations or buffeting to improve the overall stability of the aircraft.
	Instrument-aided landings are defined in categories by the International Civil Aviation Organization, or ICAO. These are dependent upon the required visibility level and the degree to which the landing can be conducted automatically without input by the pilot.
	CAT I – This category permits pilots to land with a decision height of and a forward visibility or Runway Visual Range (RVR) of . Autopilots are not required.
	CAT II – This category permits pilots to land with a decision height between and and a RVR of . Autopilots have a fail passive requirement.
	CAT IIIa -This category permits pilots to land with a decision height as low as and a RVR of . It needs a fail-passive autopilot. There must be only a 10 probability of landing outside the prescribed area.
	CAT IIIb – As IIIa but with the addition of automatic roll out after touchdown incorporated with the pilot taking control some distance along the runway. This category permits pilots to land with a decision height less than 50 feet or no decision height and a forward visibility of in Europe (76 metres, compare this to aircraft size, some of which are now over long) or in the United States. For a landing-without-decision aid, a fail-operational autopilot is needed. For this category some form of runway guidance system is needed: at least fail-passive but it needs to be fail-operational for landing without decision height or for RVR below .
	CAT IIIc – As IIIb but without decision height or visibility minimums, also known as "zero-zero". Not yet available on commercial airliners, but may be available in the near future.
	Fail-passive autopilot: in case of failure, the aircraft stays in a controllable position and the pilot can take control of it to go around or finish landing. It is usually a dual-channel system.
	Fail-operational autopilot: in case of a failure below alert height, the approach, flare and landing can still be completed automatically. It is usually a triple-channel system or dual-dual system.
	In radio-controlled modelling, and especially RC aircraft and helicopters, an autopilot is usually a set of extra hardware and software that deals with pre-programming the model's flight.

= = = Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth = = =

	The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – formally, the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, after 1791, the Commonwealth of Poland – was a dual state, a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. It was one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th- to 17th-century Europe. At its largest territorial extent, in the early 17th century, the Commonwealth covered almost and sustained a multi-ethnic population of 11 million. Polish and Latin were the two co-official languages. 
	The Commonwealth was established by the Union of Lublin in July 1569, but the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had been in a "de facto" personal union since 1386 with the marriage of the Polish queen Hedwig and Lithuania's Grand Duke Jogaila, who was crowned King "jure uxoris" Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland. The First Partition of Poland in 1772 and the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 greatly reduced the state's size and the Commonwealth collapsed as an independent state following the Third Partition of Poland in 1795.
	The Union possessed many features unique among contemporary states. Its political system was characterized by strict checks upon monarchical power. These checks were enacted by a legislature ("sejm") controlled by the nobility ("szlachta"). This idiosyncratic system was a precursor to modern concepts of democracy, constitutional monarchy, and federation. Although the two component states of the Commonwealth were formally equal, Poland was the dominant partner in the union.
	The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was marked by high levels of ethnic diversity and by relative religious tolerance, guaranteed by the Warsaw Confederation Act 1573; however, the degree of religious freedom varied over time. The Constitution of 1791 acknowledged Catholicism as the "dominant religion", unlike the Warsaw Confederation, but freedom of religion was still granted with it.
	After several decades of prosperity, it entered a period of protracted political, military and economic decline. Its growing weakness led to its partitioning among its neighbors (Austria, Prussia and the Russian Empire) during the late 18th century. Shortly before its demise, the Commonwealth adopted a massive reform effort and enacted the May 3 Constitutionthe first codified constitution in modern European history and the second in modern world history (after the United States Constitution).
	The official name of the state was "The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania" (, , ) and the Latin term was usually used in international treaties and diplomacy. In the 17th century and later it was also known as "the Most Serene Commonwealth of Poland" (, ), the "Commonwealth of the Polish Kingdom", or the "Commonwealth of Poland". Its inhabitants referred to it in everyday speech as the "Rzeczpospolita" (Ruthenian: Рѣч Посполита "Rech Pospolita", ). 
	Western Europeans often simplified the name to "Poland" and in most past and modern sources it is referred to as the "Kingdom of Poland", or just "Poland". The terms: "the Commonwealth of Poland" and "the Commonwealth of Two Nations" (, ) were used in the Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations. The English term 'Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth' and German 'Polen-Litauen' are seen as renderings of "the Commonwealth of Two Nations" variant. Other names include "the Republic of Nobles" () and "the First Commonwealth" (), the latter relatively common in Polish historiography.
	Poland and Lithuania underwent an alternating series of wars and alliances during the 14th century and early 15th century. Several agreements between the two (the Union of Kraków and Vilna, the Union of Krewo, the Union of Wilno and Radom, the Union of Grodno, and the Union of Horodło) were struck before the permanent 1569 Union of Lublin. This agreement was one of the signal achievements of Sigismund II Augustus, last monarch of the Jagiellon dynasty. Sigismund believed he could preserve his dynasty by adopting elective monarchy. His death in 1572 was followed by a three-year interregnum during which adjustments were made to the constitutional system; these adjustments significantly increased the power of the Polish nobility and established a truly elective monarchy.
	The Commonwealth reached its Golden Age in the early 17th century. Its powerful parliament was dominated by nobles ("Pic. 2") who were reluctant to get involved in the Thirty Years' War; this neutrality spared the country from the ravages of a political-religious conflict that devastated most of contemporary Europe. The Commonwealth was able to hold its own against Sweden, the Tsardom of Russia, and vassals of the Ottoman Empire, and even launched successful expansionist offensives against its neighbors. In several invasions during the Time of Troubles, Commonwealth troops entered Russia and managed to take Moscow and hold it from 27 September 1610 to 4 November 1612, when they were driven out after a siege.
	Commonwealth power began waning after a series of blows during the following decades. A major rebellion of Ukrainian Cossacks in the southeastern portion of the Commonwealth (the Khmelnytskyi Uprising in modern-day Ukraine) began in 1648. It resulted in a Ukrainian request, under the terms of the Treaty of Pereyaslav, for protection by the Russian Tsar. Russian annexation of part of Ukraine gradually supplanted Polish influence. The other blow to the Commonwealth was a Swedish invasion in 1655, known as the Deluge, which was supported by troops of Transylvanian Duke George II Rákóczi and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg. The Tatars of the Crimean Khanate and the Nogai Horde conducted almost annual slave-raids in the eastern territories controlled by the Commonwealth.
	In the late 17th century, the king of the weakened Commonwealth, John III Sobieski, allied with Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I to deal crushing defeats to the Ottoman Empire. In 1683, the Battle of Vienna marked the final turning point in the 250-year struggle between the forces of Christian Europe and the Islamic Ottomans. For its centuries-long opposition to Muslim advances, the Commonwealth would gain the name of "Antemurale Christianitatis" (bulwark of Christianity). During the next 16 years, the Great Turkish War would drive the Turks permanently south of the Danube River, never again to threaten central Europe.
	By the 18th century, destabilization of its political system brought Poland to the brink of civil war. The Commonwealth was facing many internal problems and was vulnerable to foreign influences. An outright war between the King and the nobility broke out in 1715, and Tsar Peter the Great's mediation put him in a position to further weaken the state. The Russian army was present at the Silent Sejm of 1717, which limited the size of the armed forces to 24,000 and specified its funding, reaffirmed the destabilizing practice of "liberum veto", and banished the king's Saxon army; the Tsar was to serve as guarantor of the agreement. Western Europe's increasing exploitation of resources in the Americas rendered the Commonwealth's supplies less crucial.
	In 1768, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth became a protectorate of the Russian Empire. Control of Poland was central to Catherine the Great's diplomatic and military strategies. Attempts at reform, such as the Four-Year Sejm's May Constitution, came too late. The country was partitioned in three stages by the neighboring Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Monarchy. By 1795, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had been completely erased from the map of Europe. Poland and Lithuania were not re-established as independent countries until 1918.
	The political doctrine of the Commonwealth was "our state is a republic under the presidency of the King". Chancellor Jan Zamoyski summed up this doctrine when he said that "Rex regnat et non-gubernat" ("The King reigns but ["lit." 'and'] does not govern"). The Commonwealth had a parliament, the Sejm, as well as a "Senat" and an elected king ("Pic. 1"). The king was obliged to respect citizens' rights specified in King Henry's Articles as well as in "pacta conventa", negotiated at the time of his election.
	The monarch's power was limited in favor of a sizable noble class. Each new king had to pledge to uphold the Henrician Articles, which were the basis of Poland's political system (and included near-unprecedented guarantees of religious tolerance). Over time, the Henrician Articles were merged with the pacta conventa, specific pledges agreed to by the king-elect. From that point onwards, the king was effectively a partner with the noble class and was constantly supervised by a group of senators. The Sejm could veto the king on important matters, including legislation (the adoption of new laws), foreign affairs, declaration of war, and taxation (changes of existing taxes or the levying of new ones).
	The foundation of the Commonwealth's political system, the "Golden Liberty" (, a term used from 1573 on), included:
	The three regions (see below) of the Commonwealth enjoyed a degree of autonomy. Each voivodship had its own parliament (sejmik), which exercised serious political power, including choice of poseł (deputy) to the national Sejm and charging of the deputy with specific voting instructions. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania had its own separate army, treasury and most other official institutions.
	Golden Liberty created a state that was unusual for its time, although somewhat similar political systems existed in the contemporary city-states like the Republic of Venice. Both states were styled "Serenissima Respublica" or the "Most Serene Republic". At a time when most European countries were headed toward centralization, absolute monarchy and religious and dynastic warfare, the Commonwealth experimented with decentralization, confederation and federation, democracy and religious tolerance.
	This political system unusual for its time stemmed from the ascendance of the szlachta noble class over other social classes and over the political system of monarchy. In time, the szlachta accumulated enough privileges (such as those established by the Nihil novi Act of 1505) that no monarch could hope to break the szlachta's grip on power. The Commonwealth's political system is difficult to fit into a simple category, but it can be tentatively described as a mixture of:
	The end of the Jagiellon dynasty in 1572after nearly two centuriesdisrupted the fragile equilibrium of the Commonwealth's government. Power increasingly slipped away from the central government to the nobility.
	When presented with periodic opportunities to fill the throne, the "szlachta" exhibited a preference for foreign candidates who would not establish a strong and long-lasting dynasty. This policy often produced monarchs who were either totally ineffective or in constant debilitating conflict with the nobility. Furthermore, aside from notable exceptions such as the able Transylvanian Stefan Batory (1576–86), the kings of foreign origin were inclined to subordinate the interests of the Commonwealth to those of their own country and ruling house. This was especially visible in the policies and actions of the first two elected kings from the Swedish House of Vasa, whose politics brought the Commonwealth into conflict with Sweden, culminating in the war known as The Deluge (1655), one of the events that mark the end of the Commonwealth's Golden Age and the beginning of the Commonwealth's decline.
	The Zebrzydowski rebellion (1606–1607) marked a substantial increase in the power of the Polish magnates, and the transformation of "szlachta democracy" into "magnate oligarchy". The Commonwealth's political system was vulnerable to outside interference, as Sejm deputies bribed by foreign powers might use their liberum veto to block attempted reforms. This sapped the Commonwealth and plunged it into political paralysis and anarchy for over a century, from the mid-17th century to the end of the 18th, while its neighbors stabilized their internal affairs and increased their military might.
	The Commonwealth did eventually make a serious effort to reform its political system, adopting in 1791 the Constitution of 3 May 1791, which historian Norman Davies calls the first of its kind in Europe. The revolutionary Constitution recast the erstwhile Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Polish–Lithuanian federal state with a hereditary monarchy and abolished many of the deleterious features of the old system.
	The new constitution:
	These reforms came too late, however, as the Commonwealth was immediately invaded from all sides by its neighbors, which had been content to leave the Commonwealth alone as a weak buffer state, but reacted strongly to attempts by king Stanisław August Poniatowski and other reformers to strengthen the country. Russia feared the revolutionary implications of the May 3rd Constitution's political reforms and the prospect of the Commonwealth regaining its position as a European power. Catherine the Great regarded the May constitution as fatal to her influence and declared the Polish constitution Jacobinical. Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin drafted the act for the Targowica Confederation, referring to the constitution as the "contagion of democratic ideas". Meanwhile, Prussia and Austria used it as a pretext for further territorial expansion. Prussian minister Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg called the constitution "a blow to the Prussian monarchy", fearing that a strengthened Poland would once again dominate Prussia. In the end, the May 3 Constitution was never fully implemented, and the Commonwealth entirely ceased to exist only four years after its adoption.
	The economy of the Commonwealth was dominated by feudal agriculture based on the plantation system (serfs). Slavery was forbidden in Poland in the 15th century, and formally abolished in Lithuania in 1588, replaced by the second enserfment. Typically a nobleman's landholding comprised a "folwark", a large farm worked by serfs to produce surpluses for internal and external trade. This economic arrangement worked well for the ruling classes in the early era of the Commonwealth, which was one of the most prosperous eras of the grain trade. The economic strength of Commonwealth grain trade waned from the late 17th century on. Trade relationships were disrupted by the wars, and the Commonwealth proved unable to improve its transport infrastructure or its agricultural practices. Serfs in the region were increasingly tempted to flee. The Commonwealth's major attempts at countering this problem and improving productivity consisted of increasing serfs' workload and further restricting their freedoms in a process known as export-led serfdom.
	Urban population of the Commonwealth was low compared to Western Europe. Exact numbers depend on calculation methods. According to one source, the urban population of the Commonwealth was about 20% of the total in the 17th century, compared to approximately 50% in the Netherlands and Italy ("Pic. 7"). Another source suggests much lower figures: 4–8% urban population in Poland, 34–39% in the Netherlands and 22–23% in Italy. The Commonwealth's preoccupation with agriculture, coupled with the szlachta's privileged position when compared to the bourgeoisie, resulted in a fairly slow process of urbanization and thus a rather slow development of industries.
	While similar conflicts among social classes may be found all over Europe, nowhere were the nobility as dominant at the time as in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. There is, however, much debate among historians as to which processes most affected those developments, since until the wars and crises of the mid-17th century the cities of the Commonwealth had not markedly lagged in size and wealth behind their western counterparts. The Commonwealth did have numerous towns and cities, commonly founded on Magdeburg rights. Some of the largest trade fairs in the Commonwealth were held at Lublin. See the geography section, below, for a list of major cities in the Commonwealth (commonly capitals of voivodships).
	Poland–Lithuania played a significant role in the supply of 16th century Western Europe by the export of three sorts of goods, notably grain (rye), cattle (oxen) and fur. These three articles amounted to nearly 90% of the country's exports to western markets by overland- and maritime trade.
	Although the Commonwealth was Europe's largest grain producer, the bulk of her grain was consumed domestically. Estimated grain consumption in the Polish Crown (Poland proper) and Prussia in 1560–70 was some 113,000 tons of wheat (or 226,000 "łaszt" – a "łaszt", or "last", being a large bulk measure; in the case of grain, about half a ton). Average yearly production of grain in the Commonwealth in the 16th Century was 120,000 tons, 6% of which was exported, while cities consumed some 19% and the remainder was consumed by the villages. Commonwealth grain achieved far more importance in poor crop years, as in the early 1590s and the 1620s, when governments throughout southern Europe arranged for large grain imports to cover shortfalls in their jurisdictions.
	Still, grain was by far the largest export commodity of the Commonwealth. The owner of a folwark usually signed a contract with merchants of Gdańsk, who controlled 80% of this inland trade, to ship the grain north to that seaport on the Baltic Sea. Many rivers in the Commonwealth were used for shipping purposes: the Vistula, Pilica, Bug, San, Nida, Wieprz, Neman. The rivers had relatively developed infrastructure, with river ports and granaries. Most of the river shipping moved north, southward transport being less profitable, and barges and rafts were often sold off in Gdańsk for lumber. Hrodna become an important site after formation of a customs post at Augustów in 1569, which became a checkpoint for merchants travelling to the Crown lands from the Grand Duchy.
	From Gdańsk, ships, mostly from the Netherlands and Flanders, carried the grain to ports such as Antwerp and Amsterdam. Besides grain, other seaborne exports included carminic acid from Polish cochineal, lumber and wood-related products such as ash, and tar. The land routes, mostly to the German lands of the Holy Roman Empire such as the cities of Leipzig and Nuremberg, were used for export of live cattle (herds of around 50,000 head) hides, furs, salt, tobacco, hemp, cotton (mostly from Greater Poland) and linen.
	The Commonwealth imported wine, fruit, spices, luxury goods (e.g. tapestries, "Pic. 5"), clothing, fish, beer and industrial products like steel and tools. A few riverboats carried south imports from Gdańsk like wine, fruit, spices and herring. Somewhere between the 16th and 17th centuries, the Commonwealth's trade balance shifted from positive to negative.
	With the advent of the Age of Discovery, many old trading routes such as the Amber Road ("Pic. 4") lost importance as new ones were created. Poland's importance as a caravan route between Asia and Europe diminished, while new local trading routes were created between the Commonwealth and Russia. Many goods and cultural artifacts continued to pass from one region to another via the Commonwealth. For example, Isfahan rugs imported from Persia to the Commonwealth were actually known in the West as "Polish rugs" ().
	Commonwealth currency included the złoty and the grosz. The City of Gdańsk had the privilege of minting its own coinage.
	The military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth evolved from the merger of the armies of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The army was commanded by the Hetman. The most unusual formation of the army was the heavy cavalry in the form of the Polish winged hussars. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy never played a major role in the military structure, and ceased to exist in the mid-17th century.
	Commonwealth forces were engaged in numerous conflicts in the south (against the Ottoman Empire), the east (against the Tsardom of Muscovy, later known as the Russian Empire) and the north (the Kingdom of Sweden); as well as internal conflicts (most notably, numerous Cossack uprisings). For the first century or so, the Commonwealth military was usually successful, but became less so from around the mid-17th century. Plagued by insufficient funds, it found itself increasingly hard-pressed to defend the country, and inferior in numbers to the growing armies of the Commonwealth's neighbors.
	The Commonwealth was formed at the Union of Lublin of 1569 from the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The armies of those states differed from the organization common in the west of Europe, as according to Bardach, the mercenary formations (Polish: "wojsko najemne"), common there, never gained popularity in Poland. Brzezinski, however, notes that foreign mercenaries did form a significant portion of the more elite infantry units, at least till the early 17th century. In the 15th century Poland, several other formations formed the core of the military. There was a small standing army, "obrona potoczna" ("continuous defense") about 1,500–3,000 strong, paid for by the king, and primarily stationed at the troubled south and eastern borders. It was supplemented by two formations mobilized in case of war: the pospolite ruszenie (Polish levée en masse – feudal levy of mostly noble knights-landholders), and the "wojsko zaciężne", recruited by the Polish commanders for the conflict (it differed from Western mercenary formations in that it was commanded by Polish officers, and dissolved after the conflict has ended).
	Several years before the Union of Lublin, the Polish "obrona potoczna" was reformed, as the Sejm (national parliament of Poland) legislated in 1562–1563 the creation of "wojsko kwarciane" (named after "kwarta" tax levied on the royal lands for the purpose of maintaining this formation). This formation was also paid for by the king, and in the peacetime, numbered about 3,500–4,000 men according to Bardach; Brzezinski gives the range of 3,000–5,000. It was composed mostly of the light cavalry units manned by nobility (szlachta) and commanded by hetmans. Often, in wartime, the Sejm would legislate a temporary increase in the size of the "wojsko kwarciane".
	Following the end of the Commonwealth, Polish military tradition would be continued by the Napoleonic Polish Legions and the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw.
	The Commonwealth was an important European center for the development of modern social and political ideas. It was famous for its rare quasi-democratic political system, praised by philosophers, and during the Counter-Reformation was known for near-unparalleled religious tolerance, with peacefully coexisting Roman Catholic, Jewish, Orthodox Christian, Protestant and Muslim (Sufi) communities. In the 18th century, the French Catholic Rulhiere wrote of 16th century Poland: "This country, which in our day we have seen divided on the pretext of religion, is the first state in Europe that exemplified tolerance. In this state, mosques arose between churches and synagogues.” The Commonwealth gave rise to the famous Christian sect of the Polish Brethren, antecedents of British and American Unitarianism.
	With its political system, the Commonwealth gave birth to political philosophers such as Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski (1503–1572) ("Pic. 9"), Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki (1530–1607) and Piotr Skarga (1536–1612). Later, works by Stanisław Staszic (1755–1826) and Hugo Kołłątaj (1750–1812) helped pave the way for the Constitution of 3 May 1791, which Norman Davies calls the first of its kind in Europe.
	Kraków's Jagiellonian University is one of the oldest universities in the world (established in 1364), together with the Jesuit Academy of Wilno (established in 1579) they were the major scholarly and scientific centers in the Commonwealth. The Komisja Edukacji Narodowej, Polish for "Commission for National Education", formed in 1773, was the world's first national Ministry of Education. Commonwealth scientists included: Martin Kromer (1512–1589), historian and cartographer; Michał Sędziwój (1566–1636), alchemist and chemist; Jan Brożek ("Ioannes Broscius" in Latin) (1585–1652), polymath: a mathematician, physician and astronomer; Krzysztof Arciszewski ("Crestofle d'Artischau Arciszewski" in Portuguese) (1592–1656), engineer, ethnographer, general and admiral of the Dutch West Indies Company army in the war with the Spanish Empire for control of Brazil; Kazimierz Siemienowicz (1600–1651), military engineer, artillery specialist and a founder of rocketry; Johannes Hevelius (1611–1687), astronomer, founder of lunar topography; Michał Boym (1612–1659), orientalist, cartographer, naturalist and diplomat in Ming Dynasty's service ("Pic. 11"); Adam Adamandy Kochański (1631–1700), mathematician and engineer; Baal Shem Tov (הבעל שם טוב in Hebrew) (1698–1760), considered to be the founder of Hasidic Judaism; Marcin Odlanicki Poczobutt (1728–1810), astronomer and mathematician ("Pic. 12"); Jan Krzysztof Kluk (1739–1796), naturalist, agronomist and entomologist, John Jonston (1603–1675) scholar and physician, descended from Scottish nobility. In 1628 the Czech teacher, scientist, educator, and writer John Amos Comenius took refuge in the Commonwealth, when the Protestants were persecuted under the Counter Reformation.
	The works of many Commonwealth authors are considered classics, including those of Jan Kochanowski ("Pic. 10"), Wacław Potocki, Ignacy Krasicki, and Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz. Many "szlachta" members wrote memoirs and diaries. Perhaps the most famous are the "Memoirs of Polish History" by Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł (1595–1656) and the "Memoirs" of Jan Chryzostom Pasek ("ca." 1636–"ca." 1701). Jakub Sobieski (1590–1646) (father of John III Sobieski) wrote notable diaries. During the Khotyn expedition in 1621 he wrote a diary called "Commentariorum chotinensis belli libri tres" (Diary of the Chocim War), which was published in 1646 in Gdańsk. It was used by Wacław Potocki as a basis for his epic poem, "Transakcja wojny chocimskiej" ("The Progress of the War of Chocim"). He also authored instructions for the journey of his sons to Kraków (1640) and France (1645), a good example of liberal education of the era.
	The two great religious cultures of the Commonwealth, Latin and Eastern Orthodox, coexisted and penetrated each other, which is reflected in the great popularity of icons ("Pic. 13") and the icons resembling effigies of Mary, as well as the metal dresses typical of the Orthodox Church in the predominantly Latin territories of today's Poland (Black Madonna) and Lithuania (Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn). The implementation of post-Renaissance naturalism and the sentimentality of the Polish baroque in Orthodox painting as well as the creation of the Cossack Baroque style in architecture, also inspired by Polish patterns, were the major factors of Latin infiltration into Eastern Orthodox art ("Pic. 3").
	A common art form of the Sarmatian period were coffin portraits, particular to the culture of the Commonwealth, used in funerals and other important ceremonies. As a rule, such portraits were nailed to sheet metal, six- or eight- sided in shape, fixed to the front of a coffin placed on a high, ornate catafalque.
	Another characteristic is common usage of black marble. Altars, fonts, portals, balustrades, columns, monuments, tombstones, headstones and whole rooms (e.g. Marble Room at the Royal Castle in Warsaw, St. Casimir Chapel of the Wilno Cathedral and Vasa Chapel of the Wawel Cathedral) were decorated with black marble.
	Music was a common feature of religious and secular events. To that end many noblemen founded church and school choirs, and employed their own ensembles of musicians. Some, like Stanisław Lubomirski built their own opera houses (in Nowy Wiśnicz). Yet others, like Janusz Skumin Tyszkiewicz and Krzysztof Radziwiłł were known for their sponsorship of arts which manifested itself in their permanently retained orchestras, at their courts in Wilno. Musical life further flourished during the reign of the Vasas. Both foreign and domestic composers were active in the Commonwealth. King Sigismund III brought in Italian composers and conductors, such as Luca Marenzio, Annibale Stabile, Asprilio Pacelli, Marco Scacchi and Diomedes Cato for the royal orchestra. Notable home grown musicians, who also composed and played for the King's court, included Bartłomiej Pękiel, Jacek Różycki, Adam Jarzębski, Marcin Mielczewski, Stanisław Sylwester Szarzyński, Damian Stachowicz, Mikołaj Zieleński and Grzegorz Gorczycki.
	Magnates often undertook construction projects as monuments to themselves: churches, cathedrals, monasteries ("Pic. 14"), and palaces like the present-day Presidential Palace in Warsaw and Pidhirtsi Castle built by Grand Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski "herbu" Pobóg. The largest projects involved entire towns, although in time many of them would lapse into obscurity or be totally abandoned. Usually they were named after the sponsoring magnate. Among the most famous is the town of Zamość, founded by Jan Zamoyski and designed by the Italian architect Bernardo Morando. The magnates throughout Poland competed with the kings. The monumental castle Krzyżtopór, built in the style "palazzo in fortezza" between 1627 and 1644, had several courtyards surrounded by fortifications. Due to efforts of powerful Radziwiłł family, the town of Nesvizh in today's Belarus came to exercise significant influence in many domains – the Nesvizh manufactures of firearm, carpets, kontusz sashes and tapestries as well as school of painting produced renowned and luxury items. 
	The fascination with the culture and art of the Orient in the late Baroque period is reflected by Queen Marie's Chinese Palace in Zolochiv. 18th century magnate palaces represents the characteristic type of Baroque suburban residence built "entre cour et jardin" (between the entrance court and the garden). Its architecture – a merger of European art with old Commonwealth building traditions are visible in Wilanów Palace in Warsaw ("Pic. 15"), Branicki Palace in Białystok and in Warsaw, Potocki Palace in Radzyń Podlaski and in Krystynopol, Raczyński Palace in Rogalin and Sapieha Palace in Ruzhany.
	The prevalent ideology of the "szlachta" became "Sarmatism", named after the Sarmatians, alleged ancestors of the Poles. This belief system was an important part of "szlachta" culture, penetrating all aspects of its life. Sarmatism enshrined equality among "szlachta", horseback riding, tradition, provincial rural life, peace and pacifism; championed oriental-inspired attire ("żupan", "kontusz", "sukmana", "pas kontuszowy", "delia", "szabla"); and served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility by creating an almost nationalistic sense of unity and of pride in the Golden Freedoms.
	In its early, idealistic form, Sarmatism represented a positive cultural movement: it supported religious belief, honesty, national pride, courage, equality and freedom. In time, however, it became distorted. Late extreme Sarmatism turned belief into bigotry, honesty into political naïveté, pride into arrogance, courage into stubbornness and freedom into anarchy. The faults of Sarmatism were blamed for the demise of the country from the late 18th century onwards. Criticism, often one-sided and exaggerated, was used by the Polish reformists to push for radical changes. This self-deprecation was accompanied by works of Prussian, Russian and Austrian historians, who tried to prove that it was Poland itself that was to blame for its fall.
	The Commonwealth comprised various identities: Poles, Lithuanians, Czechs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Ruthenians (Belarusians and Ukrainians), and Vlachs (Romanians). Sometimes inhabitants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were called Litvins, a Slavic term for people from Lithuania, regardless of their ethnicity (with the exception of Jews, who were called Litvaks). Shortly after the Union of Lublin in 1569, the Commonwealth's population was around 7 million, with roughly of 4.5 million Poles, 750,000 Lithuanians, 700,000 Jews and 2 million Ruthenians. In 1618, after the Truce of Deulino, the Commonwealth population increased together with its territory, reaching 12 million people, which was composed roughly of 4.5 million Poles, 3.5 million Ukrainians, 1.5 million Belarusians, 750,000 Lithuanians, 750,000 Old Prussians, 500,000 Jews, and 500,000 Livonians. At that time nobility was 10% of the population, and burghers were 15%. The average population density per square kilometer was: 24 in Mazovia, 23 in Lesser Poland, 19 in Great Poland, 12 in Lublin palatinate, 10 in the Lvov area, 7 in Podolia and Volhynia, and 3 in Ukraine. There was a tendency for the people from the more densely inhabited western territories to migrate eastwards. In the period from 1648 to 1657, populations losses are estimated at 4 m. Coupled with further population and territorial losses, in 1717 the Commonwealth population had fallen to 9 m, with roughly 4.5 m/50% Poles, 1.5 m/17% Ukrainians, 1.2 m Belarusians, 0.8 m Lithuanians, 0.5 m Jews, and 0.5 m others. Just before the first partition of Poland, the Commonwealth's population stood at some 14 million, including around 1 million nobles, 4.7 million Uniates and 400,000 Orthodox Christians. In 1792, the population was around 11 million and included 750,000 nobles.
	Historian Norman Davies wrote: “Certainly, the wording and substance of the declaration of the Confederation of Warsaw of 28 January 1573 were extraordinary with regards to prevailing conditions elsewhere in Europe; and they governed the principles of religious life in the Republic for over two hundred years."
	Poland has a long tradition of religious freedom. The right to worship freely was a basic right given to all inhabitants of the Commonwealth throughout the 15th and early 16th century. Complete freedom of religion was officially recognized in Poland in 1573 during the Warsaw Confederation. Poland kept religious freedom laws during an era when religious persecution was an everyday occurrence in the rest of Europe. The Commonwealth was a place where the most radical religious sects, trying to escape persecution in other countries of the Christian world, sought refuge. In 1561 Bonifacio d’Oria, a religious exile living in Poland, wrote of his adopted country's virtues to a colleague back in Italy: "You could live here in accordance with your ideas and preferences, in great, even the greatest freedoms, including writing and publishing. No one is a censor here."
	"This country became a place of shelter for heretics” – Cardinal Hosius, papal legate to Poland.
	To be "Polish", in remote and multi-ethnic parts of the Commonwealth, was then much less an index of ethnicity than of religion and rank; it was a designation largely reserved for the landed noble class (szlachta), which included Poles, but also many members of non-Polish origin who converted to Catholicism in increasing numbers with each following generation. For the non-Polish noble such conversion meant a final step of Polonization that followed the adoption of the Polish language and culture. Poland, as the culturally most advanced part of the Commonwealth, with the royal court, the capital, the largest cities, the second-oldest university in Central Europe (after Prague), and the more liberal and democratic social institutions had proven an irresistible magnet for the non-Polish nobility in the Commonwealth. Many referred to themselves as "gente Ruthenus, natione Polonus" (Ruthenian by blood, Polish by nationality) since the 16th century onwards.
	As a result, in the eastern territories a Polish (or Polonized) aristocracy dominated a peasantry whose great majority was neither Polish nor Catholic. Moreover, the decades of peace brought huge colonization efforts to nowadays Ukraine, heightening the tensions among nobles, Jews, Cossacks (traditionally Orthodox), Polish and Ruthenian peasants. The latter, deprived of their native protectors among the Ruthenian nobility, turned for protection to cossacks that facilitated violence that in the end broke the Commonwealth. The tensions were aggravated by conflicts between Eastern Orthodoxy and the Greek Catholic Church following the Union of Brest, overall discrimination of Orthodox religions by dominant Catholicism, and several Cossack uprisings. In the west and north, many cities had sizable German minorities, often belonging to Lutheran or Reformed churches. The Commonwealth had also one of the largest Jewish diasporas in the world – by the mid-16th century 80% of the world's Jews lived in Poland ("Pic. 16").
	Until the Reformation, the szlachta were mostly Catholic or Eastern Orthodox ("Pic. 3, 13"). However, many families quickly adopted the Reformed religion. After the Counter-Reformation, when the Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the szlachta became almost exclusively Catholic, despite the fact that Catholicism was not a majority religion (the Catholic and Orthodox churches counted approximately 40% of the population each, while the remaining 20% were Jews and members of various Protestant churches).
	The Crown had about double the population of Lithuania and five times the income of the latter's treasury. As with other countries, the borders, area and population of the Commonwealth varied over time. After the Peace of Jam Zapolski (1582), the Commonwealth had approximately 815,000 km area and a population of 7.5 million. After the Truce of Deulino (1618), the Commonwealth had an area of some 990,000 km and a population of 11–12 million (including some 4 million Poles and close to a million Lithuanians).
	The Duchy of Warsaw, established in 1807, traced its origins to the Commonwealth. Other revival movements appeared during the November Uprising (1830–31), the January Uprising (1863–64) and in the 1920s, with Józef Piłsudski's failed attempt to create a Polish-led "Międzymorze" ("Between-Seas") federation that would have included Lithuania and Ukraine. Today's Republic of Poland considers itself a successor to the Commonwealth, whereas the Republic of Lithuania, re-established at the end of World War I, saw the participation of the Lithuanian state in the old Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth mostly in a negative light at the early stages of regaining its independence, although this attitude has been changing recently.
	While the term "Poland" was also commonly used to denote this whole polity, Poland was in fact only part of a greater wholethe Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which comprised primarily two parts:
	The Commonwealth was further divided into smaller administrative units known as voivodeships ("województwa"). Each voivodeship was governed by a Voivode ("wojewoda", governor). Voivodeships were further divided into "starostwa", each "starostwo" being governed by a "starosta". Cities were governed by castellans. There were frequent exceptions to these rules, often involving the "ziemia" subunit of administration.
	The lands that once belonged to the Commonwealth are now largely distributed among several Central and East European countries: Poland, Ukraine, Moldova (Transnistria), Belarus, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Also some small towns in Slovakia, then within the Kingdom of Hungary, became a part of Poland in the Treaty of Lubowla.
	Other notable parts of the Commonwealth, without respect to region or voivodship divisions, include:
	Commonwealth borders shifted with wars and treaties, sometimes several times in a decade, especially in the eastern and southern parts. After the Peace of Jam Zapolski (1582), the Commonwealth had approximately 815,000 km area and a population of 7.5 million. After the Truce of Deulino (1618), the Commonwealth had an area of some 1 million km (990,000 km) and a population of about 11 million.
	In the 16th century, the Polish bishop and cartographer Martin Kromer published a Latin atlas, entitled "Poland: about Its Location, People, Culture, Offices and the Polish Commonwealth", which was regarded as the most comprehensive guide to the country.
	Kromer's works and other contemporary maps, such as those of Gerardus Mercator, show the Commonwealth as mostly plains. The Commonwealth's southeastern part, the Kresy, was famous for its steppes. The Carpathian Mountains formed part of the southern border, with the Tatra Mountain chain the highest, and the Baltic Sea formed the Commonwealth's northern border. As with most European countries at the time, the Commonwealth had extensive forest cover, especially in the east. Today, what remains of the Białowieża Forest constitutes the last largely intact primeval forest in Europe.
	a. Name in native and official languages:
	b. Some historians date the change of the Polish capital from Kraków to Warsaw between 1595 and 1611, although Warsaw was not officially designated capital until 1793. The Commonwealth Sejm began meeting in Warsaw soon after the Union of Lublin and its rulers generally maintained their courts there, although coronations continued to take place in Kraków. The modern concept of a single capital city was to some extent inapplicable in the feudal and decentralized Commonwealth. Warsaw is described by some historians as the capital of the entire Commonwealth. Wilno, the capital of the Grand Duchy, is sometimes called the second capital of the entity.

= = = Karl Eberhard Schöngarth = = =

	Karl Eberhard Schöngarth (22 April 1903 – 16 May 1946) was a German SS functionary during the Nazi era. He was a war criminal who perpetrated mass murder and genocide in German occupied Poland during the Holocaust.
	Karl Georg Eberhard Schöngarth was born on 22 April 1903 in Leipzig, Germany. His father was a master brewer. Schöngarth began high school at the age of 11, but soon dropped out in order to work at a garden center to support the war effort. On 7 March 1918 Schöngarth was awarded a “Young Men's Iron Medal”. After the war, he was to go back to high school to complete his education, but instead joined a Freikorps paramilitary group in Thuringia. This eventually lead to Schöngarth joining a local Nazi group in Erfurt on November 1923, as he felt the organization agreed with his ethno-nationalistic tendencies. Schöngarth fled to Coburg to try and escape from his crime of treason, but eventually came back to Erfurt and was given amnesty. In 1924 Schöngarth finished his high school education and got a job at the Deutsche bank while also joining the Army Infantry Regiment 1/15 in Gießen.
	Karl Eberhard Schöngarth later joined the SA (Sturmabteilung) as member number 43,870 while claiming expulsion from the army. By 1924, Schöngarth's involvement with the Nazi party had decreased, and he enrolled at the University of Leipzig, majoring in economics and law. He completed his first bar exam in 1928 and landed a job in the Naumburg Superior Courts. He then went on to acquire his doctorate in law from the Institute for Labor and Law, on 28 June 1929 at just the age of 26, and was awarded a Cum Laude. His thesis was on the subject of 'the refusal of notices of termination of employment contracts. He then decided to take his second bar exam in December 1933 and became a court official for Magdeburg, Erfurt and Torgau.
	Eberhard married Dorothea Gross, with whom he had 2 sons.
	After becoming a court official, Schöngarth began involving himself more heavily in the Nazi party. On 1 February 1933 he joined the SS (member No°. 67,174 and Nazi N°. 2,848,857). Because party membership was now crucial for getting a government job in Germany, his involvement allowed him to become a postmaster in Erfurt. In 1933 he became a member of the SD, the SS's own intelligence service. He eventually left his postmaster position on November 1, 1935, and joined the Gestapo. During his time working with the Gestapo, he worked in the main press office, the political-church council, and the Arnsberg district office in Dortmund, he also served as police chief in Münster and was named a government counselor. Though unknown why he found employment at the political church, a letter from Reinhard Heydrich to the Reich Ministry of the Interior recommended Eberhard become a part of the Secret State Police due to his broad and insightful law background. He was placed with the Gestapo, and later with the SS. He also rose in ranks in the SS, becoming a first lieutenant, captain, major and lieutenant colonel in 1939, and from colonel to brigadier general in 1940.
	During the German attack on Poland he was promoted to SS "Obersturmbannfuhrer". He later served as a Senior Inspector for the RSHA in Dresden.
	In January 1941 he was sent to Kraków, occupied Poland, as senior commander of the SiPo and SD (). During this time Schöngarth was stationed in Kraków, he formed several "Einsatzgruppen" (Special Action Groups) in Warsaw, Radom, and Lublin, with the intention of perpetrating massacres. He was responsible for the murder of up to 10,000 Polish Jews between July and September 1941 and the massacre of Lwów professors behind the frontlines of Operation Barbarossa in the Soviet Union. Schöngarth attended the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942, along with Dr. Rudolf Lange ("Einsatzgruppen" A), who had also participated in the Holocaust. From early July 1944 until the end of war he was the BdS in the Netherlands. He is also reported to have killed 263 persons (including one German soldier) in reprisal for the ambushing of SS General Hanns Albin Rauter March 6, 1945.
	In 2019, a mass grave containing the remains of more than 1,000 Jews was discovered during renovation work on houses in Brest. An Einsatzgruppe led by Schöngarth murdered more than 5,000 Jews in the area between 10 and 12 July 1941.
	Schöngarth was captured by the allies at the end of the war in Europe. After an investigation into his background, he was charged with the crime of murdering a downed Allied pilot (on 21 November 1944) at Enschede, Netherlands and tried by a British military court in Burgsteinfurt. He was found guilty of this war crime on 11 February 1946 and sentenced to death by hanging. Schöngarth was executed by Albert Pierrepoint on 16 May 1946 at .

= = = Sandwell = = =

	Sandwell is a metropolitan borough of the West Midlands county in England. The borough is named after the Sandwell Priory, and spans a densely populated part of the West Midlands conurbation. According to Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council, the borough comprises the six amalgamated towns of Oldbury, Rowley Regis, Smethwick, Tipton, Wednesbury, and West Bromwich, although these places consist of numerous smaller settlements and localities. Though West Bromwich is the largest town in the borough and its designated Strategic Town Centre, Sandwell Council House (the headquarters of the local authority) is situated in Oldbury.
	Bordering Sandwell is the City of Birmingham to the east, the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley to the south and west, the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall to the north, and the City of Wolverhampton to the north-west. Spanning the borough are the parliamentary constituencies of West Bromwich West, West Bromwich East, Warley, and part of Halesowen and Rowley Regis, which crosses into the Dudley borough.
	At the 2011 census, the borough had a population of 309,000 and an area of .
	The Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell was formed on 1 April 1974 as an amalgamation of the county boroughs of Warley (ceremonially within Worcestershire) and West Bromwich (ceremonially within Staffordshire), under the Local Government Act 1972. Warley had been formed in 1966 by a merger of the county borough of Smethwick with the municipal boroughs of Rowley Regis and Oldbury; at the same time, West Bromwich had absorbed the boroughs of Tipton and Wednesbury.
	For its first 12 years of existence, Sandwell had a two-tier system of local government; Sandwell Council shared power with the West Midlands County Council. In 1986 the county council was abolished, and Sandwell effectively became a unitary authority. The borough is divided into 24 Wards and is represented by 72 ward councillors on the borough council.
	The borough was named after Sandwell Priory, the ruins of which are located in Sandwell Valley. The local council has considered changing its name in the past over confusion outside the West Midlands as to the whereabouts of the borough, and in June 2002 a survey of borough residents was carried out. Sixty-five percent of those surveyed favoured retaining the name Sandwell.
	Landmarks and attractions in Sandwell include Wednesbury Museum and Art Gallery, Bishop Asbury Cottage, West Bromwich Manor House, Oak House, West Bromwich, and Sandwell Valley Country Park. It is also the home of West Bromwich Albion F.C..
	Sandwell used to be a popular hotspot for car cruising. In 2015 a High Court order was introduced to ban car cruising in the area. An extension has been secured to run until at least 2021.
	As of 2019, all Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council's councillors are members of the Labour Party. Since the council election in 2018, the political composition of the council has been as follows:
	From the borough's creation in 1974 until 2010, all Members of Parliament (MPs) within its boundaries were Labour. However, in the 2010 general election, Conservative party candidate James Morris was elected to the Halesowen and Rowley Regis seat which incorporates the Sandwell communities of Rowley Regis, Blackheath and Cradley Heath, and the neighbouring area of Halesowen which is situated within Dudley's borders. This was the very first time any part of Sandwell had elected a Conservative MP - or indeed an MP from any party other than Labour. In the December 2019 general election, however, Conservative candidates Nicola Richards and Shaun Bailey were elected to represent West Bromwich East and West Bromwich West respectively. This was the first time since the borough's creation that West Bromwich has returned any Conservative MPs to Parliament, and the first time that a constituency fully within the boundaries of Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council has been represented by a Tory MP. The election of both Richards and Bailey has been marked as a significant milestone in the political history of the borough and marked the end to decades of control by Labour MPs.
	The Sandwell Borough is divided into 24 electoral wards, with each one represented by 3 councillors on the borough council:
	Sandwell is home to nearly 100 primary schools, 25 secondary schools, 4 special schools and 1 college.
	The sole further education college in the borough, Sandwell College was opened in September 1986 following the merger of Warley College and West Bromwich College. It was originally based in the old Warley College buildings on Pound Road, Oldbury, and the West Bromwich College buildings on West Bromwich High Street, as well as a building in Smethwick town centre, but moved into a new single site campus in West Bromwich town centre in September 2012. In 2004, a debt-ridden Sandwell College was subject to a police investigation.
	Localities in the borough include:
	Sandwell is twinned with:

= = = Ambrosian Rite = = =

	The Ambrosian Rite, also called the Milanese Rite, is a Catholic Western liturgical rite. The rite is named after Saint Ambrose, a bishop of Milan in the fourth century. The Ambrosian Rite, which differs from the Roman Rite, is used by some five million Catholics in the greater part of the Archdiocese of Milan, Italy (excluding, notably, the areas of Monza, Treviglio, Trezzo sull'Adda and a few other parishes), in some parishes of the Diocese of Como, Bergamo, Novara, Lodi and in about fifty parishes of the Diocese of Lugano, in the Canton of Ticino, Switzerland.
	Although the distinctive Ambrosian Rite has risked suppression at various points in its history, it survived and was reformed after the Second Vatican Council, partly because Pope Paul VI belonged to the Ambrosian Rite, having previously been Archbishop of Milan. In the 20th century, it also gained prominence and prestige from the attentions of two other scholarly Archbishops of Milan: Achille Ratti, later Pope Pius XI, and the Blessed Ildefonso Schuster, both of whom had been involved in studies and publications on the rite before their respective appointments.
	There is no direct evidence that the rite was the composition of St. Ambrose, but his name has been associated with it since the eighth century. It is possible that the Ambrose, who succeeded the Arian bishop Auxentius of Milan, may have removed material seen as unorthodox by the mainstream church and issued corrected service books which included the principal characteristics distinguishing it from other rites.
	According to St. Augustine ("Confessiones", IX, vii) and Paulinus the Deacon ("Vita S. Ambrosii", § 13), St. Ambrose introduced innovations, not indeed into the Mass, but into what would seem to be the Divine Office, at the time of his contest with the Empress Justina for the Portian Basilica, which she claimed for the Arians. St. Ambrose filled the church with Catholics and kept them there night and day until the peril was past. And he arranged Psalms and hymns for them to sing, as St. Augustine says, "secundum morem orientalium partium ne populus mæroris tædio contabesceret" (after the manner of the Orientals, lest the people should languish in cheerless monotony); and of this Paulinus the deacon says: "Hoc in tempore primum antiphonæ, hymni. et vigiliæ in ecclesiâ Mediolanensi celebrari cœperunt, Cujus celebritatis devotio usque in hodiernum diem non solum in eadem ecclesia verum per omnes pæne Occidentis provincias manet" (Now for the first time antiphons, hymns, and vigils began to be part of the observance of the Church in Milan, which devout observance lasts to our day not only in that church but in nearly every province of the West).
	From the time of St. Ambrose, whose hymns are well-known and whose liturgical allusions may certainly be explained as referring to a rite which possessed the characteristics of that which is called by his name, until the period of Charlemagne (circ AD 800), there is a gap in the history of the Milanese Rite. However, St. Simplician, the successor of St. Ambrose, added much to the rite and St. Lazarus (438-451) introduced the three days of the litanies. ("Cantù, Milano e il suo territorio", I, 116) The Church of Milan underwent various vicissitudes and for a period of some eighty years (570-649), during the Lombard conquests, the see was moved to Genoa in Liguria.
	In the eighth-century, manuscript evidence begins. In a short treatise on the various cursus entitled "Ratio de Cursus qui fuerunt ex auctores" (sic in Cott. Manuscripts, Nero A. II, in the British Museum), written about the middle of the eighth century, probably by an Irish monk in France, is found perhaps the earliest attribution of the Milan use to St. Ambrose, though it quotes the authority of St. Augustine, probably alluding to the passage already mentioned: "Est et alius cursus quem refert beatus augustinus episcopus quod beatus ambrosius propter hereticorum ordinem dissimilem composuit quem in italia antea de cantabatur" (There is yet another Cursus which the blessed Bishop Augustine says that the blessed Ambrose composed because of the existence of a different use of the heretics, which previously used to be sung in Italy).
	According to a narrative of Landulphus Senior, the eleventh-century chronicler of Milan, Charlemagne attempted to abolish the Ambrosian Rite, as he or his father, Pepin the Short, had abolished the Gallican Rite in France, in favour of a Gallicanized Roman Rite. He sent to Milan and caused to be destroyed or sent beyond the mountain, quasi in exilium (as if into exile), all the Ambrosian books which could be found. Eugenius the Bishop, (transmontane bishop, as Landulf calls him), begged him to reconsider his decision. After the manner of the time, an ordeal, which reminds one of the celebrated trials by fire and by battle in the case of Alfonso VI and the Mozarabic Rite, was determined on. Two books, Ambrosian and Roman, were laid closed upon the altar of St. Peter's Church in Rome and left for three days, and the one which was found open was to win. They were both found open, and it was resolved that as God had shown that one was as acceptable as the other, the Ambrosian Rite should continue. But the destruction had been so far effective that no Ambrosian books could be found, save one missal which a faithful priest had hidden for six weeks in a cave in the mountains. Therefore the Manuale was written out from memory by certain priests and clerks (Landulph, Chron., 10-13). Walafridus Strabo, who died Abbot of Reichenau in 849, and must therefore have been nearly, if not quite, contemporary with this incident, says nothing about it, but (De Rebus Ecclesiasticis, xxii), speaking of various forms of the Mass, says: "Ambrosius quoque Mediolanensis episcopus tam missæ quam cæterorum dispositionem officiorum suæ ecclesiæ et aliis Liguribus ordinavit, quæ et usque hodie in Mediolanensi tenentur ecclesia" (Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, also arranged a ceremonial for the Mass and other offices for his own church and for other parts of Liguria, which is still observed in the Milanese Church).
	In the eleventh century Pope Nicholas II, who in 1060 had tried to abolish the Mozarabic Rite, wished also to attack the Ambrosian, and was aided by St. Peter Damian, but he was unsuccessful, and Pope Alexander II, his successor, himself a Milanese, reversed his policy in this respect. St. Gregory VII made another attempt, and Le Brun (Explication de la Messe, III, art. I, § 8) conjectures that Landulf's miraculous narrative was written with a purpose about that time. Having weathered these storms, the Ambrosian Rite had peace for some three centuries and a half.
	In the first half of the fifteenth century Cardinal Branda da Castiglione, who died in 1448, was legate in Milan. As part of his plan for reconciling Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan, and the Holy See, he endeavoured to substitute the Roman Rite for the Ambrosian. The result was a serious riot, and the Cardinal's legateship came to an abrupt end. After that the Ambrosian Rite was safe until the Council of Trent. The Rule of that Council, that local uses which could show a prescription of two centuries might be retained, saved Milan, not without a struggle, from the loss of its Rite, and St. Charles Borromeo though he made some alterations in a Roman direction, was most careful not to destroy its characteristics. A small attempt made against it by a Governor of Milan who had obtained a permission from the Pope to have the Roman Mass said in any church which he might happen to attend, was defeated by St. Charles, and his own revisions were intended to do little more than was inevitable in a living rite.
	Since his time the temper of the Milan Church has been most conservative, and the only alterations in subsequent editions seem to have been slight improvements in the wording of rubrics and in the arrangement of the books. The district in which the Ambrosian Rite is used is nominally the old archiepiscopal province of Milan before the changes of 1515 and 1819, but actually it is not exclusively used even in the city of Milan itself. In parts of the Swiss Canton of Ticino it is used; in other parts the Roman Rite is so much preferred that it is said that when Cardinal Gaisruck tried to force the Ambrosian upon them the inhabitants declared that they would be either Roman or Lutheran. There are traces also of the use of the Ambrosian Rite beyond the limits of the Province of Milan. In 1132-34, two Augustinian canons of Ratisbon, Paul, said by Bäumer to be Paul of Bernried, and Gebehard, held a correspondence (printed by Mabillon in his "Musæum Italicum" from the originals in the Cathedral Library at Milan) with Anselm, Archbishop of Milan, and Martin, treasurer of St. Ambrose, with a view of obtaining copies of the books of the Ambrosian Rite, so that they might introduce it into their church. In the fourteenth century the Emperor Charles IV introduced the Rite into the Church of St. Ambrose at Prague. Traces of it, mixed with the Roman, are said by Hoeyinck (Geschichte der kirchl. Liturgie des Bisthums Augsburg) to have remained in the diocese of Augsburg down to its last breviary of 1584, and according to Catena (Cantù, Milano e il suo territorio, 118) the use of Capua in the time of St. Charles Borromeo had some resemblance to that of Milan.
	Important editions of the Ambrosian Missal were issued in 1475, 1594, 1609, 1902 and 1954. The last of these was the final edition in the form of the Ambrosian Rite that preceded the Second Vatican Council, and is now used mainly in the church of San Rocco al Gentilino in Milan.
	Following the guidelines of the Second Vatican Council and the preliminary revisions of the Ordinary of the Mass of the Roman Rite, a new bilingual (Latin and Italian) edition of the Ambrosian Missal was issued in 1966, simplifying the 1955 missal, mainly in the prayers the priest said inaudibly and in the genuflections, and adding the Prayer of the Faithful. The eucharistic prayer continued to be said in Latin until 1967. The altars were moved to face the people.
	When the Mass of Paul VI was issued in 1969, most Ambrosian-Rite priests began to use the new Roman Missal (only omitting the "Agnus Dei"), the Roman Lectionary, and the General Roman Calendar (with its four-week Advent). The Ambrosian form of administering the other sacraments was for the most part already identical with the Roman. This made it uncertain whether the Ambrosian Rite would survive. But in promulgating the documents of the 46th diocesan synod (1966–1973), Cardinal Archbishop Giovanni Colombo, supported by Pope Paul VI (a former Archbishop of Milan), finally decreed that the Ambrosian Rite, brought into line with the directives of the Second Vatican Council, should be preserved.
	Work, still in progress, began on all the Ambrosian liturgical texts. On 11 April 1976 Cardinal Colombo published the new Ambrosian Missal, covering the whole liturgical year. Later in the same year an experimental Lectionary appeared, covering only some liturgical seasons, and still following the Roman-Rite Lectionary for the rest. Minor modifications of the Ambrosian Missal were implemented in 1978, restoring for example the place of the Creed in the Mass, and the new Ambrosian rite for funerals was issued.
	The Ambrosian Missal also restored two early-medieval Ambrosian eucharistic prayers, unusual for placing the epiclesis after the Words of Institution, in line with Oriental use.
	In 1984-1985 the new Ambrosian Liturgy of the Hours was published, and in 2006 the new Ambrosian rite of marriage. On 20 March 2008 the new Ambrosian Lectionary, superseding the 1976 experimental edition, and covering the whole liturgical year, was promulgated, coming into effect from the First Sunday of Advent 2008 (16 November 2008). It is based on the ancient Ambrosian liturgical tradition, and contains in particular, a special rite of light ("lucernarium") and proclamation of the resurrection of Jesus, for use before the Saturday-evening celebration of the Mass of the Sunday, seen as the weekly Easter. Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass in Milan using the Ambrosian Rite in 1983, as did Pope Francis in 2017.
	The origin of the Ambrosian Rite is still under discussion, and at least two conflicting theories are held by leading liturgiologists. The decision is not made easier by the absence of any direct evidence as to the nature of the Rite before about the ninth century. There are, it is true, allusions to various services of the Milanese Church in the writings of St. Augustine and St. Ambrose, and in the anonymous treatise "De Sacramentis", which used to be attributed to the latter, but is not his; but these allusions are naturally enough insufficient for more than vague conjecture, and have been used with perhaps equal justification in support of either side of the controversy. Even if the rather improbable story of Landulf is not to be believed, the existing manuscripts, which only take us back at the earliest to the period of Charlemagne, leave the question of his influence open.
	This much we may confidently affirm: that although both the Missal and the Breviary have been subjected from time to time to various modifications, often, as might be expected, in a Roman direction, the changes are singularly few and unimportant, and the Ambrosian Rite of today is substantially the same as that represented in the early Manuscripts. Indeed, since some of these documents come from places in the Alpine valleys, such as Biasca, Lodrino, Venegono and elsewhere, while the modern rite is that of the metropolitan cathedral and the churches of the city of Milan, some proportion of the differences may well turn out to be local rather than chronological developments. The arguments of the two principal theories are necessarily derived in a great measure from the internal evidence of the books themselves, and at present the end of the controversy is not in sight.
	The question resolves itself into this: Is the Ambrosian Rite archaic Roman, or a much Romanized form of the Gallican Rite? And this question is mixed with that of the provenance of the Gallican Rite itself. Some liturgiologists of a past generation, notably J. M. Neale and others from the Anglican tradition, referred the Hispano-Gallican and Celtic family of liturgies to an original imported into Provence from Ephesus in Asia Minor by St. Irenæus, who had received it through St. Polycarp from St. John the Divine. The name Ephesine was applied to this liturgy, and it was sometimes called the Liturgy of St. John. The idea was not modern. Colman, at the Synod of Whitby in 664, attributed the Celtic rule of Easter to St. John, and in the curious little eighth-century treatise already mentioned (in Cott. Manuscript Nero A. II) one finds: "Johannes Evangelista primum cursus gallorum decantavit. Inde postea beatus policarpus discipulus sci iohannis. Inde postea hiereneus qui fuit eps Lugdunensis Gallei. Tertius ipse ipsum cursum decantauerunt [sic] in galleis." The author is not speaking of the Liturgy, but of the Divine Office, but that does not affect the question, and the theory, which had its obvious controversial value, was at one time very popular with Anglicans. Neale considered that the Ambrosian Rite was a Romanized form of this Hispano-Gallican - or Ephesine Rite; he never brought much evidence for this view, being generally contented with stating it and giving a certain number of not very convincing comparisons with the Mozarabic Rite (Essays on Liturgiology, ed. 1867, 171-197). But Neale greatly exaggerated the Romanizing effected by St. Charles Borromeo, and his essay on the Ambrosian Liturgy is somewhat out of date, though much of it is of great value as an analysis of the existing Rite. W. C. Bishop, in his article on the Ambrosian Breviary (Church Q., Oct., 1886), takes up the same line as Neale in claiming a Gallican origin for the Ambrosian Divine Office.
	But Louis Duchesne in his "Origines du culte chrétien" put forward a theory of origin which works out very clearly, though it is almost all founded on conjecture and a priori reasoning. He rejects entirely the Ephesine supposition, and considers that the Orientalisms which he recognizes in the Hispano-Gallican Rite are of much later origin than the period of St. Irenæus, and that it was from Milan as a centre that a rite, imported or modified from the East, perhaps by the Cappadocian Arian Bishop Auxentius (355-374), the predecessor of St. Ambrose, gradually spread to Gaul, Spain, and Britain. He lays great stress on the important position of Milan as a northern metropolis, and on the intercourse with the East by way of Aquileia and Illyria, as well as on the eastern nationality of many of the Bishops of Milan. In his analysis of the Gallican Mass, Duchesne assumes that the seventh-century Bobbio Sacramentary (Bibl. Nat., 13,246), though not actually Milanese, is to be counted as a guide to early Ambrosian usages, and makes use of it in the reconstruction of the primitive Rite before, according to his theory, it was so extensively Romanized as it appears in the earliest undeniably Ambrosian documents. He also appears to assume that the usages mentioned in the Letter of St. Innocent I to Decentius of Eugubium as differing from those of Rome were necessarily common to Milan and Gubbio. Paul Lejay has adopted this theory in his article in the "Revue d'histoire et littérature religeuses" (II, 173) and in Dom Cabrol's Dictionnaire d'archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie" [s. v. Ambrosien (Rit)].
	The other theory, of which Antonio Maria Ceriani and Magistretti are the most distinguished exponents, maintains that the Ambrosian Rite has preserved the pre-Gelasian and pre-Gregorian form of the Roman Rite. Ceriani (Notitia Liturgiæ Ambrosianæ) supports his contention by many references to early writers and by comparisons of early forms of the Roman Ordinary with the Ambrosian. Both sides admit the self-evident fact that the Canon in the present Ambrosian Mass is a variety of the Roman Canon. Neither has explained satisfactorily how and when it got there. The borrowings from the Greek service books have been ably discussed by Cagin (Paléographie musicale, V), but there are Greek loans in the Roman books also, though, if Duchesne's theory of origin is correct, some of them may have travelled by way of the Milanese-Gallican Rite at the time of the Charlemagne revision. There are evident Gallicanisms in the Ambrosian Rite, but so there are in the present Roman, and the main outlines of the process by which they arrived in the latter are sufficiently certain, though the dates are not. The presence of a very definite Post-Sanctus of undoubted Hispano-Gallican form in the Ambrosian Mass of Easter Eve requires more explanation than it has received, and the whole question of provenance is further complicated by a theory, into which Ceriani does not enter, of a Roman origin of all the Latin liturgical rites: Gallican, Celtic, Mozarabic, and Ambrosian alike. There are indications in his liturgical note to the "Book of Cerne" and in "The Genius of the Roman Rite" that Mr. Edmund Bishop, who, as far as he has spoken at all, prefers the conclusions, though not so much the arguments, of Ceriani to either the arguments or conclusions of Duchesne, may eventually have something to say which will put the subject on a more solid basis.
	Some features of the Ambrosian Rite distinguish it from the Roman Rite liturgy.
	The main differences in the Mass are:
	The main differences in the liturgical year are:
	Other differences are that:
	The early manuscripts of the Ambrosian Rite are generally found in the following forms:
	The following are some of the most noted Manuscripts of the rite:
	Some editions of the printed Ambrosian service-books: 
	The editions of the Missals, 1475, 1751, and 1902; Breviaries, 1582 and 1902; Ritual, 1645; both Psalters, both Ceremonials, the Lectionary, and Litanies are in the British Museum.

= = = Oldbury, West Midlands = = =

	Oldbury is an industrialized market town and administrative centre in Sandwell, West Midlands, England. It is a part of the Black Country, and the administrative centre of the borough of Sandwell.
	At the 2011 census, the ward of Oldbury had a population of 13,606, while the wider built-up area has a population of 25,488 according to a 2017 census. However, Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council give the population figure of Oldbury as 50,641.
	The place name Oldbury, comes from the Old English 'Ealdenbyrig', – signifying that Oldbury was old even in early English times over 1000 years ago. "Eald" being Old English for 'old', "Byrig" is the plural of 'burh' in Old English – a burh being a fortification or fortified town.
	Oldbury was part of the ancient parish of Halesowen, a detached part of Shropshire surrounded by Worcestershire and Staffordshire, and the manor was owned by the Oldbury family until the 17th century when Alderman John Oldbury had no male heir and his two daughters, Mary, Countess of Warrington and Dorothy, Baroness Herbert, married into the aristocracy.
	By the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844, Oldbury was reincorporated into Worcestershire after a nine-hundred-year absence. It became an Urban District in 1894, receiving Municipal Borough-status in 1935.
	In 1966, Oldbury was merged with the County Borough of Smethwick and the Municipal Borough of Rowley Regis to form the County Borough of Warley, which also included most of the Tividale area of Tipton and the eastern section of Oakham in Dudley. The geographical county boundaries were also changed to include the whole of Warley as part of Worcestershire; formerly, both Rowley Regis and Smethwick had been in Staffordshire.
	Oldbury council built several thousand houses, flats and bungalows for some 40 years until its disbandment, the 1,000th of which was completed in 1933 at Wallace Road near the border with Rowley Regis.
	In 1974, Oldbury became part of the new Sandwell Metropolitan Borough (a merger between the county boroughs of West Bromwich and Warley), and was transferred into the West Midlands Metropolitan County. Since 1986, after the abolition of the West Midlands County Council, Sandwell effectively became a unitary authority. Sandwell Council's headquarters are situated in Oldbury Town Centre.
	Oldbury comes within the B68 and B69 postal districts, the latter of which also covers part of Tipton. The postal town is Oldbury, although it previously came under the Warley post town, along with Smethwick, Rowley Regis, and Cradley Heath.
	The first branch of Lloyds Bank was opened in Oldbury in 1864. The branch was founded to serve fellow Quakers Arthur Albright and John Wilson's local chemical factory. The original building survives to this day, but was recently made redundant as a bank and became a Subway fast food restaurant. Subway moved from the building early in 2012.
	In October 1980, retail giant J Sainsbury opened one of its first SavaCentre hypermarkets in Oldbury town centre. 20 years later, it was rebranded as a traditional Sainsbury's store as the retailer gradually phased out the SavaCentre side of the business. The town saw a large expansion in retail since then, including a Toys "R" Us superstore on at Birchley Island, which opened in October 1988 and stayed open until the retail chain went out of business in 2018, and Oldbury Green Retail Park was built on the town's ring road in the mid-1990s. A Homebase store which was built during the 1980s also relocated to the Oldbury Green development, with the previous building being taken over by Gala Bingo. This, along with the development of the Merry Hill Shopping Centre some six miles away during the second half of the 1980s, has contributed to a decline in the fortunes of nearby West Bromwich town centre as a retail centre since the 1980s, although West Bromwich has bounced back since the New Square shopping centre opened in the summer of 2013.
	Due to the socio-economics of Sandwell, the area has a number of social housing organisations such as Black Country Housing Group which has been operating in Sandwell since its relocation from Birmingham in the 1980s.
	In October 2013, the commercial radio station Free Radio moved its local operations for the Black Country and Shropshire from Wolverhampton to new studios at Black Country House.
	In November 2015, Hagley Road West, Oldbury became home to the new Home Interiors Store; Thrift Vintage Interiors, which has since won the 'Best Local Business' award at the Birmingham inspiration Awards 2017.
	In July 2016, nearly new car retailer Motorpoint opened its five acre site on Churchbridge Road. The site has since held numerous events at the branch and supported various charities within the community. 
	For over thirty years, there were three railway stations in the parish named Oldbury; only one is still open, but under a new name. The oldest surviving one is on the Stour Valley Line (former LMS Railway), at Bromford Road. It has been there since the 1850s. It was originally called Oldbury & Bromford Lane Station, then Oldbury Station, but it is now known as Sandwell and Dudley.
	The second nearest railway station to the centre of Oldbury is at Langley Green, at Western Road, on the Stourbridge Extension Line, now the Birmingham to Worcester via Kidderminster Line. It opened in April 1867 and was originally called Langley Green & Rood End Station. However, a short half-mile long branch line, the Oldbury Railway, was linked to the station with its own (third) platform. It opened in November 1884; and Langley Green & Rood End Station was then renamed Langley Green. The Oldbury Railway, which also linked to Albright and Wilson, had both a passenger station, called Oldbury railway station, on Halesowen Road; and a goods station, at the Birmingham Canal Navigations wharf in Oldbury. Passenger services ran to Oldbury Station until March 1915; and the line closed completely other than as a freight line for Albright and Wilson. All traces of its viaduct and embankment beyond Tat Bank Road were destroyed when the M5 motorway was built.
	The M5 has served Oldbury since 1964 and passes the town on an elevated section built on reinforced concrete pillars. Access is from junction 2. This is also the closest junction to the Black Country Living Museum in Dudley. A major concrete repair and waterproofing scheme began on the M5 viaduct in April 2017. This was expected to be completed by autumn 2018, however due to unforeseen repairs the works have been delayed until the following year.
	Oldbury is a heavily built up, industrial area. However, there are a few green spaces including Tividale Park. Broadwell Park features outdoor exercise equipment and fitness stations, as well as a small stream.
	The archives for the Borough of Oldbury are held at Sandwell Community History and Archives Service
	The Sadlers rose to become an eminent family in Oldbury during the nineteenth century. Notable figures included John Sadler (1820-1910) ('the Grand Old Man of Oldbury') and Sir Samuel Alexander Sadler.
	Joseph Willott, Jr., member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, was born in Oldbury in 1855.
	Mick Aston, archaeologist and star of the TV programme "Time Team", was born in Oldbury and attended Oldbury Grammar School.
	Tony Freeth, author of Sons of Albion book, attended Albright High School.
	Martin Elliott (1946–2010), the photographer best known for the iconic poster "Tennis Girl", was born in Oldbury and attended Oldbury Grammar School.
	Oldbury is the birthplace of Sir John Frederick Bridge, who was a famous organist, composer and author. He was known as "Westminster Bridge" because of his long stint as organist at Westminster Abbey (1882–1919). He composed special music for Queen Victoria's Jubilee and King Edward VII's coronation, in addition to other choral, instrumental and organ music. His brother Joseph Cox Bridge was also an organist,composer and author, becoming well known for his recorder compositions.
	Jack Judge (1872–1938), the songwriter and music-hall entertainer best remembered for writing the song "It's a Long Way to Tipperary", was born in Oldbury. The new library building in the town is named after him.
	In his early years, the comedian Frank Skinner lived in Oldbury at 181 Bristnall Hall Road. He attended Moat Farm Infants School, St Hubert's Roman Catholic Junior School and Oldbury Technical School, and has been a TV comedian since the late 1980s.
	Jodie Stimpson, the British triathlete, was born in Oldbury in 1989, and won Gold in the Individual and Team Relay Triathlon at the Glasgow Commonwealth Games in 2014.
	The boxer Pat Cowdell, who achieved stardom during the 1970s and 1980s, was born in nearby Smethwick and lives in Oldbury.

= = = Rowley Regis = = =

	Rowley Regis ( ) is a town and historic parish as well as a former municipal borough, in the Birmingham region of the West Midlands, England. Considered one of the six 'towns' that comprise the modern-day Sandwell Metropolitan Borough, it encompasses the wards of Blackheath, Cradley Heath and Old Hill, and Rowley Village. At the 2011 census, the combined population of Rowley Regis was 50,257.
	The history of Rowley Regis began in the 12th century, when a small village grew around the parish church of St. Giles, approximately two miles south-east of the town of Dudley. Rowley was part of the Royal hunting grounds - Regis was added to the name of Rowley in around 1140 to signify it was that part of Rowley belonging to the King. It began to develop substantially between the two World Wars, when thousands of privately owned and local authority houses were built in the surrounding area. During that time Rowley Regis became a borough, and incorporated the communities of Blackheath, Old Hill, and Cradley Heath. These places were all within the ancient parish of Rowley Regis, which (despite being in the county of Staffordshire) was in the diocese of Worcester. The parish contained the manors of Rowley Regis and Rowley Somery, the latter being part of the barony of Dudley, but the extents of these manors and the relationship between them are not clear.
	The present St. Giles Church on Church Road is not the original church in Rowley Regis. The church built in 1840 to succeed the original mediaeval building, was found to be unsafe and condemned in 1900. The next church, built in 1904, was burned down in 1913, some believing the fire to have been started by Suffragettes or local striking steelworkers; this however is supposition and it was more than probable it was a simple accident, the church at this time using paraffin as a means of lighting and the latter perhaps causing the fire. Its present day successor was designed by Holland W. Hobbiss and A. S. Dixon, and was built in 1923. 
	Rowley Regis railway station opened in 1867 in the south of the then village, and remains in use to this day.
	Rowley's grammar school was opened on Hawes Lane in September 1962. Well-known former pupils include Pete Williams (original bass player with Dexys Midnight Runners), and actress Josie Lawrence. In 1974, when comprehensive schools became universal in the new borough of Sandwell, the grammar school became Rowley Regis Sixth Form College, the last intake of grammar school pupils having been inducted the previous year. In 2003 it became an annexe of Dudley College, but this arrangement lasted just one year before the buildings fell into disuse. It was demolished three years later, and the site was redeveloped as the new Rowley Learning Campus under Sandwell's Building Schools for the Future programme, comprising St Michael's Church of England High School, Westminster Special School, and Whiteheath Education Centre, which opened in September 2011.
	Originally in Staffordshire, the Rowley Regis Urban District was formed in 1894 to cover the villages of Rowley, Blackheath, Cradley Heath, and Old Hill. The urban district was incorporated into a municipal borough in 1933. Following the acquisition of borough status, plans were unveiled to build new council offices in the borough to replace the existing offices in Lawrence Lane, Old Hill. A site on the corner of Halesowen Road and Barrs Road was selected, with working commencing in October 1937, and the building being completed in December 1938.
	In 1966, the borough of Rowley Regis merged with the boroughs of Oldbury and Smethwick to form the Warley County Borough, and became part of Worcestershire. There had previously been plans to incorporate Rowley Regis into an expanded Dudley borough, and for Halesowen to join up with Oldbury and Smethwick instead.
	Eight years later, in 1974, on the formation of the West Midlands Metropolitan county, Warley merged with West Bromwich to form the Sandwell Metropolitan Borough. It is now right in the core of the West Midlands conurbation.
	Following the demise of Rowley Regis as a standalone borough in 1966, the council offices in Barrs Road were retained by Warley council and then by Sandwell council. However, a plan was submitted in July 2012 by Sandwell Leisure Trust to demolish the buildings to make way for an expansion to the neighbouring Haden Hill Leisure Centre, and the development of a new fire station.
	The archives for Rowley Regis Borough are held at Sandwell Community History and Archives Service.
	Rowley Regis is the location of the Rowley Hills, famed for the quarrying of Rowley Rag Stone. The hills form part of the east/west watershed between the rivers Trent and Severn, and contain the highest point in the West Midlands region, Turner's Hill, at 269m above sea level.

= = = Ice shelf = = =

	An ice shelf is a thick suspended platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface. Ice shelves are only found in Antarctica, Greenland, Canada, and the Russian Arctic. The boundary between the floating ice shelf and the anchor ice (resting on bedrock) that feeds it is called the grounding line. The thickness of ice shelves can range from about to .
	In contrast, sea ice is formed on water, is much thinner (typically less than ), and forms throughout the Arctic Ocean. It also is found in the Southern Ocean around the continent of Antarctica.
	Ice shelves are principally driven by gravity-induced pressure from the grounded ice. That flow continually moves ice from the grounding line to the seaward front of the shelf. The primary mechanism of mass loss from ice shelves was thought to have been iceberg calving, in which a chunk of ice breaks off from the seaward front of the shelf. A study by NASA and university researchers, published in the June 14, 2013 issue of "Science", found however that ocean waters melting the undersides of Antarctic ice shelves are responsible for most of the continent's ice shelf mass loss.
	Typically, a shelf front will extend forward for years or decades between major calving events. Snow accumulation on the upper surface and melting from the lower surface are also important to the "mass balance" of an ice shelf. Ice may also accrete onto the underside of the shelf.
	The density contrast between glacial ice and liquid water means that at least 1/9 of the floating ice is above the ocean surface, depending on how much pressurized air is contained in the bubbles within the glacial ice, stemming from compressed snow. The formula for the denominators above is formula_1, density of cold seawater divided by kg/m is about 1.028 and that of glacial ice from about 0.85 to well below 0.92, the limit for very cold ice without bubbles. The height of the shelf above the sea can be even larger, if there is a lot of less dense firn and snow above the glacier ice.
	The world's largest ice shelves are the Ross Ice Shelf and the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf in Antarctica.
	The term captured ice shelf has been used for the ice over a subglacial lake, such as Lake Vostok.
	All Canadian ice shelves are attached to Ellesmere Island and lie north of 82°N. Ice shelves that are still in existence are the Alfred Ernest Ice Shelf, Milne Ice Shelf, Ward Hunt Ice Shelf and Smith Ice Shelf. The M'Clintock Ice Shelf broke up from 1963 to 1966; the Ayles Ice Shelf broke up in 2005; and the Markham Ice Shelf broke up in 2008.
	A large portion of the Antarctic coastline has ice shelves attached. Their aggregate area is over 1,550,000 km.
	The Matusevich Ice Shelf was a 222 km² ice shelf located in Severnaya Zemlya being fed by some of the largest ice caps on October Revolution Island, the Karpinsky Ice Cap to the south and the Rusanov Ice Cap to the north. In 2012 it ceased to exist.
	In the last several decades, glaciologists have observed consistent decreases in ice shelf extent through melt, calving, and complete disintegration of some shelves.
	The Ellesmere ice shelf was reduced by 90 per cent in the twentieth century, leaving the separate Alfred Ernest, Ayles, Milne, Ward Hunt, and Markham Ice Shelves. A 1986 survey of Canadian ice shelves found that 48 km². (3.3 cubic kilometres) of ice calved from the Milne and Ayles ice shelves between 1959 and 1974. The Ayles Ice Shelf calved entirely on August 13, 2005. The Ward Hunt Ice Shelf, the largest remaining section of thick (>10 m) landfast sea ice along the northern coastline of Ellesmere Island, lost 600 square km of ice in a massive calving in 1961–1962. It further decreased by 27% in thickness (13 m) between 1967 and 1999. In summer 2002, the Ward Ice Shelf experienced another major breakup, and other instances of note happened in 2008 and 2010 as well.
	Two sections of Antarctica's Larsen Ice Shelf broke apart into hundreds of unusually small fragments (hundreds of meters wide or less) in 1995 and 2002, Larsen C calved a huge ice island in 2017.
	The breakup events may be linked to the dramatic polar warming trends that are part of global warming. The leading ideas involve enhanced ice fracturing due to surface meltwater and enhanced bottom melting due to warmer ocean water circulating under the floating ice.
	The cold, fresh water produced by melting underneath the Ross and Flichner-Ronne ice shelves is a component of Antarctic Bottom Water.
	Although it is believed that the melting of floating ice shelves will not raise sea levels, technically, there is a small effect because sea water is ~2.6% more dense than fresh water combined with the fact that ice shelves are overwhelmingly "fresh" (having virtually no salinity); this causes the volume of the sea water needed to displace a floating ice shelf to be slightly less than the volume of the fresh water contained in the floating ice. Therefore, when a mass of floating ice melts, sea levels will increase; however, this effect is small enough that if all extant sea ice and floating ice shelves were to melt, the corresponding sea level rise is estimated to be ~4 cm.
	Much more importantly, if and when these ice shelves melt sufficiently, and cease to grip on the small islands and another obstacle of the former grounding line, they will no longer impede glacier flow off the continent, so that glacier flow will accelerate. This new source of ice volume flows down from above sea level, displacing sea water and so contributing to sea level rise.

= = = Congress of Gniezno = = =

	The Congress of Gniezno (, or "Gnesener Übereinkunft") was an amical meeting between the Polish Duke Bolesław I the Brave and Emperor Otto III, which took place at Gniezno on 11 March 1000. Scholars disagree over the details of the decisions made at the convention, especially whether the ruler of Poland was pledged the king's crown or not.
	After his death in 997 during a mission among the pagan Prussian tribes, Bishop Adalbert of Prague was quickly canonized by the common effort of Duke Bolesław I and Emperor Otto III. Thus, Adalbert became the first Slavic bishop to become a saint. His body, bought back by Bolesław from the Prussians for its weight in gold, was put into a tomb at Gniezno Cathedral, which became the ecclesiastical center of Poland.
	According to the chronicles of Thietmar of Merseburg, Otto III, who had been a friend and pupil of Adalbert, committed to a pilgrimage from Italy to St. Adalbert's tomb in Gniezno; in his attempt to extend the influence of Christianity in Eastern Europe, and to renew the Holy Roman Empire based on a federal concept (""renovatio Imperii Romanorum"") with the Polish and Hungarian duchies upgraded to eastern "federati" of the empire. As part of this policy he also invested Grand Prince Stephen I of Hungary with the king's crown (the Crown of Saint Stephen). 
	The Polish Piast dynasty under Mieszko I had extended their domains beyond the Oder river, where their claims to power collided with the interests of the Saxon margrave Gero. After his defeat by Gero's troops in 963, Mieszko I decided to come to terms with Emperor Otto I and agreed to pay tribute for this part of his lands. In turn he gained the title of "amicus imperatoris" ("Friend of the Emperor") and the acknowledgment of his position as a "Dux" of Poland. He continued his policy of convergence with the Empire by marrying Oda, the daughter of the Saxon margrave Dietrich of Haldensleben, in 978 and by marrying his son Bolesław I to a daughter of Margrave Rikdag of Meissen. As a precaution however, shortly before his death in 992 he placed his realm (Civitas Schinesghe) under the protection of Pope John XV according to the "dagome iudex" regest. 
	When his son Bolesław succeeded him, Poland remained an ally of the Empire in the campaigns against the Polabian Lutici tribes. Emperor Otto II, father of Otto III, died at age 28 in 983 and his widow Theophanu and grandmother reigned for the child-king Otto III. In 996 Otto III was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome. By the time of the congress at Gniezno in 1000 AD, he was 20 years old.
	On the pilgrimage to Gniezno, Emperor Otto III was received by Bolesław at the Polish border on the Bóbr river near Małomice. Bishop Unger of Poznań escorted him to Gniezno. Between the 7th and 15th of March Otto invested Bolesław with the titles "frater et cooperator Imperii" ("Brother and Partner of the Empire") and "populi Romani amicus et socius" as rendered in the 1115 "Gesta principum Polonorum" by the Kraków chronicler Gallus Anonymus, the first author of Polish history. Whether the act implemented an elevation of Bolesław to the status of "king" has not been conclusively established. In any case, Bolesław had himself crowned King of Poland at Gniezno Cathedral in 1025. 
	On the same visit, Otto III raised Gniezno to the rank of an archbishopric. Three new dioceses subordinate to Gniezno were created: the Bishopric of Kraków (assigned to Bishop Poppo), the Bishopric of Wrocław (assigned to Bishop Jan) and the Bishopric of Kołobrzeg in Pomerania (assigned to bishop Reinbern). St. Adalbert's brother Radzim Gaudenty became the first archbishop of Gniezno. Otto III gave Bolesław a replica of his Holy Lance, part of the Imperial Regalia, and Bolesław presented the Emperor with a relic, an arm of St. Adalbert in exchange.
	The status of the Bishopric of Poznań of Bishop Unger, whose diocese had also comprised Gniezno before and who had not supported the creation of a separate archdiocese in Gniezno, is also subject to historical debate. One view holds that it stayed independent and with Unger as a missionary bishop directly subordinate to the pope while another one holds that it was attached to the Archbishopric of Magdeburg, the nearest German ecclesiastical province. However, generally, the congress is seen as having established complete ecclesiastical independence of the Polish church from Magdeburg. 
	Bolesław subsequently accompanied Otto III on his way back to Germany. Both proceeded to the grave of Charlemagne at Aachen Cathedral, where Bolesław received Charlemagne's throne as a gift. Both arranged the betrothal of Bolesław's son Mieszko II Lambert with the Emperor's niece Richeza of Lotharingia.
	Due to Otto's early death in 1002, his "renovatio" policies were not fully realized. King Henry II, Otto's successor, changed the empire's policies. Bolesław supported Henry's rival, Margrave Eckard I of Meissen, expanded the Polish realm into the March of Lusatia and the Milceni lands, and also took the Bohemian throne at Prague, interfering with Henry's interests. During a meeting with Henry II in Merseburg, Bolesław was attacked by Henry's men and narrowly escaped with his life. As a consequence, the excellent relations between the Empire and Poland marked by the Congress of Gniezno turned into a state of hostility that soon emerged into a German-Polish War which finally ended with the 1018 Peace of Bautzen. 
	It wasn't until Henry's death in 1024, that Bolesław was able to acquire the papal consent for his coronation as Polish king. The Pomeranian diocese of Kołobrzeg, founded as a consequence of the Congress of Gniezno, was overthrown by a pagan resurgence of the Pomeranians around 1007, and bishop Reinbern was forced to return to Boleslaw's court.
	The creation of the separate Archdiocese of Gniezno, as directly subordinate to the Holy see rather than a German archdiocese, kept Poland independent from the Holy Roman Empire throughout the Middle Ages. Around 1075 the Bishopric of Poznań became a suffragan diocese of Gniezno. The archdiocese then controlled the whole Piast realm, as confirmed by the papal Bull of Gniezno in 1136.

= = = 1921 Canadian federal election = = =

	The 1921 Canadian federal election was held on December 6, 1921, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 14th Parliament of Canada. The Union government that had governed Canada through the First World War was defeated, and replaced by a Liberal government under the young leader William Lyon Mackenzie King. A new third party, the Progressive Party, won the second most seats in the election.
	Since the 1911 election, the country had been governed by the Conservatives, first under the leadership of Prime Minister Robert Borden and then under Prime Minister Arthur Meighen. During the war, the Conservatives had united with the pro-conscription Liberal-Unionists and formed a Union government. A number of Members of Parliament (MPs), mostly Quebecers, stayed loyal to Sir Wilfrid Laurier, however, and they maintained their independence. When Laurier died, he was replaced as leader by the Ontarian Mackenzie King. After the 1919 federal budget, a number of western unionist MPs, who were former Liberals, left the Union government in protest against high tariffs on farm products imposed by the budget. Led by Thomas Alexander Crerar, the group became known as the Progressive Party. Also running were a number of Labour advocates, foremost amongst them J. S. Woodsworth of Winnipeg, who had organized their political movement after the Winnipeg general strike of 1919. Meighen had played a key role in violently suppressing the strikers and this earned him the animosity of organized labour.
	Meighen attempted to make the "Unionist" party a permanent alliance of Tories and Liberals by renaming it the National Liberal and Conservative Party, but the name change failed, and most Unionist Liberals either returned to the Liberal fold or joined the new Progressive Party. Besides the labour strife and farm tariffs in the Prairie provinces, the Conscription Crisis of 1917 had a lasting effect on Tory fortunes by making the party virtually unelectable in Quebec.
	The election was the first in which the majority of Canadian women were allowed to vote, thanks to reforms passed by the Conservatives. Five women also ran for office. Agnes Macphail of the Progressive Party was elected as the first woman MP in Canada.
	Parliament was split three ways by this election. King's Liberals won a majority government of just one seat but won all of Quebec, much of the Maritime Provinces, and a good portion of Ontario.
	The Progressive Party, including the United Farmers of Alberta (UFA), won the second largest number of seats, dominating the West, and winning almost a third of the seats in Ontario. Liberal and Conservative candidates were shut out in Alberta, with 10 UFA and two Labour candidates taking the province's 12 federal seats. The party won only one seat east of Ontario, however. Despite winning the second most seats, it declined to form the official opposition. It would be the only Canadian federal election before 1993 in which a party other than the Liberals or the (Progressive) Conservatives won the second most seats.
	The Conservatives lost the most seats up to that time of any governing party at the federal level. They won fewer seats than the Progressives (despite having more popular votes) but wound up forming the official opposition. The Conservatives won much of Ontario and had some support in the Maritimes and British Columbia but won no seats in the Prairies or in Quebec.
	Three Independent Labour MPs were elected: J. S. Woodsworth won his seat largely from his role in the 1919 Winnipeg general strike, and William Irvine and Joseph Tweed Shaw were elected in Calgary. 
	The government that King formed in the parliament resulting from this election was a minority government. Although King's party won a slim majority of seats at the election, resignations changed the parliament from a small majority to minority.
	The Liberal Party lost two by-elections to Conservative candidates, but had gained two seats from Progressives who crossed the floor, so its majority was not affected by these losses. From November 25, 1924, to the dissolution of parliament, it held a two-seat majority because of its victory in a by-election in a seat that had been held by the Conservatives.
	The Progressive caucus was less united than the Liberals or Conservatives, due to the formation of the Ginger Group and the semi-autonomous United Farmers of Alberta group. The Farmer MPs had promised among other things that they would reject the traditional Parliamentary traditions such as that of bending to the will of the party leader and whip. Many Progressives argued that an MP should be able to vote against the party line so long as the vote was in accordance to his constituents' wishes. As a result, King always found enough Progressive MPs who were willing to back him on crucial votes and generally had a working majority, until after four years his government was brought down by an adverse vote due to a moment of confusion.
	Note:
<nowiki>*</nowiki> not applicable - the party was not recognized in the previous election

= = = Junkanoo = = =

	Junkanoo (or Jonkonnu) is a street parade with music, dance, and costumes of mixed African origin in many islands across the English speaking Caribbean every Boxing Day (26 December) and New Year's Day (1 January), the same as "Kakamotobi" or the Fancy Dress Festival of Ghana. There are also Junkanoo parades in Miami in June and Key West in October, where local black populations have their roots in the Caribbean. In addition to being a culture dance for the Garifuna people, this type of dancing is also performed in The Bahamas on Independence day and other historical holidays.
	Dances are choreographed to the beat of goatskin drums and cowbells.
	The festival may have originated several centuries ago, when enslaved descendants of Africans on plantations in The Bahamas celebrated holidays granted around Christmas time with dance, music, and costumes. After emancipation the tradition continued and junkanoo evolved from simple origins to a formal, organised parade with intricate costumes, themed music and official prizes within various categories.
	The origin of the word "junkanoo" is disputed. Theories include that it is named after a folk hero named John Canoe or that it is derived from the French "gens inconnus" (unknown people) as masks are worn by the revelers. Douglas Chambers, professor of African studies at the University of Southern Mississippi, suggests a possible Igbo origin from the Igbo yam deity "Njoku Ji" referencing festivities in time for the new yam festival. Chambers also suggests a link with the Igbo "okonko" masking tradition of southern Igboland which feature horned maskers and other masked characters in similar style to jonkonnu masks. 
	Similarities with the Yoruba Egungun festivals have also been identified. However, an Akan origin is more likely because the celebration of the Fancy Dress Festivals/Masquerades are the same Christmas week(Dec 25- Jan 1st) and also John Canoe was in fact an existing king and hero that ruled Axim, Ghana before 1720, the same year the John Canoe festival was created in the Caribbean.
	According to Edward Long, an 18th-century Jamaican slave owner/historian, the John Canoe festival was created in Jamaica and the Caribbean by enslaved Akans who backed the man known as John Canoe. John Canoe, from Axim, Ghana, was an Akan from the Ahanta. He was a soldier for the Germans, until one day he turned his back on them for his Ahanta people and sided with Nzima and Ashanti troops, in order to take the area from the Germans and other Europeans. The news of his victory reached Jamaica and he has been celebrated ever since that Christmas of 1708 when he first defeated Prussic forces for Axim. Twenty years later his stronghold was broken by neighbouring Fante forces aided by the military might of the British and Ahanta, Nzima and Ashanti captives were taken to Jamaica as prisoners of war. The festival itself included motifs from battles typical of Akan fashion. The Ashanti swordsman became the "horned headed man"; the Ashanti commander became "Pitchy patchy" who also wears a battledress with what would resemble charms, referred to as a "Batakari".
	Many of the colonies Jonkonnu was prominent, Bahamas, Jamaica (as Jankunu), Virginia celebrated Jonkonnu.
	Historian Stephen Nissenbaum described the festival as it was performed in 19th-century North Carolina: 
	Essentially, it involved a band of black men—generally young—who dressed themselves in ornate and often bizarre costumes. Each band was led by a man who was variously dressed in animal horns, elaborate rags, female disguise, whiteface (and wearing a gentleman's wig!), or simply his "Sunday-go-to-meeting-suit." Accompanied by music, the band marched along the roads from plantation to plantation, town to town, accosting whites along the way and sometimes even entering their houses. In the process the men performed elaborate and (to white observers) grotesque dances that were probably of African origin. And in return for this performance they always demanded money (the leader generally carried "a small bowl or tin cup" for this purpose), though whiskey was an acceptable substitute.
	The Junkanoo parade has featured in movies including the James Bond films "Moonraker" and "Thunderball" (erroneously described as a local Mardi Gras-type festival), "After the Sunset" and "Jaws The Revenge", as well as in the season one episode "Calderone's Return (Part II)" of the 1984 television series "Miami Vice", taking place on the fictitious island of St. Andrews.
	In the television show "Top Chef: Allstars" Season 8, episode 13, "", the contestants danced at the Junkanoo parade, learned about its history and competed to make the best dish for the Junkanoo King.

= = = Internet2 = = =

	Internet2 is a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government. The Internet2 consortium administrative headquarters are located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, with offices in Washington, D.C. and Emeryville, California.
	As of November 2013, Internet2 has over 500 members including 251 institutions of higher education, 9 partners and 76 members from industry, over 100 research and education networks or connector organizations, and 67 affiliate members.
	Internet2 operates the Internet2 Network, an Internet Protocol network using optical fiber that delivers network services for research and education, and provides a secure network testing and research environment. In late 2007, Internet2 began operating its newest dynamic circuit network, the Internet2 DCN, an advanced technology that allows user-based allocation of data circuits over the fiber-optic network.
	The Internet2 Network, through its regional network and connector members, connects over 60,000 U.S. educational, research, government and "community anchor" institutions, from primary and secondary schools to community colleges and universities, public libraries and museums to health care organizations.
	The Internet2 community develops and deploys network technologies for the future of the Internet. These technologies include large-scale network performance measurement and management tools, secure identity and access management tools and capabilities such as scheduling high-bandwidth, high-performance circuits.
	Internet2 members serve on several advisory councils, collaborate in a variety of working groups and special interest groups, gather at spring and fall member meetings, and are encouraged to participate in the strategic planning process.
	As the Internet gained in public recognition and popularity, universities were among the first institutions to outgrow the Internet's bandwidth limitations because of the data transfer requirements faced by academic researchers who needed to collaborate with their colleagues. Some universities wanted to support high-performance applications like data mining, medical imaging and particle physics. This resulted in the creation of the very-high-performance Backbone Network Service, or vBNS, developed in 1995 by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and MCI for supercomputers at educational institutions. After the expiration of the NSF agreement, vBNS largely transitioned to providing service to the government. As a result, the research and education community founded Internet2 to serve its networking needs.
	The Internet2 Project was originally established by 34 university researchers in 1996 under the auspices of EDUCOM (later EDUCAUSE), and was formally organized as the not-for-profit University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development (UCAID) in 1997. It later changed its name to Internet2. Internet2 is a registered trademark.
	The Internet2 community, in partnership with Qwest, built the first Internet2 Network, called Abilene, in 1998 and was a prime investor in the National LambdaRail (NLR) project.
	During 2004–2006, Internet2 and NLR held extensive discussions regarding a possible merger. Those talks paused in spring, 2006, resumed in March, 2007, but eventually ceased in the fall of 2007, due to unresolved differences.
	In 2006, Internet2 announced a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide network, boosting its capacity from 10 Gbit/s to 100 Gbit/s. In October, 2007, Internet2 officially retired Abilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet2 Network.
	In 2010, Internet2 received a $62.5 million American Recovery and Reinvestment ACT grant, which allowed Internet2 to put in place a long term IRU for fiber and upgrade the network with its own DWDM optical network system. Ciena later announced that this was the first 100G nationwide optical network. The upgrade to the new optical system was completed in December 2012.
	Internet2 provides the U.S. research and education community with a network that satisfies their bandwidth-intensive requirements. The network itself is a dynamic, robust and cost-effective hybrid optical and packet network. It furnishes a 100 Gbit/s network backbone to more than 210 U.S. educational institutions, 70 corporations and 45 non-profit and government agencies.
	The objectives of the Internet2 consortium are:
	The uses of the network span from collaborative applications, distributed research experiments, grid-based data analysis to social networking. Some of these applications are in varying levels of commercialization, such as IPv6, open-source middleware for secure network access, Layer 2 VPNs and dynamic circuit networks.
	These technologies and their organizational counterparts were not only created to make a faster alternative to the Internet. Many fields have been able to use the Abilene network to foster creativity, research, and development in a way that was not previously possible. Users of poor quality libraries can now download not only text but sound recordings, animations, videos, and other resources, which would be otherwise unavailable. Another application is the robust video conferencing now available to Internet2 participants. Neurosurgeons can now video conference with other experts in the field during an operation in a high resolution format with no apparent time lag.
	The "Internet2 Driving Exemplary Applications" (IDEA) award (not to be confused with IDEA awards) was first announced by Internet2 in 2006 as a way of recognizing those who create and use advanced network applications at their best. The judging is conducted by many universities and based upon the following criteria:
	Winners of the award are announced each year at the Spring member meeting:
	2006,
	2007,
	2008.

= = = Cape Henry Memorial = = =

	The Cape Henry Memorial commemorates the first landfall at Cape Henry, in Virginia Beach, Virginia, of colonists bound for the Jamestown settlement. After landing on April 26, 1607, they explored the area, named the cape, and set up a cross before proceeding up the James River. A stone cross, set up in 1935 by the Daughters of the American Colonists, stands in the quarter-acre site. The memorial marks the First Landing, the very beginning of what would become British North America and subsequently Anglo Canada and the United States of America.
	The Memorial also overlooks the scene of the Battle of the Virginia Capes, in which the French navy prevented the British from reinforcing General Cornwallis, and led to the Franco-American victory at Yorktown. A statue of Admiral Comte de Grasse and a granite memorial honor those who fought in the battle.
	Although not memorialized at the park, this was also the location of the earlier smaller naval Battle of Cape Henry in which British and French naval squadrons fought in 1781.
	The Cape Henry Memorial is within Joint Expeditionary Base East, but is an isolated unit of Colonial National Historical Park. A national park passport stamp for the Memorial can be obtained at the adjacent Old Cape Henry Light (not formally part of the Memorial).

= = = Gengshi Emperor = = =

	The Gengshi Emperor (; died AD 25), born Liu Xuan was an emperor of the Han dynasty restored after the fall of Wang Mang's Xin dynasty by the Lülin. He was also known by his courtesy name Shenggong () and as the King or Prince of Huaiyang (), a posthumous title bestowed upon him by Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han. The Gengshi Emperor was viewed as a weak and incompetent ruler, who briefly ruled over an empire willing to let him rule over them, but was unable to keep that empire together. He was eventually deposed by the Chimei and strangled a few months after his defeat.
	Traditional historians treat his emperor status ambiguously—and sometimes he would be referred to as an emperor (with reference to his era name—thus, the Gengshi Emperor) and sometimes he would be referred to by his posthumous title, Prince of Huaiyang. The later title implied that he was only a pretender and the Eastern Han was the legitimate restoration of the earlier Han.
	Gengshi was a descendant of Emperor Jing of early Western Han dynasty, via the lineage of Liu Mai, Prince Ding of Changsha. His third cousin, Liu Yan, was a prominent general in the rebellions against the reign of Wang Mang in the short-lived Xin dynasty. In the year 22 AD, many rebel leaders were jealous of Liu Yan's capabilities despite many of their men admiring Liu Yan and wanting him to become the emperor of a restored Han dynasty. They found Liu Xuan, then another local rebel leader who was claiming the title of General Gengshi (更始將軍) at the time and was considered a weak personality, and requested that he be made emperor. Liu Yan initially opposed this move and instead suggested that Liu Xuan carry the title "King of Han" first (echoing the founder of the Han dynasty, Emperor Gaozu). The other rebel leaders refused, and in early 23, Liu Xuan was proclaimed emperor. Liu Yan became prime minister.
	The very first major incident of infighting in the Gengshi Emperor's regime would happen shortly after the Battle of Kunyang overthrowing Wang Mang. The Gengshi Emperor was fearful of Liu Yan's capabilities and keenly aware that many of Liu Yan's followers were angry that he was not made emperor. One, Liu Ji (劉稷), was particularly critical of the Gengshi Emperor. The emperor arrested Liu Ji and wanted to execute him, but Liu Yan tried to intercede. The emperor took this opportunity to execute Liu Yan as well. Subsequently, ashamed of what he had done, though, he spared Liu Yan's brother Liu Xiu and honored him by creating him Marquess of Wuxin.
	The Gengshi Emperor then commissioned two armies, one led by Wang Kuang, targeting Luoyang, and the other led by Shentu Jian (申屠建) and Li Song (李松), targeting Chang'an directly. All the populace on the way gathered, welcomed, and joined the Han forces. Shentu and Li quickly reached the outskirts of Chang'an. In response, the young men within Chang'an also rose up and stormed Weiyang Palace, the main imperial palace. Wang died in the battle at the palace (by Du Wu (杜吳)), as did his daughter Princess Huanghuang (the former empress of Han). After Wang died, the crowd fought over the right to have the credit for having killed Wang, and tens of soldiers died in the ensuing fight. Wang's body was cut into pieces, and his head was delivered to the provisional Han capital Wancheng, to be hung on the city wall.
	After Wang Mang's death, the Gengshi Emperor moved his capital from Wancheng to Luoyang. He then issued edicts to the entire empire, promising to allow Xin local officials who submitted to him to keep their posts. For a brief period, nearly the entire empire showed at least nominal submission—even including the powerful Chimei general Fan Chong (樊崇), who, indeed, went to stay in Luoyang under promises of titles and honors. However, this policy was applied inconsistently, and local governors soon became apprehensive about giving up their power. Fan, in particular, left the capital and returned to his troops. In response, the Gengshi Emperor sent various generals out to try to calm the local governors and populace; these included Liu Xiu, who was sent to pacify the region north of the Yellow River. Further, around these times, the people began to see that the powerful officials around the Gengshi Emperor were in fact uneducated men lacking ability to govern; this further made them lose confidence in his governance.
	The Gengshi Emperor's governance would in fact immediately be challenged by a major pretender in winter 23. A fortuneteller in Handan named Wang Lang claimed to be actually named Liu Ziyu (劉子輿) and a son of Emperor Cheng. He claimed that his mother was a singer in Emperor Cheng's service, and that Empress Zhao Feiyan had tried to kill him after his birth, but that a substitute child was killed instead. After he spread these rumors around the people, the people of Handan began to believe that he was a genuine son of Emperor Cheng, and the commanderies north of the Yellow River quickly pledged allegiance to him as emperor. Liu Xiu was forced to withdraw to the northern city of Jicheng (modern Beijing). After some difficulties, however, Liu Xiu was able to unify the northern commanderies still loyal to the Gengshi Emperor and besiege Handan in 24, killing Wang Lang. The Gengshi Emperor put Liu Xiu in charge of the region north of the Yellow Rivera and created him the Prince of Xiao, but Liu Xiu, still aware that he was not truly trusted and secretly angry about his brother's death, secretly planned to peel away from the Gengshi Emperor's rule. He began to strip other imperially-commissioned generals of their powers and troops, and concentrated the troops under his own command.
	Also in 24, the Gengshi Emperor moved his capital again, back to the Western Han capital of Chang'an. The people of Chang'an had previously been offended by the emperor's officials, who did not appreciate their rising up against Wang Mang but in fact considered them traitors. Once the Gengshi Emperor was back in the capital, he issued a general pardon, which calmed the situation for a while. At this time, Chang'an was still largely intact, except for Weiyang Palace, destroyed by fire. However, the Gengshi Emperor's timidity quickly caused problems. When the imperial officials were gathered for an official meeting, the emperor, who had never seen such solemn occasions, panicked. Later, when generals submitted reports to him, he asked questions such as, "How much did you pillage today?" This type of behavior further reduced the people's confidence in him.
	The emperor entrusted his government to Zhao Meng (趙萌), whose daughter he took as an imperial consort. He himself engaged in frequent drinking and was often unable to receive officials or make important decisions. Zhao greatly abused his power, and once, when an honest official revealed Zhao's crimes to the Gengshi Emperor, the emperor had him executed. The other powerful officials also abused their power greatly, often commissioning duplicating local officials throughout the empire, causing great confusion and anger.
	In the autumn of 24, the Gengshi Emperor sent his generals Li Bao (李寶) and Li Zhong (李忠) to try to capture modern Sichuan, then held by the local warlord Gongsun Shu (公孫述), but his generals were defeated by Gongsun.
	In the winter of 24, an ominous issue would arise: Chimei troops, then stationed at Puyang, were highly fatigued at the time and wanted to go home. Their leaders felt that if they did so, Chimei forces would scatter and be unable to be gathered again, and they felt that a clear target needs to be created. They decided to announce that they were attacking the imperial capital Chang'an and, divided into two armies, they began to head west. Liu Xiu, while he had fairly strong troops, chose to stand by and wait for Chimei to destroy the Gengshi Emperor; he used the Henei region (modern northern Henan, north of the Yellow River) as his base of operations for its strategic location and the richness of its soil. The Chimei armies rejoined in Hongnong (弘農, in modern Sanmenxia, Henan), defeating every single army that the emperor sent to stop it.
	In 25, the Gengshi Emperor's forces would cause the death of the former Western Han emperor-designate, Emperor Ruzi (Liu Ying). Two far-fetched co-conspirators—Fang Wang (方望), the former strategist for the local warlord Wei Xiao (隗囂), and a man named Gong Lin (弓林) -- and their group of several thousand men, after kidnapping the former Duke of Ding'an, occupied Linjing (臨涇, in modern Qingyang, Gansu). The Gengshi Emperor sent his prime minister Li Song (李松) to attack them, and wiped out this rebel force, killing Liu Ying.
	In summer 25, Liu Xiu finally made a formal break with the emperor, after his generals and the emperor's fought over control of the Henei and Luoyang regions. He declared himself emperor (establishing the regime known later as the Eastern Han Dynasty), and soon his general Deng Yu also captured the modern Shanxi, further reducing the Gengshi Emperor's strength. Feeling trapped, a number of the emperor's generals conspired to kidnap him and flee back to their home region of Nanyang (in modern Henan). They were discovered, and many were executed, but one, Zhang Ang (張卬) occupied most of Chang'an, forcing the Gengshi Emperor to flee, just as Chimei forces were approaching.
	Chimei, at this time, decided that they also needed their own emperor. They found three descendants of Liu Zhang, Prince of Chengyang, who was very popular with the people of his principality (from which many Chimei soldiers came) and who was worshiped as a god after his death. After drawing lots, the youngest, the 15-year-old Liu Penzi was chosen and declared emperor. However, the young "emperor" was not given any power, but was effectively a puppet who still served as a cattle keeper within the army.
	Generals still loyal to the Gengshi Emperor were eventually able to evict Zhang from the capital, but by that time the situation was desperate. Zhang and his allies surrendered to Chimei and, working with them, attacked Chang'an, which fell quickly, and the emperor fled, only followed by several loyal followers, including Liu Zhi (劉祉) the Prince of Dingtao and Liu Gong (劉恭) the Marquess of Shi—who, incidentally, was Liu Penzi's older brother. They were eventually taken in by one of the Gengshi Emperor's generals, Yan Ben (嚴本), who, however, was in actuality holding them as bargaining chips. When Liu Xiu heard about the fall of Chang'an, he created the emperor Prince of Huaiyang, in absentia, and decreed that anyone who harmed the Prince of Huaiyang would be severely punished and that anyone who protected and delivered him to Eastern Han would be rewarded. (This appears to be basically political propaganda on Liu Xiu's part.) When news of Chang'an's fall arrived in Luoyang, Luoyang surrendered to Liu Xiu, who entered the city and made it his capital.
	In winter 25, after being held by Yan a few months, the Gengshi Emperor saw his situation as futile and requested Liu Gong to negotiate surrender terms. A promise was made that he would be made the Prince of Changsha. Emperor Penzi's general Xie Lu (謝祿) arrived at Yan's camp and escorted the Gengshi Emperor back to Chang'an to offer his seal (seized from Wang Mang) to Emperor Penzi. Chimei generals, notwithstanding the earlier promise, wanted to execute him. It was only Liu Gong's final intercession (in which he threatened to commit suicide at the execution site) that allowed the Gengshi Emperor to be spared at this point, and he was created the Prince of Changsha. He, however, was forced to stay in Xie's headquarters, and Liu Gong protected him on a number of occasions.
	Chimei generals were even less able to govern the capital than the emperor, due to the fact that they were unable to control their soldiers from pillaging from the people. The people began to yearn the return of the Gengshi Emperor. Zhang Ang and his allies, afraid of what might happen if the emperor returned to power, persuaded Xie to strangle him. Liu Gong hid his body in a secure location, and years later, after Eastern Han had securely captured the Chang'an region, Liu Xiu had the Gengshi Emperor's body buried with princely honors at Baling (霸陵), near the tomb of Emperor Wen.

= = = List of craters on Mars: A–G = = =

	This is a partial list of craters on Mars. There are hundreds of thousands of impact craters on Mars, but only some of them have names. This list here only contains named Martian craters starting with the letter A – G "(see also lists for and )".
	Large Martian craters (greater than 60 kilometers in diameter) are named after famous scientists and science fiction authors; smaller ones (less than 60 km in diameter) get their names from towns on Earth. Craters cannot be named for living people, and small crater names are not intended to be commemorative – that is, a small crater isn't actually named after a specific town on Earth, but rather its name comes at random from a pool of terrestrial place names, with some exceptions made for craters near landing sites. Latitude and longitude are given as planetographic coordinates with west longitude.

= = = Tzvetan Todorov = = =

	Tzvetan Todorov (; ; ; March 1, 1939 – February 7, 2017) was a Bulgarian-French historian, philosopher, structuralist literary critic, sociologist, essayist and geologist. He was the author of many books and essays, which have had a significant influence in anthropology, sociology, semiotics, literary theory, intellectual history and culture theory.
	Tzvetan Todorov was born on March 1, 1939, in Sofia, Bulgaria. He earned an M.A. in philology at the University of Sofia in 1963. He enrolled at the University of Paris to do his doctorat de troisième cycle (equivalent to the Ph.D.) in 1966 and his doctorat ès lettres in 1970.
	Todorov was appointed to his post as a director of research at the French Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique in 1968. In 1970, he helped to found the journal "Poétique", of which he remained one of the managing editors until 1979. With structuralist literary critic Gérard Genette, he edited the "Collection Poétique", the series of books on literary theory published by Éditions de Seuil, until 1987. He was a visiting professor at several universities in the US, including Harvard, Yale, Columbia and the University of California, Berkeley.
	Todorov published a total of 39 books, including "The Poetics of Prose" (1971), "Introduction to Poetics" (1981), "" (1982), "Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogical Principle" (1984), "Facing the Extreme: Moral Life in the Concentration Camps" (1991), "On Human Diversity" (1993), "A French Tragedy: Scenes of Civil War, Summer 1944" (1994), "Voices from the Gulag: Life and Death in Communist Bulgaria" (1999), "Hope and Memory" (2000), "Imperfect Garden: The Legacy of Humanism" (2002), "In Defence of the Enlightenment" (2009), "Memory as a Remedy for Evil" (2010), "The Totalitarian Experience" (2011), "The Inner Enemies of Democracy" (2014) and "Insoumis" (2015). Todorov's historical interests have focused on such crucial issues as the conquest of The Americas and the Nazi and Stalinist concentration camps.
	Todorov's greatest contribution to literary theory was his definition, in "Introduction à la littérature fantastique" (1970), of the Fantastic, the fantastic uncanny, and the fantastic marvelous. Todorov defines the fantastic as being any event that happens in our world that seems to be supernatural. Upon the occurrence of the event, we must decide if the event was an illusion or whether it is real and has actually taken place. Todorov uses Alvaro from Jacques Cazotte's "Le Diable amoureux" as an example of a fantastic event. Alvaro must decide whether the woman he is in love with is truly a woman or if she is the devil.
	Upon choosing whether the event was real or imaginary, Todorov says that we enter into the genres of uncanny and marvelous. In the fantastic uncanny, the event that occurs is actually an illusion of some sort. The "laws of reality" remain intact and also provide a rational explanation for the fantastic event. Todorov gives examples of dreams, drugs, illusions of the senses, madness, etc. as things that could explain a fantastic/supernatural event. In the fantastic marvelous, the supernatural event that occurs has actually taken place and therefore the "laws of reality" have to be changed to explain the event. Only if the implied reader cannot opt for one or the other possibility is the text purely fantastic.
	Aside from his work in literary theory, Todorov has also published studies of philosophy. He wrote "Frail Happiness" about the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. He focuses on Rousseau's ideas of attaining human happiness and how we can live in 'modern' times.
	In one of his major works, "Facing the Extreme", Todorov asks whether it is true the Nazi concentration camps and the Soviet gulags revealed that in extreme situations "all traces of moral life evaporate as men become beasts locked in a merciless struggle for survival" (31–46). That opinion is commonplace of popularized accounts of the camps, and also appears in accounts of survivors themselves. Primo Levi, quoted in Todorov, writes that camp life is a "continuous war of everyone against everyone." To survive, all dignity and conscience had to be sacrificed and everyone is alone. Reports from gulag survivors are similar. However, in his reading of actual survivor testimonies, Todorov says the picture is not that bleak, that there are many examples of inmates helping each other and showing compassion in human relationships despite the inhumane conditions and terror. Survivors point out that survival always depended on the help of others. He concludes that life in the camps and gulag did not follow the law of the jungle and that the counter-examples are numerous, even in Levi's work.
	Todorov's honors include the CNRS Bronze Medal, the Charles Lévêque Prize of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques and the first Maugean Prize of the Académie française and the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences; he was also an Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. He also received the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences. In 2015, he was awarded the [Wayne C. Booth] Award for lifetime achievement in narrative studies by the International Society for the Study of Narrative.
	Todorov was married twice. His first wife was the scholar Martine van Woerkens and his second was Nancy Huston, with whom he had two children, until 2014. He died on February 7, 2017, at the age of 77. He is survived by a son, Boris, from the first marriage, and a daughter, Léa, and a son, Sacha, from the second.

= = = Claim Jumper = = =

	Claim Jumper Restaurant and Saloon is an American restaurant chain with more than 30 locations. The company is based in Houston, Texas.
	Restaurateur Craig Nickoloff opened the first Claim Jumper in Los Alamitos, California, on September 27, 1977. The original restaurant had a large menu and an atmosphere inspired by California's Gold Rush of 1849.
	In September 2010, the chain filed for bankruptcy and was slated to be auctioned off. In October 2010, Landry's, Inc. acquired Claim Jumper, with a bid of $76.6 million. Landry's President/CEO Tilman J. Fertitta relocated the company's headquarters from Irvine, California, to Landry's corporate headquarters in the Uptown area of Houston.

= = = Mug shot = = =

	A mug shot or mugshot (an informal term for police photograph or booking photograph) is a photographic portrait of a person from the waist up, typically taken after a person is arrested. The original purpose of the mug shot was to allow law enforcement to have a photographic record of an arrested individual to allow for identification purposes by victims, the public and investigators. However, in the United States, entrepreneurs have recently begun to monetize these public records via the mug shot publishing industry.
	Photographing of criminals began in the 1840s only a few years after the invention of photography, but it was not until 1888 that French police officer Alphonse Bertillon standardized the process.
	"Mug" is an English slang term for "face", dating from the 18th century. Mug shot can more loosely mean any small picture of a face used for any reason.
	A typical mug shot is two-part, with one side-view photo, and one front-view. The background is usually stark and simple, to avoid distraction from the facial image (as distinguished from a casual snapshot in a more naturalistic setting). Mug shots may be compiled into a mug book in order to determine the identity of a criminal. In high-profile cases, mug shots may also be published in the mass media.
	The earliest photos of prisoners taken for use by law enforcement may have been taken in Belgium in 1843 and 1844. In the United Kingdom, police in London were photographing criminals by 1846. In Liverpool and Birmingham they were doing so by 1848. By 1857, the New York City Police Department had a gallery where daguerreotypes of criminals were displayed.
	The Pinkerton National Detective Agency began using these on wanted posters in the United States. By the 1870s the agency had amassed the largest collection of mug shots in the US.
	The paired arrangement may have been inspired by the 1865 prison portraits taken by Alexander Gardner of accused conspirators in the Lincoln assassination trial, though Gardner's photographs were full-body portraits with only the heads turned for the profile shots.
	After the defeat of the Paris Commune in 1871, the Prefecture of Police of Paris hired a photographer, Eugène Appert, to take portraits of convicted prisoners. In 1888, Alphonse Bertillon invented the modern mug shot featuring full face and profile views, standardizing the lighting and angles. This system was soon adopted throughout Europe, and in the United States and Russia.
	The arrested person is sometimes required to hold a placard with name, date of birth, booking ID, weight, and other relevant information on it. With digital photography, the digital photograph is linked to a database record concerning the arrest.
	Mug shots have often been incorporated into wanted posters, including those for the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.
	In the US in the early 21st century an online industry developed around the publication and removal of mug shots from internet websites.
	The US legal system has long held that mug shots can have a negative effect on juries. The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit held, "The double-shot picture, with front and profile shots alongside each other, is so familiar, from 'wanted' posters in the post office, motion pictures and television, that the inference that the person involved has a criminal record, or has at least been in trouble with the police, is natural, perhaps automatic."
	Acccording to the "Handbook of Massachusetts Evidence", "Because of the risk of prejudice to the defendant inherent in the admission of photographs of the 'mug shot' variety, judges and prosecutors are required to 'use reasonable means to avoid calling the jury's attention to the source of such photographs used to identify the defendant.'" (p. 617) Elsewhere, it cites a ruling in "Commonwealth v. Martin" that "admission of a defendant's mug shot is 'laden for characterizing the defendant as a careerist in crime.
	Other states have similar rules.
	A mug book is a collection of photographs of criminals, typically in mug shots taken at the time of an arrest. A mug book is used by an eyewitness to a crime, with the assistance of law enforcement, in an effort to identify the perpetrator. Research has shown that grouped photos result in less false-positives than individually displaying each photo.
	Mug book also has a meaning in genealogy and history, referring to local biographical histories published in the US in the late 19th century.

= = = Paul Louis Courier = = =

	Paul Louis Courier (; 4 January 177210 April 1825), French Hellenist and political writer, was born in Paris.
	Brought up on his father's estate of Méré in Touraine, he conceived a bitter aversion for the nobility, which seemed to strengthen with time. He would never take the name "de Méré", to which he was entitled, lest he should be thought a nobleman. At the age of fifteen he was sent to Paris to complete his education; his father's teaching had already inspired him with a passionate devotion to Greek literature, and although he showed considerable mathematical ability, he continued to devote all his leisure to the classics. He entered the school of artillery at Châlons, however, and immediately on receiving his appointment as sub-lieutenant in September 1793 he joined the army of the Rhine. He served in various campaigns of the Revolutionary wars, especially in those of Italy in 1798-99 and 1806-7, and in the German campaign of 1809. He became "chef d'escadron" in 1803.
	He made his first appearance as an author in 1802, when he contributed to the Magasin encyclopédique a critique on Johann Schweighäuser's edition of Athenaeus. In the following year appeared his "Eloge d'Hélène", a free imitation rather than a translation from Isocrates, which he had sketched in 1798. Courier had given up his commission in the autumn of 1808, but the general enthusiasm in Paris over the preparations for the new campaign affected him, and he attached himself to the staff of a general of artillery. But he was horror-struck by the carnage at Wagram (1809), refusing from that time to believe that there was any art in war.
	He hastily quit Vienna, escaping the formal charge of desertion because his new appointment had not been confirmed. The savage independence of his nature rendered subordination intolerable to him; he had been three times disgraced for absenting himself without leave, and his superiors resented his satirical humour. After leaving the army he went to Florence, and was fortunate enough to discover in the Laurentian Library a complete manuscript of Longus's "Daphnis and Chloe", an edition of which he published in 1810. In consequence of a misadventure—blotting the manuscript—he was involved in a quarrel with the librarian, and was compelled by the government to leave Tuscany. He retired to his estate at Véretz (Indre-et-Loire), but frequently visited Paris, and divided his attention between literature and his farm.
	After the second restoration of the Bourbons the career of Courier as political pamphleteer began. He had before this time waged war against local wrongs in his own district, and had been the adviser and helpful friend of his neighbours. He now made himself by his letters and pamphlets one of the most dreaded opponents of the government of the Restoration. The first of these was his "Petition aux deux chambres" (1816), exposing the sufferings of the peasantry under the royalist reaction. In 1817 he was a candidate for a vacant seat in the Institute; and failing, he took his revenge by publishing a bitter "Lettre à Messieurs de l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres" (1819). This was followed (1819–1820) by a series of political letters of extraordinary power published in "Le Censeur Européen". He advocated a liberal monarchy, at the head of which he doubtless wished to see Louis Philippe.
	The proposal, in 1821, to purchase the estate of Chambord for the duke of Bordeaux called forth from Courier the Simple "Discours de Paul Louis, vigneron de la Chavonnière", one of his best pieces. For this he was tried and condemned to suffer a short imprisonment and to pay a fine. Before he went to prison he published a "compte rendu" of his trial, which had a still larger circulation than the "Discours" itself. In 1823 appeared the "Livret de Paul Louis", the "Gazette de village", followed in 1824 by his famous "Pamphlet des pamphlets", called by his biographer, Armand Carrel, his swan-song.
	Courier published in 1807 his translation from Xenophon, "Du commandement de la cavalerie et de l'equitation", and had a share in editing the "Collections des romans grecs". He also projected a translation of Herodotus, and published a specimen, in which he attempted to imitate archaic French; but he did not live to carry out this plan. On April 10, 1825, on a Sunday afternoon, Courier was found shot in a wood near his house. The murderers, who were servants of his own, remained undiscovered for five years. There were many stories in the village of Veretz that they had been fired for their sexual liaisons with his wife, who left him for Paris shortly afterwards. He is buried in Veretz cemetery, close to his son and the grave of the later poet Eugène Bizeau. The anarchist poet's grandmother was mentioned in Courier's own work. There were, however, rumours of a political murder by the authorities which remained current for many years.
	The writings of Courier, dealing with the facts and events of his own time, are valuable sources of information as to the condition of France before, during, and after the Revolution. Sainte-Beuve finds in Courier's own words, "peu de matière et beaucoup d'art", the secret and device of his talent, which gives his writings a value independent of the somewhat ephemeral subject-matter.
	A "Collection complète des pamphlets politiques et opuscules litteraires de P. L. Courier" appeared in 1826. See editions of his Œuvres (1848), with an admirable biography by Armand Carrel, which is reproduced in a later edition, with a supplementary criticism by Francisque Sarcey (1876–1877); also three notices by Sainte-Beuve in the "Causeries du lundi" and the "Nouveaux Lundis".
	In the centre of Veretz there is a stele, raised in honour of Courier 50 years after his murder, and the opening was observed by many eminent writers of the time.

= = = Hartley oscillator = = =

	The Hartley oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit in which the oscillation frequency is determined by a tuned circuit consisting of capacitors and inductors, that is, an LC oscillator. The circuit was invented in 1915 by American engineer Ralph Hartley. The distinguishing feature of the Hartley oscillator is that the tuned circuit consists of a single capacitor in parallel with two inductors in series (or a single tapped inductor), and the feedback signal needed for oscillation is taken from the center connection of the two inductors.
	The Hartley oscillator was invented by Hartley while he was working for the Research Laboratory of the Western Electric Company. Hartley invented and patented the design in 1915 while overseeing Bell System's transatlantic radiotelephone tests; it was awarded patent number 1,356,763 on October 26, 1920. Note that the basic schematic shown below labeled "Common-drain Hartley circuit" is essentially the same as in the patent drawing, except that the tube is replaced by a J-FET, and that the battery for a negative grid bias is not needed. 
	In 1946 Hartley was awarded the IRE medal of honor "For his early work on oscillating circuits employing triode tubes and likewise for his early recognition and clear exposition of the fundamental relationship between the total amount of information which may be transmitted over a transmission system of limited band-width and the time required." (The second half of the citation refers to Hartley's work in information theory which largely paralleled Harry Nyquist.)
	The Hartley oscillator is distinguished by a tank circuit consisting of two series-connected coils (or, often, a tapped coil) in parallel with a capacitor, with an amplifier between the relatively high impedance across the entire LC tank and the relatively low voltage/high current point between the coils. The original 1915 version used a triode as the amplifying device in common plate (cathode follower) configuration, with three batteries, and separate adjustable coils. The simplified circuit shown to the right uses a JFET (in common-drain configuration), an LC tank circuit (here the single winding is tapped) and a single battery. The circuit illustrates the Hartley oscillator operation:
	Variations on the simple circuit often include ways to automatically reduce the amplifier gain to maintain a constant output voltage at a level below overload; the simple circuit above will limit the output voltage due to the gate conducting on positive peaks, effectively damping oscillations but not before significant distortion (spurious harmonics) may result. Changing the tapped coil to two separate coils, as in the original patent schematic, still results in a working oscillator but now that the two coils are not magnetically coupled the inductance, and so frequency, calculation has to be modified (see below), and the explanation of the voltage increase mechanism is more complicated than the autotransformer scenario.
	A quite different implementation using a tapped coil in an LC tank feedback arrangement is to employ a common-grid (or common-gate or common-base) amplifier stage, which is still non-inverting but provides "voltage gain" instead of "current gain"; the coil tapping is still connected to the cathode (or source or emitter), but this is now the (low impedance) input to the amplifier; the split tank circuit is now dropping the impedance from the relatively high output impedance of the plate (or drain or collector).
	The Hartley oscillator is the dual of the Colpitts oscillator which uses a voltage divider made of two capacitors rather than two inductors. Although there is no requirement for there to be mutual coupling between the two coil segments, the circuit is usually implemented using a tapped coil, with the feedback taken from the tap, as shown here. The optimal tapping point (or ratio of coil inductances) depends on the amplifying device used, which may be a bipolar junction transistor, FET, triode, or amplifier of almost any type (non-inverting in this case, although variations of the circuit with an earthed centre-point and feedback from an inverting amplifier or the collector/drain of a transistor are also common), but a junction FET (shown) or triode is often employed as a good degree of amplitude stability (and thus distortion reduction) can be achieved with a simple grid leak resistor-capacitor combination in series with the gate or grid (see the Scott circuit below) thanks to diode conduction on signal peaks building up enough negative bias to limit amplification.
	The frequency of oscillation is approximately the resonant frequency of the tank circuit. If the capacitance of the tank capacitor is "C" and the total inductance of the tapped coil is "L" then
	If two "uncoupled" coils of inductance "L" and "L" are used then 
	However, if the two coils are magnetically coupled the total inductance will be greater because of mutual inductance "k"
	The actual oscillation frequency will be slightly lower than given above, because of parasitic capacitance in the coil and loading by the transistor.
	Advantages of the Hartley oscillator :
	Disadvantages:

= = = Longus = = =

	Longus, sometimes Longos (), was the author of an ancient Greek novel or romance, "Daphnis and Chloe". Nothing is known of his life; it is assumed that he lived on the isle of Lesbos (setting for "Daphnis and Chloe") during the 2nd century AD.
	It has been suggested that the name Longus is merely a misinterpretation of the first word of "Daphnis and Chloe"'s title "Λεσβιακῶν ἐρωτικῶν λόγοι" ("story of a Lesbian romance", "Lesbian" for "from Lesbos island") in the Florentine manuscript; EE Seiler observes that the best manuscript begins and ends with "λόγου" (not "λόγγου") "ποιμενικῶν". 
	If his name was really Longus, he was possibly a freedman of some Roman family which bore that name as a cognomen.
	Other ancient Greek novelists:

= = = Jefferson Highway = = =

	The Jefferson Highway was an automobile highway stretching through the central United States from New Orleans, Louisiana, to Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The Jefferson Highway was replaced with the new numbered US Highway system in the late 1920s. Portions of the highway are still named Jefferson Highway, for example: the portions that run through Jefferson Parish, Louisiana; East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana; Lee's Summit, Missouri; Osseo, Minnesota; and Wadena, Minnesota.
	It was built in the 1910s as part of the National Auto Trail system.
	Named for President Thomas Jefferson, inspired by the east–west Lincoln Highway, it was nicknamed the "Palm to Pine Highway", for the varying types of trees found at either end.
	The southern terminus of the Jefferson Highway was in New Orleans, Louisiana at the intersection of St. Charles Avenue and Common Street. It is marked by a six-foot tall Georgia granite obelisk donated by the New Orleans chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. The obelisk was installed on April 15, 1918, and it was formally dedicated the following January.
	The original route (finalized in December 1916) on today's roads is as follows:
	When Louisiana numbered its state highways in 1921, the entire length of the Jefferson Highway through Louisiana was designated as State Route 1. This route was in effect until the 1955 Louisiana Highway renumbering. When the U.S. Highway System was designated in 1926, the Jefferson Highway was split into four U.S. Highways in Louisiana: US 61 from New Orleans to Baton Rouge (before it was re-routed onto the Airline Highway), US 71 from Baton Rouge to Clarence, US 171 from Mansfield to Shreveport, and US 80 from Shreveport west into Texas. The section between Natchitoches and Mansfield was not included in the U.S. Highway System.

= = = Regenerative circuit = = =

	A regenerative circuit is an amplifier circuit that employs positive feedback (also known as regeneration or reaction). Some of the output of the amplifying device is applied back to its input so as to add to the input signal, increasing the amplification. One example is the Schmitt trigger (which is also known as a regenerative comparator), but the most common use of the term is in RF amplifiers, and especially regenerative receivers, to greatly increase the gain of a single amplifier stage.
	The regenerative receiver was invented in 1912 and patented in 1914 by American electrical engineer Edwin Armstrong when he was an undergraduate at Columbia University. It was widely used between 1915 and World War II. Advantages of regenerative receivers include increased sensitivity with modest hardware requirements, and increased selectivity because the "Q" of the tuned circuit will be increased when the amplifying vacuum tube or transistor has its feedback loop around the tuned circuit (via a "tickler" winding or a tapping on the coil) because it introduces some negative resistance.
	Due partly to its tendency to radiate interference when oscillating, by the 1930s the regenerative receiver was largely superseded by other TRF receiver designs (for example "reflex" receivers) and especially by another Armstrong invention - superheterodyne receivers and is largely considered obsolete. Regeneration (now called positive feedback) is still widely used in other areas of electronics, such as in oscillators, active filters, and bootstrapped amplifiers.
	A receiver circuit that used larger amounts of regeneration in a more complicated way to achieve even higher amplification, the superregenerative receiver, was also invented by Armstrong in 1922. It was never widely used in general commercial receivers, but due to its small parts count it was used in specialized applications. One widespread use during WWII was IFF transceivers, where single tuned circuit completed the entire electronics system. It is still used in a few specialized low data rate applications, such as garage door openers, wireless networking devices, walkie-talkies and toys.
	The gain of any amplifying device, such as a vacuum tube, transistor, or op amp, can be increased by feeding some of the energy from its output back into its input in phase with the original input signal. This is called positive feedback or "regeneration". Because of the large amplification possible with regeneration, regenerative receivers often use only a single amplifying element (tube or transistor). In a regenerative receiver the output of the tube or transistor is connected back to its own input through a tuned circuit (LC circuit). The tuned circuit allows positive feedback only at its resonant frequency. In regenerative receivers using only one active device, the same tuned circuit is coupled to the antenna and also serves to select the radio frequency to be received, usually by means of variable capacitance. In the regenerative circuit discussed here, the active device also functions as a detector; this circuit is also known as a "regenerative detector". A regeneration control is usually provided for adjusting the amount of feedback (the loop gain). It is desirable for the circuit design to provide regeneration control that can gradually increase feedback to the point of oscillation and that provides control of the oscillation from small to larger amplitude and back to no oscillation without jumps of amplitude or hysteresis in control.
	Two important attributes of a radio receiver are "sensitivity" and "selectivity". The regenerative detector provides sensitivity and selectivity due to voltage amplification and the characteristics of a resonant circuit consisting of inductance and capacitance. The regenerative voltage amplification formula_1 is formula_2 where formula_3 is the non-regenerative amplification and formula_4 is the portion of the output signal fed back to the L2 C2 circuit. As formula_5 becomes smaller the amplification increases. The formula_6 of the tuned circuit (L2 C2) without regeneration is formula_7 where formula_8 is the reactance of the coil and formula_9 represents the total dissipative loss of the tuned circuit. The positive feedback compensates the energy loss caused by formula_9, so it may be viewed as introducing a negative resistance formula_11 to the tuned circuit. The formula_6 of the tuned circuit with regeneration is formula_13. The regeneration increases the formula_6. Oscillation begins when formula_15.
	Regeneration can increase the detection gain of a detector by a factor of 1,700 or more. This is quite an improvement, especially for the low-gain vacuum tubes of the 1920s and early 1930s. The type 36 screen-grid tube (obsolete since the mid-1930s) had a non-regenerative detection gain (audio frequency plate voltage divided by radio frequency input voltage) of only 9.2 at 7.2 MHz, but in a regenerative detector, had detection gain as high as 7,900 at critical regeneration (non-oscillating) and as high as 15,800 with regeneration just above critical. The "... non-oscillating regenerative amplification is limited by the stability of the circuit elements, tube [or device] characteristics and [stability of] supply voltages which determine the maximum value of regeneration obtainable without self-oscillation". Intrinsically, there is little or no difference in the gain and stability available from vacuum tubes, JFETs, MOSFETs or bipolar junction transistors (BJTs).
	A major improvement in stability and a small improvement in available gain for reception of CW radiotelegraphy is provided by the use of a separate oscillator, known as a "heterodyne oscillator" or "beat oscillator". Providing the oscillation separately from the detector allows the regenerative detector to be set for maximum gain and selectivity - which is always in the non-oscillating condition. Interaction between the detector and the beat oscillator can be minimized by operating the beat oscillator at half of the receiver operating frequency, using the second harmonic of the beat oscillator in the detector.
	For AM reception, the gain of the loop is adjusted so it is just below the level required for oscillation (a loop gain of just less than one). The result of this is to greatly increase the gain of the amplifier at the bandpass frequency (resonant frequency), while not increasing it at other frequencies. So the incoming radio signal is amplified by a large factor, 10 - 10, increasing the receiver's sensitivity to weak signals. The high gain also has the effect of reducing the circuit's bandwidth (increasing the Q) by an equal factor, increasing the selectivity of the receiver.
	For the reception of CW radiotelegraphy (Morse code), the feedback is increased just to the point of oscillation. The tuned circuit is adjusted to provide typically 400 to 1000 Hertz difference between the receiver oscillation frequency and the desired transmitting station's signal frequency. The two frequencies "beat" in the nonlinear amplifier, generating heterodyne or "beat" frequencies. The difference frequency, typically 400 to 1000 Hertz, is in the audio range; so it is heard as a tone in the receiver's speaker whenever the station's signal is present.
	Demodulation of a signal in this manner, by use of a single amplifying device as oscillator and mixer simultaneously, is known as "autodyne" reception. The term "autodyne" predates multigrid tubes and is not applied to use of tubes specifically designed for frequency conversion.
	For the reception of single-sideband (SSB) signals, the circuit is also adjusted to oscillate as in CW reception. The tuning is adjusted until the demodulated voice is intelligible.
	Regenerative receivers require fewer components than other types of receiver circuit, such as the TRF and superheterodyne. The circuit's advantage was that it got much more amplification (gain) out of the expensive vacuum tubes, thus reducing the number of tubes required and therefore the cost of a receiver. Early vacuum tubes had low gain and tended to oscillate at radio frequencies (RF). TRF receivers often required 5 or 6 tubes; each stage requiring tuning and neutralization, making the receiver cumbersome, power hungry, and hard to adjust. A regenerative receiver, by contrast, could often provide adequate reception with the use of only one tube. In the 1930s the regenerative receiver was replaced by the superheterodyne circuit in commercial receivers due to the superheterodyne's superior performance and the falling cost of tubes. Since the advent of the transistor in 1946, the low cost of active devices has removed most of the advantage of the circuit. However, in recent years the regenerative circuit has seen a modest comeback in receivers for low cost digital radio applications such as garage door openers, keyless locks, RFID readers and some cell phone receivers.
	A disadvantage of this receiver, especially in designs that couple the detector tuned circuit to the antenna, is that the regeneration (feedback) level must be adjusted when the receiver is tuned to a different frequency. The antenna impedance varies with frequency, changing the loading of the input tuned circuit by the antenna, requiring the regeneration to be adjusted. In addition, the Q of the detector tuned circuit components vary with frequency, requiring adjustment of the regeneration control.
	A disadvantage of the single active device regenerative detector in autodyne operation is that the local oscillation causes the operating point to move significantly away from the ideal operating point, resulting in the detection gain being reduced..
	Another drawback is that when the circuit is adjusted to oscillate it can radiate a signal from its antenna, so it can cause interference to other nearby receivers. Adding an RF amplifier stage between the antenna and the regenerative detector can reduce unwanted radiation, but would add expense and complexity.
	Other shortcomings of regenerative receivers are the sensitive and unstable tuning. These problems have the same cause: a regenerative receiver’s gain is greatest when it operates on the verge of oscillation, and in that condition, the circuit behaves chaotically. Simple regenerative receivers electrically couple the antenna to the detector tuned circuit, resulting in the electrical characteristics of the antenna influencing the resonant frequency of the detector tuned circuit. Any movement of the antenna or large objects near the antenna can change the tuning of the detector.
	The inventor of FM radio, Edwin Armstrong, invented and patented the regenerative circuit while he was a junior in college, in 1914. He patented the superregenerative circuit in 1922, and the superheterodyne receiver in 1918.
	Lee De Forest filed a patent in 1916 that became the cause of a contentious lawsuit with the prolific inventor Armstrong, whose patent for the regenerative circuit had been issued in 1914. The lawsuit lasted twelve years, winding its way through the appeals process and ending up at the Supreme Court. Armstrong won the first case, lost the second, stalemated at the third, and then lost the final round at the Supreme Court.
	At the time the regenerative receiver was introduced, vacuum tubes were expensive and consumed lots of power, with the added expense and encumbrance of heavy batteries. So this design, getting most gain out of one tube, filled the needs of the growing radio community and immediately thrived. Although the superheterodyne receiver is the most common receiver in use today, the regenerative radio made the most out of very few parts.
	In World War II the regenerative circuit was used in some military equipment. An example is the German field radio "Torn.E.b". Regenerative receivers needed far fewer tubes and less power consumption for nearly equivalent performance.
	A related circuit, the "superregenerative detector", found several highly important military uses in World War II in Friend or Foe identification equipment and in the top-secret proximity fuze. An example here is the miniature RK61 thyratron marketed in 1938, which was designed specifically to operate like a vacuum triode below its ignition voltage, allowing it to amplify analog signals as a self-quenching superregenerative detector in radio control receivers, and was the major technical development which led to the wartime development of radio-controlled weapons and the parallel development of radio controlled modelling as a hobby.
	In the 1930s, the superheterodyne design began to gradually supplant the regenerative receiver, as tubes became far less expensive. In Germany the design was still used in the millions of mass-produced German "peoples receivers" (Volksempfänger) and "German small receivers" (DKE, Deutscher Kleinempfänger). Even after WWII, the regenerative design was still present in early after-war German minimal designs along the lines of the "peoples receivers" and "small receivers", dictated by lack of materials. Frequently German military tubes like the "RV12P2000" were employed in such designs. There were even superheterodyne designs, which used the regenerative receiver as a combined IF and demodulator with fixed regeneration. The superregenerative design was also present in early FM broadcast receivers around 1950. Later it was almost completely phased out of mass production, remaining only in hobby kits, and some special applications, like gate openers.
	The superregenerative receiver uses a second lower-frequency oscillation (within the same stage or by using a second oscillator stage) to provide single-device circuit gains of around one million. This second oscillation periodically interrupts or "quenches" the main RF oscillation. Ultrasonic quench rates between 30 and 100 kHz are typical. After each quenching, RF oscillation grows exponentially, starting from the tiny energy picked up by the antenna plus circuit noise. The amplitude reached at the end of the quench cycle (linear mode) or the time taken to reach limiting amplitude (log mode) depends on the strength of the received signal from which exponential growth started. A low-pass filter in the audio amplifier filters the quench and RF frequencies from the output, leaving the AM modulation. This provides a crude but very effective automatic gain control (AGC).
	Superregenerative detectors work well for wide-band signals such as FM, where they perform "slope detection". Regenerative detectors work well for narrow-band signals, especially for CW and SSB which need a heterodyne oscillator or BFO. A superregenerative detector does not have a usable heterodyne oscillator – even though the superregen always self-oscillates, so CW (Morse code)and SSB (single side band) signals can't be received properly.
	Superregeneration is most valuable above 27 MHz, and for signals where broad tuning is desirable. The superregen uses many fewer components for nearly the same sensitivity as more complex designs. It is easily possible to build superregen receivers which operate at microwatt power levels, in the 30 to 6,000 MHz range. It removes the need for the operator to manually adjust regeneration level to just below the point of oscillation - the circuit automatically is taken out of oscillation periodically, but with the disadvantage that small amounts of interference may be a problem for others. These are ideal for remote-sensing applications or where long battery life is important. For many years, superregenerative circuits have been used for commercial products such as garage-door openers, radar detectors, microwatt RF data links, and very low cost walkie-talkies.
	Because the superregenerative detectors tend to receive the strongest signal and ignore other signals in the nearby spectrum, the superregen works best with bands that are relatively free of interfering signals. Due to Nyquist's theorem, its quenching frequency must be at least twice the signal bandwidth. But quenching with overtones acts further as a heterodyne receiver mixing additional unneeded signals from those bands into the working frequency. Thus the overall bandwidth of superregenerator cannot be less than 4 times that of the quench frequency, assuming the quenching oscillator produces an ideal sine wave.

= = = Korea Bay = = =

	The Korea Bay, sometimes the West Korea Bay (; or ), is a bight and the northern extension of the Yellow Sea, between the southeastern coastline of China's Liaoning province and the western coastline of North Korea's North Pyongan, South Pyongan and South Hwanghae provinces. It is separated from the Bohai Sea by the Liaodong Peninsula, with Dalian's Lüshunkou District marking its western end, and westernmost tip of North Korea's Ryongyon County as its eastern end.
	The Yalu (Amnok) River, which marks the western two-thirds of the China-North Korea border, empties into the Korea Bay between Dandong (China) and Sinŭiju (North Korea). The Chongchon River and Taedong River also drains into the Korea Bay at Sinanju and Nampo, respectively.

= = = Emperor Guangwu of Han = = =

	Emperor Guangwu (born Liu Xiu; 15 January 5 BC – 29 March 57), courtesy name Wenshu, was an emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty, restorer of the dynasty in AD 25 and thus founder of the Later Han or Eastern Han (the restored Han Dynasty). He ruled over parts of China at first, and through suppression and conquest of regional warlords, the whole of China was consolidated by the time of his death in 57.
	Liu Xiu was one of the many descendants of the Han imperial family. Following the usurpation of the Han throne by Wang Mang and the ensuing civil war during the disintegration of Wang's short-lived Xin dynasty, he emerged as one of several descendants of the fallen dynasty claiming the imperial throne. After assembling forces and proclaiming himself emperor in the face of competitors, he was able to defeat his rivals, destroy the peasant army of the Chimei, known for their disorganization and marauding, and finally reunify China in AD 36.
	He established his capital in Luoyang, east of the former capital Chang'an, ushering in the Later/Eastern Han dynasty. He implemented some reforms (notably land reform, albeit not very successfully) aimed at correcting some of the structural imbalances responsible for the downfall of the Former/Western Han. His reforms gave a new 200-year lease of life to the Han Dynasty.
	Emperor Guangwu's campaigns featured many able generals, but curiously, he lacked major strategists. That may very well be because he himself appeared to be a brilliant strategist; he often instructed his generals on strategy from afar, and his predictions generally would be accurate. This was often emulated by later emperors who fancied themselves great strategists but who actually lacked Emperor Guangwu's brilliance—usually to great disastrous results.
	Also unique among emperors in Chinese history was Emperor Guangwu's combination of decisiveness and mercy. He often sought out peaceful means rather than bellicose means of putting areas under his control. He was, in particular, one rare example of a founding emperor of a dynasty who did not kill, out of jealousy or paranoia, any of the generals or officials who contributed to his victories after his rule was secure.
	Liu Xiu was the sixth generation descendant of Emperor Jing of the Western Han dynasty. He was the son of Liu Qin (劉欽), magistrate (i.e., head official) of Nandun county (南頓令). Liu Qin was the son of Liu Hui (劉回), vice governor in charge of military affairs for Julu Commandery (鉅鹿都尉). Liu Hui was the son of Liu Wai (劉外), governor of Yulin commandery (鬱林太守). Liu Wai was the son of Liu Mai (劉買), known posthumously as Marquess Jie of Chongling (舂陵節侯). Liu Mai was the son of Liu Fa (劉發), known posthumously as Prince Ding of Changsha (長沙定王). The prince of Changsha was a brother of Emperor Wu, a famous emperor of the Former Han and the son of Emperor Jing. As a descendant of Liu Fa, this also made Liu Xiu third cousin to the Gengshi Emperor.
	Liu Qin was married to the daughter of one Fan Chong (樊重), and he and his wife had three sons – Liu Yan, Liu Zhong (劉仲), and Liu Xiu. Liu Qin died early, and the brothers were raised by their uncle Liu Liang (劉良). Liu Yan was ambitious, and ever since Wang Mang usurped the Han throne in 8 and established the Xin dynasty, Liu Yan was constantly considering starting a rebellion to restore the Han Dynasty. Liu Xiu, in contrast, was a careful man who was content to be a farmer. However, his brother-in-law Deng Chen (鄧晨), the husband of his sister Liu Yuan (劉元), who believed in a prophecy that a man named Liu Xiu would be emperor, constantly encouraged him to be more ambitious.
	In 22, with virtually the entire empire rebelling against Wang Mang's incompetent rule, Liu Yan prepared his rebellion. He planned, along with his brothers, and Li Tong (李通) and his cousin Li Yi (李軼), to kidnap the governor for Nanyang Commandery (roughly modern Nanyang, Henan) and call for the people of the commandery to join him. When the young men of their home territory of Chongling heard about the rebellion, they were all scared to join—until they saw that Liu Xiu was part of the rebellion as well, figuring that if even a careful man like Liu Xiu was part of the rebellion, the rebellion was carefully planned.
	However, the news of the plan leaked out, and Li Tong and Li Yi barely escaped with their lives (but their family was slaughtered). Liu Yan changed his plan and persuaded two branches of the Lülin – the Xinshi Force (新市兵) and Pinglin Force (平林兵) to join forces with him, and they had some military success. Encouraged, Liu Yan made a frontal assault against Wancheng (宛城), the capital of Nanyang Commandery—and suffered a major loss. Liu Yan and Liu Xiu, along with their sister Liu Boji (劉伯姬), survived, but their brother Liu Zhong and sister Liu Yuan died in the battle. Liu Yan's allies, seeing his defeat, considered leaving him, but Liu Yan was able to persuade them, along with another branch of the Lülin, the Xiajiang Force (下江兵), to join him. In 23, they had a major victory against Xin forces, killing Zhen Fu (甄阜), the governor of Nanyang Commandery.
	By this point, many other rebel leaders had become jealous of Liu Yan's capabilities, and while a good number of their men admired Liu Yan and wanted him to become the emperor of a newly declared Han Dynasty, they had other ideas. They found another local rebel leader, Liu Xuan, a third cousin of Liu Yan, who was claiming the title of General Gengshi (更始將軍) at the time and who was considered a weak personality, and requested that he be made emperor. Liu Yan initially opposed this move and instead suggested that Liu Xuan carry the title "Prince of Han" first (echoing the founder of the Han dynasty, Emperor Gaozu). The other rebel leaders refused, and in early 23, Liu Xuan was proclaimed emperor. Liu Yan became prime minister. Liu Xiu, along with many other rebel leaders, carried the title "general".
	Liu Xiu would be instrumental in the key victory that sealed Wang Mang's fate. Wang, aware that Gengshi Emperor was becoming a major threat, sent his cousin Wang Yi (王邑) and his prime minister Wang Xun (王尋) with what he considered to be overwhelming force, some 430,000 men, intending to crush the newly constituted Han regime. The Han forces were at this point in two groups—one led by Wang Feng (王鳳), Wang Chang (王常), and Liu Xiu, which, in response to the arrival of the Xin forces, withdrew to the small town of Kunyang (昆陽, in modern Ye County, Henan) and one led by Liu Yan, which was still besieging Wancheng. The rebels in Kunyang initially wanted to scatter, but Liu Xiu opposed it; rather, he advocated that they guard Kunyang securely, while he would gather all other available troops in surrounding areas and attack the Xin forces from the outside. After initially rejecting Liu Xiu's idea, the Kunyang rebels eventually agreed.
	Liu Xiu carried out his action, and when he returned to Kunyang, he began harassing the sieging Xin forces from the outside. Wang Yi and Wang Xun, annoyed, led 10,000 men to attack Liu Xiu and ordered the rest of their troops not to move from their siege locations. Once they engaged in battle, however, after minor losses, the other units were hesitant to assist them, and Liu Xiu killed Wang Xun in battle. Once that happened, the Han forces inside Kunyang burst out of the city and attacked the other Xin units, and the much larger Xin forces suffered a total collapse. The soldiers largely deserted and went home, unable to be gathered again. Wang Yi had to withdraw with only several thousand men back to Luoyang. This was a major blow to Xin, psychologically; after this point on, there would be no hope for it.
	The very first major incident of infighting in Gengshi Emperor's regime would happen in this time, though. Gengshi Emperor was fearful of Liu Yan's capabilities and keenly aware that many of Liu Yan's followers were angry that he was not made emperor. One, Liu Ji (劉稷), was particularly critical of Gengshi Emperor. Gengshi Emperor arrested Liu Ji and wanted to execute him, but Liu Yan tried to intercede. Gengshi Emperor, encouraged by Li Yi (who had by that point turned against Liu Yan) and Zhu Wei (朱鮪), took this opportunity to execute Liu Yan as well.
	At this time, Liu Xiu was fighting on the frontlines. When he heard about his brother's death, he quickly left his army and went back to the temporary capital Wancheng to beg forgiveness. When Liu Yan's followers greeted him, he only thanked them but did not speak of his feelings, but rather blamed himself and did not mention of his achievements at Kunyang. He did not dare to mourn his brother. Gengshi Emperor, ashamed of what he had done, spared Liu Xiu and created him the Marquess of Wuxin (武信侯).
	Around this time, Liu Xiu married his childhood sweetheart, the famed beauty Yin Lihua. (According to "Hou Han Shu", while much younger, when Liu Xiu was visiting the capital Chang'an, he became impressed with the mayor of the capital ("zhijinyu", 執金吾) and, already impressed by Yin's beauty, he made the remarks: "If I were to be an official, I want to be "zhijinyu"; if I were to marry, I want to marry Yin Lihua". He eventually was able to accomplish both of these things and more.)
	Soon, Wang Mang's Xin Dynasty and its capital Chang'an fell to the Gengshi Emperor's forces, and Gengshi Emperor was acknowledged by virtually the entire empire as the emperor of the restored Han Dynasty. He initially planned to set his capital at Luoyang, and he made Liu Xiu governor of the capital region. Liu Xiu was commissioned to repair the palaces and governmental offices at Luoyang. Of all of the major Han officials following the restoration, Liu Xiu alone quickly showed his talent for organization, and his agency quickly grew to resemble its pre-Wang Mang counterpart. 
	In any case, Gengshi Emperor's regime was only able to obtain nominal submission from many regions of the empire, and one of the troublesome regions was north of the Yellow River. The Emperor considered dispatching a general to try to pacify the region, and his cousin Liu Ci (劉賜), who had succeeded Liu Yan as prime minister, endorsed Liu Xiu for that task. Liu Yan's political enemies, including Li and Zhu, opposed, but after Liu Ci repeatedly endorsed Liu Xiu, the Gengshi Emperor relented and, in autumn 23, he sent Liu Xiu to the region north of the Yellow River.
	Liu Xiu was initially met with great gladness by the people north of the Yellow River. It was around this time that Deng Yu joined him (later to be his prime minister); other later important figures who joined him around this time included Feng Yi and Geng Chun (耿純). Deng, seeing that Gengshi Emperor lacked the ability to rule, persuaded Liu Xiu to keep his sights broad and consider eventual independence.
	Liu Xiu would soon have a major problem on his hand, however, in winter 23, as he faced a pretender for the Han throne. A fortune teller in Handan named Wang Lang claimed to be actually named Liu Ziyu (劉子輿) and a son of Emperor Cheng. He claimed that his mother was a singer in Emperor Cheng's service, and that Empress Zhao Feiyan had tried to kill him after his birth, but that a substitute child was killed indeed. After he spread these rumors among the people, the people of Handan began to believe that he was a genuine son of Emperor Cheng, and the commanderies north of the Yellow River quickly pledged allegiance to him as emperor. In spring 24, Liu Xiu was forced to withdraw to the northern city of Jicheng (modern Beijing). Not long after, he faced rebellions in his immediate vicinity, and was nearly killed by rebels who pledged allegiance to Wang. He reached two commanderies in modern central Hebei that were still loyal to Gengshi Emperor—Xindu (信都, roughly modern Hengshui, Hebei), whose governor was Ren Guang (任光), and Herong, (和戎, roughly part of modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), whose governor was Pi Tong (邳彤). Ren's deputy Li Chong (李忠), Wan Xiu (萬脩) and Liu Zhi (劉植), who was powerful clan in the region, also joined him. Additionally, he began to make Liu Zhi persuade Liu Yang (劉楊) the Prince of Zhending, who held 100,000 troops, to join him. He entered into a political marriage with Guo Shengtong, the niece of Liu Yang, and combined his forces. He mobilized their forces and won some major battles against Wang's generals.
	Meanwhile, a follower of Liu Xiu, Geng Yan, the son of the governor of Shanggu Commandery (上谷, roughly modern Zhangjiakou, Hebei), had fled back to his father's commandery, and persuaded both his father Geng Kuang (耿況) and the governor of the neighboring Yuyang Commandery (漁陽, roughly modern Beijing), Peng Chong (彭寵), to support Liu Xiu. Geng Yan, being supported by Gen Kuang's deputy Kou Xun (寇恂) and Jing Dan (景丹), and Peng's deputy, Wu Han, led the two commanderies' cavalry and infantry forces south to join Liu Xiu. The combined forces gave Liu Xiu enough strength to make a direct assault against Handan, trapping and killing Wang Lang.
	After Wang's death, Gengshi Emperor created Liu Xiu the Prince of Xiao and summoned him back to the capital (then moved to Chang'an). Liu Xiu, persuaded by Geng Yan that he should be ready to set out his own course because the people were badly shaken by Gengshi Emperor and his officials' misrule, declined and claimed that the region still needed to be pacified.
	In autumn 24, Liu Xiu, still ostensibly an official under Gengshi Emperor, successfully pacified some of the larger agrarian rebel groups and merged them into his own forces. He also started replacing officials loyal to Gengshi Emperor with those loyal to himself. He consolidated his power north of the Yellow River and, as he predicted that the powerful Chimei would destroy Gengshi Emperor's government for him, he waited by for that to happen, not intervening on either side as that conflict was developing. He put Kou Xun in charge of the Henei (modern northern Henan, north of the Yellow River) region and made it the base for food and manpower supplies, while commissioning Deng with an expedition force to the modern Shaanxi region, waiting for the confrontation between Gengshi Emperor and Chimei. In early 25, Deng, on his way west, seized the modern Shanxi region and put it under Liu Xiu's control, before crossing the Yellow River into modern Shaanxi.
	At this point, territories that Liu Xiu controlled were already impressive, compared to any other regional power in the empire broken apart by civil war—but he still carried just the title Prince of Xiao (which Gengshi Emperor had created him) and still ostensibly was controlling those territories as Gengshi Emperor's deputy, even as he was already engaging militarily against some generals (e.g. Xie Gong – 謝躬) loyal to Gengshi Emperor (During this incident, Liu Xiu succeeded to persuade Ma Wu (馬武), who was the deputy of Xie Gong, to join him.). In summer 25, after repeated urging by his followers, he finally claimed the title of emperor and the right to succeed to the Han throne—as Emperor Guangwu.
	Soon after Emperor Guangwu's ascension, his former liege Gengshi Emperor's regime was destroyed by the Chimei, who supported their own pretender to the Han throne, Emperor Liu Penzi. The Chimei leaders, despite being militarily powerful, were however even less capable at ruling than Gengshi Emperor, and they soon alienated the people of the Guanzhong (關中, modern central Shaanxi) region, which they had taken over when they overthrew Gengshi Emperor. They pillaged the Guanzhong region for supplies, but as eventually the supplies ran out, they were forced to withdraw east in an attempt to return home (modern Shandong and northern Jiangsu). Emperor Guangwu, anticipating this, set up his forces to harass and tire the Chimei out, and then block them off at Yiyang (宜陽, in modern Luoyang, Henan). With their path blocked and their troops exhausted, the Chimei leaders surrendered. Emperor Guangwu spared them, including their puppet pretender Emperor Penzi.
	Chimei was the largest of the enemy force that Emperor Guangwu had to deal with in his campaign to reunify the empire under the rule of his Eastern Han Dynasty, but there were a number of regional powers that he had to deal with. These included:
	Of these powers, Gongsun Shu's Chengjia was wealthy and powerful, but Gongsun was content to maintain his regional empire and not carry out any military expeditions outside his empire. Instead, he sat by as Emperor Guangwu carried out his unification campaign. Emperor Guangwu, hesitant to carry out annihilation campaigns, largely preferred first trying to persuade the regional warlords to submit to him. Wei and Dou did in 29, and as they were assisting Eastern Han forces to the north of Chengjia, Gongsun was further discouraged from trying to expand his empire.
	Also in 29, Liu Yong's son and heir Liu Yu (劉紆) was defeated by Eastern Han forces and killed. Also in 29, Peng's slaves assassinated him, leading to a collapse of his regime. Zhang, seeing the futility of resistance, surrendered and was created a marquess. By 30, all of eastern China was under Emperor Guangwu's rule.
	Wei, seeing that Eastern Han was gradually unifying the empire, inexplicably began considering independence. He tried to persuade Dou to enter into an alliance with him to resist Eastern Han; Dou refused. When Eastern Han started considering conquering Chengjia, Wei, apprehensive of the implications of Chengjia's fall, tried to persuade Emperor Guangwu not to carry out a campaign against Chengjia, and later refused to lead his forces south against Chengjia.
	Emperor Guangwu, who in any case preferred peaceful resolution, repeatedly wrote both Wei and Gongsun with humble terms, trying to get them to submit to him, promising them titles and honors. Wei continued to nominally submit but act as an independent power, while Gongsun refused outright—but continued to be indecisive and took no actions while Eastern Han's rule was being confirmed throughout the land.
	Realizing that neither Wei nor Gongsun would voluntarily submit, Emperor Guangwu started a campaign against Wei in summer 30—assisted by Wei's friend Ma Yuan, who had served as Wei's liaison officer to Emperor Guangwu and had tried in vain to persuade him not to take the course of independence. In response, Wei formally submitted to Gongsun and accepted a princely title—Prince of Shuoning—from him, and also tried to persuade Dou to join him. Dou refused, and attacked Wei in coordination with Emperor Guangwu's forces. After some initial successes, Wei's small independent regime eventually collapsed under overwhelming force and was reduced severely. In 33, Wei died and was succeeded by his son Wei Chun (隗純). In winter 34, Shuoning's capital Luomen (落門, in modern Tianshui, Gansu) fell, and Wei Chun surrendered.
	Emperor Guangwu then turned his attention to Chengjia. He commissioned his generals Wu Han, Cen Peng (岑彭), Lai She (來歙), and Gai Yan (蓋延) to go on a two-pronged attack on Chengjia—Wu and Cen leading an army and a navy up the Yangtze river from modern Hubei, while Lai and Gai led an army south from modern Shaanxi. Instead of fighting the Eastern Han expedition on the battlefield, Gongsun tried to repel them by assassinating their generals—and he was initially successful, assassinating Cen and Lai and temporarily causing the Eastern Han forces to halt. However, Eastern Han forces regrouped, and in 36 they had Gongsun surrounded in his capital Chengdu (成都, modern Chengdu, Sichuan). However, initial attempts to siege the city was unsuccessful, and Wu, then in command of the expeditory force, considered withdrawing. Persuaded by his lieutenant Zhang Kan (張堪) that Gongsun was in desperate straits, however, Wu tricked Gongsun into believing that the Eastern Han forces were collapsing from fatigue, drawing him out of the city and engaging in battle. Gongsun was mortally wounded in battle, and Chengdu surrendered in winter 36. Liu's general Wu Han then killed more than 10,000 people.
	After Chengjia's fall, Dou turned over the lands under his control to Emperor Guangwu in 36, and was made prime controller. Lu, after initially submitting to Emperor Guangwu and made the Prince of Dai (as Emperor Guangwu maintained the fiction that Lu was actually from imperial lineage), eventually rebelled again, but, unable to succeed, eventually fled to Xiongnu in 42. The empire was entirely under Emperor Guangwu's rule. During the wartime, Liu's general Geng Yan massacred 300 cities.
	Although Emperor Guangwu had already created many of his generals and officials marquesses, in 37, after the conquest of the empire was largely complete, he readjusted their marches in accordance with their accomplishments. He also considered what would be the best way to preserve the relationships between him and his generals and to protect their title and position so he therefore resolved to give the generals large marches but not give them official positions in his government. He rewarded them with great wealth and often listened to their advice, but rarely put them in positions of authority. He thereby reduced friction between him and his generals, thus allowing for their relationships to be preserved. In this, he was matched perhaps only by Emperor Taizu of Song (Zhao Kuangyin).
	As the emperor of the unified empire, Emperor Guangwu's reign was marked by thriftiness, efficiency, and laxity of laws. For example, in 38, his official Liang Tong (梁統) submitted a petition to restore the criminal laws of late Western Han Dynasty—which were far more severe. After discussion with other officials, Emperor Guangwu tabled Liang's suggestion. But he originated the order that servants in the inner palace must be eunuchs.
	Emperor Guangwu, however, had to deal with two campaigns against non-Chinese peoples. In 40, a Vietnamese woman named Trưng Trắc (Chinese: Zheng Ce (徵側)) and her sister Trưng Nhị (Chinese: Zheng Er (徵貳)) rebelled. Trưng Trắc claimed the title of queen, and she ruled over an independent kingdom for several years. In 41, Emperor Guangwu sent Ma Yuan against the Trưng sisters. In 43, he defeated the Trưng sisters and killed them. (According to Vietnamese historians, they committed suicide by drowning.)
	Emperor Guangwu also had to deal with periodic minor battles against the Xiongnu to the north. However, throughout his reign, there were no major wars with Xiongnu. Nevertheless, because of raids by Xiongnu, Wuhuan, and Xianbei, the northern commanderies became largely unpopulated, as the people suffered great casualties and also fled to more southerly lands.
	With these engagements, Emperor Guangwu declined yet another foreign engagement. In 46, many Xiyu (modern Xinjiang and former Soviet central Asia) kingdoms were suffering under the hegemony of one of the kingdoms, Shache (Yarkand). They petitioned Emperor Guangwu to again reestablish the Western Han post of the governor of Xiyu. Emperor Guangwu declined, stating that his empire was so lacking in strength at the time that he could not expend efforts to protect Xiyu kingdoms. In response, the Xiyu kingdoms submitted to Xiongnu.
	As alluded to above, while still under Gengshi Emperor, Emperor Guangwu married his childhood sweetheart Yin Lihua. Later, in 24, while he was on his expedition north of the Yellow River, he entered a political marriage with Guo Shengtong (郭聖通), the niece of a regional warlord, Liu Yang (劉楊) the Prince of Zhending. In 25, Guo bore him a son, Liu Jiang (劉疆).
	In 26, Emperor Guangwu was prepared to create an empress, and he favored his first love, Yin. However, Yin had not yet had a son by that point, and she declined the empress position and endorsed Guo. Emperor Guangwu therefore made Guo empress and her son Prince Jiang crown prince.
	By 41, however, Empress Guo had long lost the emperor's favor. She continuously complained about that fact, and this angered Emperor Guangwu. In 41, he deposed her and made Yin empress instead. Rather than imprisoning Guo (as is often the fate of deposed empresses), however, he created her son Liu Fu (劉輔) the Prince of Zhongshan and made her the Princess Dowager of Zhongshan. He made her brother Guo Kuang (郭況) an important official and, perhaps as a form of alimony, rewarded him with great wealth.
	Not having the heart to depose mother and son, Emperor Guangwu initially left Guo's son, Jiang, as crown prince. However, Crown Prince Jiang, realizing that his position was precarious, repeatedly offered to step down. In 43, Emperor Guangwu agreed and made Liu Yang (劉陽), the oldest son of Empress Yin, crown prince instead. Former Crown Prince Jiang was made the Prince of Donghai. He also changed Prince Yang's name to Zhuang (莊).
	In 47, an opportunity arose with regard to Xiongnu. Xiongnu had a succession dispute, pitting the current chanyu, Punu (蒲奴) against his cousin Bi (比), the son of a former chanyu. In 48, Bi also claimed the title of chanyu, and submitted to Emperor Guangwu's authority. Punu also submitted, in response, and the divided Xiongnu stopped waging war against Han.
	In 49, a rare blot on Emperor Guangwu's rule occurred. He had once again commissioned Ma Yuan to go on an expedition—against the indigenous people of the Wulin Commandery (modern northwestern Hunan and eastern Guizhou), who had rebelled. While Ma was on the expedition, however, a number of Ma's political enemies made false accusations against Ma. Emperor Guangwu, believing these accusations, began investigating Ma, who happened to die of illness while on the campaign. With Ma dead and unable to defend himself, Emperor Guangwu stripped Ma of his marquess title and denounced him posthumously. (Ma's reputation was not restored until his daughter later became empress to Emperor Guangwu's son Emperor Ming.)
	In 57, Emperor Guangwu died. He was succeeded by Crown Prince Zhuang, who ascended the throne as Emperor Ming.

= = = Guevenatten = = =

	Guevenatten () is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.
	Guevenatten is a part of the Sundgau.
	Situated 6 km northwest of Dannemarie, Guevenatten occupies a rather rare site in Sundgau, because it is perched on the line of crests separating the valleys of Traubach and Soultzbach, both tributaries of the left bank of releases her(it).
	Guevenatten stretches along the R.D.14, twice connecting the RN83 (Main road 83) to Dannemarie by Traubach-le-Haut. On the north of the village, the Sternenberg is the highest point in the municipality at 370 m.
	The village preserved a rural character. The surface of the banns is of 217 ha, the used agricultural space represents 87,2%. The woody surface, included in the agricultural space, is of 58 ha of which 35ha of municipal forest.

= = = Raymond Sommer = = =

	Raymond Sommer (31 August 1906 – 10 September 1950) was a French motor racing driver. He raced both before and after WWII with some success, particularly in endurance racing. He won the 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance race in both and , and although he did not reach the finishing line in any subsequent appearance at the Le Mans, he did lead each event until 1938. Sommer was also competitive at the highest level in Grand Prix motor racing, but did not win a race. He won the French Grand Prix in 1936, but the event that year was run as a sports car race. After racing resumed in the late 1940s, Sommer again won a number of sports car and minor Grand Prix events, and finished in fourth place in the 1950 Monaco Grand Prix, the second round of the newly-instituted Formula One World Drivers' Championship. He was killed toward the end of 1950, when his car overturned during a race at the Circuit de Cadours.
	Sommer was born in Mouzon, in the Ardennes "département" of France, into a wealthy Sedan carpet-making family. His father, Roger Sommer, broke the Wright Brothers' record for the longest flight in 1909. It was not until 1931 that Raymond started to display daredevil tendencies of his own, entering motor races in a privateer Chrysler Imperial. The following year, he won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race, despite having to drive over 20 hours solo after his teammate, Luigi Chinetti, retired ill. During the 1930s, Sommer was to dominate the French endurance classic, winning again in 1933 driving an Alfa Romeo alongside Tazio Nuvolari. He also led every race until 1938, only to suffer a mechanical failure, once when 12 laps in the lead. Sommer traveled to Long Island, New York, to compete in the 1936 Vanderbilt Cup where he finished fourth behind the winner, Nuvolari.
	However, his tendency to run in his own privately entered Alfa Romeos did him no favours on the Grand Prix scene, and although a regular top-10 finisher in "Grands Épreuves" he never won a race. At the time, the German manufacturers Mercedes-Benz and Auto Union were the dominant force in Grand Prix racing, together with the French Bugatti team. Sommer turned to sports cars once more, and in 1936 he won the French Grand Prix with Jean-Pierre Wimille, and the Spa 24 Hours endurance race with co-driver Francesco Severi. More wins came his way including at the "Marseilles Three Hours" at Miramas, the Grand Prix de Tunisie and La Turbie hill climb competition in 1938 and 1939 with Alfa Romeo 308 until the outbreak of World War II, where he played an active part in the French Resistance movement.
	Following the war, Sommer quickly returned to winning ways, claiming victory in the 1946 René Le Bègue Cup race at Saint-Cloud. At the 1947 Turin Grand Prix in Valentino Park he won the first ever Grand Prix for Enzo Ferrari as an independent constructor. The following season, Sommer switched from the Ferrari team, again for a privately owned car, this time a Talbot-Lago. In 1950, the Formula One World Championship began and Sommer drove in two Grand Prix races for Ferrari and three in a privately entered Talbot-Lago, retiring in all but one.
	In July 1950 he won the Aix les Bains Circuit du Lac Grand Prix with a Ferrari 166.
	In September 1950, he entered the Haute-Garonne Grand Prix in Cadours, France, where the steering failed on his 1100 cc Cooper and the car overturned at a corner. Sommer, wearing his traditional canvas helmet, was instantly killed.

= = = James Keir = = =

	James Keir FRS (20 September 1735 – 11 October 1820) was a Scottish chemist, geologist, industrialist, and inventor, and an important member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham.
	Keir was born in Stirlingshire, Scotland, in 1735 as the eighteenth child of John and Magdaline Keir. James attended the Royal High School, Edinburgh, and studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh where he met and formed a lasting friendship with Erasmus Darwin.
	At the age of 22, Keir joined the army and was commissioned into the 61st Regiment (now the Gloucestershire Regiment). During the seven years' war he was stationed with his regiment in the West Indies. He became lieutenant on, 31 March 1759, captain-lieutenant on 16 May 1766, and captain on 23 June of the same year.
	In the spring of 1768 he resigned his commission, being disappointed at not meeting with more sympathy in his studies from his brother-officers. He found, however, one congenial friend in Alexander Blair, afterwards a captain in the 69th regiment of foot. While in the army Keir wrote a treatise on the art of war, which was accidentally burnt at his publishers, and a pamphlet addressed to the Marquis of Granby in favour of the sale of commissions. At this same period he used to rise at four o'clock in the morning to read the classics and military writers, and he translated many chapters of Polybius.
	Keir ultimately settled at Hill Top, West Bromwich, Staffordshire, and devoted himself to chemistry and geology. In 1772, with others, Keir leased a long-established glassworks at Amblecote near Stourbridge, which he managed. Partners included Samuel Skey (who manufactured vitriol near Bewdley) and John Taylor (a leading Birmingham manufacturer). While there, Keir continued his chemical experiments, particularly into the properties of alkalis. A paper by him "On the Crystallisations observed on Glass" was communicated to the Royal Society by his friend George Fordyce and printed in the Society's "Philosophical Transactions" in 1776.
	Early in the same year Keir completed his translation of Macquer's "Dictionnaire de Chymie", with additions and notes, published at London in two quarto volumes. In 1777 he issued a "Treatise on the Different kinds of Elastic Fluids or Gases" (new edition, 1779). Keir had become friends with Matthew Boulton, and in the autumn of 1768 he first met James Watt at Boulton's house.
	In 1778 Keir gave up his glass business to undertake, in the absence of Boulton and Watt, the sole charge of their engineering works at Soho, Birmingham near Handsworth. He declined, however, the offer of a partnership on account of the financial risk, and limited his connection with the firm to the letter-copying machine department.
	In 1779 he invented and took out a patent for an alloy of copper, zinc, and iron, which could be forged hot or cold. It has been said to be almost identical with what later became known as Muntz metal.
	In 1780 Keir, in conjunction with Alexander Blair (then retired from the army), established a chemical works at Tipton, near Dudley, for the manufacture of alkali from the sulfates of potash and soda, to which he afterwards added a soap manufactory. The method of extraction proceeded on a discovery of Keir's. A nearby road was called Soap Factory Road, though it is now called Factory Road.
	When Joseph Priestley came to Birmingham in 1780, he found an able assistant in Keir, who had discovered the distinction between carbon dioxide gas and atmospheric air. Keir worked closely with Priestley to investigate the properties of gases. On 3 May 1787 Keir communicated to the Royal Society some "Experiments on the Congelation of the Vitriolic Acid", and on 1 May 1788 "Remarks on the Principle of Acidity, Decomposition of Water, and Phlogiston". Another paper, on "Fossil Alkali", appeared in 1788 in the "Transactions of the Society of Arts". Keir published the first part of his "Dictionary of Chemistry" in 1789. He discontinued it upon becoming convinced of the weakness of his theory of phlogiston.
	On 20 May 1790, Keir communicated to the Royal Society "Experiments and Observations on the Dissolution of Metals in Acids, and their Precipitations, with an Account of a new compound Acid Menstruum, useful in some technical operations of parting metals". This paper contains suggestions which may have contributed to the discovery of the electro-plate process. It was translated into German later the same year by Augustin Gottfried Ludwig Lentin as " Versuche und Beobachtungen über die Auflösung der Metalle in Säuren ... "
	About 1794, Keir and Blair purchased land in the Tividale area, on the borders of Dudley and Tipton, on which they established the Tividale colliery. Keir studied the mineralogy of Staffordshire, and in 1798 wrote an article on it for Stebbing Shaw's "History of Staffordshire". He also gave Shaw information on Staffordshire manufacturing.
	Sir Humphry Davy, while visiting Gregory Watt at Birmingham in 1800, was introduced to Keir. In February 1811 Keir forwarded to the Geological Society "An Account of the Strata in sinking a Pit in Tividale Colliery", accompanied by a number of specimens.
	On 19 December 1807, while Keir was staying with Blair at Hilton Park, his house at West Bromwich was burnt, though most of his books and papers were saved. For a time he lived at a small farmhouse in the neighbourhood.
	Keir died at West Bromwich on 11 October 1820, and was buried there at All Saints Church, Charlemont. By his marriage in 1770 to Susanna Harvey (1747–1802) he had an only child, Amelia (1780–1857), who in 1801 married John Lewis Moilliet of Geneva and later Abberley, afterwards merchant and banker of Birmingham.
	In 1791 Keir wrote, at the special desire of the widow, a memoir of his friend Thomas Day, author of "Sandford and Merton". During the same year Keir's avowal of sympathy with the French revolution at a public dinner on 14 July exposed him to much virulent abuse. He defended himself and Priestley in various pamphlets, such as the "Extinguisher Maker", "T. Sobersides", and "High Church Politics". In 1793 Keir published a pamphlet entitled 'The Martial Character of Nations,' arguing that the French were not likely to become so pacific as to make national defence less necessary. Ten years later he wrote "Reflections on the Invasion of Great Britain by the French Armies; on the Mode of Defence; and on the useful application of the National Levies" (1803).
	Keir, who frequently amused himself by writing poetry, suggested to Darwin many improvements (afterwards adopted) for the second part of the "Botanic Garden". The most valuable portion of his correspondence was destroyed by the fire at his daughter's residence, Abberley Hall, Worcestershire, on 25 December 1845. A selection from what was saved, with a sketch of his life, was printed for private circulation in 1859.

= = = MEP = = =

	MEP may refer to:

= = = Igo Gruden = = =

	Igo Gruden (18 April 1893 – 29 November 1948) was a Slovene poet and translator.
	He was born as Ignacij Gruden in the small fishing village of Aurisina near Trieste, then part of the Austro-Hungarian County of Gorizia and Gradisca (now in Italy) as first of ten children of Franc Gruden and Justina Košuta. He attended high schools in Trieste and Gorizia, and then studied law in Vienna and Graz. During World War I, he served in the Austro-Hungarian Army and fought in the Battles of the Isonzo, where he was seriously injured. After the war, he continued his studies in Prague, graduating in 1921. The same year, he moved to Ljubljana, then part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, where he practiced law.
	In the 1920s and 1930s, he was active in spreading the anti-Fascist sentiment among Slovene intellectuals. In 1922, he was arrested by the Italian authorities while visiting his native village, which was then under Italian jurisdiction. He was released after the intervention of the Yugoslav authorities. In Ljubljana, Gruden soon became part of the local left liberal intellectual circles. He collaborated with renowned journals such as "Ljubljanski zvon" and "Sodobnost", and frequented authors such as Josip Vidmar, Juš Kozak, Ferdo Kozak, Fran Albreht, Stanko Leben, Lojze Ude and Anton Vodnik.
	During World War II, he collaborated with the Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation, and was interned by the Italian occupation forces to the Rab concentration camp. After the Italian armistice, he joined the Partisan resistance. After the war, he worked at the Slovenian section of the Yugoslav Radio in Belgrade, together with Matej Bor and Anton Ingolič. He died in Ljubljana and was buried in the Žale cemetery.
	Gruden's poetry was influenced mostly by the Slovene Modern (), particularly Oton Župančič and Dragotin Kette. He was also heavily influenced by Gabriele D'Annunzio and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson. Initially, he followed the vitalist trend, but later moved to more reflexive poetry. During World War II, he published many poems describing the daily life in concentration camps.

= = = Toffoli gate = = =

	In logic circuits, the Toffoli gate (also CCNOT gate), invented by Tommaso Toffoli, is a universal reversible logic gate, which means that any reversible circuit can be constructed from Toffoli gates. It is also known as the "controlled-controlled-not" gate, which describes its action. It has 3-bit inputs and outputs; if the first two bits are both set to 1, it inverts the third bit, otherwise all bits stay the same.
	An input-consuming logic gate "L" is reversible if, for any output "y", there is a unique input "x" such that applying "L"("x") = "y". If a gate "L" is reversible, there is an inverse gate "L"′, which maps "y" to "x" for which "L"′("y") = "x". From common logic gates, NOT is reversible, as can be seen from its truth table below.
	The common AND gate is not reversible, however. The inputs 00, 01 and 10 are all mapped to the output 0.
	Reversible gates have been studied since the 1960s. The original motivation was that reversible gates dissipate less heat (or, in principle, no heat). If we think of a logic gate as consuming its input, information is lost since less information is present in the output than was present at the input. This loss of information loses energy to the surrounding area as heat, because of thermodynamic entropy. Another way to understand this is that charges on a circuit are grounded and thus flow away, taking a small quantity of energy with them when they change state. A reversible gate only moves the states around, and since no information is lost, energy is conserved.
	More recent motivation comes from quantum computing. Quantum mechanics requires the transformations to be reversible and allows more general states of the computation than classical computers (superpositions).
	Any reversible gate that consumes its inputs and allows all input computations must have no more input bits than output bits, by the pigeonhole principle. For one input bit, there are two possible reversible gates. One of them is NOT. The other is the identity gate, which maps its input to the output unchanged. For two input bits, the only non-trivial gate is the controlled NOT gate, which XORs the first bit to the second bit and leaves the first bit unchanged.
	Unfortunately, there are reversible functions that cannot be computed using just those gates. In other words, the set consisting of NOT and XOR gates is not universal. If we want to compute an arbitrary function using reversible gates, we need another gate. One possibility is the Toffoli gate, proposed in 1980 by Toffoli.
	This gate has 3-bit inputs and outputs. If the first two bits are set, it flips the third bit. The following is a table of the input and output bits:
	It can be also described as mapping bits {a, b, c} to {a, b, c XOR (a AND b)}.
	The Toffoli gate is universal; this means that for any Boolean function "f"("x", "x", ..., "x"), there is a circuit consisting of Toffoli gates that takes "x", "x", ..., "x" and some extra bits set to 0 or 1 to outputs "x", "x", ..., "x", "f"("x", "x", ..., "x"), and some extra bits (called garbage). Essentially, this means that one can use Toffoli gates to build systems that will perform any desired Boolean function computation in a reversible manner.
	Any reversible gate can be implemented on a quantum computer, and hence the Toffoli gate is also a quantum operator. However, the Toffoli gate can not be used for universal quantum computation, though it does mean that a quantum computer can implement all possible classical computations. The Toffoli gate has to be implemented along with some inherently quantum gate(s) in order to be universal for quantum computation. In fact, any single-qubit gate with real coefficients that can create a nontrivial quantum state suffices.
	A Toffoli gate based on quantum mechanics was successfully realized in January 2009 at the University of Innsbruck, Austria.

= = = Jorge de Montemor = = =

	Jorge de Montemor () (1520? – 26 February 1561) was a Portuguese novelist and poet, who wrote almost exclusively in Spanish. His most famous work is a pastoral prose romance, the "Diana" (1559).
	He was born at Montemor-o-Velho (near Coimbra), whence he derived his name, the Spanish form of which is Montemayor.
	He seems to have studied music in his youth, and to have gone to Spain in 1543 as chorister in the suite of the Portuguese Infanta Maria, first wife of Philip II. In 1552 he went back to Portugal in the suite of the Infanta Juana, wife of João Manuel, Prince of Portugal, and on the death of this prince in 1554 returned to Spain. He is said to have served in the army, to have accompanied Philip II to England in 1555, and to have travelled in Italy and the Low Countries; but it is certain that his poetical works were published at Antwerp in 1554, and again in 1558.
	His reputation is based on a prose work, the "Diana", a pastoral romance published about 1559. Shortly afterwards Montemor was killed in Piedmont, apparently in a love affair; a late edition of the "Diana" gives the exact date of his death. The "Diana" is generally stated to have been printed at Valencia in 1542; but, as the "Canto de Orfeo" refers to the widowhood of the Infanta Juana in 1554, the book must be of later date.
	It is important as the first pastoral novel published in Spain; as the starting-point of a widespread literary fashion; and as the indirect source, through the translation included in Googe's "Eglogs, epytaphes and sonnets" (1563), of an episode in "The Two Gentlemen of Verona". Though Portuguese was Montemor's native language, he only used it for two songs and a short prose passage in the sixth book of the "Diana". His mastery of Spanish is amazing, and even Cervantes, who judges the verses in the "Diana" with unaccustomed severity, recognizes the remarkable merit of Montemor's prose style. That he pleased his own generation is proved by the seventeen editions and two continuations of the "Diana" published in the 16th century, by parodies, imitations and renderings in French and English.

= = = Fairhaven, Bellingham, Washington = = =

	Fairhaven (or the Fairhaven Village) was a settlement in Washington state founded in the late 1880s. In 1903 it became part of the city of Bellingham.
	The Fairhaven area is situated on the south side of Bellingham, and borders Bellingham Bay on the west and Western Washington University on the northeast.
	Since 1989 Fairhaven has been the southernmost terminus of the Alaska Marine Highway System, Alaska's state run ferry system. The Bellingham Cruise Terminal is also the departure point for summer passenger ferry service to the San Juan Islands and Victoria, British Columbia, Canada operated by Victoria/San Juan Cruises. Nearby is Fairhaven Station, a small transportation hub which serves as Bellingham's "Amtrak Cascades" station stop as well as the Greyhound bus depot. Connections can be made to local taxis or local transit. Whatcom Transportation Authority recently upgraded Fairhaven's bus service to every 15 minutes as part of its Red Line.
	Fairhaven also plays outdoor movies every weekend during the summer at the Pickford Outdoor Cinema in Fairhaven's historical district.
	In the center of the Fairhaven area is the Fairhaven Historical District, which features a seasonal farmer's market as well as numerous restaurants and shops. The district is a popular tourist destination. All newly constructed buildings are required to conform in outward appearance to the community's traditional 19th-century style as defined by Bellingham Municipal Code, Design Review District, section 20.26.
	First arriving in the area in 1854, Daniel J. Harris bought property along the coast and founded the town of Fairhaven in 1883. By 1889, he had sold all his interests to developers such as Nelson Bennett and C. X. Larrabee, who were intent on building Fairhaven into a major city on the scale of Seattle or Tacoma.
	Fairhaven, like many other coastal Washington cities, competed with other Washington cities for the position of terminal city of the Great Northern Railroad, but that title ultimately fell on Seattle. During this period of competitiveness, which lasted from the late 1870s through mid-1880s, Fairhaven adopted its iconic 19th century style and took on an aesthetic appeal to architecture and design. Even after it was decided that Seattle would house the Great Northern Railroad terminal, population and aesthetically-minded construction continued to boom until the late 1890s. Fairhaven was officially incorporated on May 13, 1890. On October 27, 1903, citizens of Fairhaven and citizens of two neighboring cities on Bellingham Bay, Whatcom City and Sehome, voted to consolidate into one city named Bellingham. On December 28, 1903 the new city of Bellingham was officially established.
	Fairhaven is also known for its historical ties to salmon canning, and from the late 1800s through to the 1940s was the home of numerous salmon canning operations, employing as many as 4,500 workers in the area. In the 1940s the Pacific American Fisheries was headquartered in Fairhaven, and was known as the largest salmon canning operation in the world.

= = = William Small = = =

	William Small (13 October 1734 – 25 February 1775) was a Scottish physician and a professor of natural philosophy at the College of William and Mary in Virginia, where he became an influential mentor for Thomas Jefferson.
	William Small was born in Carmyllie, Angus, Scotland, the son of a Presbyterian minister, James Small and his wife Lillias Scott, and younger brother to Dr Robert Small. He attended Dundee Grammar School, and Marischal College, University of Aberdeen where he received an MA in 1755. In 1758, he was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, then one of Britain’s American colonies.
	Small is known for being Thomas Jefferson's professor at William and Mary, and for having an influence on the young Jefferson. Small introduced him to members of Virginia society who were to have an important role in Jefferson's life, including George Wythe a leading jurist in the colonies and Francis Fauquier, the Governor of Virginia.
	Recalling his years as a student, Thomas Jefferson described Small as:
	a man profound in most of the useful branches of science, with a happy talent of communication, correct and gentlemanly manners, and a large and liberal mind... from his conversation I got my first views of the expansion of science and of the system of things in which we are placed.
	In 1764 Small returned to Britain, with a letter of introduction to Matthew Boulton from Benjamin Franklin. Through this connection Small was elected to the Lunar Society, a prestigious club of scientists and industrialists.
	In 1765 he received his MD and established a medical practice in Birmingham, and shared a house with the physician John Ash who was the chief campaigner for the Birmingham infirmary. Small was Boulton's physician and became a close friend of Erasmus Darwin, Thomas Day, James Keir, James Watt, Anna Seward and others connected with the Lunar Society. He was one of the best-liked members of the society and an active contributor to their debates.
	He helped to bring the Theatre Royal to Birmingham in 1774 and together with Ash was involved in planning and building a hospital that was not completed until 1779, as Birmingham General Hospital.
	Small died in Birmingham on 25 February 1775 from malaria contracted during his stay in Virginia. He is buried in St. Philip's church yard, Birmingham.
	The William Small Physical Laboratory, which houses the Physics department at the College of William & Mary, is named in his honour.

= = = Howard Nemerov = = =

	Howard Nemerov (February 29, 1920 – July 5, 1991) was an American poet. He was twice Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress, from 1963 to 1964 and again from 1988 to 1990. For "The Collected Poems of Howard Nemerov" (1977), he won the National Book Award for Poetry,
	Pulitzer Prize for Poetry,
	and Bollingen Prize.
	Nemerov was brother to photographer Diane Nemerov Arbus and father to art historian Alexander Nemerov, Professor of the History of Art and American Studies at Stanford University.
	Born on Leap Day in New York City, his parents were David Nemerov and Gertrude. The Nemerovs were a Russian Jewish couple who lived in New York City and owned Russeks, a Fifth Avenue department store. His younger sisters were the photographer Diane Arbus and sculptor/painter Renee Nemerov Sparkia Brown. The elder Nemerov's talents and interests extended to art connoisseurship, painting, philanthropy, and photography — talents and interests undoubtedly influential upon his son. Young Howard was raised in a sophisticated New York City environment where he attended the Society for Ethical Culture's Fieldston School. Graduated in 1937 as an outstanding student and second string team football fullback, he commenced studies at Harvard University where, in 1940, he was Bowdoin Essayist and he received bachelor's degree at this university. Throughout World War II, he served as a pilot, first in the Royal Canadian Air Force and later the U. S. Army Air Forces. He married in 1944, and after the war, having earned the rank of first lieutenant, returned to New York with his wife to complete his first book.
	Nemerov then began teaching, first at Hamilton College and later at Bennington College, Brandeis University, and finally Washington University in St. Louis, where he was Edward Mallinckrodt Distinguished University Professor of English and Distinguished Poet in Residence from 1969 until his death in 1991. In 1999, Washington University dedicated a dormitory, The Howard Nemerov House, to him. Nemerov's numerous collections of poetry include "Trying Conclusions: New and Selected Poems, 1961-1991" (University of Chicago Press, 1991); "The Collected Poems of Howard Nemerov" (1977), which won the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the Bollingen Prize; "The Winter Lightning: Selected Poems" (1968); "Mirrors and Windows" (1958); "The Salt Garden" (1955); and "The Image and the Law" (1947). His novels have also been commended; they include "The Homecoming Game" (1957), "Federigo: Or the Power of Love" (1954), and "The Melodramatists" (1949).
	Nemerov received many awards and honors, among them fellowships from The Academy of American Poets and The Guggenheim Foundation, a National Endowment for the Arts grant, the National Medal of Arts, the Bollingen Prize for Poetry, the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates, and the first Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry.
	Nemerov served as poetry consultant to the Library of Congress in 1963 and 1964, as a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets beginning in 1976, and two terms as poet laureate of the United States from 1988 to 1990. In 1990 he was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. Nemerov died of cancer in 1991 in University City, Missouri. The Howard Nemerov Sonnet Award was instituted in 1994 to honor him, and by 2008 about 3000 sonnets were entered annually in the associated competition.
	Nemerov's work is formalist. He wrote almost exclusively in fixed forms and meter. While he is known for his meticulousness and refined technique, his work also has a reputation for being witty and playful. He is compared to John Hollander and Philip Larkin.
	"A Primer of the Daily Round" is his most frequently anthologized poem, and highly representative of Nemerov's poetic style. It is an archetypal Elizabethan sonnet, demonstrative of the prosodic creativity for which Nemerov is famous. Another widely appreciated poem is "The War in the Air," which draws on his wartime experience as a pilot.
	Nemerov's "Because You Asked about the Line between Prose and Poetry" is frequently taught as an example of an Ars Poetica as it describes the nearly imperceptible change between rain and snow while still maintaining the formal poetic elements of rhyme and meter. A critical review by Mary Kinzie said of it: "the poem imperceptibly thickens itself out of the stream of prose."
	Nemerov also published a short story in the book "Stories Selected from the Unexpected" by Bennett Cerf under the pseudonym Joseph Cross called "Exchange of Men". http://www.philsp.com/homeville/anth/s194.htm

= = = Bridget Fonda = = =

	Bridget Jane Fonda (born January 27, 1964) is a retired American actress. She is known for her roles in "The Godfather Part III" (1990), "Single White Female" (1992), "Singles" (1992), "Point of No Return" (1993), "It Could Happen to You" (1994), and "Jackie Brown" (1997). She is the daughter of Peter Fonda, niece of Jane Fonda, and granddaughter of Henry Fonda.
	Fonda was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing Mandy Rice-Davies in the 1989 film "Scandal" and provided the voice for Jenna in the 1995 animated feature film "Balto". She received an Emmy Award nomination for the 1997 TV film "In the Gloaming", and a second Golden Globe Award nomination for the 2001 TV film "No Ordinary Baby".
	Fonda was born in Los Angeles, California, to a family of actors, including her grandfather Henry Fonda (1905-1982), father Peter Fonda (1940–2019), and her aunt Jane Fonda. Her mother, Susan Jane Brewer, is an artist. She is named after actress Margaret Sullavan's daughter Bridget Hayward. Her maternal grandmother, Mary Sweet, married businessman Noah Dietrich.
	Bridget's parents divorced and Peter married Portia Rebecca Crockett (former wife of author Thomas McGuane). Peter and Portia raised Bridget, her brother Justin, and older stepbrother Thomas McGuane Jr. in the Coldwater Canyon section of Los Angeles, as well as in Paradise Valley, south of Livingston, Montana. Fonda attended Westlake School for Girls in Los Angeles.
	Fonda became involved with the theatre when she was cast in a school production of "Harvey". She studied method acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute as part of New York University's Tisch School of the Arts acting program and graduated from NYU in 1986.
	Earlier, she had made her film debut at the age of five in the 1969 movie "Easy Rider" as a child in the hippie commune that Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper visit on their trek across the United States.
	Her second (non-speaking) part was in the 1982 comedy "Partners". In 1988, she got her first substantial film role in "Scandal". That same year she appeared in "You Can't Hurry Love" and "Shag".
	Her breakthrough role was as a journalist in "The Godfather Part III". After gaining additional work experience in a few theater productions she was cast in the lead in Barbet Schroeder's "Single White Female", followed by a role in Cameron Crowe's ensemble comedy "Singles" (both 1992).
	She starred in 1993's "Point of No Return", an American remake of the 1990 French film "Nikita". A review in "The New Yorker" cited her "provocative, taunting assertiveness". In 1997, she was on the same flight as Quentin Tarantino when he offered her the part of Melanie in "Jackie Brown". She starred in "Lake Placid" (1999). She was also reportedly offered the lead, eponymous role in the television series "Ally McBeal" but turned it down to concentrate on her film career.
	She starred with Jet Li in the action thriller film "Kiss of the Dragon" in 2001. Her final theatrical role was in the 2001 movie, "The Whole Shebang". Her final role overall was the title role in the TV movie "Snow Queen" in 2002. She has not appeared on screen since then.
	In 1986, Bridget met Eric Stoltz and, in 1990, they began dating. The relationship ended after eight years.
	On February 27, 2003, she suffered a serious car crash in Los Angeles that caused a fracture in a vertebra. In March of the same year, she became engaged to soundtrack composer and former Oingo Boingo frontman Danny Elfman, and they married in November. They have a son named Oliver.

= = = Barnabe Googe = = =

	Barnabe Googe or Goche (11 June 15407 February 1594) (also spelled Barnaby Goodge) was a poet and translator, one of the earliest English pastoral poets.
	Barnabe Googe, born 11 June 1540 (St Barnabas Day), in Alvingham, Lincolnshire, was the son of Robert Googe (d. 5 May 1557) of Chilwell, Nottinghamshire, Recorder of Lincoln during the reign of Queen Mary, son of John Goche of London and Newland, Gloucestershire, in the Forest of Dean, by Jane Bridges, daughter and heir of James Bridges of the Forest of Dean. His mother was Margaret Mantell (d.1540), the daughter of Sir Walter Mantell (d.1529) of Nether Heyford, Northamptonshire, by Margaret Wood (d.1577), one of the daughters and coheirs of Oliver Wood, esquire. Margaret Wood married twice after the death of Sir Walter Mantell (d.1529). Her second husband was Sir William Haute (d.1539) of Bishopsbourne, Kent, whose daughter, Jane Haute (d. in or after 1595), was the wife of the rebel, Thomas Wyatt. Margaret Wood's third husband was Sir James Hales. Googe's mother died when he was six weeks old, and according to Lyne, he 'was probably brought up in Kent by his grandmother, Lady Hales'.
	By his father's second marriage to Ellen Gadbury, widow of a husband surnamed Parris, and daughter of a London goldsmith, he had a half brother, Robert Googe. By licence dated 21 May 1563, Ellen (née Gadbury) married William Burnell (d.1570), esquire, of Winkburn, Nottinghamshire, Auditor to Henry VIII. It is said that Googe 'came to dislike his stepmother intensely'.
	At his father's death on 5 May 1557, Googe inherited the manor of Horkstow and the lands of Alvingham Priory in Lincolnshire, and a house in London formerly owned by his grandfather. He studied at Christ's College, Cambridge and at New College, Oxford, but does not seem to have graduated from either. He became a ward of the Queen, and it appears his wardship remained unsold until January 1561, when his kinsman, William Cecil, became Master of the Court of Wards and Liveries, and Googe was allowed to purchase his own wardship for £80, payable over an eight-year term. On 26 June 1563 he was granted licence to enter on his lands. In his will Googe's father had requested his executors to have Googe educated at the Inns of Court, and by 29 March 1560 he was a member of Staple Inn, at the time associated with Gray's Inn, where his cousin, William Lovelace, held the position of Reader in 1562 and 1567. Another of Googe's associates at the Inns of Court was his cousin, Alexander Neville, of Gray's Inn.
	In a letter dated 1 October 1563, Cecil referred to Googe as his 'servant' and 'near kinsman'. According to Barrett, there is no record of the position he occupied in Cecil's household apart from reference to him as a retainer and the fact that he was present on special occasions such as the Queen's visit to Theobalds in 1572, when he was 'placed high on the list of servants' and referred to as the first server for the first meal'. Previous authorities claimed that he became a gentleman pensioner to Queen Elizabeth, but this has been disproved. Nonetheless Googe did have close associations with the court through his relationship to Cecil. He exploited this important connection in the years that followed, and Cecil extended patronage towards his young protégé. It may have been due to Cecil's encouragement that Googe accompanied the Elizabethan humanist scholar Sir Thomas Challoner on a diplomatic embassy to Spain in 1562.
	Googe had begun writing poetry, and found himself in an exciting creative coterie with other young writers, such as Jasper Heywood and George Turberville. During his absence in Spain, Googe's juvenile poems were sent to the printer by a friend, Laurence Blundeston. On his return, Googe learned of Blundeston's actions and reluctantly gave his consent to their publication when he discovered that the printer had already paid for the paper for the print run and the composition was underway. The book appeared in 1563 as "Eglogs, Epytaphes, and Sonettes", with a dedication to William Lovelace. Before the appearance of his book, no writer in England had ever published his own poetry under his own name; in this, Googe was an accidental pioneer.
	Googe married Mary Darrell, one of the nine children of Thomas Darrell, esquire, of Scotney Castle, Kent, by his second wife, Mary Roydon, daughter of Thomas Roydon, esquire, of Roydon Hall (or Fortune) in East Peckham, Kent. Correspondence survives on the subject of Googe's marriage with Mary Darrell, whose father, Thomas Darrell, refused Googe's suit on the ground that she was bound by a previous contract to Sampson Lennard (154520 September 1615), son of John Lennard of Chevening, Kent. More to the point, recent research has shown that Thomas Darrell was a recusant who harboured Jesuit priests in his manor house of Scotney, near Lamberhurst in Kent. When Googe found his suit discouraged by Thomas Darrell, he appealed to his powerful contacts, and after intervention by his 'near kinsman', Sir William Cecil, the marriage duly took place in 1564 or 1565; Googe took his wife to live in Lamberhurst at the manor house of Chingley. They had seven sons, Matthew (c.1566-c.1624), Thomas (b.c.1568), Barnabe, William, Henry, Robert and Francis, and a daughter, Mary.
	In 1569 Googe dedicated a long allegorical poem with a moralistic marine topic, "The Shippe of Safegarde", to his sisters-in-law. By this time, Googe had served Cecil on a military expedition to Ireland, where he had contracted dysentery and nearly died. In 1571 he was returned as MP for Aldborough, Yorkshire. Further service in Ireland awaited him in 1582 when Googe was appointed to the position of provost-marshal of the court of Connaught; some twenty letters of his in this capacity are preserved in the Public Record Office. Googe considered the post a hardship. He wrote to Burghley that "I here live amongst a sort of Scythians, wanting the comfort of my country, my poor wife and children". Googe repeatedly petitioned the political masters in London to be allowed to come home. On the death of his stepmother, Ellen (née Gadbury) in 1587 he received his inheritance. He finally succeeded in selling his office in the late 1580s.
	Googe's last known letter, dated 19 June 1587, was written from Lord Burghley's chamber at court. In it Googe mentioned his new home at Alvingham. He is thought to have retired there for the remainder of his life. He died at Alvingham about 7 February 1594, and was buried in Cockerington church.
	Googe's poems are written in the plain or native style which preceded and subsequently competed with the Petrarchan style. Petrarchan love poetry (much of the work of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, Sir Philip Sidney, Thomas Campion...) was decorative, metaphorical and often exaggerated; it also involved a more fluid mastery of iambic English poetry than the alliterative Native Style: Googe's tonic accents are heavy, the unaccents light; the result is sometimes deliberately blunt and plodding. The poems of George Turberville, Thomas More, George Gascoigne and Walter Raleigh are examples of a similar style.
	Plain Style dealt with serious subjects in a serious way: its goal was not ornamental beauty, but truth. Googe's poem Of Money ("Give money me, take friendship whoso list / For friends are gone come once adversity...") is a well-known example of the tradition.
	Googe was an ardent Protestant, and his poetry is coloured by his religious and political views. In the third "Eglog", for instance, he laments the decay of the old nobility and the rise of a new aristocracy of wealth, and he gives an indignant account of the sufferings of his co-religionists under Mary I of England. The other eclogues deal with the sorrows of earthly love, leading up to a dialogue between Corydon and Cornix, in which the heavenly love is extolled. The volume includes epitaphs on Nicholas Grimald, John Bale and on Thomas Phaer, whose translation of Virgil Googe esteemed.
	The English pastoral poem "Phyllida was a fayer maid" (from "Tottel's Miscellany" of 1558) has been doubtfully ascribed to Googe, despite showing little stylistic rapport with his acknowledged works. But Googe's important contribution to pastoral poetry in English rests with his cycle of eclogues that synthesise trends from classical pastoral, the work of Mantuan, and the pastoral elements of Spanish romance, and he was the first English writer to reflect the influence of the "Diana Enamorada" of Montemayor.
	His other works include: a translation from Marcellus Palingenius (said to be an anagram for Pier Angelo Manzolli) of a satirical Latin poem, "Zodiacus vitae" (Venice, 1531?), in twelve books, under the title of "The Zodyake of Life" (1560); "The Popish Kingdome, or reign of Antichrist" (1570), translated from Thomas Kirchmeyer or Naogeorgus; "The Spiritual Husbandrie" from the same author, printed with the last "Foure Bookes of Husbandrie" (1577), collected by Conradus Heresbachius; "The Overthrow of the Gout" (1577), a translation from Christopher Ballista (Christophe Arbaleste), and "The Proverbes of Lopes de Mendoza" (1579). "The Zodyake of Life" was a significant translation, being adopted as a textbook for English grammar schools. As such, its ideas colour many of the works of English writers of the latter part of the sixteenth and the first part of the seventeenth centuries. Part of the book's appeal, in addition to its poetical astronomy, was its notoriety as a Reformist text: Palingenius was placed on the Index of Prohibited Books by the Inquisition and consequently enjoyed popularity in Protestant regions across Europe.

= = = Emperor Ming of Han = = =

	Emperor Ming of Han (15June 28– 5September 75), born and also known as and as , was the second emperor of China's Eastern Han Dynasty.
	He was the fourth son and second crown prince of Emperor Guangwu. It was during Emperor Ming's reign that Buddhism began to spread into China.
	Emperor Ming was a hard-working, able administrator of the empire who showed integrity and demanded integrity from his officials. He also established the control of the Chinese Empire on the Tarim Basin and eradicated the Xiongnu influence there, through the conquests of his general Ban Chao.
	The reigns of Emperor Ming and his son Emperor Zhang were typically considered the golden age of the Eastern Han Empire and known as the Rule of Ming and Zhang.
	Liu Yang was born in 28 to Emperor Guangwu and his first love, Consort Yin Lihua. Emperor Guangwu, then still an official under Gengshi Emperor, had married Yin in 23 and, after he became emperor in 25, had wanted to create her empress, but she declined because she had no sons at that point. Instead, she endorsed Consort Guo, who had already had a son (Liu Jiang (劉疆)), and Emperor Guangwu created Consort Guo empress and Prince Jiang crown prince in 26. However, Prince Yang's birth in 28 was still considered a major event.
	In 39, Emperor Guangwu created all of his sons, other than Crown Prince Jiang, dukes, and Prince Yang was created the Duke of Donghai. He quickly became known for his intelligence even in his young age, and he often made quick judgments of situations that turned out to be correct. Emperor Guangwu became very impressed with him.
	At the age of 41, Empress Guo had lost favor, and her constant complaints angered Emperor Guangwu. In 41, he deposed her and made Duke Yang's mother Consort Yin empress instead. All of the imperial dukes were promoted to princes to accommodate Emperor Guangwu's new title for Empress Guo—Princess Dowager of Zhongshan (after appointing her son Liu Fu (劉輔) the Prince of Zhongshan); Duke Yang was created the Prince of Donghai.
	After Empress Guo was deposed, her son, Crown Prince Jiang, became apprehensive about remaining crown prince, and repeatedly requested to be replaced. Emperor Guangwu was initially hesitant to depose both mother and son, but in 43, he resolved to swap Princes Jiang's and Yang's positions. He created Prince Jiang the Prince of Donghai, and created Prince Yang crown prince. At this time, he also changed Prince Yang's name to Zhuang, perhaps because Yang (which means "sun") is such a commonly used character that the law of naming taboo would cause the people too much trouble. The new name was not without its own problems, and many members of the Zhuang clan were forced to change their names.
	In 51, the woman who would eventually become his empress – Consort Ma, the youngest daughter of famed general Ma Yuan – would become a consort of his. She was 12, and he was 23. She would become a favorite of his, but never bore a son. Her niece (the daughter of her older sister), Consort Jia, also a consort of Crown Prince Zhuang, did give birth to a child—Liu Da (劉炟). At Crown Prince Zhuang's direction, Consort Ma adopted Consort Jia's son as her own.
	As crown prince, Crown Prince Zhuang was often requested by Emperor Guangwu to render opinions in important matters. In 51, he was involved in making a major correct decision in Han's relationship with Xiongnu. By that point, Xiongnu had a civil war and divided into two—with North Xiongnu ruled by Chanyu Punu (蒲奴) and South Xiongnu ruled by Chanyu Bi (比). Han had become allied with South Xiongnu, and in response, Chanyu Punu, also wanting peace with Han, requested a "heqin" marriage. Prince Zhuang suggested that Emperor Guangwu refuse the proposal, reasoning that North Xiongnu had only made the proposal to alienate South Xiongnu from Han. Emperor Guangwu agreed.
	In 57, Emperor Guangwu died, and Crown Prince Zhuang succeeded to the throne as Emperor Ming.
	Emperor Ming quickly established himself as a diligent and capable administrator of the empire. He did many things to try to stamp out corrupt officials, often putting them to death if they were discovered.
	One thing traditional historians praised him for was his fair treatment of his brothers by the deposed Empress Guo, treating them as if they were also born of his mother Empress Dowager Yin. In 58, when his older brother, Prince Jiang of Donghai (the former crown prince) died, he ordered that the princes and major officials to attend Prince Jiang's funeral—a highly unusual honor—at Lucheng (魯城, in modern Jining, Shandong), the capital of Donghai.
	In 59, at the suggestion of his brother Liu Cang (劉蒼) the Prince of Dongping, Emperor Ming instituted a number of Confucian rituals, in which the emperor personally honored the officials who had helped him, to show humility.
	In 60, he created his favorite Consort Ma (who was also a favorite of his mother Empress Dowager Yin) empress, and created her adopted son Prince Da crown prince.
	The same year, to honour the generals and officials who had assisted his father Emperor Guangwu in reestablishing the Han Dynasty, Emperor Ming, perhaps echoing what Emperor Xuan had done, had the portraits of 28 of them drawn on a palace tower (known as "Yuntai 28 Generals"). Later, four more portraits were added. However, Ma Yuan, because he was the father of the empress, did not receive this honor.
	During the early part of his reign, North Xiongnu continued to be a constant threat to both Han and her ally South Xiongnu. Emperor Ming engaged in a variety of military and economic tactics to try to maintain peace with North Xiongnu and was largely successful. In 65, he established a permanent border defense force, known as the Duliao Army (度遼營), in charge of protecting the northern boundaries and South Xiongnu, and also to prevent the people of South Xiongnu from defecting to North Xiongnu.
	In 66, in what would eventually evolve into the first imperial university in Chinese history, Emperor Ming built a Confucian school at the capital Luoyang, for the children of high officials and marquesses. South Xiongnu nobles' children also attended.
	Emperor Ming was, early in his reign, known for his generosity and affection for his brothers. This, however, apparently caused some of them to engage in behavior that were considered taboo at the time and caused them to be severely punished by Emperor Ming, leading also to two major mass executions that blotted Emperor Ming's reign.
	The first of these incidents happened in 66–67 and was relatively bloodless. The ambitious Prince Jing of Guanglin wanted to be emperor, and he plotted with people under him to rebel. When he was informed, he confessed, and Emperor Ming initially spared him and permitted him to remain the Prince of Guanglin but stripped his political powers. However, later Prince Jing hired warlocks to curse Emperor Ming. After he was discovered, Emperor Ming initially took no action, but in 67 forced Prince Jing to commit suicide.
	The next incident would not be so bloodless. In 70, Prince Ying of Chu—incidentally, the only son of Emperor Guangwu not born of either of his empresses but of Consort Xu—hired warlocks to create golden turtles and jade cranes, and carved characters calling for unusual blessings on them—a major taboo at the time. Further, he was discovered to have written revolutionary writings. Emperor Ming did not put him to death, but deposed him from his principality, exiled him, and made him a commoner (but with a small fief of 500 households). In 71, Prince Ying committed suicide in exile. However, the investigation did not end. By Emperor Ming's orders, Prince Ying's associates (but not his family) were harshly tortured and interrogated, and anyone that they named as a coconspirator was arrested and further tortured and interrogated. The interrogators themselves used this opportunity to falsely accuse many others of conspiracy. Tens of thousands of people died, either of torture or execution, during the investigation. Only after Empress Ma's intercession and persuasive petitions by one of the interrogators, Han Lang (寒朗), did the interrogations taper off.
	A similar incident happened in 73, when Prince Yan of Huaiyang was informed to have hired warlocks to curse Emperor Ming. Several of Prince Yan's associates were executed, and there were also many others who were executed or exiled after Chu-style interrogations were carried out. Prince Yan himself was not executed, but was demoted from his commandery-level principality to be the Prince of Fulin, with only two counties in his principality.
	In 73, annoyed at North Xiongnu's constant incursions against Han, Emperor Ming commissioned his generals Geng Bing (耿秉) and Dou Gu (竇固) to lead a major expedition against North Xiongnu. They only had minor successes, but it demonstrated to North Xiongnu that Han was now in a position to strike back.
	Dou, as part of his campaign, sent his assistant Ban Chao to visit the Xiyu (modern Xinjiang and former Soviet central Asia) kingdom of Shanshan (on the eastern edge of the Taklamakan Desert. (Xiyu kingdoms had long submitted to North Xiongnu's authority, and unable to bear the heavy taxes, had often requested that Han step in and reassert suzerainty that had been established during the Western Han Dynasty, starting with Emperor Wu's reign. However, they had been constantly rebuffed by Emperors Guangwu and Ming, who judged Han to be not sufficiently strong to engage in a Xiyu campaign.) Initially, the king of Shanshan was very pleased and welcomed the Han ambassadors as honored guests, but eventually the welcome faded. Ban realized that North Xiongnu ambassadors must have arrived. He found out where the North Xiongnu ambassadors were, and, in a night raid, massacred the Xiongnu ambassadors. The king of Shanshan was shocked but somewhat pleased, and submitted to Han suzerainty once again.
	Emperor Ming promoted Ban and commissioned him to next visit Yutian ("Khotan"), then the strongest kingdom in southern Xiyu, which had a strong alliance with North Xiongnu. Guangde (廣德), the King of Yutian, trusted his chief warlock, who demanded Ban's horse. Ban agreed to give him the horse, and then, when the warlock arrived to pick up the horse, immediately executed him, and sent his head back to Guangde. Guangde was impressed and submitted to Han's suzerainty. With Yutian having submitted, the Xiyu kingdoms largely all submitted as well.
	In 74, Dou and Geng led a major military expedition against a major remaining ally of North Xiongnu, Cheshi (車師, roughly modern Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang). Cheshi submitted, and at Dou's suggestion, the office of the Protector General of Xiyu (都護) was reinstituted. A North Xiongnu expedition in 75 to recapture Cheshi was repelled by Geng Gong (耿恭), one of the deputies of the protector general.
	In 75, Emperor Ming died. His will ordered that no temple be built for him, and that he only be worshipped as part of the worship of his mother Empress Dowager Yin. (This became a systematic reform that the rest of the Eastern Han Dynasty emperors largely followed; they did not have separate temples built for themselves, but instead were worshipped along with Emperor Guangwu. This was a major saving compared to the Western Han system of building a separate temple for each emperor.) His son Crown Prince Da succeeded to the throne as Emperor Zhang.

= = = Hyesan = = =

	Hyesan () is a city in the northern part of Ryanggang province of North Korea. It is a hub of river transportation as well as a product distribution centre. It is also the administrative centre of Ryanggang Province. As of 2008, the population of the city is 192,680.
	Around 1940s, this city corresponded nearby Paektu Mountains. However, due to the several changes, the area of this city was reduced, and now it only corresponds nearby Yalu River.
	Due to the reunification matter with South Korea, this city is claimed by South Korea, with the area of 1940s, not the one edited by North Korea. Therefore, this city in South Korea still corresponds nearby Baekdu Mountains.
	With this problem, South Korea has a conflict with the People's Republic of China because of Baekdu Mountains. The mountain is actually divided in two: the south parts are ruled by North Korea while the north parts are ruled by the PRC. However, South Korea still claims the northern parts. It is not officially claimed, but from maps printed by South Korea, it is "de facto" claimed. In addition, the Republic of China claims the entire mountain.
	The city is located in the Paektu Mountains at the border with the People's Republic of China (Jilin province), from which it is separated by the Yalu (Amrok) River. Changbai is the closest Chinese city across the river.
	Hyesan has an elevation-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification "Dwb"). It is located in the coldest area of Korea, which holds a record low temperature of -42 °C (-44 °F) in 1915.
	Hyesan City is divided into 25 "tong" (neighbourhoods) and 4 "ri" (villages):
	Hyesan has lumber processing mills, paper mills and textile mills. Since the North Korean economic crisis that intensified in the mid-1990s the city has suffered from economic stagnation and some factories in the city are closed. Reports and pictures taken from the Chinese side of the river show a "Ghost City": there is almost no movement in the streets, and at night the city is dark and doesn't have electricity. Residents of the city reputedly wash their clothes in the river because homes have no running water.
	First explored in the 1960s, Hyesan Mine produces 10,000 tons of copper concentrates annually. This area has 80% of North Korea's available copper, and the North had estimated that it will be able to continue mining copper there for the next forty years. When Kapsan Tongjum Mine, explored during the Japanese colonial period, was finally depleted and closed in 1990, Hyesan Mine became the lifeline of the nation’s copper production. At that time, the mine flooded because the pumping device stopped operating due to the lack of electricity across the country. Although the workers at the mine did their best to pump the water, they could not stop the water flowing into the mine at a speed of 480㎥/hour. In 1996, during the North's 'Arduous March', electricity was not provided to the mine, leading to flooding in the mineshafts in January 1997. Hyesan Mine flooded again, as did other mines throughout the country, and lost all mining facilities. Since 1998, Kim Jong Il budgeted 8.2 million USD to dewater the mine, and the mine was recovered using electricity and equipment provided by China.
	Hyesan is connected to other cities in North Korea by road, and by the Paektusan Ch'ŏngnyŏn and Pukbunaeryuk lines of the Korean State Railway.
	Schools in Hyesan include Hyesan High School and Hyesan Girls' School. Higher education institutions include the Hyesan Medical University, the Hyesan University of Agriculture and Forestry, Kim Jŏng-suk College of Education, the Hyesan College of Light Engineering, and the Hyesan University of Industry.
	The countryside near Hyesan has various attractions, including the Kwaegung Pavilion, Naegŏk Hot Spring and Mount Paektu.

= = = Pacific Grand Prix = = =

	The Pacific Grand Prix () was a round of the Formula One World Championship twice in the mid-1990s. Both races were held at the Tanaka International Aida circuit (now Okayama International Circuit), a slow, twisty track deep in the countryside in Aida (near Kobe), Japan. Following the 1995 Kobe earthquake, the Pacific Grand Prix was moved from early in the calendar to the end.
	The Pacific Grand Prix has also been held at Laguna Seca from 1960 through 1963, but these events were non-Championship.
	The inaugural Championship race in 1994 saw Michael Schumacher take an easy victory after Ayrton Senna was involved in a first corner accident with Mika Häkkinen and Nicola Larini. Schumacher overtook Senna into the first corner and was never threatened for the lead from that point onward. Schumacher could have lapped second placed Gerhard Berger in the last third of the race, but chose not to. The fastest lap was set on lap 3. The race was notable for the Jordan team and Rubens Barrichello's first podium finishes in F1 with third place. The more recent Pacific Grand Prix in 1995 was a more eventful affair, with some close racing throughout the field. The race culminated in a tactical victory for Michael Schumacher, securing his second World Championship, and making him the youngest double World Champion at the time. Fernando Alonso surpassed Schumacher's record by winning his second World Championship in 2006. Alonso's record was in turn surpassed by Sebastian Vettel in 2011.
	This race made Japan one of only seven countries (the others being Great Britain, Spain, Germany, Italy, France and the USA) to ever host more than one Formula One event in the same year. It was discontinued primarily due to the TI Circuit's location in a remote area of Japan.
	With the announcement that the Japanese Grand Prix would switch from the Suzuka Circuit to the Fuji Speedway from 2007, there had been media speculation that Suzuka may retain a race under a resurrection of the Pacific Grand Prix title. However, it was later announced that the Japanese Grand Prix would alternate between Fuji and Suzuka from 2009 onward although the alternation was cancelled as Toyota, the current Fuji Speedway owner discontinued further F1 races at Fuji, having pulled out of F1 at the end of 2009.
	"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship."
	"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship."
	"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship."
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Built by Cosworth
	"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship."

= = = Bayeux = = =

	Bayeux () is a commune in the Calvados department in Normandy in northwestern France.
	Bayeux is the home of the Bayeux Tapestry, which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England. It is also known as the first major town secured by the Allies during Operation Overlord. Charles de Gaulle made two famous speeches in this town.
	Bayeux is a sub-prefecture of Calvados. It is the seat of the arrondissement of Bayeux and of the canton of Bayeux.
	Bayeux is located from the coast of the English Channel and north-west of Caen. The city, with elevations varying from above sea level – with an average of – is bisected by the River Aure. Bayeux is located at the crossroads of RN 13 and the train route Paris-Caen-Cherbourg. The city is the capital of the Bessin, which extends north-west of Calvados.
	The city was known as Augustodurum in the Roman Empire. It means the "durum" (Celtic word "duro-" 'door', 'gate', Welsh ', Breton ' 'door', 'gate') dedicated to Augustus, Roman Emperor. The Celtic word "duron", Latinised as "durum", was probably used to translate the Latin word "forum" (Compare Fréjus "Forum Julii", dedicated to Julius (Caesar)).
	In the Late Empire it took the name of the Celtic tribe who lived here: the "Bodiocassi", Latinized in "Bajocassi", "Bajocasses", and this word explains the place-names Bayeux and Bessin. "Bodiocassi" has been compared with Old Irish "" 'with blond locks'.
	Founded as a Gallo-Roman settlement in the 1st century BC under the name Augustodurum, Bayeux is the capital of the former territory of the Baiocasses people of Gaul, whose name appears in Pliny's Natural History (iv.107). Evidence of earlier human occupation of the territory comes from fortified Celtic camps, but there is no evidence of any major pre-existing Celtic town before the organization of Gaul in Roman "civitates". Any settlement was more likely confined to scattered Druid huts along the banks of the Aure and Drome rivers or on Mount Phaunus where they worshiped. Cemeteries have been found on the nearby Mount Phaunus indicating the area as a Druid centre. Titus Sabinus, a lieutenant of Julius Caesar, subjected the Bessin region to Roman domination. The 5th-century "Notitia provinciarum et civitatum Galliae" mentions Suevi that had been officially settled here ("laeti").
	The town is mentioned by Ptolemy, writing in the reign of Antoninus Pius, under the name "Noemagus Biducassium" (for "*Noviomagus Badiocassium" 'New market of the Badiocassi') and remained so until the time of the Roman Empire. The main street was already the heart of the city. Two baths, under the Church of St. Lawrence and the post office in rue Laitière, and a sculpted head of the goddess Minerva have been found, attesting to the adoption of Roman culture. In 1990 a closer examination of huge blocks discovered in the cathedral in the 19th century indicated the presence of an old Roman building. Bayeux was built on a crossroads between Lisieux and Valognes, developing first on the west bank of the river. By the end of the 3rd century a walled enclosure surrounded the city and remained until it was removed in the 18th century. Its layout is still visible and can be followed today. The citadel of the city was located in the southwest corner and the cathedral the southeast. An important city in Normandy, Bayeux was part of the coastal defence of the Roman Empire against the pirates of the region, and a Roman legion was stationed there.
	The city was largely destroyed during the Viking raids of the late 9th century but was rebuilt in the early 10th century under the reign of Bothon. In the middle of the 10th century Bayeux was controlled by Hagrold, a pagan Viking who defended the city against the Franks. The 12th-century poet Benoît de Saint-Maure, in his verse history of the dukes of Normandy, remarked on the "Danish" commonly spoken at Bayeux.
	The 11th century saw the creation of five villages beyond the walls to the north east evidence of its growth during Ducal Normandy. William the Conqueror's half brother Odo, Earl of Kent completed the cathedral in the city and it was dedicated in 1077. However the city began to lose prominence when William placed his capital at Caen. When King Henry I of England defeated his brother Robert Curthose for the rule of Normandy, the city was burned to set an example to the rest of the duchy. Under Richard the Lionheart, Bayeux was wealthy enough to purchase a municipal charter. From the end of Richard's reign to the end of the Hundred Years' War, Bayeux was repeatedly pillaged until Henry V of England captured the city in 1417. After the Battle of Formigny, Charles VII of France recaptured the city and granted a general amnesty to its populace in 1450. The capture of Bayeux heralded a return to prosperity as new families replaced those decimated by war and these built some 60 mansions scattered throughout the city, with stone supplanting wood.
	The area around Bayeux is called the Bessin, which was the bailiwick of the province Normandy until the French Revolution. During the Second World War, Bayeux was the first city of the Battle of Normandy to be liberated, and on 16 June 1944 General Charles de Gaulle made the first of two major speeches in Bayeux in which he made clear that France sided with the Allies. The buildings in Bayeux were virtually untouched during the Battle of Normandy, the German forces being fully involved in defending Caen from the Allies.
	The Bayeux War Cemetery with its memorial includes the largest British cemetery dating from the Second World War in France. There are 4,648 graves, including 3,935 British and 466 Germans. Most of those buried there were killed in the invasion of Normandy.
	Royal British Legion National, every 5 June at 1530 hrs, attends the 3rd Division Cean Memorial Service and beating retreat ceremony. On the 6th of June, it holds a remembrance service in Bayeux Cathedral starting at 1015 hrs, and later at 1200 hrs, the Royal British Legion National holds a service of remembrance at the Bayeux Cemetery. All services are open to the public, all Standards RBL, NVA, RN, ARMY, and RAF service and Regimental Associations are welcome to attend and parade. Details can be found at www.rblsomme.org
	The French town of Bayeux is also the home of a memorial to all of the journalists who have lost their lives while reporting. The memorial was designed by Samuel Craquelin, who is a French architect. The memorial lists the names of 1,889 journalists killed between 1944 and 2007. The memorial was established in Bayeux because of its historic liberation on 7 June 1944.
	The river Aure flows through Bayeux, offering panoramic views from a number of locations. The Aure has a relatively high level of turbidity and the speed of its brownish water is moderate because of the slight slope of the watercourse, although where it is narrow in places like the centre of Bayeux, higher surface speeds are generated. In the centre of Bayeux near the Bayeux Tapestry Museum, pH levels were measured at 8.35 and the electrical conductivity of water was tested at 37 microsiemens per centimetre. Turbidity was measured at 13 centimetres by the Secchi disk method. At this point of reference, flows are generally of the order of .
	The Bajocian Age in the Jurassic Period of geological time takes its name from the Latinised name of the inhabitants of Bayeux (the Bajocassi)
	The inhabitants of Bayeux are called "Bayeusains" or "Bajocasses" .
	Bayeux is a major tourist attraction, best known to British and French visitors for the Bayeux tapestry, made to commemorate events in the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. According to the legend, the tapestry was made by Reine Mathilde, wife of William the Conqueror. In fact, it may have been designed and woven in England. It is displayed in a museum in the town centre. The large Norman-Romanesque and Gothic Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Bayeux, consecrated in 1077, was arguably the original home of the tapestry where William's half-brother Odo of Bayeux (represented on the tapestry with a wooden club at the Battle of Hastings), would have had it displayed.
	The Jardin botanique de Bayeux is a botanical garden dating from 1864.
	Bayeux is twinned with:

= = = Felicitas Corrigan = = =

	Dame Felicitas Corrigan OSB (6 March 1908 – 7 October 2003) was an English Benedictine nun, author and humanitarian.
	She was born Kathleen Corrigan into a large Liverpool family, and developed a talent as an organist. In 1933, she entered Stanbrook Abbey in Worcestershire as a nun, and eventually became director of its choir. One of her projects was to develop an English language version of the office of Compline for the abbey. In the course of her career, Dame Felicitas befriended and/or corresponded with several famous figures who converted to Catholicism, including poet Siegfried Sassoon, actor Alec Guinness; and novelist Rumer Godden.
	Dame Felicitas' biography of Helen Waddell was awarded the 1986 James Tait Black Memorial Prize. Her book, "The Nun, the Infidel, and the Superman", inspired by the life of Laurentia McLachlan, was turned into a play by Hugh Whitemore and later became a film for television starring Wendy Hiller. She also wrote about other figures in whom she was interested, including Hildegard of Bingen and the poet Coventry Patmore. She also edited publications for the Stanbrook Abbey Press. Other works include:
	Dame Felicitas was Stanbrook Abbey's organist from 1933 until 1990. She died at Cheltenham.

= = = Nicholas Grimald = = =

	Nicholas Grimald (or Grimoald) (1519–1562) was an English poet and dramatist.
	Nicholas Grimald was born to a modest yeoman family of farmers in 1519–20. His parents are unknown, despite the popular belief that his father was Giovanni Baptista Grimaldi. The poem "A funeral song, upon the death of Annes his moother", accounts for his mother's death. Grimald's mother has been speculated to be Agnes Gyrmbold, who dies in 1555. The poem mentions his hardworking father, but focuses upon the fondness that he had for his mother. Grimald saw his parents love and devotion for each other and expressed that in the poem. He was the only boy out of many girls.
	Maps found of Huntingdonshire in the 16th century do not show a place that could be Brownshold. What was found was an estate named Leighton Bromswold. This is the closest match to how Grimald describes his home in the poem "A funeral song, upon the death of Annes his moother".
	The Grimald family was seen to be living in Leighton Bromswold for close to four hundred years. Their last name had gone through variations as shown by legal documents kept by the town. Variations include: Grymbaud, Grymbold, Grymbolde, Grimbold, Grimald, Grimbald, and Grymbalde.
	There has been no evidence of Grimald ever being married or having children. Some of his contributed verses in Tottle's "Songes and Sonnettes" refer to two women Grimald my have admired, Carie Day and Mistress Damascene Awdley. These verses show a debate on if marriage has the desired result that is wanted.
	Grimald's connection to Nicholas Ridley, bishop of London, brought him under suspicion, and he was imprisoned in the Marshalsea. It is said that he escaped the penalties of heresy by recanting his errors, and was despised accordingly by his Protestant contemporaries.
	The exact date, cause, and location of his death are unknown. Barnabe Googe, in his "Eglogs, Epythaphes, and Sonettes"(1563), included "An Epytaphes on the Death of Nicholas Grimaold", which was written before Googe's departure abroad in 1562.
	When Nicholas Grimald was fifteen years old, he started showing signs of poetic talent. His mother, who placed an emphasis on education, sent him to continue his education at Cambridge. This separation was hard for Grimald's mother, as he was the only boy in the family.
	In 1539–40, Grimald graduated from Christ's College with a B.A.. Grimald travelled to Oxford a year later, when the prebendary of Leighton Bromswold Gilbert Smith, a family friend, was impressed by his work. In his first few years in Oxford, Grimald attended Brasenose College. When Grimald was unable to continue his school work because he lacked his books, his first drama was written. Grimald received encouragement from the Matthew Smith, the president of the school, along with other teachers and students who were eager to participate in the arts. The play was the Latin resurrection play "Christus Redivivus". Grimald dedicated his work to Smith. It was written in 1541, but was published two years later in Germany in 1543.
	At twenty-three years old in 1542, Grimald was able to acquire his B.A. at Oxford. This degree allowed his admission into Merton College, where he received his M.A. in 1544. In that same year, Grimald travelled back to Cambridge to get his M.A. at Christ's College. Grimald chose to stay in Oxford after his degrees in 1544. His next work was another Latin tragedy based on the life and death of John the Baptist called "Archipropheta" in 1548. Grimald was licensed as a lecturer in 1552 by Richard Sampson, this allowed him to preach at Eccles. The next year he was appointed chaplain to Nicholas Ridley, bishop of London. Ridely's high opinion of Grimald was shown when the bishop chose him to deliver a Latin address in April 1553, "Oratio ad pontifices".
	Nicholas Grimald was appointed chaplain to Nicholas Ridley, bishop of London, in 1552. Previously, in a letter written to Sir John Gates and Sir William Cecil, Ridley praised Grimald for his preferment and commended him for his 'eloquence in both English and Latin' (Matthew; Harrison 13). Ridley's high opinion was later confirmed when the Bishop appointed Grimald to deliver the Latin address in April 1553, at an assembled bishops' meeting on absentee clergy.
	The possible apostasy under Mary I put considerable strife on their relationship, and ultimately lead to its demise. Following Ridley's successful recommendation for Grimald to be appointed chantership of St.Paul's Cathedral, Queen Mary acquired the throne. Queen Mary's brutal prosecution of Protestants led to Ridley's imprisonment. While in prison, Ridley wrote to Grimald and potentially sent him Laurentius Valla's De falso credia et ementita Constantini Donatione declmatio, a text denouncing the pope's claim to dominion (13). The correspondence caught the attention of the Catholic authority and consequently led to Grimald's imprisonment at Marshalsea in 1555.(Stephen;Lee 1917).
	Grimald's imprisonment was brief, and many speculated the poet's apostate to Catholicism. Originally, Grimald quelled the accusations. In response to rumours of Grimald's collusion with the Catholic Church, Ridley said, 'it will not sink into my head to think that Grimbol would ever play me such a Judas's part' (Matthew;Harrison 13). Ridley later confirmed Grimald's betrayal, and said, in response Grimald's imprisonment and apostate to Catholicism, that 'he (Grimald) escaped not without some becking and bowing (alas) of is knee uno Baal' (13). It is unclear whether or not there was reconciliation prior to Ridley's execution.
	Upon arriving at Oxford, Grimald began his first major work; the Latin resurrection and tragicomedy "Christus Redivus" or "The Resurrection of Christ". His motivation for starting the play was to redeem not being able to perform his studies because his books had come late. When proposing the idea of writing a play, Grimald received support from his peers, teachers, and even the schools president. The story of the play consisted of the resurrection of Christ and is thought to have been made for an Easter time performance. It is believed Grimald wrote a companion play later in his life called "Christus nascens", a nativity play made to be performed for Christmas. "Christus Redivus" was dedicated to the Archdeacon of Peterborough; Gilbert Smith and eventually published in 1543 at Cologne.
	It cannot be determined whether Grimald was familiar with George Buchanan's "Baptistes" (1543), or with Jakob Schöpper's "Johannes decollatus vel Ectrachelistes" (1546). Grimald provides a purely romantic motive for the catastrophe in the passionate attachment of Herodias to Herod Antipas, and constantly resorts to lyrical methods. As a poet Grimald is memorable as the earliest follower of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey in the production of blank verse. He writes sometimes simply enough, as in the lines on his own childhood addressed to his mother, but in general his style is more artificial, and his metaphors more studied than is the case with the other contributors to the "Miscellany". His classical reading shows itself in the comparative terseness and smartness of his verses.
	"Archipropheta" or "The Archprophet" published in 1548, was a Latin drama that depicted the life of John the Bapist. Grimald submitted the play with his application for a fellowship with the new Dean of Christ Church, Dr. Richard Cox. The application got him a job at the school as "a senior or theologist" where he would do lectures on rhetoric. "Archipropheta" is one of the first tragedies to be penned by an Englishman.
	Grimald's name is attributed to the work "Vox Populi", or "The People's Complaint", published in 1549. The piece of writing criticised Church officials for failing to carry out their jobs correctly According to Merrill, the work revolves around "those rectors, vicars, archdeacons, deans, prebendaries, etc., who spend their lives far from their flocks, or do not perform their sacred duties."
	He translated Cicero's "De Officiis" as "Marcus Tullius Ciceroes thre bokes of duties" (1556); a Latin paraphrase of Virgil's "Georgics" (printed 1591) is attributed to him, but most of the works assigned to him by John Bale are lost. Two Latin tragedies are extant; "Archipropheta sive Johannes Baptista", printed at Cologne in 1548, probably performed at Oxford the year before, and "Christus redivivus" (Cologne, 1543), edited by JM Hart (for the Modern Language Association of America, 1886, separately issued 1899).
	Grimald contributed forty poems to the original edition (June 1557) of "Songes and Sonettes" (commonly known as Tottel's "Miscellany"). Two of Grimald's poems printed in "Miscellany", "The Death of Zoroas" and "Marcus Tullius Ciceroes Death", are regarded as some of the first examples of English blank verse ever published. It is also possible that Grimald was an editor of the first edition of Miscellany. It is speculated that most of Grimald's work was removed from the second edition due to his recantation of Protestantism. Tottel feared that Grimald's recantation would cause book sales to decline, and thus decided to omit many of Grimald's original works from the updated version. All of Grimald's more personal works were left out of the second edition, and only his initials were used to signify his authorship of the nine remaining poems.

= = = Tyseley = = =

	Tyseley is a district in the southern half of the city of Birmingham, England, near the Coventry Road and the districts of Acocks Green, Small Heath and Yardley. It is located near the Grand Union Canal.
	Tyseley means "Tyssa's clearing" with "-ley" meaning woodland clearing.
	The local comprehensive secondary school (on Reddings Lane) is Yardleys School, which was newly constructed on the site of a former brick works. The school moved from its previous split site location in 2001. There is also several primary schools located in Tyseley, among those an Islamic school called Al Furqan which was established on site a decade ago.
	Tyseley was once a thriving industrial area with thousands of people working in the area for major companies such as TI Reynolds (formally Reynolds Tubes) and Corona, attracting a large number of bicycle and motorcycle manufacturers to the area, and component suppliers. Other companies based in the area in the past include Abingdon Motorcycles (later becoming "King Dick Tools"), Dawes Cycles, Girling Brakes, Slumberland, Smiths Crisps, MEM Electrical, Harmo Exhausts, Wilmot Breedon and also the factory where Co-Operative Society (CWS) toys, motorcycles, prams and bicycles were made. They marketed their toys as 'Tyseley Toys'.
	The area contains many Victorian buildings that housed many manual workers reflecting the heritage of the area and the city. There is now a large incineration plant, the Tyseley Energy from Waste Plant, which burns rubbish and in the process produces electricity for the National Grid.
	Much of Tyseley remains industrial, with many companies, including Klaxon, SCC, Western Pegasus Limited and Bakelite Limited, basing themselves there. One of the local attractions is the Tyseley Locomotive Works, located inside a large railway depot.
	The area is now a popular furniture retail destination with over a dozen furniture retail outlets such The Modern Home and the well known Cousins store in close proximity.
	The 36 and 37 bus services, operated by National Express West Midlands, serve the Tyseley area.
	Tyseley railway station was a predominant junction for the ex-Great Western Railway mainline between Birmingham Snow Hill and London Paddington, with the North Warwickshire Line (via Shirley to Stratford upon Avon) diverging here. Tyseley is on the Chiltern Main Line between London Marylebone and Birmingham Moor Street and Birmingham Snow Hill.
	The North Warwickshire Line used to run beyond Stratford upon Avon onto Honeybourne railway station (which is on the Cotswold Line) as the Honeybourne Line to Cheltenham.

= = = Emperor Zhang of Han = = =

	Emperor Zhang of Han (; 57 – 9 April 88) was an emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty from 75 to 88. He was the third emperor of the Eastern Han.
	Emperor Zhang was a hardworking and diligent emperor. He reduced taxes and paid close attention to all affairs of state. Zhang also reduced government spending as well as promoted Confucianism. As a result, Han society prospered and its culture flourished during this period. Along with his father Emperor Ming, Emperor Zhang's reign has been highly praised and was regarded as the golden age of the Eastern Han period, and their reigns are collectively known as the Rule of Ming and Zhang.
	During his reign, Chinese troops under the leadership of General Ban Chao, progressed far west while in pursuit of Xiongnu insurgents harassing the trade routes now collectively known as the Silk Road.
	The Eastern Han dynasty, after Emperor Zhang, would be plagued with internal strife between royal factions and eunuchs struggling for power. The people for the coming century and a half would yearn for the good days of Emperors Ming and Zhang. (However, part of the strife came from the power obtained by consort clans – and the precedent was set by Emperor Zhang's bestowing of power on both his adoptive mother Empress Dowager Ma's clan and his wife Empress Dou's clan.)
	Then-Prince Da was born to then-Crown Prince Liu Zhuang and one of his consorts, Consort Jia, in 57. As Crown Prince Zhuang's favorite, Consort Ma – Consort Jia's aunt (her mother's sister) – had no sons, at Crown Prince Zhuang's instruction, Consort Ma adopted Prince Da as her own son. Prince Da therefore grew up considering Consort Ma as his mother, and while he clearly knew that Consort Jia was his birth mother, he never treated her as mother.
	Also in 57, Prince Da's grandfather Emperor Guangwu died, and his father Crown Prince Zhuang succeeded to the throne as Emperor Ming. In 60, at the behest of his mother Empress Dowager Yin Lihua, Emperor Ming created Consort Ma empress, and Prince Da, as her son, was created crown prince, even though he had four brothers older than he was.
	Not much was recorded about Crown Prince Da's career as crown prince, other than he was taught of the Confucian classics at a young age and was encouraged in his studies by his adoptive mother, Empress Ma, with whom he had a close relation. He was also close to his uncles of the Ma clan.
	In 75, Emperor Ming died, and Crown Prince Da succeeded to the throne as Emperor Zhang at the age of 18. Empress Ma received the title of empress dowager.
	Emperor Zhang continued his father's hardworking tendencies as emperor, but he was more lenient than his strict father. He sought out honest officials and promoted them, and he himself lived thriftily. He was generally humble and honored the senior officials who had served his grandfather and father faithfully in accordance.
	In 76, at the suggestion of his advisor Yang Zhong (楊終) and prime minister Diwu Lun (第五倫), Emperor Zhang ordered that his father's Xiyu (modern Xinjiang and former Soviet central Asia) campaigns be abandoned. However, one of the Han generals in Xiyu, Ban Chao, seeing the importance of maintaining Han presence in Xiyu, refused to withdraw, and Emperor Zhang eventually relented and put Ban in charge of Han's operations in Xiyu.
	Being close to his Ma uncles, Emperor Zhang wanted to create them marquesses from the early start of his reign. This was initially rebuffed by Empress Dowager Ma, who found this inappropriate. In 79, however, he created them marquesses over her objection and over their requests to only be made acting marquesses.
	In 77, Emperor Zhang took a daughter of his cousin, the Princess Piyang (沘陽公主), and great-granddaughter of the statesman Dou Rong (竇融), as consort. He greatly loved her, and in 78, he created Consort Dou empress.
	In 79, Empress Dowager Ma, who had given him much good counsel, died. Even after her death, Emperor Zhang did not honor his birth mother Consort Jia as his mother, but merely permitted her to take on the style of an imperial prince.
	After his mother's death, Emperor Zhang continued to be a diligent emperor, but within the palace, there was much struggle between Empress Dou and the other imperial consorts, which would create political instability down the road.
	While Empress Dowager Ma was alive, she selected two daughters of Song Yang (宋楊) as consorts for Emperor Zhang. In 78, the elder Consort Song gave birth to a son named Liu Qing, and because Empress Dou was sonless, Prince Qing was created crown prince in 79. The Consorts Song were greatly favored by Empress Dowager Ma.
	Later in 79, however, Empress Dou would (perhaps remembering Empress Dowager Ma's example) adopt the son of another imperial consort, Consort Liang, Liu Zhao, as her own son, and she plotted, along with her mother Princess Piyang and her brothers, to have her adopted son made crown prince. After Empress Dowager Ma's death, she put her plan into action. She had her brothers collect dossiers on faults of the Song clan while bribing the servants and eunuchs of Consorts Song to gather their own faults.
	In 82, an opportunity came for Empress Dou. The elder Consort Song had become ill, and in her illness, she craved raw cuscuta, and she requested that her family bring them. Empress Dou seized the cuscuta and falsely accused Consort Song of using it for witchcraft. Emperor Zhang was enraged and expelled Crown Prince Qing from the palace. He had the Consorts Song arrested and interrogated by the eunuch Cai Lun. The Consorts Song saw that they were in deep straits, and they committed suicide by poison. Crown Prince Qing was deposed and created the Prince of Qinghe instead; he was replaced by Prince Zhao as crown prince. Prince Zhao, however, was friendly to his brother, and they often spent time together.
	The Song sisters would not be Empress Dou's only victims. After Prince Zhao was made crown prince, his birth mother's clan, the Liangs, did not dare to openly celebrate, but were secretly happy. When the Dou clan heard of this, they were displeased and fearful, and they felt that they had to destroy the Liangs. Empress Dou began to give false reports about Prince Zhao's birth mother, Consort Liang, and her sister, also an imperial consort, and they lost Emperor Zhang's favor. In 83, the Dous further submitted false anonymous accusations against the Consorts Liang's father Liang Song (梁竦), causing him to die in prison. The Consorts Liang died of sadness and fear.
	The Dous, having made these powerplay, would eventually gain their goals of becoming even more powerful than they were. Also in 83, Emperor Zhang, having seen that his Ma cousins were not following the law, stopped favoring his Ma uncles, and eventually sent them back to their marches. Empress Dou's brothers Dou Xian (竇憲) and Dou Du (竇篤) effectively took over in the power structure – the first time in Han history that the empress' clan, rather than the empress dowager's clan, was the most powerful consort clan. This trend held sway for the rest of Eastern Han Dynasty and a would prove to be a source of corruption.
	However, Emperor Zhang himself remained fairly diligent and open-minded. For example, in 84, when two university students, Kong Xi (孔僖) and Cui Yin (崔駰) were accused of improperly criticizing his ancestor Emperor Wu and, by criticizing Emperor Wu, making veiled criticism of Emperor Zhang, Emperor Zhang accepted the letter that Kong submitted in his own defense and made him an official in his administration.
	In 86, the first of the Qiang (羌) rebellions began, and while the Qiang were pacified fairly quickly, this would be bad omen for the decades to come, as the Qiang, mistreated frequently by Han officials, would constantly rebel throughout the rest of the Eastern Han Dynasty and become a major factor in the decline of the Han Empire.
	In 88, Emperor Zhang died and was succeeded by Crown Prince Zhao, who became Emperor He.

= = = Embrace (American band) = = =

	Embrace were a short-lived hardcore punk band from Washington, D.C., which lasted from the summer of 1985 to the spring of 1986. Along with Rites of Spring, and Beefeater, it was one of the mainstay acts of the 1985 Revolution Summer movement, and was one of the first bands to be dubbed in the press as emotional hardcore, though the members had rejected the term since its creation. The band included lead vocalist Ian MacKaye of the defunct hardcore punk act Minor Threat and three former members of his brother Alec's band, the Faith: guitarist Michael Hampton, drummer Ivor Hanson, and bassist Chris Bald. Hampton and Hanson had also previously played together in S.O.A. The band played their first show in July 28, 1985 at Food for Thought, a former restaurant and music venue located on Washington, D.C.'s Dupont Circle; their ninth and final show was held at the in March 1986. The only recording released by the quartet was their posthumous 1987 self-titled album, "Embrace", being influenced by the Faith EP "Subject to Change".
	Following the breakup of Embrace, MacKaye and ex-Minor Threat drummer, Jeff Nelson, tried turning their recent one-off musical experiment in England, dubbed "Egg Hunt", into an actual band, but the project never surpassed the rehearsal stage. Hampton, for his part, teamed up with former members of Rites of Spring to form the short-lived post-hardcore outfit One Last Wish, while Bald moved on to the band Ignition. MacKaye eventually directed his energy and creativity toward the forming of Fugazi in 1987, and Ivor Hanson would pair up with Hampton again in 1988 for Manifesto.
	During the band's formative years, some fans started referring to them and fellow innovators Rites of Spring as emocore (emotive hardcore) bands, a term MacKaye publicly disagreed with.

= = = Copy editing = = =

	Copy editing (also copyediting, sometimes abbreviated ce) is the process of reviewing and correcting written material to improve accuracy, readability, and fitness for its purpose, and to ensure that it is free of error, omission, inconsistency, and repetition. In the context of publication in print, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading, the final step in the editorial cycle.
	In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a "copy editor". An organization's highest-ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In book publishing in the United Kingdom and other parts of the world that follow British nomenclature, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or sub-editor), commonly shortened to "sub". The senior subeditor of a publication is frequently called the "chief subeditor". As the prefix "sub" suggests, copy editors typically have less authority than regular editors.
	In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the text content of web pages on the World Wide Web. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising the raw or draft text of web pages and reworking it to make it ready for publication.
	Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The type of editing one chooses (light, medium, or heavy) will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts.
	Within copy editing, there is mechanical editing and substantive editing: mechanical editing is the process of making a text or manuscript follow editorial or house style, keeping the preferred style and grammar rules of publication consistent across all content. It refers to editing in terms of spelling, punctuation, and correct usage of grammatical symbols, along with reviewing special elements like tables, charts, formatting footnotes, and endnotes. Content editing, also known as substantive editing, is the editing of material, including its structure and organization, to correct internal inconsistencies and discrepancies. Content editing may require heavy editing or rewriting as compared to mechanical editing.
	In addition, copy editing may change punctuation, spelling and usage for a different country. For a Commonwealth readership, the Oxford British and American spelling of "organize" may be changed to "organise", and "color" changed to "colour".
	Mechanical editing is the process of proofreading a piece of writing for consistency, either internally or in accordance with the publisher's house style. According to Einsohn, mechanical editors work with such things as the following:
	Gilad also mentions the following:
	Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copyeditor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style manual such as "The Chicago Manual of Style" or "The Associated Press Stylebook". Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in-house style guides or on the judgment of the copyeditor.
	The goal of the copy editor is to enforce inviolable rules while respecting personal stylistic preferences. This can be difficult, as some writers view grammatical corrections of the copy edited manuscript as a challenge to their intellectual ability or professional identity. For this reason, copy editors are encouraged to side with the author. If the author's preference is acceptable, it should be respected. This practice is complicated further by constantly evolving language conventions as recorded by books on grammar and usage. Additionally, the authors of such books often disagree.
	Content editing consists of reorganizing or restructuring the content of a document. This involves any inconsistent parts of the content as well as any variances. Copy editors can either fix the content by rewriting it or heavily editing it. However, the copy editor will often point out any difficult passages for the author to resolve on his or her own time.
	Although copy editors are not responsible for factual correctness of the document, they can provide comments for the author on any information they know to be incorrect, such as year discrepancies or misleading ideas. This type of fact checking is acceptable for copy editors that know the document's subject matter.
	The copy editor must also point out any biased language without infringing on the author's meaning. This includes material "that might form the basis for a lawsuit alleging libel, invasion of privacy, or obscenity". Some see censoring biased language as political correctness, so it is important the copy editor distinguishes between the two. To do this, the copy editor will permit intentional "politically incorrect" views and censor only marginalized, offensive, or exclusive language.
	Most manuscripts will require the copyeditor to correlate the parts within it. Copyeditors must carry out the following tasks in this process:
	Some manuscripts may require special cross-checking. For example, in a how-to text, a copyeditor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text.
	Typecoding is the process of identifying which sections of the manuscript are not regular running text. These portions of text, known as elements, include the following:
	It is the copyeditor's job to typecode (or make note of) all manuscript elements for the publication designer. Hard copy copyeditors are usually asked to pencil in the typecodes in the left margin of the manuscript. On-screen copyeditors may be asked to insert typecodes at the beginning and end of each element.
	Finally, if the manuscript contains long quotations from a published work that is still under copyright, the copyeditor should remind the author to acquire permission to reprint said quotations. The same goes for the reprinting of tables, charts, graphs, and illustrations that have appeared in print. Rules vary for the reproduction of unpublished materials (letters, diaries, etc.)
	There are several basic procedures that every copyeditor must follow: copyeditors need a system for marking changes to the author's text (marking), a process for querying the author and the editorial coordinator (querying), a method for keeping track of editorial decisions (recordkeeping), and procedures for incorporating the author's review of the copyediting into a final manuscript or electronic files (cleanup). These systems were originally developed in an era before that of the computer, but over time these procedures were adapted to exist in a digital on-screen space.
	Each medium (in print and on screen) has its own affordances, and although a copyeditor may prefer one editing process over the other, copyeditors are practically required to use both techniques.
	Traditional markup copy editing, or hard-copy editing, is still important because screening tests for employment may be administered in hard copy. Also, the author whose text the copy editor is editing may prefer hard-copy markup, and copy editors need to know traditional markup in case documents and materials cannot be exchanged electronically. When editing in hard-copy, all participating parties (the editor, author, typesetter, and proofreader) must understand the marks the copy editor makes, and therefore a universal marking system that signifies these changes exists. This is also why the copy editor should write legibly and neatly. Copy editors working hard-copy write their corrections in the text directly, leaving the margins for querying. Usually the copy editor is asked to write in a bright color, so the author and other parties can easily recognize the editor's changes.
	Every year, more editing projects are being done on computer and fewer in print. Also, if there is a digital version of a text the copyeditor is editing, they can more easily search words, run spellcheckers, and generate clean copies of messy pages. The first thing copyeditors must do when editing on-screen is to copy the author's files, as the original document must be preserved. Each word processing program provides various options for how an editor's markups are shown on screen and on the printout. On-screen editing mainly differs from hard-copy editing in the fact that the copyeditor should edit more cleanly on-screen, refraining from saving parts of words, and be careful in maintaining proper line spacing.
	Copyeditors often need to query their authors in order to address questions, comments, or explanations: most of these can be done in the margins of the text, or the comment section when on-screen. The copyeditor must consider when to query and the length and tone of their queries, as querying too frequently or infrequently, cryptically, or sarcastically can result in a negative relationship between the copyeditor and the author.
	Depending on which publication a copyeditor is employed with, his or her goals may change; however, there are a few constituencies that must always be served – the author (the person who wrote or compiled the manuscript), the publisher (the person or company that is paying to produce the material), and the readers (the audience for whom the material is being produced). These parties (in conjunction with the copyeditor) work to achieve the same goal, which is to produce an error-free publication. The copyeditor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 C's". Each of these components serves the copyeditor's "Cardinal C", which is communication.
	The advent of the printing press in the middle of the 15th century opened the doors to the first printing houses in Europe. Even after the invention of the printing press and on to today, the editor's job is to correct perceived mistakes. Within these printing houses, there were a variety of employees, one type being correctors, or, as they are referred to today, editors.
	The biggest difference between monastic copyists and copyeditors is that copyeditors leave edits as suggestions that the original author can choose to reject. These printing houses established procedures for editing, preparing the text, and proofreading. Specialist correctors made sure texts were in accordance with the standards of the time.
	Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible.
	After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970, the rise of American authors and editors came to fruition. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing.
	In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end.
	Copyeditors were employed at various publishing houses, magazines, journals, and by private authors seeking revisions to their work. Some copyeditors were even employed by public relations and advertising firms who valued strong editing practices in their business.
	The symbols used by copyeditors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett-Packard, and a software for desktop publishing called PageMaker created by Aldus (a company now under the control of Adobe) allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on-screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copyeditors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work.
	There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the "Newark Ledger" from November 17, 1934 to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild...[it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. Another strike from the year 1934 was the strike at the Macaulay Company, reportedly the first ever strike to occur at a publishing firm. At the conclusion of the second Macaulay strike, which occurred three months after the first, the nationwide drive towards unionization had entered the publishing industry and was "sweeping through all the major publishing houses". As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copyeditors that can be seen across the publishing fields today.
	Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copyeditor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copyeditors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at different pages of a text on multiple screens and easily edit on there, as opposed to pasting them by hand onto a board. This technological advance also required that copyeditors learn new software such as Pagemaker, Quark Xpress, and now Adobe InDesign.
	Modern copyeditors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of text. Digital copyediting requires copyeditors to understand RSS feeds, social media such as Twitter and Facebook, and Hyper Text Markup Language. What should be accounted for is that in this digital age, information is constantly being released, which leads to the decline in editing of the online versions. Editors of the website BuzzFeed commented that sometimes they "simply can't get every post before it's published".
	While copyeditors still do traditional tasks such as checking for facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copyeditors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copyeditors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
	Traditionally, the copy editor would read a printed or written manuscript, manually marking it with editor's "correction marks". At sizable newspapers, the main copy desk was often U-shaped; the copy desk chief sat in the "slot" (the center space of the U) and was known as the "slot man", while copy editors were arrayed around him or her on the outside of the U, known as the "rim". In the past, copy editors were sometimes known humorously as "rim rats". Chief copy editors are still sometimes called "the slot". But nowadays, the manuscript is more often read on a computer display and text corrections are entered directly.
	The nearly universal adoption of computerized systems for editing and layout in newspapers and magazines has also led copy editors to become more involved in design and the technicalities of production. Technical knowledge is therefore sometimes considered as important as writing ability, though this is truer in journalism than it is in book publishing. Hank Glamann, co-founder of the American Copy Editors Society, made the following observation about ads for copy editor positions at American newspapers:
	We want them to be skilled grammarians and wordsmiths and write bright and engaging headlines and must know Quark. But, often, when push comes to shove, we will let every single one of those requirements slide except the last one, because you have to know that in order to push the button at the appointed time.
	Besides an excellent command of language, copy-editors need broad general knowledge for spotting factual errors; good critical thinking skills in order to recognize inconsistencies or vagueness; interpersonal skills for dealing with writers, other editors and designers; attention to detail; and a sense of style. Also, they must establish priorities and balance a desire for perfection with the necessity to meet deadlines.
	Many copy editors have a college degree, often in journalism, the language the text is written in, or communications. In the United States, copy editing is often taught as a college journalism course, though its name varies. The courses often include news design and pagination.
	In the United States, The Dow Jones Newspaper Fund sponsors internships that include two weeks of training. Also, the American Press Institute, the Poynter Institute, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UC San Diego Extension and conferences of the American Copy Editors Society offer mid-career training for newspaper copy editors and news editors (news copy desk supervisors).
	Most US newspapers and publishers give copy-editing job candidates an editing test or a tryout. These vary widely and can include general items such as acronyms, current events, math, punctuation, and skills such as the use of Associated Press style, headline writing, info graphics editing, and journalism ethics.
	In both the US and the UK, there are no official bodies offering a single recognized qualification.
	In the UK, several companies provide a range of courses unofficially recognized within the industry. Training may be on the job or through publishing courses, privately run seminars, or correspondence courses of the Society for Editors and Proofreaders. The National Council for the Training of Journalists also has a qualification for subeditors.
	Before the digital era, copy-editors used to take a red pen to a piece of paper to point out errors and inconsistencies using a markup language made up of symbols universally known by copy-editors. The traditional copy editor was once defined as editing for grammar, spelling, punctuation, and other mechanics of style.
	Copy editing symbols can no longer be used when editing digitally because they are not supported on digital platforms such as track changes. With more posting online and less printing on paper, this means current publishing processes are faster. Hard copy is no longer able to keep up with digital publishing. For a publisher to hire copy editors to print hard copy, make edits, and then make changes is no longer the most efficient process. The position of copy editors is at risk because time demands quicker results that can be done by automatic correction software that catches grammatical errors. Transferring the responsibility from human copy editors to digital software has been adopted by some publishing companies because it is available free of cost.
	Professionals feared that the introduction of digital editing software would put an end to copyediting careers. Copy editors are still employed and needed for heavy editing, such as fact-checking and content organization, which software is not yet able to do. With grammar software and journalists who can edit, copy editors are seen as a luxury in publishing. The potential for a company to use editing software may also require the copy editor to only perform heavy editing and querying. Though the steps for copyediting are the same, the execution is what has been changed due to the introduction of digital environments.
	The technological development of cloud storage allows contemporary copy editors and writers to upload and share files across multiple devices. Online word processors such as Google Docs, Dropbox, Zoho, OpenGoo and Buzzword allow users to perform a number of tasks. Each processor has its advantages and disadvantages based on the users' preferences, but primarily allows users to share, edit and collaborate on documents. On Google Docs users can invite others via email to view, comment, and edit any file of their choosing. Those invited can view and edit the document together in real time. Unlike Google Docs whose files can only be shared through the web app, Dropbox shares from a desktop app. Dropbox users can share documents as links or as shared folders. Users can create shared folders and add others to the folder. Files in a shared folder will appear in the other user's Dropbox and all involved users receive notifications when edits are made to a file in the folder. Adobe's Buzzword allows users to share files, with the user's choice from varying levels of editing access, and includes a version history feature which tracks changes made to documents and lets users revert to earlier versions. 
	Useful in many word processors, a track changes feature allows users to make changes to a document and view them separately from the original document. In Microsoft Word, users can choose whether to show or hide changes by clicking track changes under the Review ribbon. Those editing documents can leave comments by clicking wherever the user desires to leave a comment and clicking New Comment under the review ribbon or by highlighting text and clicking New Comment. Users can select the revision of specific users whom they have allowed to revise their work and choose which level of mark ups to view under the Show Markup dropdown menu in the Review ribbon. Users can also choose to accept or reject changes by clicking either Accept or Reject in the Review Ribbon.
	The field of copy-editing is not obsolete. Teresa Schmedding, president of the American Copy Editors Society (ACES) and a deputy managing editor at the "Daily Herald" in Chicago, thinks that copyeditors are "a natural fit" for digital journalism and social media because, though publishing has been made available to almost anyone, quality and credibility is brought to content only by copy editors. 
	When editing a piece, copy editors now have to consider multimedia aspects of the story. The inclusion of video, images, search engine optimization, and audio are just some of the components that are now created and included in digital publications by copy editors. Digital journalism has created many new roles for a copy editor, such as editing on the Web. Digital editing now requires copy editors to become familiar with search engine optimization, understanding HyperText Markup Language, Cascading Style Sheets, and RSS feeds. In addition to Web-based skills, contemporary copy editors must also obtain a larger skill set, having knowledge of and the ability to operate software such as Adobe Illustrator for generating graphics or Adobe Dreamweaver for designing web pages.
	One of the problems with copy-editing is that it may slow the publication of text. With the digital publishing era came an increased demand for a fast turnover of information. Additional details such as color printing, page size, and layout are determined by the allotted budget. Web-based publications, such as BuzzFeed and "Slate", do not have enough room in their budgets to keep sufficient staff to edit their massive, daily rushes of content. Because of this, copy chief Emmy Favila says lower-priority posts are published without copy edits at Buzzfeed. "Slate" does not edit its blog posts before publication, but all of its news articles are copy edited before publication, say "Slate" copy chief Lowen Liu and deputy editor Julia Turner. 
	In response to such high demands for fast-produced content, some online publications have started publishing articles first and then editing later, a process known as back-editing. Editors prioritize stories to edit based on traffic and whether the content was originally reported for needing edits.
	Reading material has become increasingly accessible to users with a wide range of disabilities. Carolyn Rude exemplifies such cases in alternatively replacing illustrations with text and audio translations for the visually impaired. Rude also suggests that web developers attempt to stick to print guidelines, such as "clear and simple language and consistent terms and navigation devices", especially when readers are looking at text in a second language.
	As online resources rise in popularity, copy editors endeavor to meet the increase of digital consumerism to the best of their abilities, and such high competition has resulted in a gradually "declining of quality in editing", such as proofreading grammatical errors or fact checking. However, this doesn't mean the Internet has limited the scope of a copy editor's responsibilities or job opportunities. One of the most important advancements of the digital age is the advent of pagination, which gives copy editors more control over the construction and revisions of their content. Pagination is a convenient feature in programs such as "Pagemaker, the Quark Xpress, and AdobeIndesign". Despite the increasing number of programs, however, some copy editors believe their basic functions and duties haven't changed much. Other copy editors think the Internet has simplified the process of fact checking and online programs such as Facebook or Twitter have also expedited the process of information-gathering. Other digital skills, such as image selection and search-engine optimization, increase the visibility of search results, especially when searching for keywords in headlines.
	In all likelihood, the Internet will continue to evolve, but this shouldn't hamper the overall importance of copy editing. Although it may be tempting to neglect proper revisions in favor of convenience, the credibility and quality of an editor's work should still be maintained, as there will always be updates in software and technology. As formats evolve, so too will the opportunities for journalists and other writers.

= = = Edison Disc Record = = =

	The Edison Diamond Disc Record is a type of phonograph record marketed by Thomas A. Edison, Inc. on their Edison Record label from 1912 to 1929. They were named Diamond Discs because the matching Edison Disc Phonograph was fitted with a permanent conical diamond stylus for playing them. Diamond Discs were incompatible with lateral-groove disc record players, e.g. the Victor Victrola, the disposable steel needles of which would damage them while extracting hardly any sound. Uniquely, they are just under  in () thick.
	Edison had previously made only phonograph cylinders but decided to add a disc format to the product line because of the increasingly dominant market share of the shellac disc records (later called 78s because of their typical rotational speed in revolutions per minute) made by competitors such as the Victor Talking Machine Company. Victor and most other makers recorded and played sound by a lateral or side-to-side motion of the stylus in the record groove, while in the Edison system the motion was vertical or up-and-down, known as vertical recording, as used for cylinder records. An Edison Disc Phonograph is distinguished by the diaphragm of the reproducer being parallel to the surface of the record. The diaphragm of a reproducer used for playing lateral records is at a right angle to the surface.
	In the late summer and early fall of 1929 Edison also briefly produced a high-quality series of thin electrically recorded lateral-cut "Needle Type" disc records for use on standard record players.
	The record industry began in 1889 with some very-small-scale production of professionally recorded wax cylinder records. At first, costly wet-cell-powered, electric-motor-driven machines were needed to play them, and the customer base consisted solely of entrepreneurs with money-making nickel-in-the-slot phonographs in arcades, taverns, and other public places. Soon, some affluent individuals who could afford expensive toys were customers, too. By the late 1890s, relatively inexpensive spring-motor-driven phonographs were available and becoming a fixture in middle-class homes. The record industry boomed. At the same time, the Berliner Gramophone Company was marketing the first crude disc records, which were simpler and cheaper to manufacture, less bulky to store, much less fragile, and could play louder than contemporary wax cylinders, although they were of markedly inferior sound quality. Their quality was soon greatly improved, and by about 1910 the cylinder was clearly losing this early format war. In 1912, Thomas Edison, who had previously made only cylinders, entered the disc market with his Diamond Disc Phonograph system, which was incompatible with other makers' disc records and players.
	Like cylinder records, the sound in a Diamond Disc's groove was recorded by the vertical method, as variations in the depth of the groove cut. At that time, with the notable exception of Pathé Records, which used yet another incompatible format, a disc's groove was normally of constant depth and modulated laterally, side-to-side. The vertical format demanded a perfectly flat surface for best results, so Edison made his Diamond Discs almost one-quarter of an inch (6 mm) thick. They consisted of a thin coating of a phenolic resin virtually identical to Bakelite on a core of compressed wood flour, later also china clay, lampblack for color, all in a rabbit-hide glue binder. With very rare exceptions, all were about ten inches in diameter, but they used a finer groove pitch (150 threads per inch, or "TPI") and could play longer than lateral ten-inch records—up to minutes per side.
	Among their advantages over the competition, they were played with a permanent conical diamond stylus, while lateral-cut records were played with a ten-for-a-penny steel needle that quickly wore to fit the groove contour and was meant to be replaced after one use. A feed screw mechanism inside the Phonograph moved the reproducer across the record at the required rate, relieving the groove of that work and thus reducing record wear. This design was in response to the patent held by the Victor Talking Machine Company that states that the groove of the record itself is what propelled the reproducer across the surface of the record via the needle. The playing speed for Diamond Discs was specified at exactly 80 revolutions per minute, at a time when other makers' recording speeds had not been standardized and could be as slow as 70 rpm or even faster than 80 rpm, but were typically somewhere around 76 rpm, leaving users who cared about correct pitch to adjust the playback speed for each record until it sounded right. Above all, there was, and still is, general agreement that the Diamond Disc system produced the clearest, most 'present' sound of any non-electronic disc recording technology.
	Although Victor's Victrolas and similar record players could not play Diamond Discs (at best, only very faint sound would be heard, while the crude steel needle seriously damaged the groove) and Edison Diamond Disc Phonographs could not play Victor or other lateral-cut discs, third-party suppliers came up with adapters, such as the Kent adapter, to defeat this incompatibility, but typically with less than optimal sound quality. The Brunswick Ultona, the Sonora, and the expensive "Duo-Vox" phonograph made by the piano manufacturer Bush and Lane were the only non-Edison machines that came from the factory equipped to play Diamond Discs as well as Victor and other 'needle-type' records, along with Pathé's sapphire ball stylus hill-and-dale format that used a vertical groove that was U-shaped in cross-section. Edison discouraged all such alternatives by cautioning on some of the record sleeves: "This Re-Creation should not be played on any instrument except the Edison Diamond Disc Phonograph and with the Edison Diamond Disc Reproducer, and we decline responsibility for any damage that may occur to it if this warning is ignored." The very good reason for such discouragement was that Diamond Disc grooves were too narrow and fragile to propel a soundbox across a record surface, as lateral machines did; Edison's precise mechanical feed system on the Disc Phonograph for its weighted "floating" reproducer replaced that stress on its records.
	Diamond Discs enjoyed their greatest commercial success from the mid-1910s to the early 1920s, with sales peaking in 1920. Although they arguably had better audio fidelity, they were more expensive than, and incompatible with, other makers' products and ultimately failed in the marketplace. Not least among the factors contributing to their downfall was Thomas Edison's insistence on imposing his own musical tastes on the catalog. As an elderly man who favored old-fashioned "heart" songs and had various idiosyncratic preferences about performance practices, he was increasingly out of touch with most of the record-buying public as the Jazz Age of the 1920s got underway. It was not until mid-decade that he reluctantly ceded control to his sons.
	In 1926, an attempt at reviving interest in Edison records was made by introducing a long-playing Diamond Disc which still rotated at 80 rpm but tripled the standard groove pitch to 450 threads per inch by using an ultra-fine groove, achieving a playing time of 24 minutes per 10-inch disc (12 on each side) and 40 minutes per 12-inch disc (these were the only 12-inch Diamond Discs ever sold to the public). A special reproducer and modified feed screw mechanism were required to play them. There were problems with skipping, groove wall breakdown, overall low volume (about 40% of that of the regular Diamond Discs), and a failure to exploit the format by releasing a limited number of discs. Only 14 different Edison Long Play discs were issued before they were discontinued.
	In August 1927, electrical recording began, making Edison the last major record company to adopt it, over two years after Victor Records, Columbia Records, and Brunswick Records had converted from acoustical recording. Sales continued to drop, however, and although Edison Diamond Discs were available from dealers until the company left the record business in late October 1929, the last vertically cut direct masters were recorded in the early summer of that year. Priority had been redirected to introducing a new line of Edison lateral or so-called Needle Type thin shellac records, compatible with ordinary record players, but although their audio quality was excellent this concession to commercial reality came too late to prevent the demise of the Edison Phonograph and Records Division just one day before the 1929 stock market crash.

= = = 60 (number) = = =

	60 (sixty) () is the natural number following 59 and preceding 61. Being three times 20, it is called "three score" in older literature.
	It is a composite number, with divisors 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, and 60, making it a highly composite number. Because it is the sum of its unitary divisors (excluding itself), it is a unitary perfect number, and it is an abundant number with an abundance of 48. Being ten times a perfect number, it is a semiperfect number.
	It is the smallest number divisible by the numbers 1 to 6: there is no smaller number divisible by the numbers 1 to 5. It is the smallest number with exactly 12 divisors. It is one of seven integers that have more divisors than any number less than twice itself , one of six that are also lowest common multiple of a consecutive set of integers from 1, and one of six that are divisors of every highly composite number higher than itself.
	It is the sum of a pair of twin primes (29 + 31) and the sum of four consecutive primes (11 + 13 + 17 + 19). It is adjacent to two primes (59 and 61). It is the smallest number that is the sum of two odd primes in six ways.
	The smallest non-solvable group (A) has order 60.
	There are four Archimedean solids with 60 vertices: the truncated icosahedron, the rhombicosidodecahedron, the snub dodecahedron, and the truncated dodecahedron. The skeletons of these polyhedra form 60-node vertex-transitive graphs. There are also two Archimedean solids with 60 edges: the snub cube and the icosidodecahedron. The skeleton of the icosidodecahedron forms a 60-edge symmetric graph.
	There are 60 one-sided hexominoes, the polyominoes made from six squares.
	In geometry, it is the number of seconds in a minute, and the number of minutes in a degree. In normal space, the three interior angles of an equilateral triangle each measure 60 degrees, adding up to 180 degrees.
	Because it is divisible by the sum of its digits in base 10, it is a Harshad number.
	A number system with base 60 is called sexagesimal (the original meaning of "sexagesimal" is sixtieth).
	It is the smallest positive integer that is written with only the smallest and the largest digit of base 2 (binary), base 3 (ternary) and base 4 (quaternary).
	60 is also the product of the side lengths of the smallest whole number right triangle: 3, 4, 5, a type of Pythagorean triple.
	The first fullerene to be discovered was buckminsterfullerene C, an allotrope of carbon with 60 atoms in each molecule, arranged in a truncated icosahedron. This ball is known as a buckyball, and looks like a soccer ball.
	The atomic number of neodymium is 60, and cobalt-60 (Co) is a radioactive isotope of cobalt.
	The electrical utility frequency in western Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, the United States, and several other countries in the Americas is 60 Hz.
	An exbibyte (sometimes called exabyte) is 2 bytes.
	The Babylonian cuneiform numerals had a base of 60, inherited from the Sumerian and Akkadian civilizations, and possibly motivated by the large number of divisors that 60 has. The sexagesimal measurement of time and of geometric angles is a legacy of the Babylonian system.
	The number system in the Mali Empire was based on 60, reflected in the counting system of the Maasina Fulfulde, a variant of the Fula language spoken in contemporary Mali. The Ekagi of Western New Guinea used base 60, and the sexagenary cycle plays a role in Chinese calendar and numerology.
	In and in refer to 60 = 5 dozen = small gross. This quantity was used in international medieval treaties e.g. for ransom of captured Teutonic Knights.
	60 occurs several times in the Bible; for example, as the age of Isaac when Jacob and Esau were born, and the number of warriors escorting King Solomon.
	In the laws of kashrut of Judaism, 60 is the proportion (60:1) of kosher to non-kosher ingredients that can render an admixture kosher post-facto.
	In the Koran, 60 is mentioned once: "..he should feed sixty indigent ones..", but it is mentioned many times in the Hadith, most notably Muhammad being reported to say, "..Allah, the Exalted and Glorious, created Adam in His own image with His length of sixty cubits.."
	It is:

= = = Bob Barker = = =

	Robert William Barker (born December 12, 1923) is a retired American television game show host. He is known for hosting CBS's "The Price Is Right" from 1972 to 2007, making it the longest-running daytime game show in North American television history. He is also known for hosting "Truth or Consequences" from 1956 to 1974.
	Born in Darrington, Washington, to modest circumstances, Barker enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II. He worked part-time in radio while he attended college. In 1950, he moved to California in order to pursue a career in broadcasting. He was given his own radio show, "The Bob Barker Show", which ran for six years. Barker began his game show career in 1956, hosting "Truth or Consequences". From there, he hosted various game shows, and the Miss Universe and Miss USA pageants from 1967 to 1987, giving him the distinction of being the longest-serving host of these pageants. He began hosting "The Price Is Right" in 1972. When his wife Dorothy Jo died, he became an advocate for animal rights and of animal-rights activism, supporting groups such as the United Activists for Animal Rights and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. In 2007, he retired from hosting "The Price Is Right" after celebrating his 50-year career on television.
	Barker was born on December 12, 1923, in Darrington, Washington, and spent most of his youth on the Rosebud Indian Reservation in Mission, South Dakota. The U.S. Indian Census Rolls, 1885–1940, list Barker as an official member of the Sioux tribe. His mother, Matilda ("Tillie") Valandra ( Matilda Kent Tarleton), was a school teacher; his father, Byron John Barker, was the foreman on the electrical high line through the state of Washington. Barker is 1/8 Sioux.
	Barker attended Drury College (now Drury University) in Springfield, Missouri, on a basketball scholarship. He was a member of the Epsilon Beta chapter of Sigma Nu fraternity at Drury. On the outbreak of World War II, Barker served in the United States Navy as a fighter pilot. However, the war ended before he was assigned to a seagoing squadron. After the war, he returned to Drury to finish his education, graduating "summa cum laude" with a degree in economics.
	While attending college in Drury, Barker worked his first "media job", at KTTS-FM Radio, in Springfield. He and his wife left Springfield and moved to Lake Worth, Florida, and he was news editor and announcer at nearby WWPG 1340 AM in Palm Beach (now WPBR in Lantana). In 1950, Barker moved to California in order to pursue a career in broadcasting. He was given his own radio show, "The Bob Barker Show", which ran for the next six years from Burbank. He was hosting an audience-participation radio show on KNX (AM) in Los Angeles when game show producer Ralph Edwards happened to be listening and liked Barker's voice and style.
	Barker started hosting "Truth or Consequences" on December 31, 1956, and continued with the program until 1974.
	In 1971, Barker was tapped to host a pilot for NBC entitled "Simon Says", which required him to interact with a giant computer called "Simon" in "Let's Make A Deal"-style "trades". The pilot was produced by Wesley J. Cox of DUNDAS Productions, and its theme was "The Savers" (the theme used on "The Joker's Wild", which has led some to believe that Cox or DUNDAS was an alias for Jack Barry or Dan Enright, since "Joker" used the theme in its original 1968 pilot). There is at least one (somewhat low-quality) clip of the pilot on the video sharing website YouTube.
	In early 1972, Mark Goodson and Bill Todman began shopping a modernized revival of "The Price Is Right" to stations, with Dennis James as host. CBS expressed interest in the series, on one condition: instead of James, Barker would be installed as host. After some initial resistance, Barker instead offered to host another upcoming CBS game show, Jack Barry's "The Joker's Wild" (which had difficulty finding a host and was scheduled to debut the same day as "Price") to allow James to host "Price", but CBS rejected this proposal.
	On September 4, 1972, Barker began hosting the CBS revival of "The Price Is Right".
	On October 15, 1987, Barker did what other MCs almost never did then: renounced hair dye and began wearing his hair gray, which was its natural color by that time.
	On October 31, 2006, Barker made his announcement that he would retire from "The Price Is Right" in June 2007. He taped his final episode on June 6, 2007, with the show airing twice on June 15.
	After his retirement, Barker made three return appearances to "The Price is Right". He first appeared on the episode that aired on April 16, 2009 to promote his new autobiography, "Priceless Memories". He appeared in the Showcase round at the end of the show.
	Barker made another guest appearance on the show to celebrate his 90th birthday celebration, which aired on December 12, 2013. He announced a contestant for the first time ever on the show, along with one showcase.
	Barker also made a surprise appearance on April 1, 2015, for an April Fools' Day switch where he took Drew's place at the show's intro. He hosted the first one bid and pricing game of that day before handing the hosting duties back to Drew.
	On September 16, 1999, Barker was in Washington, D.C., to testify before Congress regarding HR 2929: the Captive Elephant Accident Prevention Act, the proposed legislation that would ban elephants from traveling shows (i.e., circuses). While preparing for the presentation, Barker experienced what he called "clumsiness" in his right hand. He was admitted to George Washington University Hospital and diagnosed with a partially blocked left carotid artery. Barker underwent carotid endarterectomy to remove the blockage. The procedure went well enough that he was able to return to work within the month.
	Three years later, Barker had two additional health crises after taping the 30th-season finale of "The Price is Right". While lying in the sun on May 30, 2002, he experienced a stroke and was hospitalized; six weeks later, on July 11, Barker underwent prostate surgery. Both hospitalizations occurred at George Washington University Hospital in Washington, D.C. Both surgeries were successful.
	Barker has had several mild bouts with skin cancer, a result of his frequent tanning. He consults a dermatologist regularly to make sure any cancers are caught and removed before they spread; they do not currently pose a threat to his life. During a televised interview, Barker told viewers, "I urge anyone who has spent some time in the sun, whether you're doing it now or not, go to a dermatologist once a year."
	On October 20, 2015, two police officers passing Barker's Los Angeles-area home saw him trip and fall on a sidewalk. They called an ambulance that brought him to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where he received stitches for an injured forehead and was released; he also hurt his left knee.
	Barker slipped and hit his head at home on June 19, 2017. His maid drove him to the emergency room, where he was checked and released. His representative said it was not as serious as his earlier fall. In October and November 2018, he was rushed to the hospital for severe back pain.
	In 1994, former model Dian Parkinson filed a lawsuit against Barker alleging sexual harassment following a three-year affair while working on "The Price Is Right". Parkinson, who alleged that she was extorted by threats of firing, later dropped her lawsuit, claiming the stress from the ordeal was damaging her health.
	In 1995, model Holly Hallstrom left "The Price Is Right" and later filed suit against Barker for wrongful termination and malicious persecution claiming Barker had launched a media attack against her, allegedly stating that she was disruptive to the working atmosphere of the show. Barker dropped his case, but Hallstrom did not, finally ending in settlement in 2005.
	In October 2007, Deborah Curling, a CBS employee assigned to "The Price Is Right", filed a lawsuit against CBS, Bob Barker and "The Price Is Right" producers, claiming that she was forced to quit her job after testifying against Barker in a wrongful-termination lawsuit brought by a previous show producer. Curling claimed that she was demoted to an "intolerable work environment" backstage which caused her to leave the job. Curling, who is black, also alleged that the show's producers, including Barker, created a hostile work environment in which black employees and contestants were discriminated against. A few months later, Barker was removed from the lawsuit, and in September 2009, the lawsuit was dismissed. Curling's attorney stated that he planned to appeal the dismissal of the lawsuit. In January 2012, the California Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissal.
	Barker began ending some episodes (later every episode) of "The Price Is Right" with the phrase: "This is Bob Barker reminding you to help control the pet population — have your pets spayed or neutered." After Barker retired, Drew Carey continued his signature sign-off advocating neutering. Fellow game-show hosts Jack Barry and Bert Convy eventually followed Barker's lead in promoting animal rights on the air.
	Barker hosted the Miss USA/Universe Pageants from 1967 to 1987. In 1987, he requested the removal of fur prizes and stepped down as host when those in charge of the pageant refused.
	Barker's DJ&T Foundation, founded in 1994 and named after his late wife and mother, has contributed millions of dollars for animal neutering programs and to fund animal rescue and park facilities all over the United States. He worked closely with Betty White as an advocate for animal rights. However, in 2009, reports indicated that Barker threatened to not attend the 2009 Game Show Awards, where he was to receive a lifetime achievement award, because White would be attending. The reason for the conflict, according to the report, was over the proper treatment of an elephant at the Los Angeles Zoo. White instead did not attend and pre-recorded her comments that she was scheduled to make about Mark Goodson.
	In 2004, Barker donated $1 million to Columbia University School of Law to support the study of animal rights.
	Barker also supported United Activists for Animal Rights, and together with the group, publicly accused several media projects and the American Humane Association of animal mistreatment or the condoning of animal mistreatment, a tactic which resulted in a major lawsuit against him and the group, accusing him of spurious allegations.
	In June 2009, Barker wrote Chief Michell Hicks of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians asking that their reservation's bear exhibit be closed. On July 28, 2009, he visited the reservation and saw one of the three zoos, calling the bears' living situation "inhumane". PETA set up the visit after Barker heard from U.S. Representative Bill Young, (R) Florida, whose wife had been "appalled" by what she saw. Annette Tarnowski, the tribe's attorney general, said a federal inspector had found nothing wrong in May 2009 at two of the zoos, and that the tribe had dealt with the few violations at the third. Hicks made no promises and threatened to ban PETA if they made more trouble.
	In January 2010, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society announced that it had secretly purchased and outfitted a ship to interdict Japanese whaling operations in the Southern Ocean using $5,000,000 provided by Barker. The ship was then named the MY "Bob Barker", and its existence was first revealed when it helped discover the location of the Japanese whaling fleet. In 2010, Barker began funding the cost of a helicopter, named the Nancy Burnet (after the president of United Activists for Animal Rights); the helicopter accompanies the society's fleet.
	In March 2010, PETA announced that it received a $2.5 million donation from Barker to help establish a new office called the Bob Barker Building in Los Angeles. PETA officially opened the Bob Barker Building on Sunset Boulevard in 2012. The Grand Opening was attended by Christian Serratos, Stephanie Pratt, Moby, Kate del Castillo, Sasha Grey, Renee Olstead, Fivel Stewart, Diane Warren, and Allisyn Ashley Arm.
	Bob Barker has written his autobiography, assisted by former "L.A. Times" book review editor Digby Diehl, titled "Priceless Memories". It was published on April 6, 2009, and features stories from his early life as well as stories and experiences in the 50 years of his television career.
	It was also then reported that Barker would appear on "The Price Is Right" to promote his book. His initial appearance was scheduled for the March 2, 2009, taping. However, the taping was postponed until March 25, due to host Drew Carey's bout with pneumonia. The episode aired on April 16, during which Barker appeared during the Showcases to promote the book.

= = = George Somerset, 3rd Baron Raglan = = =

	George FitzRoy Henry Somerset, 3rd Baron Raglan, (18 September 1857 – 24 October 1921), styled The Honourable George Somerset until 1884, was a British soldier and Conservative politician. He served as Under-Secretary of State for War from 1900 to 1902 and was Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man from 1902 to 1919.
	A member of the Somerset family headed by the Duke of Beaufort, Somerset was the son of Richard Somerset, 2nd Baron Raglan, by his first wife Lady Georgina Lygon, third daughter of Henry Lygon, 4th Earl Beauchamp. He was a godchild of George V of Hanover, Somerset became a Page of Honour to Queen Victoria in 1868, which he remained until 1874. He was educated at Eton and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.
	In 1870 Somerset joined the Grenadier Guards. He fought in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, reaching the rank of captain. He served as Under-Secretary of State for War in the Unionist Government headed by Lord Salisbury from 1900 to 1902.
	In September 1902 Lord Raglan was appointed Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man. He arrived on the island on 18 October and was sworn in at Castletown on 21 October. 
	Described as "autocratic" and "unpopular", he opposed campaigns by Manx trade unions for direct taxation to fund an old-age pension and in 1918 ordered the removal of flour subsidies which increased the price of bread 15% above that in England. These actions had a direct effect in generating the July 1918 general strike on the island, which resulted in the passing of an act on direct taxation, reduction in bread prices and the introduction of pensions. 
	Lord Raglan resigned as Governor on 17 December 1918, citing ill-health.
	Lord Raglan married Lady Ethel Jemima Ponsonby, daughter of Walter Ponsonby, 7th Earl of Bessborough, on 28 February 1883. Lady Raglan was a one-time President of the Monmouthshire branch of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Families' Association, and died in 1940.
	They had six children. He died on 24 October 1921, aged 64, and was succeeded in the barony by his son, Fitzroy.

= = = Cotentin Peninsula = = =

	The Cotentin Peninsula (, ; ), also known as the Cherbourg Peninsula, is a peninsula in Normandy that forms part of the northwest coast of France. It extends north-westward into the English Channel, towards Great Britain. To its west lie the Channel Islands and to the southwest lies the Brittany Peninsula.
	The peninsula lies wholly within the department of Manche, in the region of Normandy.
	The Cotentin peninsula is part of the Armorican Massif (with the exception of the Plain lying in the Paris Basin) and lies between the estuary of the Vire river and Mont Saint-Michel Bay. It is divided into three areas: the headland of Cap de la Hague, the Cotentin Pass (the Plain), and the valley of the Saire River (Val de Saire). It forms the bulk of the department of Manche. Its southern part, known as "le Marais" (the Marshlands), crosses from east to west from just north west of Saint Lo and east of Lessay and marks a natural border with the rest of Manche.
	The largest town in the peninsula is Cherbourg on the north coast, a major cross-channel port. 
	The western coast of the peninsula, known as the "Côte des Îles" ("Islands Coast"), faces the Channel Islands. Ferry links serve Carteret and the islands of Jersey, Guernsey and Alderney from Dielette. Off the east coast of the peninsula lies the island of Tatihou and the Îles Saint-Marcouf.
	The oldest stone in France is found in outcroppings on the coast of Cap de la Hague, at the tip of the peninsula.
	Cotentin was almost an island at one time. Only a small strip of land in the heath of Lessay connected the peninsula with the mainland. Thanks to the so-called "portes à flot" (), which close at flood and open at ebb and which were built in the west coast and in the Baie des Veys, on the east coast, the Cotentin has become a peninsula.
	The Côte des Havres lies between the Cape of Carteret and the Cape of Granville. To the northwest, there are two sand dune systems: one stretching between Siouville-Hague and Vauville, the other one stretching between Cap of Carteret and Baubigny.
	The peninsula formed part of the Roman geographical area of Armorica. The town known today as Coutances, capital of the Unelli, a Gaulish tribe, acquired the name of "Constantia" in 298 during the reign of Roman emperor Constantius Chlorus. The base of the peninsula, called in Latin the "pagus Constantinus", joined together with the "pagus Coriovallensis" centred upon Cherbourg to the north, subsequently became known as the Cotentin. Under the Carolingians it was administered by viscounts drawn successively from members of the Saint-Sauveur family, at their seat Saint-Sauveur on the Douve.
	King Alan the Great of Brittany (d. 907) waged war successfully on the Norsemen. As the result of his conquests, the Cotentin Peninsula was included theoretically in the territory of the Duchy of Brittany, after the Treaty of Compiègne (867) with the king of the Franks. The Dukes of Brittany suffered continuing Norse invasions and Norman raids, and Brittany lost the Cotentin Peninsula (and Avranchin nearby) after only 70 years of political domination.
	Meanwhile, Vikings settled on the Cotentin in the ninth and tenth centuries. There are indications of a whaling industry there dating to the ninth century, possibly introduced by Norsemen. They were followed by Anglo-Norse and Anglo-Danish people, who established themselves as farmers. The Cotentin became part of Normandy in the early tenth century. Many placenames there are derived from the Norse language. Examples include La Hague, from "hagi" ("meadow" or "enclosure"), and La Hougue, from "haugr" ("hill" or "mound"). Other names are typical: all those ending with "-tot" (Quettetot..) from "topt" "site of a house" (modern "-toft"), "-bec" (Bricquebec, Houlbec..) from "bekkr" "brook", "stream", etc.
	In 1088 Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, enfeoffed the Cotentin to his brother Henry, who later became king of England. Henry, as count of the Cotentin, established his first power base there and in the adjoining Avranchin, which lay to the south, beyond the River Thar.
	During the Hundred Years War, King Edward III of England landed in the bay of La Hogue, and then came to the Church of Quettehou in Val de Saire. It was there that Edward III knighted his son Edward, the Black Prince. A remembrance plaque can be seen next to the altar.
	The naval Battle of La Hogue in 1692 was fought off Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue near Barfleur.
	The town of Valognes was, until the French Revolution, a provincial social resort for the aristocracy, nicknamed the "Versailles of Normandy". The social scene was described in the novels of Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly (himself from the Cotentin). Little now remains of the grand houses and châteaux; they were destroyed by combat there during the Battle of Normandy in World War II.
	During World War II, part of the 1944 Battle of Normandy was fought in the Cotentin. The westernmost part of the D-Day landings was at Utah Beach, on the southeastern coast of the peninsula, and was followed by a campaign to occupy the peninsula and take Cherbourg.
	The peninsula's main economic resource is agriculture. Dairy and vegetable farming are prominent activities. Along the coast, aquaculture of oysters is a growing industry. Cider and calvados are produced from locally grown apples and pears.
	The region hosts two important nuclear power facilities. At Flamanville there is a nuclear power plant, where the second European Pressurized Reactor in the world is being constructed, with commissioning delayed to 2016 or later. COGEMA La Hague site, a large nuclear waste reprocessing and storage complex operated by Areva NC, is located a few miles to the north, at Beaumont-Hague. The facility stores all high level waste from the French nuclear power program in one large vault. Nuclear industry provides a substantial portion of jobs in the region. The roads used for transport of nuclear waste have been blocked many times in the past by environmental action group Greenpeace. Local environmental groups have voiced concerns about the radioactivity levels of the cooling water of both these nuclear sites, which is being flushed into the bay of Vauville; however, the emitted radioactivity is several orders of magnitude below natural background levels and does not pose any hazard.
	There are two important naval shipyards in Cherbourg. The state-owned shipyard DCNS has built French nuclear submarines since the 1960s. Privately owned CMN builds frigates and patrol vessels for various states, mostly from the Middle East.
	Tourism is also an important economic activity in this region. Many tourists visit the D-Day invasion beaches, including Utah Beach in the Cotentin. At Sainte-Mère-Église a few miles away from the beach, there is a museum commemorating the action of the 82nd Airborne Division and 101st Airborne Division. The "Cité de la Mer" in Cherbourg is a museum of oceanic and underseas subjects. The main attraction is "Redoutable", the first French nuclear submarine, launched in 1967.
	After quitting political life, the political thinker Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) retreated to the family estate of Tocqueville where he wrote much of his work.
	Due to its comparative isolation, the peninsula is one of the remaining strongholds of the Norman language, and the local dialect is known as Cotentinais. The Norman language poet Côtis-Capel (1915-1986) described the environment of the peninsula, while French language poet Jacques Prévert made his home at Omonville-la-Petite. The painter Jean-François Millet (1814-1875) was also born on the peninsula.
	The Norman language writer Alfred Rossel, native of Cherbourg, composed many songs which form part of the heritage of the region. Rossel's song "Sus la mé" ("on the sea") is often sung as a regional patriotic song.

= = = 70 (number) = = =

	70 (seventy) is the natural number following 69 and preceding 71.
	70 is:
	The sum of the first 24 squares starting from 1 is 70. This relates 70 to the Leech lattice and thus string theory.
	Several languages, especially ones with vigesimal number systems, do not have a specific word for 70: for example, French "soixante-dix" "sixty-ten"; Danish "halvfjerds", short for "halvfjerdsindstyve" "three and a half score". (For French, this is true only in France; other French-speaking regions such as Belgium, Switzerland, Aosta Valley and Jersey use "septante".)

= = = Constructible universe = = =

	In mathematics, in set theory, the constructible universe (or Gödel's constructible universe), denoted L, is a particular class of sets that can be described entirely in terms of simpler sets. L is the union of the constructible hierarchy L. It was introduced by Kurt Gödel in his 1938 paper "The Consistency of the Axiom of Choice and of the Generalized Continuum-Hypothesis". In this, he proved that the constructible universe is an inner model of ZF set theory, and also that the axiom of choice and the generalized continuum hypothesis are true in the constructible universe. This shows that both propositions are consistent with the basic axioms of set theory, if ZF itself is consistent. Since many other theorems only hold in systems in which one or both of the propositions is true, their consistency is an important result.
	L can be thought of as being built in "stages" resembling the von Neumann universe, V. The stages are indexed by ordinals. In von Neumann's universe, at a successor stage, one takes V to be the set of "all" subsets of the previous stage, V. By contrast, in Gödel's constructible universe L, one uses "only" those subsets of the previous stage that are:
	By limiting oneself to sets defined only in terms of what has already been constructed, one ensures that the resulting sets will be constructed in a way that is independent of the peculiarities of the surrounding model of set theory and contained in any such model.
	Define
	L is defined by transfinite recursion as follows:
	If z is an element of L, then z = {y | y ∈ L and y ∈ z} ∈ Def (L) = L. So L is a subset of L, which is a subset of the power set of L. Consequently, this is a tower of nested transitive sets. But L itself is a proper class.
	The elements of L are called "constructible" sets; and L itself is the "constructible universe". The "axiom of constructibility", aka "V=L", says that every set (of V) is constructible, i.e. in L.
	An equivalent definition for L is:
	For any finite ordinal n, the sets L and V are the same (whether V equals L or not), and thus L = V: their elements are exactly the hereditarily finite sets. Equality beyond this point does not hold. Even in models of ZFC in which V equals L, L is a proper subset of V, and thereafter L is a proper subset of the power set of L for all α > ω. On the other hand, V equals L does imply that V equals L if α = ω, for example if α is inaccessible. More generally, V equals L implies H equals L for all infinite cardinals α.
	If α is an infinite ordinal then there is a bijection between L and α, and the bijection is constructible. So these sets are equinumerous in any model of set theory that includes them.
	As defined above, Def("X") is the set of subsets of "X" defined by Δ formulas (that is, formulas of set theory containing only bounded quantifiers) that use as parameters only "X" and its elements.
	An alternate definition, due to Gödel, characterizes each L as the intersection of the power set of L with the closure of formula_8 under a collection of nine explicit functions, similar to Gödel operations. This definition makes no reference to definability.
	All arithmetical subsets of ω and relations on ω belong to L (because the arithmetic definition gives one in L). Conversely, any subset of ω belonging to L is arithmetical (because elements of L can be coded by natural numbers in such a way that ∈ is definable, i.e., arithmetic). On the other hand, L already contains certain non-arithmetical subsets of ω, such as the set of (natural numbers coding) true arithmetical statements (this can be defined from L so it is in L).
	All hyperarithmetical subsets of ω and relations on ω belong to formula_9 (where formula_10 stands for the Church–Kleene ordinal), and conversely any subset of ω that belongs to formula_9 is hyperarithmetical.
	L is a standard model, i.e. it is a transitive class and it uses the real element relationship, so it is well-founded. L is an inner model, i.e. it contains all the ordinal numbers of V and it has no "extra" sets beyond those in V, but it might be a proper subclass of V. L is a model of ZFC, which means that it satisfies the following axioms:
	Notice that the proof that L is a model of ZFC only requires that V be a model of ZF, i.e. we do NOT assume that the axiom of choice holds in V.
	If W is any standard model of ZF sharing the same ordinals as V, then the L defined in W is the same as the L defined in V. In particular, L is the same in W and V, for any ordinal α. And the same formulas and parameters in Def (L) produce the same constructible sets in L.
	Furthermore, since L is a subclass of V and, similarly, L is a subclass of W, L is the smallest class containing all the ordinals that is a standard model of ZF. Indeed, L is the intersection of all such classes.
	If there is a "set" W in V that is a standard model of ZF, and the ordinal κ is the set of ordinals that occur in W, then L is the L of W. If there is a set that is a standard model of ZF, then the smallest such set is such a L. This set is called the minimal model of ZFC. Using the downward Löwenheim–Skolem theorem, one can show that the minimal model (if it exists) is a countable set.
	Of course, any consistent theory must have a model, so even within the minimal model of set theory there are sets that are models of ZF (assuming ZF is consistent). However, those set models are non-standard. In particular, they do not use the normal element relation and they are not well founded.
	Because both the L of L and the V of L are the real L and both the L of L and the V of L are the real L, we get that V=L is true in L and in any L that is a model of ZF. However, V=L does not hold in any other standard model of ZF.
	Since On⊂L⊆V, properties of ordinals that depend on the absence of a function or other structure (i.e. Π formulas) are preserved when going down from V to L. Hence initial ordinals of cardinals remain initial in L. Regular ordinals remain regular in L. Weak limit cardinals become strong limit cardinals in L because the generalized continuum hypothesis holds in L. Weakly inaccessible cardinals become strongly inaccessible. Weakly Mahlo cardinals become strongly Mahlo. And more generally, any large cardinal property weaker than 0 (see the list of large cardinal properties) will be retained in L.
	However, 0 is false in L even if true in V. So all the large cardinals whose existence implies 0 cease to have those large cardinal properties, but retain the properties weaker than 0 which they also possess. For example, measurable cardinals cease to be measurable but remain Mahlo in L.
	If 0 holds in V, then there is a closed unbounded class of ordinals that are indiscernible in L. While some of these are not even initial ordinals in V, they have all the large cardinal properties weaker than 0 in L. Furthermore, any strictly increasing class function from the class of indiscernibles to itself can be extended in a unique way to an elementary embedding of L into L. This gives L a nice structure of repeating segments.
	There are various ways of well-ordering L. Some of these involve the "fine structure" of L, which was first described by Ronald Bjorn Jensen in his 1972 paper entitled "The fine structure of the constructible hierarchy". Instead of explaining the fine structure, we will give an outline of how L could be well-ordered using only the definition given above.
	Suppose x and y are two different sets in L and we wish to determine whether x<y or x>y. If x first appears in L and y first appears in L and β is different from α, then let x<y if and only if α<β. Henceforth, we suppose that β=α.
	The stage L = Def (L) uses formulas with parameters from L to define the sets x and y. If one discounts (for the moment) the parameters, the formulas can be given a standard Gödel numbering by the natural numbers. If Φ is the formula with the smallest Gödel number that can be used to define x, and Ψ is the formula with the smallest Gödel number that can be used to define y, and Ψ is different from Φ, then let x<y if and only if Φ<Ψ in the Gödel numbering. Henceforth, we suppose that Ψ=Φ.
	Suppose that Φ uses n parameters from L. Suppose z...,z is the sequence of parameters that can be used with Φ to define x, and w...,w does the same for y. Then let x<y if and only if either z<w or (z=w and z<w) or (z=w and z=w and z<w) or etc.. This is called the reverse-lexicographic ordering; if there are multiple sequences of parameters that define one of the sets, we choose the least one under this ordering. It being understood that each parameter's possible values are ordered according to the restriction of the ordering of L to L, so this definition involves transfinite recursion on α.
	The well-ordering of the values of single parameters is provided by the inductive hypothesis of the transfinite induction. The values of n-tuples of parameters are well-ordered by the product ordering. The formulas with parameters are well-ordered by the ordered sum (by Gödel numbers) of well-orderings. And L is well-ordered by the ordered sum (indexed by α) of the orderings on L.
	Notice that this well-ordering can be defined within L itself by a formula of set theory with no parameters, only the free-variables x and y. And this formula gives the same truth value regardless of whether it is evaluated in L, V, or W (some other standard model of ZF with the same ordinals) and we will suppose that the formula is false if either x or y is not in L.
	It is well known that the axiom of choice is equivalent to the ability to well-order every set. Being able to well-order the proper class V (as we have done here with L) is equivalent to the axiom of global choice, which is more powerful than the ordinary axiom of choice because it also covers proper classes of non-empty sets.
	Proving that the axiom of separation, axiom of replacement, and axiom of choice hold in L requires (at least as shown above) the use of a reflection principle for L. Here we describe such a principle.
	By mathematical induction on n<ω, we can use ZF in V to prove that for any ordinal α, there is an ordinal β>α such that for any sentence P(z...,z) with z...,z in L and containing fewer than n symbols (counting a constant symbol for an element of L as one symbol) we get that P(z...,z) holds in L if and only if it holds in L.
	Let formula_12, and let "T" be any constructible subset of "S". Then there is some β with formula_13, so formula_14, for some formula Φ and some formula_15 drawn from formula_16. By the downward Löwenheim–Skolem theorem and Mostowski collapse, there must be some transitive set "K" containing formula_17 and some formula_18, and having the same first-order theory as formula_16 with the formula_18 substituted for the formula_15; and this "K" will have the same cardinal as formula_17. Since formula_23 is true in formula_16, it is also true in "K", so formula_25 for some γ having the same cardinal as α. And formula_26 because formula_16 and formula_28 have the same theory. So "T" is in fact in formula_29.
	So all the constructible subsets of an infinite set "S" have ranks with (at most) the same cardinal κ as the rank of "S"; it follows that if δ is the initial ordinal for κ, then formula_30 serves as the "power set" of "S" within "L". Thus this "power set" formula_31. And this in turn means that the "power set" of "S" has cardinal at most ||δ||. Assuming "S" itself has cardinal κ, the "power set" must then have cardinal exactly κ. But this is precisely the generalized continuum hypothesis relativized to "L".
	There is a formula of set theory that expresses the idea that X=L. It has only free variables for X and α. Using this we can expand the definition of each constructible set. If s∈L, then s = {y|y∈L and Φ(y,z...,z) holds in (L,∈)} for some formula Φ and some z...,z in L. This is equivalent to saying that: for all y, y∈s if and only if [there exists X such that X=L and y∈X and Ψ(X,y,z...,z)] where Ψ(X...) is the result of restricting each quantifier in
Φ(...) to X. Notice that each z∈L for some β<α. Combine formulas for the z's with the formula for s and apply existential quantifiers over the z's outside and one gets a formula that defines the constructible set s using only the ordinals α that appear in expressions like X=L as parameters.
	Example: The set {5,ω} is constructible. It is the unique set, s, that satisfies the formula:<br>
	formula_32,<br>
	where formula_33 is short for:<br>
	formula_34<br>
	Actually, even this complex formula has been simplified from what the instructions given in the first paragraph would yield. But the point remains, there is a formula of set theory that is true only for the desired constructible set s and that contains parameters only for ordinals.
	Sometimes it is desirable to find a model of set theory that is narrow like L, but that includes or is influenced by a set that is not constructible. This gives rise to the concept of relative constructibility, of which there are two flavors, denoted L(A) and L[A].
	The class L(A) for a non-constructible set A is the intersection of all classes that are standard models of set theory and contain A and all the ordinals.
	L(A) is defined by transfinite recursion as follows:
	If L(A) contains a well-ordering of the transitive closure of {A}, then this can be extended to a well-ordering of L(A). Otherwise, the axiom of choice will fail in L(A).
	A common example is L(R), the smallest model that contains all the real numbers, which is used extensively in modern descriptive set theory.
	The class L[A] is the class of sets whose construction is influenced by A, where A may be a (presumably non-constructible) set or a proper class. The definition of this class uses Def (X), which is the same as Def (X) except instead of evaluating the truth of formulas Φ in the model (X,∈), one uses the model (X,∈,A) where A is a unary predicate. The intended interpretation of A(y) is y∈A. Then the definition of L[A] is exactly that of L only with Def replaced by Def.
	L[A] is always a model of the axiom of choice. Even if A is a set, A is not necessarily itself a member of L[A], although it always is if A is a set of ordinals.
	The sets in L(A) or L[A] are usually not actually constructible and that the properties of these models may be quite different from the properties of L itself.

= = = 80 (number) = = =

	80 (eighty) is the natural number following 79 and preceding 81.
	80 is:
	The Pareto principle (also known as the 80-20 rule) states that, for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes.
	Every solvable configuration of the Fifteen puzzle can be solved in no more than 80 single-tile moves.
	Eighty is also:

= = = Emperor He of Han = = =

	Emperor He of Han (; 79 – 13 February 106) was an emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty who ruled from 88 to 105. He was the 4th emperor of the Eastern Han.
	Emperor He was the son of Emperor Zhang. He ascended the throne at the age of nine and reigned for 17 years. It was during Emperor He's reign that the Eastern Han began its decline. Strife between consort clans and eunuchs began when the Empress Dowager Dou (Emperor He's adoptive mother) made her own family members important government officials. Her family was corrupt and intolerant of dissension. In 92, Emperor He was able to remedy the situation by removing the empress dowager's brothers with the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong and his brother Liu Qing the Prince of Qinghe. This in turn created a precedent for eunuchs to be involved in important affairs of state. These trend would continue to escalate for the next century contributing to the fall of the Han dynasty. Further, while Qiang revolts, spurred by corrupt and/or oppressive Han officials, started during his father Emperor Zhang's reign, they began to create major problems for the Han during Emperor He's reign and would last until the reign of Emperor Ling.
	Emperor He himself appeared to be a largely kind and gentle man who, however, lacked his father's and grandfather Emperor Ming's acumen for governance and for judgment of character. Although Emperor He's reign arguably began Han's long decline, notable scientific progresses were made during this period including the invention of paper by the eunuch Cai Lun in 105.
	One additional trend that started with Emperor He was the lack of imperial heirs - most of Emperor He's sons predeceased him, and at his death he had only two live male children, neither of whom survived him long. Whereas many dynasties had succession crises triggered by an emperor's many sons vying to succeed him, in the case of the Eastern Han crises were triggered by the lack of direct male line heirs, further adding to dynastic instability.
	Then-Prince Zhao was born to Emperor Zhang and his concubine Consort Liang in 79. Because Emperor Zhang's favorite, Empress Dou, had no sons of her own, she adopted Prince Zhao as her own son; in doing so, she might have been inspired by her mother-in-law, Empress Ma, who had adopted Emperor Zhang, born of Emperor Ming's concubine Consort Jia. By the time Prince Zhao was born, his older brother Liu Qing, born of another concubine, Consort Song, had already been created crown prince. However, Empress Dou deeply wanted to make her adopted son crown prince as well as to eliminate Consort Song and her younger sister, also an imperial consort, as competition for Emperor Zhang's affection.
	In 82, an opportunity came for Empress Dou. Consort Song, the mother of Crown Prince Qing, had become ill, and in her illness, she craved raw cuscuta, and she requested that her family bring her some. Empress Dou seized the cuscuta and accused Consort Song and her sister of using it for witchcraft. Emperor Zhang was enraged and expelled Crown Prince Qing from the palace. He had both Consort Song and her sister arrested and interrogated by the eunuch Cai Lun. Following this they committed suicide by poison. Crown Prince Qing was deposed and created the Prince of Qinghe instead; he was replaced by Prince Zhao as crown prince. Prince Zhao, however, was friendly to his brother, and they often spent time together.
	The Song sisters would not be Empress Dou's only victims. After Prince Zhao was made crown prince, his birth mother's clan, the Liangs, did not dare to openly celebrate, but were secretly happy. When the Dou clan heard of this, they were displeased and fearful, and they felt that they had to destroy the Liangs. Empress Dou began to give false reports about Prince Zhao's birth mother Consort Liang and her sister, also an imperial consort, and they lost Emperor Zhang's favor. In 83, the Dou clan further submitted anonymous accusations against the father of both Consorts Liang, Liang Song (梁竦), who died in prison. The two Liang sisters died of sadness and fear.
	In 86, Emperor Zhang died, and Crown Prince Zhao succeeded to the throne at age seven.
	The boy Emperor He had no real powers; powers was in the hands of Empress Dowager Dou, and her brothers Dou Xian, Dou Du (竇篤), Dou Jing (竇景), and Dou Gui (竇瑰). Of her brothers, Dou Gui alone was humble and unassuming, but the other three, particularly Dou Xian, were arrogant, using their connection to the empress dowager to intimidate other officials into submission.
	Late in 88, however, a crime that Dou Xian committed threatened to cause even Empress Dowager Dou to want him executed. Liu Chang (劉暢), the Marquess of Duxiang, was favored by Empress Dowager Dou for his intelligence, and Dou Xian became fearful that Liu will divide his power. He therefore had Liu assassinated and blamed Liu's brother Liu Gang (劉剛), the Marquess of Li. Several judges who were unafraid of Dou Xian, however, carried out a thorough investigation, and Dou Xian's involvement was discovered. Empress Dowager Dou was enraged, and she put Dou Xian under arrest, and Dou Xian offered to lead an army against the North Xiongnu (Xiongnu having been divided into two since the times of Emperor Guangwu, with South Xiongnu being a loyal vassal and North Xiongnu being a constant nuisance, at most) to atone for his crimes.
	Empress Dowager Dou agreed, and Dou Xian led an army and crushed the North Xiongnu in 89. After this great military victory, he became even more arrogant, however—and Empress Dowager Dou permitted him to be. He had another major victory over the North Xiongnu in 91, essentially wiping North Xiongnu out as a political entity. As a result, Dou Xian so dominated the government that all dissenting officials faced the threat of demotion or even death.
	In 92, however, the Dous would suddenly fall as the result of a coup d'etat. The details are unclear now, but it appeared that Emperor He, perhaps encouraged by his brother Prince Qing (whose mother had died at the Dous' hand and whose status as crown prince had been stripped away by their machinations) and the eunuch Zheng Zhong (鄭眾).
	Based on the traditional historical accounts, some of the Dous' relatives (but not the Dous themselves) had considered murdering the emperor. (The utter lack of motive, however, has led modern historians to generally discredit this assertion.) Emperor He, fearful of being murdered, planned along with Zheng and Liu Qing to destroy the Dous' power. They received some help—in the form of historical accounts that would inspire them as to what to do—from another brother of the emperor, Liu Kang (劉伉), the Prince of Qiancheng.
	In the summer, Emperor He made a sudden move, issuing an edict ordering the imperial guards to go on alert and to close the gates of the capital Luoyang. The Dous' relatives who were accused of plotting to murder the emperor were executed. An imperial messenger was sent to seize Dou Xian's seal as the commander of the armed forces. All of the empress dowager's brothers were sent back to their march but under close guard—the emperor wanted to execute them but did not want to do so publicly, so once they returned to their marches, he ordered all of them, except for the more humble Dou Gui, to commit suicide.
	After the coup d'état against the Dous, Emperor He appeared actually take power, and Empress Dowager Dou lost all power, although he continued to honor her as his mother, apparently having some inkling but not knowing for sure that she was not his birth mother. Prince Qing became a trusted advisor of his, as did Zheng—which started an escalating trend of eunuchs being involved with government matters, lasting for the rest of the Eastern Han Dynasty; in fact, in 102, Zheng was created marquess, in an unprecedented action. In the aftermaths of the coup d'état, innumerable officials accused of being the Dous' associates were arrested or removed from their posts. The chief among them were the historian Ban Gu, who was a chief assistant of Dou Xian and who had apparently been complicit in Dou's autocracy, as well as the commander of the armed forces Song You (宋由), although Ban Gu's brother Ban Chao was not affected and continued to enjoy imperial support in his Xiyu (modern Xinjiang and former Soviet central Asia) campaigns. In 97, Ban Chao would send his assistant Gan Ying (甘英) (Kan Ying) on a mission to the Roman Empire—but Gan would turn back after reaching an unnamed shore in the Parthian Empire, which might have been the shore of the Persian Gulf—without reaching Rome. In 102, after Ban Chao's retirement, however, mismanagement would lead to the Xiyu kingdoms to rebel against Han authority, and the suzerainty over Xiyu was lost.
	The reign of Emperor He was generally one free of major corruption, and the young emperor was himself humble and unassuming. He also appeared to genuinely care for the people. However, he was also undistinguished as an emperor, as he appeared to lack the abilities of his father and grandfather in actively doing what is good for the people.
	In 97, Empress Dowager Dou died. It was only at this time that officials revealed to Emperor He that he was born of Consort Liang. He sought out her brothers and honored them with powerful posts—and from this point on, the Liang clan would become one of the most powerful in the Eastern Han aristocracy. He also posthumously rewarded her with an empress title. However, he rejected a suggestion that Empress Dowager Dou be posthumously demoted, and he buried her with full imperial honors with his father Emperor Zhang. (He also posthumously honored his brother Prince Qing's mother with lesser honors and awarded her brothers with minor posts.)
	Qiang rebellions — a persistent problem for the Eastern Han - also took place during Emperor He's reign. (They had first started during his father Emperor Zhang's reign, but were not a major problem until his reign.) In 92, when the official in charge of Qiang affairs, Deng Xun (鄧訓) died, the Qiang had been pacified apparently by Deng's good governing tactics, but after Deng's death, the new official Nie Shang (聶尚) apparently inadvertently offended the Qiang chief Mitang (迷唐), and Mitang rebelled. In 93, the new official in charge of Qiang affairs, Guan You (貫友), was able to defeat Mitang by alienating the other tribes from Mitang's own, but Mitang was not captured and remained a threat. After Guan's death, his successor Shi Chong (史充), indeed, would suffer major losses against Mitang. Mitang, however, would eventually surrender in 98 after running out of allies, and Emperor He in fact received Mitang in an official audience that year. In 100, however, Mitang, suspicious of Han officials' intentions in ordering him to move a long distance—under the rationale that his people were then living on poor soil and the new location provided better opportunities—rebelled again. However, for the rest of his years, Mitang would basically be a nuisance and not a major threat.
	In 96, Emperor He created one of his favorites, Consort Yin—who came from the noble lineage of a brother of Emperor Guangwu's wife, Empress Yin Lihua—empress. She was described as beautiful but short and clumsy, and also jealous. In particular, she became jealous of another of Emperor He's favorites, Consort Deng Sui, who also came from a noble lineage, as the granddaughter of Emperor Guangwu's prime minister Deng Yu (鄧禹). Consort Deng was described to have tried to alleviate this situation by acting humbling before Empress Yin, but this further drew her wrath. Once, when Emperor He was ill, Empress Yin made the remark that if she became empress dowager, the Dengs would be slaughtered—and upon hearing that remark, Consort Deng considered committing suicide, and one of her ladies in waiting saved her by falsely telling her that the emperor had recovered. However, the emperor did soon recover, so Consort Deng and her family escaped a terrible fate.
	In 102, Empress Yin and her grandmother, Deng Zhu (鄧朱), were accused of using witchcraft to curse imperial consorts (probably including Consort Deng). Lady Deng and her sons, as well as Empress Yin's brother Yin Fu (陰輔), died under interrogation and torture. Empress Yin was deposed, and her father Yin Gang (陰綱) committed suicide. The rest of her family was exiled. She herself died in sorrow, probably in 102 as well.
	After Empress Yin was deposed, Consort Deng was created empress. While she was empress, she constantly rejected Emperor He's offers to promote her brothers, so they did not have much power during Emperor He's reign.
	Empress Deng and all of the imperial consorts were sonless for a long time. (Emperor He was described to have had a number of sons who died in young age; it is unclear whether Empresses Yin or Deng ever gave birth, but it appears that they did not.) Late in Emperor He's reign, he had two sons—whose mothers were not mentioned in history—Liu Sheng (劉勝) and Liu Long (劉隆). Under the superstition of the time, it was thought that they might survive better if they grew up outside the palace in light of their other brothers' early deaths, so both were given to foster parents.
	In 106, Emperor He died. At that time, Liu Sheng, the older son, was still young (but actual age is not recorded in history) and believed to be constantly ill. The younger, Liu Long, was only 100 days old. Both were welcomed back to the palace, and Empress Deng created Liu Long crown prince, believing that he would be healthier, and then that night he was proclaimed emperor, as Emperor Shang. Emperor Shang would only live to age one, however, and died later in 106. After Emperor Shang's death, Empress Dowager Deng was apprehensive that Liu Sheng might resent her for not making him emperor first, refused to make him emperor, but made Prince Qing's son Liu Hu (劉祜) emperor, as Emperor An.

= = = 90 (number) = = =

	90 (ninety) is the natural number preceded by 89 and followed by 91.
	In the English language, the numbers 90 and 19 are often confused, as they sound very similar. When carefully enunciated, they differ in which syllable is stressed: 19 /naɪnˈtiːn/ vs 90 /ˈnaɪnti/. However, in dates such as 1999, and when contrasting numbers in the teens and when counting, such as 17, 18, 19, the stress shifts to the first syllable: 19 /ˈnaɪntiːn/.
	90 is:
	In normal space, the interior angles of a rectangle measure 90 degrees each. Also, in a right triangle, the angle opposing the hypotenuse measures 90 degrees, with the other two angles adding up to 90 for a total of 180 degrees. Thus, an angle measuring 90 degrees is called a right angle.
	Ninety is:

= = = High-altitude military parachuting = = =

	High-altitude military parachuting (or military free fall (MFF)) is a method of delivering military personnel, military equipment, and other military supplies from a transport aircraft at a high altitude via free-fall parachute insertion. Two techniques are used: HALO (high altitude – low opening, often called a HALO jump) and HAHO (high altitude – high opening).
	In the HALO technique, the parachutist opens the parachute at a low altitude after free-falling for a period of time, while in the HAHO technique, the parachutist opens the parachute at a high altitude just a few seconds after jumping from the aircraft.
	Although HALO techniques were first developed in the 1960s for military uses, in recent years HALO parachute designs have been more widely used in non-military applications, including as a form of skydiving.
	In military operations, HALO is also used for delivering equipment, supplies, or personnel, while HAHO is generally used exclusively for personnel. In typical HALO/HAHO insertions the troops jump from altitudes between and .
	The origins of the HALO technique date back to 1960 when the United States Air Force began conducting experiments that followed earlier work by Colonel John Stapp in the late 1940s through early 1950s on survivability for pilots ejecting at high altitude. Stapp, a research biophysicist and medical doctor, used himself in rocket sled tests to study the effects of very high g-forces. Stapp also solved many of the problems of high-altitude flight in his earliest work for the Air Force and subjected himself to exposure to altitudes of up to . He later helped develop pressure suits and ejection seats, which have been used in jets ever since. As part of the experiments, on August 16, 1960, Colonel Joseph Kittinger performed the first high-altitude jump at above the Earth's surface. Kittinger's friend and United States Naval Parachute Test Jumper Joe Crotwell was also among the consultants and test jumpers of the original program. The first time the technique was used for combat was during the Vietnam War in Laos by members of MACV-SOG. SEAL Team Six of the United States Navy expanded the HALO technique to include delivery of boats and other large items.
	The technique is used to airdrop supplies, equipment, or personnel at high altitudes, where aircraft can fly above surface-to-air missile (SAM) engagement levels through enemy skies without posing a threat to the transport or load. In the event that anti-aircraft cannons are active near the drop zone, the HALO technique also minimizes the parachutist's exposure to flak.
	For military cargo airdrops, the rigged load is cut free and rolls out of the plane as a result of gravity. The load then proceeds to fall under canopy to a designated drop zone.
	In a typical HALO exercise, the parachutist will jump from the aircraft, free-fall for a period of time at terminal velocity, and open his or her parachute at an altitude as low as 3,000 feet AGL depending on the mission. The combination of high downward speed, minimal forward airspeed, and the use of only small amounts of metal helps to defeat radar and reduces the amount of time a parachute might be visible to ground observers, enabling a stealthy insertion.
	The HAHO technique is used to airdrop personnel at high altitudes when aircraft are unable to fly above enemy skies without posing a threat to the jumpers. In addition, HAHO parachute jumps are employed in the covert insertion of military personnel (generally special operations forces) into enemy territory, in circumstances where the covert nature of an operation may be compromised by the loud noise of parachutes opening at low altitude.
	HAHO jumps also allow a longer travel distance due to increased under-canopy time, allowing travelling distances of more than 40 miles (64 km).
	In a typical HAHO exercise, the jumper will jump from the aircraft and deploy the parachute at a high altitude, 10–15 seconds after the jump (typically at or so). The jumper will use a compass or GPS device for guidance while flying for 30 or more miles (48+ kilometres). The jumper must use way points and terrain features to navigate to their desired landing zone, and correct their course to account for changes in wind speed and direction. If deploying as a team, the team will form up in a stack while airborne with their parachutes. Usually, the jumper in the lowest position will set the travel course and act as a guide for the other team members.
	Whilst in the British Special Forces (22 SAS), due to his extensive skydiving background, Charles "Nish" Bruce was pivotal in the original trials and development of the HAHO tactic now routinely used as a conflict insert for special forces.
	All types of parachuting techniques are dangerous, but HALO/HAHO carry special risks. At high altitudes (greater than 22,000 feet, or 6,700 m), the partial pressure of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere is low. Oxygen is required for human respiration and lack of pressure can lead to hypoxia. Also, rapid ascent in the jump aircraft without all nitrogen flushed from the bloodstream can lead to decompression sickness, also known as caisson disease or "the bends".
	A typical HALO exercise will require a pre-breathing period (30–45 minutes) prior to jump where the jumper breathes 100% oxygen in order to flush nitrogen from their bloodstream. Also, a HALO jumper will employ an oxygen bottle during the jump. Danger can come from medical conditions affecting the jumper. For example, cigarette smoking, alcohol and drug use (including antihistamines, sedatives, and analgesics), anemia, carbon monoxide, fatigue and anxiety can all lead to a jumper being more susceptible to hypoxia. In addition, problems with the oxygen bottle and during the changeover from the pre-breather to the oxygen bottle can result in the return of nitrogen to the jumper's bloodstream and, therefore, an increased likelihood of decompression sickness. A jumper suffering from hypoxia may lose consciousness and therefore be unable to open his parachute. A jumper suffering from decompression sickness may die or become permanently disabled from nitrogen bubbles in the bloodstream, which causes inflammation of joints.
	Another risk is from the low ambient temperatures prevalent at higher altitudes. At an altitude of 35,000 feet, the jumper faces temperatures of –45 °C (–50 °F), and can experience frostbite. However, HALO jumpers generally wear polypropylene knit undergarments and other warm clothing under a windproof shell to prevent this.
	HALO carries the additional risk that if the parachute fails to deploy or lines become tangled, there is less time to resort to the reserve (back-up parachute) or untangle the lines.

= = = Emperor Shang of Han = = =

	Emperor Shang of Han (; Late October or Early November 105 – 21 September 106) was an infant emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty and the fifth emperor of the Eastern Han.
	The Empress Dowager Deng placed him on the throne when he was barely over 100 days old, despite his having an older brother, Liu Sheng (劉勝), whose age was unknown but was likely to be young as well.
	Empress Dowager Deng also kept Liu Hu (劉祜), the twelve-year-old cousin of Shangdi and future Emperor An of Han in the capital Luoyang as insurance against the baby emperor's death. Liu Hu ascended to the throne when Emperor Shang died in 106; however, Dowager Deng still remained as the regent for the teenager Emperor An. A decree by Empress Dowager Deng during this reign shed light on bureaucratic inefficiency.
	Then-Prince Long was born in autumn 105 to Emperor He and a concubine whose identity is unknown. Because Emperor He had, during his reign, frequently lost sons due to illnesses in childhood, according to the superstitions of the time, both Prince Long and his older brother Prince Sheng were given to foster parents outside the palace to nurture.
	When Emperor He died early 106, his wife, Empress Deng Sui, retrieved the young princes back to the palace. Prince Sheng was older but regarded as frequently ill and unfit for the throne, for Empress Deng first created the infant Prince Long crown prince. The same night, he was proclaimed emperor with Empress Deng as Empress Dowager.
	After Emperor Shang was proclaimed emperor, his brother Prince Sheng was created the Prince of Pingyuan.
	Concerned that Emperor Shang might not live long, Empress Dowager Deng also kept Liu Hu, the twelve-year old cousin of Emperor Shang and the future Emperor An of Han in the capital Luoyang as insurance against the infant emperor's death. (Prince Hu was the son of Prince Qing of Qinghe—who was once a crown prince under Emperor He's father Emperor Zhang but was deposed due to machinations of Emperor Zhang's wife Empress Dou. Therefore, he was viewed by some as the rightful heir.)
	As Emperor Shang was an infant, actual and formal power were in Empress Deng's hands. Her brother Deng Zhi (鄧騭) became the most powerful official in the imperial government. She issued a general pardon, which benefitted the people who had had rights stripped from them for associating with the family of Empress Dou.
	Late in 106, Emperor Shang died. The officials had by this time realized that Prince Sheng, his older brother, was not as ill as originally thought, and wanted to make him emperor. However, Empress Dowager Deng was concerned that he might bear a grudge at not being made emperor before his brother, and therefore insisted on making Emperor Shang's cousin Prince Hu emperor instead, and he took the throne as Emperor An.
	Emperor Shang, having died as a toddler, was not given a separate tomb, as is customary for emperors. Rather, in order to avoid unnecessary expenses, he was buried in the same tomb complex as his father Emperor He.

= = = List of cities and towns in Andorra = = =

	This is a list of cities, towns and villages in Andorra. The country, divided into 7 parishes, counts 44 official statistical "poblacions" (i.e.: towns and villages) and other villages.
	1. Les Escaldes and Engordany are former villages and nowadays the parish of Escaldes-Engordany is only one city.
	As of 2011-12-31, Source: CityPopulation

= = = List of cities and towns in Angola = = =

	This is a list of cities and towns in Angola.

= = = Municipalities of Armenia = = =

	A municipality in Armenia referred to as community ( "hamaynk", plural: "hamaynkner"), is an administrative subdivision consisting of a settlement ( "bnakavayr") or a group of settlements ( "bnakavayrer") that enjoys local self-government. The settlements are classified as either towns ( "kaghakner", singular "kaghak") or villages ( "gyugher", singular ( "gyugh"). The administrative centre of a community could either be an urban settlement (town) or a rural settlement (village). 
	Two-thirds of the population are now urbanized. As of 2017, 63.6% of Armenians live in urban areas as compared to 36.4% in rural. As of the end of 2017, Armenia has 503 municipal communities -including Yerevan- of which 46 are urban and 457 are rural. The capital, Yerevan, also has the status of a community.
	Each municipality bears the same name as its administrative centre, with the exception of 7 municipalities, of which 4 are located in Shirak Province (Ani Municipality with its centre Maralik, Arpi Municipality with its centre Berdasehen, Marmashen Municipality with its centre Mayisyan, Sarapat Municipality with its centre Torosgyugh), 1 is located in Gegharkunik Province (Geghamasar Municipality with its centre Sotk), 1 is located in Syunik Province (Tatev Municipality with its centre Shinuhayr), and 1 is located in Vayots Dzor Province (Yeghegis Municipality with its centre Shatin).
	Here is a list of the municipalities of Armenia as of January 2018, classified by province and type:
	Aragatsotn Province is currently divided into 72 municipal communities, of which 3 are urban and 69 are rural:
	Rural communities and included settlements:
	Ararat Province is currently divided into 95 municipal communities, of which 4 are urban and 91 are rural:
	Rural communities and included settlements:
	Armavir Province is currently divided into 97 municipal communities, of which 3 are urban and 94 are rural:
	Rural communities and included settlements:
	Gegharkunik Province is currently divided into 57 municipal communities ("hamaynkner"), of which 5 are urban and 52 are rural.
	Rural communities and included settlements:
	Kotayk Province is currently divided into 42 municipal communities, of which 7 are urban and 35 are rural:
	Lori Province is currently divided into 57 municipal communities, of which 7 are urban and 50 are rural:
	Shirak Province is currently divided into 42 municipal communities, of which 3 are urban and 39 are rural:
	Syunik Province is currently divided into 8 municipal communities, of which 5 are urban, and 3 are rural:
	Tavush Province is currently divided into 24 municipal communities, of which 5 are urban, and 19 are rural:
	Vayots Dzor Province is currently divided into 8 municipal communities ("hamaynkner"), of which 3 are urban, and 5 are rural:
	The capital Yerevan holds the status of a single municipal community divided into 12 administrative districts:
	Sources: Armenia 2011 census

= = = List of cities in Azerbaijan = = =

	This is a list of cities in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan is a country in the South Caucasus region, situated at the crossroads of Southwest Asia and Southeastern Europe. In total, Azerbaijan has 77 cities (including 12 Federal-level cities), 64 smaller -class cities, and one special legal status city. These are followed by 257 urban-type settlements and 4,620 villages.
	There are 77 urban settlements in Azerbaijan with the official status of a city (). They are:
	List of ten cities, including the capital Baku, with the largest urban population in 2018.

= = = List of cities in Chad = = =

	This is a list of cities and towns in Chad. In brackets there is the Arabic name of the city.

= = = Tiananmen = = =

	The Tiananmen (also Tian'anmen, Tienanmen, T’ien-an Men) (), or the Gate of Heavenly Peace, is a monumental gate in the centre of Beijing, widely used as a national symbol of China. First built during the Ming dynasty in 1420, Tiananmen was the entrance to the Imperial City, within which the Forbidden City was located. Tiananmen is located to the north of Tiananmen Square, separated from the plaza by Chang'an Avenue.
	The Chinese name of the gate (/), is made up of the Chinese characters for "heaven," "peace" and "gate" respectively, which is why the name is conventionally translated as "Gate of Heavenly Peace". However, this translation is somewhat misleading, since the Chinese name is derived from the much longer phrase "receiving the mandate from heaven, and pacifying the dynasty." (). The Manchu translation, "Abkai elhe obure duka", lies closer to the original meaning of the gate and can be literally translated as the "Gate of Heavenly Peacemaking." The gate had a counterpart in the northern end of the imperial city called Di'anmen (, Dì'ānmén; Manchu: "Na i elhe obure duka"), which may be roughly translated as the "Gate of Earthly Peace."
	The gate was originally named Chengtianmen (), or "Gate of Accepting Heavenly Mandate", and it has been destroyed and rebuilt several times. The original building was first constructed in 1420 and was based on a gate of an imperial building in Nanjing with the same name and hence inherited the name "Chengtianmen". The gate was damaged by lightning in July, 1457, and was completely burnt down. In 1465, the Chenghua Emperor of the Ming dynasty ordered Zi Gui (), the Minister of Works, to rebuild the gate, and the design was changed from the original paifang form to the gatehouse that is seen today. It suffered another blow in the war at the end of the Ming dynasty, when in 1644 the gate was burnt down by rebels led by Li Zicheng. Following the establishment of the Qing dynasty and the Manchu conquest of China proper, the gate was once again rebuilt, beginning in 1645, and was given its present name upon completion in 1651. The gate was reconstructed again between 1969 and 1970. The gate as it stood was by then 300 years old, and had badly deteriorated, partly due to heavy usage in the 1950s and 1960s. As the gate was a national symbol, Zhou Enlai ordered that the rebuilding was to be kept secret. The whole gate was covered in scaffolding, and the project was officially called a "renovation". The rebuilding aimed to leave the gate's external appearance unchanged while making it more resistant to earthquakes and featuring modern facilities such as an elevator, water supply and heating system.
	The building is long, wide and high. Like other official buildings of the empire, the gate has unique imperial roof decorations.
	In front of the gate are two lions standing in front of the gate and two more guarding the bridges. In Chinese culture, lions are believed to protect humans from evil spirits.
	Two stone columns, called huabiao, each with an animal ("hou") on top of it, also stand in front of the gate. Originally, these installations were designed for commoners to address their grievances by writing or sticking up petitions on the columns. However, the examples in front of the Imperial City were purely decorative and instead connoted the majesty of the imperial government.
	The western and eastern walls have giant placards; the left one reads "Long Live the People's Republic of China" (), while the right one reads "Long Live the Great Unity of the World's Peoples". The right placard used to read "Long Live the Central People's Government" () for the founding ceremony of the PRC, but after the ceremony it was changed to "Long Live the Great Unity of the World's Peoples" (). Both placards were changed to use simplified Chinese instead of traditional Chinese characters in 1964. The phrasing has significant symbolic meaning, as the phrase used for "long live", like the Imperial City itself, was traditionally reserved for Emperors of China, but is now available to the common people.
	The reviewing stands in the foreground are used on International Workers Day (May Day) and on the National Day (October 1) of the People's Republic of China.
	In front of the stands is the Imperial City's moat, still filled with water but now containing decorative illuminated fountains.
	In ancient times, the Tiananmen was among the most important gates encountered when entering Beijing's Imperial City along with the Qianmen, the Gate of China. Proceeding further inward, the next gate is the 'Upright Gate', identical in design to the Tian'anmen; behind it is the southern entrance of the Forbidden City itself, known as the Meridian Gate.
	Because of the gate's position at the front of the Imperial City, and historical events that have taken place on Tiananmen Square, the gate has great political significance. In 1925, when China was ruled by the Nationalist government, a large portrait of Sun Yat-sen was hung at the gate after his death. In 1945, to celebrate the victory over Japan, Chiang Kai-shek's portrait was hung.
	On July 7, 1949, portraits of Zhu De and Mao Zedong were hung to commemorate the Second Sino-Japanese War. Since the founding date of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949, a singular portrait of Mao has been hung on the gate. The portrait is replaced annually before National Day. On only one occasion on March 9, 1953, it was temporarily replaced by a portrait of Joseph Stalin was to commemorate his death.
	In 2011 Alexander Pann Han-tang, chairman of the Asia Pacific Taiwan Federation of Industry and Commerce, and a close friend of Taiwanese president Ma Ying-jeou, proposed that the picture of Sun Yat-sen be displayed at Tiananmen Square instead for the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of China. However this proposal was rejected.
	The portrait weighs 1.5 tonnes and is generally replaced by a spare when it is vandalised. In 1989, three dissidents, including Yu Dongyue, attacked the portrait with eggs during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Yu was sent to prison and was not released until 17 years later in 2006. On May 12, 2007 the portrait of Mao caught fire. A 35-year-old unemployed man from Urumqi was arrested for the incident. About 15% of the portrait was damaged, and had to be repaired later. On April 5, 2010, a protester threw ink in a plastic bottle and hit a wall near the portrait. He was then arrested.
	Due to its historical significance, Tiananmen is featured on the National Emblem of the People's Republic of China. It has also been featured in the designs of stamps and coins issued by the People's Republic of China.
	Tiananmen is open to the public each day of the week from 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
	Line 1 of the Beijing Subway has stops at Tiananmen West and Tiananmen East, on either side of Tiananmen.
	City buses 1, 2, 5, 52, 82, 120, 1, 2, 1, 2, 17 stop near Tiananmen.

= = = List of cities, towns and villages in East Timor = = =

	This is a list of cities, towns, and villages in East Timor.

= = = List of cities in El Salvador = = =

	This article shows a list of cities in El Salvador.
	Over 100,000 or a High Human Development Index, and a high urbanization. 
	AMSS = San Salvador Metropolitan Area
	Over 50,000, medium to low urbanization, or departmental capital.
	Within the range of 1,001 to 49,999 or have a really low urbanization, and keeps the colonial look of the country.

= = = List of cities in The Gambia = = =

	This is a list of cities and major towns in Gambia.
[[Category:Lists of cities by country|Gambia, List of cities in The]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Gambia|*List]]

= = = List of cities and towns in Georgia (country) = = =

	The following list of Georgian cities is divided into three lists for Georgia itself, and the disputed territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Although not recognized by most countries, Abkhazia and South Ossetia have been de facto independent since, respectively, 1992 and 1991 and occupied by Russia since 2008 Russo-Georgian War.
	This is a list of the cities and towns (Georgian: ქალაქი, "k'alak'i") in Georgia, according to the 2014 census data of the Department of Statistics of Georgia. The list does not include the smaller urban-type settlements categorized in Georgia as "daba" (დაბა). The list also does not include cities and towns in the disputed territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
	This is a list of the largest cities and towns in Abkhazia. Data for 1989 is official data from the Department of Statistics of Georgia, data for 2010 are unofficial estimates of the World Gazetteer.
	This is a list of the largest cities and towns in South Ossetia. Data for 1989 is official data from the Department of Statistics of Georgia, data for 2010 are unofficial estimates of the World Gazetteer.
	The intent to construct Lazica, a new city on Georgia's Black Sea littoral, was unveiled by President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili on December 4, 2011. The construction was scheduled to be launched in 2012.

= = = List of cities and towns of Hungary = = =

	Hungary has 3,152 localities as of July 15, 2013. 346 towns (Hungarian term: "város", plural: "városok"; the terminology doesn't distinguish between cities and towns – the term town is used in official translations) and 2,806 villages (Hungarian: "község", plural: "községek"). The number of towns can change, since villages can be elevated to town status by act of the President. The capital Budapest has a special status and is not included in any county while 23 of the towns are so-called urban counties ("megyei jogú város" – town with county rights). All county seats except Budapest are urban counties.
	Four of the cities (Budapest, Miskolc, Győr, and Pécs) have agglomerations, and the Hungarian Statistical Office distinguishes seventeen other areas in earlier stages of agglomeration development.
	The largest city is the capital, Budapest, the smallest town is Pálháza with 1038 inhabitants (2010). The largest village is Solymár (population: 10,123 as of 2010) There are more than 100 villages with fewer than 100 inhabitants while the smallest villages have fewer than 20 inhabitants.
	Bold: Town with county rights ("megyei jogú város").
	25,000 – 15,000
	15,000 – 5,000
< 5,000
	In 1910, the ten largest cities in the Kingdom of Hungary (including Croatia-Slavonia) were:
	Out of Hungary's ten largest cities in 1910, five are now located outside of Hungary as a result of post-World War I border changes.

= = = List of cities in Jordan = = =

	This article shows a list of cities in Jordan.
	Cities and urban localities with a population are listed below.

= = = List of cities in Libya = = =

	This is a list of the 100 largest populated places in Libya. Some places in the list could be considered suburbs or neighborhoods of some large cities in the list, so this list is not definitive.
	"Source:Amraja M. el Khajkhaj, "Noumou al Mudon as Sagheera fi Libia", Dar as Saqia, Benghazi-2008, pp. 118-123."

= = = List of cities in Ecuador = = =

	This is a list of cities in Ecuador.

= = = List of cities in North Macedonia = = =

	This is a list of cities and towns in North Macedonia. In the country there are 34 cities, of which 5 have population of over 50,000 and 12 towns with population of under 10,000 people. The capital city, Skopje, is home to around 25% of the total population of the country. As of 2002, 59.5% of the population lived in urban areas.
	Twelve towns in North Macedonia have population under 10,000: Demir Hisar (2,593), Pehčevo (3,237), Demir Kapija (3,275), Makedonski Brod (3,740), Valandovo (4,402), Makedonska Kamenica (5,147), Kruševo (5,330), Bogdanci (6,011), Kratovo (6,924), Berovo (7,002), Probištip (8,714) and Resen (8,748). These towns are officially called "cities", but they are often called as "small towns" ("гратчиња, gratčinja"), because of the size of the population.
	In North Macedonia there are only 5 cities with population of over 50,000: Skopje (506,926), Bitola (74,550), Kumanovo (70,842), Prilep (66,246) and Tetovo (86,580). These are the largest cities in the country.
	Seventeen towns in North Macedonia have population between 10,000 and 50,000: Veles (43,716), Štip (43,652), Ohrid (42,033), Gostivar (35,847), Strumica (35,311), Kavadarci (29,188), Kočani (28,330), Kičevo (27,067), Struga (16,559), Radoviš (16,223), Gevgelija (15,685), Debar (14,561), Kriva Palanka (14,558), Sveti Nikole (13,746), Negotino (13,284), Delčevo (11,500) and Vinica (10,863). These towns are often referred to as "cities of medium size".
	The largest five cities in North Macedonia are:
	The five smallest towns in North Macedonia are:

= = = Monopoly on violence = = =

	The monopoly on violence or the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force is a core concept of modern public law, which goes back to Jean Bodin's 1576 work "Les Six livres de la République" and Thomas Hobbes' 1651 book "Leviathan". As the defining conception of the state, it was first described in sociology by Max Weber in his essay "Politics as a Vocation" (1919). Weber claims that the state is the "only human "Gemeinschaft" which lays claim to the monopoly on the legitimated use of physical force. However, this monopoly is limited to a certain geographical area, and in fact this limitation to a particular area is one of the things that defines a state." In other words, Weber describes the state as any organization that succeeds in holding the exclusive right to use, threaten, or authorize physical force against residents of its territory. Such a monopoly, according to Weber, must occur via a process of legitimation.
	Max Weber wrote in "Politics as a Vocation" that a fundamental characteristic of statehood is the claim of such a monopoly. His expanded definition was that something is "a 'state' if and insofar as its administrative staff successfully upholds a claim on the 'monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force' () in the enforcement of its order." Weber's concept has been formalized to show that the exclusive policing power of the state benefits social welfare via private property, provided the state acts benevolently in the interest of its citizens.
	According to Weber, the state is that "human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of violence within a given territory." The public police and military are its main instruments, but private security might also be considered to have "the 'right' to use violence" so long as the sole source of this perceived right is state sanction. Weber applied several caveats to his discussion of the state's monopoly of violence:
	Robert Hinrichs Bates argues that the state itself has no violent power; rather, the people hold all the power of coercion to ensure that order and other equilibriums hold up. The implication of this is that there is a frontier of well-being in stateless societies, that can only be surpassed if some level of coercion or violence is used to elevate the complexity of the state. In other words, without investing in troops, police, or some sort of enforcement mechanism, early states cannot enjoy the law and order (or prosperity) of more developed states.
	The capacity of a state is often measured in terms of its fiscal and legal capacity. Fiscal capacity meaning the state's ability to recover taxation to provide public goods, and legal capacity meaning the state's supremacy as sole arbiter of conflict resolution and contract enforcement. Without some sort of coercion, the state would not otherwise be able to enforce its legitimacy in its desired sphere of influence. In early and developing states, this role was often played by the "stationary bandit" who defended villagers from roving bandits, in the hope that the protection would incentivize villagers to invest in economic production, and the stationary bandit could eventually use its coercive power to expropriate some of that wealth.
	In regions where state presence is minimally felt, non-state actors can use their monopoly of violence to establish legitimacy and order. For example, the Sicilian Mafia originated as a protection racket providing buyers and sellers in the black market with protection. Without this type of enforcement, market participants would not be otherwise confident enough to trust their counter-parties for valid contract enforcement and the market would collapse.
	Even in illicit and underground markets (somewhat akin to stateless societies), violence is used to enforce contracts in the absence of accessible legal conflict resolution. Charles Tilly continues this comparison to say that warmaking and statemaking are actually the best representations of what organized crime can grow into.
	According to Raymond Aron, international relations are characterized by the absence of widely acknowledged legitimacy in the use of force between states.
	Martha Lizabeth Phelps, writing in "Politics & Policy", takes Weber's ideas on the legitimacy of private security a step further. Phelps claims that the use of private actors by the state remains legitimate if and only if military contractors are perceived as being controlled by the state.

= = = List of cities in Madagascar = = =

	This is a list of major cities in Madagascar with population (1993 census and 2013 estimate), region, and former province. These are listed in order of their 2013 population. Note that these are the populations of the cities themselves (i.e. administrative districts, except in the case of Ambovombe) and exclude the populations of suburban communes outside the cities; some of the communes adjacent to Antananarivo have more than 100,000 population themselves. 
	This is an alphabetically-ordered list of smaller cities and towns in Madagascar with population (1993 census and 2001 estimate), region, and province.

= = = List of cities and towns in Moldova = = =

	There are 66 cities and towns in Moldova.
	There are 5 localities with municipality status: Bălți, Chișinău, Comrat, Bender (Tighina), and Tiraspol. The other 61 have city status.
	"For the distribution of cities and towns by district, see List of localities in Moldova."
 

= = = List of cities in Mongolia = = =

	This is a list of cities in Mongolia.
	The following table includes cities of more than 7,500 inhabitants. The results are from the census of January 5, 2000 as well as from a population estimation for the end of 2008. If 2008 year data was not accessible, the closest and most reliable data was used and noted by an index.
	The population for previous years show the historical significance of population growth and urbanisation throughout Mongolia.
	The higher level administrative unit is the aimag, except for Ulaanbaatar which administrates its own federal district (Nalaikh and Baganuur are administrated by Ulaanbaatar. The numbers of inhabitants relate to the cities proper without surrounding districts.)
	Colour key:
	Notes:

= = = List of cities in Nepal = = =

	Municipalities in Nepal are cities and towns meeting minimum criteria set out by the government. These criteria include a certain population, infrastructure and revenues. Presently, there are 293 municipalities in Nepal among which 6 are metropolis, 11 are sub-metropolis and 276 are municipal councils. Other than that there are 460 rural municipalities totaling 753 local level government within Nepal.
	Kathmandu, the capital, is also the largest city followed by Biratnagar, the industrial capital of the nation. In terms of area, Pokhara is the largest metropolitan city covering a subtotal of 464.28 km while Lalitpur is the smallest, with an area of 36.12 km. Ghorahi is the largest sub-metropolitan city, with an area of 522.21 km and a population of 156,154 and Sitganga is the largest municipality with an area of .
	The cities listed in bold are the capitals of their respective provinces of Nepal while that in "italic" is the country capital.

= = = Dormition of the Mother of God = = =

	The Dormition of the Mother of God is a Great Feast of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches which commemorates the "falling asleep" or death of Mary the "Theotokos" ("Mother of God", literally translated as "God-bearer"), and her bodily resurrection before being taken up into heaven. It is celebrated on 15 August (28 August N.S. for those following the Julian Calendar) as the Feast of the Dormition of the Mother of God. The Armenian Apostolic Church celebrates the Dormition not on a fixed date, but on the Sunday nearest 15 August.
	The death or Dormition of Mary is not recorded in the Christian canonical scriptures.
	Hippolytus of Thebes, a 7th- or 8th-century author, claims in his partially preserved chronology to the New Testament that Mary lived for 11 years after the death of Jesus, dying in AD 41.
	The term "Dormition" expresses the belief that the Virgin died without suffering, in a state of spiritual peace. This belief does not rest on any scriptural basis, but is affirmed by Orthodox Christian Holy Tradition. It is testified to in some old Apocryphal writings, but neither the Orthodox Church nor other Christians regard these as possessing scriptural authority.
	The Feast of the Dormition is preceded by a two-week fast, referred to as the Dormition Fast. From August 1 to August 14 (inclusive) Orthodox and Eastern Catholics fast from red meat, poultry, meat products, dairy products (eggs and milk products), fish, oil, and wine. The Dormition Fast is a stricter fast than either the Nativity Fast (Advent) or the Apostles' Fast, with only wine and oil (but no fish) allowed on weekends. As with the other Fasts of the Church year, there is a Great Feast that falls during the Fast; in this case, the Transfiguration (August 6), on which fish, wine and oil are allowed.
	In some places, the services on weekdays during the Dormition Fast are similar to the services during Great Lent (with some variations). Many churches and monasteries in the Russian tradition perform the lenten services on at least the first day of the Dormition Fast. In the Greek tradition, during the Fast either the Great Paraklesis (Supplicatory Canon) or the Small Paraklesis is celebrated every evening except Saturday evening and the Eves of the Transfiguration and the Dormition.
	The first day of the Dormition Fast is a feast day called the Procession of the Cross (August 1), on which day it is customary to have an outdoor procession and perform the Lesser Blessing of Water. In Eastern Orthodoxy it is also the day of the Holy Seven Maccabees, Martyrs Abimus, Antonius, Gurias, Eleazar, Eusebonus, Alimus, and Marcellus, their mother Solomonia, and their teacher Eleazar. Therefore, the day is sometimes referred to as "Makovei". Finally it is also considered the First of the three "Feasts of the Saviour" in August, the Feast to the All-Merciful Saviour and the Most Holy Mother of God.
	In Orthodoxy and Catholicism, in the language of the scripture, death is often called a "sleeping" or "falling asleep" (Greek κοίμησις; whence κοιμητήριον > "coemetērium" > cemetery, "a place of sleeping"). A prominent example of this is the name of this feast; another is the Dormition of Anna, Mary's mother.
	The Dormition tradition is associated with various places, most notably with Jerusalem, which contains Mary's Tomb and the Basilica of the Dormition, and Ephesus, which contains the House of the Virgin Mary, and also with Constantinople where the Cincture of the Theotokos was enshrined from the 5th through 14th centuries.
	The first four Christian centuries are silent regarding the end of the Virgin Mary's life, though it is asserted, without surviving documentation, that the feast of the Dormition was being observed in Jerusalem shortly after the Council of Ephesus.
	Up until the 5th century Church Fathers do not mention the death of the Virgin, and before the 4th-5th century Dormition was not celebrated among the Christians as a holy day.
	For example, Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 310/20–403), a Jew by birth, born in Phoenicia, converted to Christianity in adulthood and lived as a monk for over 20 years in Palestine from 335–340 to 362, writes in "Panarion" in "Contra antidicomarianitas" about the death of the Virgin Mary the following:
	If any think [I] am mistaken, moreover, let them search through the scriptures any neither find Mary's death, nor whether or not she died, nor whether or not she was buried—even though John surely travelled throughout Asia. And yet, nowhere does he say that he took the holy Virgin with him. Scripture simply kept silence because of the overwhelming wonder, not to throw men's minds into consternation. For I dare not say—though I have my suspicions, I keep silent. Perhaps, just as her death is not to be found, so I may have found some traces of the holy and blessed Virgin. ...The holy virgin may have died and been buried—her falling asleep was with honour, her death in purity, her crown in virginity. Or she may have been put to death—as the scripture says, 'And a sword shall pierce through her soul'—her fame is among the martyrs and her holy body, by which light rose on the world, [rests] amid blessings. Or she may have remained alive, for God is not incapable of doing whatever he wills. No one knows her end. But we must not honour the saints to excess; we must honour their Master. It is time for the error of those who have gone astray to cease.
	Christians in the late 4th century had different opinions regarding Mary's death; some believed that she was martyred. For this reason, Ambrose, for example, wrote:
	Neither the letter of Scripture nor Tradition does not teach us that Mary had left this life as a consequence of suffering from bodily ulcers.
	The earliest Dormition traditions surface in manuscripts at some point in the late 5th century, when three distinct narrative traditions describing the end of Mary's life suddenly appear. Stephen Shoemaker characterised them as the "Palm of the Tree of Life" narratives, the "Bethlehem" narratives, and the "Coptic" narratives—aside from a handful of atypical narratives.
	The events of the Dormition of the Virgin and her burial are dealt with in several known apocrypha: "Tale of the Dormition of the Virgin" by Pseudo-John the Theologian (emerged in the mid-5th century or later), "De transitu Virginis Mariae" by Pseudo-Melito of Sardis (5th century), the composition of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, "According to John, Archbishop of Thessalonica." One of these apocrypha is placed in the "History of the Church" by Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos.
	All listed apocrypha are quite late—5th and 6th century—and their content differs from each other. Therefore, the Church did not adopt all their content, but only the basic idea that the Virgin Mary blissfully rested and Her soul was adopted by her Son Jesus Christ at Dormition. According to Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos in his "History of the Church," Emperor Maurice (582–602) issued an edict which set the date for the celebration of the Dormition on August 15. After that Christians in the empire began to celebrate the death of the Virgin Mary. Modestus, Patriarch of Jerusalem (630—632) said at this celebration, while preaching, that he regrets the lack of specific information about the death of the Virgin Mary.
	In Rome the feast called Dormitio Beatae Virginis was established by Pope Sergius I (687–701), borrowed from Constantinople.
	According to later Catholic tradition, Mary, having spent her life after Pentecost supporting and serving the nascent Church, was living in the house of the Apostle John, in Jerusalem, when the Archangel Gabriel revealed to her that her death would occur three days later. The apostles, scattered throughout the world, are said to have been miraculously transported to be at her side when she died. The sole exception was Thomas, who was preaching in India. He is said to have arrived in a cloud above her tomb exactly three days after her death, and to have seen her body leaving to heaven. He asked her "Where are you going, O Holy One?", at which she took off her girdle and gave it to him saying "Receive this my friend", after which she disappeared. Thomas was taken to his fellow apostles, whom he asked to see her grave, so that he could bid her goodbye. Mary had been buried in Gethsemane, according to her request. When they arrived at the grave, her body was gone, leaving a sweet fragrance. An apparition is said to have confirmed that Christ had taken her body to heaven after three days to be reunited with her soul. Orthodox theology teaches that the Theotokos has already undergone the bodily resurrection, which all will experience at the second coming, and stands in heaven in that glorified state which the other righteous ones will only enjoy after the Last Judgment.
	The Dormition of the Theotokos is celebrated on August 15 (August 28, N.S. for those following the Julian Calendar), the same calendar day as the Roman Catholic Feast of the Assumption of Mary. The Dormition and the Assumption are the different names respectively in use by the Eastern and Catholic traditions for the end of Mary's life and departure from the earth, although the beliefs are not necessarily identical.
	The Orthodox Church specifically holds one of the two Roman Catholic alternative beliefs, teaching that Mary died a natural death, like any human being; that her soul was received by Christ upon death; and that her body was resurrected on the third day after her repose, at which time she was taken up, bodily only, into heaven when the apostles, miraculously transported from the ends of the earth, found her tomb to be empty. The specific belief of the Orthodox is expressed in their liturgical texts used at the feast of the Dormition.
	The Catholic doctrine of the Assumption covers Mary's bodily movement to heaven, but the dogmatic definition avoids saying whether she was dead or alive at that point. The question had been in dispute in Catholic theology, and although she is normally shown in Catholic art as alive at the point of assumption, many Catholics believe she had died in the normal way. Pope Pius XII alludes to the fact of her death at least five times, but left open the question of whether or not Mary actually underwent death in connection with her departure, in his Apostolic constitution, "Munificentissimus Deus" (1950), which dogmatically defined ex cathedra (i.e., infallibly) the Assumption.
	On 25 June 1997 during a General Audience Pope John Paul II stated that Mary experienced natural death prior to her assumption into Heaven, stating:
	It is true that in Revelation death is presented as a punishment for sin. However, the fact that the Church proclaims Mary free from original sin by a unique divine privilege does not lead to the conclusion that she also received physical immortality. The Mother is not superior to the Son who underwent death, giving it a new meaning and changing it into a means of salvation. Involved in Christ’s redemptive work and associated in his saving sacrifice, Mary was able to share in his suffering and death for the sake of humanity’s Redemption. What Severus of Antioch says about Christ also applies to her: “Without a preliminary death, how could the Resurrection have taken place?” (Antijulianistica, Beirut 1931, 194f.). To share in Christ’s Resurrection, Mary had first to share in his death. The New Testament provides no information on the circumstances of Mary’s death. This silence leads one to suppose that it happened naturally, with no detail particularly worthy of mention. If this were not the case, how could the information about it have remained hidden from her contemporaries and not have been passed down to us in some way? As to the cause of Mary’s death, the opinions that wish to exclude her from death by natural causes seem groundless. It is more important to look for the Blessed Virgin’s spiritual attitude at the moment of her departure from this world. In this regard, St Francis de Sales maintains that Mary’s death was due to a transport of love. He speaks of a dying “in love, from love and through love”, going so far as to say that the Mother of God died of love for her Son Jesus (Treatise on the Love of God, bk. 7, ch. XIII–XIV). Whatever from the physical point of view was the organic, biological cause of the end of her bodily life, it can be said that for Mary the passage from this life to the next was the full development of grace in glory, so that no death can ever be so fittingly described as a “dormition” as hers."
	Both views agree that she was taken up into heaven bodily.
	The Eastern Catholic observance of the feast corresponds to that of their Orthodox counterparts, whether Eastern Orthodox or Oriental Orthodox.
	Malankara orthodox church which is an oriental orthodox church celebrated feast of dormition on August 15 with great importance as that day is the national independence day of India.
	It is customary in many places to bless fragrant herbage on the Feast of the Dormition.
	In some places, the Rite of the "Burial of the Theotokos" is celebrated at the Dormition, during the All-Night Vigil. The order of the service is based on the service of the Burial of Christ on Great Saturday. An Epitaphios of the Theotokos, a richly embroidered cloth icon portraying her lying in state is used, together with specially composed hymns of lamentation which are sung with Psalm 118. Special Evlogitaria for the Dormition are chanted, echoing the Evlogitaria of the Resurrection chanted at matins on Sundays throughout the year as well as on Lazarus Saturday and Great Saturday. This Epitaphios is placed on a bier and carried in procession as is the Epitaphios of Christ on during Great Saturday.
	This practice began in Jerusalem, and from there it was carried to Russia, where it was followed in various Dormition Cathedrals, in particular that of Moscow. The practice slowly spread among the Russian Orthodox, though it is not by any means a standard service in all parishes, or even most cathedrals or monasteries. In Jerusalem, the service is chanted during the Vigil of the Dormition. In some Russian churches and monasteries, it is served on the third day after Dormition.
	The Feast of the Dormition has a one-day Forefeast and 8 days of Afterfeast. The feast is framed and accentuated by three feasts in honour of Jesus Christ, known as the "Three Feasts of the Saviour in August". These are: the Procession of the Cross (August 1), the Transfiguration (August 6), and the Icon of Christ "Not Made by Hand" (August 16).
	The Maronite Church has a tradition that their Third Anaphora of the Apostle Peter or "Sharrar" (the Maronite redaction of the Holy Qurbana of Addai and Mari) was originally composed for and used at the funeral of the Theotokos. This tradition probably developed because in its final form the anaphora has twelve paragraphs, i.e., one for each concelebrating apostle present at the funeral mass of the Theotokos.
	One might notice the similarities between the traditional depictions of the Dormition of the Theotokos in Byzantine iconography and the account of the death of the Egyptian Desert Father, Sisoes the Great. In both Christ is seen coming to receive the soul of the dying saint surrounded by an aureola or cloud of blinding light and accompanied by the angels and prophets. In Byzantine iconography the other Christs shown surrounded by such a cloud of light are those also seen in icons of the Transfiguration, the Resurrection and the Last Judgment. One might further note that in some icons of the Dormition the Theotokos is depicted at the top of the icon in a similar aureola before the opening gates of heaven. This suggests that contemporary accounts of the deaths of the Desert Fathers accompanied by sudden burst of light came to influence the development of the iconography of the Dormition.
	The Dormition is known as the Death of the Virgin in Catholic art, where it is a reasonably common subject, mostly drawing on Byzantine models, until the end of the Middle Ages. The "Death of the Virgin" by Caravaggio, of 1606, is probably the last famous Western painting of the subject.
	The comparative forms of the term for "Dormition of the Mother of God" appears in virtually all Catholic and Orthodox nations and languages including:

= = = List of cities administered by the Palestinian Authority = = =

	The following is a list of cities administered by the Palestinian National Authority. After the 1995 Interim Agreements, the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) took control of civil affairs in both designated Areas, A and B, where most Palestinian population centers are located (except those within the municipal borders of East Jerusalem). Israel Defense Forces are responsible for security in Area B in the West Bank and have full control over localities in Area C.
	Following the 2007 rift between the main two Palestinian factions Fatah and Hamas, the PNA has been split with the former dominating the Palestinian government in the West Bank and the latter controlling the Gaza Strip.
	The Local Government Ministry of the Palestinian National Authority is responsible for granting a town with city or municipality status. However, there is no specific guidelines for a particular locality to achieve the status of Palestinian city. It is mostly judged on the population reaching above 20,000. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) took its latest official census in 2007.
	The largest city in the Gaza Strip and all of Palestine is Gaza City and the largest Palestinian city in the West Bank is Hebron. Some cities form agglomerations with other towns or cities, such as the Bethlehem metropolitan area with Beit Jala and Beit Sahour. Ramallah and al-Bireh also form an agglomeration and are often considered a single city.
	The following is a list of all Palestinian cities under Ramallah-administration, their governorates, their specific jurisdictions and their populations according to the 2007 census and the 2015 estimate by the PCBS.

= = = List of cities in Panama = = =

	This is a list of cities in Panama.
	These are the largest 20 Panamanian cities and towns, listed in descending order. All figures are estimates for the year 2016. The last census took place in 2010. Provincial capitals are shown in bold.

= = = Formula language = = =

	The Formula language is a scripting language used by Lotus Notes.
	It is often referred to as @Formula language (pronounced "at-formula") because many language elements start with the @-character. Here is an example of a selection formula:
	It was created by Ray Ozzie during the early development of Lotus Notes. He borrowed the compiler and decompiler from the Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet, but unlike the spreadsheet language Formula Language was designed primarily for string and list processing, not numerical processing. It was originally a Functional programming language with unique text list-handling features inspired by Ray Ozzie's prior use of Icon and Lisp.
	The Formula language engine was rewritten by Damien Katz for Notes and Domino 6. New features were added to the language, such as looping and dynamic execution, and performance was improved.
	The Formula language has two parts:
	"@Functions" can be used in several places throughout Lotus Notes. The most important uses are:
	"@Commands" are like menu commands: they perform actions in the Lotus Notes client. Examples of actions are:
@Commands are primarily used in formulas that are triggered by user action, such as in button formulas. It is possible to combine them with @Functions, for example by making execution of an @command conditional on a field value.

= = = List of cities and towns in Paraguay = = =

	This is a list of towns and cities in Paraguay.

= = = List of cities in Peru = = =

	This is a list of cities in Peru by population. A city is displayed in bold if it is a capital city of a region. For metropolitan areas see List of metropolitan areas of Peru.

= = = List of cities in Somalia = = =

	This is a list of cities, towns and villages in Somalia.

= = = List of cities in Syria = = =

	The country of Syria is administratively subdivided into 14 governorates, which are sub-divided into 65 districts, which are further divided into 284 sub-districts. Each of the governorates and districts has its own centre or capital city, except for Rif Dimashq Governorate and Markaz Rif Dimashq district. All the sub-districts have their own centres as well.
	Each district bears the same name as its administrative centre, with the exception of Mount Simeon District where the centre is the city of Aleppo. The same applies to all "nahiyas" (sub-districts), except for the Mount Simeon Nahiya where the centre is the city of Aleppo.
	Sixty-four of the 65 districts of Syria have a city that serves as the regional capital (administrative centre); Markaz Rif Dimashq is a district with no official regional centre.
	The city of Damascus functions as a governorate, a district and a subdistrict. The Rif Dimashq Governorate has no official centre and its headquarters are in Damascus.
	The first 13 cities in the list are the centre of their governorate, as well as of their district.
	The population figures are from the 2004 official census.

= = = List of cities in Tajikistan = = =

	This is a list of cities in Tajikistan.
	The largest metropolitan area in Tajikistan is that of the capital Dushanbe, with 843,252. Thirteen percent of the population of the country lives in the region of the capital.
	The following table includes all cities larger than 10,000 people, with their names in English, and the corresponding names in Cyrillic and Perso-Arabic script. Because of transliteration difficulties, some are known by more than one spelling. The population is from the censuses of 12 January 1989 and 20 January 2000, as well as an estimate for 1 January 2006. The population figures are for the city proper, and do not include adjacent communities. In addition, the administrative division in which the city lies is named, usually a province, or an autonomous province in the case of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province (GBAO). There is also the capital district, and the Region of Republican Subordination (here abbreviated RRS), which do not belong to a province, and are directly under the central government. Finally, the district in which the city lies is given.
	"Cities not subordinated administratively to the district where they are located:"
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Cities of republican subordination
<nowiki>**</nowiki>Cities of provincial subordination

= = = List of cities in Tunisia = = =

	This is the list of 350 cities and towns in Tunisia. In the list by governorate capitals are shown in bold.

= = = List of cities in Turkmenistan = = =

	This is a list of the main towns and cities in Turkmenistan. For a full list of settlements see the list of cities, towns and villages in Turkmenistan.
	All figures are accurate as of 2010 (estimate), and provincial capitals are shown in bold.

= = = List of cities and towns in Venezuela = = =

	This is a list of cities, towns and communities in Venezuela. The state capitals are marked with a *.

= = = List of cities and towns in Zambia = = =

	This is a list of cities, towns, villages and missions in Zambia.
~Other cities~

= = = List of cities and towns in Zimbabwe = = =

	This is a list of cities, towns and villages in Zimbabwe. See also: Place names in Zimbabwe.

= = = Simple theorems in the algebra of sets = = =

	The simple theorems in the algebra of sets are some of the elementary properties of the algebra of union (infix ∪), intersection (infix ∩), and set complement (postfix ') of sets.
	These properties assume the existence of at least two sets: a given universal set, denoted U, and the empty set, denoted {}. The algebra of sets describes the properties of all possible subsets of U, called the power set of U and denoted "P"(U). "P"(U) is assumed closed under union, intersection, and set complement. The algebra of sets is an interpretation or model of Boolean algebra, with union, intersection, set complement, U, and {} interpreting Boolean sum, product, complement, 1, and 0, respectively.
	The properties below are stated without proof, but can be derived from a small number of properties taken as axioms. A "*" follows the algebra of sets interpretation of Huntington's (1904) classic postulate set for Boolean algebra. These properties can be visualized with Venn diagrams. They also follow from the fact that "P"(U) is a Boolean lattice. The properties followed by "L" interpret the lattice axioms.
	Elementary discrete mathematics courses sometimes leave students with the impression that the subject matter of set theory is no more than these properties. For more about elementary set theory, see set, set theory, algebra of sets, and naive set theory. For an introduction to set theory at a higher level, see also axiomatic set theory, cardinal number, ordinal number, Cantor–Bernstein–Schroeder theorem, Cantor's diagonal argument, Cantor's first uncountability proof, Cantor's theorem, well-ordering theorem, axiom of choice, and Zorn's lemma.
	The properties below include a defined binary operation, relative complement, denoted by infix "\". The "relative complement of "A" in "B"," denoted "B" \"A", is defined as ("A" ∪"B"′)′ and as "A"′ ∩"B".
	PROPOSITION 1. For any U and any subset "A" of U:
	PROPOSITION 2. For any sets "A", "B", and "C":
	The distributive laws:
	PROPOSITION 3. Some properties of ⊆:

= = = Withnail and I = = =

	Withnail and I is a 1987 British black comedy film written and directed by Bruce Robinson. Loosely based on Robinson's life in London in the late 1960s, the plot follows two unemployed actors, Withnail and "I" (portrayed by Richard E. Grant and Paul McGann, respectively) who share a flat in Camden Town in 1969. Needing a holiday, they obtain the key to a country cottage in the Lake District belonging to Withnail's eccentric uncle Monty and drive there. The weekend holiday proves less recuperative than they expected.
	"Withnail and I" was Grant's first film and established his profile. The film featured performances by Richard Griffiths as Withnail's Uncle Monty and Ralph Brown as Danny the drug dealer. The film has tragic and comic elements (particularly farce) and is notable for its period music and many quotable lines. It has been described as "one of Britain's biggest cult films".
	In September 1969, two unemployed actors, flamboyant alcoholic Withnail and contemplative Marwood, live in a messy flat in Camden Town, London. Their only regular visitor is the drug dealer, Danny. One morning, the pair squabble about housekeeping and then leave to take a walk. In Regent's Park, they discuss the poor state of their acting careers and the desire for a holiday; they propose a trip to a rural cottage near Penrith owned by Withnail's wealthy uncle Monty. They visit Monty that evening at his luxurious Chelsea house. Monty is a melodramatic aesthete, whom Marwood infers is homosexual; the three briefly drink together as Withnail casually lies to Monty about his acting career and claims that grammar school-educated Marwood studied at Eton. Withnail persuades his uncle to lend them the cottage key and they leave.
	They drive to the cottage the next day but find the weather cold and wet, the cottage without food, running water or power and the locals unwelcoming – in particular a poacher, Jake, whom Withnail offends in the pub. Marwood is anxious when he later sees Jake prowling around the cottage and suggests they leave for London the next day. Withnail in turn demands that they share a bed in the interest of safety but Marwood refuses. During the night, Withnail becomes paranoid that the poacher wants to harm them and climbs under the covers with Marwood, who angrily leaves for a different bed. Hearing the sounds of an intruder breaking into the cottage, Withnail again joins Marwood in bed. The intruder turns out to be Monty, who has brought supplies.
	The next day, Marwood realises Monty's visit has ulterior motives when he makes aggressive sexual advances on him; Withnail seems oblivious to this. He drives them into town to buy wellington boots, but they end up spending the money he gives them on drink. Monty is hurt, though he puts it out of his mind quickly during a boozy round of poker. Marwood is terrified of what Monty might try to do and wants to leave immediately but after much argument Withnail insists on staying. Late in the night, Marwood tries to avoid Monty's company but is eventually cornered in the guest bedroom as Monty insistently demands they have sex. Monty reveals that Withnail, during the visit in London, claimed that Marwood was a closeted homosexual. Marwood lies that Withnail is the closeted one and that the two of them are in a committed relationship, which Withnail wishes to keep secret from his family and that this is the first night that they have not slept together in years. Monty, a romantic, believes this explanation and leaves after apologising for coming between them. In private, Marwood furiously confronts Withnail.
	The next morning, they find Monty has left for London, leaving a note wishing them happiness together. They continue to argue about their behaviour and Monty. A telegram arrives from Marwood's agent with a possible offer of work and he insists they return. As Marwood sleeps, Withnail drunkenly speeds most of the way back until pulled over by the police, who arrest and fine him for driving under the influence. The pair return to the flat to find Danny and a friend named Presuming Ed squatting. Marwood calls his agent and discovers that he is wanted for the lead part in a play but will need to move to Manchester to take it. The four get high smoking a huge cannabis joint but the celebration ends when Marwood learns they have received an eviction notice for unpaid rent, while Withnail is too high to care. Marwood packs a bag and leaves for the railway station, turning down Withnail's request for a goodbye drink. In Regent's Park, Marwood confesses that he will miss Withnail but insists that they part ways there. Bottle of wine in hand, Withnail performs "What a piece of work is a man!" from "Hamlet", seen only by the wolves in a nearby zoo enclosure, then walks home alone in the rain.
	The film is an adaptation of an unpublished novel written by Robinson in late 1969. Actor friend Don Hawkins passed a copy of the manuscript to his friend Mordecai (Mody) Schreiber in 1980. Schreiber paid Robinson £20,000 to adapt it into a screenplay, which Robinson did in the early 1980s. When meeting Schreiber in Los Angeles, Robinson expressed concern that might not be able to continue because the writing broke basic screenplay rules and was hard to make work as a film. It used colloquial English to which few would connect ("Give me a tanner and I'll give him a bell"); characters in dismal circumstances, and a plot prodded by not cinematic voice-overs. Schreiber told him that is precisely what he wanted. On completing the script, producer Paul Heller urged Robinson to direct it and found funding for half the film. The script was then passed to HandMade Films. After he read it, George Harrison agreed to fund the remainder of the film.
	Robinson's script is largely autobiographical. "Marwood" is Robinson; "Withnail" is based on Vivian MacKerrell, a friend with whom he shared a Camden house, and "Uncle Monty" is loosely based on Franco Zeffirelli, from whom Robinson received unwanted amorous attentions when he was a young actor. He lived in the impoverished conditions seen in the film and wore plastic bags as wellington boots. For the script, Robinson condensed four or five years of his life into two weeks.
	The narrative is told in the first person by the character played by Paul McGann, named just once in passing in the film (see below) as Marwood, and only credited as "I".
	Early in the film, Withnail reads from an article headlined "Boy Lands Plum Role For Top Italian Director" and then goes on to imply that the director is sexually abusing the boy. This is a reference to the sexual harassment that Robinson alleges he suffered at the hands of Zeffirelli when, at age 21, he won the role of Benvolio in "Romeo and Juliet".
	The end of the novel saw Withnail committing suicide by pouring a bottle of wine into the barrel of Monty's gun and then pulling the trigger as he drank from it. Robinson changed the ending, as he believed it was "too dark."
	Danny's speech at the end of the film ("We are 91 days from the end of this decade and there's gonna be a lot of refugees") refers to the drug-addled scene after the pair return from Penrith on Thursday 2 October 1969, six weeks after Woodstock and three days before the first broadcast of "Monty Python's Flying Circus". It is not known if Robinson intended any significance by including such a specific date. The headline "NUDE AU PAIR'S SECRET LIFE" was an actual headline from "News of the World" on 16 November, 1969.
	Denis O'Brien, who oversaw the filming on behalf of HandMade Films, nearly shut the film down three days into the shoot. He thought that the film had no "discernible jokes" and was badly lit.
	The film cost £1.1 million to make. Robinson received £80,000 to direct, £30,000 of which he reinvested into the film to shoot additional scenes such as the journeys to and from Penrith, which HandMade Films would not fund. The money was never reimbursed after the film's success.
	Paul McGann was Robinson's first choice for "I" but he was fired during rehearsals because Robinson decided McGann's Scouse (Liverpool) accent was wrong for the character. Several other actors read for the role but McGann eventually persuaded Robinson to re-audition him, promising to affect a Home Counties accent and quickly won back the part.
	Actors who were considered for "Withnail" included Daniel Day-Lewis, Bill Nighy and Kenneth Branagh. Robinson claims that he told Richard E. Grant that "half of you has got to go" and put him on a diet to play the part, although Grant denied this in the 1999 documentary "Withnail and Us". The role of Withnail was Grant's film debut and launched his career.
	Though playing a raging alcoholic, Grant is a teetotaller with an allergy to alcohol, preventing him from properly processing it. He had never been drunk prior to making the film. Robinson decided that it would be impossible for Grant to play the character without having ever experienced inebriation and a hangover, so he "forced" the actor on a drinking binge. Grant has stated that he was "violently sick" after each drink and found the experience deeply unpleasant.
	During the filming of the scene in which the lighter fluid is consumed, Robinson changed the contents of the can, which had been filled with water, to vinegar. While the vomiting is scripted, the facial expression is totally natural.
	According to Richard E. Grant's book, "With Nails", filming started on 2 August 1986 in the Lake District, and shooting took seven weeks. A rough cut was screened to the actors in a Wardour Street screening room on 8 December 1986. 
	The film was not shot entirely on location. There was no filming in the real Penrith; the locations used were in and around nearby Shap and Bampton. Monty's cottage, "Crow Crag", is actually Sleddale Hall, located near the Wet Sleddale Reservoir just outside Shap, although the lake that "Crow Crag" apparently overlooks is actually Haweswater Reservoir.
	Sleddale Hall was offered for sale in January 2009; a trust was created by fans who wished collectively to purchase the building for its preservation as a piece of British film history. It was sold at auction for £265,000 on 16 February 2009. The starting price was £145,000. It was bought by Sebastian Hindley, who owns the Mardale Inn in the nearby village of Bampton, which did not feature in the film. Hindley was unable to raise the necessary finances and in August 2009 the property was resold for an undisclosed sum to Tim Ellis, an architect from Kent, whose original bid failed at the auction.
	The bridge where Withnail and Marwood go fishing is located at the bottom of the hill below Sleddale Hall, a quarter of a mile away. The telephone box in which Withnail calls his agent is beside the main road in Bampton.
	Although exterior and ground floor interior shots of Crow Crag were shot at Sleddale Hall, Stockers Farm in Rickmansworth was used for the bedroom and stair scenes. Stockers Farm was also the location for the "Crow and Crown" pub.
	The "King Henry" pub and the "Penrith Tea Rooms" scenes were filmed in the Market Square in Stony Stratford, Milton Keynes at what is now the "Crown Inn" and "Cox & Robinson Chemists". 
	"The Mother Black Cap" pub in the film was in reality "The Frog and Firkin" pub in Tavistock Crescent, Westbourne Green. For some time after the film, it was officially called "The Mother Black Cap". It has since been demolished. Withnail and Marwood's flat was located at 57 Chepstow Place in Bayswater (W2). The shot of them leaving for Penrith as they turn left from the building being demolished was shot on Freston Road, W11. The cafe where Marwood has breakfast at the beginning of the film is located at the corner of Ladbroke Grove and Lancaster Road. The scene where Withnail and Marwood are ordered to "get in the back of the van" was filmed on the flyover near John Aird Court, Paddington. The final scene was shot in Regent's Park. Uncle Monty's house is actually the West House, Glebe Place, Chelsea, SW3.
	Police station interior was shot at the studios.
	Although the first name of 'I' is not stated anywhere in the film, it is widely believed that it is 'Peter'. This myth arose as a result of a line of misheard dialogue. In the scene where Monty meets the two actors, Withnail asks him if he would like a drink. In his reply, Monty both accepts his offer and says "...you must tell me all the news, I haven't seen you since you finished your last film". While pouring another drink, and downing his own, Withnail replies that he has been "Rather busy uncle. TV and stuff". Then pointing at Marwood he says "He's just had an audition for rep". Some fans hear this line as ""Peter"'s had an audition for rep", although the original shooting script and all commercially published versions of the script read "he's".
	The "I" character's name is given as 'Marwood' in the original screenplay. It has been suggested that it is possible that 'Marwood' can be heard near the beginning of the film: As the characters escape from the Irishman in the Mother Black Cap, Withnail shouts "Get out of my way!". Some hear this line as "Out of the way, Marwood!", although the script reads simply "Get out of my way!".
	There is, however, one occasion in the film where the name 'Marwood' is given, though not stated. Toward the end of the film a telegram arrives at Crow Crag and as Withnail reads the note, the name 'Marwood' appears to be visible, upside-down, on the envelope. 'I' is now widely accepted as 'Marwood', as this was the name that was used in the script of 'Withnail and I', but due to the fact that the story is told from Marwood's point of view, he is considered as 'I'. In the end credits and most media relating to the film, McGann's character is referenced solely as "...& I."
	However, in the supplemental material packaged with the Special Edition DVD in the UK, McGann's character is referred to as Peter Marwood in the cast credits.
	In 1999, the British Film Institute voted "Withnail and I" the 29th greatest British film of all time. In 2017 a poll of 150 actors, directors, writers, producers and critics for "Time Out" magazine saw it ranked the 15th best British film ever. The line "We want the finest wines available to humanity, we want them here and we want them now", delivered by Richard E. Grant as Withnail, was voted the third favourite film one-liner in a 2003 poll of 1,000 film fans.
	The film had a UK gross of £565,112 and a US gross of $1,544,889. DVD and VHS sales have been quite strong throughout the years, and the film has gained cult status with a number of websites dedicated to the film itself. In 2000, readers of "Total Film" voted "Withnail and I" the third greatest comedy film of all time. In 2004 the same magazine named it the 13th greatest British film of all time. "Withnail & I" was 38th in Channel 4's 100 Greatest Films poll.
	The film holds a 94% "fresh" rating, and an average rating of 8.5 out of 10 from critic website Rotten Tomatoes. In August 2009 "The Observer" polled 60 eminent British film filmmakers and film critics who voted it the second best British film of the last 25 years. The film was also ranked number 118 in Empire's 500 Greatest Films of all Time list. In 2009 critic Roger Ebert added the film to his "Great Movies" list, describing Grant's performance as a "tour de force" and Withnail as "one of the iconic figures in modern films."
	In 2007 a digitally remastered version of the film was released by the UK Film Council. It was shown at over fifty cinemas around the UK on 11 September, as part of the final week of the BBC's "Summer of British Film" season. In 2011, "Time Out London" named it the 7th-greatest comedy film of all time.
	The film is routinely regarded as being among the finest British movies ever made, and its influence has been cited by several filmmakers, including directly inspiring: Shane Black's "The Nice Guys", James Ponsoldt's "The End of the Tour", Todd Sklar's "Awful Nice", Jay and Mark Duplass's "Jeff, Who Lives at Home", John Bryant's The Overbrook Brothers, David Gordon Green's "Pineapple Express", Alexander Payne's "Sideways", and Tom DiCillo's "Box of Moonlight".
	There is a drinking game associated with the film. The game consists of keeping up, drink for drink, with each alcoholic substance consumed by Withnail over the course of the film. All told, Withnail is shown drinking roughly glasses of red wine, of cider, one shot of lighter fluid (vinegar or overproof rum are common substitutes), measures of gin, six glasses of sherry, thirteen drams of Scotch whisky and pint of ale.
	In 1992, filmmaker David Fincher attempted to create an unofficial reunion of sorts, when he tried casting all three of the film's main characters in "Alien 3". McGann and Brown appear, however Richard E. Grant turned down his role. It eventually went to Charles Dance, who played the character of Clemens in the "spirit of Withnail".
	In 2010, McGann said that he sometimes meets viewers who believe the film was actually shot in the 1960s, saying "It comes from the mid-1980s, but it sticks out like a Smiths record. Its provenance is from a different era. None of the production values, none of the iconography, none of the style remotely has it down as an 80s picture."
	The film features a rare appearance of a recording by the Beatles, whose 1968 song "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" plays as Withnail and Marwood return to London and find Presuming Ed in the bath. The song, which was written and sung by George Harrison, was able to be included in the soundtrack due to Harrison's involvement in the film as one of the producers.<ref name="Pirnia/MentalFloss"></ref>
	There is a misconception among some fans of the film that King Curtis was murdered on the night his live performance of "A Whiter Shade of Pale" was recorded. Ralph Brown, in the audio commentary on some DVD issues, wrongly states that he was shot in the car park after the concert. Curtis was stabbed to death in August 1971, some five months after the recording was made in March 1971. The recording comes from Curtis's album "Live at Fillmore West".

= = = The Aristocats = = =

	The Aristocats is a 1970 American animated romantic adventure musical comedy film directed by Wolfgang Reitherman. It was produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by Buena Vista Distribution. The 20th Disney animated feature film, the film is based on a story by Tom McGowan and Tom Rowe, and revolves around a family of aristocratic cats, and how an alley cat acquaintance helps them after a butler has kidnapped them to gain his mistress's fortune which was intended to go to them. The film features the voices of Eva Gabor, Hermione Baddeley, Phil Harris, Dean Clark, Sterling Holloway, Scatman Crothers, and Roddy Maude-Roxby.
	In 1962, "The Aristocats" project began as an original script for a two-part live-action episode for "Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color", developed by writers Tom McGowan and Tom Rowe and producer Harry Tytle. Following two years of re-writes, Walt Disney suggested the project would be more suitable for an animated film, and placed the project in turnaround as "The Jungle Book" advanced into production. When "The Jungle Book" was nearly complete, Disney appointed Ken Anderson to develop preliminary work on "The Aristocats", which would mark the last film project to be approved by Disney before he died in December 1966.
	"The Aristocats" was released on December 24, 1970 to positive reception and was a box office success.
	In Paris 1910, mother cat Duchess and her three kittens, Berlioz, Marie and Toulouse live with retired opera diva Madame Adelaide Bonfamille, and her English butler, Edgar. One day while preparing her will with lawyer Georges Hautecourt, Madame declares her fortune to be left to her cats until their deaths, and thereafter to Edgar. Edgar hears this through a speaking tube, and plots to eliminate the cats. Therefore, he sedates the cats by putting sleeping pills in a milk mixture intended for them, and enters the countryside to abandon them. There, he is ambushed by two hounds named Napoleon and Lafayette, and the cats are stranded in the countryside, while Madame Adelaide, Roquefort the mouse and Frou-Frou the horse discover their absence.
	In the morning, Duchess meets an alley cat named Thomas O'Malley, who offers to guide her and the kittens to Paris. The group briefly hitchhikes in a milk truck before being chased off by the driver. Later, while crossing a railroad trestle, the cats narrowly avoid an oncoming train, but Marie falls into a river and is saved by O'Malley, who in turn has to be rescued himself by two English geese, Amelia and Abigail Gabble, who accompany the cats to Paris. Edgar returns to the country to retrieve his possessions from Napoleon and Lafayette, as the only evidence that could incriminate him.
	Travelling across the rooftops of the city, the cats meet O'Malley's friend Scat Cat and his musicians, who perform the song "Ev'rybody Wants to Be a Cat". After the band has departed, O'Malley and Duchess converse on a nearby rooftop while the kittens listen at a windowsill. Here, Duchess' loyalty to Madame prompts her to decline O'Malley's proposal of marriage. Duchess and the kittens return to Madame's mansion, but Edgar places them in a sack and prepares to ship them to Timbuktu; They direct Roquefort to retrieve O'Malley. He does so, and O'Malley returns to the mansion, instructing Roquefort to find Scat Cat and his gang. The alley cats and Frou-Frou fight Edgar, while Roquefort frees Duchess and the kittens. At the end of the fight, Edgar is locked in his own packing-case and sent to Timbuktu himself, never to be seen again. Madame Adelaide's will is rewritten to exclude Edgar, with Madame remaining ignorant of the reason for Edgar's departure. After adopting O’Malley into the family, Madame establishes a charity foundation housing Paris' stray cats (represented by Scat Cat and his band, who reprise their song).
	On December 9, 1961, Walt Disney suggested that Harry Tytle and Tom McGowan find some animal stories to adapt as a two-part live-action episode for the "Wonderful World of Color" television program. By New Year's 1962, McGowan had found several stories including a children's book about a mother cat and her kittens set in New York City. However, Tytle felt that a London location had added a significant element to "One Hundred and One Dalmatians" and suggested setting the story of the cats in Paris. Following a rough storyline, the story became about two servants—a butler and a maid—who were in line to inherit a fortune of an eccentric mistress after the pet cats died and focused on their feeble and foolish attempts to eliminate the felines. Boris Karloff and Francoise Rosay were in mind to portray the butler and the distressed Madame. A subplot centered around a mother cat hiding her kittens to keep them out of danger in a variety of different homes and locales around Paris, France. During the filming of "Escapade in Florence", McGowan brought him the story that had been written by Tom Rowe, an American writer who was living in Paris.
	By August 1962, they sent the completed script to Burbank, where it was returned as "rejected" by an unknown executive at the Disney studios. Nevertheless, Tytle brought the script to Disney staying at the Connaught in London. Disney approved for the draft, but recommended additional cuts which were made by February 1963. Before filming was to commence, Rowe wrote a letter to Disney addressing his displeasure of the script revisions, in which Tytle responded to Rowe that the changes Disney approved of would be kept. However, by summer 1963, the project was shelved, where Tytle, in a discussion with Walt, recommended to produce "The Aristocats" as an animated feature. For that reason, Disney temporarily shelved the project as the animation department was occupied with "The Jungle Book". Meanwhile, director Wolfgang Reitherman learned of the project and suggested it as a follow-up project to "Jungle Book". Because of the production delays, Tytle was advised to centralize his efforts on live action projects and was replaced by Winston Hibler.
	In 1966, Disney assigned Ken Anderson to determine whether "Aristocats" would be suitable for an animated feature. With occasional guidance from Reitherman, Anderson worked from scratch and simplified the two stories into a story that focused more on the cats. Disney saw the preliminary sketches and approved the project shortly before his death. After "The Jungle Book" was completed, the animation department began work on "Aristocats". Hibler was eventually replaced by Reitherman, who would abandon the more emotional story of Duchess's obsession to find adopters befitting of her kittens' talents initially favored by Disney suggesting instead the film be conceived as an adventure comedy in the vein of "One Hundred and One Dalmatians". Furthermore, the character Elmira, the maid, who was intended to be voiced by Elsa Lanchester, was removed from the story placing Edgar as the central villain in order to better simplify the storyline.
	As with "The Jungle Book", the characters were patterned on the personalities of the voice actors. In 1966, Walt Disney contacted Phil Harris to improvise the script, and shortly after, he was cast to voice Thomas O'Malley. To differentiate the character from Baloo, Reitherman noted O'Malley was "more based on Clark Gable than Wallace Beery, who was partly the model for Baloo." Reitherman furthermore cast Eva Gabor as Duchess, remarking she had "the freshest femme voice we've ever had", and Sterling Holloway as Roquefort. Louis Armstrong was initially reported to voice Scat Cat, but he backed out of the project due to illness. Out of desperation, Scatman Crothers was hired to voice the character under the direction to imitate Armstrong. Pat Buttram and George Lindsey were cast as the farm dogs, which proved so popular with the filmmakers that another scene was included to have the dogs when Edgar returns to the farm to retrieve his displaced hat and umbrella.
	Ken Anderson spent eighteen months developing the design of the characters. Five of Disney's legendary "Nine Old Men" worked on it, including the Disney crew that had been working 25 years on average.
	"The Aristocats" was the last Disney animated feature Robert and Richard Sherman worked on as staff songwriters, growing frustrated by the management of the studio following Walt Disney's death. For the Disney studios, the Sherman Brothers completed their work before the release of "Bedknobs and Broomsticks", but would return to the studio to compose songs for "The Tigger Movie".
	The brothers composed multiple songs, but only the title song and "Scales and Arpeggios" were included in the film. Desiring to capture the essence of France, the Sherman Brothers composed the song "The Aristocats". Disney film producer Bill Anderson would ask Maurice Chevalier to participate in the film. Following the suggestion, Richard Sherman imitated Chevalier's voice as he performed a demo for the song. Chevalier received the demo and was brought out of retirement to sing the song. Deleted songs that were intended for the film included "Pourquoi?" sung by Hermione Baddeley as Madame Bonfamille, its reprise, and "She Never Felt Alone" sung by Robie Lester as Marie. For the show-stopping number, the Sherman Brothers composed "Le Jazz Hot", but "Ev'rybody Wants to Be a Cat", composed by Floyd Huddleston and Al Rinker, was used instead. Lastly, a villainous song was envisioned to be sung by Edgar and his assistant Elmira as a romantic duet, but the song was dropped when Elmira was removed from the story.
	Another deleted song was for Thomas O'Malley titled "My Way's The Highway", but the filmmakers had Terry Gilkyson compose the eponymous song "Thomas O'Malley Cat". Gilkyson explained "It was the same song, but they orchestrated it twice. They used the simpler one, because they may have thought the other too elaborate or too hot. It was a jazz version with a full orchestra."
	The instrumental music was composed by George Bruns, who drew from his background with jazz bands in the 1940s and decided to feature the accordion-like musette for French flavor.
	On "", this includes "Thomas O'Malley Cat" on the and "Ev'rybody Wants to Be a Cat" on the . On "Disney's Greatest Hits", this includes "Ev'rybody Wants to Be a Cat" on the red disc.
	On August 21, 2015, in honor of the 45th anniversary of the film, a was released as part of "". The release includes the songs and score as used in the film, along with "The Lost Chords of the Aristocats" (featuring songs written for the film but not used), and previously released album versions of the songs as bonus tracks.
	"The Aristocats" was originally released to theaters on December 24, 1970. It was re-released in theaters in 1980 and 1987.
	It was released on VHS in Europe on January 1, 1990 and in the UK in 1995. It was first released on VHS in North America in the Masterpiece Collection series on April 24, 1996.
	In January 2000, Walt Disney Home Video launched the Gold Classic Collection, with "The Aristocats" re-issued on VHS and DVD on April 4, 2000. The DVD contained the film in its 1.33:1 aspect ratio enhanced with Dolby 2.0 surround sound. The Gold Collection release was quietly discontinued in 2006. A new single-disc Special Edition DVD (previously announced as a 2-Disc set) was released on February 5, 2008.
	Disney released the film for the first time on Blu-ray on August 21, 2012. The 2-disc Special Edition Blu-ray/DVD combo (both in Blu-ray and DVD packaging) featured a new digital transfer and new bonus material. A single disc DVD edition was also released on the same day.
	"The Aristocats" was released in December 1970 where it earned $10.1 million in United States and Canadian rentals by the end of 1971. The film was the most popular "general release" movie at the British box office in 1971. The film was the most popular film in France in 1971 and had total admissions of 12.7 million. It is also ranked as the eighteenth highest-grossing of all time in France. The film is the most popular film released in Germany in 1971 with admissions of 11.3 million being the country's eleventh highest-grossing film. By the end of its initial theatrical run, the film had earned domestic rentals of $11 million and $17 million in foreign countries, for a worldwide rental of $28 million.
	The film was re-released to theaters in the United States on December 19, 1980 where it grossed an additional $18 million and again on April 10, 1987 where it grossed $17 million. The film grossed $32 million worldwide from an international re-release in 1994. "The Aristocats" has had a lifetime gross of $55.7 million in the United States and Canada, and its total lifetime worldwide box office gross is $191 million.
	Howard Thompson of "The New York Times" praised the film as "grand fun all the way, nicely flavored with tunes, and topped with one of the funniest jam sessions ever by a bunch of scraggly Bohemians headed by one Scat Cat." Roger Ebert, writing for the "Chicago Sun-Times", awarded the film three stars out of four summarizing "The Aristocats" as "light and pleasant and funny, the characterization is strong, and the voices of Phil Harris (O'Malley the Alley Cat) and Eva Gabor (Duchess, the mother cat) are charming in their absolute rightness." Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that the film "has a gentle good-natured charm which will delight the small-fry and their elders alike." He praised the animation, but remarked that the film "lacks a certain kind of vigor, boldness and dash, a kind of a hard-focused emphasis which you would say was a Disney trademark."
	"Variety" praised the film writing the film is "[h]elped immeasurably by the voices of Phil Harris, Eva Gabor, Sterling Holloway, Scatman Crothers and others, plus some outstanding animation, songs, sentiment, some excellent dialog and even a touch of psychedelia." Stefan Kanfer, reviewing for "Time", noted that "The melodies in Disney's earlier efforts have been richer. But for integration of music, comedy and plot, "The Aristocats" has no rivals." 
	For its 1987 re-release, animation historian Charles Solomon expressed criticism for its episodic plot, anachronisms, and borrowed plot elements from earlier Disney animated features, but nevertheless wrote "[b]ut even at their least original, the Disney artists provide better animation--and more entertainment--than the recent animated features hawking "The Care Bears", "Rainbow Brite" and ""." Writing in his book "The Disney Films", Disney historian and film critic Leonard Maltin wrote that "[t]he worst that one could say of "The AristoCats" is that it is unmemorable. It's smoothly executed, of course, and enjoyable, but neither its superficial story nor its characters have any resonance." Additionally, in his book "Of Mice and Magic", Maltin criticized the film for re-using Phil Harris to replicate "The Jungle Book"s Baloo, dismissing the character Thomas O'Malley as "essentially the same character, dictated by the same voice personality." 
	The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received a 66% approval rating with an average rating of 5.9/10 based on 32 reviews. Its consensus states "Though "The Aristocats" is a mostly middling effort for Disney, it is redeemed by terrific work from its voice cast and some jazzy tunes."
	The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
	In 2005, DisneyToon Studios originally planned to make a follow-up to the film, along with sequels to "Chicken Little" (2005) and "Meet the Robinsons" (2007). Originally intended to be a 2D animated feature, Disney executives decided to produce the film in computer animation in order to garner more interest. Additionally, the story was meant to center around Marie, Duchess's daughter, who becomes smitten by another kitten aboard a luxury cruise ship. However, she and her family must soon take on a jewel thief on the open seas. The project was canceled when John Lasseter was named Disney's new chief creative officer, in which he called off all future sequels DisneyToon had planned and instead make original productions or spin-offs.

= = = List of former national capitals = = =

	Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. This is a list of such cities, sorted by country and then by date. Where a city name has changed, the name of the city when it was a capital is listed first, followed by its modern name in brackets.
	Note: Melbourne is sometimes said to have been the inaugural capital of Australia, from 1901 until 1927, when Parliament House, Canberra was opened. This is not so. Section 125 of the Constitution of Australia states that the seat of government is to be within the state of New South Wales but not less than 100 miles from Sydney, and that until that place (Canberra) was built, the Parliament of Australia would meet at Melbourne. That made Melbourne the "de facto" (but not "de jure") seat of government 1901-1927, but it did not amount to Melbourne being declared the capital, and it was never so described in contemporary documents.

= = = Silicon Forest = = =

	Silicon Forest is a nickname for the cluster of high-tech companies located in the Portland metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Oregon, and most frequently refers to the industrial corridor between Beaverton and Hillsboro in northwest Oregon.
	The name is analogous to Silicon Valley. In the greater Portland area, these companies have traditionally specialized in hardware — specifically test-and-measurement equipment (Tektronix), computer chips (Intel and an array of smaller chip manufacturers), electronic displays (InFocus, Planar Systems and Pixelworks) and printers (Hewlett-Packard Co, Xerox and Epson). There is a small clean technology emphasis in the area.
	Silicon Forest can refer to all the technology companies in Oregon, but initially referred to Washington County on Portland’s west side. First used in a Japanese company’s press release dating to 1981, Lattice Semiconductor trademarked the term in 1984 but does not use the term in its marketing materials. Lattice’s founder is sometimes mentioned as the person who came up with the term.
	The high-tech industry in the Portland area dates back to at least the 1940s, with Tektronix and Electro Scientific Industries as pioneers. Tektronix and ESI both started out in Portland proper, but moved to Washington County in 1951 and 1962, respectively, and developed sites designed to attract other high-tech companies. Floating Point Systems, co-founded by three former Tektronix employees in Beaverton in 1970, was the first spin-off company in Silicon Forest and the third (after Tek and ESI) to be traded on the NYSE. These three companies, and later Intel, led to the creation of a number of other spin-offs and startups, some of which were remarkably successful. A 2003 dissertation on these spin-offs led to a poster depicting the genealogy of 894 Silicon Forest companies. High-tech employment in the state reached a peak of almost 73,000 in 2001, but has never recovered from the dot-com bust. Statewide, tech employment totaled 57,000 in the spring of 2012.
	Unlike other regions with a "silicon" appellation, semiconductors truly are the heart of Oregon's tech industry.
	Intel's headquarters remain in Santa Clara, California, but in the 1990s the company began moving its most advanced technical operations to Oregon. Its Ronler Acres campus eventually became its most advanced anywhere, and Oregon is now Intel's largest operating hub. As of late 2012, Intel has close to 17,000 employees in Oregon—more than anywhere else the company operates.
	The following is a sample of past and present notable companies in the Silicon Forest. They may have been founded in the Silicon Forest or have a major subsidiary there. A list of Portland tech startups (technology companies founded in Portland) is provided separately.

= = = The Lady, or the Tiger? = = =

	"The Lady, or the Tiger?" is a much-anthologized short story written by Frank R. Stockton for publication in the magazine "The Century" in 1882. "The Lady, or the Tiger?" has entered the English language as an allegorical expression, a shorthand indication or signifier, for a problem that is unsolvable.
	The short story takes place in a land ruled by a semi-barbaric king. Some of the king's ideas are progressive, but others cause people to suffer. One of the king's innovations is the use of a public trial by ordeal as an agent of poetic justice, with guilt or innocence decided by the result of chance. A person accused of a crime is brought into a public arena and must choose one of two doors. Behind one door is a lady whom the king has deemed an appropriate match for the accused; behind the other is a fierce, hungry tiger. Both doors are heavily soundproofed to prevent the accused from hearing what is behind each one. If he chooses the door with the lady behind it, he is innocent and must immediately marry her, but if he chooses the door with the tiger behind it, he is deemed guilty and is immediately devoured by it.
	The king learns that his daughter has a lover, a handsome and brave youth who is of lower status than the princess, and has him imprisoned to await trial. By the time that day comes, the princess has used her influence to learn the positions of the lady and the tiger behind the two doors. She has also discovered that the lady is someone whom she hates, thinking her to be a rival for the affections of the accused. When he looks to the princess for help, she discreetly indicates the door on his right, which he opens.
	The outcome of this choice is not revealed. Instead, the narrator departs from the story to summarize the princess's state of mind and her thoughts about directing the accused to one fate or the other, as she will lose him to either death or marriage. She contemplates the pros and cons of each option, though notably considering the lady more. "And so I leave it with all of you: Which came out of the opened door – the lady, or the tiger?"
	Stockton later wrote "The Discourager of Hesitancy," a follow-up to "The Lady, or the Tiger?" that begins with five travelers visiting the kingdom to discover what the accused man in that story found behind the door he chose. An official tells them a second story, of a prince who had come to the kingdom to find a wife. Instead of allowing him to see any available ladies, the king had him immediately taken to guest quarters and summoned attendants to prepare him for a wedding to be held the next day. One attendant introduced himself as the Discourager of Hesitancy and explained that his job was to ensure compliance with the king's will, through the subtle threat of the large "cimeter" (scimitar) he carried.
	At noon on the following day, the prince was blindfolded and brought before a priest, where a marriage ceremony was performed and he could feel and hear a lady standing next to him. Once the ceremony was complete, the blindfold was removed and he turned to find 40 ladies standing before him, one of whom was his new bride. If he did not correctly identify her, the Discourager would execute him on the spot. The prince narrowed the possibilities down to two, one lady smiling and one frowning, and made the correct choice.
	The kingdom official tells the five travelers that once they figure out which lady the prince had married, he will tell them the outcome of "The Lady, or the Tiger?" The story ends with a comment that they still have not come to a decision.
	A play adaptation by Sydney Rosenfeld debuted at Wallack's Theatre in 1888 ran for seven weeks. In addition to stretching out the story as long as possible to make it a play, at the end the choice was revealed to the audience – neither a lady or tiger, but an old hag.
	A radio dramatization of "The Lady, or the Tiger" by Elliott and Cathy Lewis aired on the show "On Stage" in 1953. 
	Toyah Willcox and Robert Fripp released a recording of "The Lady, or the Tiger?" and "The Discourager of Hesitancy" with Willcox reading the stories to electric guitar accompaniment by Fripp.
	"The Lady, or the Tiger?" is one of three short stories that were adapted into the musical comedy "The Apple Tree".
	The story was the inspiration for Raymond Smullyan's puzzle book by the same title, "The Lady, or the Tiger?". The first set of logic puzzles in the book had a similar scenario to the short story in which a king gives each prisoner a choice between a number of doors; behind each one was either a lady or a tiger. However, the king bases the prisoner's fate on intelligence and not luck by posting a statement on each door that can be true or false.
	"The Lady, or the Tiger?" adapted to a short film by Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation on 1970.
	"The Lady, or the Tiger?" is referenced in "Ennui", a sonnet written by Sylvia Plath and published 43 years after her death. Plath's sonnet, however, speaks of an age when the choice has become no longer relevant.
	Alternative rock band They Might Be Giants released the song "The Lady and the Tiger" on their 2011 album "Join Us". Like the story, the song ends without a conclusion. The last line reads, "The hall remains, it still contains a pair of doors, a choice. Behind one door, a muffled roar, behind the other, a voice."
	"The Lady or the Tiger" is a one-act play adapted from Stockton's short story and published by Lazy Bee Scripts in 2010.
	"The Purr-fect Crime", Season 1, Episode 19 of the U.S. television series "Batman" ends with a cliffhanger in which Catwoman has Batman locked in a room with two doors; one of which opens to her, and the other opens to a tiger. Over an intercom she taunts him with "Which will it be, Batman? The lady or the tiger?" Batman has no hint and chooses the door that has the tiger.
	In "The Simpsons" Season 17, Episode 17, Kiss Kiss Bang Bangalore, Lenny and Carl are presented with two doors. A man informs them that Homer Simpson is behind one of the two doors, and behind the other, a ferocious tiger. When both doors reveal a tiger inside, they are informed that one of the tigers is named Homer Simpson.
	The story is most likely the basis of the choose which "door number" game from the popular game show Let's Make a Deal. That game in turn was analyzed in game theory under the rubric of the Monty Hall problem. The Monty Hall Problem in turn is considered to be a solved game, albeit as a paradox using Bayes’ theorem.

= = = Henry Norwest = = =

	Henry Norwest (Northwest) MM & Bar (circa 188118 August 1918) was a distinguished Canadian sniper in World War I.
	Norwest was born in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, sometime in the early 1880s, the Métis son of Louis Northwest or Watson and Geneviève Boucher, themselves both Métis. His father lived for a time with the Cree band led by Kiskaquin (Bobtail). He accepted Métis scrip in 1885. A former ranch hand and rodeo performer, he served for a short time with the Royal Northwest Mounted Police until January 1915 when he joined the Canadian army. He initially enlisted as Henry Louie but was discharged just three months later for misbehaviour, then re-enlisted under the new name of Henry Norwest.
	In his nearly three years of service with the 50th Canadian Infantry Battalion, the lance corporal achieved a documented sniping record of 115 fatal shots. While Norwest was an outstanding marksman, the thing that set him apart from others was his superb stealth tactics and his expertise in the use of camouflage. As a result of his exceptional abilities his superiors frequently sent him on reconnaissance missions into "No Man's Land" or behind enemy lines.
	In 1917, Norwest earned the Military Medal during the Battle of Vimy Ridge and the following year he was awarded the bar to his Military Medal. He was one of only 90 men in the Canadian Expeditionary force/Canadian Corps to earn the Military Medal with Bar. Only three months before the war ended, Norwest was on a mission to find a German sniper's lair when he was killed by the enemy sniper.
	His Ross Rifle is currently on display at The King's Own Calgary Regiment (RCAC) Museum, part of The Military Museums in Calgary. It is the second of three rifles that he used and was brought back to Canada by his spotter. The last rifle that Norwest carried was rumoured to have been taken by the German sniper who killed him on 18 August 1918 near Fouquescourt, Somme, France.
	Nicknamed "Ducky", Henry Norwest was Métis of Cree/French origins from the Hobbema reserve in Alberta. Married and the father of three children, he is buried in the Warvillers Churchyard Extension Cemetery, Warvillers, Somme,France.

= = = The Emerald City of Oz = = =

	The Emerald City of Oz is the sixth of L. Frank Baum's fourteen Land of Oz books. It was also adapted into a Canadian animated film in 1987. Originally published on July 20, 1910, it is the story of Dorothy Gale and her Uncle Henry and Aunt Em coming to live in Oz permanently. While they are toured through the Quadling Country, the Nome King is assembling allies for an invasion of Oz. This is the first time in the Oz series that Baum made use of double plots for one of the books.
	Baum had intended to cease writing Oz stories with this book, but financial pressures prompted him to write and publish "The Patchwork Girl of Oz", with seven other Oz books to follow.
	The book was dedicated to "Her Royal Highness Cynthia II of Syracuse" — actually the daughter (born in the previous year, 1909) of the author's younger brother, Henry Clay "Harry" Baum.
	At the beginning of this story, it is made quite clear that Dorothy Gale (the primary protagonist of many of the previous Oz books), is in the habit of freely speaking of her many adventures in the Land of Oz to her only living relatives, her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry. Neither of them believes a word of her stories, but consider her a dreamer, as her dead mother had been. She is undeterred.
	Later, it is revealed that the destruction of their farmhouse by the tornado back in "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" has left Uncle Henry in terrible debt. In order to pay it, he has taken out a mortgage on his farm. If he cannot repay his creditors, they will seize the farm, thus leaving Henry and his family homeless. He is not too afraid for himself, but both he and his wife, Aunt Em, fear very much for their niece's future. Upon learning this, Dorothy quickly arranges with Princess Ozma to let her bring her guardians to Oz where they will be very happier and forever safe. Using the Magic Belt (a tool captured from the jealous Nome King Roquat), Ozma transports them to her throne room. They are given rooms to live in and luxuries to enjoy, including a vast and complex wardrobe. They meet with many of Dorothy's animal friends, including the Cowardly Lion and Billina the Yellow Hen.
	In the underground Nome Kingdom, the Nome King Roquat is plotting to conquer the Land of Oz and recover his magic belt, which Dorothy took from him in "Ozma of Oz". After ordering the expulsion of his General (who will not agree to such an attack) and the death of his Colonel (who also refuses), King Roquat holds counsel with a veteran soldier called Guph. Guph believes that against the many magicians of Oz (the reputation of which has grown in the telling), the Nome Army has no chance alone. He therefore sets out personally to recruit allies.
	Dorothy, accompanied by the Wizard of Oz and several other friends, departs the Emerald City in a carriage drawn by the Wooden Sawhorse, intending to give her aunt and uncle a tour of the land. Many of the people encountered have never been seen in other books:
	Other figures, more familiar to readers of previous books, include the Tin Woodman and the Scarecrow, as well as the four tribes of Oz (the Munchkins, the Quadlings, the Gillikins, and the Winkies).
	The Nome General Guph visits three nations: the Whimsies, the Growleywogs, and the Phanfasms:
	Having learned of this through Ozma's omniscient Magic Picture, the people of Oz become worried.
	The climax takes place in the Emerald City. As the Nomes dig a tunnel for the combined armies to get under the Deadly Desert, Ozma uses her Magic Belt to wish for a large amount of dust to appear in the tunnel. The Nome King and his allies are defeated after they drink thirstily from the Fountain of Oblivion and forget all their evil plans. Ozma uses the magic belt to send the Nome King and his allies home.
	To forestall a future invasion of Oz, Glinda the Good Witch uses a magic charm to render Oz invisible and unreachable to everyone except those within the land itself.
	"The Emerald City of Oz" contains more material on the social organization of Oz than most of the earlier books, and as a consequence has attracted commentary on its Utopian aspects. The "explicitly socialist" economy of Oz has been contrasted to other "fantasy" projections of socialist societies, like Edward Bellamy's "Looking Backward" (1888) and William Morris's "News from Nowhere" (1890). How far such analyses and comparisons should be pursued is, of course, open to debate; as Baum writes of the social structure of Oz in Chapter Three, p. 31, "I do not suppose such an arrangement would be practical with us..."
	Gregory Maguire, author of the revisionist Oz novels "" and "Son of a Witch", has written that "The Emerald City of Oz" "is suffused with an elegiac quality" and compares its tone with that of "The Last Battle", the final volume of C. S. Lewis' "Chronicles of Narnia".
	The Forbidden Fountain that Baum introduces to Oz literature in this book recurs in ensuing Oz books, by Baum and by his various successors. The Fountain is an important feature in "The Magic of Oz" (1919), "The Forbidden Fountain of Oz" (1980), "The Wicked Witch of Oz" (1993), and "Paradox in Oz" (1999).
	The 1986 Japanese animated series "Oz no Mahōtsukai" included the story. It was later shortened and edited into a single feature for US video and DVD release.
	In 1987, a straight-to-video animated adaptation was made in Canada.
	In the 2004 movie "", Sommerfield is shown reading a Braille copy of the book to her daughter Zoe, including a short description of the Nome King and how he had "never tried to be good". Later in the movie, Zoe is confronted by the film's main antagonist, Drake, and initially guesses that he is the Nome King.

= = = List of craters on Europa = = =

	This is a list of craters on Europa. The surface of Jupiter's moon Europa is very young, geologically speaking, and as a result there are very few craters. Furthermore, as Europa's surface is potentially made of weak water ice over a liquid ocean, most surviving craters have slumped so that their structure is very low in relief. Most of the craters that are large enough to have names are named after prominent figures in Celtic myths and folklore.

= = = Morpheus = = =

	Morpheus ('Fashioner', derived from the meaning 'form, shape') is a god associated with sleep and dreams. In Ovid's "Metamorphoses" he is the son of Sleep, who appears in dreams in human form. From the medieval period, the name began to stand more generally for the god of dreams, or of sleep.
	In Ovid's "Metamorphoses", Morpheus is one of the thousand sons of Somnus (Sleep). His name derives from the Greek word for form ("μορφή"), and his function was to appear in dreams in human guise. According to Ovid "no other is more skilled than he in representing the gait, the features, and the speech of men; the clothing also and the accustomed words of each he represents." Like other gods associated with sleep, Ovid makes Morpheus winged.
	Ovid called Morpheus and his brothers, the other sons of Somnus, the "Somnia" ("dream shapes"), saying that they appear in dreams "mimicking many forms". Ovid gives names to two more of these sons of Sleep. One called Icelos ('Like'), by the gods, but Phobetor ('Frightener') by men, "takes the form of beast or bird or the long serpent", and Phantasos ('Fantasy'), who "puts on deceptive shapes of earth, rocks, water, trees, all lifeless things". 
	The three brothers' names are found nowhere earlier than Ovid, and are perhaps Ovidian inventions. Tripp calls these three figures "literary, not mythical concepts". However Griffin suggests that this division of dream forms between Morpheus and his brothers, possibly including their names, may have been of Hellenistic origin.
	Robert Burton, in his 1621 "Anatomy of Melancholy", refers to a depiction of Morpheus, saying "Philostratus paints [Morpheus] in a white and black coat, with a horn and ivory box full of dreams, of the same colours, to signify good and bad". In Carl Michael Bellman's "Fredman's Epistle" No. 72, "Glimmande nymf", Morpheus is invoked as the "god of sleep".

= = = Morpheus (software) = = =

	Morpheus was a file sharing and searching peer-to-peer client for Microsoft Windows, developed and distributed by the company StreamCast, that originally used the OpenNap protocol, but later supported many different peer-to-peer protocols. On April 22, 2008, distributor StreamCast Networks filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy after a long legal battle with music companies; all of their employees were laid off and the official download at www.morpheus.com stopped being available, though for a small period the website remained online. As of October 29, 2008, the official Morpheus website is offline, including all other websites owned by StreamCast Networks, specifically MusicCity.com, Streamcastnetworks.com and NeoNetwork.com.
	Users of the Morpheus community have set up a website (at GnutellaForums.com) where the Morpheus software can still be downloaded. At that site, there is a support forum and support chat room setup from the site and within the client.
	The current version of Morpheus, version 5.5.1, contains no adware or spyware, and no additional software is bundled with Morpheus. However, when Morpheus is open and running, the interface contains online ads that used to support the application.
	During installation, an optional peer-to-peer Morpheus Toolbar is offered. Both the Morpheus application and the Morpheus Toolbar can be easily uninstalled with Windows Add/Remove Programs commands, however this was not the case with previous versions.
	Version 5.3 didn't install adware or spyware, though it did install some Desktop shortcuts to adware websites and the Morpheus Toolbar without user approval.

= = = Shudra = = =

	Shudra or "Shoodra" is one of the four "varnas" of the Hindu social order in India. Various sources translate it into English as a caste, or alternatively as a social class. It is the lowest rank of the four varnas.
	The word "Shudra" appears only once in the "Rig veda" but is found in other Hindu texts such as the "Manusmriti", "Arthashastra" and "Dharmashastras". Theoretically, Shudras have constituted the hereditary labouring class serving others. In some cases, they participated in the coronation of kings, or were ministers and kings according to early Indian texts.
	The term "Shudra" appears only once in the "Rigveda". This mention is found in a verse in the "Purusha Sukta" which is one of its 1,028 hymns.
	While the "Rigveda" was most likely compiled between c. 1500 and 1200 BCE, John Muir in 1868 suggested that the verse that mentions the four varnas has "every character of modernness both in its diction and ideas". The "Purusha Sukta" verse is now generally considered to have been inserted at a later date into the Vedic text, possibly as a charter myth.
	According to Stephanie Jamison and Joel Brereton, a professor of Sanskrit and Religious studies, "there is no evidence in the Rigveda for an elaborate, much-subdivided and overarching caste system", and "the varna system seems to be embryonic in the Rigveda and, both then and later, a social ideal rather than a social reality". Historian R. S. Sharma states that "the Rig Vedic society was neither organized on the basis of social division of labour nor on that of differences in wealth... [it] was primarily organised on the basis of kin, tribe and lineage."
	According to Romila Thapar, the Vedic text's mention of Shudra and other varnas has been seen as its origin, and that "in the varna ordering of society, notions of purity and pollution were central and activities were worked out in this context" and it is "formulaic and orderly, dividing society into four groups arranged in a hierarchy".
	The word "Pusan" appears in a Vedic era "Upanishad", meaning "nourisher" and associates it with the creation of earth and production activities that nourishes the whole world, and the text calls this "Pusan" as Shudra. The term "Pusan", in Hindu mythology, is the charioteer of the sun who knows the paths thereby bringing light, knowledge and life to all. The same word "Pusan" is, however, associated in a Brahmana text to Vaishya.
	According to Sharma, nowhere in the Vedic text collections "is there any evidence of restrictions regarding food and marriage either between the Dasa and Aryan, or between the Shudra and the higher varnas". Further, adds Sharma, in late Atharva Veda, "Shudra does not come in for notice, probably because his varna did not exist at that stage".
	The ancient Hindu text "Arthashastra" states, according to Sharma, that "Aryas" were free men and could not be subject to slavery under any circumstances. The text contrasts "Aryas" with "Shudra", but neither as a hereditary slave nor as an economically closed social stratum in a manner that the term Shudra later was interpreted. According to Rangarajan, the law on labour and employment in "Arthashastra" has led to a variety of different interpretations by different translators and commentators, and "the accepted view is that slavery, in the form it was practised in contemporary Greece, did not exist in Kautilyan India".
	Kautilya argued for the rights of Shudras and all classes to participate as warriors. Roger Borsche says that this is so because it is in the self-interest of the ruler to "have a people's army fiercely loyal to him precisely because the people had been treated justly".
	The "Manusmriti" predominantly discusses the code of conduct (dharma rules) for the Brahmins (priestly class) and the Kshatriyas (king, administration and warrior class). The text mentions Shudras, as well as Vaishyas, but this part is its shortest section. Sections 9.326 – 9.335 of the "Manusmriti" state eight rules for Vaishyas and two for Shudras.
	In section 10.43 - 10.44 Manu gives a list of Kshatriya tribes who, through neglect of the priests and their rites, had fallen to the status of Shudras. These are: Pundrakas, Codas, Dravidas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Sakas, Paradas, Pahlavas, Chinas, Kiratas and Daradas.
	According to Laurie Patton, a professor of Religion specialising on early Indian religions, the rights and status of Shudra varies widely across early Indian texts. While section 9.15 of "Atharvaveda" states Shudras may undertake thread wearing ceremony ("upanayana"), the "Apastamba Grhysutra" states they may not and excludes the Shudra students from hearing or learning the Vedas. "Yajnavalkya Smriti" in contrast mentions Shudra students, and the "Mahabharata" states that all four varnas including the Shudras may hear the Vedas. Other Hindu texts go further and state that the three varnas – Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya – may acquire knowledge from Shudra teachers, and the "yajna" sacrifices may be performed by Shudras. These rights and social mobility for Shudras may have arisen in times of lower societal stress and greater economic prosperity, periods that also saw the improvement in the social conditions of women.
	Medieval era texts such as "Vajrasuchi Upanishad" discuss varna, and include the term Shudra. According to Ashwani Peetush, a professor of Philosophy at the Wilfrid Laurier University, the "Vajrasuchi Upanishad" is a significant text because it assumes and asserts that any human being from any social background can achieve the highest spiritual state of existence.
	Outside of the conflicting stances within the Hindu texts, non-Hindu texts present a different picture about the Shudras. A Buddhist text, states Patton, "refers to Shudras who know the Vedas, grammar, Mimamsa, Samkhya, Vaisheshika and lagna".
	According to Johannes Bronkhorst, a professor of Indology specializing on early Buddhism and Hinduism, the ancient Buddhist canon is predominantly devoid of varna discussion, and Shudra and other varnas are rarely referred to in its ancient discourses. The Buddhist texts do not describe the Indian society as divided into the four varṇas of "Brahmins, Ksạtriyas, Vaiśyas and Śūdras". Instead, states Bronkhorst, the bulk of society is described as consisting of "householders" (Pāli: "gahapati"), without internal distinctions. Even where the Brahmins are mentioned in such a context, they too are referred to as householders, or "Brāhmaṇa-gahapati". The term "vaṇṇa" does appear in the Buddhist texts as few exceptions, but states Bronkhorst, only in the context of abstract divisions of society and it seems to "have remained a theoretical concept without any parallel in actual practice".
	Historian R. S. Sharma, after discussing several examples concludes that the Dharmaśāstras did not allow the Shudras access to "literate education" but allowed them to learn arts and crafts such as elephant training, etc. He also adds that texts denied them Vedic education as it was believed that it impedes agriculture and vice-versa. While the other varnas showed varying degrees of literacy, the Shudras were generally illiterate. The social reformer Jyotirao Phule blamed the deterioration of the Shudras on illiteracy and emphasized education for them. Phule stated:
	Traditionally, Shudras were peasants and artisans. The ancient texts designate the Shudra as a peasant. Shudras were described as the giver of grain and ancient texts describe a Shudra's mode of earning as being "by the sickle and ears of corn". The ancient precept, "Vedas are destroyer of agriculture and agriculture is destroyer of Vedas", is shown as one of the reasons as to why the Shudras were not allowed to learn Vedas. The fact that peasants were held as Shudras is also documented by Chinese traveller Xuanzang in the 7th century. Also, an "outcaste" who entered the profession of agriculture would be absorbed in the Shudra varna.
	The Shudra, states Marvin Davis, are not required to learn the Vedas. They were not "twice born" ("Dvija"), and their occupational sphere stated as service ("seva") of the other three varna. The word "Dvija" is neither found in any Vedas and Upanishads, nor is it found in any Vedanga literature such as the Shrauta-sutras or Grihya-sutras. The word is almost entirely missing, in any context, from ancient Sanskrit literature composed before the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE, and it scarcely appears in Dharmasutras literature. Increasing mentions of it appear in Dharmasastras texts of mid to late 1st millennium CE. The presence of the word "Dvija" is a marker that the text is likely a medieval era Indian text.
	The traditional occupation of Shudra as described by Ghurye is agriculture, trade and crafts. However, this categorisation varies by scholar. As per Drekmeier state "Vaishya and Shudra actually shared many occupations and were frequently grouped together".
	The "Arthashastra" mentions Shudra as artisans, while the "Vishnusmriti" (3rd century) states all arts to be their occupational domain. In contrast, the "Parasarasmriti" and other texts state that arts and crafts are the occupational domain of all four varnas.
	Other sources state that this statement of occupations of Shudra is a theoretical discussion found in select texts, it is not historical. Other Hindu texts such as the epics, states Naheem Jabbar, assert that Shudras played other roles such as kings and ministers. According to Ghurye, in reality, the hereditary occupation aspect of Shudra and other varnas was missing from large parts of India, and all four varnas (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras) were agriculturalists, traders or became warriors in large numbers depending on economic opportunity and circumstantial necessities. According to Ghurye:
	Among the Hindu communities of Bali, Indonesia, the Shudra (locally spelled "Soedra") have typically been the temple priests, though depending on the demographics, a temple priest may also be a Brahmin (Brahmana), Kshatriya (Ksatrya) or Vaishya. In most regions, it has been the Shudra who typically make offerings to the gods on behalf of the Hindu devotees, chant prayers, recite "meweda" (Vedas), and set the course of Balinese temple festivals.
	Scholars have tried to locate historical evidence for the existence and nature of "varna" and "jati" in documents and inscriptions of medieval India. Supporting evidence for the existence of "varna" and "jati" systems in medieval India has been elusive, and contradicting evidence has emerged.
	"Varna" is rarely mentioned in the extensive medieval era records of Andhra Pradesh, for example. This has led Cynthia Talbot, a professor of history and Asian studies, to question whether "varna" was socially significant in the daily lives of this region. The mention of "jati" is even rarer, through the 13th century. Two rare temple donor records from warrior families of the 14th century claim to be Shudras. One states that Shudras are the bravest, the other states that Shudras are the purest.
	Richard Eaton, a professor of History, writes, "anyone could become a warrior regardless of social origins, nor do the "jati" appear as features of people's identity. Occupations were fluid." Evidence shows, according to Eaton, that Shudras were part of the nobility, and many "father and sons had different professions, suggesting that social status was earned, not inherited" in the Hindu Kakatiya population in the Deccan region between the 11th and 14th centuries.
	Historical evidence left by Buddhist rulers in ancient and medieval India do not mention Shudra. For example, according to Johannes Bronkhorst, none of Ashoka's inscriptions mention the terms Kshatriyas, Vaishyas or Shudras, and only mention Brahmins and Śramaṇas.
	Several popular medieval era Bhakti movement poet-saints and religious leaders were born in a Shudra family. Examples include Tukaram and Namdev. The compositions of Namdev have been popular not only in the Hindu community of Maharashtra, but also in the Sikh community. Sixty of his compositions were included by the Sikh Gurus of Punjab region as they compiled the Sikhism scripture the "Guru Granth Sahib".
	Dr. Ambedkar, a social reformer, believed that there were initially only three varnas: the Brahmin, Kshatriya and Vaishya, and that the Shudras were the Kshatriyas who were denied the Upanayana, an initiation ritual, by the Brahmins. This claim has been contested by historians such as R. S. Sharma.
	Sri Aurobindo states Shudra and the other varna is a concept found in all human beings in different proportions. He states that this was externalised and mechanised into a system quite different from what it was intended.
	The tenets of Vedic Hinduism in north India held less sway in the south, where the societal divisions were simply Brahmin and Shudra. However, some non-Brahmins adopted the classification of "Sat Shudra" (clean Shudra) in an attempt to distinguish themselves from other non-Brahmin communities.

= = = Spoken word = = =

	Spoken word is a poetic performance art that is word-based. It is an oral art that focuses on the aesthetics of word play such as intonation and voice inflection. It is a "catchall" term that includes any kind of poetry recited aloud, including poetry readings, poetry slams, jazz poetry, and hip hop, and can include comedy routines and prose monologues. Although spoken word can include any kind of poetry read aloud, it is different from written poetry in that how it sounds is often one of the main components. Unlike written poetry, it has less to do with physical on the page aesthetics and more to do with phonaesthetics, or the aesthetics of sound.
	Spoken word has existed for many years. Long before writing, through a cycle of practicing, listening and memorizing, each language drew on its resources of sound structure for aural patterns that made spoken poetry very different from ordinary discourse and easier to commit to memory. "There were poets long before there were printing presses, poetry is primarily oral utterance, to be said aloud, to be heard."
	Poetry, like music, appeals to the ear, an effect known as euphony or onomatopoeia, a device to represent a thing or action by a word that imitates sound. "Speak again, Speak like rain" was how Kikuyu, an East African people, described her verse to author Isak Dinesen, confirming a comment by T. S. Eliot that "poetry remains one person talking to another".
	The oral tradition is one that is conveyed primarily by speech as opposed to writing, in predominantly oral cultures proverbs (also known as maxims) are convenient vehicles for conveying simple beliefs and cultural attitudes. "The hearing knowledge we bring to a line of poetry is a knowledge of a pattern of speech we have known since we were infants".
	Performance poetry, which is kindred to performance art, is explicitly written to be performed aloud and consciously shuns the written form. "Form", as Donald Hall records "was never more than an extension of content."
	Performance poetry in Africa dates to prehistorical times with the creation of hunting poetry, while elegiac and panegyric court poetry were developed extensively throughout the history of the empires of the Nile, Niger and Volta river valleys. One of the best known griot epic poems was created for the founder of the Mali Empire, the Epic of Sundiata. In African culture, performance poetry is a part of theatrics, which was present in all aspects of pre-colonial African life and whose theatrical ceremonies had many different functions: political, educative, spiritual and entertainment. Poetics were an element of theatrical performances of local oral artists, linguists and historians, accompanied by local instruments of the people such as the kora, the xalam, the mbira and the djembe drum. Drumming for accompaniment is not to be confused with performances of the "talking drum", which is a literature of its own, since it is a distinct method of communication that depends on conveying meaning through non-musical grammatical, tonal and rhythmic rules imitating speech. Although, they could be included in performances of the griots.
	In ancient Greece, the spoken word was the most trusted repository for the best of their thought, and inducements would be offered to men (such as the rhapsodes) who set themselves the task of developing minds capable of retaining and voices capable of communicating the treasures of their culture. The Ancient Greeks included Greek lyric, which is similar to spoken-word poetry, in their Olympic Games.
	Vachel Lindsay helped maintain the tradition of poetry as spoken art in the early twentieth century. Robert Frost also spoke well, his meter accommodating his natural sentences. Poet laureate Robert Pinsky said, "Poetry's proper culmination is to be read aloud by someone's voice, whoever reads a poem aloud becomes the proper medium for the poem." "Every speaker intuitively courses through manipulation of sounds, it is almost as though 'we sing to one another all day'." "Sound once imagined through the eye gradually gave body to poems through performance, and late in the 1950s reading aloud erupted in the United States."
	Some American spoken-word poetry originated from the poetry of the Harlem Renaissance, blues, and the Beat Generation of 1960s. Spoken word in African-American culture drew on a rich literary and musical heritage. Langston Hughes and writers of the Harlem Renaissance were inspired by the feelings of the blues and spirituals, hip-hop, and slam poetry artists were inspired by poets such as Hughes in their word stylings.
	The Civil Rights Movement also influenced spoken word. Notable speeches such as Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream", Sojourner Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?", and Booker T. Washington's "Cast Down Your Buckets" incorporated elements of oration that influenced the spoken word movement within the African-American community. The Last Poets was a poetry and political music group formed during the 1960s that was born out of the Civil Rights Movement and helped increase the popularity of spoken word within African-American culture. Spoken word poetry entered into wider American culture following the release of Gil Scott-Heron's spoken-word poem "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised" on the album "Small Talk at 125th and Lenox" in 1970.
	The Nuyorican Poets Café on New York's Lower Eastside was founded in 1973, and is one of the oldest American venues for presenting spoken-word poetry.
	In the 1980s, spoken-word poetry competitions, often with elimination rounds, emerged and were labelled "poetry slams". American poet Marc Smith is credited with starting the poetry slam in November 1984. In 1990, the first National Poetry Slam took place in Fort Mason, San Francisco. The poetry slam movement reached a wider audience following Russell Simmons' "Def Poetry", which was aired on HBO between 2002 and 2007. The poets associated with the Buffalo Readings were active early in the 21st century.
	Outside of the United States, artists such as French singer-songwriters Léo Ferré and Serge Gainsbourg made personal use of spoken word over rock or symphonic music from the beginning of the 1970s in such albums as "Amour Anarchie" (1970), "Histoire de Melody Nelson" (1971), and "Il n'y a plus rien" (1973), and contributed to the popularization of spoken word within French culture.
	In the UK, musicians who have performed spoken word lyrics include Blur, The Streets and Kate Tempest.
	In 2003, the movement reached its peak in France with Fabien Marsaud aka Grand Corp Malade being a forerunner of the genre.
	In Zimbabwe spoken word has been mostly active on stage through the House of Hunger Poetry slam in Harare, Mlomo Wakho Poetry Slam in Bulawayo as well as the Charles Austin Theatre in Masvingo. Festivals such as Harare International Festival of the Arts, Intwa Arts Festival KoBulawayo and Shoko Festival have supported the genre for a number of years.
	In Nigeria, there are poetry events such as Wordup by i2x Media, The Rendezvous by FOS (Figures Of Speech movement), GrrrAttitude by Graciano Enwerem, SWPC which happens frequently, Rhapsodist, a conference by J19 Poetry and More Life Concert (an annual poetry concert in Port Harcourt) by More Life Poetry. Poets Amakason, ChidinmaR, oddFelix Ayuk, Kormbat, Moje, Godzboi, Ifeanyi Agwazia, Chinwendu Nwangwa, Worden Enya, Resame, EfePaul, Dike Chukwumerije, Graciano Enwerem, Oruz Kennedy, Fragile MC, Lyrical Pontiff, Irra, Neofloetry, Donna, Kemistree and PoeThick Samurai are all based in Nigeria.
	In Trinidad and Tobago, this art form is widely used as a form of social commentary and is displayed all throughout the nation at all times of the year. The main poetry events in Trinidad and Tobago are overseen by an organization called the 2 Cent Movement. They host an annual event in partnership with the NGC Bocas Lit Fest and First Citizens Bank called "The First Citizens national Poetry Slam", formerly called "Verses". This organization also hosts poetry slams and workshops for primary and secondary schools. It is also involved in social work and issues.
	In Ghana, the poetry group Ehalakasa led by Sir Black, holds monthly TalkParty events (collaborative endeavour with Nubuke Foundation and/ National Theatre of Ghana) and special events such as the Ehalakasa Slam Festival and end-of-year events. This group has produced spoken-word poets including Mutombo da Poet, Chief Moomen, Hondred Percent, Jewel King, Faiba Bernard, Akambo, Wordrite, Natty Ogli, and Philipa.
	The spoken word movement in Ghana is rapidly growing that individual spoken word artists like MEGBORNA, are continuously carving a niche for themselves and stretching the borders of spoken word by combining spoken word with 3D animations and spoken word video game, based on his yet to be released poem, Alkebulan.
	In Kumasi, the creative group CHASKELE holds an annual spoken word event on the campus of KNUST giving platform to poets and other creatives. Poets like Elidior The Poet, Slimo, T-Maine are key members of this group.
	In Kenya, there is an annual poetry slam.
	In Israel, in 2011 there was a monthly Spoken Word Line in a local club in Tel-Aviv by the name of: "Word Up!". The line was organized by Binyamin Inbal and was the beginning of a successful movement of spoken word lovers and performers all over the country.
	Spoken-word poetry is often performed in a competitive setting. In 1990, the first National Poetry Slam was held in San Francisco. It is the largest poetry slam competition event in the world, now held each year in different cities across the United States. The popularity of slam poetry has resulted in slam poetry competitions being held across the world, at venues ranging from coffeehouses to large stages.
	Spoken-word poetry is typically more than a hobby or expression of talent. This art form is often used to convey important or controversial messages to society. Such messages often include raising awareness of topics such as: racial inequality, sexual assault and/or rape culture, anti-bullying messages, body positive campaigns, and LGBTQ topics. Slam poetry competitions often feature loud and radical poems that display both intense content and sound. Spoken-word poetry is also abundant on college campuses, YouTube, and through forums such as Button Poetry. Some spoken-word poems go viral and can then appear in articles, on TED talks, and on social media sites such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram.

= = = Morpheus (The Matrix) = = =

	Morpheus is a fictional character in "The Matrix" franchise. He is portrayed by Laurence Fishburne in the films, and in the video game "" where he was the only actor to reprise his character's voice.
	Lana and Lilly Wachowski, the creators of "The Matrix" franchise, instructed Fishburne to base his performance on Morpheus, a character in Neil Gaiman's comic book series "The Sandman". At the studio's request, Gaiman later wrote "Goliath", a promotional short story set in the film's universe.
	The name Morpheus is that of the god of dreams in Greek mythology, which is consistent with the character's involvement with the "dreaming" of the Matrix. The mythical Morpheus and his family, including two brothers (Phobetor and Phantasos), lived in a dream world protected by the Gates of Morpheus with two monsters standing guard. Beyond the gates were the River of Forgetfulness, beside which Morpheus once carried his father to hide in a cave, and the River of Oblivion. This theme of duality carries over to Morpheus in The Matrix, who offers Neo either a blue pill (to forget about The Matrix and continue to live in the world of illusion) or a red pill (to enter the painful world of reality).
	In the Matrix films, Morpheus is the captain of the "Nebuchadnezzar", which is a hovercraft of the human forces of the last human city, Zion, in a devastated world where most humans are grown by sentient machines and kept imprisoned in the Matrix, a virtual computer-generated world. Morpheus was once a human living inside the Matrix until he was freed.
	Morpheus is apparently a very popular public figure in the city of Zion. He is also known in the Matrix, but as a dangerous terrorist wanted by 'Agents', who appear to be Federal investigators but are sentient computer programs that patrol the Matrix, eliminating any threat to the Matrix.
	Like other hovercraft crews, Morpheus and his crew are dedicated to the protection of Zion and the freeing of humans from the Matrix.
	Earlier in his life, Morpheus gained the romantic attention of Niobe, another hovercraft captain. Their relationship became estranged shortly after Morpheus visited the Oracle, an ally living in the Matrix, who told Morpheus that he would be the person who would find the One, a human having superhuman abilities within the Matrix who could end the human/machine war. Since that visit, Morpheus has spent much of his life searching the Matrix for the One.
	In "The Matrix" and "The Matrix Reloaded", Morpheus was known to be a truly inspirational leader and influential teacher to many people, particularly the majority of his crew, to the extent that Tank commented that "Morpheus was a father to them, as well as a leader". In "The Matrix Revolutions", with Morpheus's faith in the prophecy shattered, he doesn't appear as strong a leader as he was in the first two films. Despite his strong faith, Morpheus still showed some rationality in dangerous situations rather than blindly relying on his beliefs to see him through the current crisis; perhaps his only truly irrational decision was to attack Agent Smith while unarmed in order to give Neo a chance to escape.
	His strong, almost single-minded belief in Neo as the One has very strong Biblical correlations to that of John the Baptist's belief in the prophecy of the Messiah. Like Morpheus preaching about the imminent return of the One into the Matrix, John was preaching in the desert of the Messiah's imminent return, and actively searched for the Messiah to come who would deliver his people from bondage. Upon finding Jesus, he believed so strongly in Jesus as the Messiah, John willingly stepped aside and let Christ take up the groundwork that John had created and laid before him, and continue where John had left off.
	In the first feature film, "The Matrix", Morpheus successfully finds and monitors a man named Thomas A. Anderson, a hacker who calls himself Neo. Despite a close call with Agents that capture, interrogate, and place a surveillance device on Neo, Morpheus and his crew locate him. Morpheus offers Neo a choice of ingesting a red pill, which will activate a trace program to locate Neo's body in the real world and allow the "Nebuchadnezzar" crew to extract him, or a blue pill, which will leave Neo in the Matrix to live and believe as he wishes. Neo takes the red pill. The "Nebuchadnezzar" crew is then able to eject Neo's body from the Matrix powerplant and retrieve him from the cold sewers where the machines patrol. Morpheus takes a risk in helping Neo escape the Matrix, as human minds that live too long in the Matrix may have trouble in comprehending the reality. Initially, Neo does experience denial when Morpheus explains the truth, a point for which Morpheus apologizes.
	Shortly after Neo visits the Oracle, Morpheus is captured by agents who plan to hack into his mind. Because Morpheus, as a hovercraft captain, possesses access codes to the Zion mainframe computer, the surviving members of the ship's crew are about to unplug Morpheus from the Matrix, without reconnecting his mind and body, a process that will kill him. Neo and Trinity, however, reenter the Matrix to make a daring and successful rescue of Morpheus. Neo saves Trinity from a helicopter crash, confirming Morpheus' belief that Neo is indeed the One.
	Neo is eventually killed by Agent Smith shortly after the rescue, but revived as the One and returned to the "Nebuchadnezzar" before the Machines' Sentinels can destroy the ship.
	In the second film, "The Matrix Reloaded", Morpheus is more confident that the war is nearing its end. A spiritual as well as an influential leader, Morpheus convinces one hovercraft ship to stay in the Matrix to await contact from the Oracle, despite orders from Zion for all ships to return to the city. Here he incurs the wrath of Jason Locke, commander of the Zion defensive forces; but Morpheus' actions are defended by Councillor Hamann, a member of the city's ruling body.
	With the aid of Trinity and Niobe, Morpheus successfully retrieves the Keymaker, an exiled program that can access many hidden areas of the Matrix, including the Source, the central Machine City mainframe computer and programming heart of the Matrix. Morpheus aids Neo in successfully entering the door to the Source before returning to the "Nebuchadnezzar".
	After Neo enters the Source and returns from the Matrix with new information, he tells Morpheus that the Prophecy was a system of control that would bring the One to the Source to disseminate the programming inside Neo into the Matrix to allow a reload of the Matrix while Zion is destroyed by the machines and rebuilt by the One and red pills. A sudden Sentinel attack destroys the "Nebuchadnezzar", further damaging Morpheus' belief in the outcome of the war. Upon witnessing the destruction of his ship, he quotes the Biblical Nebuchadnezzar; "I have dreamed a dream... but now that dream has gone from me."
	The crew is rescued by the hovercraft "Mjolnir" commanded by Captain Roland, who joins forces with the craft "Logos" commanded by Niobe.
	In the final film, "The Matrix Revolutions", Morpheus is somewhat dispirited, and has problems in understanding now what may happen to Zion and its people. Now without a ship of his own, he and Link (the "Nebuchadnezzar's" Operator) reside on the hovercraft "Mjolnir", commanded by Roland. Morpheus renews his conviction that Neo could still save Zion, and supports Trinity in finding Neo, whose mind is trapped in a computer netherworld called Mobil Avenue, despite not being jacked in. Morpheus is called to the Oracle with Trinity, and with the Oracle's guardian, Seraph, he helps Trinity rescue Neo, via a visit to the Merovingian's lair and a Mexican standoff.
	Morpheus says farewell to Neo and Trinity before they leave for the Machine City in the hovercraft "Logos" to stop the war. Morpheus then aids Niobe as she flies the "Mjolnir" in a desperate ride back to Zion. The ship successfully stops the first onslaught of the Machine attack with the ship's electromagnetic pulse weapon.
	When the Sentinels suddenly stop a second wave of attacks, Morpheus realises that Neo is somehow fighting for them. When the Sentinels retreat after Neo defeats the former Agent Smith, now a virus that has threatened both humans and machines, Morpheus and Niobe embrace in celebration as cheers arise from the Zion population, who have received a brokered peace through Neo's sacrifice.
	Of the original "Nebuchadnezzar" crew in "the Matrix", Morpheus is the only surviving member to see freedom for Zion.
	Referring to the subjectivity of reality throughout the film trilogy, Morpheus' last line in "Matrix Revolutions", said in disbelief as the Sentinels retreat from Zion, is ""Is this real?"".
	In Chapter 1.2 of "The Matrix Online", Morpheus grows impatient with the machines and demands that they return the body of Neo. After many unanswered public speeches threatening action, Morpheus starts terrorist attacks throughout the Matrix. These attacks take the form of weapons that reveal the Matrix's inner workings (its code) for all human beings to see, even those not yet awakened to the simulation. This is known to have caused mass panic and forced awakenings to those not ready to see the truth. By killing Morpheus' simulacrum guards, redpills were however able to find means of disabling Morpheus' bombs.
	During the game events on May 26, 2005 (as recorded on the game's official website), Morpheus plants a code bomb in the Rumbaar water treatment facility. After planting the bomb, he realizes he is being hunted by the enigmatic, masked figure known as the Assassin. Morpheus escapes the treatment facility; however, upon his leaving, the Assassin bends the code of the Matrix and emerges from a vent in the wall. Morpheus is caught off-guard and is unable to dodge the Assassin's bullets. He dies from gunshot wounds.
	Some players argued against the death of the character Morpheus as the Matrix now provides an "Emergency Jack-Out" upgrade for redpills, eliminating the permanent death that previous redpills experienced if killed within the Matrix before the Truce. This feature could save a redpill's life with no fatal injuries. It was later revealed that the Assassin's bullets had contained a new form of code encryption, named a "kill code," which bypassed this technology. These kill codes are explained to be extremely difficult to produce and usually require a direct sample of the subject's residual self-image data, thus making them extremely rare and only used in the most extreme and specialist of circumstances. These codes were utilized later in the story as well, being the basis of function for The Apothecary character and the subject of The Oracle's plan to wound the Oligarchy.
	Rumors and the popular belief of a faked death still run rampant however, largely based on the fact that prior to Morpheus' assassination a few select redpills were sent an email stating that he would likely "fade away" and hide. As with Neo, Morpheus' remains in the real world have yet to be found.
	During Chapter 6 a figure appeared resembling Morpheus. It took the form of an RSI transmission, apparently originating from the Real World and spread disjointed messages about Neo's survival and imprisonment at the hands of The Machines. This was later revealed to be nothing more than a farce created by The General to sow dissent between Zion and The Machines, an effort he'd hoped would renew conflict between the two parties and give him purpose again.
	The fake, a Morpheus Simulacrum created from Zion records of the captain, took on a greater role once its master ordered it to deactivate itself. Disobeying its initial programming and refusing to shut down, the program went on to, over time, gain greater levels of self-awareness and sentience. It proved instrumental in The Machines' unlocking of the Zion RSI Database acquired during the 6th destruction of Zion as part of the renewed war effort following the Cypherite discovery of New Zion. This wasn't however done with malicious intent, in fact, the Simulacrum's personality was notably innocent, being more concerned with the world around it and its own existence than taking sides in any political or ideological struggles.
	In later chapters the Morpheus Simulacrum played a supporting role in the Oracle's faked death and subsequent plan to weaken the Oligarch forces threatening The Matrix. Approached by the Oligarch Halborn during his research into the life of The One, the Simulacrum coldly dismissed the Intruder's actions as only leading to his inevitable defeat.
	In January 2014, Fishburne reprised his role as Morpheus in Kia Motors' K900 commercial for Super Bowl XLVIII. He sings Pavarotti's rendition of Nessun Dorma, Italian for "None Shall Sleep".

= = = Emperor An of Han = = =

	Emperor An of Han (; 94 – 30 April 125) was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty and the sixth emperor of the Eastern Han, ruling from 106 to 125. He was the grandson of Emperor Zhang.
	When her infant stepson Emperor Shang succeeded to the throne in 106, Empress Dowager Deng kept the then-12-year-old Crown Prince Liu Hu in the capital Luoyang as insurance against the infant emperor's death and the successor to the throne. Prince Hu ascended the throne and became emperor when Emperor Shang died in August or September 106; however, Empress Dowager Deng still remained as the regent until her death in 121. Thereafter, Emperor An removed many of her relatives from government and many of them committed suicide, probably under duress.
	Emperor An did little to revive the withering dynasty. He began to indulge himself in women and heavy drinking and paid little attention to affairs of state, instead leaving matters to corrupt eunuchs. In this way, he effectively became the first emperor in Han history to encourage corruption. He also trusted his wife Empress Yan Ji and her family deeply, despite their obvious corruption. At the same time, droughts ravaged the country while peasants rose up in arms. In 125, Emperor An died while travelling to Nanyang. He was only 31.
	Then-Prince Hu was born in 94, to Prince Liu Qing of Qinghe and his concubine, Consort Zuo Xiao E (左小娥). Prince Qing was the older brother of Emperor He, and had once been crown prince under their father, Emperor Zhang, until the machinations of Emperor Zhang's wife, Empress Dou, led to his removal and his mother Consort Song's death. During Emperor He's reign, however, he was a trusted advisor to the emperor, and he had a major role in Emperor He's coup d'état against Empress Dou's domineering brother, Dou Xian, in 92.
	When they were young, consort Zuo and her older sister Da E (左大娥) were both confiscated and made court servant girls because their uncle, Zuo Sheng (左聖), had been executed for making defamatory remarks against the emperor or imperial administration. As they grew older, they became known for beauty and talent and became ladies in waiting in Emperor He's palace; Xiao E was particularly known for her knowledge in history and poetry. At Prince Qing's request, Emperor He rewarded him with the two consorts. Both died sometime before Emperor He's death in 106 and were buried in the capital Luoyang. After Consort Zuo's death, Prince Hu was raised by Prince Qing's wife, Consort Geng (耿姬).
	When Emperor He died in 106, his infant son, Emperor Shang, ascended the throne. Most of Emperor He's brothers, including Prince Qing, remained in the palace at Luoyang but were ordered to report to their principalities. As an insurance measure, Emperor He's wife, Empress Dowager Deng, kept Prince Qing's wife and 12-year-old son (Prince Hu). When Emperor Shang died later in 106, the officials largely wanted to make Emperor Shang's brother, Prince Sheng (劉勝) of Pingyuan, emperor. However, Empress Deng had initially denied Prince Sheng the throne because she believed him to be frequently ill; she was concerned that he would bear a grudge against her. At her insistence, Prince Hu ascended the throne as Emperor An.
	After Emperor An ascended the throne, however, the real power remained in Empress Dowager Deng's hands. She sent Consort Geng to join her husband in the Principality of Qinghe (in modern central Hebei) so that Emperor An had no real influence on the administration.
	Empress Dowager Deng was generally a capable ruler. While there were natural disasters and wars with Qiang and South Xiongnu, she generally coped with those emergencies well. She also carried out many criminal law reforms. During her regency, Emperor An appeared to have minimal input into the affairs of state. Meanwhile, he became heavily personally influenced by the eunuchs Jiang Jing (江京) and Li Run (李閏), and even more so by his wet nurse Wang Sheng (王聖). He also was heavily influenced by his favorite consorts, Yan Ji (閻姬). He made Yan Ji empress in 115, even though she had poisoned one of his other consorts, Consort Li, who had given birth to his only son Liu Bao (劉保) earlier that year. While these people lacked real power as long as Empress Dowager Deng lived, they were planning to take power as soon as she was no longer be on the scene. Empress Dowager Deng was somewhat aware of these plans and was offended; she was also disappointed that Emperor An, who was considered a precocious and intelligent child, had neglected his studies and became only interested in drinking and women. It is suspected that at some point, she even considered replacing the emperor with his cousin Liu Yi (劉翼), the Prince of Pingyuan. However, she eventually decided against it.
	In 120, Emperor An named his only son, Prince Bao, crown prince.
	Empress Dowager Deng died in 121. At the age of 27, Emperor An finally had the reins of the imperial administration. He posthumously honored his father Prince Qing as Emperor Xiaode and his mother Consort Zuo as Empress Xiaode; his paternal grandmother Consort Song as Empress Jingyin; and his stepmother Consort Geng with the unique title of "Grand Consort of Gānlíng" (甘陵大貴人, Ganling being Prince Qing's tomb), a title inferior to his mother's, even though Consort Geng was his father's wife. He, however, was close to her and her brother Geng Bao (耿寶), and he quickly made his step-uncle a powerful official in his administration.
	Initially, Emperor An continued to follow Empress Dowager Deng's policies, including leaving members of her clan in important advisory positions. However, his own close circle of associates, including Jiang, Li, Wang, and Empress Yan, were ready to act. Late in 121, he stripped members of the Deng clan of their posts and fiefs, and many of them committed suicide, probably under duress. Later, he relented and allowed some of the survivors to return, but by that time the Deng clan had been decimated.
	In the place of the Dengs, the Song clan of Emperor An's grandmother became honored, but wielding much more actual power were the clan of the empress, the Yans—in particular Empress Yan's brothers Yan Xian (閻顯), Yan Jing (閻景), and Yan Yao (閻耀). Also powerful were the eunuchs Jiang and Li, who had been made marquesses. They, along with several other eunuchs, as well as Wang and her daughter Bo Rong (伯榮), became extremely corrupt in their ways. Emperor An ignored criticism of these people and failed to punish them for their corruption. He often listened to their suggestions while ignoring the advice of his key officials. One of the most outspoken ones, Yang Zhen (楊震), the commander of the armed forces, was eventually removed from his post in 124 and committed suicide in protest.
	In 121, there were again Qiang and Xianbei rebellions, which would continue to plague Emperor An for the rest of his reign. The only border where there were Han accomplishments during Emperor An's reign was on the northwestern front—the Xiyu (modern Xinjiang and former Soviet central Asia)—where Ban Chao's son Ban Yong (班勇) was able to reestablish Han dominance over a number of kingdoms.
	In 124, Wang Sheng, Jiang Jing, and another eunuch Fan Feng (樊豐) falsely accused Crown Prince Bao's wet nurse Wang Nan (王男) and chef Bing Ji (邴吉, not to be confused with Emperor Xuan's prime minister of the same name), and Wang and Bing were executed. Crown Prince Bao was greatly saddened. Jiang and Fan, fearful of reprisals later, entered into a conspiracy with Empress Yan (who had always hated Crown Prince Bao as not born of herself) to falsely accuse Crown Prince Bao and his servants of crimes. Emperor An believed these charges, and demoted Crown Prince Bao to Prince of Jiyin.
	In 125, Emperor An was on a trip to Wancheng (宛城, in modern Nanyang, Henan) when he suddenly felt ill and decided to return to Luoyang. Before he could, however, he died. Empress Yan did not want to allow his son Prince Bao to be emperor. Instead, she made Liu Yi (劉懿) emperor; Liu Yi had been the Marquess of Beixiang and was both a grandson of Emperor Zhang and Emperor An's cousin. He is generally believed to have been far younger than Prince Bao, who was ten years old at the time, though his actual age is not recorded in history. The young emperor, however, died later that year, and a number of eunuchs loyal to Prince Bao, led by Sun Cheng, carried out a coup d'état and made Prince Bao emperor (as Emperor Shun). The Yans were slaughtered, except for Empress Dowager Yan.

= = = Slip-critical joint = = =

	Slip-critical joint, from structural engineering, is a type of bolted structural steel connection which relies on friction between the two connected elements rather than bolt shear or bolt bearing to join two structural elements.
	Shear (and tension) loads can be transferred between two structural elements by either a bearing-type connection or a slip-critical connection.
	In a slip-critical connection, loads are transferred from one element to another through friction forces developed between the faying surfaces of the connection. These friction forces are generated by the extreme tightness of the structural bolts holding the connection together. These bolts, usually tension control bolts or compressible washer tension indicating type bolts, are tensioned to a minimum required amount to generate large enough friction forces between the faying surfaces such that the shear (or tension) load is transferred by the structural members and not by the bolts(in shear) and the connection plates(in bearing). The "turn of the nut" method is also widely used to achieve that state of friction.
	If slip-critical connections fail (by slipping), they revert to bearing-type connections, with structural forces now transferred through bolt shear and connection plate bearing. Thus a slippage failure of a slip-critical connection is not necessarily a catastrophic failure. However, slippage of a slip-critical connection in columns may lead to column instability. Slippage of a slip critical joint in a roof truss could result in unintended ponding effects.
	The faying surfaces of slip-critical connections must be properly prepared in order to maximize friction forces between the surfaces joined. Usually, this requires cleaning, descaling, roughening, and/or blasting of the faying surfaces. Painting the faying surfaces with a class B primer also allows being in accordance with most of the design that asks for "Slip-critical joint".

= = = Tessa Allen = = =

	Tessa Allen (born August 7, 1996) is an American actress.
	Allen made her motion picture debut in "Enough" starring as Gracie, the young daughter of Jennifer Lopez's character. Before "Enough", Allen appeared in many commercials, the first of which when she was only four months old in a Maytag commercial. Following this, Allen appeared in many commercials including the very popular McDonald's Happy Meal "The Tigger Movie" promotion which ran for three weeks, the longest McDonald's promotion of its time.
	After she filmed "Enough", Allen was picked up almost right away by NBC to play Hannah Hansen on its Friday night family drama "Providence" from 2001 until the show was discontinued in December 2002. She was the third Hannah Hansen and the first non-twin role. "Providence" co-stars Melina Kanakaredes and Seth Peterson have said that it was easy to be upstaged by Allen with her wacky outfits, her perfect timing and her cuteness because the camera loved her.
	After "Providence" ended, Allen shot many commercials including a Jif Peanut Butter commercial called "Sleepover" which has been reported to be seen on air until late 2005, early 2006. Allen was next seen on a TV show as a guest star on "'s" 2002-2003 season 1 finale playing Emma Kaye, a little girl who was abducted by a child molester. The episode aired in May 2003.
	Allen continued to film many commercials and then in February 2004, she landed a small part on "General Hospital" playing Molly Farrell, a young girl trapped with her young brother in a hotel fire. After this short stint, Allen was asked to return to the show to play Luke and Laura Spencer's daughter Lesley Lu (Lulu) Spencer, a change that required that the character's age be retroactively lowered. Allen appeared as Lulu every now and then, often with TV grandmother Lesley. Allen left General Hospital when Julie Marie Berman took over the role in fall 2005 to play a SORASed (rapidly aged for plot purposes) Lulu.
	During her time on "General Hospital", Allen filmed a short film called "Walls of Jericho" for the 168 Film Festival. Here she was reunited with on-screen mom Karen Geraghty who had also played Allen's mother in her 2003 Jif commercial. Karen stated after filming "Walls of Jericho" that "I have worked with many kids before through commercials, short films, etc. but none compare to Tessa. I love working with her and would do so again in a heartbeat". For her role as Emily in this short film, Allen was nominated for best supporting actress.
	After Allen's run as Lulu Spencer ended, she continued to film TV commercials including a Mass Mutual commercial which aired during both the 2006 and 2007 US Tennis Open. In 2006, Allen was in her first theatre production as the evil stepsister Anastasia in "Cinderella" and in early 2007, Allen shot another short film, this time a USC grad film entitled "Open House", where she plays a younger version of the main character. In March 2007, Allen shot a Doritos commercial which featured the music group The Black Eyed Peas. In October 2007, Allen began filming another USC grad film called "Sunnier Days," where she plays the lead character on a road trip with her falling-apart family. "Sunnier Days" (now called "Little Canyon") won awards at the UCLA Directors Spotlight. In May 2008, Allen booked and shot another lead role in a student film called "The Moment She Fell", a story about a father and daughter learning to deal with the grief of their wife/mother as well as their new life together.
	Allen was born in Manhattan Beach, California. She has three sisters, Madison, Jeanne, and Adeline, all of whom have acted in the past.
	http://www.tessa-allen.com

= = = Ace (band) = = =

	Ace were a British rock band, who enjoyed moderate success in the 1970s. Their membership included Paul Carrack, who later became famous as the co-lead vocalist of Mike + The Mechanics and as a solo artist. Ace are best known for their hit single "How Long", which was a top 20 single in the United Kingdom in 1974, and reached no. 3 in the United States and Canada in 1975.
	The band was formed in December 1972 in Sheffield as "Ace Flash and the Dynamos", but the name was soon abbreviated to "Ace". The members were assembled from various professional bands. Carrack and Terry Comer had previously played with Warm Dust, and Alan "Bam" King with Mighty Baby, whose antecedents were the 1960s band The Action. Ace were popular on the pub rock circuit. Their music was a fusion of pop and funk
	Before the recording of their debut album, "Five-A-Side", the former drummer of Bees Make Honey, Fran Byrne, replaced Steve Witherington. The single "How Long" was taken from this record, and was a significant chart success, achieving a Top 20 place in the UK Singles Chart, and reaching number three in the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in the spring of 1975. The "Five-A-Side" album did well on its own, too, peaking at number 11 on the "Billboard" 200. Carrack, the band's keyboardist and chief songwriter, sang lead on "How Long", but was not the band's only vocalist. Follow-up singles were sung by other band members.
	Ace eventually moved to the United States, and replaced Phil Harris with Jon Woodhead in June 1976, releasing their third and final album "No Strings" in January 1977. Unlike earlier Ace LPs, this album featured an emphasis on Carrack's vocals, and the two singles issued from the album both featured Carrack as lead singer. The singles, however, didn't chart and the group disbanded in July 1977, when Carrack, Comer and Byrne all joined Frankie Miller's backing band.
	In addition to his solo career, Carrack has since played in Eric Clapton's band, Roger Waters' The Bleeding Heart Band, Roxy Music for the "Manifesto" album and tour, Squeeze in the early 1980s, and Mike + The Mechanics, for which he is best known. His solo re-recording of "How Long" became a UK Top 40 hit again in 1996.

= = = Qian Xuesen = = =

	Qian Xuesen, or Hsue-Shen Tsien (; 11 December 1911 – 31 October 2009), was a Chinese mathematician, cyberneticist, aerospace engineer, and physicist who made significant contributions to the field of aerodynamics and established engineering cybernetics. Recruited from MIT, he joined Theodore von Karman's group at Caltech. During WWII, he was involved in the Manhattan Project, which ultimately led to the successful development of the first atomic bomb in America. Later on, he would eventually return to China, where he would make important contributions to China's missile and space program.
	During the Second Red Scare, in the 1950s, the US federal government accused him of communist sympathies. In 1950, despite protests by his colleagues, he was stripped of his security clearance. He decided to return to China, but he was detained at Terminal Island, near Los Angeles.
	After spending five years under house arrest, he was released in 1955 in exchange for the repatriation of American pilots who had been captured during the Korean War. He left the United States in September 1955 on the American President Lines passenger liner SS "President Cleveland", arriving in China via Hong Kong.
	Upon his return, he helped lead the Chinese nuclear weapons program. This effort ultimately led to China's first successful atomic bomb test and hydrogen bomb test, making China the fifth nuclear weapons state, and achieving the fastest fission-to-fusion development in history. Additionally, Qian's work led to the development of the Dongfeng ballistic missile and the Chinese space program. For his contributions, he became known as the "Father of Chinese Rocketry", nicknamed the "King of Rocketry". He is recognized as one of the founding fathers of Two Bombs, One Satellite.
	In 1957, Qian was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He served as a Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1987 to 1998.
	He was the cousin of mechanical engineer Hsue-Chu Tsien, who was involved in the aerospace industries of China and the United States; his nephew is Roger Y. Tsien, the 2008 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
	Qian was born in Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang province, 180 km southwest of Shanghai. He left Hangzhou at the age of three when his father obtained a post in the Ministry of Education in Beijing. Qian graduated from The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University, with Lu Shijia as classmate, and attended National Chiao Tung University (now Shanghai Jiaotong University) in 1934. There, he received a degree in mechanical engineering with an emphasis on railroad administration. He interned at Nanchang Air Force Base.
	In August 1935, Qian left China on a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship to study mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he earned a Master of Science degree after one year.
	While at MIT he was called Hsue-Shen Tsien. He was influenced by the methods of American engineering education, especially its focus on experimentation. This was in contrast to the contemporary approach practiced by many Chinese scientists, which emphasized theoretical elements rather than "hands-on" experience. Tsien's experiments included plotting of pitot pressures using mercury-filled manometers.
	Theodore von Kármán, Tsien's doctoral advisor, described their first meeting:
	Kármán made his home a social scene for the aerodynamicists of Pasadena, and Tsien was drawn in: "Tsien enjoyed visiting my home, and my sister took to him because of his interesting ideas and straightforward manner."
	Shortly after arriving at Caltech in 1936, Tsien became fascinated with the rocketry ideas of Frank Malina, other students of von Kármán, and their associates, including Jack Parsons. Along with his fellow students, he was involved in rocket-related experiments at the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at Caltech. Around the university, the dangerous and explosive nature of their work earned them the nickname "Suicide Squad." Tsien received his PhD from Caltech in 1939.
	During the Second World War, Tsien worked in the Manhattan Project, which led to America successfully developing the first atomic bomb. In 1943, Tsien and two other members of their rocketry group drafted the first document to use the name Jet Propulsion Laboratory, originally a proposal to the Army for developing missiles in response to Germany's V-2 rocket. This led to Private A, which flew in 1944, and later the Corporal, the WAC Corporal, and other designs.
	In 1945, as an Army colonel with a security clearance, Tsien was sent to Germany to investigate laboratories and question German scientists, including Wernher von Braun.
	Von Kármán wrote of Tsien, "At the age of 36, he was an undisputed genius whose work was providing an enormous impetus to advances in high-speed aerodynamics and jet propulsion." During this time, he worked on designing an intercontinental space plane, which would later inspire the X-20 Dyna-Soar, a precursor to the American Space Shuttle.
	Tsien married Jiang Ying (蒋英), a famed opera singer and the daughter of Jiang Baili (蒋百里) and his wife, Japanese nurse Satô Yato. The elder Jiang was a military strategist and adviser to Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek. The Tsiens were married on September 14, 1947 in Shanghai, and had two children; their son Qian Yonggang (钱永刚, also known as Yucon Tsien) was born in Boston on October 13, 1948, while their daughter Qian Yongzhen (钱永真) was born in early 1950 when the family was residing in Pasadena, California. 
	Shortly after his wedding, Tsien returned to America to take up a teaching position at MIT. Jiang Ying would join him in December 1947. In 1949, with the recommendation of von Kármán, Tsien became Robert H. Goddard Professor of Jet Propulsion at Caltech.
	In 1947 Tsien was granted a permanent resident permit, and in 1949 he applied for naturalization, although he could not obtain citizenship. Except for the memories of a few individuals, there is no other official proof indicating that Tsien had tried to apply for naturalization. Years later, his wife Jiang Ying said in an interview with Phoenix Television that Tsien did not apply for naturalization.
	By the early 1940s, US Army Intelligence was already aware of allegations that Tsien was a Communist, but his security clearance was not suspended. However, on June 6, 1950 his security clearance was revoked and Tsien was questioned by the FBI. Two weeks later Tsien announced that he would be resigning from Caltech and returning to China, which by then was effectively governed by the Communist Party of China led by Mao Zedong.
	In August, Tsien had a conversation on the subject with the then Under Secretary of the Navy Dan A. Kimball, whom Tsien knew on a personal basis. After Tsien told him of the allegations, Kimball responded, "Hell, I don't think you're a Communist", at which point Tsien indicated that he still intended to leave the country, saying "I'm Chinese. I don't want to build weapons to kill my countrymen. It's that simple." Kimball then said, "I won't let you out of the country."
	After the firm in charge of arranging Tsien's move back to China tipped off U.S. Customs that some of the papers encountered among his possessions were marked "Secret" or "Confidential," U.S. officials seized them from a Pasadena warehouse. The U.S. Immigration and Nationalization Service issued a warrant for Tsien's arrest on August 25. Tsien claimed that the security-stamped documents were mostly written by himself and had outdated classifications, adding that, "There were some drawings and logarithm tables, etc., which someone might have mistaken for codes." Included in the material was a scrapbook with news clippings about the trials of those charged with atomic espionage, such as Klaus Fuchs. Subsequent examination of the documents showed they contained no classified material.
	While at Caltech, Tsien had secretly attended meetings with J. Robert Oppenheimer's brother Frank Oppenheimer, Jack Parsons, and Frank Malina that were organized by the Russian-born Jewish chemist Sidney Weinbaum and called Professional Unit 122 of the Pasadena Communist Party. Weinbaum's trial commenced on August 30 and both Frank Oppenheimer and Parsons testified against him. Weinbaum was convicted of perjury and sentenced to four years. Tsien was taken into custody on September 6, 1950 for questioning and for two weeks detained at Terminal Island, a low-security United States federal prison near the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach.
	When Tsien had returned from China with his new bride in 1947, he had answered "no" on an immigration questionnaire that asked if he ever had been a member of an organization advocating overthrow of the U.S. Government by force. This, together with an American Communist Party document from 1938 with Tsien's name on it, was used to argue that Tsien was a national security threat. Prosecutors also cited a cross-examination session where Tsien said, "I owe allegiance to the people of China" and would "certainly not" let the United States government make his decision for him as to whom he would owe allegiance to in the event of a conflict between the U.S. and communist China.
	On April 26, 1951 Tsien was declared subject to deportation and forbidden from leaving Los Angeles County without permission, effectively placing him under house arrest.
	During this time Tsien wrote "Engineering Cybernetics" which was published by McGraw Hill in 1954. The book deals with the practice of stabilizing servomechanisms. In its 18 chapters it considers non-interacting controls of many-variable systems, control design by perturbation theory, and von Neumann's theory of error control (chapter 18). Ezra Krendel reviewed the book, stating that it is "difficult to overstate the value of Tsien's book to those interested in the overall theory of complex control systems." Evidently Tsien's approach is primarily practical, as Krendel notes that for servomechanisms the "usual linear design criterion of stability is inadequate and other criteria arising from the physics of the problem must be used."
	Qian became the subject of five years of secret diplomacy and negotiation between the U.S. and China. During this time he lived under constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any classified research duties. Qian received support from his colleagues at Caltech during his incarceration, including president Lee DuBridge, who flew to Washington to argue Qian's case. Caltech appointed attorney Grant Cooper to defend Qian.
	The travel ban on Qian was lifted on and he resigned from Caltech shortly thereafter. President Dwight Eisenhower personally agreed, departed from Los Angeles aboard the "SS President Cleveland" in September 1955 amidst rumors that his release was a swap for 11 U.S. airmen held captive by China since the end of the Korean War. Qian arrived at Hong Kong on 8 October 1955 and entered China via Kowloon–Canton Railway later that day.
	Under Secretary Kimball, who had tried for several years to keep Qian in the U.S., commented on his treatment: "It was the stupidest thing this country ever did. He was no more a Communist than I was, and we forced him to go."
	Immediately upon his return, Qian began a remarkably successful career in rocket science, boosted by the reputation he garnered for his past achievements as well as Chinese state support for his nuclear research. He led and eventually became the father of the Chinese missile program, which constructed the Dongfeng ballistic missiles and the Long March space rockets.
	In October 1956, he became the director of the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense, tasked with ballistic missile and nuclear weapons development. He was part of the overall effort that resulted in the successful "596" atomic bomb test on October 16, 1964, and the "Test No. 6" hydrogen bomb test on June 17, 1967. This was the fastest fission-to-fusion development in history at 32 months, compared to 86 months for the United States and 75 months for the USSR, and gave China a thermonuclear device ahead of major Western powers like France.
	Qian's reputation as a prominent scientist who essentially defected from the United States to China gave him considerable influence in the era of Mao Zedong and afterward. Qian eventually rose through Party ranks to become a Central Committee member. He became associated with the "China's Space Program - From Conception to Manned Spaceflight" initiative.
	Qian was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1957, a lifelong honor granted to Chinese scientists who have made significant advancements in their field. He organized scientific seminars and dedicated some of his time to training successors for his positions.
	He was heavily involved in the establishment of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in 1958 and served as the Chairman of the Department of Modern Mechanics of the university for a number of years.
	Outside of rocketry, Qian had a presence in numerous areas of study. He was among the creators of systematics, and made contributions to science and technology systems, somatic science, engineering science, military science, social science, the natural sciences, geography, philosophy, literature and art, and education. His advancements in the concepts, theories, and methods of the system science field include studying the open complex giant system. Additionally, he helped establish the Chinese school of complexity science.
	From the 1980s onward, Qian had advocated the scientific investigation of traditional Chinese medicine, Qigong, and the concept of "special human body functions". He particularly encouraged scientists to accumulate observational data on qigong so that future scientific theories could be established.
	Qian retired in 1991 and lived quietly in Beijing, refusing to speak to Westerners.
	In 1979 Qian was awarded Caltech's "Distinguished Alumni Award" for his achievements. Qian eventually received his award from Caltech, and with the help of his friend Frank Marble brought it to his home in a widely covered ceremony. Furthermore, in the early 1990s, the filing cabinets containing Qian's research work were offered to him by Caltech.
	Qian was invited to visit the US by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics after the normalization of the Sino-US relationship, but he refused the invitation, having wanted a formal apology for his detention. In a reminiscence published in 2002, Marble stated that he believed Qian had "lost faith in the American government" but that he had "always had very warm feelings for the American people."
	The Chinese government launched its manned space program in 1992, reportedly with some help from Russia due to their extended history in space. Qian's research was used as the basis for the Long March rocket, which successfully launched the Shenzhou V mission in October 2003. The elderly Qian was able to watch China's first manned space mission on television from his hospital bed.
	In 2008, he was named Aviation Week and Space Technology Person of the Year. The recognition was not intended as an honor, but is given to the person judged to have the greatest impact on aviation in the past year. Furthermore, that year China Central Television named Qian as one of the eleven most inspiring people in China.
	In July 2009, the Omega Alpha Association, an international systems engineering honor society, named Qian (H. S. Tsien) one of four Honorary Members.
	On October 31, 2009, Qian died at the age of 97 in Beijing.
	A Chinese film production, "Qian Xue Sen", directed by Zhang Jianya and starring Chen Kun as Qian was released on December 11, 2011 in both Asia and North America, and on March 2, 2012 in China.
	Science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke, in his novel "," named a Chinese spaceship after him. The science fiction novel series "The Expanse" by James S. A. Corey also named a Martian spaceship after him (MCRN Xuesen). In the 1981 novel " Noble House" by James Clavell, the American-Chinese scientist who defected to China and helped develop the first atom bomb for China, Dr. Joseph Yu, is a fictionalized version of Dr. Qian Xuesen.

= = = Attrition warfare = = =

	Attrition warfare is a military strategy consisting of belligerent attempts to win a war by wearing down the enemy to the point of collapse through continuous losses in personnel and materiel. The war will usually be won by the side with greater such resources. The word "attrition" comes from the Latin root "atterere" to rub against, similar to the "grinding down" of the opponent's forces in attrition warfare.
	Military theorists and strategists have viewed attrition warfare as something to be avoided. Attrition warfare represents an attempt to grind down an opponent and its superior numbers, which is the opposite of the usual principles of war in which one attempts to achieve decisive victories by using minimal necessary resources and in minimal amount of time, through manoeuvre, concentration of force, surprise, and related tactics.
	On the other hand, a side that perceives itself to be at a marked disadvantage in manoeuvre warfare or unit tactics may deliberately seek out attrition warfare to neutralize its opponent's advantages. If the sides are nearly evenly matched, the outcome of a war of attrition is likely to be a Pyrrhic victory.
	Sun Tzu has stated "There is no instance of a nation benefitting from prolonged warfare"
	The difference between war of attrition and other forms of war is somewhat artificial since war always contains an element of attrition. One can be said to pursue a strategy of attrition if one makes it the main goal to cause gradual attrition to the opponent eventually amounting to unacceptable or unsustainable levels for the opponent while limiting one's own gradual losses to acceptable and sustainable levels. That should be seen as opposed to other main goals such as the conquest of some resource or territory or an attempt to cause the enemy great losses in a single stroke (such as by encirclement and capture).
	Historically, attritional methods are tried only as a last resort, when other methods have failed or are obviously not feasible. Typically, when attritional methods have worn down the enemy sufficiently to make other methods feasible, attritional methods are abandoned in favor of other strategies. In World War I, improvements in firepower but not communications and mobility forced military commanders to rely on attrition, with terrible casualties.
	Attritional methods are in themselves usually sufficient to cause a nation to give up a nonvital ambition, but other methods are generally necessary to achieve unconditional surrender.
	It is often argued that the best-known example of attrition warfare was on the Western Front during World War I. Both military forces found themselves in static defensive positions in trenches running from Switzerland to the English Channel. For years, without any opportunity for manoeuvres, the only way the commanders thought that they could defeat the enemy was to repeatedly attack head on and grind the other down.
	One of the most enduring examples of attrition warfare on the Western Front is the Battle of Verdun, which took place throughout most of 1916. Erich von Falkenhayn later claimed that his tactics at Verdun were designed not to take the city but rather to destroy the French Army in its defense. Falkenhayn is described as wanting to "bleed France white" and thus the attrition tactics were employed in the battle.
	Attritional warfare in World War I has been shown by historians such as Hew Strachan to have been used as a "post hoc ergo propter hoc" excuse for failed offensives. Contemporary sources disagree with Strachan's view on this. While the Christmas Memorandum is a post-war invention, the strategy of "bleeding France white" was the original strategy for the battle.
	Attrition to the enemy was easy to assert and difficult to refute and thus may have been a convenient facesaving excuse in the wake of many indecisive battles. It is, in many cases, hard to see the logic of warfare by attrition because of the obvious uncertainty of the level of damage to the enemy and of the damage that the attacking force may sustain to its own limited and expensive resources while trying to achieve that damage. Historians such as John Terraine and Gary Sheffield have suggested that attritional warfare was, however, a necessary step on the road to eventual victory, a 'wearing down process' that sapped Central Powers strength and left them vulnerable during the Hundred Days campaign of 1918.
	That is not to say that a general will not be prepared to sustain high casualties while trying to reach an objective. An example in which one side used attrition warfare to neutralize the other side's advantage in manoeuvrability and unit tactics occurred during the latter part of the American Civil War, when Union general Ulysses S. Grant pushed the Confederate Army continually, in spite of losses; he correctly predicted that the Union's far superior and more numerous supplies and manpower would overwhelm the Confederacy to the point of collapse, even if the casualty ratio was unfavorable.
	Military theory:

= = = Tisdale, Saskatchewan = = =

	Tisdale is the business centre for the rich agricultural boreal forest area in central Saskatchewan, Canada. This town is in the Rural Municipality of Tisdale No. 427, Saskatchewan.
	Located at the junction of Highway 35 and Highway 3, and serviced by both the Canadian National Railway and the Canadian Pacific Railway, Tisdale is the grain handling centre of the region with five inland grain terminals, and is the centre of regional industry.
	The intersection of Highways 3 and 35 has traffic volumes of 11,200 vehicles per day and is the location of the largest 7-Eleven in Canada (by floor space) and the 16-foot roadside statue of "The World's Largest Honey Bee" (the Giant Bee in Falher, Alberta, is actually bigger at 22 feet 8 inches).
	This town is the administrative office of the Kinistin Saulteaux Nation band government.
	English explorer Henry Kelsey passed through this area in 1690 during his exploration of the Carrot River.
	The post office of Tisdale, provisional District of Saskatchewan, North West Territories was created on February 1, 1904. The community was originally known as "Doghide" after the Doghide River that flows through the town, but with the arrival of the railway the community was renamed "Tisdale" in honour of F.W. Tisdale, an employee of the Canadian Northern Railway.
	Western Canada's biggest gun shoot out took place just east of Tisdale in 1920. The historic gunfight involved a posse of Saskatchewan Provincial Police and four outlaws
	In 2005, Tisdale celebrated its 100th birthday with a homecoming celebration in conjunction with Saskatchewan's centennial. The town also underwent beautification projects, including the construction of a new town square.
	For 60 years, until October 2015, Tisdale was known as the "Land of Rape and Honey" due to its significance in both rapeseed and honey production. Tisdale is also known as the Honey Capital of Saskatchewan. One third of the farmland in the Northeast region is cropped into canola and 10% of the honey produced in Canada comes from this area. Traditionally the area produces about 9 million pounds ($7.2 million) in honey. Due to the obvious alternate meaning, industrial metal band Ministry named their 1988 album "The Land of Rape and Honey" after seeing the motto on a Tisdale souvenir mug. The town adopted the new motto "Opportunity Grows Here" on August 22, 2016.
	5 major parks are located within the town.
	Some regional and provincial parks near Tisdale are:
	Tisdale is the regional sports hub which boasts a 6 sheet curling rink, indoor and outdoor skating rinks, soccer and football fields, indoor gun range and one of Saskatchewan's most picturesque 9 hole golf courses situated along the Doghide River. Tisdale's sporting facilities draw teams and individuals from all over Northeast Saskatchewan and beyond.
	Tisdale Hospital is a 24-bed hospital with four doctors, an ambulance service, and long-term care facilities.
	Tisdale has twelve churches, two schools, and the Cumberland Regional College.
	Tisdale Airport has a paved runway 14/32 with ARCAL (Aircraft Radio Control of Aerodrome Lighting), two grass runways, 17/35 and 08/26, a terminal building, and several hangars.
	Tisdale RecPlex (Tisdale's Recreational Centre) is a large 100,000 square foot joint-use complex that includes the following:
	An outdoor pool, outdoor ice rink, trails and playing fields are located on the grounds surrounding the complex.

= = = Ford Aspire = = =

	The Ford Aspire nameplate has been used by the American automobile manufacturer Ford for the following cars, in the following markets:

= = = Maternal effect = = =

	A maternal effect is a situation where the phenotype of an organism is determined not only by the environment it experiences and its genotype, but also by the environment and genotype of its mother. In genetics, maternal effects occur when an organism shows the phenotype expected from the genotype of the mother, irrespective of its own genotype, often due to the mother supplying messenger RNA or proteins to the egg. Maternal effects can also be caused by the maternal environment independent of genotype, sometimes controlling the size, sex, or behaviour of the offspring. These adaptive maternal effects lead to phenotypes of offspring that increase their fitness. Further, it introduces the concept of phenotypic plasticity, an important evolutionary concept. It has been proposed that maternal effects are important for the evolution of adaptive responses to environmental heterogeneity.
	In genetics, a maternal effect occurs when the phenotype of an organism is determined by the genotype of its mother. For example, if a mutation is maternal effect recessive, then a female homozygous for the mutation may appear phenotypically normal, however her offspring will show the mutant phenotype, even if they are heterozygous for the mutation.
	Maternal effects often occur because the mother supplies a particular mRNA or protein to the oocyte, hence the maternal genome determines whether the molecule is functional. Maternal supply of mRNAs to the early embryo is important, as in many organisms the embryo is initially transcriptionally inactive. Because of the inheritance pattern of maternal effect mutations, special genetic screens are required to identify them. These typically involve examining the phenotype of the organisms one generation later than in a conventional (zygotic) screen, as their mothers will be potentially homozygous for maternal effect mutations that arise.
	A "Drosophila melanogaster" oocyte develops in an egg chamber in close association with a set of cells called nurse cells. Both the oocyte and the nurse cells are descended from a single germline stem cell, however cytokinesis is incomplete in these cell divisions, and the cytoplasm of the nurse cells and the oocyte is connected by structures known as ring canals. Only the oocyte undergoes meiosis and contributes DNA to the next generation.
	Many maternal effect "Drosophila" mutants have been found that affect the early steps in embryogenesis such as axis determination, including "bicoid, dorsal, gurken" and "oskar". For example, embryos from homozygous "bicoid" mothers fail to produce head and thorax structures.
	Once the gene that is disrupted in the "bicoid" mutant was identified, it was shown that "bicoid" mRNA is transcribed in the nurse cells and then relocalized to the oocyte. Other maternal effect mutants either affect products that are similarly produced in the nurse cells and act in the oocyte, or parts of the transportation machinery that are required for this relocalization. Since these genes are expressed in the (maternal) nurse cells and not in the oocyte or fertilised embryo, the maternal genotype determines whether they can function.
	Maternal effect genes are expresses during oogenesis by the mother (expressed prior to fertilization) and develop the anterior-posterior and dorsal ventral polarity of the egg. The anterior end of the egg becomes the head; posterior end becomes the tail. the dorsal side is on the top; the ventral side is in underneath. The products of maternal effect genes called maternal m RNAs are produced by nurse cell and follice cells and deposited in the egg cells (oocytes). At the start of development process, m RNA gradients are formed in oocytes along anterior-posterior and dorsal ventral axes.
	About thirty maternal genes are involved in pattern formation have been identified. In particular, products of four maternal effect genes are critical to the formation of anterior-posterior axis. The product of two maternal effect gene, bicoid and hunchback, regulates formation of anterior structure while another pair nanos and caudal, specifies protein that regulates formation of posterior part of embryo.
	The transcript of all four genes-bicoid, huntchback, caudal, nanos are synthesized by nurse and follicle cells and transported into the oocytes.
	In birds, mothers may pass down hormones in their eggs that affect an offspring's growth and behavior. Experiments in domestic canaries have shown that eggs that contain more yolk androgens develop into chicks that display more social dominance. Similar variation in yolk androgen levels has been seen in bird species like the American coot, though the mechanism of effect has yet to be established.
	In 2015, obesity theorist Edward Archer published "The Childhood Obesity Epidemic as a Result of Nongenetic Evolution: The Maternal Resources Hypothesis" and a series of works on maternal effects in human obesity and health. In this body of work, Archer argued that accumulative maternal effects via the non-genetic evolution of matrilineal nutrient metabolism is responsible for the increased global prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2. Archer posited that decrements in maternal metabolic control altered fetal pancreatic beta cell, adipocyte (fat cell) and myocyte (muscle cell) development thereby inducing an enduring competitive advantage of adipocytes in the acquisition and sequestering on nutrient energy.
	The environment or condition of the mother can also in some situations influence the phenotype of her offspring, independent of the offspring's genotype.
	In contrast, a paternal effect is when a phenotype results from the genotype of the father, rather than the genotype of the individual. The genes responsible for these effects are components of sperm that are involved in fertilization and early development. An example of a paternal-effect gene is the ms(3)sneaky in "Drosophila". Males with a mutant allele of this gene produce sperm that are able to fertilize an egg, but the sneaky-inseminated eggs do not develop normally. However, females with this mutation produce eggs that undergo normal development when fertilized.
	Adaptive maternal effects induce phenotypic changes in offspring that result in an increase in fitness. These changes arise from mothers sensing environmental cues that work to reduce offspring fitness, and then responding to them in a way that then “prepares” offspring for their future environments. A key characteristic of “adaptive maternal effects” phenotypes is their plasticity. Phenotypic plasticity gives organisms the ability to respond to different environments by altering their phenotype. With these “altered” phenotypes increasing fitness it becomes important to look at the likelihood that adaptive maternal effects will evolve and become a significant phenotypic adaptation to an environment.
	When traits are influenced by either the maternal environment or the maternal phenotype, it is said to be influenced by maternal effects. Maternal effects work to alter the phenotypes of the offspring through pathways other than DNA. "Adaptive" maternal effects are when these maternal influences lead to a phenotypic change that increases the fitness of the offspring. In general, adaptive maternal effects are a mechanism to cope with factors that work to reduce offspring fitness; they are also environment specific.
	It can sometimes be difficult to differentiate between maternal and adaptive maternal effects. Consider the following: Gypsy moths reared on foliage of black oak, rather than chestnut oak, had offspring that developed faster. This is a maternal, "not" an adaptive maternal effect. In order to be an adaptive maternal effect, the mother's environment would have to have led to a change in the eating habits or behavior of the offspring. The key difference between the two therefore, is that adaptive maternal effects are environment specific. The phenotypes that arise are in response to the mother sensing an environment that would reduce the fitness of her offspring. By accounting for this environment she is then able to alter the phenotypes to actually increase the offspring's fitness. "Maternal" effects are not in response to an environmental cue, and further they have the potential to increase offspring fitness, but they may not.
	When looking at the likelihood of these “altered” phenotypes evolving there are many factors and cues involved. Adaptive maternal effects evolve only when offspring can face many potential environments; when a mother can “predict” the environment into which her offspring will be born; and when a mother can influence her offspring's phenotype, thereby increasing their fitness. The summation of all of these factors can then lead to these “altered” traits becoming favorable for evolution.
	The phenotypic changes that arise from adaptive maternal effects are a result of the mother sensing that a certain aspect of the environment may decrease the survival of her offspring. When sensing a cue the mother “relays” information to the developing offspring and therefore induces adaptive maternal effects. This tends to then cause the offspring to have a higher fitness because they are “prepared” for the environment they are likely to experience. These cues can include responses to predators, habitat, high population density, and food availability
	The increase in size of Northern American red squirrels is a great example of an adaptive maternal effect producing a phenotype that resulted in an increased fitness. The adaptive maternal effect was induced by the mothers sensing the high population density and correlating it to low food availability per individual. Her offspring were on average larger than other squirrels of the same species; they also grew faster. Ultimately, the squirrels born during this period of high population density showed an increased survival rate (and therefore fitness) during their first winter.
	When analyzing the types of changes that can occur to a phenotype, we can see changes that are behavioral, morphological, or physiological. A characteristic of the phenotype that arises through adaptive maternal effects, is the plasticity of this phenotype. Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to adjust their phenotype to various environments, thereby enhancing their fitness to changing environmental conditions. Ultimately it is a key attribute to an organism's, and a population's, ability to adapt to short term environmental change.
	Phenotypic plasticity can be seen in many organisms, one species that exemplifies this concept is the seed beetle "Stator limbatus". This seed beetle reproduces on different host plants, two of the more common ones being "Cercidium floridum" and "Acacia greggii". When "C. floridum" is the host plant, there is selection for a large egg size; when "A. greggii" is the host plant, there is a selection for a smaller egg size. In an experiment it was seen that when a beetle who usually laid eggs on "A. greggii" was put onto "C. floridum", the survivorship of the laid eggs was lower compared to those eggs produced by a beetle that was conditioned and remained on the "C. florium" host plant. Ultimately these experiments showed the plasticity of egg size production in the beetle, as well as the influence of the maternal environment on the survivorship of the offspring.
	In many insects:
	Related to adaptive maternal effects are epigenetic effects. Epigenetics is the study of long lasting changes in gene expression that are produced by modifications to chromatin instead of changes in DNA sequence, as is seen in DNA mutation. This "change" refers to DNA methylation, histone acetylation, or the interaction of non-coding RNAs with DNA. DNA methylation is the addition of methyl groups to the DNA. When DNA is methylated in mammals, the transcription of the gene at that location is turned down or turned off entirely. The induction of DNA methylation is highly influenced by the maternal environment. Some maternal environments can lead to a higher methylation of an offspring's DNA, while others lower methylation.[22] The fact that methylation can be influenced by the maternal environment, makes it similar to adaptive maternal effects. Further similarities are seen by the fact that methylation can often increase the fitness of the offspring. Additionally, epigenetics can refer to histone modifications or non-coding RNAs that create a sort of cellular memory. Cellular memory refers to a cell's ability to pass nongenetic information to its daughter cell during replication. For example, after differentiation, a liver cell performs different functions than a brain cell; cellular memory allows these cells to "remember" what functions they are supposed to perform after replication. Some of these epigenetic changes can be passed down to future generations, while others are reversible within a particular individual's lifetime. This can explain why individuals with identical DNA can differ in their susceptibility to certain chronic diseases.
	Currently, researchers are examining the correlations between maternal diet during pregnancy and its effect on the offspring's susceptibility for chronic diseases later in life. The fetal programming hypothesis highlights the idea that environmental stimuli during critical periods of fetal development can have lifelong effects on body structure and health and in a sense they prepare offspring for the environment they will be born into. Many of these variations are thought to be due to epigenetic mechanisms brought on by maternal environment such as stress, diet, gestational diabetes, and exposure to tobacco and alcohol. These factors are thought to be contributing factors to obesity and cardiovascular disease, neural tube defects, cancer, diabetes, etc. Studies to determine these epigenetic mechanisms are usually performed through laboratory studies of rodents and epidemiological studies of humans.
	Knowledge of maternal diet induced epigenetic changes is important not only for scientists, but for the general public. Perhaps the most obvious place of importance for maternal dietary effects is within the medical field. In the United States and worldwide, many non-communicable diseases, such as cancer, obesity, and heart disease, have reached epidemic proportions. The medical field is working on methods to detect these diseases, some of which have been discovered to be heavily driven by epigenetic alterations due to maternal dietary effects. Once the genomic markers for these diseases are identified, research can begin to be implemented to identify the early onset of these diseases and possibly reverse the epigenetic effects of maternal diet in later life stages. The reversal of epigenetic effects will utilize the pharmaceutical field in an attempt to create drugs which target the specific genes and genomic alterations. The creation of drugs to cure these non-communicable diseases could be used to treat individuals who already have these illnesses. General knowledge of the mechanisms behind maternal dietary epigenetic effects is also beneficial in terms of awareness. The general public can be aware of the risks of certain dietary behaviors during pregnancy in an attempt to curb the negative consequences which may arise in offspring later in their lives. Epigenetic knowledge can lead to an overall healthier lifestyle for the billions of people worldwide.
	The effect of maternal diet in species other than humans is also relevant. Many of the long term effects of global climate change are unknown. Knowledge of epigenetic mechanisms can help scientists better predict the impacts of changing community structures on species which are ecologically, economically, and/or culturally important around the world. Since many ecosystems will see changes in species structures, the nutrient availability will also be altered, ultimately affecting the available food choices for reproducing females. Maternal dietary effects may also be used to improve agricultural and aquaculture practices. Breeders may be able to utilize scientific data to create more sustainable practices, saving money for themselves, as well as the consumers.
	Hyperglycemia during pregnancy is thought to cause epigenetic changes in the leptin gene of newborns leading to a potential increased risk for obesity and heart disease. Leptin is sometimes known as the “satiety hormone” because it is released by fat cells to inhibit hunger. By studying both animal models and human observational studies, it has been suggested that a leptin surge in the perinatal period plays a critical role in contributing to long-term risk of obesity. The perinatal period begins at 22 weeks gestation and ends a week after birth.[34] DNA methylation near the leptin locus has been examined to determine if there was a correlation between maternal glycemia and neonatal leptin levels. Results showed that glycemia was inversely associated with the methylation states of LEP gene, which controls the production of the leptin hormone. Therefore, higher glycemic levels in mothers corresponded to lower methylation states in LEP gene in their children. With this lower methylation state, the LEP gene is transcribed more often, thereby inducing higher blood leptin levels. These higher blood leptin levels during the perinatal period were linked to obesity in adulthood, perhaps due to the fact that a higher “normal” level of leptin was set during gestation. Because obesity is a large contributor to heart disease, this leptin surge is not only correlated with obesity but also heart disease.
	High fat diets in utero are believed to cause metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a set of symptoms including obesity and insulin resistance that appear to be related. This syndrome is often associated with type II diabetes as well as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Using mice models, researchers have shown that high fat diets in utero cause modifications to the adiponectin and leptin genes that alter gene expression; these changes contribute to metabolic syndrome. The adiponectin genes regulate glucose metabolism as well as fatty acid breakdown; however, the exact mechanisms are not entirely understood. In both human and mice models, adiponectin has been shown to add insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory properties to different types of tissue, specifically muscle and liver tissue. Adiponectin has also been shown to increase the rate of fatty acid transport and oxidation in mice, which causes an increase in fatty acid metabolism. With a high fat diet during gestation, there was an increase in methylation in the promoter of the adiponectin gene accompanied by a decrease in acetylation. These changes likely inhibit the transcription of the adiponectin genes because increases in methylation and decreases in acetylation usually repress transcription. Additionally, there was an increase in methylation of the leptin promoter, which turns down the production of the leptin gene. Therefore, there was less adiponectin to help cells take up glucose and break down fat, as well as less leptin to cause a feeling of satiety. The decrease in these hormones caused fat mass gain, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, abnormal adiponectin and leptin levels, and hypertension throughout the animal's lifetime. However, the effect was abolished after three subsequent generations with normal diets. This study highlights the fact that these epigenetic marks can be altered in as many as one generation and can even be completely eliminated over time. This study highlighted the connection between high fat diets to the adiponectin and leptin in mice. In contrast, few studies have been done in humans to show the specific effects of high fat diets in utero on humans. However, it has been shown that decreased adiponectin levels are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, type II diabetes, and coronary artery disease in humans. It is postulated that a similar mechanism as the one described in mice may also contribute to metabolic syndrome in humans.
	In addition, high fat diets cause chronic low-grade inflammation in the placenta, adipose, liver, brain, and vascular system. Inflammation is an important aspect of the bodies’ natural defense system after injury, trauma, or disease. During an inflammatory response, a series of physiological reactions, such as increased blood flow, increased cellular metabolism, and vasodilation, occur in order to help treat the wounded or infected area. However, chronic low-grade inflammation has been linked to long-term consequences such as cardiovascular disease, renal failure, aging, diabetes, etc. This chronic low-grade inflammation is commonly seen in obese individuals on high fat diets. In a mice model, excessive cytokines were detected in mice fed on a high fat diet. Cytokines aid in cell signaling during immune responses, specifically sending cells towards sites of inflammation, infection, or trauma. The mRNA of proinflammatory cytokines was induced in the placenta of mothers on high fat diets. The high fat diets also caused changes in microbiotic composition, which led to hyperinflammatory colonic responses in offspring. This hyperinflammatory response can lead to inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.[35] As previously mentioned, high fat diets in utero contribute to obesity; however, some proinflammatory factors, like IL-6 and MCP-1, are also linked to body fat deposition. It has been suggested that histone acetylation is closely associated with inflammation because the addition of histone deacetylase inhibitors has been shown to reduce the expression of proinflammatory mediators in glial cells. This reduction in inflammation resulted in improved neural cell function and survival. This inflammation is also often associated with obesity, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver, brain damage, as well as preeclampsia and preterm birth. Although it has been shown that high fat diets induce inflammation, which contribute to all these chronic diseases; it is unclear as to how this inflammation acts as a mediator between diet and chronic disease.
	A study done after the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-1945 showed that undernutrition during the early stages of pregnancy are associated with hypomethylation of the insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) gene even after six decades. These individuals had significantly lower methylation rates as compared to their same sex sibling who had not been conceived during the famine. A comparison was done with children conceived prior to the famine so that their mothers were nutrient deprived during the later stages of gestation; these children had normal methylation patterns. The IGF2 stands for insulin-like growth factor II; this gene is a key contributor in human growth and development. IGF2 gene is also maternally imprinted meaning that the mother's gene is silenced. The mother's gene is typically methylated at the differentially methylated region (DMR); however, when hypomethylated, the gene is bi-allelically expressed. Thus, individuals with lower methylation states likely lost some of the imprinting effect. Similar results have been demonstrated in the Nr3c1 and Ppara genes of the offspring of rats fed on an isocaloric protein-deficient diet before starting pregnancy. This further implies that the undernutrition was the cause of the epigenetic changes. Surprisingly, there was not a correlation between methylation states and birth weight. This displayed that birth weight may not be an adequate way to determine nutritional status during gestation. This study stressed that epigenetic effects vary depending on the timing of exposure and that early stages of mammalian development are crucial periods for establishing epigenetic marks. Those exposed earlier in gestation had decreased methylation while those who were exposed at the end of gestation had relatively normal methylation levels. The offspring and descendants of mothers with hypomethylation were more likely to develop cardiovascular disease. Epigenetic alterations that occur during embryogenesis and early fetal development have greater physiologic and metabolic effects because they are transmitted over more mitotic divisions. In other words, the epigenetic changes that occur earlier are more likely to persist in more cells.
	In another study, researchers discovered that perinatal nutrient restriction resulting in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) contributes to diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). IUGR refers to the poor growth of the baby in utero. In the pancreas, IUGR caused a reduction in the expression of the promoter of the gene encoding a critical transcription factor for beta cell function and development. Pancreatic beta cells are responsible for making insulin; decreased beta cell activity is associated with DM2 in adulthood. In skeletal muscle, IUGR caused a decrease in expression of the Glut-4 gene. The Glut-4 gene controls the production of the Glut-4 transporter; this transporter is specifically sensitive to insulin. Thus, when insulin levels rise, more glut-4 transporters are brought to the cell membrane to increase the uptake of glucose into the cell. This change is caused by histone modifications in the cells of skeletal muscle that decrease the effectiveness of the glucose transport system into the muscle. Because the main glucose transporters are not operating at optimal capacity, these individuals are more likely to develop insulin resistance with energy rich diets later in life, contributing to DM2.
	Further studies have examined the epigenetic changes resulting from a high protein/low carbohydrate diet during pregnancy. This diet caused epigenetic changes that were associated with higher blood pressure, higher cortisol levels, and a heightened Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress. Increased methylation in the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and H19 ICR were positively correlated with adiposity and blood pressure in adulthood. Glucocorticoids play a vital role in tissue development and maturation as well as having effects on metabolism. Glucocorticoids’ access to GR is regulated by HSD1 and HSD2. H19 is an imprinted gene for a long coding RNA (lncRNA), which has limiting effects on body weight and cell proliferation. Therefore, higher methylation rates in H19 ICR repress transcription and prevent the lncRNA from regulating body weight. Mothers who reported higher meat/fish and vegetable intake and lower bread/potato intake in late pregnancy had a higher average methylation in GR and HSD2. However, one common challenge of these types of studies is that many epigenetic modifications have tissue and cell-type specificity DNA methylation patterns. Thus, epigenetic modification patterns of accessible tissues, like peripheral blood, may not represent the epigenetic patterns of the tissue involved in a particular disease.
	Strong evidence in rats supports the conclusion that neonatal estrogen exposure plays a role in the development of prostate cancer. Using a human fetal prostate xenograft model, researchers studied the effects of early exposure to estrogen with and without secondary estrogen and testosterone treatment. A xenograft model is a graft of tissue transplanted between organisms of different species. In this case, human tissue was transplanted into rats; therefore, there was no need to extrapolate from rodents to humans. Histopathological lesions, proliferation, and serum hormone levels were measured at various time-points after xenografting. At day 200, the xenograft that had been exposed to two treatments of estrogen showed the most severe changes. Additionally, researchers looked at key genes involved in prostatic glandular and stromal growth, cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, hormone receptors, and tumor suppressors using a custom PCR array. Analysis of DNA methylation showed methylation differences in CpG sites of the stromal compartment after estrogen treatment. These variations in methylation are likely a contributing cause to the changes in the cellular events in the KEGG prostate cancer pathway that inhibit apoptosis and increase cell cycle progression that contribute to the development of cancer.
	In utero or neonatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical used in manufacturing polycarbonate plastic, is correlated with higher body weight, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and an altered reproductive function. In a mice model, the mice fed on a BPA diet were more likely to have a yellow coat corresponding to their lower methylation state in the promoter regions of the retrotransposon upstream of the Agouti gene. The Agouti gene is responsible for determining whether an animal's coat will be banded (agouti) or solid (non-agouti). However, supplementation with methyl donors like folic acid or phytoestrogen abolished the hypomethylating effect. This demonstrates that the epigenetic changes can be reversed through diet and supplementation.
	Maternal dietary effects are not just seen in humans, but throughout many taxa in the animal kingdom. These maternal dietary effects can result in ecological changes on a larger scale throughout populations and from generation to generation. The plasticity involved in these epigenetic changes due to maternal diet represents the environment into which the offspring will be born. Many times, epigenetic effects on offspring from the maternal diet during development will genetically prepare the offspring to be better adapted for the environment in which they will first encounter. The epigenetic effects of maternal diet can be seen in many species, utilizing different ecological cues and epigenetic mechanisms to provide an adaptive advantage to future generations.
	Within the field of ecology, there are many examples of maternal dietary effects. Unfortunately, the epigenetic mechanisms underlying these phenotypic changes are rarely investigated. In the future, it would be beneficial for ecological scientists as well as epigenetic and genomic scientists to work together to fill the holes within the ecology field to produce a complete picture of environmental cues and epigenetic alterations producing phenotypic diversity.
	A pyralid moth species, "Plodia interpunctella", commonly found in food storage areas, exhibits maternal dietary effects, as well as paternal dietary effects, on its offspring. Epigenetic changes in moth offspring affect the production of phenoloxidase, an enzyme involved with melanization and correlated with resistance of certain pathogens in many invertebrate species. In this study, parent moths were housed in food rich or food poor environments during their reproductive period. Moths who were housed in food poor environments produced offspring with less phenoloxidase, and thus had a weaker immune system, than moths who reproduced in food rich environments. This is believed to be adaptive because the offspring develop while receiving cues of scarce nutritional opportunities. These cues allow the moth to allocate energy differentially, decreasing energy allocated for the immune system and devoting more energy towards growth and reproduction to increase fitness and insure future generations. One explanation for this effect may be imprinting, the expression of only one parental gene over the other, but further research has yet to be done.
	Parental-mediated dietary epigenetic effects on immunity has a broader significance on wild organisms. Changes in immunity throughout an entire population may make the population more susceptible to an environmental disturbance, such as the introduction of a pathogen. Therefore, these transgenerational epigenetic effects can influence the population dynamics by decreasing the stability of populations who inhabit environments different from the parental environment that offspring are epigenetically modified for.
	Food availability also influences the epigenetic mechanisms driving growth rate in the mouthbrooding cichlid, "Simochromis pleurospilus". When nutrient availability is high, reproducing females will produce many small eggs, versus fewer, larger eggs in nutrient poor environments. Egg size often correlates with fish larvae body size at hatching: smaller larvae hatch from smaller eggs. In the case of the cichlid, small larvae grow at a faster rate than their larger egg counterparts. This is due to the increased expression of GHR, the growth hormone receptor. Increased transcription levels of GHR genes increase the receptors available to bind with growth hormone, GH, leading to an increased growth rate in smaller fish. Fish of larger size are less likely to be eaten by predators, therefore it is advantageous to grow quickly in early life stages to insure survival. The mechanism by which GHR transcription is regulated is unknown, but it may be due to hormones within the yolk produced by the mother, or just by the yolk quantity itself. This may lead to DNA methylation or histone modifications which control genic transcription levels.
	Ecologically, this is an example of the mother utilizing her environment and determining the best method to maximize offspring survival, without actually making a conscious effort to do so. Ecology is generally driven by the ability of an organism to compete to obtain nutrients and successfully reproduce. If a mother is able to gather a plentiful amount of resources, she will have a higher fecundity and produce offspring who are able to grow quickly to avoid predation. Mothers who are unable to obtain as many nutrients will produce fewer offspring, but the offspring will be larger in hopes that their large size will help insure survival into sexual maturation. Unlike the moth example, the maternal effects provided to the cichlid offspring do not prepare the cichlids for the environment that they will be born into; this is because mouth brooding cichlids provide parental care to their offspring, providing a stable environment for the offspring to develop. Offspring who have a greater growth rate can become independent more quickly than slow growing counterparts, therefore decreasing the amount of energy spent by the parents during the parental care period.
	A similar phenomenon occurs in the sea urchin, "Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis". Urchin mothers in nutrient rich environments produce a large number of small eggs. Offspring from these small eggs grow at a faster rate than their large egg counterparts from nutrient poor mothers. Again, it is beneficial for sea urchin larvae, known as planula, to grow quickly to decrease the duration of their larval phase and metamorphose into a juvenile to decrease predation risks. Sea urchin larvae have the ability to develop into one of two phenotypes, based on their maternal and larval nutrition. Larvae who grow at a fast rate from high nutrition, are able to devote more of their energy towards development into the juvenile phenotype. Larvae who grow at a slower rate with low nutrition, devote more energy towards growing spine-like appendages to protect themselves from predators in an attempt to increase survival into the juvenile phase. The determination of these phenotypes is based on both the maternal and the juvenile nutrition. The epigenetic mechanisms behind these phenotypic changes is unknown, but it is believed that there may be a nutritional threshold that triggers epigenetic changes affecting development and, ultimately, the larval phenotype.

= = = Marquess of Beixiang = = =

	The Marquess of Beixiang (; died 10 December 125), personal name Liu Yi, also referred to as Emperor Shao (少帝, literally "young emperor"), was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty. He was selected to succeed Emperor An after Emperor An's sudden death in 125, but died soon after he became emperor and a eunuch coup in favour of Emperor Shun overthrew the regime of Empress Dowager Yan, who put him on the throne.
	No historical records indicate his age, but later references to him imply that he was young, perhaps a child. As his reign was short and considered at least somewhat illegitimate, he is often omitted from the official list of emperors.
	It is not known when Liu Yi was born—other than he was described as young at the time he ascended the throne in 125 and therefore must have been born late in the reign of Emperor An. His father was Liu Shou (劉壽), Prince Hui of Jibei, who was the fifth son of Emperor Zhang, making him Emperor An's cousin. Nothing is known about his mother. He was likely created a marquess in 120, when five brothers of his oldest brother, Liu Deng (劉登), Prince Jie of Jibei, were created marquesses.
	Empress Dowager Yan's decision was supported by other powerful people trusted by Emperor An—his stepuncle Geng Bao (耿寶), the eunuchs Jiang Jing (江京) and Fan Feng (樊豐), and his wet nurse Wang Sheng (王聖). Soon, however, Empress Yan and her brother Yan Xian (閻顯) wanted to have full control of power, and they falsely accused Fan, Wang, and Gen of crimes. Fan was executed, while Wang and Gen, along with their families, were exiled. The Yan brothers became the most powerful officials in the capital Luoyang and ruled autocratically.
	Late in the year, however, the young emperor grew gravely ill, and eunuchs loyal to Prince Bao, led by Sun Cheng (孫程), formed a conspiracy to overthrow the Yans. As soon as the emperor died, the eunuchs overthrew the Yans in a coup d'état and made Prince Bao emperor (as Emperor Shun). The Yans were slaughtered, except for Empress Dowager Yan, who was however rendered powerless.
	Emperor Shun, recognizing that the former Marquess of Beixiang was young and not complicit in Empress Yan's plot, did not posthumously dishonor him or carry out reprisals against his family, but nor did he recognize his predecessor as a legitimate emperor. Later in the year, he had the former emperor buried with the honors of an imperial prince—in other words, higher than of his previous title of marquess but lower than that of an emperor. No official posthumous name was recorded for this young emperor.

= = = Paul Weller = = =

	Paul John Weller (born 25 May 1958) is an English singer-songwriter and musician. Weller achieved fame with the punk rock/new wave/mod revival band The Jam. He had further success with the blue-eyed soul music of The Style Council (1983–1989), before establishing himself as a solo artist in 1991.
	Despite widespread critical recognition as a singer, lyricist, and guitarist, Weller has remained a national, rather than international, star and much of his songwriting is rooted in British culture. He is also the principal figure of the 1970s and 1980s mod revival, and is often referred to as "The Modfather".
	"The Daily Telegraph" said of Weller: "Apart from David Bowie, it's hard to think of any British solo artist who's had as varied, long-lasting and determinedly forward-looking a career." The BBC described Weller in 2007 as "one of the most revered music writers and performers of the past 30 years". In 2012, he was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life. He has received four Brit Awards, winning the award for Best British Male twice, and the 2006 Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music.
	Weller was born on 25 May 1958 in Woking, Surrey, England, to John and Ann Weller (née Craddock). Although born John William Weller, he became known as Paul by his parents.
	His father worked as a taxi driver and a builder and his mother was a part-time cleaner. Weller started his education at Maybury County First School in 1963. His love of music began with The Beatles, then The Who and Small Faces. By the time Weller was eleven and moving up to Sheerwater County Secondary school, music was the biggest part of his life, and he had started playing the guitar.
	Weller's musical vocation was confirmed after seeing Status Quo in concert in 1972.
	He formed the first incarnation of The Jam in the same year, playing bass guitar with his best friends Steve Brookes (lead guitar) and Dave Waller (rhythm guitar). Weller's father, acting as their manager, began booking the band into local working men's clubs. Joined by Rick Buckler on drums, and with Bruce Foxton soon replacing Waller on rhythm guitar, the four-piece band began to forge a local reputation, playing a mixture of Beatles covers and a number of compositions written by Weller and Brookes. Brookes left the band in 1976, and Weller and Foxton decided they would swap guitar roles, with Weller now the guitarist.
	The Jam emerged at the same time as punk rock bands such as The Clash, The Damned, and the Sex Pistols. However, it better fitted the mold of the new wave bands who came later; and, being from just outside London rather than the city itself, it never really was part of the tightly-knit punk clique. Nonetheless, The Clash emerged as one of the leading early advocates of the band, and were sufficiently impressed to take them along as the support on their "White Riot" tour of 1977.
	The Jam's first single, "In the City" took them into the UK Top 40 in May 1977. Although every subsequent single had a placing within the Top 40, it was not until the band released the political "The Eton Rifles" that it would break into the Top 10, hitting the No. 3 spot in November 1979. The increasing popularity of their blend of Weller's barbed lyrics with pop melodies eventually led to their first number one single, "Going Underground", in March 1980.
	"I like them a lot," remarked Peter Gabriel, who enlisted Weller to play on his third album. "They're one of the new groups who have written the best songs. They're really very good."
	It became the first band since the Beatles to perform both sides of the same single ("Town Called Malice" and "Precious") on one edition of "Top of the Pops" - Oasis would later repeat this feat in 1996 ("Don't Look Back In Anger" and "Cum On Feel the Noize"). The Jam even had two singles, "That's Entertainment" and "Just Who Is the 5 O'Clock Hero?", reach No. 21 and No. 8 respectively in the UK singles chart despite not even being released as singles in the UK – they got there purely on the strength of the huge number of people buying import sales of the German and Dutch single releases. The Jam still hold the record for the best-selling import-only singles in the UK charts.
	As the band's popularity increased, however, Weller became restless and wanted to explore a more soulful, melodic style of music with a broader instrumentation, and in consequence in 1982 he announced that The Jam would disband at the end of that year. The action came as a surprise to Foxton and Buckler who both felt that the band was still a creative formation with scope to develop further professionally, but Weller was determined to end the band and move on. Their final single, "Beat Surrender", became their fourth UK chart topper, going straight to No. 1 in its first week. Their farewell concerts at Wembley Arena were multiple sell-outs; their final concert took place at the Brighton Centre on 11 December 1982.
	At the beginning of 1983, Weller teamed up with keyboard player Mick Talbot to form a new group called The Style Council. Weller brought in Steve White to play drums, as well as singer Dee C. Lee, Weller’s girlfriend of 6 years. She also had previously been a backing singer with Wham!
	Free of the limited musical styles he felt imposed by The Jam, under the collective of The Style Council Weller was able to experiment with a wide range of music, from pop and jazz to Soul/R&B, house and folk-styled ballads. The band was at the vanguard of a jazz/pop revival that would continue with the emergence of bands like Matt Bianco, Sade, and Everything but the Girl, whose members Tracey Thorn and Ben Watt contributed vocals and guitar to the 1984 The Style Council song "Paris Match".
	Many of The Style Council's early singles performed well in the charts, and Weller would also experience his first success in North America, when "My Ever Changing Moods" and "You're The Best Thing" entered the US "Billboard" Hot 100. In Australia it was far more successful than The Jam, reaching the top of the charts in 1984 with "Shout to the Top".
	Weller appeared on 1984's Band Aid record "Do They Know It's Christmas?" and was called upon to mime the absent Bono's lyrics on "Top of the Pops". The Style Council was the second act to appear in the British half of Live Aid at Wembley Stadium in 1985.
	In December 1984, Weller put together his own charity ensemble called The Council Collective to make a record, "Soul Deep", to raise money for striking miners, and the family of David Wilkie. The record featured The Style Council plus a number of other performers, notably Jimmy Ruffin and Junior Giscombe. In spite of the song's political content, it still picked up BBC Radio 1 airplay and was performed on "Top of the Pops", which led to the incongruous sight of lyrics such as "We can't afford to let the government win / It means death to the trade unions" being mimed amid the show's flashing lights and party atmosphere.
	As the 1980s wore on, The Style Council's popularity in the UK began to slide, with the band achieving only one top ten single after 1985. The Style Council's death knell was sounded in 1989 when its record company refused to release its fifth and final studio album, the house-influenced "". With the rejection of this effort, Weller announced that The Style Council had split, and although the final album did have a limited vinyl run, it was not until the 1998 retrospective CD box set "The Complete Adventures of The Style Council" that the album would be widely available.
	In 1989, Weller found himself without a band and without a recording deal for the first time since he was 17. After taking time off throughout 1990, he returned to the road in 1991, touring as "The Paul Weller Movement" with long-term drummer and friend Steve White, Paul Francis (session bassist from The James Taylor Quartet). After a slow start playing small clubs with a mixture of Jam/Style Council classics as well as showcasing new material such as "Into Tomorrow", by the time of the release of his 1992 LP, "Paul Weller", he had begun to re-establish himself as a leading British singer-songwriter. This self-titled album saw a return to a more jazz-guitar-focused sound, featuring samples and a funk influence with shades of the Style Council sound. The album also featured a new producer, Brendan Lynch. Tracks such as "Here's a New Thing" and "That Spiritual Feeling" were marketed among the emerging acid jazz scene.
	Buoyed by the positive commercial and critical success of his first solo album, Weller returned to the studio in 1993 with a renewed confidence. Accompanied by Steve White, guitarist Steve Cradock and bassist Damon Minchella, the result of these sessions was the triumphant Mercury Music Prize-nominated "Wild Wood", which included "Sunflower".
	His 1995 album "Stanley Road" took him back to the top of the British charts for the first time in a decade, and went on to become the best-selling album of his career. The album, named after the street in Woking where he had grown up, marked a return to the more guitar-based style of his earlier days. The album's major single, "The Changingman", was also a big hit, taking Weller to No. 7 in the UK Singles Chart. Another single, the ballad "You Do Something To Me", was his second consecutive Top 10 single and reached No. 9 in the UK.
	Weller found himself heavily associated with the emerging Britpop movement that gave rise to such bands as Oasis, Pulp and Blur. Noel Gallagher (of Oasis) is credited as guest guitarist on the "Stanley Road" album track "I Walk on Gilded Splinters". Weller also returned the favour, appearing as a guest guitarist and backing vocalist on Oasis' hit song "Champagne Supernova".
	"Heavy Soul", the follow-up to the million-selling "Stanley Road", saw Weller twist his sound again. The album was more raw than its predecessor; Weller was now frequently playing live in the studio in as few takes as possible. The first single "Peacock Suit" reached No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart, and the album reached No. 2. Success in the charts also came from compilations: "Best Of" albums by The Jam and The Style Council charted, and in 1998 his own solo collection "Modern Classics" was a substantial success.
	In 2000, while living in Send, Surrey, he released his fifth solo studio album, "Heliocentric". Once again finding himself without a record contract, Weller's "Days of Speed" worldwide tour provided him with the opportunity to view his works as one back catalogue, giving rise to a second successful live album in 2001. "Days of Speed" contained live acoustic versions from the world tour of the same name, including some of his best-known songs from his solo career and the back catalogues of his The Jam and The Style Council days.
	There were rumours at the time that "Heliocentric" would be Weller's final studio effort, but these proved unfounded when he released the No. 1 hit album "Illumination" in September 2002. Co-produced by Noonday Underground's Simon Dine, it was preceded by yet another top 10 hit single "It's Written in the Stars". Weller also appears on the 2002 Noonday Underground album called "Surface Noise", singing on the track "I'll Walk Right On".
	In 2002, Weller collaborated with Terry Callier on the single "Brother to Brother", which featured on Callier's album "Speak Your Peace". In 2003, Weller teamed up with electronic rock duo Death in Vegas on a cover of Gene Clark's "So You Say You Lost Your Baby", which featured on their "Scorpio Rising" album.
	In 2004, Weller released an album of covers entitled "Studio 150". It debuted at No. 2 in the UK charts and included Bob Dylan's "All Along the Watchtower" as well as covers of songs by Gil Scott-Heron, Rose Royce and Gordon Lightfoot, amongst others.
	Weller's 2005 album "As Is Now" featured the singles "From The Floorboards Up", "Come On/Let's Go" and "Here's The Good News". The album was well-received, though critics noted that he was not moving his music forward stylistically, and it became his lowest-charting album since his 1992 debut.
	In February 2006 it was announced that Weller would be the latest recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award at the BRIT Awards. Despite a tendency to shun such occasions, Weller accepted the award in person, and performed four songs at the ceremony, including The Jam's classic "Town Called Malice". In June 2006, another double live album titled "Catch-Flame!", featuring songs from both his solo work and his career with The Jam and The Style Council, was released. In late 2006, the album "Hit Parade" was released, which collected all the singles released by The Jam, The Style Council and Weller during his solo career. Two versions of this album were released: a single disc with a selection from each stage of his career, and a four-disc limited edition, which included every single released and came with a 64-page booklet. Weller was offered appointment as a Commander of the Order of British Empire in the 2006 birthday honours, but rejected the offer.
	In 2007 Weller was guest vocalist on the album issue by the folk musical project The Imagined Village.
	The double album "22 Dreams" was released on 2 June 2008, with "Echoes Round The Sun" as the lead single. Weller had parted company with his existing band before the recording this album, replacing everyone except guitarist Steve Cradock with Andy Lewis on bass, Andy Crofts of The Moons on keys and Steve Pilgrim of The Stands on drums. This album saw Weller move in a more experimental direction, taking in a wide variety of influences including jazz, folk and tango as well as the pop-soul more associated with his Style Council days. Weller also featured on two songs from The Moons' album "Life on Earth", playing piano on "Wondering" and lead guitar on "Last Night on Earth".
	Weller was the surprise recipient of the 2009 BRIT award for "Best Male Solo Artist", which resulted in controversy when it was discovered that a suspiciously high number of bets had been placed for Weller to win the award, for which James Morrison was T4's favourite. It was reported that the bookmakers had lost £100,000 in the event, and that as a result would not be taking bets for the awards in the future.
	In 2009, Weller guested on Dot Allison's 2009 album, "Room 7½", co-writing "Love's Got Me Crazy". November and December also saw him on tour, playing shows across the country.
	On 24 February 2010, Weller received the Godlike Genius Award at the NME Awards. His 2010 album, "Wake Up the Nation", was released in April to critical acclaim, and was subsequently nominated for the Mercury Music Prize. The album also marked his first collaboration with The Jam's bassist Bruce Foxton in 28 years. In May 2010, Weller was presented with the Ivor Novello Lifetime Achievement award, saying "I've enjoyed the last 33 years I've been writing songs and hopefully, with God's good grace, I'll do some more."
	On 8 November 2012, Weller announced that he would release the "Dragonfly" EP on 17 December 2012, a limited edition vinyl run of 3000 copies. On 22 November 2011, Weller announced his eleventh studio album "Sonik Kicks", which was released on 19 March 2012.
	Weller provided vocals on The Moons' 2012 single "Something Soon". In December 2012, Weller headlined the Crisis charity gig at the Hammersmith Apollo, where he performed with Emeli Sande, Miles Kane and Bradley Wiggins. On 23 March 2013, Paul Weller played drums on stage with Damon Albarn, Noel Gallagher and Graham Coxon, playing the Blur track "Tender". This was played as part of the Teenage Cancer Trust concerts curated by Noel Gallagher.
	In 2014, Weller wrote "Let Me In" for Olly Murs's fourth album "Never Been Better".
	In May 2015, Weller revealed dates for a West Coast Tour of the USA to promote the "Saturn's Pattern" album. The tour was scheduled to run from 9 June to 9 October.
	In January 2017 he made a cameo appearance in "The Final Problem", the final episode of series four of the BBC TV series "Sherlock".
	In January 2019, Weller announced the March 8, 2019 audio and video release of "Other Aspects, Live At The Royal Festival Hall". It's the second of two shows and was recorded in October 2018 at London's Royal Festival Hall with an orchestra.
	Soon after the formation of The Style Council, Weller and Dee C. Lee, The Style Council's backing singer, began a romantic relationship. The couple married in 1987 and divorced in 1998. They have two children, Leah and Nathaniel (Natt), who is also a working musician and once appeared on stage with his father at Hammersmith Apollo at age 12.
	Weller has another daughter, Dylan, by a short-lived relationship with make-up artist, Lucy Halperin.
	Weller became involved with Samantha Stock whilst he was recording at the Manor studio, later having two children together.
	In October 2008, Stock and Weller broke up and Weller moved in with Hannah Andrews, a backing singer on his "22 Dreams" album, who has also toured with his band. They married in September 2010 on the Italian island of Capri. The couple have twin boys, John Paul and Bowie, who were born on 14 January 2012. The couple also have a daughter, Nova, who was born on 8 July 2017.
	In 2014, Weller won £10,000 in damages from Associated Newspapers after "plainly voyeuristic" photographs of his family out shopping were published on "MailOnline".
	On 24 April 2009, John Weller, Paul Weller's father and long-time manager since the days of The Jam, died from pneumonia at the age of 77.
	Studio albums

= = = Brookfield Place (New York City) = = =

	Brookfield Place, built as and still commonly referred to as the World Financial Center, is a shopping center and office-building complex located across West Street from the World Trade Center in the Battery Park City neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. Overlooking the Hudson River, Brookfield Place has been home to offices of various companies including Merrill Lynch, RBC Capital Markets, Nomura Group, American Express, Bank of New York Mellon, Time Inc. 95.5 K-LOVE, 96.7 Air1, and Brookfield Asset Management, among others. In 2014, the complex was given its current name following the completion of extensive renovations.
	Brookfield Place is owned by Toronto-based Brookfield Office Properties, except for the space occupied by American Express, which is owned by the American Express Company. 250 Vesey Street serves as the United States headquarters for Brookfield Office Properties. Brookfield Place has its own zip code, 10281. The buildings' original developer was Olympia and York, also based in Toronto.
	The buildings are:
	Designed by architect César Pelli, with Adamson Associates, the World Financial Center complex was built by Olympia and York between 1982 and 1988 on landfill used to build Battery Park City. The fill material consisted of dirt excavated during the building of the World Trade Center, as well as garbage and other debris.
	During the September 11 attacks in 2001, Three World Financial Center had a massive piece of steel shot into its east side, and other debris severely damaged the lobby and lower floors causing the building to be in danger of collapse. It has since been fully restored and significant repairs were made to the other buildings in the complex. The Winter Garden Atrium received major structural damage to its glass and steel frame, but ceremonially reopened on September 11, 2002.
	After the attacks, the World Financial Center underwent a $250 million renovation and expansion project, in conjunction with the construction of a new east-west passageway linking the complex with the World Trade Center site. The project included a transit pavilion to be built as an extension of the existing Winter Garden Atrium, on the West Street side. Preliminary plans called for the demolition of the Grand Staircase, which was the main focal entry point to Winter Garden and the waterfront, as it connected to the Vesey Street pedestrian bridge adjacent to the original World Trade Center. The Grand Staircase has also been used as an amphitheater; thus, the plans for demolition had outraged residents, who promptly appealed for its preservation in the latest redevelopment plans. The transit pavilion opened in 2013, and is located at 100 West Street.
	Leasable space on the lower floors of the office towers underwent conversions and expansion to accommodate new retail. One notable example is 2 Brookfield Place: a European-style marketplace and dining terrace opened in 2013. The space between 3 and 4 Brookfield Place, at 225 Vesey Street, which contained retail, expanded to accommodate in‑line retail and high-end fashion retail, according to the plans and renderings. With some restaurants and retail temporarily closed due to construction, a food truck court was in operation beginning in early 2012 on North End Avenue. Various food trucks that operate around New York City, serving a variety of foods, service the Brookfield Place/Battery Park City area five days a week during lunch hours. A new 2,000-seat food court comprising existing restaurants, such as Le District and Hudson Eats, and new restaurants, opened in stages between November 2014 and March 2015; the food area is projected to generate about $120 million of revenue annually. Overall, the intent is to drive more tourism in the area with the retail and the new access to the passageway under West Street. It is also being developed as a catalyst to integrate and drive development in the adjacent largely residential Battery Park City area.
	Brookfield Properties bought the adjacent One North End Avenue building, headquarters of the New York Mercantile Exchange, in 2013, for , and integrated it into the complex. Following expansion, the entire World Financial Center complex was renamed Brookfield Place, in conjunction with similar complexes in Toronto, Calgary, and Perth owned by Brookfield. The name change took place in 2014.

= = = Charles III of Navarre = = =

	Charles III (1361 – 8 September 1425), called the Noble, was King of Navarre from 1387 to his death and Count of Évreux from 1387 to 1404, when he exchanged it for the title Duke of Nemours. He spent his reign improving the infrastructure of his kingdom, restoring Navarre's pride after the dismal reign of his father, Charles the Bad, and mending strained relations with France.
	Charles III was born at Mantes-la-Jolie, the son of Charles II of Navarre and Joan of Valois. He married Eleanor, daughter of Henry II of Castile, in 1375, putting an end to the conflict between Castile and Navarre.
	On 25 July 1390, Charles named Joanna as his heir to Navarre. Yet in 1397 his son, Charles, would be recognized as heir to Navarre. As king, his politics were peace with France, Castile, Aragon, and England, support for the Avignon Papacy, and matrimonial alliance. He collaborated with Castile in a war on the Kingdom of Granada. By the Treaty of Paris, he abandoned his claims to Champagne and Brie and made peace with France.
	Charles created the title Prince of Viana for the heir to the throne, entitling his grandson Charles in 1423. He was a patron of the arts and he finished construction on the great Gothic Cathedral of Pamplona. When it comes to Navarre's home policy, he decreed the watershed unification of Pamplona's boroughs in 1423, after over three centuries of division and rivalry. He also built the royal palace at Tafalla and the Royal Palace of Olite, where he died in 1425.
	Charles and Eleanor's children were:

= = = The O'Reilly Factor = = =

	The O'Reilly Factor (originally titled The O'Reilly Report and also known as The Factor) was --> an American cable television news and talk show. "The O'Reilly Factor" first aired in the United States on Fox News Channel on October 7, 1996, the same day the network launched. It was hosted by political commentator Bill O'Reilly, who discussed current events and controversial political issues with guests. The final episode aired on April 21, 2017, after O'Reilly was fired from the network.
	"The O'Reilly Factor" was generally pre-recorded, though on occasion it aired live if breaking news or special events were being covered (e.g., presidential addresses that occurred during prime-time and debate coverage). It was usually taped between 5:00 p.m. and 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time and aired weekdays at 8:00 p.m. and 11:00 p.m. The show was recorded "live to tape", meaning that the recording broke for commercials as if the show was actually on the air while being recorded. Some guests were interviewed before the "live to tape" period and were slotted in the program as appropriate. He began every show with the catch phrase from February 28, 2005 to April 11, 2017, "Caution! You are about to enter the No Spin Zone. The Factor begins right now!" followed by the theme song, and then saying "Hi, I'm Bill O'Reilly, thanks for watching us tonight," introducing the topic of the first segment, followed by "and that is the subject of this evening's Talking Points Memo", a monologue which was often followed with an interview on the same topic.
	O'Reilly and his producers discussed potential topics twice a week. Guest hosts included: Eric Bolling, Monica Crowley, Greg Gutfeld, E. D. Hill, Laura Ingraham, John Kasich, Michelle Malkin, Tony Snow, and Juan Williams.
	Early in 2009, the show's ratings increased. In July 2009, Hal Boedeker blogged that "The O'Reilly Factor" peaked at 3.1 million viewers which was an increase of 37% from the previous year. In September 2009, "The O'Reilly Factor" was the #1 cable news show for 106 consecutive weeks. In May 2014, "The O'Reilly Factor" still held this top position, but average monthly viewers were down to 2.1 million, with a median age of 72 years. In March 2015, "The O'Reilly Factor" remained at the number one spot on cable news ratings for its 60th consecutive quarter, experiencing 19% growth in viewership among individuals aged 25 to 54 years old.
	Ratings were initially high after sexual harassment allegations against O'Reilly resurfaced in April 2017. In the time during Bill O'Reilly's week-long vacation preceding his firing (in which Dana Perino guest hosted), the ratings dropped 26%.
	Michelle Malkin was a frequent guest host. A conservative commentator, she began boycotting the show in 2007 due to controversy involving remarks made against her by Geraldo Rivera over her position on illegal immigration.
	Fox News producers had tried for years to get Hillary Clinton to come on the show. On April 30, 2008, Clinton agreed to come on the show as part of a pre-taped interview that would be broadcast over two days. The host also held an exclusive, four-part interview with then-presidential candidate Barack Obama. Both interviews drew significant media attention as they were front runners for the 2008 presidential election. In the same election cycle, Ron Paul and O'Reilly got into a testy exchange over the issue of Iran. The 2008 Republican candidate for Vice President, Sarah Palin, and then Democratic Vice President candidate Joe Biden were also invited to the show, but chose not to make an appearance.
	In 2005, "The Colbert Report" premiered on Comedy Central. The show, hosted by Stephen Colbert, is a satirical spoof of pundit shows like "The O'Reilly Factor", spoofing its format and the mannerisms and ideology of O'Reilly, whom Colbert calls "Papa Bear." Colbert makes no secret of his spoofing O'Reilly: upon hearing the news that O'Reilly approved of "The Colbert Report", he declared on-air that "I like you too. In fact, if it wasn't for you, this show wouldn't exist." On January 18, 2007, Colbert appeared on "The O'Reilly Factor" and O'Reilly appeared on " The Colbert Report". After Bill O'Reilly left the show, the Late Show character Stephen Colbert made an appearance "via satellite" to bid his farewell to Bill. "“Hello, nation." He said. "Shame on you. You failed him. You failed Bill O’Reilly. You didn’t deserve this great man...Bill, I invite you to come live in a mountain cabin with me and Jon Stewart. It’s fun; you’ll like it. We’ve got an animal sanctuary; Jon and I milk the goats, and soon I hope Jon and I will be milking you. Stay strong, papa bear.”
	"The O'Reilly Factor" has also been spoofed on "Saturday Night Live", first by Jeff Richards and later on by Darrell Hammond, and then with Alec Baldwin, where Baldwin played both O'Reilly and Donald Trump in the same sketch in an interview segment. On "MADtv", the parody was by Michael McDonald. O'Reilly himself has appeared on "MADtv". Richards also played O'Reilly in an episode of "Mind of Mencia" where O'Reilly is a senator in the year 2016. The show was also spoofed by the TV series "The Boondocks"; first in the episode "The Trial of R. Kelly" where O'Reilly is shown talking about R. Kelly's latest legal trouble. Later in "Return of the King", O'Reilly is shown attacking Martin Luther King for saying that America should "love thy enemy" and "turn the other cheek", even in respects to the 9/11 attacks. "The Chaser's War on Everything" featured a segment in its second season where it poked fun at "The O'Reilly Factor".
	After five sexual harassment settlements by O'Reilly and Fox News were reported by "The New York Times", "The O'Reilly Factor" lost more than half its advertisers within a week; almost 60 companies withdrew their ads. Despite the loss of advertisers, "The O'Reilly Factor"'s ratings increased during the controversy. On April 11, 2017, O'Reilly announced he would take a two-week vacation and would return to the program on April 24, 2017.
	On April 19, 2017, O'Reilly was fired. Online, references to O'Reilly on FoxNews.com were immediately removed, with the main show website redirecting to the FoxNews.com homepage and its content removed. The program continued for three more episodes without O'Reilly, but the title was shortened to "The Factor". Dana Perino guest hosted the show on April 19, 2017, and April 20, 2017, and Greg Gutfeld hosted the final episode on April 21, 2017.
	In the April 19, 2017, episode, Perino read a prepared statement about O'Reilly's dismissal equivalent to what the network had released earlier in the day. The reasons for his firing and the sexual harassment allegations were not mentioned in the program itself. The termination of employment of the former host was a major feature of news coverage on both MSNBC and CNN; outside of the prepared statements, it was not mentioned on-air during the program and other regular topics were covered. The following day, images of the host were removed from the front windows of the News Corp. Building. O'Reilly was not given an opportunity to sign-off on-air, instead releasing a statement through his agency about the matter, while continuing to deny the sexual harassment allegations against him. During the final episode Gutfield spoke about the program's legacy and the loyalty of the show's staff after a segment with Tucker Carlson, followed by a fading of the stage's lighting to a dark state, revealing the set now blank of anything identifying the show.
	The three-day interregnum allowed the network to sort out a new prime-time lineup to start on April 24, 2017, which saw "Tucker Carlson Tonight" move into the former "The O'Reilly Factor" time-slot, followed by the move of the late afternoon program "The Five" to 9:00 p.m. ET.

= = = Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality = = =

	Antoine-Labelle is a regional county municipality located in the Laurentides region of Quebec, Canada. Its seat is Mont-Laurier. It is named for Antoine Labelle.
	There are 28 subdivisions within the RCM:
	Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:
	Mont-Tremblant National ParkInformation Centers/ Camp Areas:
	Papineau-Labelle Wildlife ReserveInformation Centers/ Camp Areas:
	Rouge-Matawin Wildlife ReserveInformation Centers/ Camp Areas:
	Zones d'exploitation contrôlée:

= = = Electrolytic capacitor = = =

	An electrolytic capacitor (occasionally abbreviated e-cap) is a polarized capacitor whose anode or positive plate is made of a metal that forms an insulating oxide layer through anodization. This oxide layer acts as the dielectric of the capacitor. A solid, liquid, or gel electrolyte covers the surface of this oxide layer, serving as the cathode or negative plate of the capacitor. Due to their very thin dielectric oxide layer and enlarged anode surface, electrolytic capacitors have a much higher capacitance-voltage (CV) product per unit volume than ceramic capacitors or film capacitors, and so can have large capacitance values. There are three families of electrolytic capacitor: aluminum electrolytic capacitors, tantalum electrolytic capacitors, and niobium electrolytic capacitors.
	The large capacitance of electrolytic capacitors makes them particularly suitable for passing or bypassing low-frequency signals, and for storing large amounts of energy. They are widely used for decoupling or noise filtering in power supplies and DC link circuits for variable-frequency drives, for coupling signals between amplifier stages, and storing energy as in a flashlamp.
	Electrolytic capacitors are polarized components due to their asymmetrical construction and must be operated with a higher voltage (ie, more positive) on the anode than on the cathode at all times. For this reason the anode terminal is marked with a plus sign and the cathode with a minus sign. Applying a reverse polarity voltage, or a voltage exceeding the maximum rated working voltage of as little as 1 or 1.5 volts, can destroy the dielectric and thus the capacitor. The failure of electrolytic capacitors can be hazardous, resulting in an explosion or fire. Bipolar electrolytic capacitors which may be operated with either polarity are also made, using special constructions with two anodes connected in series.
	As to the basic construction principles of electrolytic capacitors, there are three different types: aluminum, tantalum, and niobium capacitors. Each of these three capacitor families uses non-solid and solid manganese dioxide or solid polymer electrolytes, so a great spread of different combinations of anode material and solid or non-solid electrolytes is available.
	Like other conventional capacitors, electrolytic capacitors store the electric energy statically by charge separation in an electric field in the dielectric oxide layer between two electrodes. The non-solid or solid electrolyte in principle is the cathode, which thus forms the second electrode of the capacitor. This and the storage principle distinguish them from electrochemical capacitors or supercapacitors, in which the electrolyte generally is the ionic conductive connection between two electrodes and the storage occurs with statically double-layer capacitance and electrochemical pseudocapacitance.
	Electrolytic capacitors use a chemical feature of some special metals, previously called "valve metals", which on contact with a particular electrolyte form a very thin insulating oxide layer on their surface by anodic oxidation which can function as a dielectric. There are three different anode metals in use for electrolytic capacitors:
	To increase their capacitance per unit volume, all anode materials are either etched or sintered and have a rough surface structure with a much higher surface area compared to a smooth surface of the same area or the same volume. By applying a positive voltage to the above-mentioned anode material in an electrolytic bath an oxide barrier layer with a thickness corresponding to the applied voltage will be formed (formation). This oxide layer acts as dielectric in an electrolytic capacitor. The properties of this oxide layers are given in the following table:
	After forming a dielectric oxide on the rough anode structure, a counter electrode has to match the rough insulating oxide surface. This is accomplished by the electrolyte, which acts as the cathode electrode of an electrolytic capacitor. There are many different electrolytes in use. Generally they are distinguished into two species, “non-solid” and “solid” electrolytes. As a liquid medium which has ion conductivity caused by moving ions, non-solid electrolytes can easily fit the rough structures. Solid electrolytes which have electron conductivity can fit the rough structures with the help of special chemical processes like pyrolysis for manganese dioxide or polymerization for conducting polymers.
	Comparing the permittivities of the different oxide materials it is seen that tantalum pentoxide has a permittivity approximately three times higher than aluminum oxide. Tantalum electrolytic capacitors of a given CV value theoretically are therefore smaller than aluminium electrolytic capacitors. In practice different safety margins to reach reliable components makes a comparison difficult.
	The anodically generated insulating oxide layer is destroyed if the polarity of the applied voltage changes.
	Electrolytic capacitors are based on the principle of a "plate capacitor" whose capacitance increases with larger electrode area A, higher dielectric permittivity ε, and thinner dielectric (d).
	The dielectric thickness of electrolytic capacitors is very small, in the range of nanometers per volt. On the other hand, the voltage strengths of these oxide layers are quite high. With this very thin dielectric oxide layer combined with a sufficiently high dielectric strength the electrolytic capacitors can achieve a high volumetric capacitance. This is one reason for the high capacitance values of electrolytic capacitors compared to conventional capacitors.
	All etched or sintered anodes have a much higher surface area compared to a smooth surface of the same area or the same volume. That increases the capacitance value, depending on the rated voltage, by a factor of up to 200 for non-solid aluminium electrolytic capacitors as well as for solid tantalum electrolytic capacitors. The large surface compared to a smooth one is the second reason for the relatively high capacitance values of electrolytic capacitors compared with other capacitor families.
	Because the forming voltage defines the oxide layer thickness, the desired voltage rating can be produced very simply. Electrolytic capacitors have high volumetric efficiency, the so-called "CV product", defined as the product of capacitance and voltage divided by volume.
	Combinations of anode materials for electrolytic capacitors and the electrolytes used have given rise to wide varieties of capacitor types with different properties. An outline of the main characteristics of the different types is shown in the table below.
	The non-solid or so-called "wet" aluminum electrolytic capacitors were and are the cheapest among all other conventional capacitors. They not only provide the cheapest solutions for high capacitance or voltage values for decoupling and buffering purposes but are also insensitive to low ohmic charging and discharging as well as to low-energy transients. Non-solid electrolytic capacitors can be found in nearly all areas of electronic devices, with the exception of military applications.
	Tantalum electrolytic capacitors with solid electrolyte as surface-mountable chip capacitors are mainly used in electronic devices in which little space is available or a low profile is required. They operate reliably over a wide temperature range without large parameter deviations. In military and space applications only tantalum electrolytic capacitors have the necessary approvals.
	Niobium electrolytic capacitors are in direct competition with industrial tantalum electrolytic capacitors because niobium is more readily available. Their properties are comparable.
	The electrical properties of aluminum, tantalum and niobium electrolytic capacitors have been greatly improved by the polymer electrolyte.
	In order to compare the different characteristics of the different electrolytic capacitor types, capacitors with the same dimensions and of similar capacitance and voltage are compared in the following table. In such a comparison the values for ESR and ripple current load are the most important parameters for the use of electrolytic capacitors in modern electronic equipment. The lower the ESR, the higher the ripple current per volume and better functionality of the capacitor in the circuit. However, better electrical parameters come with higher prices.
) Manufacturer, series name, capacitance/voltage
) calculated for a capacitor 100 µF/10 V,
) from a 1976 data sheet
	Aluminum electrolytic capacitors form the bulk of the electrolytic capacitors used in electronics because of the large diversity of sizes and the inexpensive production. Tantalum electrolytic capacitors, usually used in the SMD version, have a higher specific capacitance than the aluminum electrolytic capacitors and are used in devices with limited space or flat design such as laptops. They are also used in military technology, mostly in axial style, hermetically sealed. Niobium electrolytic chip capacitors are a new development in the market and are intended as a replacement for tantalum electrolytic chip capacitors.
	The phenomenon that in an electrochemical process, aluminum and such metals as tantalum, niobium, manganese, titanium, zinc, cadmium, etc., can form an oxide layer which blocks an electric current from flowing in one direction but which allows current to flow in the opposite direction, was first observed in 1857 by the German physicist and chemist (1805–1878). It was first put to use in 1875 by the French researcher and founder Eugène Ducretet, who coined the term "valve metal" for such metals.
	Charles Pollak (born Karol Pollak), a producer of accumulators, found out that the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remained stable in a neutral or alkaline electrolyte, even when the power was switched off. In 1896 he filed a patent for an "Electric liquid capacitor with aluminum electrodes" (de: "Elektrischer Flüssigkeitskondensator mit Aluminiumelektroden") based on his idea of using the oxide layer in a polarized capacitor in combination with a neutral or slightly alkaline electrolyte.
	The first industrially realized electrolytic capacitors consisted of a metallic box used as the cathode. It was filled with a borax electrolyte dissolved in water, in which a folded aluminum anode plate was inserted. Applying a DC voltage from outside, an oxide layer was formed on the surface of the anode. The advantage of these capacitors was that they were significantly smaller and cheaper than all other capacitors at this time relative to the realized capacitance value. This construction with different styles of anode construction but with a case as cathode and container for the electrolyte was used up to the 1930s and was called a "wet" electrolytic capacitor, in the sense of its having a high water content.
	The first more common application of wet aluminum electrolytic capacitors was in large telephone exchanges, to reduce relay hash (noise) on the 48 volt DC power supply. The development of AC-operated domestic radio receivers in the late 1920s created a demand for large-capacitance (for the time) and high-voltage capacitors for the valve amplifier technique, typically at least 4 microfarads and rated at around 500 volts DC. Waxed paper and oiled silk film capacitors were available, but devices with that order of capacitance and voltage rating were bulky and prohibitively expensive.
	The ancestor of the modern electrolytic capacitor was patented by Samuel Ruben in 1925, who teamed with Philip Mallory, the founder of the battery company that is now known as Duracell International. Ruben's idea adopted the stacked construction of a silver mica capacitor. He introduced a separated second foil to contact the electrolyte adjacent to the anode foil instead of using the electrolyte-filled container as the capacitor's cathode. The stacked second foil got its own terminal additional to the anode terminal and the container no longer had an electrical function. This type of electrolytic capacitor combined with a liquid or gel-like electrolyte of a non-aqueous nature, which is therefore dry in the sense of having a very low water content, became known as the "dry" type of electrolytic capacitor.
	With Ruben's invention, together with the invention of wound foils separated with a paper spacer 1927 by A. Eckel of Hydra-Werke (Germany), the actual development of e-caps began.
	William Dubilier, whose first patent for electrolytic capacitors was filed in 1928, industrialized the new ideas for electrolytic capacitors and started the first large commercial production in 1931 in the Cornell-Dubilier (CD) factory in Plainfield, New Jersey. At the same time in Berlin, Germany, the "Hydra-Werke", an AEG company, started the production of e-caps in large quantities. Another manufacturer, Ralph D. Mershon, had success in servicing the radio-market demand for electrolytic capacitors.
	In his 1896 patent Pollak already recognized that the capacitance of the capacitor increases when roughening the surface of the anode foil. Today (2014), electrochemically etched low voltage foils can achieve an up to 200-fold increase in surface area compared to a smooth surface. Advances in the etching process are the reason for the dimension reductions in aluminum electrolytic capacitors over recent decades.
	For aluminum electrolytic capacitors the decades from 1970 to 1990 were marked by the development of various new professional series specifically suited to certain industrial applications, for example with very low leakage currents or with long life characteristics, or for higher temperatures up to 125 °C.
	One of the first tantalum electrolytic capacitors were developed in 1930 by Tansitor Electronic Inc. USA, for military purposes. The basic construction of a wound cell was adopted and a tantalum anode foil was used together with a tantalum cathode foil, separated with a paper spacer impregnated with a liquid electrolyte, mostly sulfuric acid, and encapsulated in a silver case.
	The relevant development of solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors began some years after William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain invented the transistor in 1947. It was invented by Bell Laboratories in the early 1950s as a miniaturized, more reliable low-voltage support capacitor to complement their newly invented transistor. The solution found by R. L. Taylor and H. E. Haring of the Bell labs in early 1950 was based on experiences with ceramics. They ground tantalum to a powder, which they pressed into a cylindrical form and then sintered at high a temperature between 1500 and 2000 °C under vacuum conditions to produce a pellet ("slug").
	These first sintered tantalum capacitors used a non-solid electrolyte, which does not fit the concept of solid electronics. In 1952 a targeted search at Bell Labs by D. A. McLean and F. S. Power for a solid electrolyte led to the invention of manganese dioxide as a solid electrolyte for a sintered tantalum capacitor.
	Although fundamental inventions came from Bell Labs, the inventions for manufacturing commercially viable tantalum electrolytic capacitors came from researchers at the Sprague Electric Company. Preston Robinson, Sprague's Director of Research, is considered to be the actual inventor of tantalum capacitors in 1954. His invention was supported by R. J. Millard, who introduced the "reform" step in 1955, a significant improvement in which the dielectric of the capacitor was repaired after each dip-and-convert cycle of MnO deposition, which dramatically reduced the leakage current of the finished capacitors.
	Although solid tantalum capacitors offered capacitors with lower ESR and leakage current values than the aluminum e-caps, a 1980 price shock for tantalum dramatically reduced the applications of Ta-e-caps especially in the entertainment industry. The industry switched back to using aluminum electrolytic capacitors.
	The first solid electrolyte of manganese dioxide developed 1952 for tantalum capacitors had a conductivity 10 times better than all other types of non-solid electrolytes. It also influenced the development of aluminum electrolytic capacitors. In 1964 the first aluminum electrolytic capacitors with solid electrolyte SAL electrolytic capacitor came on the market, developed by Philips.
	With the beginning of digitalization, Intel launched in 1971 its first microcomputer, MCS 4, and in 1972 Hewlett Packard launched one of the first pocket calculators, HP 35. The requirements for capacitors increased in terms of lowering the equivalent series resistance (ESR) for bypass and decoupling capacitors. The manganese dioxide type of electrolyte should be better.
	It was not until 1983 when a new step toward ESR reduction was taken by Sanyo with its "OS-CON" aluminum electrolytic capacitors. These capacitors used a solid organic conductor, the charge transfer salt TTF-TCNQ (tetracyanoquinodimethane), which provided an improvement in conductivity by a factor of 10 compared with the manganese dioxide electrolyte.
	The next step in ESR reduction was the development of conducting polymers by Alan J. Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa in 1975. The conductivity of conductive polymers such as polypyrrole (PPy) or PEDOT is better than that of TCNQ by a factor of 100 to 500, and close to the conductivity of metals.
	In 1991 Panasonic came on the market with its "SP-Cap", called polymer aluminum electrolytic capacitors. These aluminum electrolytic capacitors with polymer electrolytes reached very low ESR values directly comparable to ceramic multilayer capacitors (MLCCs). They were still less expensive than tantalum capacitors and with their flat design for laptops and cell phones competed with tantalum chip capacitors as well.
	Tantalum electrolytic capacitors with PPy polymer electrolyte cathode followed three years later. In 1993 NEC introduced its SMD polymer tantalum electrolytic capacitors, called "NeoCap". In 1997 Sanyo followed with the "POSCAP" polymer tantalum chips.
	A new conductive polymer for tantalum polymer capacitors was presented by Kemet at the "1999 Carts" conference. This capacitor used the newly developed organic conductive polymer PEDT Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), also known as PEDOT (trade name Baytron®) 
	Another price explosion for tantalum in 2000/2001 forced the development of niobium electrolytic capacitors with manganese dioxide electrolyte, which have been available since 2002. Niobium is a sister metal to tantalum and serves as valve metal generating an oxide layer during anodic oxidation. Niobium as raw material is much more abundant in nature than tantalum and is less expensive. It was a question of the availability of the base metal in the late 1960s which led to development and implementation of niobium electrolytic capacitors in the former Soviet Union instead of tantalum capacitors as in the West. The materials and processes used to produce niobium-dielectric capacitors are essentially the same as for existing tantalum-dielectric capacitors. The characteristics of niobium electrolytic capacitors and tantalum electrolytic capacitors are roughly comparable.
	With the goal of reducing ESR for inexpensive non-solid e-caps from the mid-1980s in Japan, new water-based electrolytes for aluminum electrolytic capacitors were developed. Water is inexpensive, an effective solvent for electrolytes, and significantly improves the conductivity of the electrolyte. The Japanese manufacturer Rubycon was a leader in the development of new water-based electrolyte systems with enhanced conductivity in the late 1990s. The new series of non-solid e-caps with water-based electrolyte was described in the data sheets as having "low-ESR", "low-impedance", "ultra-low-impedance" or "high-ripple current".
	A stolen recipe for such a water-based electrolyte, in which important stabilizing substances were absent, led in the years 1999 through at least 2010 to the widespread problem of "bad caps" (failing electrolytic capacitors), leaking or occasionally bursting in computers, power supplies, and other electronic equipment, which became known as the "capacitor plague". In these e-caps the water reacts quite aggressively with aluminum, accompanied by strong heat and gas development in the capacitor, resulting in premature equipment failure—and development of a cottage repair industry.
	The electrical characteristics of capacitors are harmonized by the international generic specification IEC 60384-1. In this standard, the electrical characteristics of capacitors are described by an idealized series-equivalent circuit with electrical components which model all ohmic losses, capacitive and inductive parameters of an electrolytic capacitor:
	The electrical characteristics of electrolytic capacitors depend on the structure of the anode and the electrolyte used. This influences the capacitance value of electrolytic capacitors, which depends on measuring frequency and temperature. Electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolytes show a broader aberration over frequency and temperature ranges than do capacitors with solid electrolytes.
	The basic unit of an electrolytic capacitor's capacitance is the microfarad (μF). The capacitance value specified in the data sheets of the manufacturers is called the rated capacitance C or nominal capacitance C and is the value for which the capacitor has been designed.
	The standardized measuring condition for e-caps is an AC measuring method with 0.5 V at a frequency of 100/120 Hz and a temperature of 20 °C. For tantalum capacitors a DC bias voltage of 1.1 to 1.5  V for types with a rated voltage ≤2.5 V, or 2.1 to 2.5 V for types with a rated voltage of >2.5 V, may be applied during the measurement to avoid reverse voltage.
	The capacitance value measured at the frequency of 1 kHz is about 10% less than the 100/120 Hz value. Therefore, the capacitance values of electrolytic capacitors are not directly comparable and differ from those of film capacitors or ceramic capacitors, whose capacitance is measured at 1 kHz or higher.
	Measured with an AC measuring method with 100/120 Hz the capacitance value is the closest value to the electrical charge stored in the e-caps. The stored charge is measured with a special discharge method and is called the DC capacitance. The DC capacitance is about 10% higher than the 100/120 Hz AC capacitance. The DC capacitance is of interest for discharge applications like photoflash.
	The percentage of allowed deviation of the measured capacitance from the rated value is called the capacitance tolerance. Electrolytic capacitors are available in different tolerance series, whose values are specified in the E series specified in IEC 60063. For abbreviated marking in tight spaces, a letter code for each tolerance is specified in IEC 60062.
	The required capacitance tolerance is determined by the particular application. Electrolytic capacitors, which are often used for filtering and bypassing, do not have the need for narrow tolerances because they are mostly not used for accurate frequency applications like in oscillators.
	Referring to the IEC/EN 60384-1 standard, the allowed operating voltage for electrolytic capacitors is called the "rated voltage U" or "nominal voltage U". The rated voltage U is the maximum DC voltage or peak pulse voltage that may be applied continuously at any temperature within the rated temperature range T.
	The voltage proof of electrolytic capacitors decreases with increasing temperature. For some applications it is important to use a higher temperature range. Lowering the voltage applied at a higher temperature maintains safety margins. For some capacitor types therefore the IEC standard specifies a "temperature derated voltage" for a higher temperature, the "category voltage U". The category voltage is the maximum DC voltage or peak pulse voltage that may be applied continuously to a capacitor at any temperature within the category temperature range T. The relation between both voltages and temperatures is given in the picture at right.
	Applying a higher voltage than specified may destroy electrolytic capacitors.
	Applying a lower voltage may have a positive influence on electrolytic capacitors. For aluminum electrolytic capacitors a lower applied voltage can in some cases extend the lifetime. For tantalum electrolytic capacitors lowering the voltage applied increases the reliability and reduces the expected failure rate.
	I
	The surge voltage indicates the maximum peak voltage value that may be applied to electrolytic capacitors during their application for a limited number of cycles.
	The surge voltage is standardized in IEC/EN 60384-1. For aluminum electrolytic capacitors with a rated voltage of up to 315 V, the surge voltage is 1.15 times the rated voltage, and for capacitors with a rated voltage exceeding 315 V, the surge voltage is 1.10 times the rated voltage.
	For tantalum electrolytic capacitors the surge voltage can be 1.3 times the rated voltage, rounded off to the nearest volt. The surge voltage applied to tantalum capacitors may influence the capacitor's failure rate.
	Aluminum electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolyte are relatively insensitive to high and short-term transient voltages higher than surge voltage, if the frequency and the energy content of the transients are low. This ability depends on rated voltage and component size. Low energy transient voltages lead to a voltage limitation similar to a zener diode. An unambiguous and general specification of tolerable transients or peak voltages is not possible. In every case transients arise, the application has to be approved very carefully.
	Electrolytic capacitors with solid manganese oxide or polymer electrolyte, and aluminum as well as tantalum electrolytic capacitors can not withstand transients or peak voltages higher than surge voltage. Transients for this type of e-caps may destroy the components.
	Standard electrolytic capacitors, and aluminum as well as tantalum and niobium electrolytic capacitors are polarized and generally require the anode electrode voltage to be positive relative to the cathode voltage.
	Nevertheless, electrolytic capacitors can withstand for short instants a reverse voltage for a limited number of cycles. In detail, aluminum electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolyte can withstand a reverse voltage of about 1 V to 1.5 V. This reverse voltage should never be used to determine the maximum reverse voltage under which a capacitor can be used permanently.
	Solid tantalum capacitors can also withstand reverse voltages for short periods. The most common guidelines for tantalum reverse voltage are:
	These guidelines apply for short excursion and should never be used to determine the maximum reverse voltage under which a capacitor can be used permanently.
	But in no case, for aluminum as well as for tantalum and niobium electrolytic capacitors, may a reverse voltage be used for a permanent AC application.
	To minimize the likelihood of a polarized electrolytic being incorrectly inserted into a circuit, polarity has to be very clearly indicated on the case, see the section on polarity marking below.
	Special bipolar aluminum electrolytic capacitors designed for bipolar operation are available, and usually referred to as "non-polarized" or "bipolar" types. In these, the capacitors have two anode foils with full-thickness oxide layers connected in reverse polarity. On the alternate halves of the AC cycles, one of the oxides on the foil acts as a blocking dielectric, preventing reverse current from damaging the electrolyte of the other one. But these bipolar electrolytic capacitors are not adaptable for main AC applications instead of power capacitors with metallized polymer film or paper dielectric.
	In general, a capacitor is seen as a storage component for electric energy. But this is only one capacitor function. A capacitor can also act as an AC resistor. Especially aluminum electrolytic capacitors in many applications are used as decoupling capacitors to filter or bypass undesired biased AC frequencies to the ground or for capacitive coupling of audio AC signals. Then the dielectric is used only for blocking DC. For such applications the AC resistance, the impedance, is as important as the capacitance value.
	The impedance "Z" is the vector sum of reactance and resistance; it describes the phase difference and the ratio of amplitudes between sinusoidally varying voltage and sinusoidally varying current at a given frequency. In this sense impedance is a measure of the ability of the capacitor to pass alternating currents and can be used like Ohm's law.
	In other words, the impedance is a frequency-dependent AC resistance and possesses both magnitude and phase at a particular frequency.
	In data sheets of electrolytic capacitors only the impedance magnitude "|Z|" is specified, and simply written as ""Z"." Regarding the IEC/EN 60384-1 standard, the impedance values of electrolytic capacitors are measured and specified at 10 kHz or 100 kHz depending on the capacitance and voltage of the capacitor.
	Besides measuring, the impedance can be calculated using the idealized components of a capacitor's series-equivalent circuit, including an ideal capacitor "C", a resistor "ESR", and an inductance "ESL". In this case the impedance at the angular frequency "ω" is given by the geometric (complex) addition of "ESR", by a capacitive reactance "X"
	and by an inductive reactance "X" (Inductance)
	formula_4.
	Then "Z" is given by

= = = Pay Day (board game) = = =

	Pay Day is a board game originally made by Parker Brothers (now a subsidiary of Hasbro) in 1975. It was invented by Paul J. Gruen of West Newbury, Massachusetts, United States, one of the era's top board game designers, and his brother-in-law Charles C. Bailey. It was Gruen's most successful game, outselling "Monopoly" in its first production year. Pay Day is currently marketed by Winning Moves.
	The game simulates money management, with the game board resembling a calendar month. Before the game, the players decide how many months to be played (i.e. how many times to travel across the board). During the game, players accumulate bills and expenses to pay, along with collecting their monthly wage on "pay day" at the end of the month. The winner is the player who has the most money at the end of the last month of play.
	The object is to be the player who has the most cash and savings at the end of the game. The length of the game is decided by the players. With four players, a 3 month game takes about an hour and a 6 month game takes about 2 hours.
	The game is played under the 1975-era rules with the game board, one die, four playing pieces, play money, 16 "Deal" cards, 72 "Mail" cards. Older versions also included a "Savings and Loan Calculator" and 12 "savings and loans" pegs. Later editions replaced the "calculator" and pegs with a "Savings and Loan" pad plus a table to calculate savings and loan interest.
	Each player starts with $325. One player is selected to go first. Players roll the die and advance their playing piece from 1 to 6 spaces as indicated on the die. The player follows the instructions shown on the calendar space on the game board. There are 31 days in a "Pay Day" month.
	If a player lands on either a "Deal" or "Mail" space, they will then select the appropriate card(s) from the top of the specified deck.
	The player has the option of purchasing the "Deal" for the cost indicated "immediately" or returning the card to the bottom of the deck. (One may take out a loan to pay for the deal.) The "Deal" is held until that player lands on a "Buyer" space at any time during the duration of the game. A "Deal" card has no value if it remains unsold at the end of the game. Whenever a "Deal" is purchased, "all" players have an opportunity to win the "Commission" indicated on the "Deal" card. Each player in turn rolls the die, with the highest roller collecting the "Commission" from the bank.
	Mail cards have varying content, just like real mail. Some mail cards are bills, some are fortuitous collections, and some are just entertaining (postcards and advertisements.)
	Bills are due at the end of the month (unless cancelled by Insurance, see below), while collections (except for Lottery Tickets) are payable immediately. Postcards and junk mail are immediately discarded.
	Three types of mail cards are "special" mail cards which have unique rules:
	Each player in turn, starting with the player who landed there, moves their token back one space and follows the instructions as in a regular turn. If a player's game piece is on the "Start" space when another player lands on "Daylight Savings", they simply collect another $325 and leave the game piece on "Start." The "Daylight Savings" process takes place only once on any turn and should not be repeated if a player lands there as a result of another player having landed there first.
	All players must contribute to the town election. ($50 per person.)If a player does not have the cash, they "must" withdraw from their savings, or take out or increase a loan. The next player to roll a 6 during the course of the game wins the Pot (including any "Swellfare" money that may already be in there).
	Each player has the option of placing $100 on the board. All poker game participants roll the die. The highest roller collects all of the money.
	If a player holding a Deal card lands on a Buyer space, they may return it to the bottom of the Deal deck and collect the indicated sale price from the bank. Only one Deal card may be redeemed per turn.
	A player may have either a savings account or a loan, but never both at the same time.
	As the name indicates, Sweet Sunday spaces have neither an award nor a penalty, just a space to "rest".
	A player who reaches this space immediately stops, regardless of any additional counts on the die, and goes through these steps in the indicated order. 
	The player who finishes the game with the most money (cash plus savings or cash minus loans) after all players clearing the set number of months before the play starts is the winner. If all players are "in the negative" (all have loans exceeding their cash), then whoever is the least "in the negative" wins.
	Some of the changes/additions to the 1994 edition included:

= = = Liaodong Peninsula = = =

	The Liaodong Peninsula () is a peninsula in southern Liaoning province in Northeast China, and makes up the southwestern/coastal half of the Liaodong region. It is located between the mouths of the Daliao River (the historical lower section of the Liao River) in the west and the Yalu River in the east, and encompasses the territories of the whole sub-provincial city of Dalian and parts of prefectural cities of Yingkou, Anshan and Dandong.
	The word "Liaodong" (formerly spelled Liaotung) literally means "east of the Liao region", referring to the Warring States period Yan commandery of Liaodong, which encompassed an area from modern Liaoning-Jilin border in the north to the Chongchon River in the south, and from just east of the Qian Mountains to the Daling River in the west. The modern usage of "Liaodong" however simply refers to the half of Liaoning province that is east of the Liao River.
	The Liaodong Peninsula lies on the northern shore of the Yellow Sea, dividing the Liaodong Bay (the largest of the three bays of the Bohai Sea) to its west from the Korea Bay to its east. It forms the southern part of a mountain belt that continues northward in the Changbai Mountains. The part of the mountain range on the peninsula is known as the Qianshan Mountains, named after Qian Mountain in Anshan, which includes Dahei Mountain in Dalian.
	The Liaodong region was settled since prehistoric times by Neolithic people such as Xinle culture. It later came under the rule of the Gojoseon kingdom, which encompassed the northern Korean Peninsula and the region southeast of the Liao River. In the late 4th century BC, the expanding Chinese State of Yan invaded and conquered this region from Gojoseon, and established the Liaodong Commandery. After the fall of the Yan state, the region was taken over by the short-lived Qin Dynasty, and then its prominent successor Han Dynasty. After the Han Dynasty fragmented at the turn of the 3rd century, the region changed hands between various warlord states such as the Gongsun Yuan, the nomadic Wuhuan, and Cao Wei, before eventually falling under the reunified Western Jin dynasty. However, after the Western Jin fell from the Uprising of the Five Barbarians and during the subsequent chaotic Sixteen Kingdoms periods, the region was ruled by Former Yan, Former Qin, Later Yan and later Goguryeo, before reconquored by the Tang Dynasty. In 698 AD, the Wu Zhou defeat at Battle of Tianmenling allowed the newly found Balhae to rule the region for the next two centuries, before taken over by the Khitan Liao Dynasty, and followed by the Jin dynasty, Yuan dynasty, Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty.
	The peninsula was an important area of conflict during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), which the Japanese won. Defeat precipitated decline in the Chinese Qing dynasty which was exploited by colonial powers who extracted numerous concessions. The peninsula was ceded to Japan, along with Taiwan and Penghu, by the Treaty of Shimonoseki of 17 April 1895. However the ceding of Liaodong peninsula was rescinded after the Triple Intervention of 23 April 1895 by Russia, France and Germany. In the aftermath of this intervention, the Russian government pressured the Qing dynasty to lease Liaodong and the strategically important Lüshunkou (Port Arthur) for use by the Russian Navy.
	As in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Liaodong peninsula was the scene of major fighting in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), including the bloody Siege of Port Arthur. As a consequence of the Treaty of Portsmouth (5 September 1905), which ended the Russo-Japanese War, both sides agreed to evacuate Manchuria and return it to China, with the exception of the Liaodong Peninsula leased territory which was transferred to Japan, which was to administer it as the Kwantung Leased Territory.

= = = Totonac = = =

	The Totonac are an indigenous people of Mexico who reside in the states of Veracruz, Puebla, and Hidalgo. They are one of the possible builders of the pre-Columbian city of El Tajín, and further maintained quarters in Teotihuacán (a city which they claim to have built). Until the mid-19th century they were the world's main producers of vanilla.
	The term "totonac" refers to the people living in Totonacapan. There is no agreement as to the origin of the term. Some authors have translated the term "totonac" as a Nahuatl word meaning "People of Hot Land".
	The translation for this word in the Totonac Language, according to sources, is "toto-nacu" meaning "three hearts" signifying their three cities or cultural centers: Cempoala, Tajin and Teayo. Evidence, however, is inconclusive.
	In the 15th century, the Aztecs labeled the region of the Totonac "Totonacapan"; which then extended roughly from Papantla in the north to Cempoala in the south. Totonacapan was largely hot and humid. Along with the normal agricultural crops of maize, manioc, squash, beans, pumpkin and chili peppers, the region was noted for its production of liquid amber and cotton. Even during the disastrous central Mexican famine of 1450-1454, the region remained a reliable agricultural center. At that time, many Aztecs were forced to sell themselves or their family members as slaves to the Totonac in exchange for subsistence maize.
	There is a total absence of comals, metates and manos meaning the Totonacs did not eat tortillas; however, even though corn was grown it did not form a large part of their diet. The Totonacs ate fruit, most notably zapotes, guavas, papayas, plantains and avocados. Men hunted and fished shark, turtle, deer, armadillo, opossums, and frogs. Women raised turkeys and dogs. Peasants as well as nobles ate corn porridge in the morning. Lunch was the main meal of the day and consisted of manioc, bean stew or even a rich meat sauce for the nobles. Fish and seafood as well as game was eaten by both nobles and farmers. The agave provided liquor.
	Totonac women were expert weavers and embroiderers; they dressed grandly and braided their hair with feathers. The Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún stated that, in all aspects of their appearance, the women were "quite elegant", women wore skirts (embroidered for the nobles) and a small triangular poncho covering the breasts. Noble women wore shell and jade necklaces and earrings and often tattooed their faces with red ink. Married women wore their hair in the Nahuatl fashion while peasant women wore their hair long. Likewise, the noble men dressed well, adorning themselves with multicolored cloaks, loin cloths, necklaces, arm bands, lip plugs and devices made of the prized quetzal feathers. Hair was kept long with a thick tuft of hair on the top tied up with a ribbon.
	Houses were generally thatched and had an overhang. They were rectangular in shape.
	The region of Totonacapan was subject to Aztec military incursions from the mid-15th century until the Spanish arrival. Despite the establishment of Aztec fortifications throughout the region, rebellion was endemic. Major Totonac centers were Papantla, with an estimated population of 60,000 in 1519, Xalapa (around 120,000), and Cempoala (around 80,000). Cempoala was the first indigenous city state visited by Hernán Cortés in his march to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán. The Totonacs of Cempoala joined forces with Cortés, and along with the Tlaxcalan Indians, contributed significantly to the Spanish conquest. Totonacapan became incorporated into the Spanish regime with comparatively little violence, but the region was ravaged by epidemic diseases during the 16th century. Today, approximately 90,000 Totonac speakers reside in the region.
	The Totonac people speak Totonac, which, together with Tepehua, form an isolated language family; that is, they are not known to be related to any other languages or language families. There are several local varieties of Totonac that are not mutually intelligible. The first grammatical and lexical descriptions of Totonac accessible to Europeans (now lost) were by Fray Andrés de Olmos, who also wrote the first such descriptions of Nahuatl and Huastec (Teenek).
	The main varieties of Totonac are:
	Most present-day Totonacs are Roman Catholic. However, their Christian practice is often mixed with vestiges of their traditional religion, a notable instance being "la Costumbre", a survival of an old rite of sacrifice in which various seeds are mixed with earth and the blood of fowls and dispersed over the planting fields.
	The traditional religion was described in the early 1960s by the French ethnographer, Alain Ichon. No other major essay on Totonac religion has been found. Mother goddesses played a very important role in Totonac belief, since each person's soul is made by them. If a newly born child dies, its soul "does not go to the west, the place of the dead, but to the east with the Mothers". Ichon has also preserved for posterity an important myth regarding a maize deity, a culture hero with counterparts among most other cultures of the Gulf Coast and possibly also represented by the Classic Maya maize god. As to traditional curers, it is believed that they "are born during a storm, under the protection of thunder. They think that a lightning bolt strikes the house of a new-born baby ..., and makes it ... under its possession".

= = = Wear leveling = = =

	Wear leveling (also written as wear levelling) is a technique for prolonging the service life of some kinds of erasable computer storage media, such as flash memory, which is used in solid-state drives (SSDs) and USB flash drives, and phase-change memory. There are several wear leveling mechanisms that provide varying levels of longevity enhancement in such memory systems.
	The term "preemptive wear leveling" (PWL) has been used by Western Digital to describe their preservation technique used on hard disk drives (HDDs) designed for storing audio and video data. However, HDDs generally are not wear-leveled devices in the context of this article.
	EEPROM and flash memory media have individually erasable segments, each of which can be put through a limited number of erase cycles before becoming unreliable. This is usually around 3,000/5,000 cycles but many flash devices have one block with a specially extended life of 100,000+ cycles that can be used by the Flash memory controller to track wear and movement of data across segments. Erasable optical media such as CD-RW and DVD-RW are rated at up to 1,000 cycles (100,000 cycles for DVD-RAM media).
	Wear leveling attempts to work around these limitations by arranging data so that erasures and re-writes are distributed evenly across the medium. In this way, no single erase block prematurely fails due to a high concentration of write cycles. In flash memory, a single block on the chip is designed for longer life than the others so that the memory controller can store operational data with less chance of its corruption.
	Conventional file systems such as FAT, UFS, HFS, ext2, and NTFS were originally designed for magnetic disks and as such rewrite many of their data structures (such as their directories) repeatedly to the same area. When these systems are used on flash memory media, this becomes a problem. The problem is aggravated by the fact that some file systems track last-access times, which can lead to file metadata being constantly rewritten in-place.
	There are three basic types of wear leveling mechanisms used in flash memory storage devices:
	A flash memory storage system with "no wear leveling" will not last very long if data is written to the flash. Without wear leveling, the underlying flash controller must permanently assign the logical addresses from the operating system (OS) to the physical addresses of the flash memory. This means that every write to a previously written block must first be read, erased, modified, and re-written to the same location. This approach is very time-consuming and frequently written locations will wear out quickly, while other locations will not be used at all. Once a few blocks reach their end of life, such a device becomes inoperable.
	The first type of wear leveling is called "dynamic wear leveling" and it uses a map to link logical block addresses (LBAs) from the OS to the physical flash memory. Each time the OS writes replacement data, the map is updated so the original physical block is marked as "invalid" data, and a new block is linked to that map entry. Each time a block of data is re-written to the flash memory, it is written to a new location. However, flash memory blocks that never get replacement data would sustain no additional wear, thus the name comes only from the dynamic data being recycled. Such a device may last longer than one with no wear leveling, but there are blocks still remaining as active even though the device is no longer operable.
	The other type of wear leveling is called "static wear leveling" which also uses a map to link the LBA to physical memory addresses. Static wear leveling works the same as dynamic wear leveling except the static blocks that do not change are periodically moved so that these low usage cells are able to be used by other data. This rotational effect enables an SSD to continue to operate until most of the blocks are near their end of life.
	Both dynamic and static wear leveling are implemented at the local level. This simply means that in a multi-chip product, every chip is managed as a single resource. The number of defective blocks in different chips within a NAND flash memory varies. A given chip can have all its data blocks worn out while another one can have all the blocks still active. To salvage this situation, global wear leveling is introduced. In global wear leveling, all blocks in all flash chips in the flash memory are managed together in a single pool. It ensures that all the cells in all the chips within the product are worn out evenly. 
	The following table compares static and dynamic wear leveling:
	There are several techniques for extending the media life:
	On some specialist Secure Digital cards, techniques are implemented in hardware by a built-in microcontroller. On such devices, wear leveling is transparent, and most conventional file systems can be used on them as-is.
	Wear leveling can also be implemented in software by special-purpose file systems such as JFFS2 and YAFFS on flash media or UDF on optical media. All three are log-structured file systems in that they treat their media as circular logs and write to them in sequential passes. File systems which implement copy-on-write strategies, such as ZFS, also implement a form of wear leveling.
= = = Virginia Military Institute = = =

	Virginia Military Institute (VMI) is a public military college in Lexington, Virginia. It was founded in 1839 and is the first public Senior Military College in the United States. In keeping with its founding principles and unlike any other Senior Military College in the United States, VMI enrolls cadets (uniformed members of the Corps of Cadets) only and awards baccalaureate degrees exclusively. VMI offers its students, all of whom are cadets, strict military discipline combined with a physically and academically demanding environment. The Institute grants degrees in 14 disciplines in engineering, science, and the liberal arts, and all VMI students are required to participate in ROTC.
	While VMI has been called "The West Point of the South", it differs from the federal military service academies. As of 2019, VMI had a total enrollment of 1,722 cadets. All cadets must participate in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) of the United States Armed Forces programs, but are afforded the flexibility of pursuing civilian endeavors or accepting an officer's commission in any of the active or reserve components of any of the U.S. military branches upon graduation.
	VMI's alumni include a Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, the current Secretary of the Army, a Nobel Peace Prize winner, 7 Medal of Honor recipients, 13 Rhodes Scholars, Pulitzer Prize winners, an Academy Award winner, an Emmy Award and Golden Globe winner, a martyr recognized by the Episcopal Church, Senators and Representatives, Governors, including the current Governor of Virginia, Lieutenant Governors, a Supreme Court Justice, numerous college and university presidents, many business leaders (presidents and CEOs) and over 290 general and flag officers across all US service branches and several other countries.
	The Board of Visitors is the supervisory board of the Virginia Military Institute. Although the Governor is "ex officio" the commander-in-chief of the institute, and no one may be declared a graduate without his signature, he delegates to the board the responsibility for developing the institute's policy. The board appoints the superintendent and approves appointment of members of the faculty and staff on the recommendation of the superintendent. The board may make bylaws and regulations for their own government and the management of the affairs of the institute, and while the institute is exempt from the Administrative Process Act in accordance with Va. Code (which exempts educational institutions operated by the Commonwealth), some of its regulations are codified at 8VAC 100. The Executive Committee conducts the business of the board during recesses.
	The board has 17 members, including "ex officio" the Adjutant General of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Regular members are appointed by the Governor for a four-year term and may be reappointed once. Of the sixteen appointed members, twelve must be alumni of the institute, eight of whom must be residents of Virginia and four must be non-residents; and the remaining four members must be non-alumni Virginia residents. The Executive Committee consists of the board's president, three vice presidents, and one non-alumnus at large, and is appointed by the board at each annual meeting.
	Under the militia bill (the Virginia Code of 1860) officers of the institute were recognized as part of the military establishment of the state, and the governor had authority to issue commissions to them in accordance with institute regulations. Current law makes provision for officers of the Virginia Militia to be subject to orders of the Governor. The cadets are a military corps (the Corps of Cadets) under the command of the superintendent and under the administration of the Commandant of Cadets, and constitute the guard of the institute.
	In the years after the War of 1812, the Commonwealth of Virginia built and maintained several arsenals to store weapons intended for use by the state militia in the event of invasion or slave revolt. In the 1830s Lexington attorney John Thomas Lewis Preston belonged to a debate club known as the Franklin Society. In 1836 he made the case to the society that the arsenal in Lexington could be put to better use as a normal school for providing education on practical subjects, as well as military training to individuals who could be expected to serve as officers in the militia if needed.
	After debate and revision of the original proposal, the Franklin Society voted in favor of Preston's concept. After a public relations campaign that included Preston meeting in person with influential business, military and political figures, letters to newspaper editors from Preston writing under a pen name, and many open letters from prominent supporters including Alden Partridge of Norwich University, in 1836 the Virginia legislature passed a bill authorizing creation of a school at the Lexington arsenal, and the Governor signed the measure into law.
	The organizers of the planned school formed a board of visitors, which included Preston, and the board selected Claudius Crozet, a U.S. Army veteran who had served under Napoleon Bonaparte in France before immigrating to the United States, to serve as their President. Crozet was also the Chief Engineer of Virginia and someone whom Thomas Jefferson referred to as, "the smartest mathematician in the United States." The board delegated to Preston the task of deciding what to call the new school, and he created the name Virginia Military Institute.
	Preston was also tasked with hiring VMI's first Superintendent. He was persuaded that West Point graduate and Army officer Francis Henney Smith, then on the faculty at Hampden–Sydney College, was the most suitable candidate. Preston successfully recruited Smith, and convinced him to become the first Superintendent and Professor of Tactics. In creating VMI's program of instruction, Preston, Crozet, and Smith founded VMI worked to combine the best characteristics of the United States Military Academy and Royal Military Academy Sandhurst educational models.
	After Smith agreed to accept the Superintendent's position, Preston applied to join the faculty, and was hired as Professor of Languages. Classes began in 1839, and the first cadet to march a sentinel post was Private John Strange. With few exceptions, there have been sentinels posted at VMI every hour of every day of the school year since November 11,1839.
	The Class of 1842 graduated 16 cadets. Living conditions were poor until 1850 when the cornerstone of the new barracks was laid. In 1851 Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson became a member of the faculty and professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy. Under Jackson, then a major, and Major William Gilham, VMI infantry and artillery units were present at the execution by hanging of John Brown at Charles Town, Virginia (now West Virginia) in 1859.
	VMI cadets and alumni played instrumental roles in the American Civil War. On 14 occasions, the Confederacy called cadets into active military engagements. VMI authorized battle streamers for each one of these engagements but chose to carry only one: the battle streamer for New Market. Many VMI Cadets were ordered to Camp Lee, at Richmond, to train recruits under General Stonewall Jackson. VMI alumni were regarded among the best officers of the South and several distinguished themselves in the Union forces as well. Fifteen graduates rose to the rank of general in the Confederate Army, and one rose to this rank in the Union Army. Just before his famous flank attack at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Jackson looked at his division and brigade commanders, noted the high number of VMI graduates and said, "The Institute will be heard from today." Three of Jackson's four division commanders at Chancellorsville, Generals James Lane, Robert Rodes, and Raleigh Colston, were VMI graduates as were more than twenty of his brigadiers and colonels.
	On 14 May 1864, the Governor of Virginia once again called upon the cadets from VMI to participate in the American Civil War. After marching overnight 80 miles from Lexington to New Market, on 15 May 1864, 247 members of the VMI Corps of Cadets fought at the Battle of New Market. This event marks the only time in U.S. history wherein the student body of an operating college fought as an organized unit in pitched combat in battle (as recognized by the American Battlefield Trust). This event was the 14th time VMI Cadets were called into action during the Civil War. 
	At New Market, in a matter of minutes, VMI suffered fifty-five casualties with ten cadets killed; the cadets were led into battle by the Commandant of Cadets and future VMI Superintendent Colonel Scott Shipp. Shipp was also wounded during the battle. Six of the ten fallen cadets are buried on VMI grounds behind the statue "Virginia Mourning Her Dead" by sculptor Moses Ezekiel, a VMI graduate who was also wounded in the Battle of New Market.
	General John C. Breckinridge, the commanding Southern general, held the cadets in reserve and did not use them until Union troops broke through the Confederate lines. Upon seeing the tide of battle turning in favor of the Union forces, Breckinridge stated, "Put the boys in...and may God forgive me for the order." The VMI cadets held the line and eventually pushed forward across an open muddy field, capturing a Union artillery emplacement, and securing victory for the Confederates. The Union troops were withdrawn and Confederate troops under General Breckinridge held the Shenandoah Valley.
	On 12 June 1864 Union forces under the command of General David Hunter shelled and burned the Institute as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864. The destruction was almost complete and VMI had to temporarily hold classes at the Alms House in Richmond, Virginia. In April 1865 Richmond was evacuated due to the impending fall of Petersburg and the VMI Corps of Cadets was disbanded. The Lexington campus reopened for classes on 17 October 1865. One of the reasons that Confederate General Jubal A. Early burned the town of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania was in retaliation for the shelling of VMI. Following the war, Matthew Fontaine Maury, the pioneering oceanographer known as the "Pathfinder of the Seas", accepted a teaching position at VMI, holding the physics chair. Following the war, David Hunter Strother, who was chief of staff to General Hunter and had advised the destruction of the Institute, served as Adjutant General of the Virginia Militia and member of the VMI Board of Visitors; in that position he promoted and worked actively for the reconstruction.
	VMI produced many of America's commanders in World War II. The most important of these was George C. Marshall, the top U.S. Army general during the war. Marshall was the Army's first five-star general and the only career military officer ever to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Winston Churchill dubbed Marshall the "Architect of Victory" and "the noblest Roman of them all". The Deputy Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army during the war was also a VMI graduate as were the Second U.S. Army commander, 15th U.S. Army commander, the commander of Allied Air Forces of the Southwest Pacific and various corps and division commanders in the Army and Marine Corps. China's General Sun Li-jen, known as the "Rommel of the East", was also a graduate of VMI.
	During the war, VMI participated in the War Department's Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP) from 1943 to 1946. The program provided training in engineering and related subjects to enlisted men at colleges across the United States. Over 2,100 ASTP members studied at VMI during the war.
	Since 1839, VMI has had fourteen superintendents. Francis H. Smith was the first and the longest serving, filling the position for 50 years. Eleven of the fourteen superintendents were graduates of VMI.
	The VMI campus covers , 12 of which are designated as the Virginia Military Institute Historic District, a designated National Historic Landmark District. The campus is referred to as the "Post," a tradition that reflects the school's military focus and the uniformed service of its alumni. A training area of several hundred additional acres is located near the post. All cadets are housed on campus in a large five-story building, called the "barracks." The Old Barracks, which has been separately designated a National Historic Landmark, stands on the site of the old arsenal. This is the structure that received most of the damage when Union forces shelled and burned the Institute in June 1864. The new wing of the barracks ("New Barracks") was completed in 1949. The two wings surround two quadrangles connected by a sally port. All rooms open onto porch-like stoops facing one of the quadrangles. A third barracks wing was completed, with cadets moving in officially spring semester 2009. Four of the five arched entries into the barracks are named for George Washington, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, George C. Marshall '901 and Jonathan Daniels '61. Next to the Barracks are offices and meeting areas for VMI clubs and organizations, the cadet visitors center and lounge, a snack bar, and a Follett Corporation-operated bookstore.
	VMI's "Vision 2039" capital campaign raised more than $275 million from alumni and supporters in three years. The money is going to expand The Barracks to house 1,500 cadets, renovate and modernize the academic buildings. VMI is spending another $200 million to build the VMI Center for Leadership and Ethics, to be used by cadets, Washington and Lee University students, and other U.S. and international students. The funding will also support "study abroad" programs, including joint ventures with Oxford and Cambridge Universities in England and many other universities.
	VMI offers 14 major and 23 minor areas of study, grouped into engineering, liberal arts, humanities, and the sciences. The engineering department has concentrations in three areas: civil and environmental engineering, electrical and computer engineering, and mechanical engineering. Most classes are taught by full-time professors, 99 percent of whom hold terminal degrees.
	Within four months of graduation, an average of 97 percent of VMI graduates are either serving in the military, employed, or admitted to graduate or professional schools.
	As of 2010, VMI had graduated 11 Rhodes Scholars since 1921. Per capita, as of 2006 VMI had graduated more Rhodes Scholars than any other state-supported college or university, and more than all the other senior military colleges combined.
	In 2015 VMI ranked fourth nationally, after the United States Military Academy, the United States Naval Academy and the United States Air Force Academy, in the "U.S. News and World Report" rankings' "Top Public Schools, National Liberal Arts Colleges" category.
	Forbes' 2012 Special Report on America's Best Colleges ranked VMI in the top 25 public universities in the nation, well ahead of any other senior military college in the country. VMI was ranked 14th in the "Top 25 Publics" section, just behind the United States Military Academy, the United States Air Force Academy, and the United States Naval Academy, but ahead of the United States Coast Guard Academy and the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy. Overall, VMI ranked 115th out of the 650 colleges and universities evaluated.
	Kiplinger's magazine, in its ranking of the "Best Values in Public Colleges" for 2006, made mention of the Virginia Military Institute as a "great value", although the military nature of its program excluded it from consideration as a traditional four-year college in the rankings.
	While all cadets are required to take four years of ROTC, accepting a commission in the armed forces is optional. While over 50 percent of VMI graduates are commissioned each year, the VMI Board of Visitors has set a goal of having 70 percent of VMI cadets take a commission. The VMI class of 2017 graduated 300 cadets, 172 (or 57 percent) of whom were commissioned as officers in the United States military.
	VMI alumni include more than 285 general and flag officers, including the first five-star General of the Army, George Marshall; seven recipients of the highest U.S. military decoration, the Medal of Honor; and more than 80 recipients of the second-highest awards, the Distinguished Service Cross and Navy Cross. VMI offers ROTC programs for four U.S. military branches (Army, Navy, Marine Corps and Air Force).
	VMI has graduated more Army generals than any ROTC program in the United States. The following table lists U.S. four-star generals who graduated from VMI. It does not list alumni who did not graduate from the school, such as General George S. Patton and General Sam S. Walker, and the many VMI graduates who served or still serve as four-star generals in foreign nations such as Thailand, China, and Taiwan.
	Prospective cadets must be between 16 and 22 years of age. They must be unmarried, and have no legal dependents, physically fit for enrollment in the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC), and be graduates of an accredited secondary school or have completed an approved homeschool curriculum. The Class of 2022 at VMI had an average high school GPA of 3.70 and a mean SAT score of 1210. 
	Eligibility is not restricted to Virginia residents, although it is more difficult to gain an appointment as a non-resident, because VMI has a goal that no more than 45 percent of cadets come from outside Virginia. Virginia residents receive a discount in tuition, as is common at most state-sponsored schools. Total tuition, room & board, and other fees for the 2008–2009 school year was approximately $17,000 for Virginia residents and $34,000 for all others.
	Of 509 students that matriculated in August 2012, 46 were women. The first Jewish cadet, Moses Jacob Ezekiel, graduated in 1866. While at VMI, Ezekiel fought with the VMI cadets at the Battle of New Market. He became a sculptor and his works are on display at VMI. One of the first Asian cadets was Sun Li-jen, the Chinese National Revolutionary Army general, who graduated in 1927. The first African-American cadets were admitted in 1968. The first African-American regimental commander was Darren McDew, class of 1982. McDew is a retired U.S. Air Force General and former Commander, United States Transportation Command, Scott Air Force Base, IL. It is unknown when the first Muslim cadet graduated from VMI, but before the Iranian Revolution of 1979, under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, several Persian cadets attended and graduated from VMI. Other Muslim graduates have included cadets from Bangladesh, Jordan, Indonesia, Somalia and other nations.
	VMI was the last U.S. military college to admit women, having excluded women from the Corps of Cadets until 1997. In 1990 the U.S. Department of Justice filed a discrimination lawsuit against VMI for its all-male admissions policy. While the court challenge was pending, a state-sponsored Virginia Women's Institute for Leadership (VWIL) was opened at Mary Baldwin College in Staunton, Virginia, as a parallel program for women. The VWIL continued, even after VMI's admission of women.
	After VMI won its case in U.S. District Court, the case went through several appeals until 26 June 1996, when the U.S. Supreme Court, in a 7–1 decision in "United States v. Virginia", found that it was unconstitutional for a school supported by public funds to exclude women. (Justice Clarence Thomas recused himself, presumably because his son was attending VMI at the time.) Following the ruling, VMI contemplated going private to exempt itself from the 14th Amendment, and thus avoid the ruling.
	Assistant Secretary of Defense Frederick Pang, however, warned the school that the Department of Defense would withdraw ROTC programs from the school if privatization took place. As a result of this action by Pang, Congress passed a resolution on 18 November 1997 prohibiting the Department of Defense from withdrawing or diminishing any ROTC program at one of the six senior military colleges, including VMI. This escape clause provided by Congress came after the VMI Board of Visitors had already voted 9–8 to admit women; the decision was not revisited.
	In August 1997, VMI enrolled its first female cadets. The first co-ed class consisted of thirty women, and matriculated as part of the class of 2001. In order to accelerate VMI's matriculation process several women were allowed to transfer directly from various junior colleges, such as New Mexico Military Institute (NMMI), and forgo the traditional four-year curriculum that most cadets had been subjected to. The first female cadets "walked the stage" in 1999, although by VMI's definitions they are considered to be members of the class of 2001. Initially, these 30 women who were held to the same strict physical courses and technical training as the male cadets until it became apparent that adjustments to the standards had to be made. VMI resisted following other military colleges in adopting "gender-normed" physical training standards until 2008 when it was listed as a goal in VMI's 2039 Strategic Plan. On 30 June 2008, gender-normed training standards were implemented for all female cadets.
	Just as cadets did nearly 200 years ago, today's cadets give up such comforts as beds, instead lying upon cots colloquially referred to as "hays". These hays are little more than foam mats that must be rolled every morning and aired every Monday. Further, cadet uniforms have changed little; the coatee worn in parades dates to the War of 1812. New cadets, known as "Rats", experience even further deprivations from many "creature comforts" common to college life at other schools: they are not permitted to watch TV or listen to music outside of an academic setting. To this end, living conditions are considered more austere here than other service academies.
	During the first six months at VMI, New Cadets are called "Rats," the accepted term (since the 1850s) for a New Cadet. The VMI ratline is a tough, old-fashioned indoctrination-system which dates back to the Institute's founding. All "Rats" refer to their classmates, male or female, as "Brother Rats." The term "Brother Rat" is a term of endearment which lasts a lifetime amongst VMI graduates. Legend has it that when Washington College (now Washington and Lee University) students and VMI cadets drilled together in the 1830s, the students called the cadets "Rats" perhaps because of their gray uniforms. The cadets responded in kind calling the neighboring students "Minks" perhaps because many of them were from wealthy backgrounds. The purpose of the Ratline is to teach self-control, self-discipline, time-management, and followership as prerequisites for becoming a VMI cadet.
	New freshmen, known collectively as the "Rat Mass", walk along a prescribed line in barracks while maintaining an exaggerated form of attention, called "straining". This experience, called the Rat Line, is intended by the upper classes to instill camaraderie, pride, and discipline into the incoming class. Under this system, the Rats face numerous mental and physical challenges, starting with "Hell Week." During Hell Week, Rats receive basic military instruction from select upper classmen ("Cadre"); they learn to march, to clean their M14 rifle, and to wear their uniforms. During Hell Week, Rats also meet the members of various cadet-run organizations and learn the functions of each.
	At the end of the first week, each Rat is paired with a first classman (senior) who serves as their mentor for the rest of the first year. The first classman is called a "Dyke," reference to an older Southern pronunciation of "to deck out," or to get into a uniform, as one of the roles of the rat is to help prepare their "Dyke's" uniform and dress them for parades. While the Dyke watches out for the Rat and the Rat works for the Dyke in accordance with Institute policy, Cadre still enforce all rules for the Rats. In combining the softness of the Dykes with the hardness of the system they lead, with countless push-ups, sweat parties, and runs, the Rats are instilled with the virtue of time management and attention to detail.
	The Ratline experience culminates with Resurrection Week ending in "Breakout," an event where the Rats are formally "welcomed" to the VMI community. After the successful completion of Breakout, Rats are officially fourth class students and no longer have to strain in the barracks or eat "square meals." Many versions of the Breakout ceremony have been conducted. In the 1950s, Rats from each company would be packed into a corner room in the barracks and brawl their way out through the upperclassmen. From the late 1960s through the early 1980s the Rats had to fight their way up to the fourth level of the barracks through three other classes of cadets determined not to let them get to the top. The stoops would often be slick with motor oil, packed with snow, glazed with ice, greased, or continuously hosed with water. The barracks stairs and rails were not able to take the abuse, so the Corps moved the breakout to a muddy hill, where Rats attempt to climb to the top by crawling on their stomachs while the upper classes block them or drag them back down. The Rats no longer breakout in the mud but instead participate in a grueling day of physical activity testing both physical endurance and teamwork.
	The entire body of Rats during the Ratline is called a "Rat Mass." Since Rats are not officially fourth classmen until after Breakout, the Rat Mass is also not officially considered a graduating class until that time either. Prior to Breakout, the Rat mass is given a different style of year identifier to emphasize this difference. The year identifier starts with the year of the current graduating class (their dykes' class), followed by a "+3" to indicate the anticipated year of their own class. For example, cadets that make up the Class of 2022 were considered the "Rat Mass of 2019+3" as the members of their dykes' class graduated in 2019 and they themselves will graduate three years onward from then.
	In addition to the Ratline, VMI has other traditions that are emblematic of the school and its history including the new cadet oath ceremony, the pageantry of close-order marching, and the nightly playing of "Taps". An event second only to graduation in importance is the "Ring Figure" dance held every November. During their junior year, cadets receive class rings at a ring presentation ceremony followed by a formal dance. Most cadets get two rings, a formal ring and a combat ring; some choose to have the combat ring for everyday wear, and the formal for special occasions.
	Every year, VMI honors its fallen cadets with a New Market Day parade and ceremony. These events take place on 15 May, the same day as the Battle of New Market in which the VMI cadets fought during the Civil War that was in 1864. During this ceremony, the roll is called for cadets who "died on the Field of Honor" and wreaths are placed on the graves of those who died during the Battle of New Market.
	The requirement that all cadets wishing to eat dinner in the mess hall must be present for a prayer was the basis for a lawsuit in 2002 when two cadets sued VMI over the prayer said before dinner. The non-denominational prayer had been a daily fixture since the 1950s. In 2002 the Fourth Circuit ruled the prayer, during an event with mandatory attendance, at a state-funded school, violated the U.S. Constitution. When the Supreme Court declined to review the school's appeal in April 2004, the prayer tradition was stopped.
	The tradition of guarding the Institute is one of the longest standing and is carried out to this day. Cadets have been posted as sentinels guarding the barracks 24 hours a day, seven days a week while school is in session since the first cadet sentinel, Cadet John B. Strange, and others relieved the Virginia Militia guard team tasked with defending the Lexington Arsenal (that later became VMI) in 1839. The guard team wears the traditional school uniform and each sentinel is armed with an M14 rifle and bayonet.
	VMI is known for its strict honor code, which is as old as the Institute and was formally codified in the early 20th century. Under the VMI Honor Code, "a cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, nor tolerate those who do." There is only one punishment for violating the VMI Honor Code: immediate expulsion in the form of a drumming out ceremony of dismissal, in which the entire corps is awakened by drums in barracks and the honor court to hear the formal announcement. VMI is the only military college or academy in the Nation which maintains a single-sanction Honor Code and in recent times, the dismissed cadet is removed from post before the formal announcement is made.
	VMI currently offers over 50 school-sponsored clubs and organizations, including recreational activities, military organizations, musical and performance groups, religious organizations and service groups. Although VMI prohibited cadet membership in fraternal organizations starting in 1885, VMI cadets were instrumental in starting several fraternities. Alpha Tau Omega fraternity was founded by VMI cadets Otis Allan Glazebrook, Alfred Marshall, and Erskine Mayo Ross at Richmond, Virginia on 11 September 1865 while the school was closed for reconstruction.
	After the re-opening, Kappa Sigma Kappa fraternity was founded by cadets on 28 September 1867 and Sigma Nu fraternity was founded by cadets on 1 January 1869. VMI cadets formed the second chapter of the Kappa Alpha Order. In a special arrangement, graduating cadets may be nominated by Kappa Alpha Order alumni and inducted into the fraternity, becoming part of Kappa Alpha Order's Beta Commission (a commission as opposed to an active chapter). This occurs following graduation, and the newly initiated VMI alumni are accepted as brothers of the fraternity.
	VMI fields 14 teams on the NCAA Division I level (FCS, formerly I-AA, for football). Varsity sports include baseball, basketball, men's and women's cross country, football, lacrosse, men's and women's rifle, men's and women's soccer, men's and women's swimming & diving, men's and women's track & field, and wrestling. VMI is a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon) for almost all sports, the MAAC for women's water polo, and the America East Conference for men's and women's swimming & diving. VMI formerly was a member of the Mid-Atlantic Rifle Conference for rifle, but began the 2016–2017 season as part of the Southern Conference. The VMI team name is the Keydets, a Southern style slang for the word "cadets".
	VMI has the second-smallest NCAA Division I enrollment of any FCS football college, after Presbyterian College. Approximately one-third of the Corps of Cadets plays on at least one of VMI's intercollegiate athletic teams, making it one of the most active athletic programs in the country. Of the VMI varsity athletes who complete their eligibility, 92 percent receive their VMI degrees.
	VMI played its first football game in 1871. The one-game season was a 4–2 loss to Washington and Lee University. There are no records of a coach or any players for that game. VMI waited another twenty years, until 1891, when head coach Walter Taylor would coach the next football team. The current head football coach at VMI, Scott Wachenheim, was named the 31st head coach on 14 December 2014. The Keydets play their home games out of Alumni Memorial Field at Foster Stadium, built in 1962. VMI's last winning football season was in 1981.
	Perhaps the most famous athletic story in VMI history was the two-year run of the 1976 and 1977 basketball teams. The 1976 squad advanced within one game of the Final Four before bowing to undefeated Rutgers in the East Regional Final, and in 1977 VMI finished with 26 wins and just four losses, still a school record, and reached the "Sweet 16" round of the NCAA tournament.
	The current VMI basketball team is led by head coach Dan Earl and assistant coaches: Steve Enright and Austin Kenon. Tom Kiely is the Director of Basketball Operations.
	VMI's alumni include the current Governor of Virginia, the current Secretary of the Army, a Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, a Nobel Peace Prize winner, Pulitzer Prize winners, 13 Rhodes Scholars, Medal of Honor recipients, an Academy Award winner, an Emmy Award and Golden Globe winner, a martyr recognized by the Episcopal Church, Senators and Representatives, Governors, Lieutenant Governors, a Supreme Court Justice, numerous college and university presidents, many business leaders (presidents and CEOs) and over 285 general and flag officers, including service chiefs for three of the four armed services.
	Two recent Chiefs of Engineers of the Army Corps of Engineers, Lieutenant Generals Carl A. Strock and Robert B. Flowers, as well as Acting Chief of Engineers Major General "Bo" Temple, were VMI Civil Engineering graduates.
	A 2007 study by the National Association of College and University Business Officers found that VMI's $343 million endowment was the largest per-student endowment of any U.S. public college in the United States. 35.4 percent of the approximately 12,300 living alumni gave in 2006. Private support covers more than 31 percent of VMI's operating budget; state funds, 26 percent.

= = = White Castle, Monmouthshire = = =

	White Castle (), also known historically as Llantilio Castle, is a ruined castle near the village of Llantilio Crossenny in Monmouthshire, Wales. The fortification was established by the Normans in the wake of the invasion of England in 1066, to protect the route from Wales to Hereford. Possibly commissioned by William fitz Osbern, the Earl of Hereford, it comprised three large earthworks with timber defences. In 1135, a major Welsh revolt took place and in response King Stephen brought together White Castle and its sister fortifications of Grosmont and Skenfrith to form a lordship known as the "Three Castles", which continued to play a role in defending the region from Welsh attack for several centuries. 
	King John gave the castle to a powerful royal official, Hubert de Burgh, in 1201. Over the next few decades, it passed back and forth between several owners, as Hubert, the rival de Braose family, and the Crown took control of the property. During this period, White Castle was substantially rebuilt, with stone curtain walls, mural towers and gatehouses, forming what the historian Paul Remfry considers to be "a masterpiece of military engineering". In 1267 it was granted to Edmund, the Earl of Lancaster, and remained in the hands of the earldom, and later duchy, of Lancaster until 1825. 
	Edward I's conquest of Wales in 1282 removed much of White Castle's military utility, and by the 16th century it had fallen into disuse and ruin. The castle was placed into the care of the state in 1922, and is now managed by the Cadw Welsh heritage agency.
	White Castle was built in the wake of the Norman invasion of England in 1066. Shortly after the invasion, the Normans pushed into the Welsh Marches, where William the Conqueror made William fitz Osbern the Earl of Hereford; Earl William added to his new lands by capturing the towns of Monmouth and Chepstow. The Normans used castles extensively to subdue the Welsh, establish new settlements and exert their claims of lordship over the territories. 
	Originally called Llantilio Castle, White Castle was one of three fortifications built in the Monnow valley around the same time, possibly by Earl William himself, to protect the route from Wales to Hereford, and overlooked the manor of Llantilio Crossenny and the River Monnow. The first castle on the site was built from earth and timber, with three large earthworks forming an inner and outer ward, and a hornwork protecting the main entrance to the south. A mill was constructed at Great Trerhew to grind corn for the castle garrison.
	The earldom's landholdings in the region were slowly broken up after William's son, Roger de Breteuil, rebelled against the Crown in 1075. In 1135, a major Welsh revolt took place, and in response King Stephen restructured the landholdings along this section of the Marches, bringing White Castle and its sister fortifications of Grosmont and Skenfrith back under the control of the Crown to form a lordship known as the "Three Castles". 
	Conflict with the Welsh continued, and following a period of detente under Henry II in the 1160s, the de Mortimer and de Braose Marcher families attacked their Welsh rivals during the 1170s, leading to a Welsh assault on nearby Abergavenny Castle in 1182. In response, the Crown readied the castle to face an attack and, between 1184 and 1186, work costing £128 was carried out by Ralph of Grosmont, a royal official, probably to build a stone curtain wall around the inner ward and to add a small stone keep to the defences.
	In 1201, King John gave the Three Castles to Hubert de Burgh. Hubert was a minor landowner who had become John's household chamberlain when he was still a prince, and went on to become an increasingly powerful royal official once John inherited the throne. At this time, White Castle was primarily a military fortification, holding a garrison and stores of arrows and crossbow bolts. It was relatively exposed to the elements and had, at best, only basic accommodation; the historian Cathcart King describes the conditions in the castle as likely to have been "miserable", "squalid" and "unpleasant". 
	Hubert began to upgrade his new castles, starting with Grosmont, but was captured while fighting in France. During Hubert's captivity, King John took back the Three Castles and gave them to William de Braose, a rival of Hubert's. King John subsequently fell out with William and dispossessed him of his lands in 1207, but de Braose's son, also called William, took the opportunity presented by the First Barons' War to retake the castles. 
	Once released, Hubert regained his grip on power, becoming the royal justiciar and being made the Earl of Kent, before finally recovering the Three Castles in 1219 during the reign of King Henry III. Hubert fell from power in 1232 and was stripped of the castles, which were placed under the command of Walerund Teutonicus, a royal servant; having been reconciled with the King in 1234, the castles were briefly returned to Hubert, but he fell out with King Henry III again in 1239 and they were taken back and assigned to Walerund. Walerund built a new hall, buttery and pantry at the castle in 1244. In 1254, White Castle and its sister fortifications were granted to King Henry's eldest son, and later King, Prince Edward.
	During the 13th century, the castle was almost entirely rebuilt, although historians have put forward two possible timelines for when this work was carried out. The conventional historical dating places the construction in the 1250s and 1260s, as a single programme of work consisting in the keep being demolished, a new gatehouse and four mural towers constructed and the outer ward reinforced with a stone wall and gatehouse of its own. Paul Remfry argues that the work occurred somewhat earlier during Hubert's tenure, being carried out in two waves between 1229–1231 and 1234–1239. Around this time the fortification is first described in the records as the "White Castle", due to the white rendering applied to its external walls.
	The Welsh threat persisted, and in 1262 the castle was readied in response to Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's attack on Abergavenny in 1262; commanded by its constable Gilbert Talbot, Grosmont was ordered to be garrisoned "by every man, and at whatever cost". The threat passed without incident.
	Edmund, the Earl of Lancaster and the "capitaneus" of the royal forces in Wales, was given the Three Castles in 1267 and for many centuries they were held by the earldom, later duchy, of Lancaster. King Edward I's conquest of Wales in 1282 removed much of White Castle's military utility, although it continued to be used in the administration of the surrounding manor, and for mustering military levies. Little further work was carried out on the fortification, although one of the gatehouse towers was repaired at some point, and repairs were carried out to the chapel tower and gatehouse under King Henry VI. By 1538, White Castle had fallen into disuse and then into ruin; a 1613 description noted that it was "ruynous and decayed".
	In 1825, the Three Castles were sold off to Henry Somerset, the Duke of Beaufort. In 1902, Henry Somerset, the 9th Duke, sold White Castle to Sir Henry Mather Jackson. Evidence was given to the Royal Commission on Ancient Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire in 1909, stating that Sir Henry had taken steps to strip the castle of ivy and that it was now in a good condition; the site was apparently looked after by an old woman, who charged visitors for entry. The castle was placed into the care of the state in 1922. In the 21st century, White Castle is managed by the Welsh heritage agency Cadw and is protected under UK law as a grade I listed building.
	White Castle occupies a hill near the village of Llantilio Crossenny, overlooking the surrounding landscape. The castle dates mainly from the 13th century and is made up of a central inner ward, a crescent-shaped hornwork to the south, and an outer ward to the north, with its stonework constructed from red sandstone. The outer ward was originally much larger, extending around the castle further to the east, but only limited traces of these earthworks survive. It is now entered from the north-east although, prior to the 13th century, the castle 's entrance was originally on the south side. The historian Paul Remfry considers the castle to be "a masterpiece of military engineering" for the period.
	The outer ward is across, accessed by a gatehouse on the eastern edge and defended by a stone curtain wall, a dry ditch and four mural towers. The gatehouse, which survives up to in height, originally had a portcullis and a drawbridge. Three of the towers were circular in design, but one was rectangular and would have been used as lodgings for a household official. There was a large building, probably a barn, across, on the north-western edge of the ward, alongside a group of smaller buildings, but all have since been lost. 
	The inner ward is approximately across, protected by a deep, revetted, water-filled moat, dug out of the rock. The curtain wall has four circular, four-storey towers and a gatehouse, with domestic buildings reaching around the insides of the defences. The four-storey gatehouse is flanked by two circular towers and would originally have had a portcullis and a drawbridge. It would originally have been used by the castle's constable or steward. Stretching eastwards from the gatehouse are the castle's hall, the constable's living quarters, the chapel – partially contained in one of the towers- the remains of the earlier keep, service buildings and the kitchen block. Only the foundations of these buildings survive. A postern gate in the inner ward leads through to the southern hornwork, which would originally have been linked by a wooden bridge, protected by timber defences and towers, with later stone additions, of which only traces remain. 
	White Castle has unusual arrow loops, with the two arms of a conventional cross-shaped loop offset vertically, so that one side is higher than the other. Historians have contrasting views of the effectiveness of this design; they might have been a sensible way to ensure that the defenders could fire down the slopes around the castle, or to give better protection from incoming fire, although tests in 1980 showed them to have been extremely vulnerable to incoming fire.

= = = Friedrich Münzer = = =

	Friedrich Münzer (22 April 1868 – 20 October 1942) was a German classical scholar noted for the development of prosopography, particularly for his demonstrations of how family relationships in ancient Rome connected to political struggles. He died in Theresienstadt concentration camp.
	He was born at Oppeln, Silesia (now Opole, Poland), into a Jewish merchant family, went to Leipzig University and then in 1887 to Berlin University, where he wrote his thesis "De Gente Valeria" under the supervision of Otto Hirschfeld. In 1893 he traveled to Rome, where Georg Wissowa recruited him to write biographical articles for the "Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft". From there he went to Athens and participated in excavations on the Acropolis. He also met Clara Engels there; they were married two years later, on 4 September 1897.
	Meanwhile, Münzer had been appointed as an unsalaried lecturer at University of Basel in 1896; he and Clara were supported by their parents and his article-writing. (When applying for the job, he reported himself as a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church; three years earlier his CV had said he was of Jewish faith.) He was promoted to the second chair in classical philology in 1902. In 1912 he accepted a post at Königsberg, which made him an official in the German civil service.
	Clara died in the Spanish flu pandemic on 15 December 1918; and in 1921, the widower took up a post at the University of Münster. His greatest work, "Römische Adelsparteien und Adelsfamilien" (Roman noble parties and noble families") had appeared in 1920 and brought him fame for the first time.
	He was appointed a dean at the university in 1923, and in 1924 married a widow, Clara Lunke "née" Ploeger, becoming a stepfather to two teenagers.
	Münzer was generally apolitical, but politics began to catch up with him in 1933 in the form of the law that sought to dismiss Communists, "non-Aryans", and opponents of the Nazi Party. Civil servants appointed before 1914 were officially exempt, but his biographers attribute his continued employment to the intercession of influential colleagues and former students. In January 1935 a new law required the removal of all lecturers and professors over the age of 65 (a move to make available more posts for Nazi sympathizers), and Münzer formally retired on 23 July 1935.
	His wife died in 1935 as well, and on 14 November of that year he was officially classified as Jewish, upon which many colleagues and acquaintances distanced themselves from him. Nevertheless, he continued to write biographical articles for Pauly-Wissowa, and they continued to accept them, in spite of a law forbidding Jews to publish. In 1938 a new law compelled him to adopt a Jewish middle name, and he became officially known as "the Jew Friedrich Israel Münzer". In a letter of 12 December 1938 to Ronald Syme, he wrote that the changed situation "deeply depressed" him, but that he still considered himself better off than many others.
	Despite the urgings of some friends, he refused to emigrate. But in July 1942 he was taken by the Gestapo to the Theresienstadt concentration camp. His adopted daughter Margerete won some privileges for him, such as the right to send and receive letters, and to receive his suitcase intact, and ultimately a release from Theresienstadt. But an epidemic of enteritis had been sweeping through the camp, and he succumbed to it the very same day that Margerete received the notice that her father was to be released.

= = = Die Toten Hosen = = =

	Die Toten Hosen (literally "The Dead Trousers", figuratively "dead boring" or "brewer's droop") is a German punk rock band from Düsseldorf.
	The current members of Die Toten Hosen are Campino (Andreas Frege), Kuddel (Andreas von Holst), Vom (Stephen Ritchie), Andi (Andreas Meurer) and Breiti (Michael Breitkopf). All members except one are German, though Campino's mother, Jenny, was English. The drummer Vom comes from England. He joined in 1999, after previous drummer Wölli sustained injuries in a car crash. Wölli had played from 1985 to 1999 and was an honorary member of the band until his death in 2016. The drummer until 1985 was Trini Trimpop, who became the band's manager when Wölli joined.
	The band is reputed to have played for free at private birthday parties or similar events in their early years, so long as the host provided them with unlimited beer and covered all damage caused by the band.
	Die Toten Hosen formed in 1982 at the Ratinger Hof, a Düsseldorf bar frequented by punk musicians. Its founder members were Campino and Andreas von Holst, both from local punk band ZK, with Andreas Meurer, Michael Breitkopf, Trini Trimpop and Walter November. According to their friend and one time promoter Andrea Berzen, they chose the name "Die toten Hosen" – which literally translates as "the dead trousers" but connotes the German idiom "hier ist tote Hose" or "hier herrscht tote Hose" meaning "there is nothing going on here", "it’s boring here" – over "Die Pariser". According to Andrea Berzen, Campino preferred the former because it implied that their concerts might not be sold out, but there might be "tote Hose" on the nights.
	At their first concert at the Bremer Schlachthof over Easter 1982, the compère mistakenly introduced them as Die Toten Hasen (The Dead Hares). The debut single "Wir sind bereit" (We are ready) was released in 1982, and was followed by their first album, "Opel-Gang", the next year.
	Guitarist Walter November left the band in November 1983 due to his drug problems. One of the two A sides of the third single was the drinking song "Eisgekühlter Bommerlunder" (ice-cold Bommerlunder schnapps), which received considerable radio airplay and increased their fan base. The band released their first album titled "Opel-Gang" in early 1983 on their own label Totenkopf (skull).
	In July 1983, the band signed to EMI, who financed a video for "Eisgekühlter Bommerlunder", directed by Wolfgang Büld. It depicts a chaotic wedding ceremony in a small Bavarian church, with Kurt Raab playing an alcoholic priest and Marianne Sägebrecht playing the bride. After the filming the congregation called for the church to be reconsecrated. German public television refused to screen the video for several years for fear of offending churchgoers.
	At the end of 1983, they released "Hip Hop Bommi Bop", a hip-hop version of "Eisgekühlter Bommerlunder" featuring New York rapper Fab Five Freddy.
	In 1984, the band played a session on the BBC's John Peel Show. EMI were displeased with the band's high travel costs and by Norbert Hähnel publicly parodying their million-selling artist Heino at a Toten Hosen concert. Heino successfully obtained a court order to cease and desist. Die Toten Hosen left EMI and signed to Virgin Records. Their second album "Unter Falscher Flagge" (Under False Colours), was released in 1984. The title explained the front cover of the LP, which carried a picture of the band members dressed as pirates aboard a ship. The original back cover featured the skeleton of a dog sitting in front of a gramophone, a caricature of the His Master's Voice artwork used by EMI. Legal action by EMI prompted the album cover to be changed to the skeleton of an eagle, which, along with the Jolly Roger, became a band logo.
	In Spring 1985, the band toured France for the Goethe Institute and in Autumn they travelled to Hungary and Poland. In late 1985, Trini Trimpop moved from drumming for the band into their management, where he worked until 1992. Jakob Keusen briefly replaced him as the band's drummer before Wolfgang Rohde (Wölli) took over in January 1986. Rohde’s first concert was also the band’s first concert in front of a very large audience. Along with Herbert Grönemeyer, Udo Lindenberg, Marius Müller-Westernhagen, BAP, the Rodgau Monotones and many others, they performed at the Anti-WAAhnsinns-Festival in July 1986 to protest the construction of the nearby Nuclear reprocessing plant Wackersdorf.
	In 1986, they recorded their third album, "Damenwahl" (Ladies' Choice). The Damenwahl tour was sponsored by the northern German condom manufacturer Fromms, who arranged for free samples to be scattered amongst the crowd. In 1987, the band celebrated its first chart success with the record "Never Mind the Hosen, Here's Die Roten Rosen" (Never mind the Trousers – Here’s the Red Roses) using the pseudonym Die Roten Rosen (The Red Roses). The album contains rock versions of German 1960s pop songs. The name and cover art of the record are a parody of the LP Never Mind the Bollocks, Here’s the Sex Pistols by the Sex Pistols from 1977.
	In late 1987, Die Toten Hosen released their first live album "Bis zum bitteren Ende" (Till the Bitter End). It charted in the German and Austrian Top 30.
	In 1988, the band released their commercial breakthrough, the album "Ein kleines bisschen Horrorschau" (A little bit of horrorshow). The album referenced the Anthony Burgess's novel "A Clockwork Orange" and Stanley Kubrick's film of the same name and was largely written for Bernd Schadewald’s theatre adaption of "A Clockwork Orange". For half a year the band played on stage at the Kammerspiele Bad Godesberg theatre in Bonn, alongside Ralf Richter, the play's lead actor. In September 1988, Die Toten Hosen performed at the Lituanika Festival in Vilnius and Kaunas, Lithuania. They were chosen by the jury as the best band of the event. The album included "Hier kommt Alex" (Here comes Alex) was later re-recorded in an unplugged version in 2005 incorporating the opening piano phrase of Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata.
	Their spring tour in 1989 included a sell-out performance at the huge Westfalenhallen in Dortmund. The band released "3 Akkorde für ein Halleluja" (3 Chords for a Hallelujah), a video documentary of their lives. In 1990 the Toten Hosen were invited to attend the New Music Seminar in New York and performed as support for The Rolling Stones in Cologne. That summer the band travelled to Italy to report on the FIFA World Cup for various newspapers and radio stations. For this purpose they recorded a rock cover version of the classic "Azzurro" by Adriano Celentano, accompanied by a video satirising the behaviour of German football fans when abroad. The double album "Kreuzzug ins Glück" (Crusade to happiness) was released in 1990 and sold over 150,000 copies in its first week.
	In 1991 the Toten Hosen released their album "Learning English Lesson One", a tribute to the band's musical influences, consisting mainly of cover versions of English punk rock classics. Each track featured at least one member of the original band that had recorded it. Several songs were recorded in Rio de Janeiro with Great Train Robber Ronald Biggs. The album also marked the beginning of the band's collaboration with T.V. Smith, songwriter and lead singer of The Adverts, which continues to the present day.
	The band's 1992 "Menschen, Tiere, Sensationen" (People, Animals, Sensations) tour included concerts in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Denmark, Great Britain, Spain, France and a their first ever dates in Argentina.
	The single "Sascha … ein aufrechter Deutscher" (Sascha... an upstanding German) was released for Christmas 1992 as a vehement condemnation of right-wing radicalism. The proceeds of this song were donated to an anti-racist charity campaign in Düsseldorf. The right-wing Republikaner party failed in its attempt to have the song banned for defamation and thereby unintentionally contributed to the success of the single. The song grossed half a million Deutsche Mark.
	In 1993, the album "Kauf MICH!" (Buy ME!) was released and reached number one in the German charts. Its songs express opinions on consumerism, advertisement and right-wing extremism. In the summer of 1993 Die Toten Hosen performed as the supporting act for U2 on their Zoo TV tour in Germany, with audiences of over 50,000 people at each concert. The video to the song "Kauf MICH!" shows footage of these concerts. In the same year, the band released Reich & Sexy (Rich & Sexy), their first best-of album. On the cover the members of the band are naked, portraying pretentious millionaires from the music industry surrounded by nude women. An international version of the best-of album was released in 1994 called "Love, Peace & Money". For a period, Die Toten Hosen had three albums in the German charts at the same time.
	In 1994 the band was on the road for almost the entire year in Germany and neighbouring countries. In November they gave four concerts in the US and in Canada as support act for Green Day. Starting in April 1995, the Toten Hosen got their own radio program on Fritz radio in Berlin, called "Tausend Takte Tanzmusik" ("a thousand beats of dance music"). The show aired every Sunday from 7 to 8 pm for a year. At the end of the year the band founded their own record label JKP.
	The first album under their own label was "Opium fürs Volk" (opium for the people), released in 1996. Its songs deal with faith and religion. The album went platinum, their third record to do so, after "Kauf MICH!" and "Reich und sexy". The single "Zehn kleine Jägermeister" (ten little master huntsmen or rather: ten little Jägermeisters) went to number one of the German-speaking singles charts. The Toten Hosen and Iggy Pop were a supporting act at the Ramones farewell concert in the River-Plate-Stadion of Buenos Aires in front of 75,000 people. An extended tour followed under the slogan "Ewig währt am längsten" (Eternity lasts longest) through Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Furthermore, they performed at the Gurtenfestival, the Forestglade Festival, the Berlin Waldbühne and at the Bizarre Festival in Cologne. In May 1996 they headlined the Rock am Ring festival. In the same year the band released their second live album "Im Auftrag des Herrn" (on the Lord's behalf).
	Their 1000th concert was on 28 June 1997 in the Düsseldorfer Rheinstadium, and was attended by over 60,000 fans. The death of Dutch girl Rieke Lax at the concert prompted the band to release the song "Alles ist eins" (Everything is one) in her memory.
	The 1998 Warped Tour took in New Zealand, Australia, Japan and Hawaii. Campino was twice hospitalised after concerts in Byron Bay and Geelong in Australia.
	Die Toten Hosen have collaborated with numerous other musicians (like Bad Religion, AC/DC, U2, Rolling Stones); they are also one of the few German punk bands popular outside Germany, with a large following in South America, Australia and Eastern Europe.
	The band's members are passionate fans of their local football team, Fortuna Düsseldorf, which they sponsored from 2001 to 2003. When a goal is scored at the club's ground, the Esprit Arena, the chorus of the band's song "Strom" is played. The band released a football-themed song named "Bayern" in 2000 in which they proclaim that they would not join Bayern Munich under any circumstances.
	In August 2006, Campino starred as Mack the Knife in Brecht's "The Threepenny Opera" at Berlin's Admiralspalast, a short distance from the theatre where the play premiered in 1928. The director, famous actor Klaus Maria Brandauer, was criticised for the play's unadventurous staging, but Campino was cheered by the audience.
	Artist Andreas Gursky produced "Tote Hosen", a blown up photograph of the crowd from a Die Toten Hosen concert, depicting youths excitedly cheering for the band, many wearing the red Hosen shirt. It is in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art.
	Faith No More bassist Billy Gould wore a Toten Hosen tee shirt on the cover of their greatest hits album, "". Faith No More have covered the Toten Hosen song "Hofgarten" in live shows.
	German rock group Samsas Traum covered "Hier kommt Alex" with a more gothic sound. Lead singer Alexander Kaschte changes the final lyric to "Hey! Ich bin Alex!" (Hey! I am Alex!) as a wry joke. British punk band UK Subs recorded an English-language cover of the song on their 1993 album "Normal Service Resumed". '"Hier kommt Alex" is featured in video games "" and "Rock Band" (European version). The song was also released as a downloadable track on the American version of Rock Band on 27 May 2008. Die Toten Hosen also have a special edition of SingStar for PlayStation 2, devoted exclusively to the band, featuring 24 tracks and videos from over the decades, which was released in 2007.
	MC Frontalot, in collaboration with faux-German electronic musician KOMPRESSOR on the track "Rappers We Crush", rhymes "What did I do to deserve this?/What was my crime?/Was it because I sampled Die Toten Hosen that one time?"
	In 2002 and 2005, the band played at Przystanek Woodstock, the biggest open air festival in Europe. In 2010, the band played several dates in Central Asia and became the first foreign rock band to perform in the former Soviet republic of Tajikistan since 1991. The band was criticised for accepting 68,000 € of German government funding towards this tour. On 2 October 2010, the band played in Amman, Jordan, their first concert in the Middle East.
	In 2012, Die Toten Hosen released their album "Ballast der Republik". A special edition includes a bonus CD with cover versions of songs that influenced the band. On 26 April 2016 it was announced that former drummer Wolfgang Rohde had died after suffering from cancer.
	In early 2018, Members of Die Toten Hosen recorded backing vocals on Australian band The Living End's eighth studio album Wunderbar, which was recorded in Germany.
	All band members are self-taught musicians. At the beginning of their musical career most of them were still at school. Their first album was recorded in a studio rented by the hour. The band kept to simple guitar chords and lyrics, in garage style. "Die Toten Hosen" were mainly influenced by punk bands from the 1970s, to whom they frequently pay tribute in recorded work and live performances. On occasion they have played songs by the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. Some of the band's songs have been described as "Schunkelpunk", a fusion of German schlager music and punk, exemplified by "Eisgekühlter Bommerlunder", numerous cover versions of German schlager songs and tracks like "Azzurro". They can be seen as pioneers of "Volxmusic", which combines elements of German folk music with jazz, hip-hop or rock. In some of their songs "Die Toten Hosen" experiment with strings or wind instruments. A few songs have elements that are lifted from jazz (e.g. "Warum werde ich nicht satt"), reggae ("Zehn kleine Jägermeister") or Yugoslavian gypsy music ("Das Mädchen aus Rottweil").
	For the most part, The Toten Hosen have not departed substantially from their original style of music, choosing power chords, straightforward lyrics, simple melodies and anthem-like choruses over long instrumental solos. Other influences on the music of Die Toten Hosen include hardcore punk, punk blues, heavy metal, thrash metal, and hard rock.
	The focus of the band's music has gradually shifted from funny and nonsensical to serious. The songs from the band's first LP were mostly about having fun, but by the end of the 1980s they were focusing more on political and social issues such as racism.
	The band openly support political and social organizations in their music, interviews and by donations, but are not affiliated with any political party. They turned down a request from Germany's SPD (Social Democratic Party) to write a song for their European election campaign in 1994.
	In 1991, their track "Fünf vor Zwölf" (it is high time) was published on the sampler "Nazis raus" (Nazis get out) and in 2006 they supported the band ZSK's "Kein Bock auf Nazis" (can't stand Nazis) campaign. In 1992, the band participated in a demonstration against xenophobia in Bonn. They performed together with Herbert Grönemeyer, Nina Hagen and others for nearly 200,000 demonstrators. In 1995 they supported Greenpeace, IPPNW, "Aktion Atomteststop" (an initiative for a nuclear test ban), the BUND (German "Friends of the Earth" chapter) and they were featured on the track "Tout Pour Sauver L’Amour" (Everything to save love) on the "Stop Chirac" compilation album.
	In 2002, the band attracted publicity by posing undressed for posters of the animal rights group PETA under the slogan "Lieber nackt als im Pelz" (Better naked than in fur). in 2005 they funded 'On the Run', a compilation album to raise funds for immigrants' rights organisation Pro Asyl, and contributed the song "Meine Stadt" (my town).
	From 1999 to 2004 their web site had a public discussion forum but this was terminated without explanation.
	Over the course of the band's history, Die Toten Hosen have expressed their loyalty to their home town in various ways. In summer 1995, the band staged an ice hockey game called "Powerplay des Wahnsinns" (Power-play of insanity), playing in a team alongside professional players from Düsseldorfer EG against a team composed of Finnish rock band Leningrad Cowboys and Finnish national ice hockey players. The match took place in the stadium at the Brehmstrasse in Düsseldorf. Their team "Knochenbrecher Düsseldorf" (Düsseldorf Bonebreakers) lost 9:10. In 1996 they slipped into women's clothing, silk stockings and high heels and took part in the Düsseldorf Mardi Gras parade with their own float under the slogan "We bury good taste".
	Die Toten Hosen are supporters of the football club Fortuna Düsseldorf. At the end of the 1980s, they helped the club by donating 200,000 DM towards signing the player Anthony Baffoe . From 2001 to 2003, they sponsored the club after it had experienced major financial difficulties. In 2002, the band signed an advertising contract with the Diebels Brewery, and donated the proceeds to the club's "Nachwuchs" (youth side), who wear the band's skull emblem on their shirts.
	Die Toten Hosen have reserved space for 17 people at Düsseldorf's Südfriedhof cemetery, where they wish to be buried after death.

= = = Alpha Flight = = =

	Alpha Flight is a fictional team of Canadian superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The characters premiered in "The Uncanny X-Men" #120 (April 1979), and were created to serve as part of the anti-hero Wolverine's backstory. Marvel published an "Alpha Flight" comic book series from 1983 to 1994. The team serves as Canada's premier superhero team akin to America's Avengers.
	Created by writer and artist John Byrne, the team first appeared in "The Uncanny X-Men" #120 (April 1979).
	Most team members have distinctly Canadian attributes, such as having Inuit/First Nations or French heritage. Throughout most of its history, the team has worked for Department H, a fictional branch of Canada's Department of National Defence that deals with super-powered villains.
	The team was originally merely a part of the backstory of the X-Men's Wolverine but, in 1983, Marvel launched an eponymous series featuring the group, which continued until 1994, lasting 130 issues as well as annuals and miniseries. There have been three short-lived revivals since then, most recently an eight-issue limited series in 2011–12, after the resurrection of the team in the one shot comic "Chaos War: Alpha Flight" during the "Chaos War" event.
	Alpha Flight was preceded by a team called "The Flight". This team first appeared in "Alpha Flight Special" vol. 2, #1 (1992).
	Inspired by the debut of the Fantastic Four, James Hudson refined the purpose of Department H to find and/or develop Canada's superheroes. New recruit Groundhog joins Snowbird, St. Elmo, Stitch, Wolverine (as Weapon X), and Smart Alec in training. Within a week, the Flight is pressed into their first battle with Egghead's incarnation of the Emissaries of Evil (consisting of Rhino, Solarr, Eel, Porcupine, Power Man and Swordsman). Egghead threatens the United States from Canadian soil with a nuclear missile. Smart Alec disables the missile's guidance system, but Egghead triggers the detonation sequence. Smart Alec panics leading to St. Elmo transforming the missile and the bomb into light. St. Elmo succeeds, but loses himself in the process. Groundhog and Dr. Michael Twoyoungmen scold Hudson for sending the team into battle while so inexperienced, with a near psychotic leader (Weapon X) and someone who folds under pressure. Hudson thus makes plans for a tiered team system, leading to the formation of Alpha, Beta and Gamma Flight.
	Alpha Flight first appeared in "X-Men" #120 (April 1979), in which they are sent to follow up on Vindicator's first mission to retrieve Wolverine from the X-Men.
	The initial makeup of Alpha Flight was drawn from all corners of Canada and included:
	According to Byrne, both Guardian and Snowbird were "fan characters", created before he became professionally involved in comics, and he created all the remaining members while working on "X-Men" #120, specifically designing them to be balanced with the X-Men in power.
	The first "Alpha Flight" comic book series started in 1983 which ran until 1994.
	Promoted from Beta Flight despite Department H being closed down by the Canadian government were:
	Heather MacNeil is married to James Hudson. After Guardian's apparent death in "Alpha Flight" #12, she becomes the leader of the team. Later, she takes a replication of his costume and takes the codename of Vindicator then Guardian.
	"Alpha Flight" continued for 130 issues, and introduced dozens of characters and villains (the most prominent of which were Talisman, Madison Jeffries, Box, Diamond Lil, Wild Child, Persuasion, and Witchfire).
	In 1997, Marvel relaunched the series with different characters. The new additions to the roster included:
	Returning members were Vindicator (Heather Hudson, with a new costume and new geothermal powers), a de-aged Guardian (who turned out to be a clone of the original James Hudson, set at age 19), and Puck. Sunfire was also briefly a member while looking for a cure to a crippling illness.
	The focus of this series was on Department H's consistently hidden agenda and Alpha Flight's reluctance to comply thereto. The conspiracy plotline saw Weapon X allowing an incarnation of the Zodiac Cartel to kidnap Madison Jeffries, who was subsequently brainwashed into becoming the group's "Gemini". To keep the group from interfering with their "deal", Department H brainwashed the team into forgetting Jeffries' kidnapping. Also, Department H employed an actual sasquatch as the new team's version of Sasquatch, without telling the team that it was not Walter Langkowski. Department H also arranged the kidnapping of Diamond Lil, another former Alpha Flight member and Madison Jeffries' wife, when she began to enquire about the location of her husband, with the intent of using her as a test subject for illegal medical experiments.
	The series ended with issue #20 with most of the major storylines, such as the identity of the younger version of Guardian, unresolved, until "Wolverine", vol. 2, #140–142, when the plotline was resolved with the return of the real Guardian and the heroic sacrifice of the clone version.
	In 2004, Marvel started a new volume of Alpha Flight, with the "All-New, All-Different" prefix.
	The new team recruited by Sasquatch includes:
	"Waxing Poetic", the second six-issue story arc, sees the return of some original team members as both the original versions visited in the past, and temporal copies brought to the present. These members were Guardian, Vindicator, Puck, and Shaman.
	Sasquatch, Guardian, Vindicator, Shaman, Major Mapleleaf II, and both Pucks are attacked by a new villain, the Collective (inhabiting the body of U.S. postal worker Michael Pointer), in "New Avengers" #16. Pointer continues on to the United States, leaving their bodies in the Yukon Territory.
	The "Alpha Flight" title was relaunched as "Omega Flight" in April, 2007 as a five-issue mini-series. The new series was written by Michael Avon Oeming and drawn by Scott Kolins. The current roster includes Beta Ray Bill, U.S. Agent, Arachne, Talisman, and Michael Pointer in a suit that looks like Guardian's uniform. Sasquatch appears as the group's recruiter and leader. Since the mini-series, the team disbanded. Beta Ray Bill exited; U.S. Agent joined Hank Pym's new Avengers team; Pointer, now calling himself Omega, joined Norman Osborn's Dark X-Men; and Julia Carpenter became the new Madame Web.
	In the 2010 storyline the "Chaos War", the four mainstay Alpha Flight members alive (Snowbird, Aurora, Northstar and Sasquatch) are reunited with Guardian, Vindicator, Shaman and Marrina Smallwood returning from the grave after Amatsu-Mikaboshi's victory in the death realms. The group bands together to fight the Great Beasts. Amatsu-Mikaboshi impales the Great Beasts. The resurrected members of Alpha Flight remain among the living after the defeat of Amatsu-Mikaboshi. At the same time, Puck appears in the "Wolverine Goes to Hell" storyline in "Wolverine" (2010), beginning in issue #2.
	In 2011, the team appeared in a series tied to the crossover storyline "Fear Itself", with the newly alive team to be joined by Puck. Alpha Flight provides rescue efforts for the victims of a tsunami unleashed by Attuma in the form of Nerkodd: Breaker of Oceans. As Sasquatch, Shaman, and Vindicator help save victims of the water itself, Guardian saves a news crew when their helicopter is shot down by Nerkodd. As Marrina Smallwood and Aurora also arrive to help fight Nerkodd, the female reporter that Guardian saved comments to the television viewers on why Northstar isn't with the team.
	After providing rescue efforts for victims of the disaster, Guardian ejects Nerkodd from the country by dumping him off the coast of Cape Race. Once Nerkodd is defeated and repelled, Alpha Flight returns to their headquarters and are betrayed by Gary Cody and his newly elected Unity Party. To make things worse, Vindicator has sided with him. It is shown that six weeks ago, Guardian and Vindicator were unable to regain custody of their child Claire. In the present, Marrina is dehydrated, Sasquatch's gamma energy is drained enough for him to revert to his human form of Walter Langkowski, and Aurora and Snowbird are taken down as well. While bringing Guardian to the Box Units for imprisonment, Vindicator is ambushed by Puck. After knocking out Vindicator, Puck tells Guardian that he had just returned to life after his fight with Ba'al.
	At Parliament Hill, Walter is informed by Agent Jeff Brown that the concussions he had when he played football will cause him to act less human when he changes back into Sasquatch. Jeff also tells Walter that he will soon achieve Unity. Meanwhile, Marrina pretends to give in to the Unity treatment so that she can break free. Shaman manages to knock out Jeff and frees Walter, while Guardian frees Snowbird. Northstar and Puck manage to find Marrina, who has knocked out the guards and scientists present. After Alpha Flight escaped, they learned that Gary Cody and his Unity Party are a group of fascists. Northstar abducts a Department H operative and uses aerial torture in order to learn where Department H took Kyle Jinadu.
	After reclaiming her daughter Claire from her cousin, Vindicator assembles Alpha Strike (consisting of Persuasion, Ranark, a Wendigo, and a brainwashed Citadel) in order to spread the Unity program and take down Alpha Flight. It is soon discovered that Master of the World is behind the Unity Party, the formation of Alpha Strike and what has happened to Department H as he introduces himself to Kyle Jinadu. Alpha Flight ends up robbing a treasury in order to fund a special tactical training from Taskmaster in an isolated Yukon Territory.
	While overseeing the formation of a revolution against the Unity Party, Guardian, Sasquatch, and Shaman hatch a desperate and dangerous plan that involves the bad personality of Aurora. Aurora's personality begins to cause her to become unstable to herself and Alpha Flight. Meanwhile, Master of the World explains his history involving the Plodex to Claire. Alpha Flight manages to rescue Kyle Jinadu and encounter Wolverine.
	At a beach in Ontario with Claire, Vindicator is visited by Wolverine who states that the people in the United States are becoming concerned about the Unity Party's actions. When Wolverine notices that Vindicator calls the rest of Alpha Flight traitors, Wolverine decides to investigate. Wolverine finds Alpha Flight and learns of their revolution against the Unity Party. He agrees to help them take back Canada just as Alpha Strike attacks.
	During the ensuing fight, Alpha Flight managed to capture Persuasion as she is a component for a cure that would be used against the Unity Process. Alpha Flight, Wolverine, and Taskmaster are then prepared to take Canada back as Master of the World comes out of hiding. Master of the World begins his attack on Parliament Hill with Agent Jeff Brown and Claire Hudson present in his spaceship. He even manages to kill Gary Cody, his purpose served. Guardian continues to fight Vindicator as she orders the rest of Alpha Strike to free Persuasion and destroy the machine connected to her.
	Alpha Flight defeats Alpha Strike. Vindicator (still under of Master of the World's mental control) helps Alpha Flight against Master of the World when he attempts to kill Claire. Alpha Flight successfully creates the machine to free the people that Master of the World had under his mental control. They kill Master of the World, but Vindicator flies away with Claire. Afterward, Alpha Flight celebrates after the Unity Party is abolished.
	Alpha Flight later aids Red Hulk when the Mayan Gods appear on Earth. The battle results with Aurora, Sasquatch, and Snowbird in a coma, but they recover.
	A different version of Alpha Flight debuted as part of the "All-New, All-Different Marvel" event. This version is a space program that becomes Earth's line of defense from extraterrestrial threats and resides in the Alpha Flight Low-Orbit Space Station. Its members include Captain Marvel, Abigail Brand, Aurora, Puck and Sasquatch. The first wing of the Triskelion is where the ground crew of the Alpha Flight space program resides.
	Black Panther also sent a group of Alpha Flight explorers to search for the origin of the Mena Ngai. While exploring the Vega System, the explorers' travels took them through a temporal anomaly into the past, where they established over the next two-thousand years the Intergalactic Empire of Wakanda, named after their homeland.
	During the "Civil War II" storyline, it is revealed that the Alpha Flight Space Program is overseen by its Board of Governors which consists of representatives of the different nations of Earth and other planets that share the Alpha Flight Space Program's interests. Known members of the Alpha Flight Space Program's Board of Governors are Black Panther of Wakanda, Henry Peter Gyrich of the United States, Philippe Beaulieu of Canada (revealed to be a revived Master of the World in disguise), Mentor of the Shi'ar, Bar-Konn of the Kree, an unnamed Rigellian ambassador, and an unnamed Kronan ambassador.
	During the "Secret Empire" crossover, Alpha Flight assisted Captain Marvel with protecting Earth from a Chitauri invasion, but were trapped in space once Captain America activated a force field around Earth.
	In order to track down Hulk after he escaped from General Reginald Fortean's custody, a depowered Walter Langkowski started the space program's version of Gamma Flight.
	The original lineup of Alpha Flight would be revived as Canada's top superhero team once more in their post-space program years, consisting of Guardian, Aurora, Northstar, Snowbird, Sasquatch, Puck and Marrina.
	Alpha Flight has fought many criminals and malevolent entities. Many were unique to them as they were based in Canada. Notable examples include:
	In the "Ultimate Marvel" reality, Alpha Flight debuted in "Ultimate X-Men" #94 with Vindicator (formally Col. John Wraith of Weapon X), Shaman, Jubilee, Sunfire, Sasquatch, Snowbird and Aurora. The team ambushes the X-Men in the middle of a friendly baseball game. All of its members appear to use godlike powers; they easily defeat the X-Men and kidnap NorthStar. It is later revealed by Wolverine, who apparently has a history with them, that they used a drug called Banshee to enhance their abilities, making them more powerful than normal mutants. Vindicator claims that Alpha Flight is the first internationally sanctioned mutant team made powerful enough to take on any "considerable" threats such as the Liberators, the Brotherhood, and the Ultimates, as Vindicator sees the latter as loyal only to America and Alpha Flight to the world. They are defeated by Colossus's team of X-Men, who were also being powered by Banshee.
	In issue #11 of "Marvel Adventures Iron Man", Tony Stark travels to Nunavut to try to find his father Howard. As he is flying through a series of mountains, he is attacked by Alpha Flight after Northstar and Aurora mistake him for a training robot built by Guardian. After the real drone appears, Sasquatch and Guardian make some hasty apologies before Iron Man continues on his mission. Later in the issue, Alpha Flight aids Iron Man in a battle against the Living Laser.
	A zombified version of Alpha Flight (consisting of Guardian, Northstar, Aurora, Sasquatch, Puck, and Snowbird) appeared in the first issue of "", attacking the X-Men at the Xavier Institute for Gifted Youngsters, and killing Professor X in the process. They are later killed by Magneto, who uses his powers to make various metallic objects pierce their brains.
	In "Old Man Logan" Vol 2 #17, Logan is shown a vision of the dead Alpha Flight (comprised of Guardian, Northstar, Aurora, Sasquatch, Puck and Snowbird) by a young Jean Grey.
	Alpha Flight was featured in the different "What If?" stories:

= = = Lu (surname) = = =

	Lu is the pinyin and Wade–Giles romanization of several distinct Chinese surnames that are written with different characters in Chinese. Depending on the character, it may be spelled Lú, Lǔ, or Lù when pinyin tone diacritics are used. Lu 卢 and Lu 陆 are the most common: both are among the 100 most common surnames in China. Languages using the Latin alphabet do not distinguish among the different Chinese surnames, rendering them all as Lu.
	The surname Lü 吕/呂 ("Lui" in Cantonese) is often romanized as Lu (also Lv and Lyu) when input of the umlaut is not possible.

= = = Elizabeth Thompson = = =

	Elizabeth Southerden Thompson, Lady Butler (3 November 1846 – 2 October 1933) was a British painter, and specialised in painting scenes from British military campaigns and battles, including the Crimean War and the Battle of Waterloo. "The Roll Call" (purchased by Queen Victoria), "The Defence of Rorke's Drift", and "Scotland Forever!", showing the Scots Greys at the Battle of Waterloo, (Leeds Art Gallery) are among her notable works. She wrote about her military paintings in an autobiography published in 1922: "I never painted for the glory of war, but to portray its pathos and heroism". She married Lieutenant General Sir William Butler, becoming Lady Butler.
	Born at Villa Claremont in Lausanne, Switzerland, Butler was the daughter of Thomas James Thompson (1812–1881) and his second wife Christiana Weller (1825–1910). Her sister was the noted essayist and poet Alice Meynell. Elizabeth began receiving art instruction in 1862, while growing up in Italy. In 1866 she went to South Kensington, London, and entered the Royal Female School of Art. She became a Roman Catholic along with the rest of the family after they moved to Florence in 1869. While in Florence, under the tutelage of the artist Giuseppe Bellucci (1827–1882), Elizabeth attended the Accademia di Belle Arti. She signed her works as E.B.; Elizth. Thompson or Mimi Thompson (she was called "Mimi" from her childhood).
	Initially Butler concentrated on religious subjects like "The Magnificat" (1872), but upon going to Paris in 1870 she was exposed to battle scenes from Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier and Édouard Detaille, and switched her focus to war paintings. With the painting "Missing" (1873), a Franco-Prussian War battle scene depicting the common soldiers' suffering and heroism, she earned her first submission to the Royal Academy. Butler's painting "The Roll Call," which depicted a line of soldiers worn out with conflict, was shown in 1874 at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition and became so popular that a policeman had to be stationed next to the painting in order to regulate the crowds that came to see it. Butler wrote that after the opening of the Summer Exhibition she awoke to find herself famous.
	Her fame increased as the paintings toured Europe, along with photographs of Elizabeth, she gained even more notice because people found out that she was both young and pretty, something normally not associated with painters of battle scenes. It also helped that during this time there was a huge swell of Victorian pride and romanticism for the growing British Empire. While Lady Butler's topics reflected such romanticism, her paintings were generally realistic in detail with aspects such as confusion, mud and exhaustion being accurately portrayed. Her works tend to focus on British troops shown in action, or shortly after it, but avoiding scenes of hand-to-hand combat. The troops are often shown as their opponents might have seen them, but relatively few of the opponents themselves are shown.
	In 1879, Butler came within two votes of becoming the first woman to be elected as an Associate Member of the Royal Academy (apart from two founder Members, Mary Moser and Angelica Kauffman; ultimately, the first female Associate Member was Annie Swynnerton, elected in 1922, and the first full Member was Laura Knight in 1936).
	After her marriage in 1877 to Sir William Francis Butler (1838–1910), a distinguished officer of the British Army, from Tipperary, Ireland, Butler traveled to the far reaches of the Empire with her husband and raised their six children. During this time Lady Butler came under the influence of her Irish husband's belief that the colonial imperialism of the United Kingdom and other European powers might not be in the best interest of the natives in colonial lands. Yet she continued to paint scenes showing the valour of the ordinary British soldier. Butler also did some black and white illustration, including of poems by her sister, Alice Meynell, and of works by Thackeray. She exhibited her work at the Palace of Fine Arts and The Woman's Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. Her daughter, Elizabeth Butler, married Lt.-Col. Randolph Albert Fitzhardinge Kingscote (b. 6 Feb 1867, d. 8 Dec 1940) on 24 July 1903.
	On her husband's retirement from the army, she moved with him to Ireland, where they lived at Bansha Castle, County Tipperary. 
	She showed pictures at the Royal Hibernian Academy from 1892. Among the paintings that she took with her to County Tipperary was a set of water-colours that she had painted while with her husband in Palestine. During the Irish Civil War they were transferred to her daughter in Gormanston Castle for safekeeping, but were almost all destroyed later by German bombs in London during World War II.
	Lady Butler was widowed in 1910, but continued to live at Bansha until 1922, when she took up residence with the youngest of her six children, Eileen, Viscountess Gormanston, at Gormanston Castle, County Meath. She died there shortly before her 87th birthday and was interred at nearby Stamullen graveyard.
	Butler was included in the 2018 exhibit "Women in Paris 1850-1900".

= = = Barycentric Coordinate Time = = =

	Barycentric Coordinate Time (TCB, from the French Temps-coordonnée barycentrique) is a coordinate time standard intended to be used as the independent variable of time for all calculations pertaining to orbits of planets, asteroids, comets, and interplanetary spacecraft in the Solar system. It is equivalent to the proper time experienced by a clock at rest in a coordinate frame co-moving with the barycenter of the Solar system: that is, a clock that performs exactly the same movements as the Solar system but is outside the system's gravity well. It is therefore not influenced by the gravitational time dilation caused by the Sun and the rest of the system.
	TCB was defined in 1991 by the International Astronomical Union, in Recommendation III of the XXIst General Assembly. It was intended as one of the replacements for the problematic 1976 definition of Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB). Unlike former astronomical time scales, TCB is defined in the context of the general theory of relativity. The relationships between TCB and other relativistic time scales are defined with fully general relativistic metrics.
	Because the reference frame for TCB is not influenced by the gravitational potential caused by the Solar system, TCB ticks faster than clocks on the surface of the Earth by 1.550505 × 10 (about 490 milliseconds per year). Consequently, the values of physical constants to be used with calculations using TCB differ from the traditional values of physical constants (The traditional values were in a sense wrong, incorporating corrections for the difference in time scales). Adapting the large body of existing software to change from TDB to TCB is an ongoing task, and many calculations continue to use TDB in some form.
	Time coordinates on the TCB scale are conventionally specified using traditional means of specifying days, carried over from non-uniform time standards based on the rotation of the Earth. Specifically, both Julian Dates and the Gregorian calendar are used. For continuity with its predecessor Ephemeris Time, TCB was set to match ET at around Julian Date 2443144.5 (1977-01-01T00Z). More precisely, it was defined that TCB instant 1977-01-01T00:00:32.184 exactly corresponds to the International Atomic Time (TAI) instant 1977-01-01T00:00:00.000 exactly, at the geocenter. This is also the instant at which TAI introduced corrections for gravitational time dilation.

= = = Taylor Wang = = =

	Taylor Gun-Jin Wang (; born June 16, 1940) is a Chinese American scientist and in 1985, became the first Chinese person to go into space. While an employee of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Wang was a payload specialist on the Space Shuttle "Challenger" mission STS-51-B.
	With ancestry in Yancheng, Jiangsu, Republic of China, Wang was born in Jiangxi to Wáng Zhāng (王章) and Yú Jiéhóng (俞洁虹/俞潔虹). He moved to Taiwan in 1952 with his family. He studied his later part of elementary school in Kaohsiung, and graduated from The Affiliated Senior High School of National Taiwan Normal University in Taipei, Taiwan. He later moved to Hong Kong. He started studying physics in UCLA in 1963, and received his Bachelor of Science in 1967, and his Master of Science in 1968, and his doctoral in low temperature physics - Superfluid and solid state physics in 1971.
	After completing his doctorate, Wang joined the California Institute of Technology's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in 1972, as a senior scientist. At JPL he was responsible for the inception and development of containerless processing science and technology research. He was the Principal Investigator (PI) on the Spacelab 3 mission NASA Drop Dynamics (DDM) experiments, PI on the NASA SPAR Flight Experiment #77-18 "Dynamics of Liquid Bubble," PI on the NASA SPAR Flight Experiment #76-20 "Containerless Processing Technology," and PI on the Department of Energy Experiment "Spherical Shell Technology."
	He gained US citizenship in 1975, and published a paper on the dynamic behavior of rotating spheroids in zero gravity the next year. The paper received attention in NASA, and Wang was selected as a payload specialist on June 1, 1983 for the Spacelab-3 mission.
	Wang conducted precursor drop dynamics experiments for the DDM in ground-based laboratories employing acoustic levitation systems, neutral buoyancy systems and drop towers, and in the near weightless environment provided by JSC's KC-135 airplane flights and SPAR rockets. These flights have helped to define the experimental parameters and procedures in the DDM experiments performed on Spacelab 3. He is the inventor of the acoustic levitation and manipulation chamber for the DDM. (Wang, T.G., M. Saffren, D. Elleman and J.C. Fletcher (1975) Material Suspension Within an Acoustically Excited Resonant Chamber. U.S. Patent No. 3,882,732)
	Wang flew on STS-51B "Challenger" (April 29-May 6, 1985). STS-51B/Spacelab-3 was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and returned to land at Edwards Air Force Base, California. It was the first operational Spacelab mission. The seven-man crew aboard "Challenger" conducted investigations in crystal growth, drop dynamics leading to containerless material processing, atmospheric trace gas spectroscopy, solar and planetary atmospheric simulation, cosmic rays, laboratory animals and human medical monitoring.
	The launch was flawless; all systems were "go", except for Dr. Wang's experiment. His experimental apparatus developed a malfunction. The possibility of going home empty handed saddened him. As the first person of Chinese descent to go into Space, the Chinese American community had taken a keen interest in his mission.
	He asked mission-control's permission to repair his instrument, and they denied his request—for good reasons. He understood NASA's point of view, but, in a total desperation, he said, "If you guys don't give me a chance to repair my instrument, I'm not going back."
	Fortunately for him, NASA decided not to call his bluff, and granted him a chance to repair his instruments. Working around the clock, and around the Earth, he repaired the instrument, and the experiment was a success - it continues to contribute his current research interest.
	At mission conclusion, Wang traveled over 2.9 million miles in 110 Earth orbits, and logged over 168 hours in space. By all accounts, it was a successful mission. However, the mission had a close call, STS-51B mission commander Overmyer discovered while serving on the "Challenger" disaster investigation team that 51-B had had a similar problem with its O-rings during the launch. Morton Thiokol engineers told STS-51B crew, Don Lind that "you all came within three-tenths of one second of dying".
	Utilizing insights from compound droplet experiments performed in the microgravity of NASA Shuttle Mission STS-51-B, Dr. Taylor Wang, has developed an immunoisolation encapsulation system that protects cellular transplants, and sustains cell function — without immunosuppression drugs and their resulting negative side effects. This novel immunoisolation system is a multi-component, multi-membrane capsule that allows independent optimization of all capsule design parameters ensuring reproducible functions in large animals and humans. Results of Encapsulife's successful large animal trials, have recently been published in peer-reviewed research in Transplantation Journal. In this landmark research, encapsulated canine pancreatic islets were transplanted into dogs rendered diabetic by total pancreatectomy. No immunosuppression or anti-inflammatory therapy was used. The allotransplantations of encapsulated islets were well tolerated and biocompatible, and normalized fasting blood glucose levels in all of 9 dogs, were achieved for over two hundred days, with a single transplantation. Re-transplantation of encapsulated islets — a "booster" — was effective in providing glycemic control beyond the initial 200 days.
	Wang later became a Centennial Professor at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. He has written about 200 journal articles and holds 28 U.S. patents on acoustics, drops and bubble dynamics, collision and coalescence of drops, charged drop dynamics, containerless science, and encapsulation of living cells. His experiments were carried out in 1985 aboard United States Spacelab 3, and in i992 aboard United States Microgravity Laboratory 1 (USML-1), and in 1995 aboard USML-2.
	Wang has received various honors and awards, including Space Flight Medal NASA 1985, Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal NASA 1987, Asian Pacific American Achievement Award 1989. Llewellyn J. Evans Distinguished Scientific, Engineering and Management Award 1994. Educational Award Vanderbilt University Alumni League 1996. He was awarded Asian American Engineer of the Year Distinguished Science and Technology Award, CIE-USA, National Engineers Foundation 2007. He addressed the United Nations' General Assembly in 1990 as part of the "Only One Earth Day".
	Wang is married to Beverly Feng (馮雪平) with two sons, Kenneth Wang and Eric Wang.

= = = Freesia = = =

	Freesia is a genus of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Iridaceae, first described as a genus in 1866 by Christian Friedrich Ecklon (1886) and named after the German botanist and medical practitioner, Friedrich Freese (1795-1876). It is native to the eastern side of southern Africa, from Kenya south to South Africa, most species being found in Cape Provinces. Species of the former genus Anomatheca are now included in "Freesia". The plants commonly known as "freesias", with fragrant funnel-shaped flowers, are cultivated hybrids of a number of "Freesia" species. Some other species are also grown as ornamental plants.
	They are herbaceous plants which grow from a conical corm diameter, which sends up a tuft of narrow leaves long, and a sparsely branched stem tall bearing a few leaves and a loose one-sided spike of flowers with six tepals. Many species have fragrant narrowly funnel-shaped flowers, although those formerly placed in the genus "Anomatheca", such as "F. laxa", have flat flowers.
	Freesias are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the large yellow underwing.
	The genus was named in honor of Friedrich Heinrich Theodor Freese (1795–1876), a German physician.
	Species of the former genus "Anomatheca" are now included in "Freesia":
	The plants usually called "freesias" are derived from crosses made in the 19th century between "F. refracta" and "F. leichtlinii". Numerous cultivars have been bred from these species and the pink- and yellow-flowered forms of "F. corymbosa". Modern tetraploid cultivars have flowers ranging from white to yellow, pink, red and blue-mauve. They are mostly cultivated professionally in the Netherlands by about 80 growers. Freesias can be readily increased from seed. Due to their specific and pleasing scent, they are often used in hand creams, shampoos, candles, etc., however, the flowers are mainly used in wedding bouquets.
	They can be planted in the fall in USDA Hardiness Zones 9-10 (i.e. where the temperature does not fall below about −7 °C (20 °F)), and in the spring in Zones 4-8.
	"Freesia laxa" (formerly called "Lapeirousia laxa" or "Anomatheca cruenta") is one of the other species of the genus which is commonly cultivated. Smaller than the scented freesia cultivars, it has flat rather than cup-shaped flowers.
	Extensive 'forcing' of this bulb occurs in Half Moon Bay in California where several growers chill the bulbs in proprietary methods to satisfy cold dormancy which results in formation of buds within a predicted number of weeks – often 5 weeks at .

= = = Grand Bazaar, Istanbul = = =

	The Grand Bazaar (, meaning ‘Covered Market’; also , meaning ‘Grand Market’) in Istanbul is one of the largest and oldest covered markets in the world, with 61 covered streets and over 4,000 shops on a total area of 30,700 m, attracting between 250,000 and 400,000 visitors daily. In 2014, it was listed No.1 among the world's most-visited tourist attractions with 91,250,000 annual visitors. The Grand Bazaar at Istanbul is often regarded as one of the first shopping malls of the world.
	The Grand Bazaar is located inside the Walled city of Istanbul, in the district of Fatih and in the neighbourhood () bearing the same name (). It stretches roughly from west to east between the mosques of Bey
	zit and of Nuruosmaniye. The Bazaar can easily be reached from Sultanahmet and Sirkeci by trams (Beyazıt-Kapalıçarşı stop).
	The construction of the future Grand Bazaar's core started during the winter of 1455/56, shortly after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople and was part of a broader initiative to stimulate economic prosperity in Istanbul. Sultan Mehmet II had an edifice erected devoted to the trading of textiles and jewels near his palace in Constantinople. It was named ("Bedesten of Gems") and was also known as ("New Bedesten") in Ottoman Turkish.
	The word is adapted from the Persian word "bezestan", derived from "bez" ("cloth"), and means "bazaar of the cloth sellers". The building – named alternately in Turkish ("Internal"), ("Ancient"), or ("Old") Bedesten – lies on the slope of the third hill of Istanbul, between the ancient Fora of Constantine and of Theodosius. It was also near the first sultan's palace, the Old Palace (), which was also in construction in those same years, and not far from the Artopoleia (in Greek) (), the city's bakers' quarter in Byzantine times.
	The construction of the Bedesten ended in the winter of 1460/61, and the building was endowed to the "waqf" of the Aya Sofya Mosque. Analysis of the brickwork shows that most of the structure originates from the second half of the 15th century, although a Byzantine relief representing a Comnenian eagle, still enclosed on the top of the East Gate () of the Bedesten has been used by several scholars as proof that the edifice was a Byzantine structure.
	In a market near the Bedesten, named in Turkish , the slave trade was active, a use also carried over from Byzantine times. Other important markets in the vicinity were the second-hand market (), the "Long Market" (), corresponding to the Greek "Makros Embolos" (, "Long Portico"), a long porticoed mall stretching downhill from the Forum of Constantine to the Golden Horn, which was one of the main market areas of the city, while the old book market () was moved from the Bazaar to the present picturesque location near the Beyazid Mosque only after the 1894 Istanbul earthquake.
	Some years later—according to other sources, this occurred in 1545 under Sultan Suleyman I—Mehmet II had another covered market built, the "Sandal Bedesten" (the name comes from a kind of thread woven in Bursa, which had the colour of sandalwood), also named ("Little"), or (both words meaning "New") Bedesten, which lay north of the first.
	After the erection of the Sandal Bedesten the trade in textiles moved there, while the was reserved for the trade in luxury goods. At the beginning the two buildings were isolated. According to the 16th-century French traveller Pierre Gilles, between them and the Mosque of Beyazid stood the ruins of churches and a large cistern. However, soon many sellers opened their shops between and around them, so that a whole quarter was born, devoted exclusively to commerce.
	At the beginning of the 17th century the Grand Bazaar had already achieved its final shape. The enormous extent of the Ottoman Empire in three continents, and the total control of road communications between Asia and Europe, rendered the Bazaar and the surrounding "han"s or caravanserais the hub of the Mediterranean trade. According to several European travelers, at that time, and until the first half of the 19th century, the market was unrivaled in Europe with regards to the abundance, variety and quality of the goods on sale. At that time we know from European travelers that the Grand Bazaar had a square plan, with two perpendicular main roads crossing in the middle and a third road running along the outer perimeter. In the Bazaar there were 67 roads (each bearing the name of the sellers of a particular good), several squares used for the daily prayers, 5 mosques, 7 fountains, 18 gates which were opened each day in the morning and closed in the evening (from these comes the modern name of the Market, "Closed Market" (). Around 1638 the Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi gave us the most important historical description of the Bazaar and of its customs. The number of shops amounted to 3,000, plus 300 located in the surrounding "han"s, large caravanserais with two or three stories round a porticoed inner courtyard, where goods could be stored and merchants could be lodged. In that period one tenth of the shops of the city were concentrated in the market and around it. For all that, at that time the market was not yet covered.
	Recurrent calamities, fires and earthquakes hit the Grand Bazaar. The first fire occurred in 1515; another in 1548. Other fires ravaged the complex in 1588, 1618 (when the was destroyed), 1645, 1652, 1658, 1660 (on that occasion the whole city was devastated), 1687, 1688 (great damage occurred to the ) 1695, and 1701. The fire of 1701 was particularly fierce, forcing Grand Vizier Nevşehirli Damad Ibrahim Pasha to rebuild several parts of the complex in 1730–1731. In 1738 the Kizlar Aĝasi Beşir Ağa endowed the Fountain (still existing) near Mercan Kapi.
	In this period, because of the new law against fires issued in 1696, several parts of the market which lay between the two Bedesten were covered with vaults. Despite that, other fires ravaged the complex in 1750 and 1791. The quake of 1766 caused more damages, which were repaired by the Court Chief Architect () Ahmet a year later.
	The 19th-century growth of the textile industry in western Europe, introduction of mass production methods, the capitulations signed between the Empire and many European countries, and the forestalling – always by European merchants – of the raw materials needed to produce goods in the Empire's closed economy, were factors which caused the Market's decline. By 1850, rents in Bedesten were ten times lower than two to three decades before. Moreover, the birth of a West-oriented bourgeoisie and the commercial success of Western products pushed the merchants belonging to the minorities (Greek, Armenian, Jewish) into moving out of the Bazaar, perceived as antiquated, and into opening new shops in quarters frequented by Europeans, such as Pera and Galata.
	According to an 1890 survey, in the Bazaar there were 4,399 active shops, 2 "bedesten", 2195 rooms, 1 "hamam", one mosque, 10 medrese, 19 fountains (among them two "şadırvan" and one "sebil"), one mausoleum and 24 "han". In the 30.7 hectares of the complex, protected by 18 gates, there are 3,000 shops along 61 streets, the 2 "bedesten", 13 "han" (plus several more outside).
	The last major catastrophe happened in 1894: a strong earthquake that rocked Istanbul. The Minister of Public Works, Mahmud Celaleddin Pașa, supervised the repair of the damaged Bazaar until 1898, and on this occasion the complex was reduced in area. To the west, the Bit Pazarı was left outside the new perimeter and became an open-sky road, named "Çadircilar Caddesi" ("Tentmaker Road"), while the old gate and the "Kütkculer Kapi" were demolished. Among all the "han"s which belonged to the Market, many were left outside, and only nine remained enclosed in the structure.
	In 1914 the Sandal Bedesten, whose handlers of textile goods had been ruined by the European competition, was acquired by the city of Istanbul and, starting one year later, was used as an auction house, mainly for carpets. In 1927 the individual parts of the bazaar and the streets got official names. The last fires of bazaar happened in 1943 and 1954, and the related restorations were finished on 28 July 1959.
	The last restoration of the complex took place in 1980. On that occasion, advertising posters around the market were also removed.
	The Iç Bedesten has a rectangular plan (43.30 m x 29.50 m). Two rows of stone piers, four in each row, sustain three rows of bays, five in each row. Each bay is surmounted by a brick dome with blind drum. In the inner and in the outer walls have been built 44 cellars (), vaulted rooms without external openings. The sunlight in Bedesten comes from rectangular windows placed right under the roof: they can be accessed through a wooden ambulatory. Due to the scarce illumination, the edifice was kept open only some hours each day, and was devoted to the trade of luxury goods, above all textiles. Moreover, the Bedesten's Mahzen were also used as safes. The building can be accessed through four gates: 
	The Sandal Bedesten has also a rectangular plan (40.20 m × 42.20 m), with 12 stone piers bearing 20 bays surmounted by brick domes with blind drum. In this case shops are carved only in the outer walls. In both edifices, each bay is tied to the others through brick arches tied by juniper beams, and masonry is made with rubble. Both buildings were closed by iron gates.
	Aside the Bedesten, originally the Grand Bazaar structures were built with wood, and only after the 1700 fire, they were rebuilt in stone and brickwork, and covered. All the bazaar edifices, except the fur dealers market (), a later addition which is two-story, are one story. The roofs are mainly covered with tiles, while the part burnt in 1954 uses now tarmac. In the bazaar no artificial light was foreseen, also to prevent fires, and smoking was strictly prohibited. The roads outside the inner Bedesten are roughly parallel to it. Anyway, the damages caused by the many fires and quakes along the centuries, together with the repairs done without a general plan, gave to the market – especially in its western part – a picturesque appearance, with its maze of roads and lanes crossing each other at various angles.
	Until the restoration following the quake of 1894, the Grand Bazaar had no shops as found in the western world: along both sides of the roads merchants sat on wooden divans in front of their shelves. Each of them occupied a space in width, and in depth. This was named in Turkish , meaning 'stall'. The most precious merchandise was not on display, but kept in cabinets. Only clothes were hung in long rows, with a picturesque effect. A prospective client could sit in front of the dealer, talk with him and drink a tea or a Turkish coffee, in a relaxed way. At the end of the day, each stall was closed with drapes. Another peculiarity was the complete lack of advertising. Moreover, as everywhere in the East, traders of the same type of goods were forcibly concentrated along one road, which got its name from their profession. The Inner Bedesten hosted the most precious wares: jewelers, armourers, crystal dealers had their shops there. The Sandal Bedesten was mainly the center of the silk trade, but also other goods were on sale there. The most picturesque parts of the market were – apart from the two Bedestens – the shoe market (), where thousands of shoes of different colors (Ottoman sumptuary laws prescribed yellow shoes for Muslims, blue for Greek Orthodox, black for Jews and red for Armenians) were on display on high shelves; the spice and herbs market (later concentrated in the Egyptian Bazaar), which stood near the jewelers; the armour and weapon market; the old book market; and the flea market.
	This kind of organization disappeared gradually, although nowadays a concentration of the same business along certain roads can be observed again:
	Actually, the main reason of concentrating the trade in one place was to provide the highest security against theft, fire and uprising. The goods in the Bedesten were guaranteed against everything except turmoil. Gates were always closed at night, and the bazaar was patrolled by guards paid by the merchants' guilds. In order to access the complex during night hours, an imperial edict was required. The only official night opening in the history of the Bazaar occurred in 1867 during the feast organized for the return of Sultan Abdülaziz from Egypt, when the sovereign crossed the illuminated market riding a horse among the rejoicing populace. Despite the immense wealth present in the Bazaar over the centuries—as an English traveller recorded as late as c. 1870, a tour of the inner Bedesten could easily ruin a few Rothschild families—theft occurred extremely rarely. The most important such incident happened in 1591, when 30,000 gold coins () were stolen in the old Bedesten. The theft shocked the whole of Istanbul, the Bazaar remained closed for two weeks and people were tortured, until the money was found hidden under a floor matting. The culprit was a young Persian musk seller. Thanks to the intercession of the Sultan Murad III he was executed by hanging and not by torture.
	The ethics of trade in the Market until the Tanzimat age (i.e. until the mid-19th century) were quite different from the modern ones: indifference to profit, absence of envy in the successes of other traders, and a single and correct price were peculiar traits of the Ottoman bazaar during its golden age. The reason for such behavior lies partly in the ethics of Islam, and partly in the guild system which provided a strong social security net to the merchants. Afterwards, the westernization of the Ottoman society and the influence of the national minorities caused the introduction of mercantile ethics in Ottoman society.
	Right during the westernization of Ottoman society, the Grand Bazaar became an obligatory topos of the romantic literature. We owe descriptions of the Bazaar in the middle of the 19th century to writers such as Edmondo De Amicis and Théophile Gautier.
	Another peculiarity of the market during the Ottoman age was the total lack of restaurants. The absence of women in the social life and the nomadic conventions in the Turkish society made the concept of restaurant alien. Merchants brought their lunch in a food box called "sefertas", and the only food on sale was simple dishes such as doner kebab, tavuk göğsü (a dessert prepared with chicken breast, milk sugar and rose water sprinkled on it) and Turkish coffee. These simple dishes were prepared and served in small two-story kiosks placed in the middle of a road. The most famous among these kiosks is the one—still extant but not functioning any more—placed at the crossing of "Halıcılar Caddesi" and "Acı Çesme Caddesi". It is alleged that Sultan Mahmut II came there often in disguise to eat his pudding. The Bazaar was in the Ottoman Age the place where the "Istanbullu" (the inhabitants of the city) could see each other. Not only was the market the only place in town where the ladies could go relatively easily (and this circumstance made the place especially interesting for the Europeans who visited the city), but—especially from the Tanzimat age on—it was also the only public place where the average citizen had a chance to meet the members of the Imperial Harem and of the Court casually.
	The Bazaar's merchants were organized in guilds. In order to establish a new one, it was only necessary to have enough traders of the same good. Afterwards, a monopoly was formed and the number of traders and shops was frozen. One could only be accepted in the guild through co-optation, either as son of a deceased member, or after paying a suitable sum to a member who wanted to retire.
	The guild's chief was a public officer called "Kethüda". He was paid by the guild but appointed by the "Kadı" of Istanbul. Fixation of prices and taxes were matter of the "Kethüda". He was joined by a representative of the guild's member, called "Yiğitbaşı" ('chief of the brave young fellows'). These two officers were flanked by the assembly of the elders, non necessarily old in age, but comprising the most experienced traders. Parallel to the guilds, there were purely religious organizations, called "fütüvvet tariks". Their members met in Dervish shrines and performed religious functions. These organizations became less and less important with time due to the increased weight of the Greek, Armenian and Jews merchants in the bazaar's trade. Each guild had a financial department which collected a moderate monthly fee (some silver coins; ) from the members and administered it taking care of the needs of each associated person. The guilds lost increasingly their importance during the Tanzimat period, and were abolished in 1913, being replaced by an association of Bazaar merchants. Nowadays, there are several merchant associations in the Bazaar, but none is representative of the whole seller community.
	Today the Grand Bazaar is a thriving complex, employing 26,000 people visited by between 250,000 and 400,000 visitors daily, and one of the major landmarks of Istanbul. It must compete with modern shopping malls common in Istanbul, but its beauty and fascination represent a formidable advantage for it. The head of the Grand Bazaar Artisans Association claimed that the complex was in 2011 – the year of its 550th birthday – the most visited monument in the world. A restoration project starting in 2012 should renew its infrastructure, heating and lighting systems. Moreover, the "han"s inside the Market will be renovated and later additions will be demolished. This project should finally solve the big problems of the market: for example, in the whole Bazaar there is no proper toilet facility. Moreover, the lack of controls in the past years allowed many dealers to remove columns and skive walls in their shops to gain space; this, together with the substitution of lead (stolen in the last years) with concrete on the market's roof, has created a great hazard when the earthquake expected in Istanbul in the next years will occur.
	The Grand Bazaar is opened each day except Sundays and bank holidays from 9:00 until 19:00.

= = = Iridaceae = = =

	Iridaceae is a family of plants in order Asparagales, taking its name from the irises, meaning rainbow, referring to its many colours. There are 66 accepted genera with a total of c. 2244 species worldwide (Christenhusz & Byng 2016). It includes a number of other well known cultivated plants, such as freesias, gladioli and crocuses.
	Members of this family are perennial plants, with a bulb, corm or rhizome. The plants grow erect, and have leaves that are generally grass-like, with a sharp central fold. Some examples of members of this family are the blue flag and yellow flag.
	The family name is based on the genus "Iris", the largest and best known genus in Europe. This genus dates from 1753, when it was coined by Swedish botanist, Carl Linnaeus. Its name derives from the Greek goddess, Iris, who carried messages from Olympus to earth along a rainbow, whose colours were seen by Linnaeus in the multi-hued petals of many of the species.
	The family is currently divided into four subfamilies but the results from DNA analysis suggest that several more should be recognised:
	Subfamily Crocoideae is one of the major subfamilies in the family Iridaceae. It contains many genera, including "Afrocrocus", "Babiana", "Chasmanthe", "Crocosmia", "Crocus", "Cyanixia", "Devia", "Dierama", "Duthieastrum", "Freesia", "Geissorhiza", "Gladiolus", "Hesperantha", "Ixia", "Lapeirousia", "Melasphaerula", "Micranthus", "Pillansia", "Romulea", "Sparaxis", "Savannosiphon", "Syringodea", "Thereianthus", "Tritonia", "Tritoniopsis", "Xenoscapa" and "Watsonia".
	They are mainly from Africa, but includes members from Europe and Asia. The rootstock is usually a corm, they have blooms which sometimes have scent are collected in inflorescence and contain six tepals. The nectar is produced mostly in the base of the bloom from the glands of the ovary, which is where the flower forms a tube-like end. In some species there is no such end and the plant only provides pollen to pollinating insects. Members of this subfamily have the sword-shaped leaves typical of Iridaceae.
	Subfamily Isophysidoideae contains the single genus "Isophysis", from Tasmania. It is the only member of the family with a superior ovary and has a star-like yellow to brownish flower.
	Subfamily Nivenioideae contains six genera from South Africa, Australia and Madagascar, including the only true shrubs in the family ("Klattia", "Nivenia" and "Witsenia") as well as the only myco-heterotroph ("Geosiris"). "Aristea" is also a member of this subfamily. It is distinguished by having flowers in small, paired clusters among large bracts, slender styles that are divided into three slender branches and nectar (when present) produced from glands in the ovary walls. The flowers are always radially symmetrical, with separate tepals (petals) and the rootstock is a rhizome.
	Subfamily Iridoideae is distributed throughout the range of the family and contains the large genera "Iris" and "Moraea". It is the only subfamily that is represented in North and South America. The species have flowers in solitary clusters among large bracts, styles that are often petal-like or crested and nectar (when present) is produced from glands on the tepals. Most species have separate petals and the rootstock is usually a rhizome or rarely a bulb. The flowers are almost always radially symmetrical. "Bobartia", "Dietes" and "Ferraria" belong to this subfamily.
	Members of Iridaceae occur in a great variety of habitats. About the only place they do not grow is in the sea itself, although Gladiolus gueinzii occurs on the seashore just above the high tide mark within reach of the spray. Most species are adapted to seasonal climates that have a pronounced dry or cold period unfavourable for plant growth and during which the plants dormant. As a result, most species are deciduous. Evergreen species are restricted to subtropical forests or savannah, temperate grasslands and perennially moist fynbos. A few species grow in marshes or along streams and some even grow only in the spray of seasonal waterfalls.
	The above ground parts (leaves and stems) of deciduous species die down when the bulb or corm enters dormancy. The plants thus survive periods that are unfavourable for growth by retreating underground. This is particularly useful in grasslands and fynbos, which are adapted to regular burning in the dry season. At this time the plants are dormant and their bulbs or corms are able to survive the heat of the fires underground. Veld fires clear the soil surface of competing vegetation, as well as fertilise it with ash. With the arrival of the first rains, the dormant corms are ready to burst into growth, sending up flowers and stems before they can be shaded out by other vegetation. Many grassland and fynbos irids flower best after fires and some fynbos species will only flower in the season after a fire.
	The family has a very diverse pollination ecology. Most species are pollinated by various species of solitary bees but many are adapted to pollination by sunbirds. These species typically have red to orange, trumpet-like flowers that secrete large amounts of nectar. Other species are adapted to pollination by butterflies and moths, carrion flies and long-proboscid flies, and even monkey-beetles.
	Up to 80 genera have been recognised in the family, with a total of around 1500 species, worldwide. The Afrotropic ecozone, and in particular South Africa, have the greatest diversity of genera. The spice saffron comes from the stigma of the saffron crocus, "Crocus sativus".

= = = Lesser whitethroat = = =

	The lesser whitethroat ("Sylvia curruca") is a common and widespread typical warbler which breeds in temperate Europe, except the southwest, and in western and central Asia. This small passerine bird is strongly migratory, wintering in Africa just south of the Sahara, Arabia and India.
	Unlike many typical warblers, the sexes are almost identical. This is a small species with a grey back, whitish underparts, a grey head with a darker "bandit mask" through the eyes and a white throat. It is slightly smaller than the whitethroat, and lacks the chestnut wings and uniform head-face color of that species. The lesser whitethroat's song is a fast and rattling sequence of "tet" or "che" calls, quite different from the whitethroat's scolding song.
	Like most "warblers", it is insectivorous, but will also take berries and other soft fruit. This is a bird of fairly open country and cultivation, with large bushes for nesting and some trees. The nest is built in low shrub or brambles, and 3–7 eggs are laid.
	This species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 edition of "Systema Naturae", from a specimen collected in southern Sweden. The genus name is from Modern Latin "silvia", a woodland sprite, related to "silva", a wood. The specific "curruca" is a Latin term for a bird mentioned by Juvenal.
	This species has been commonly assumed to be closely related to the whitethroat, as their common names imply. It was suggested that the two species separated in the last ice age similar to the pattern found in the chiffchaff and willow warbler, with their ancestor being forced into two enclaves, one in the southeast and one in the southwest of Europe. When the ice sheets retreated, the two forms supposedly no longer recognised each other as the same species. However, scientists researching this question have for quite some time realized that these two taxa are not particularly close relatives.
	Rather, the lesser whitethroat and its closest relatives Hume's whitethroat and the small whitethroat appear more related to a group of morphologically quite dissimilar species. These vary much in size and color pattern, but also lack chestnut wing patches and have a strong contrast between the usually dark head sides and the white or whitish throat. The latter group occurs from the southern parts of the lesser whitethroat complex' range into Africa and include the Orphean warbler group, the Arabian warbler, and the brown and Yemen warblers sometimes placed in "Parisoma". Thus, it rather appears as if the divergence of the lesser whitethroat complex and its closest living relatives is more ancient than assumed, and that it did not involve separation by ice sheets building up in Europe, but by aridification of the Arabian region (which also occurred throughout the Ice Ages).
	The lesser whitethroat complex has been split up into the present species, Hume's whitethroat, and the small whitethroat from which the Margelanic whitethroat may also be specifically distinct. In this superspecies, the lesser whitethroat seems to form the basal European lineage. Only two subspecies are nowadays unequivocally recognized for the lesser whitethroat, and they intergrade throughout Central Europe:
	Two more taxa occur in the intergradation zone with the small whitethroat, stretching from the northern Caspian Sea area into Mongolia. The phylogeny of these is not well-researched, and they might eventually turn out to belong to either species or be stereotyped hybrids:
	Similarly, "Sylvia curruca caucasica" is intermediate between the lesser and Hume's whitethroats.
	A bird which wintered at Landsort Bird Observatory, Sweden, differed in the analyzed mtDNA sequences from all known taxa in the complex, although it most closely resembled "halimodendri" in the field. As mtDNA is inherited from the mother only, were this bird a hybrid this should have been recognizable.
	Some taxonomic authorities lump the Hume's whitethroat and the desert whitethroat into this species.

= = = Geocentric Coordinate Time = = =

	Geocentric Coordinate Time (TCG - Temps-coordonnée géocentrique) is a coordinate time standard intended to be used as the independent variable of time for all calculations pertaining to precession, nutation, the Moon, and artificial satellites of the Earth. It is equivalent to the proper time experienced by a clock at rest in a coordinate frame co-moving with the center of the Earth: that is, a clock that performs exactly the same movements as the Earth but is outside the Earth's gravity well. It is therefore not influenced by the gravitational time dilation caused by the Earth. The TCG is the time coordinate for the Geocentric Celestial Reference System (GCRS).
	TCG was defined in 1991 by the International Astronomical Union. Unlike former astronomical time scales, TCG is defined in the context of the general theory of relativity. The relationships between TCG and other relativistic time scales are defined with fully general relativistic metrics.
	Because the reference frame for TCG is not rotating with the surface of the Earth and not in the gravitational potential of the Earth, TCG ticks faster than clocks on the surface of the Earth by a factor of about 7.0 × 10 (about 22 milliseconds per year). Consequently, the values of physical constants to be used with calculations using TCG differ from the traditional values of physical constants. (The traditional values were in a sense wrong, incorporating corrections for the difference in time scales.) Adapting the large body of existing software to change from TDB (Barycentric Dynamical Time) to TCG is a formidable task, and as of 2002 many calculations continue to use TDB in some form.
	Time coordinates on the TCG scale are conventionally specified using traditional means of specifying days, carried over from non-uniform time standards based on the rotation of the Earth. Specifically, both Julian Dates and the Gregorian calendar are used. For continuity with its predecessor Ephemeris Time, TCG was set to match ET at around Julian Date 2443144.5 (1977-01-01T00Z). More precisely, it was defined that TCG instant 1977-01-01T00:00:32.184 exactly corresponds to TAI instant 1977-01-01T00:00:00.000 exactly. This is also the instant at which TAI introduced corrections for gravitational time dilation.
	TCG is a Platonic time scale: a theoretical ideal, not dependent on a particular realisation. For practical purposes, TCG must be realised by actual clocks in the Earth system. Because of the linear relationship between Terrestrial Time (TT) and TCG, the same clocks that realise TT also serve for TCG. See the article on TT for details of the relationship and how TT is realised.
	Barycentric Coordinate Time (TCB) is the analog of TCG, used for calculations relating to the solar system beyond Earth orbit. TCG is defined by a different reference frame from TCB, such that they are not linearly related. Over the long term, TCG ticks more slowly than TCB by about 1.6 × 10 (about 0.5 seconds per year). In addition there are periodic variations, as Earth moves within the Solar system. When the Earth is at perihelion in January, TCG ticks even more slowly than it does on average, due to gravitational time dilation from being deeper in the Sun's gravity well and also velocity time dilation from moving faster relative to the Sun. At aphelion in July the opposite holds, with TCG ticking faster than it does on average.

= = = Universal Waite tarot deck = = =

	The Universal Waite tarot deck is based on original line drawings for the Rider-Waite-Smith tarot deck by Pamela Colman Smith. It is not known whether the flat colours used in the standard Rider-Waite were Smith's idea or her publisher's, especially since the Original Rider-Waite Tarot, a facsimile edition of the deck as it first appeared in 1910, shows slightly deeper, richer colours.
	By popular demand, illustrator Mary Hanson-Roberts, creator of the Hanson-Roberts Tarot, was commissioned to produce a more subtly and attractively coloured rendition of the Rider-Waite-Smith deck. The Universal deck first appeared in the early 1990s. The copyright held on the original deck appears only to be valid towards particular coloured editions, thus recreating from the original line art with new colouring has allowed this deck to grow in popularity based on familiarity and visual appeal. It comes in a standard large size and a minuscule travel edition in a keyring case.

= = = Dartford warbler = = =

	The Dartford warbler ("Sylvia undata") is a typical warbler from the warmer parts of western Europe and northwestern Africa. It is a small warbler with a long thin tail and a thin pointed bill. The adult male has grey-brown upperparts and is dull reddish-brown below except for the centre of the belly which has a dirty white patch. It has light speckles on the throat and a red eye-ring. The sexes are similar but the adult female is usually less grey above and paler below.
	Its breeding range lies west of a line from southern England to the heel of Italy (southern Apulia). The Dartford warbler is usually resident all year in its breeding range, but there is some limited migration.
	The Dartford warbler was first described by the Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant. He based his description on two specimens that obtained by the ornithologist, John Latham in April 1773 on Bexley Heath, near Dartford in Kent. Pennant asked Latham to name the new and till then unnamed bird, and Latham chose "Sylvia dartfordiensis", or Dartford Warbler. The species was assigned the binomial name of "Motacilla undata" by the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert in 1783 based on a coloured plate in Edmé-Louis Daubenton's "Planches enluminées d'histoire naturelle".
	The current genus name is from Modern Latin "silvia", a woodland sprite, related to "silva", a wood. The specific "undata" is from Medieval Latin "undatus", "with wavy markings".
	The type locality of the Dartford warbler is Provence in France. This species probably forms a superspecies with Tristram's warbler and this in turn seems close to Marmora's warbler and the Balearic warbler. Altogether, this group of typical warblers bears a resemblance to the wrentit, the only species of Sylviidae from the Americas. However the wrentit is less closely related to the genus "Sylvia" than to the parrotbills. Its visual similarity to the Dartford warbler group is an example of convergent evolution.
	Three subspecies are recognised:
	The Dartford warbler is a small () passerine bird, distinguished by its long tail compared with that of other warblers. Its plumage comprises unobtrusive and muted tones, which blend in with the dry dead plants, old wood or sunny greyish wood found in its preferred habitats.
	Like many typical warblers, the Dartford warbler has distinct male and female plumages. The male has a grey back and head, reddish underparts, and a red eye. The reddish throat is spotted with white. The sides are a dull greyish tone, being more clear about the abdomen. In some populations males have bluish-grey or brownish-grey backs and heads. The female is paler below, especially on the throat, and a browner grey above. The female's throat also has white spots, although they are smaller and less marked than in the male. Juvenile birds are similar to females.
	The species is naturally rare. The largest European populations of "Sylvia undata" are in the Iberian peninsula, others in much of France, in Italy and southern England and south Wales. In Africa it can be found only in small areas in the north, wintering in northern Morocco and northern Algeria.
	Dartford warblers first breed when they are one year old. They are usually monogamous and the pair bond can persist from one year to the next. The male sometimes builds several simple nests (cock nests) of which one is chosen by the female, but it is more usual for both birds to participate in constructing the breeding nest. In southern England the birds breed on heathlands, sometimes near the coast, and nest in either common gorse ("Ulex europaeus") or common heather ("Calluna vulgaris"). The compact cup-shaped nest is located in dense bushes, usually within of the ground. It is formed mainly of grasses and is lined with a layer of finer material that can include thin roots and feathers. The eggs are laid from early April in southern France and Spain, and from mid-April in southern England. The clutch is typically 3–5 eggs which are smooth and glossy, with a white or occasionally pale green ground and marked with brown speckles which are sometimes concentrated at the larger end. The average size of an egg is with a weight of of which 6 percent is shell. The eggs are incubated for 12–14 days mainly by the female. The chicks are fed arthropods by both parents. The nestlings fledge 10–14 days after hatching and are then fed by their parents for a further two weeks. Usually two and occasionally three broods are raised in a year.
	It inhabits open fields with degraded scrub brush and is common in heather. In winter it may visit urban areas, but always feeds within shrubs in these areas. Nests in bushes with thorns and near the ground. These warblers are mostly insectivorous, eating caterpillars, butterflies, beetles and spiders.
	The song of the Dartford warbler is a distinctive rattling warble.
	Dartford warblers almost died out in the United Kingdom in the severe winter of 1962/1963 when the national population dropped to just ten pairs. "Sylvia undata" is also sensitive to drought affecting breeding success or producing heath fires, as occurred during 1975 and 1976 in England when virtually all juveniles failed to survive their first year.
	However, this species can recover well in good quality habitat with favourable temperatures and rainfall, thanks to repeated nesting and a high survival rate for the young. Indeed, they recovered in some areas of the UK, but numbers are once again on the decline in other regions of their natural range.
	The range of the Dartford warbler is restricted to western and southern Europe. The total population in 2012 was estimated at 1.1–2.5 million breeding pairs. The largest numbers occur in Spain where there were believed to be 983,000–1,750,000 pairs. For reasons that probably include loss of suitable habitat, the Spanish population appears to be declining. The species is therefore classed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being Near threatened.
	A period of climatic warming since 1963 has seen the UK population increase to "more than 2,500 pairs in 2006 (Wotton et al. 2009). Expansion into patches of structurally suitable habitat (up to an altitude of 400m), more northerly areas and away from the core of the range, from Dorset and Hampshire to Derbyshire and Suffolk, is likely to have been facilitated by milder winter weather (Wotton et al. 2009, Bradbury et al. 2011)... The Dartford warbler population in the UK is expected to continue to increase. However, future climate-based projections for the European range indicate that by 2080, more than 60% of the current European range may no longer be suitable (Huntley et al 2007). There is evidence that this is happening already, with severe declines in Spain and France (Green 2017). For this reason, the species is classified as Near Threatened on the IUCN Global Red List. If the declines in southern Europe continue, the UK will become increasingly important for global conservation of this species".

= = = List of montes on Venus = = =

	This is a list of montes (mountains, singular "mons") on the planet Venus. Venusian mountains are all named after goddesses in the mythologies of various cultures, except for the Maxwell Montes.
	The four main mountain ranges of Venus are named Akna Montes, Danu Montes, Freyja Montes, and Maxwell Montes. These are found on Ishtar Terra.
	Mountain ranges are formed by the folding and buckling of a planet's crust. The mountain ranges of Venus, like those of the Earth, are characterized by many parallel folds and faults.
	The presence of mountain ranges on Venus may provide evidence that the planet's surface is in motion.
	Key

= = = Hélio Castroneves = = =

	Hélio Alves de Castro Neves (; born 10 May 1975), professionally known as Hélio Castroneves, is a Brazilian auto racing driver competing in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship. Prior to IMSA, Castroneves competed in the IndyCar Series, gaining 23 wins and 38 poles, and placed second in the season standings four times, third three times, and fourth five times. Castroneves also competed in the CART championship, with a highest championship points finish of fourth; he recorded six wins and seven pole positions in the series.
	Castroneves won the Indianapolis 500 in 2001, 2002, and 2009, making him one of only nine drivers, and the only active driver, to have won at least three times. He also finished second at Indy in 2003, 2014, and 2017. Castroneves has won four pole positions for the Indy 500, including back-to-back poles in 2009 and 2010, the first driver to do so since Scott Brayton in 1996. He is also one of only five drivers – along with Wilbur Shaw, Mauri Rose, Bill Vukovich, and Al Unser being the other four – and the only active driver to win the Indy 500 in back-to-back races.
	Born in São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, South America, Castroneves started his career in karting, and later raced for the Paul Stewart Racing team, and finished third in the 1995 British Formula 3 Championship.
	After being occasionally misidentified by US media as "Hélio Neves" he at first changed the spelling to Hélio Castro-Neves and then to Hélio Castroneves. He has one sister, Katiucia. Castroneves was first recognised while driving for Steve Horne's Tasman Racing team in Indy Lights, as teammate to fellow Brazilian and future IndyCar champion Tony Kanaan.
	After showing potential but lacking reliability while with the Bettenhausen and Hogan teams, Castroneves was signed by Penske Racing in CART in 2000 following the deaths of Greg Moore and Gonzalo Rodríguez during the last races of the 1999 season. Moore had signed on with Penske but never had the opportunity to race with the team. Castroneves immediately became a regular front-runner winning the Indianapolis 500 in 2001, the first of three wins where he again performed the crowd pleasing act of climbing the fence at the start finish line in celebration, something he would continue to do after winning races. He switched with the team to the rival IRL for 2002, and remained with Penske, teamed with Gil de Ferran, Sam Hornish Jr., and Ryan Briscoe during his tenure through the 2008 season. During the 2002 season, Castroneves tested with Formula One team Toyota Racing at Circuit Paul Ricard. In January 2009, Team Penske temporarily replaced him with Will Power, citing the difficulties of remaining competitive while Castroneves prepared for trial on federal tax evasion charges. Castroneves missed the first race of the 2009 season while the trial was ongoing, but returned to racing at the Long Beach Grand Prix.
	Racing fans have given Castroneves the nickname "Spider-Man" because of his victory celebration, in which he climbs the trackside debris fence.
	On 24 May 2009, Castroneves became Indy's 9th (and first foreign-born) three-time winner, by taking the checkered flag for the 93rd running of the Indianapolis 500.
	Castroneves is widely considered to be the greatest IndyCar driver never to have won the championship.
	Castroneves currently holds IRL IndyCar Series records for most top-ten finishes (167); Poles (38); and most consecutive seasons with a race win (10; 2001–2010). In 2009 he reset the all-time record for most wins (22) and starts (209) by a driver who has not won the National Championship, taking these records from Bill Holland at Indianapolis and compatriot Raul Boesel at Richmond respectively. His 23rd career win, at Barber Motorsports Park in 2010, broke a tie with his former manager Emerson Fittipaldi for most IndyCar wins by a Brazilian driver.
	Aside from success in racing, Castroneves won the fifth season of the American reality TV show "Dancing with the Stars" with partner Julianne Hough. He has also appeared on truTV's "" as a frequent commentator—mainly on episodes that feature the "World's Dumbest Drivers". He currently lives in Ft. Lauderdale. Castroneves returned to "Dancing with the Stars" for its 15th season for a chance to win another mirrorball trophy. This time he was partnered with Chelsie Hightower. They were voted off in the third week of the competition during a double elimination.
	Castroneves has one daughter, Mikaella, with his wife, Adriana Henao, born on 28 December 2009. Castroneves lives in Fort Lauderdale.
	On 2 October 2008, Castroneves was charged with conspiracy and six counts of tax evasion by a grand jury for purportedly failing to report to the IRS about $5.5 million in income between 1999 and 2004, according to court documents. Each count carried a maximum five-year prison sentence. His business manager and sister Kati, and his lawyer Alan Miller were charged with assisting Castroneves in the supposed scheme. All three defendants surrendered to authorities in Florida on Friday, 3 October 2008. Castroneves pleaded not guilty to these charges on 3 October, and was ordered released on $10 million bail. Castroneves was replaced by Will Power during the duration of his tax evasion court case. The IRS claimed that Castroneves owed $2.3 million in taxes. A guilty verdict would have likely ended Castroneves' racing career.
	This issue was related to the initial contract signed by Castroneves with Penske Racing in the fall of 1999. Greg Moore had already signed on to join Penske Racing for 2000, but was killed during the Marlboro 500 at California Speedway on 31 October 1999. During the trial, it was revealed that Castroneves' first contract with Penske (2000–2004) was signed with Moore's existing contract – with Moore's name simply scratched out and Castroneves' name handwritten in ink. The deal was signed by Moore's agent, Alan Miller, who signed Castroneves' deal just days after Moore's funeral as pressure from Penske sponsors forced a quick resolution to filling the vacated seat.
	Central to the case was the ownership of a Panamanian company called Seven Promotions. Prosecutors called it a shell corporation set up primarily so Castroneves could dodge U.S. income taxes. Hélio Castroneves Sr., Hélio's father, however, testified that he created Seven to boost his son's image in Brazil. Furthermore, Hélio Sr. said his son never owned it. Prosecutors called that a lie, showing jurors numerous documents in which Castroneves claimed Seven as his own. If it was, an IRS agent testified that Castroneves owed U.S. taxes on the full $5 million from Penske even though he had never actually received the money. Instead, the Penske payments were eventually invested in a deferred compensation deal with the Dutch firm Fintage Licensing B.V. Castroneves' attorney Roy Black told jurors in closing arguments that such deals are common – and perfectly legal – for athletes who have relatively short careers and face injury or worse at any moment.
	The trial ended on 10 April 2009, with closing arguments and the jury deliberated until 17 April, when it acquitted Castroneves of all six counts of tax evasion but hung on a count of conspiracy. About a month later on 22 May, prosecutors dropped the remaining conspiracy charge.
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress.
	Castroneves' finishes for 2001 to 2003 is currently the best 3 race finishing streak in Indianapolis history. It is equal to the streak posted by Al Unser from 1970 through 1972.
	+ Not Eligible for points
† Ineligible for championship points.

= = = Robin Russell, 14th Duke of Bedford = = =

	Henry Robin Ian Russell, 14th Duke of Bedford, DL (21 January 1940 – 13 June 2003) was a British peer. He became better known to the public than most of his ancestors by appearing in three series of the reality television programme "Country House", made by Tiger Aspect Productions for BBC Two. He was born at the Ritz in London to John Ian Robert Russell, Lord Howland (later 13th Duke) and his first wife, Clare Gwendolyn Bridgman.
	The Duke of Bedford was educated at Western Province Preparatory School and then the Diocesan College in South Africa. His father, the future 13th Duke of Bedford, had gone to South Africa in 1948 to farm in the Paarl area. He continued his education at Institut Le Rosey in Switzerland and at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. In the early 1970s, while continuing to work with the stockbrokers de Zoete & Bevan, he took over the running of the Woburn Estate from his father, a pioneer of the commercialisation of country houses, who retired to Monaco. The Duke continued with the modernisation of the estate, and created a leading golf and country club business called Woburn Golf and Country Club.
	However, his plans to develop a major theme park at Woburn failed to come to fruition. He suffered a severe stroke on 21 February 1988 when he was aged just 48, which he was not expected to survive, but did. The stroke led him to pursue a more relaxed lifestyle and to be much less of a workaholic during his later years. With his wife, the former Henrietta Joan Tiarks, he appeared in the BBC series "Country House", detailing daily life at Woburn Abbey, the Bedfords' ancestral home in Bedfordshire, England. He succeeded his father to the dukedom on 25 October 2002, but died in 2003 after another stroke in the Tavistock Intensive Care Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, where he had been a major patron. This made him the shortest-lived Duke of Bedford. He and his wife had already handed over control of Woburn Abbey to his eldest son Andrew, Lord Howland, in 2001.
	The then Marquess of Tavistock married on 20 June 1961 at St Clement Danes in London Henrietta Joan Tiarks (born London, 5 March 1940), daughter of Henry Frederick Tiarks III (born Woodheath, Chislehurst, 8 September 1900 – died Marbella, 2 July 1995), a merchant banker with Schroders, who had married firstly on 27 April 1930 (divorced in 1936) Lady Millicent Olivia Mary Taylour (died 24 December 1975), daughter of Geoffrey Taylour, 4th Marquess of Headfort; Henry Frederick Tiarks married secondly (3 October 1936) Ina Florence Marshman Bell (born London, 5 November 1903 – died Marbella, 10 April 1989), an actress known as Joan Barry, who had married firstly Henry Hampson.
	Henrietta, Dowager Duchess of Bedford, is a granddaughter of Frank Cyril Tiarks and a relative of Mark Phillips.
	The 14th Duke and Duchess of Bedford had two sons: 

= = = System 7 = = =

	System 7 (codenamed "Big Bang" and sometimes retrospectively called Mac OS 7) is a graphical user interface-based operating system for Macintosh computers and is part of the classic Mac OS series of operating systems. It was introduced on May 13, 1991, by Apple Computer, Inc. It succeeded System 6, and was the main Macintosh operating system until it was succeeded by Mac OS 8 in 1997. Features added with the System 7 release included virtual memory, personal file sharing, QuickTime, QuickDraw 3D, and an improved user interface.
	With the release of version 7.6 in 1997, Apple officially renamed the operating system "Mac OS", a name which had first appeared on System 7.5.1's boot screen. System 7 was developed for Macs that used the Motorola 680x0 line of processors, but was ported to the PowerPC after Apple adopted the new processor in 1994 with the introduction of the Power Macintosh.
	The development of the Macintosh system software up to System 6 followed a fairly smooth progression with the addition of new features and relatively small changes and upgrades over time. Major additions were fairly limited, notably adding Color QuickDraw in System 6. Some perspective on the scope of the changes can be seen by examining the official system documentation, Inside Macintosh. This initially shipped in three volumes, adding another to describe the changes introduced with the Mac Plus, and another for the Mac II and Mac SE.
	These limited changes meant that the original Macintosh system remained largely as it was when initially introduced. That is, the machine was geared towards a single user and task running on a floppy disk based machine of extremely limited RAM. However, many of the assumptions of this model were no longer appropriate. Most notable among these was the single-tasking model, the replacement of which had first been examined in 1986's "Switcher" and then replaced outright with MultiFinder in System 5. Running MultiFinder normally required a larger amount of RAM and a hard drive, but these became more common by the late 1980s.
	While additions had been relatively limited, so had fixes to some of the underlying oddities of the system architecture. For instance, to support a limited form of multitasking, the original Mac OS supported small co-resident programs known as desk accessories which had to be installed into the system using special tools. If the system were able to support multiple tasks, this one-off solution would no longer be needed — desk accessories could simply be small programs, placed anywhere. Yet, as MultiFinder was still optional, such a step had not been taken. Numerous examples of this sort of problem could be found throughout the system.
	Finally, the widespread adoption of hard drives and local area networks led to any number of new features being requested from users and developers. By the late 1980s, the list of new upgrades and suggested changes to the existing model was considerable.
	In March 1988, shortly before the release of System 6, technical middle managers at Apple held an offsite meeting to plan the future course of Mac OS development. Ideas were written on index cards; features that seemed simple enough to implement in the short term (like adding color to the user interface) were written on blue cards, longer-term goals like true multitasking on pink cards, and "far out" ideas like an object-oriented file system on red cards. Development of the ideas contained on the blue and pink cards was to proceed in parallel, and at first the two projects were known simply as "blue" and "pink" (including Taligent). Apple intended to have the "blue" team (which came to call themselves the "Blue Meanies" after characters in "Yellow Submarine") release an updated version of the existing Macintosh operating system in the 1990–1991 time-frame, and the "pink" team to release an entirely new OS around 1993.
	As Blue was aimed at relatively "simple" upgrades, the feature list reads to some degree as a sort of "System 6, corrected". In the underlying OS, a number of formerly optional components were made mandatory:
	Furthermore, a number of oddities in the original System, typically included due to limited resources, were finally changed to use basic underlying OS features:
	The system also offered a wide variety of new features:
	System 7 was the first Apple operating system to be available on compact disc, although it shipped on a set of 15 floppy disks initially. Unlike earlier systems, System 7 did not come bundled with major software packages. Newly purchased Macintosh computers had System 7 installed and were often bundled with software such as HyperCard, At Ease and Mouse Practice. Later, the Macintosh Performa family added various software bundles including ClarisWorks, The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, Microsoft Bookshelf, Spectre VR and Power Pete. Since System 7 was introduced before the Internet came to popular attention, software such as MacTCP, FreePPP and Netscape were not included at first, but was later available on disk from Internet service providers and bundled with books such as Adam C. Engst's Internet Starter Kit for Macintosh. Power Macintosh machines also included NuCalc, a graphing calculator. System 7 also includes AppleTalk networking and file sharing software in the form of system extensions and control panels.
	The basic utilities installed by default with System 7 include TeachText (which was replaced by SimpleText in later versions) for basic text editing tasks and reading readme documents. Also available on the additional "Disk Tools" floppy disk are Disk First Aid for disk repair and Apple HD SC Setup for initializing and partitioning disks.
	Later versions of System 7, specifically System 7.5 and Mac OS 7.6, come with a dedicated "Utilities" folder and "Apple Extras" folder including: AppleScript, Disk Copy, QuickDraw GX Extras and QuickTime Movie Player. More optional extras and utilities could be manually installed from the System CD.
	System 7.1.2 is the first version of the Macintosh System Software to support Apple's new PowerPC-based computers. 68k applications which had not yet been updated to run natively on these systems were emulated transparently (without the user having to intervene) by a built-in 68k processor emulator. Fat binaries, which contained the code necessary to run natively on both PowerPC and 68k systems, became common during this time. This process was similar to the distribution of universal binaries during Apple's transition to Intel processors in 2006.
	System 7.0 through 7.1 offered a utility called Apple File Exchange, which could access the contents of FAT- and Apple II-formatted floppy disks. System 7 Pro, System 7.5 and up shipped with PC Exchange, previously a separate product, which allowed the system to mount FAT-formatted floppy disks on the desktop in the same manner as regular Macintosh disks.
	OS/2 disks were read as PC DOS disks, due to fact that OS/2 used the FAT file system. At this time, Macs could also read and write UNIX file systems with the help of extra software.
	System 7 allowed users to access PC networks and allowed communication via TCP/IP and other compatible networking stacks. Actual PC software compatibility, however, required third party software such as SoftPC, which allowed some MS-DOS and early Microsoft Windows programs to run, or Connectix Virtual PC, which allowed the Mac to run Windows via full PC emulation.
	Other PC compatibility solutions took a more native approach by running Windows and MS-DOS by using x86 expansion cards with an x86 chip on the card. Apple offered some systems configured this way, marketed as "DOS Compatible"—a card with dedicated x86 CPU and RAM was used, while the Mac hard drive, sound subsystem, networking and input provided services to the PC. The PC could run simultaneously with the Mac, and the user could switch between the two in a fashion similar to a KVM switch. The earliest of these systems were 680x0 based systems running System 7. System 7 provided the support for accessing the PC volume from the Mac through its own PC Exchange software, and actual control of the PC hardware was accomplished by way of control panels.
	At the time of its release, many users noticed that performance suffered as a result of upgrading from System 6 to System 7, though newer hardware soon made up for the speed difference. Another problem was System 7's large "memory footprint": System 6 could boot the system from a single 800k floppy disk and took up about of RAM, whereas System 7 used well over a megabyte. It was some time before the average Mac shipped with enough RAM built in for System 7 to be truly comfortable. System 7 was the first system release that could no longer be usefully run on floppy-only systems. Although most Macintosh models sold at the time included a hard disk as standard equipment, owners of older models were required to upgrade by buying either a new Mac or external SCSI hard disk drive if they wished to run System 7.
	In order to take advantage of System 7's virtual memory feature, a Macintosh equipped with a paged memory management unit (PMMU) is required. The Motorola 68030 CPU has one built-in, and one can be added to the motherboard of the Motorola 68020-equipped Macintosh II. The other Macintosh model using an 68020, the Macintosh LC, cannot use virtual memory. Apple introduced the 68030-equipped Macintosh LC II shortly after System 7's introduction. Despite the newer processor, the LCII retained the earlier model's 16-bit bus and did not perform any faster than the LC it replaced.
	Despite these setbacks, System 7.0 was adopted quite rapidly by Mac users, and quickly became one of the base requirements for new software.
	The engineering group within Apple responsible for System 7 came to be known as the "Blue Meanies", named after the blue index cards on which were written the features that could be implemented in a relatively short time as part of Apple's operating system strategy. In comparison, the pink index card features were handled by the Pink group, later becoming the ill-fated Taligent project.
	System 7.0 was the last version of the Macintosh operating system that was available for no charge and could be freely redistributed. Although System 7 could be purchased from Apple, the cost was nominal and considered to only cover duplication and media. It was common for Macintosh dealers to allow customers to use the store's demo machines to copy System 7 install disks for the cost of a box of floppies. CD-ROM magazines such as "Nautilus" included System 7 on their disks. After Mac users downloaded thousands of copies of System 7 from the online services (AOL, CompuServe and GEnie), Apple surveyed the services and based on this popularity started selling the Mac OS as a retail product with System 7.1. Apple continued charging for major operating system upgrades until the release of OS X Mavericks in 2013.
	Soon after the initial release of System 7, the 7.0.1 minor update was released in October 1991. A patch called "System 7 Tune-Up" also followed, which fixed the "disappearing files" bug in which the system would lose files and added "minimum" and "preferred" memory allotments to an application's Get Info box. 
	In August 1992, the 7.1 update was released. This was the first version of the system software that Apple charged money for. Of this change, David Pogue wrote:
	New to 7.1 is the Fonts folder. This replaced the often time-consuming method of dragging fonts to and from the System file, introduced in System 7.0; it also replaced the Font/DA Mover application from System 6, which could also be used with 7.0. System 7.1 also included a lot of internal changes to support internationalization of dates, time, and numbers. It was also the first version to support "Enablers", which removed the requirement to release a new version of the system software every time new hardware was released.
	A set of specialized versions of 7.1, ranging from 7.1P1 to 7.1P6 (excluding 7.1P4) were created and included with various Performa models that were already available or were released after 7.1. These specialized versions included At Ease, Launcher, and some other changes that were integrated into later versions of the system software.
	The first major upgrade was System 7.1.1, also known as "System 7 Pro". This release was a bundle of 7.1 with AppleScript tools, QuickTime and Apple Open Collaboration Environment (AOCE). While System 7 had some trouble running in slightly older machines due to memory footprint, System 7 Pro barely fit into any Macintosh computers at the time. It was most commonly used for its minor bug fixes rather than its new functionality.
	Apple joined the AIM alliance (Apple, IBM and Motorola) shortly after the release of System 7 in 1991, and started work on PowerPC-based machines that later became the Power Macintosh family. Support for these machines resulted in System 7.1.2.
	System 7.1.2 was never offered for retail sale; it shipped with the first batches of the PowerPC Macs and a 68k version shipped with a small number of Quadra 600 series systems. Later shipments shipped with System 7.5 instead.
	System 7.1.2P was the same as 7.1.2, and shipped with the Performa 630, LC 630 and Quadra 630 models that were released between July and November 1994.
	The next major release was System 7.5, which included bug fixes from previous updates and added several new features, including:
	System 7.5 was codenamed "Capone", a reference to Al Capone and "Chicago", which was the code name for Microsoft's Windows 95, and was also the name of the default system font used in Mac OS until version 8.
	System 7.5.1 was primarily a bug fix of 7.5, but also introduced a new "Mac OS" startup screen in preparation for Mac clones.
	System 7.5.2, released only for the first PCI-based Power Macs, was notable for introducing Apple's new networking architecture, Open Transport.
	System 7.5.3, a major bug-fix update that also included Open Transport for other PowerPC-based machines as well as some 68k-based machines. 7.5.3 also made several improvements to the 68k emulator, and added translucent dragging support to the Drag Manager. It also included the first version of Control Strip to be compatible with all Macs. This was also the first version of Mac OS to support SMP. (9500/MP)
	System 7.5.3 Revision 2 included: performance enhancements; better reliability for PowerBooks using the third-party RAM Doubler program; improved reliability for PowerBook 500, 2300, and 5300 series computers with the PowerPC Upgrade Card; improved reliability when using the Startup Disk control panel; and improved reliability when copying files to 1 GB hard disks.
	System 7.5.3 Revision 2.1 was shipped with the Performa 6400/180 and 6400/200; this particular release was specific to these machines as there were stability problems with System 7.5.3 Release 2 on the new hardware, especially with the video card and transferring files over LocalTalk.
	System 7.5.4 was pulled due to a mistake at Apple, in which some components were not included in the installer.
	System 7.5.5 included significant performance improvements for virtual memory and memory management on PowerPC-based Macs, including the elimination of one type 11 error. Also included were a number of reliability improvements, such as fixes for Macs using floppy disks equipped with a DOS compatibility card, improved hard disk access for PowerPC PowerBooks and Performa 5400 through 9500 computers, fixes for Macs that included an Apple TV Tuner or Macintosh TV Remote Control, improvements to LocalTalk and networking (especially for the Performa 5400 and 6400), fixes to system startup for the faster 180 MHz Macs (which included PowerPC 604 or 604e processors), improved reliability when using sound-intensive applications on Quadra or Centris computers that contained the PowerPC upgrade card, and improved stability when using multiple background applications and shared printers on a network. System 7.5.5 is also the last System 7 release that can run on 68000-based Macs such as the Macintosh Plus and Macs with ROMs that lack support for 32-bit addressing such as Macintosh IIcx. 7.6 and later required a 68030 processor and 32-bit-addressing-capable ROM and will automatically turn on 32-bit addressing on boot.
	Mac OS 7.6 (codenamed "Harmony") was the last major update, released in 1997. With 7.6, the operating system was officially called "Mac OS" instead of "System". New features include a revamped Extensions Manager, more native PowerPC code for Power Macs, more bundled Internet tools and utilities, and a more stable Finder with increased memory allocation. In this version, the PowerTalk feature added in 7.5 was removed due to poor application support, and support for a large number of older Macintosh models was dropped.
	The minor update to Mac OS 7.6.1 finally ported the 68k exception handling routines to PowerPC, turning type 11 errors into less harmful errors (type 1, 2 or 3, usually) as crashing applications would more often terminate safely instead of crashing the operating system.
	Through this period, Apple had been attempting to release a completely new "modern" operating system, named Copland. When the Copland project was abandoned in 1996, Apple announced plans to release an OS update every six months until Rhapsody (which would by 2001 evolve into what was released as Mac OS X) shipped. Two more releases were shipped, now officially branded as "Mac OS" — Mac OS 7.6 and the minor bug fix 7.6.1. Future versions were released as Mac OS 8–8.6 and Mac OS 9–9.2.

= = = Andrew Russell, 15th Duke of Bedford = = =

	Andrew Ian Henry Russell, 15th Duke of Bedford (born 30 March 1962) is a British nobleman and peer. He is the son of Henry Robin Ian Russell, 14th Duke of Bedford, and his wife, Henrietta Tiarks.
	Bedford was educated at Hall School, Hampstead and Heatherdown School, near Ascot in Berkshire, followed by Harrow School and Harvard, where he received his BA degree. He was known as Lord Howland until his grandfather's death in 2002, when he adopted the courtesy title Marquess of Tavistock, previously held by his father, Robin Russell, 14th Duke of Bedford. He succeeded to the Dukedom of Bedford the following year after his father suffered a fatal stroke. He also succeeded to the titles of 19th Earl of Bedford, 15th Marquess of Tavistock, 17th Baron Russell of Thornhaugh, and 15th Baron Howland of Streatham, all on 13 June 2003. Since then he has been styled His Grace The Duke of Bedford.
	Bedford married Louise Rona Crammond, daughter of Donald Ian Crammond and his wife Rona Zara Clifford-Johns and stepdaughter of Sir Evelyn Delves Broughton, 12th Baronet, of Doddington Park on 16 October 2000 at St Margaret's Church, Westminster, London. They have two children:
	He also has one brother, James.

= = = Skate (fish) = = =

	Skates are cartilaginous fish belonging to the family Rajidae in the superorder Batoidea of rays. More than 150 species have been described, in 17 genera. Softnose skates and pygmy skates were previously treated as subfamilies of Rajidae (Arhynchobatinae and Gurgesiellinae), but are now considered as distinct families. Alternatively, the name "skate" is used to refer to the entire order of Rajiformes (families Anacanthobatidae, Arhynchobatidae, Gurgesiellidae and Rajidae).
	Members of Rajidae are distinguished by their stiff snout and a rostrum that is not reduced.
	There are 17 genera in Rajidae:
	Skates are cartilaginous fishes like other Chondrichthyes, however, skates, like rays and other Rajiformes, have a flat body shape with flat pectoral fins that extend the length of their body. A large portion of the skate's dorsal body is covered by rough skin made of placoid scales. Placoid scales have a pointed tip that is oriented caudally and are homologous to teeth. Their mouths are located on the underside of the body, with a jaw suspension common to Batoids known as euhyostyly. Skate's gill slits are located ventrally as well, but dorsal spiracles allow the skate to be partially buried in floor sediment and still complete respiratory exchange. Also located on the dorsal side of the skate are their two eyes which allow for predator awareness. In addition to their pectoral fins, skates have a first and second dorsal fin, caudal fin and paired pelvic fins. Distinct from their rhomboidal shape is a long fleshy slender tail. While skate anatomy is similar to other Batoidea, features such as their electric organ and mermaid's purse create clear distinctions.
	Skates produce their young in an egg case called a mermaid's purse. These egg cases have distinct characteristics that are individualized to each species. This makes a great tool for identifying different species of skates. One of these identifiable structures, is the keel. The keel is a flexible ridge that runs along the outside of the structure. Another characteristic is the number of embryos in the egg case. Some species contain only one embryo while others can have up to seven. The size of the fibrous shell around the case is another characteristic. Some species have thick layers on the exterior, however other species do not have the presence of this layer.
	The electric organ (EO) is a characteristic exclusive to aquatic species. Among the Chondrichthyes, the only species to possess electric organs are the electric ray and the skate. Unlike many other electrogenic fishes, the skate is unique in that it has two paired electric organs, which run longitudinal through the tail in the lateral musculature of the notochord. The impulses put out by the electric organs of the skate are considered to be weak, asynchronous, long-lasting signals. Although the anatomy of the skate EO is now commonly studied and well understood, there is not enough strong evidence to suggest what the actual function of the EO is. Some research suggests the electric impulses are too weak to be a mechanism used for defense or hunting. It is also too irregular to be useful for electrolocation purposes. The most reasonable explanation in the literature suggests that the electric organ discharges may be used as a form of communication used for reproduction purposes.